334 files changed, 286677 insertions, 6471 deletions

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index c9848df5..b40594b6 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 *.diff
 *.pyc
+*~
+
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 067cdd5a..b60921cd 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+2011-??-??: Version 2.0
+
+  * Bundled headers
+    * TODO: try to not need all the -h in tests/runner.py, and for user scripts too
+
 2011-07-31: Version 1.5
 
   * eSpeak text-to-speech demo
diff --git a/emscripten.py b/emscripten.py
index 717865ef..3fadf82b 100755
--- a/emscripten.py
+++ b/emscripten.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import json
 import optparse
 import os
 import subprocess
+import re
 import sys
 import tempfile
 from tools import shared
@@ -11,19 +12,14 @@ from tools import shared
 
 # Temporary files that should be deleted once the program is finished.
 TEMP_FILES_TO_CLEAN = []
-# The data layout used by llvm-gcc (as opposed to clang, which doesn't have the
-# f128:128:128 part).
-GCC_DATA_LAYOUT = ('target datalayout = "e-p:32:32:32-i1:8:8-i8:8:8-i16:16:16'
-                   '-i32:32:32-i64:32:64-f32:32:32-f64:32:64-v64:64:64'
-                   '-v128:128:128-a0:0:64-f80:32:32-f128:128:128-n8:16:32"')
 
 
+__rootpath__ = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 def path_from_root(*pathelems):
   """Returns the absolute path for which the given path elements are
   relative to the emscripten root.
   """
-  rootpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-  return os.path.join(rootpath, *pathelems)
+  return os.path.join(__rootpath__, *pathelems)
 
 
 def get_temp_file(suffix):
@@ -100,37 +96,20 @@ def link(*objects):
   return out.name
 
 
-def compile_malloc(compiler):
+def compile_malloc():
   """Compiles dlmalloc to LLVM bitcode.
 
-  Args:
-    compiler: The compiler command to use, a path to either clang or llvm-gcc.
-
   Returns:
     The path to the compiled dlmalloc as an LLVM bitcode (.bc) file.
   """
   src = path_from_root('src', 'dlmalloc.c')
   includes = '-I' + path_from_root('src', 'include')
-  command = [compiler, '-c', '-g', '-emit-llvm', '-m32', '-o-', includes, src]
+  command = [shared.CLANG, '-c', '-g', '-emit-llvm'] + shared.COMPILER_OPTS + ['-o-', includes, src]
   with get_temp_file('.bc') as out: ret = subprocess.call(command, stdout=out)
   if ret != 0: raise RuntimeError('Could not compile dlmalloc.')
   return out.name
 
 
-def determine_compiler(filepath):
-  """Determines whether a given file uses llvm-gcc or clang data layout.
-
-  Args:
-    filepath: The .bc or .ll file containing the bitcode/assembly to test.
-
-  Returns:
-    The path to the compiler, either llvm-gcc or clang.
-  """
-  assembly = open(disassemble(filepath)).read()
-  is_gcc = GCC_DATA_LAYOUT in assembly
-  return shared.to_cc(shared.LLVM_GCC if is_gcc else shared.CLANG)
-
-
 def has_annotations(filepath):
   """Tests whether an assembly file contains annotations.
 
@@ -166,7 +145,7 @@ def main(args):
   if args.dlmalloc or args.optimize or not has_annotations(args.infile):
     args.infile = assemble(args.infile)
     if args.dlmalloc:
-      malloc = compile_malloc(determine_compiler(args.infile))
+      malloc = compile_malloc()
       args.infile = link(args.infile, malloc)
     if args.optimize: args.infile = optimize(args.infile)
   args.infile = disassemble(args.infile)
@@ -188,13 +167,75 @@ def main(args):
       settings['CORRECT_SIGNS'] = 2
       settings['CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES'] = lines
 
+  # Add header defines to settings
+  defines = {}
+  include_root = path_from_root('system', 'include')
+  headers = args.headers[0].split(',') if len(args.headers) > 0 else []
+  seen_headers = set()
+  while len(headers) > 0:
+    header = headers.pop(0)
+    if not os.path.isabs(header):
+      header = os.path.join(include_root, header)
+    seen_headers.add(header)
+    for line in open(header, 'r'):
+      line = line.replace('\t', ' ')
+      m = re.match('^ *# *define +(?P<name>[-\w_.]+) +\(?(?P<value>[-\w_.|]+)\)?.*', line)
+      if not m:
+        # Catch enum defines of a very limited sort
+        m = re.match('^ +(?P<name>[A-Z_\d]+) += +(?P<value>\d+).*', line)
+      if m:
+        if m.group('name') != m.group('value'):
+          defines[m.group('name')] = m.group('value')
+        #else:
+        #  print 'Warning: %s #defined to itself' % m.group('name') # XXX this can happen if we are set to be equal to an enum (with the same name)
+      m = re.match('^ *# *include *["<](?P<name>[\w_.-/]+)[">].*', line)
+      if m:
+        # Find this file
+        found = False
+        for w in [w for w in os.walk(include_root)]:
+          for f in w[2]:
+            curr = os.path.join(w[0], f)
+            if curr.endswith(m.group('name')) and curr not in seen_headers:
+              headers.append(curr)
+              found = True
+              break
+          if found: break
+        #assert found, 'Could not find header: ' + m.group('name')
+  if len(defines) > 0:
+    def lookup(value):
+      try:
+        while not unicode(value).isnumeric():
+          value = defines[value]
+        return value
+      except:
+        pass
+      try: # 0x300 etc.
+        value = eval(value)
+        return value
+      except:
+        pass
+      try: # CONST1|CONST2
+        parts = map(lookup, value.split('|'))
+        value = reduce(lambda a, b: a|b, map(eval, parts))
+        return value
+      except:
+        pass
+      return None
+    for key, value in defines.items():
+      value = lookup(value)
+      if value is not None:
+        defines[key] = str(value)
+      else:
+        del defines[key]
+    settings['C_DEFINES'] = defines
+
   # Compile the assembly to Javascript.
   emscript(args.infile, json.dumps(settings), args.outfile)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   parser = optparse.OptionParser(
-      usage='usage: %prog [-h] [-O] [-m] [-o OUTFILE] [-s FOO=BAR]* infile',
+      usage='usage: %prog [-h] [-O] [-m] [-H HEADERS] [-o OUTFILE] [-s FOO=BAR]* infile',
       description=('Compile an LLVM assembly file to Javascript. Accepts both '
                    'human-readable (*.ll) and bitcode (*.bc) formats.'),
       epilog='You should have an ~/.emscripten file set up; see settings.py.')
@@ -206,6 +247,10 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
                     default=False,
                     action='store_true',
                     help='Use dlmalloc. Without, uses a dummy allocator.')
+  parser.add_option('-H', '--headers',
+                    default=[],
+                    action='append',
+                    help='System headers (comma separated) whose #defines should be exposed to the compiled code.')
   parser.add_option('-o', '--outfile',
                     default=sys.stdout,
                     help='Where to write the output; defaults to stdout.')
diff --git a/settings.py b/settings.py
index c6d63341..ab9619a9 100644
--- a/settings.py
+++ b/settings.py
@@ -7,11 +7,7 @@ TEMP_DIR='/dev/shm'
 
 LLVM_ROOT=os.path.expanduser('~/Dev/llvm-2.9/cbuild/bin')
 
-LLVM_GCC=os.path.expanduser('~/Dev/llvm-gcc-2.9/cbuild/install/bin/llvm-g++')
-
-COMPILER_OPTS = ['-m32'] # Need to build as 32bit arch, for now -
-                         # various errors on 64bit compilation
-                         # WARNING: '-g' here will generate llvm bitcode that lli will crash on!
+COMPILER_OPTS = []
 
 SPIDERMONKEY_ENGINE = [os.path.expanduser('~/Dev/mozilla-central/js/src/js'), '-m', '-n']
 V8_ENGINE = [os.path.expanduser('~/Dev/v8/d8')]
diff --git a/src/analyzer.js b/src/analyzer.js
index 824e7903..37285733 100644
--- a/src/analyzer.js
+++ b/src/analyzer.js
@@ -46,8 +46,10 @@ function analyzer(data) {
       // Functions & labels
       item.functions = [];
       var currLabelFinished; // Sometimes LLVM puts a branch in the middle of a label. We need to ignore all lines after that.
+      item.items.sort(function(a, b) { return a.lineNum - b.lineNum });
       for (var i = 0; i < item.items.length; i++) {
         var subItem = item.items[i];
+        assert(subItem.lineNum);
         if (subItem.intertype == 'function') {
           item.functions.push(subItem);
           subItem.endLineNum = null;
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ function analyzer(data) {
           if (LLVM_STYLE == 'new' && item.items[i+1].intertype !== 'label') {
             item.items.splice(i+1, 0, {
               intertype: 'label',
-              ident: '_entry',
+              ident: toNiceIdent('%0'),
               lineNum: subItem.lineNum + '.5'
             });
           }
@@ -77,10 +79,10 @@ function analyzer(data) {
               currLabelFinished = true;
             }
           } else {
-            print('// WARNING: content after a branch in a label, line: ' + subItem.lineNum);
+            print('// WARNING: content after a branch in a label, line: ' + subItem.lineNum + '::' + dump(subItem));
           }
         } else {
-          print("ERROR: what is this? " + JSON.stringify(subItem));
+          throw "ERROR: what is this? " + JSON.stringify(subItem);
         }
       }
       delete item.items;
@@ -93,6 +95,7 @@ function analyzer(data) {
     if (Types.types[type]) return;
     if (['internal', 'hidden', 'inbounds', 'void'].indexOf(type) != -1) return;
     if (Runtime.isNumberType(type)) return;
+    dprint('types', 'Adding type: ' + type);
 
     // 'blocks': [14 x %struct.X] etc. If this is a pointer, we need
     // to look at the underlying type - it was not defined explicitly
@@ -107,6 +110,8 @@ function analyzer(data) {
                               // check that we never allocate with this (either as a child structure
                               // in the analyzer, or in calcSize in alloca).
       var subType = check[2];
+      addTypeInternal(subType, data); // needed for anonymous structure definitions (see below)
+
       Types.types[nonPointing] = {
         name_: nonPointing,
         fields: range(num).map(function() { return subType }),
@@ -124,6 +129,21 @@ function analyzer(data) {
       return;
     }
 
+    // anonymous structure definition, for example |{ i32, i8*, void ()*, i32 }|
+    if (type[0] == '{' || type[0] == '<') {
+      type = nonPointing;
+      var packed = type[0] == '<';
+      Types.types[type] = {
+        name_: type,
+        fields: splitTokenList(tokenize(type.substr(2 + packed, type.length - 4 - 2*packed)).tokens).map(function(segment) {
+          return segment[0].text;
+        }),
+        packed: packed,
+        lineNum: '?'
+      };
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (isPointerType(type)) return;
     if (['['].indexOf(type) != -1) return;
     Types.types[type] = {
@@ -333,7 +353,7 @@ function analyzer(data) {
  
           // Decision time
 
-          var pointedType = removePointing(variable.type);
+          var pointedType = pointingLevels(variable.type) > 0 ? removePointing(variable.type) : null;
           if (variable.origin == 'getelementptr') {
             // Use our implementation that emulates pointers etc.
             // TODO Can we perhaps nativize some of these? However to do so, we need to discover their
@@ -563,7 +583,7 @@ function analyzer(data) {
           func.labelsDict[label.ident] = label;
           func.labelIds[label.ident] = func.labelIdCounter++;
         });
-        func.labelIds[toNiceIdent('%entry')] = -1; // entry is always -1
+        func.labelIds[toNiceIdent('%0')] = -1; // entry is always -1
 
         func.hasPhi = false;
         func.hasIndirectBr = false;
@@ -575,8 +595,9 @@ function analyzer(data) {
                 var remarkableLabelId = line.value.params[i].label;
                 func.remarkableLabels.push(remarkableLabelId);
                 var remarkableLabel = func.labelsDict[remarkableLabelId];
+                assert(remarkableLabel);
                 var lastLine = remarkableLabel.lines.slice(-1)[0];
-                if (lastLine.value) {
+                if (lastLine.intertype === 'assign') {
                   lastLine.value.currLabelId = remarkableLabelId;
                 } else {
                   lastLine.currLabelId = remarkableLabelId;
diff --git a/src/compiler.js b/src/compiler.js
index 9bf81ba4..1639d4e7 100644
--- a/src/compiler.js
+++ b/src/compiler.js
@@ -79,5 +79,7 @@ raw = null;
 
 // Do it
 
+//dprint(JSON.stringify(C_DEFINES));
+
 JSify(analyzer(intertyper(lines)));
 
diff --git a/src/dlmalloc.c b/src/dlmalloc.c
index 672ca48d..aa37dc0d 100644
--- a/src/dlmalloc.c
+++ b/src/dlmalloc.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #define __THROW
 #define __attribute_malloc__
 #define __wur
-#include "emscripten.h"
+
 
 /*
   This is a version (aka dlmalloc) of malloc/free/realloc written by
diff --git a/src/experimental/noncallgraphprofiling.diff b/src/experimental/noncallgraphprofiling.diff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9bceeee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/experimental/noncallgraphprofiling.diff
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+diff --git a/src/jsifier.js b/src/jsifier.js
+index da8c4db..2d606be 100644
+--- a/src/jsifier.js
++++ b/src/jsifier.js
+@@ -432,12 +432,16 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
+       func.JS = '\nfunction ' + func.ident + '(' + func.paramIdents.join(', ') + ') {\n';
+ 
+       if (PROFILE) {
+-        func.JS += '  if (PROFILING) { '
+-                +      'var __parentProfilingNode__ = PROFILING_NODE; PROFILING_NODE = PROFILING_NODE.children["' + func.ident + '"]; '
+-                +      'if (!PROFILING_NODE) __parentProfilingNode__.children["' + func.ident + '"] = PROFILING_NODE = { time: 0, children: {}, calls: 0 };'
+-                +      'PROFILING_NODE.calls++; '
+-                +      'var __profilingStartTime__ = Date.now() '
+-                +    '}\n';
++        if (PROFILE_CALLGRAPH) {
++          func.JS += '  if (PROFILING) { '
++                  +      'var __parentProfilingNode__ = PROFILING_NODE; PROFILING_NODE = PROFILING_NODE.children["' + func.ident + '"]; '
++                  +      'if (!PROFILING_NODE) __parentProfilingNode__.children["' + func.ident + '"] = PROFILING_NODE = { time: 0, children: {}, calls: 0 };'
++                  +      'PROFILING_NODE.calls++; '
++                  +      'var __profilingStartTime__ = Date.now() '
++                  +    '}\n';
++        } else {
++          func.JS += '  PROFILING_DATA[' + Profiling.getIndex(func.ident) + '] -= Date.now();';
++        }
+       }
+ 
+       func.JS += '  ' + RuntimeGenerator.stackEnter(func.initialStack) + ';\n';
+@@ -733,10 +737,14 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
+   makeFuncLineActor('return', function(item) {
+     var ret = RuntimeGenerator.stackExit(item.funcData.initialStack) + ';\n';
+     if (PROFILE) {
+-      ret += 'if (PROFILING) { '
+-          +    'PROFILING_NODE.time += Date.now() - __profilingStartTime__; '
+-          +    'PROFILING_NODE = __parentProfilingNode__ '
+-          +  '}\n';
++      if (PROFILE_CALLGRAPH) {
++        ret += 'if (PROFILING) { '
++            +    'PROFILING_NODE.time += Date.now() - __profilingStartTime__; '
++            +    'PROFILING_NODE = __parentProfilingNode__ '
++            +  '}\n';
++      } else {
++        ret += 'PROFILING_DATA[' + Profiling.getIndex(item.funcData.ident) + '] += Date.now();'
++      }
+     }
+     if (LABEL_DEBUG) {
+       ret += "print(INDENT + 'Exiting: " + item.funcData.ident + "');\n"
+@@ -945,6 +953,9 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
+     print(shellParts[0]);
+       var preFile = BUILD_AS_SHARED_LIB ? 'preamble_sharedlib.js' : 'preamble.js';
+       var pre = processMacros(preprocess(read(preFile).replace('{{RUNTIME}}', getRuntime()), CONSTANTS));
++      if (PROFILE && !PROFILE_CALLGRAPH) {
++        pre = pre.replace('{{PROFILING_DATA}}', Profiling.generateIndexing());
++      }
+       print(pre);
+       print('Runtime.QUANTUM_SIZE = ' + QUANTUM_SIZE);
+       if (RUNTIME_TYPE_INFO) {
+diff --git a/src/modules.js b/src/modules.js
+index 20f42f9..624c5ae 100644
+--- a/src/modules.js
++++ b/src/modules.js
+@@ -226,13 +226,15 @@ var Functions = {
+ 
+   indexedFunctions: [0, 0], // Start at a non-0 (even, see below) value
+ 
++  skip: true,
++
+   // Mark a function as needing indexing, and returns the index
+   getIndex: function(ident) {
+     var key = this.indexedFunctions.indexOf(ident);
+     if (key < 0) {
+       key = this.indexedFunctions.length;
+       this.indexedFunctions[key] = ident;
+-      this.indexedFunctions[key+1] = 0; // Need to have keys be even numbers, see |polymorph| test
++      if (this.skip) this.indexedFunctions[key+1] = 0; // Need to have keys be even numbers, see |polymorph| test
+     }
+     return key.toString();
+   },
+@@ -281,3 +283,19 @@ var LibraryManager = {
+   }
+ };
+ 
++var Profiling = { // We use the same principle of function hashing as in Functions
++  currFunctions: [],
++  implementedFunctions: null,
++  indexedFunctions: [],
++  getIndex: Functions.getIndex,
++
++  generateIndexing: function() {
++    var ret = 'var PROFILING_DATA = new Array(' + this.indexedFunctions.length + ');\n'
++            + 'for (var i = 0; i < ' + this.indexedFunctions.length + '; i++) {\n'
++            + '  PROFILING_DATA[i] = 0;\n'
++            + '}\n'
++            + 'var PROFILING_NAMES = ' + JSON.stringify(this.indexedFunctions) + ';\n';
++    return ret;
++  }
++};
++
+diff --git a/src/preamble.js b/src/preamble.js
+index 1c1ec91..1bda448 100644
+--- a/src/preamble.js
++++ b/src/preamble.js
+@@ -276,22 +276,26 @@ var START_TIME = Date.now();
+ 
+ #if PROFILE
+ var PROFILING = 0;
++
++#if PROFILE_CALLGRAPH
+ var PROFILING_ROOT = { time: 0, children: {}, calls: 0 };
+ var PROFILING_NODE;
+-
+ function startProfiling() {
+   PROFILING_NODE = PROFILING_ROOT;
+   PROFILING = 1;
+ }
+ Module['startProfiling'] = startProfiling;
+-
+ function stopProfiling() {
+   PROFILING = 0;
+   assert(PROFILING_NODE === PROFILING_ROOT, 'Must have popped all the profiling call stack');
+ }
+ Module['stopProfiling'] = stopProfiling;
++#else
++{{PROFILING_DATA}}
++#endif
+ 
+ function printProfiling() {
++#if PROFILE_CALLGRAPH
+   function dumpData(name_, node, indent) {
+     print(indent + ('________' + node.time).substr(-8) + ': ' + name_ + ' (' + node.calls + ')');
+     var children = [];
+@@ -303,9 +307,20 @@ function printProfiling() {
+     children.forEach(function(child) { dumpData(child.name_, child, indent + '  ') });
+   }
+   dumpData('root', PROFILING_ROOT, ' ');
++#else
++  var items = [];
++  for (var i = 0; i < PROFILING_NAMES.length; i++) {
++    items.push({ name_: PROFILING_NAMES[i], time: PROFILING_DATA[i] });
++  }
++  items.sort(function(x, y) { return y.time - x.time });
++  items.forEach(function(item) {
++    print(('________' + item.time).substr(-8) + ': ' + item.name_);
++  });
++#endif
+ }
+ Module['printProfiling'] = printProfiling;
+ 
++#if PROFILE_CALLGRAPH
+ function printXULProfiling() {
+   function dumpData(name_, node, indent) {
+     var children = [];
+@@ -357,6 +372,7 @@ function printXULProfiling() {
+ }
+ Module['printXULProfiling'] = printXULProfiling;
+ #endif
++#endif
+ 
+ //========================================
+ // Runtime essentials
+diff --git a/src/settings.js b/src/settings.js
+index ef8b399..749468b 100644
+--- a/src/settings.js
++++ b/src/settings.js
+@@ -114,7 +114,8 @@ AUTO_OPTIMIZE = 0; // When run with the CHECK_* options, will not fail on errors
+                    // checking enabled and which do not, that is, this is a way to automate the
+                    // generation of line data for CORRECT_*_LINES options
+ 
+-PROFILE = 0; // Enables runtime profiling. See test_profiling for a usage example.
++PROFILE = 1; // Enables runtime profiling. As lightweight as possible.
++PROFILE_CALLGRAPH = 0; // Much heavier profiling, of entire callgraphs.
+ 
+ EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS = ['_main']; // Functions that are explicitly exported, so they are guaranteed to
+                                 // be accessible outside of the generated code.
+diff --git a/tests/runner.py b/tests/runner.py
+index f7ae9b0..3caedad 100644
+--- a/tests/runner.py
++++ b/tests/runner.py
+@@ -3525,16 +3525,16 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
+       def post(filename):
+         src = open(filename, 'a')
+         src.write('''
+-          startProfiling();
++          //startProfiling();
+           run();
+-          stopProfiling();
++          //stopProfiling();
+           printProfiling();
+           print('*ok*');
+         ''')
+         src.close()
+ 
+       # Using build_ll_hook forces a recompile, which leads to DFE being done even without opts
+-      self.do_test(src, ': __Z6inner1i (5000)\n*ok*', post_build=post)
++      self.do_test(src, ': __Z6inner2i\n*ok*', post_build=post)
+ 
+     ### Integration tests
+ 
diff --git a/src/intertyper.js b/src/intertyper.js
index 83a49645..74f38e3a 100644
--- a/src/intertyper.js
+++ b/src/intertyper.js
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 // to be processed by the later stages.
 
 var tokenizer; // TODO: Clean this up/out
+function tokenize(text) {
+  return tokenizer.processItem({ lineText: text }, true);
+}
 
 //! @param parseFunctions We parse functions only on later passes, since we do not
 //!                       want to parse all of them at once, and have all their
@@ -48,8 +51,11 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
           currFunctionLineNum = i + 1;
         }
         if (!inFunction || parseFunctions) {
-          if (inContinual || new RegExp(/^\ +to.*/g).test(line)) {
-            // to after invoke
+          if (inContinual || new RegExp(/^\ +to.*/g).test(line)
+                          || new RegExp(/^\ +catch .*/g).test(line)
+                          || new RegExp(/^\ +filter .*/g).test(line)
+                          || new RegExp(/^\ +cleanup.*/g).test(line)) {
+            // to after invoke or landingpad second line
             ret.slice(-1)[0].lineText += line;
             if (new RegExp(/^\ +\]/g).test(line)) { // end of llvm switch
               inContinual = false;
@@ -137,13 +143,15 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
         // merge certain tokens
         if (lastToken && isType(lastToken.text) && isFunctionDef(token)) {
           lastToken.text += ' ' + text;
-        } else if (lastToken && text[text.length-1] == '}') {
+        } else if (lastToken && /^}\**$/.exec(text)) { // }, }*, etc.
           var openBrace = tokens.length-1;
-          while (tokens[openBrace].text != '{') openBrace --;
+          while (tokens[openBrace].text.substr(-1) != '{') openBrace --;
           token = combineTokens(tokens.slice(openBrace+1));
           tokens.splice(openBrace, tokens.length-openBrace+1);
           tokens.push(token);
           token.type = '{';
+          token.text = '{ ' + token.text + ' }';
+          while (pointingLevels(text) > pointingLevels(token.text)) token.text += '*'; // TODO: optimize
           lastToken = token;
         } else {
           tokens.push(token);
@@ -265,6 +273,8 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
               return 'Unreachable';
             if (tokensLength >= 3 && token0Text == 'indirectbr')
               return 'IndirectBr';
+            if (tokensLength >= 2 && token0Text == 'resume')
+              return 'Resume';
           } else if (item.indent === -1) {
             if (tokensLength >= 3 &&
                 (token0Text == 'load' || token1Text == 'load'))
@@ -280,8 +290,12 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
               return 'Alloca';
             if (tokensLength >= 3 && token0Text == 'extractvalue')
               return 'ExtractValue';
+            if (tokensLength >= 3 && token0Text == 'insertvalue')
+              return 'InsertValue';
             if (tokensLength >= 3 && token0Text == 'phi')
               return 'Phi';
+            if (tokensLength >= 3 && token0Text == 'landingpad')
+              return 'Landingpad';
           } else if (item.indent === 0) {
             if ((tokensLength >= 1 && token0Text.substr(-1) == ':') || // LLVM 2.7 format, or llvm-gcc in 2.8
                 (tokensLength >= 3 && token1Text == '<label>'))
@@ -320,6 +334,7 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
     processItem: function(item) {
       function scanConst(value, type) {
         //dprint('inter-const: ' + item.lineNum + ' : ' + JSON.stringify(value) + ',' + type + '\n');
+        Types.needAnalysis[type] = 0;
         if (Runtime.isNumberType(type) || pointingLevels(type) >= 1) {
           return { value: toNiceIdent(value.text), type: type };
         } else if (value.text in set('zeroinitializer', 'undef')) { // undef doesn't really need initting, but why not
@@ -334,16 +349,21 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
               if (segment[1].text == 'null') {
                 return { intertype: 'value', value: 0, type: 'i32' };
               } else if (segment[1].text == 'zeroinitializer') {
+                Types.needAnalysis[segment[0].text] = 0;
                 return { intertype: 'emptystruct', type: segment[0].text };
               } else if (segment[1].text in PARSABLE_LLVM_FUNCTIONS) {
                 return parseLLVMFunctionCall(segment);
               } else if (segment[1].type && segment[1].type == '{') {
+                Types.needAnalysis[segment[0].text] = 0;
                 return { intertype: 'struct', type: segment[0].text, contents: handleSegments(segment[1].tokens) };
               } else if (segment[1].type && segment[1].type == '<') {
+                Types.needAnalysis[segment[0].text] = 0;
                 return { intertype: 'struct', type: segment[0].text, contents: handleSegments(segment[1].item.tokens[0].tokens) };
               } else if (segment[1].type && segment[1].type == '[') {
+                Types.needAnalysis[segment[0].text] = 0;
                 return { intertype: 'list', type: segment[0].text, contents: handleSegments(segment[1].item.tokens) };
               } else if (segment.length == 2) {
+                Types.needAnalysis[segment[0].text] = 0;
                 return { intertype: 'value', type: segment[0].text, value: toNiceIdent(segment[1].text) };
               } else if (segment[1].text === 'c') {
                 // string
@@ -377,16 +397,20 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
         }
       }
 
+      cleanOutTokens(LLVM.VISIBILITIES, item.tokens, 2);
       if (item.tokens[2].text == 'alias') {
-        cleanOutTokensSet(LLVM.LINKAGES, item.tokens, 3);
-        cleanOutTokensSet(LLVM.VISIBILITIES, item.tokens, 3);
-        return [{
+        cleanOutTokens(LLVM.LINKAGES, item.tokens, 3);
+        cleanOutTokens(LLVM.VISIBILITIES, item.tokens, 3);
+        var last = getTokenIndexByText(item.tokens, ';');
+        var ret = {
           intertype: 'alias',
           ident: toNiceIdent(item.tokens[0].text),
-          aliasee: toNiceIdent(item.tokens[4].text),
-          type: item.tokens[3].text,
+          value: parseLLVMSegment(item.tokens.slice(3, last)),
           lineNum: item.lineNum
-        }];
+        };
+        ret.type = ret.value.type;
+        Types.needAnalysis[ret.type] = 0;
+        return [ret];
       }
       if (item.tokens[2].text == 'type') {
         var fields = [];
@@ -397,7 +421,7 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
         } else if (item.tokens[3].text != 'opaque') {
           if (item.tokens[3].type == '<') {
             packed = true;
-            item.tokens[3] = tokenizer.processItem({ lineText: '{ ' + item.tokens[3].item.tokens[0].text + ' }' }, true).tokens[0];
+            item.tokens[3] = item.tokens[3].item.tokens[0];
           }
           var subTokens = item.tokens[3].tokens;
           subTokens.push({text:','});
@@ -418,13 +442,13 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
       } else {
         // variable
         var ident = item.tokens[0].text;
-        cleanOutTokensSet(LLVM.GLOBAL_MODIFIERS, item.tokens, 3);
-        cleanOutTokensSet(LLVM.GLOBAL_MODIFIERS, item.tokens, 2);
+        cleanOutTokens(LLVM.GLOBAL_MODIFIERS, item.tokens, [2, 3]);
         var external = false;
         if (item.tokens[2].text === 'external') {
           external = true;
           item.tokens.splice(2, 1);
         }
+        Types.needAnalysis[item.tokens[2].text] = 0;
         var ret = {
           intertype: 'globalVariable',
           ident: toNiceIdent(ident),
@@ -515,7 +539,7 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
   substrate.addActor('Load', {
     processItem: function(item) {
       item.intertype = 'load';
-      if (item.tokens[0].text == 'volatile') item.tokens.shift(0);
+      cleanOutTokens(LLVM.ACCESS_OPTIONS, item.tokens, [0, 1]);
       item.pointerType = item.tokens[1].text;
       item.valueType = item.type = removePointing(item.pointerType);
       Types.needAnalysis[item.type] = 0;
@@ -537,6 +561,20 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
       this.forwardItem(item, 'Reintegrator');
     }
   });
+  // 'insertvalue'
+  substrate.addActor('InsertValue', {
+    processItem: function(item) {
+      var last = getTokenIndexByText(item.tokens, ';');
+      item.intertype = 'insertvalue';
+      item.type = item.tokens[1].text; // Of the origin aggregate, as well as the result
+      Types.needAnalysis[item.type] = 0;
+      item.ident = toNiceIdent(item.tokens[2].text);
+      var segments = splitTokenList(item.tokens.slice(4, last));
+      item.value = parseLLVMSegment(segments[0]);
+      item.indexes = segments.slice(1);
+      this.forwardItem(item, 'Reintegrator');
+    }
+  });
   // 'bitcast'
   substrate.addActor('Bitcast', {
     processItem: function(item) {
@@ -556,6 +594,7 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
     processItem: function(item) {
       var first = 0;
       while (!isType(item.tokens[first].text)) first++;
+      Types.needAnalysis[item.tokens[first].text] = 0;
       var last = getTokenIndexByText(item.tokens, ';');
       var segment = [ item.tokens[first], { text: 'getelementptr' }, null, { item: {
         tokens: item.tokens.slice(first, last)
@@ -574,7 +613,6 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
     if (['tail'].indexOf(item.tokens[0].text) != -1) {
       item.tokens.splice(0, 1);
     }
-    assertEq(item.tokens[0].text, type);
     while (item.tokens[1].text in LLVM.PARAM_ATTR || item.tokens[1].text in LLVM.CALLING_CONVENTIONS) {
       item.tokens.splice(1, 1);
     }
@@ -607,26 +645,47 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
     }
     item.ident = toNiceIdent(item.ident);
     if (type === 'invoke') {
-      cleanOutTokens(['alignstack', 'alwaysinline', 'inlinehint', 'naked', 'noimplicitfloat', 'noinline', 'alwaysinline attribute.', 'noredzone', 'noreturn', 'nounwind', 'optsize', 'readnone', 'readonly', 'ssp', 'sspreq'], item.tokens, 4);
-      item.toLabel = toNiceIdent(item.tokens[6].text);
-      item.unwindLabel = toNiceIdent(item.tokens[9].text);
+      var toIndex = findTokenText(item, 'to');
+      item.toLabel = toNiceIdent(item.tokens[toIndex+2].text);
+      item.unwindLabel = toNiceIdent(item.tokens[toIndex+5].text);
+      assert(item.toLabel && item.unwindLabel);
     }
     if (item.indent == 2) {
       // standalone call - not in assign
       item.standalone = true;
-      return [item];
+      return { forward: null, ret: [item], item: item };
     }
-    this.forwardItem(item, 'Reintegrator');
-    return null;
+    return { forward: item, ret: [], item: item };
   }
   substrate.addActor('Call', {
     processItem: function(item) {
-      return makeCall.call(this, item, 'call');
+      var result = makeCall.call(this, item, 'call');
+      if (result.forward) this.forwardItem(result.forward, 'Reintegrator');
+      return result.ret;
     }
   });
   substrate.addActor('Invoke', {
     processItem: function(item) {
-      return makeCall.call(this, item, 'invoke');
+      var result = makeCall.call(this, item, 'invoke');
+      if (DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING) {
+        result.item.intertype = 'call';
+        result.ret.push({
+          intertype: 'branch',
+          label: result.item.toLabel,
+          lineNum: (result.forward ? item.parentLineNum : item.lineNum) + 0.5
+        });
+      }
+      if (result.forward) this.forwardItem(result.forward, 'Reintegrator');
+      return result.ret;
+    }
+  });
+  // 'landingpad' - just a stub implementation
+  substrate.addActor('Landingpad', {
+    processItem: function(item) {
+      item.intertype = 'landingpad';
+      item.type = item.tokens[1].text;
+      Types.needAnalysis[item.type] = 0;
+      this.forwardItem(item, 'Reintegrator');
     }
   });
   // 'alloca'
@@ -704,7 +763,7 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
   // 'store'
   substrate.addActor('Store', {
     processItem: function(item) {
-      if (item.tokens[0].text == 'volatile') item.tokens.shift(0);
+      cleanOutTokens(LLVM.ACCESS_OPTIONS, item.tokens, [0, 1]);
       var segments = splitTokenList(item.tokens.slice(1));
       var ret = {
         intertype: 'store',
@@ -733,7 +792,7 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
         var commaIndex = findTokenText(item, ',');
         return [{
           intertype: 'branch',
-          condition: parseLLVMSegment(item.tokens.slice(1, commaIndex)),
+          value: parseLLVMSegment(item.tokens.slice(1, commaIndex)),
           labelTrue: toNiceIdent(item.tokens[commaIndex+2].text),
           labelFalse: toNiceIdent(item.tokens[commaIndex+5].text),
           lineNum: item.lineNum
@@ -754,6 +813,15 @@ function intertyper(data, parseFunctions, baseLineNum) {
       }];
     }
   });
+  // 'resume' - partial implementation
+  substrate.addActor('Resume', {
+    processItem: function(item) {
+      return [{
+        intertype: 'resume',
+        lineNum: item.lineNum
+      }];
+    }
+  });
   // 'switch'
   substrate.addActor('Switch', {
     processItem: function(item) {
diff --git a/src/jsifier.js b/src/jsifier.js
index 9a2a82c4..cd59d43c 100644
--- a/src/jsifier.js
+++ b/src/jsifier.js
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
         ident: '_' + ident
       });
     });
+
+    Functions.implementedFunctions = set(data.unparsedFunctions.map(function(func) { return func.ident }));
   }
 
   // Does simple 'macro' substitution, using Django-like syntax,
@@ -279,17 +281,18 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
       item.intertype = 'GlobalVariableStub';
       var ret = [item];
       item.JS = 'var ' + item.ident + ';';
-      // Set the actual value in a postset, since it may be a global variable. TODO: handle alias of alias (needs ordering)
+      // Set the actual value in a postset, since it may be a global variable. We also order by dependencies there
+      var value = finalizeLLVMParameter(item.value, true); // do *not* indexize functions here
       ret.push({
         intertype: 'GlobalVariablePostSet',
-        JS: item.ident + ' = ' + item.aliasee + ';'
+        ident: item.ident,
+        dependencies: set([value]),
+        JS: item.ident + ' = ' + value + ';'
       });
       return ret;
     }
   });
 
-  var moduleFunctions = set(data.unparsedFunctions.map(function(func) { return func.ident }));
-
   var addedLibraryItems = {};
 
   // functionStub
@@ -305,7 +308,7 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
           if (ident in addedLibraryItems) return '';
           // Don't replace implemented functions with library ones (which can happen when we add dependencies).
           // Note: We don't return the dependencies here. Be careful not to end up where this matters
-          if (('_' + ident) in moduleFunctions) return '';
+          if (('_' + ident) in Functions.implementedFunctions) return '';
 
           addedLibraryItems[ident] = true;
           var snippet = LibraryManager.library[ident];
@@ -338,8 +341,14 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
           } else if (typeof snippet === 'function') {
             isFunction = true;
             snippet = snippet.toString();
+            assert(snippet.indexOf('XXX missing C define') == -1,
+                   'Trying to include a library function with missing C defines: ' + ident + ' | ' + snippet);
+
             // name the function; overwrite if it's already named
             snippet = snippet.replace(/function(?:\s+([^(]+))?\s*\(/, 'function _' + ident + '(');
+            if (LIBRARY_DEBUG) {
+              snippet = snippet.replace('{', '{ print("[library call:' + ident + ']"); ');
+            }
           }
 
           var postsetId = ident + '__postset';
@@ -425,6 +434,15 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
 
       func.JS = '\nfunction ' + func.ident + '(' + func.paramIdents.join(', ') + ') {\n';
 
+      if (PROFILE) {
+        func.JS += '  if (PROFILING) { '
+                +      'var __parentProfilingNode__ = PROFILING_NODE; PROFILING_NODE = PROFILING_NODE.children["' + func.ident + '"]; '
+                +      'if (!PROFILING_NODE) __parentProfilingNode__.children["' + func.ident + '"] = PROFILING_NODE = { time: 0, children: {}, calls: 0 };'
+                +      'PROFILING_NODE.calls++; '
+                +      'var __profilingStartTime__ = Date.now() '
+                +    '}\n';
+      }
+
       func.JS += '  ' + RuntimeGenerator.stackEnter(func.initialStack) + ';\n';
 
       if (LABEL_DEBUG) func.JS += "  print(INDENT + ' Entering: " + func.ident + "'); INDENT += '  ';\n";
@@ -540,7 +558,7 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
   }
 
   function getVarImpl(funcData, ident) {
-    if (ident === 'null') return VAR_NATIVIZED; // like nativized, in that we have the actual value right here
+    if (ident === 'null' || isNumber(ident)) return VAR_NATIVIZED; // like nativized, in that we have the actual value right here
     var data = getVarData(funcData, ident);
     assert(data, 'What variable is this? |' + ident + '|');
     return data.impl;
@@ -674,10 +692,10 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
 
   makeFuncLineActor('branch', function(item) {
     if (item.stolen) return ';'; // We will appear where we were stolen to
-    if (!item.condition) {
+    if (!item.value) {
       return makeBranch(item.label, item.currLabelId);
     } else {
-      var condition = finalizeLLVMParameter(item.condition);
+      var condition = finalizeLLVMParameter(item.value);
       var labelTrue = makeBranch(item.labelTrue, item.currLabelId);
       var labelFalse = makeBranch(item.labelFalse, item.currLabelId);
       if (labelTrue == ';' && labelFalse == ';') return ';';
@@ -707,9 +725,9 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
       ret += '  ' + makeBranch(switchLabel.label, item.currLabelId || null) + '\n';
       ret += '}\n';
     });
-    ret += 'else {\n';
+    if (item.switchLabels.length > 0) ret += 'else {\n';
     ret += makeBranch(item.defaultLabel, item.currLabelId) + '\n';
-    ret += '}\n';
+    if (item.switchLabels.length > 0) ret += '}\n';
     if (item.value) {
       ret += ' ' + toNiceIdent(item.value);
     }
@@ -717,6 +735,12 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
   });
   makeFuncLineActor('return', function(item) {
     var ret = RuntimeGenerator.stackExit(item.funcData.initialStack) + ';\n';
+    if (PROFILE) {
+      ret += 'if (PROFILING) { '
+          +    'PROFILING_NODE.time += Date.now() - __profilingStartTime__; '
+          +    'PROFILING_NODE = __parentProfilingNode__ '
+          +  '}\n';
+    }
     if (LABEL_DEBUG) {
       ret += "print(INDENT + 'Exiting: " + item.funcData.ident + "');\n"
           +  "INDENT = INDENT.substr(0, INDENT.length-2);\n";
@@ -727,12 +751,14 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
     }
     return ret + ';';
   });
+  makeFuncLineActor('resume', function(item) {
+    return (EXCEPTION_DEBUG ? 'print("Resuming exception");' : '') + 'throw [0,0];';
+  });
   makeFuncLineActor('invoke', function(item) {
     // Wrapping in a function lets us easily return values if we are
     // in an assignment
     var call_ = makeFunctionCall(item.ident, item.params, item.funcData);
     var branch = makeBranch(item.toLabel, item.currLabelId);
-    if (DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS) return call_ + '; ' + branch;
     var ret = '(function() { try { __THREW__ = false; return '
             + call_ + ' '
             + '} catch(e) { '
@@ -743,6 +769,10 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
             + ' } else { ' + makeBranch(item.unwindLabel, item.currLabelId) + ' }';
     return ret;
   });
+  makeFuncLineActor('landingpad', function(item) {
+    // Just a stub
+    return '{ f0: 0, f1: 0 }';
+  });
   makeFuncLineActor('load', function(item) {
     var value = finalizeLLVMParameter(item.pointer);
     var impl = item.ident ? getVarImpl(item.funcData, item.ident) : VAR_EMULATED;
@@ -759,6 +789,15 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
                                       //       and we emulate them using simple JS objects { f1: , f2: , } etc., for speed
     return item.ident + '.f' + item.indexes[0][0].text;
   });
+  makeFuncLineActor('insertvalue', function(item) {
+    assert(item.indexes.length == 1); // TODO: see extractvalue
+    var ret = '(', ident;
+    if (item.ident === 'undef') {
+      item.ident = 'tempValue';
+      ret += item.ident + ' = [' + makeEmptyStruct(item.type) + '], ';
+    }
+    return ret + item.ident + '.f' + item.indexes[0][0].text + ' = ' + finalizeLLVMParameter(item.value) + ', ' + item.ident + ')';
+  });
   makeFuncLineActor('indirectbr', function(item) {
     return makeBranch(finalizeLLVMParameter(item.pointer), item.currLabelId, true);
   });
@@ -841,6 +880,7 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
   }
   makeFuncLineActor('getelementptr', function(item) { return finalizeLLVMFunctionCall(item) });
   makeFuncLineActor('call', function(item) {
+    if (item.standalone && LibraryManager.isStubFunction(item.ident)) return ';';
     return makeFunctionCall(item.ident, item.params, item.funcData) + (item.standalone ? ';' : '');
   });
 
@@ -853,11 +893,34 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
     var itemsDict = { type: [], GlobalVariableStub: [], functionStub: [], function: [], GlobalVariable: [], GlobalVariablePostSet: [] };
     items.forEach(function(item) {
       item.lines = null;
-      var small = { intertype: item.intertype, JS: item.JS }; // Release memory
+      var small = { intertype: item.intertype, JS: item.JS, ident: item.ident, dependencies: item.dependencies }; // Release memory
       itemsDict[small.intertype].push(small);
     });
     items = null;
 
+    var splitPostSets = splitter(itemsDict.GlobalVariablePostSet, function(x) { return x.ident && x.dependencies });
+    itemsDict.GlobalVariablePostSet = splitPostSets.leftIn;
+    var orderedPostSets = splitPostSets.splitOut;
+
+    var limit = orderedPostSets.length * orderedPostSets.length;
+    for (var i = 0; i < orderedPostSets.length; i++) {
+      for (var j = i+1; j < orderedPostSets.length; j++) {
+        if (orderedPostSets[j].ident in orderedPostSets[i].dependencies) {
+          var temp = orderedPostSets[i];
+          orderedPostSets[i] = orderedPostSets[j];
+          orderedPostSets[j] = temp;
+          i--;
+          limit--;
+          assert(limit > 0, 'Could not sort postsets!');
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    itemsDict.GlobalVariablePostSet = itemsDict.GlobalVariablePostSet.concat(orderedPostSets);
+
+    //
+
     var generated = [];
     if (mainPass) {
       generated = generated.concat(itemsDict.type).concat(itemsDict.GlobalVariableStub).concat(itemsDict.functionStub);
@@ -892,13 +955,12 @@ function JSify(data, functionsOnly, givenFunctions, givenGlobalVariables) {
         print('Runtime.structMetadata = ' + JSON.stringify(Types.structMetadata));
       }
       generated.forEach(function(item) { print(indentify(item.JS || '', 2)); });
-      print(Functions.generateIndexing());
-
       var postFile = BUILD_AS_SHARED_LIB ? 'postamble_sharedlib.js' : 'postamble.js';
       var postParts = processMacros(preprocess(read(postFile), CONSTANTS)).split('{{GLOBAL_VARS}}');
       print(postParts[0]);
         itemsDict.GlobalVariable.forEach(function(item) { print(indentify(item.JS, 4)); });
         itemsDict.GlobalVariablePostSet.forEach(function(item) { print(indentify(item.JS, 4)); });
+        print(Functions.generateIndexing()); // done last, as it may rely on aliases set in postsets
       print(postParts[1]);
     print(shellParts[1]);
     return null;
diff --git a/src/library.js b/src/library.js
index a628e323..c753422d 100644
--- a/src/library.js
+++ b/src/library.js
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
   stdin: 0,
   stdout: 0,
   stderr: 0,
+  _impure_ptr: 0,
 
-  $FS__deps: ['$ERRNO_CODES', '__setErrNo', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'stderr'],
+  $FS__deps: ['$ERRNO_CODES', '__setErrNo', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'stderr', '_impure_ptr'],
   $FS__postset: 'FS.init();',
   $FS: {
     // The path to the current folder.
@@ -392,6 +393,14 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
       _stdout = allocate([2], 'void*', ALLOC_STATIC);
       _stderr = allocate([3], 'void*', ALLOC_STATIC);
 
+      // Newlib initialization
+      FS.streams[_stdin] = FS.streams[1];
+      FS.streams[_stdout] = FS.streams[2];
+      FS.streams[_stderr] = FS.streams[3];
+      __impure_ptr = allocate([ allocate(
+        {{{ QUANTUM_SIZE === 4 ? '[0, 0, 0, 0, _stdin, 0, 0, 0, _stdout, 0, 0, 0, _stderr, 0, 0, 0]' : '[0, _stdin, _stdout, _stderr]' }}},
+        'void*', ALLOC_STATIC) ], 'void*', ALLOC_STATIC);
+
       // Once initialized, permissions start having effect.
       FS.ignorePermissions = false;
     }
@@ -802,9 +811,12 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     _umask.cmask = newMask;
     return oldMask;
   },
+  stat64: 'stat',
+  fstat64: 'fstat',
   __01fstat64_: 'fstat',
   __01stat64_: 'stat',
   __01lstat64_: 'lstat',
+
   // TODO: Check if other aliases are needed.
 
   // ==========================================================================
@@ -856,13 +868,13 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     var mode = {{{ makeGetValue('varargs', 0, 'i32') }}};
 
     // Simplify flags.
-    var accessMode = oflag & 0x3;  // O_ACCMODE.
-    var isWrite = accessMode != 0x0;  // O_RDONLY.
-    var isRead = accessMode != 0x1;  // O_WRONLY.
-    var isCreate = Boolean(oflag & 0x40);  // O_CREAT.
-    var isExistCheck = Boolean(oflag & 0x80);  // O_EXCL.
-    var isTruncate = Boolean(oflag & 0x200);  // O_TRUNC.
-    var isAppend = Boolean(oflag & 0x400);  // O_APPEND.
+    var accessMode = oflag & {{{ cDefine('O_ACCMODE') }}};
+    var isWrite = accessMode != {{{ cDefine('O_RDONLY') }}};
+    var isRead = accessMode != {{{ cDefine('O_WRONLY') }}};
+    var isCreate = Boolean(oflag & {{{ cDefine('O_CREAT') }}});
+    var isExistCheck = Boolean(oflag & {{{ cDefine('O_EXCL') }}});
+    var isTruncate = Boolean(oflag & {{{ cDefine('O_TRUNC') }}});
+    var isAppend = Boolean(oflag & {{{ cDefine('O_APPEND') }}});
 
     // Verify path.
     var origPath = path;
@@ -956,7 +968,7 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
   creat: function(path, mode) {
     // int creat(const char *path, mode_t mode);
     // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/creat.html
-    return _open(path, 0x241, allocate([mode, 0, 0, 0], 'i32', ALLOC_STACK));  // O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC.
+    return _open(path, {{{ cDefine('O_WRONLY') }}} | {{{ cDefine('O_CREAT') }}} | {{{ cDefine('O_TRUNC') }}}, allocate([mode, 0, 0, 0], 'i32', ALLOC_STACK));
   },
   fcntl__deps: ['$FS', '__setErrNo', '$ERRNO_CODES', '__flock_struct_layout'],
   fcntl: function(fildes, cmd, varargs) {
@@ -968,7 +980,7 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     }
     var stream = FS.streams[fildes];
     switch (cmd) {
-      case 0:  // F_DUPFD.
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_DUPFD') }}}:
         var arg = {{{ makeGetValue('varargs', 0, 'i32') }}};
         if (arg < 0) {
           ___setErrNo(ERRNO_CODES.EINVAL);
@@ -981,34 +993,37 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
         if (arg in FS.streams) arg = FS.streams.length;
         FS.streams[arg] = newStream;
         return arg;
-      case 1:  // F_GETFD.
-      case 2:  // F_SETFD.
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_GETFD') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_SETFD') }}}:
         return 0;  // FD_CLOEXEC makes no sense for a single process.
-      case 3:  // F_GETFL.
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_GETFL') }}}:
         var flags = 0;
-        if (stream.isRead && stream.isWrite) flags = 0x2;  // O_RDWR.
-        else if (!stream.isRead && stream.isWrite) flags = 0x1;  // O_WRONLY.
-        else if (stream.isRead && !stream.isWrite) flags = 0x0;  // O_RDONLY.
-        if (stream.isAppend) flags |= 0x400;  // O_APPEND.
+        if (stream.isRead && stream.isWrite) flags = {{{ cDefine('O_RDWR') }}};
+        else if (!stream.isRead && stream.isWrite) flags = {{{ cDefine('O_WRONLY') }}};
+        else if (stream.isRead && !stream.isWrite) flags = {{{ cDefine('O_RDONLY') }}};
+        if (stream.isAppend) flags |= {{{ cDefine('O_APPEND') }}};
         // Synchronization and blocking flags are irrelevant to us.
         return flags;
-      case 4:  // F_SETFL.
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_SETFL') }}}:
         var arg = {{{ makeGetValue('varargs', 0, 'i32') }}};
-        stream.isAppend = Boolean(arg | 0x400);  // O_APPEND.
+        stream.isAppend = Boolean(arg | {{{ cDefine('O_APPEND') }}});
         // Synchronization and blocking flags are irrelevant to us.
         return 0;
-      case 5:  // F_GETLK.
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_GETLK') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_GETLK64') }}}:
         var arg = {{{ makeGetValue('varargs', 0, 'i32') }}};
         var offset = ___flock_struct_layout.l_type;
         // We're always unlocked.
-        {{{ makeSetValue('arg', 'offset', '2', 'i16') }}}  // F_UNLCK.
+        {{{ makeSetValue('arg', 'offset', cDefine('F_UNLCK'), 'i16') }}}
         return 0;
-      case 6:  // F_SETLK.
-      case 7:  // F_SETLKW.
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_SETLK') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_SETLKW') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_SETLK64') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_SETLKW64') }}}:
         // Pretend that the locking is successful.
         return 0;
-      case 8:  // F_SETOWN.
-      case 9:  // F_GETOWN.
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_SETOWN') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('F_GETOWN') }}}:
         // These are for sockets. We don't have them implemented (yet?).
         ___setErrNo(ERRNO_CODES.EINVAL);
         return -1;
@@ -1060,10 +1075,10 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
       var revents = 0;
       if (fd in FS.streams) {
         var stream = FS.streams[fd];
-        if (events & 0x1) revents |= 0x1;  // POLLIN.
-        if (events & 0x4) revents |= 0x4;  // POLLOUT.
+        if (events & {{{ cDefine('POLLIN') }}}) revents |= {{{ cDefine('POLLIN') }}};
+        if (events & {{{ cDefine('POLLOUT') }}}) revents |= {{{ cDefine('POLLOUT') }}};
       } else {
-        if (events & 0x20) revents |= 0x20;  // POLLNVAL.
+        if (events & {{{ cDefine('POLLNVAL') }}}) revents |= {{{ cDefine('POLLNVAL') }}};
       }
       if (revents) nonzero++;
       {{{ makeSetValue('pollfd', 'offsets.revents', 'revents', 'i16') }}}
@@ -1216,33 +1231,33 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     // NOTE: The first parameter is ignored, so pathconf == fpathconf.
     // The constants here aren't real values. Just mimicing glibc.
     switch (name) {
-      case 0:  // _PC_LINK_MAX.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_LINK_MAX') }}}:
         return 32000;
-      case 1:  // _PC_MAX_CANON.
-      case 2:  // _PC_MAX_INPUT.
-      case 3:  // _PC_NAME_MAX.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_MAX_CANON') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_MAX_INPUT') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_NAME_MAX') }}}:
         return 255;
-      case 4:  // _PC_PATH_MAX.
-      case 5:  // _PC_PIPE_BUF.
-      case 16:  // _PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE.
-      case 17:  // _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN.
-      case 18:  // _PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_PATH_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_PIPE_BUF') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN') }}}:
         return 4096;
-      case 6:  // _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED.
-      case 7:  // _PC_NO_TRUNC.
-      case 20:  // _PC_2_SYMLINKS.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_NO_TRUNC') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_2_SYMLINKS') }}}:
         return 1;
-      case 8:  // _PC_VDISABLE.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_VDISABLE') }}}:
         return 0;
-      case 9:  // _PC_SYNC_IO.
-      case 10:  // _PC_ASYNC_IO.
-      case 11:  // _PC_PRIO_IO.
-      case 12:  // _PC_SOCK_MAXBUF.
-      case 14:  // _PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE.
-      case 15:  // _PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE.
-      case 19:  // _PC_SYMLINK_MAX.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_SYNC_IO') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_ASYNC_IO') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_PRIO_IO') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_SOCK_MAXBUF') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_SYMLINK_MAX') }}}:
         return -1;
-      case 13:  // _PC_FILESIZEBITS.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_PC_FILESIZEBITS') }}}:
         return 64;
     }
     ___setErrNo(ERRNO_CODES.EINVAL);
@@ -1680,37 +1695,37 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/confstr.html
     var value;
     switch (name) {
-      case 0:  // _CS_PATH.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_PATH') }}}:
         value = ENV['PATH'] || '/';
         break;
-      case 1:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS') }}}:
         // Mimicing glibc.
         value = 'POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32\nPOSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG';
         break;
-      case 2:  // _CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION') }}}:
         // This JS implementation was tested against this glibc version.
         value = 'glibc 2.14';
         break;
-      case 3:  // _CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION.
-        // We don't support pthread.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION') }}}:
+        // We don't support pthreads.
         value = '';
         break;
-      case 1118:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS.
-      case 1122:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS.
-      case 1124:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS.
-      case 1125:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS.
-      case 1126:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS.
-      case 1128:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS.
-      case 1129:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS.
-      case 1130:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS') }}}:
         value = '';
         break;
-      case 1116:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS.
-      case 1117:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS.
-      case 1121:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS') }}}:
         value = '-m32';
         break;
-      case 1120:  // _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS.
+      case {{{ cDefine('_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS') }}}:
         value = '-m32 -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64';
         break;
       default:
@@ -1941,140 +1956,137 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
   sysconf: function(name) {
     // long sysconf(int name);
     // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/sysconf.html
-    // WARNING: Except for PAGE_SIZE, this is generated by a C program using
-    //          glibc. All the constants depend on values provided by glibc, and
-    //          code compiled with other C libraries is not guaranteed to work.
     switch(name) {
-      case 30: return PAGE_SIZE;   // _SC_PAGE_SIZE / _SC_PAGESIZE
-      case 132:                    // _SC_ADVISORY_INFO
-      case 133:                    // _SC_BARRIERS
-      case 12:                     // _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
-      case 137:                    // _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION
-      case 138:                    // _SC_CPUTIME
-      case 15:                     // _SC_FSYNC
-      case 235:                    // _SC_IPV6
-      case 16:                     // _SC_MAPPED_FILES
-      case 17:                     // _SC_MEMLOCK
-      case 18:                     // _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE
-      case 19:                     // _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION
-      case 20:                     // _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING
-      case 149:                    // _SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK
-      case 13:                     // _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO
-      case 10:                     // _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
-      case 236:                    // _SC_RAW_SOCKETS
-      case 153:                    // _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS
-      case 9:                      // _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS
-      case 21:                     // _SC_SEMAPHORES
-      case 22:                     // _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
-      case 159:                    // _SC_SPAWN
-      case 154:                    // _SC_SPIN_LOCKS
-      case 14:                     // _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO
-      case 77:                     // _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR
-      case 78:                     // _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE
-      case 139:                    // _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME
-      case 80:                     // _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT
-      case 81:                     // _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
-      case 79:                     // _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
-      case 82:                     // _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
-      case 68:                     // _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
-      case 67:                     // _SC_THREADS
-      case 164:                    // _SC_TIMEOUTS
-      case 11:                     // _SC_TIMERS
-      case 29:                     // _SC_VERSION
-      case 47:                     // _SC_2_C_BIND
-      case 48:                     // _SC_2_C_DEV
-      case 95:                     // _SC_2_CHAR_TERM
-      case 52:                     // _SC_2_LOCALEDEF
-      case 51:                     // _SC_2_SW_DEV
-      case 46:                     // _SC_2_VERSION
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_PAGE_SIZE') }}}: return PAGE_SIZE;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_ADVISORY_INFO') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_BARRIERS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_CLOCK_SELECTION') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_CPUTIME') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_FSYNC') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_IPV6') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_MAPPED_FILES') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_MEMLOCK') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_RAW_SOCKETS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SEMAPHORES') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SPAWN') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SPIN_LOCKS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_CPUTIME') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREADS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TIMEOUTS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TIMERS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_VERSION') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_C_BIND') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_C_DEV') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_CHAR_TERM') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_LOCALEDEF') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_SW_DEV') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_VERSION') }}}:
         return 200809;
-      case 27:                     // _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX
-      case 246:                    // _SC_XOPEN_STREAMS
-      case 127:                    // _SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64
-      case 128:                    // _SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG
-      case 23:                     // _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
-      case 24:                     // _SC_AIO_MAX
-      case 160:                    // _SC_SPORADIC_SERVER
-      case 161:                    // _SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER
-      case 181:                    // _SC_TRACE
-      case 182:                    // _SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER
-      case 242:                    // _SC_TRACE_EVENT_NAME_MAX
-      case 183:                    // _SC_TRACE_INHERIT
-      case 184:                    // _SC_TRACE_LOG
-      case 243:                    // _SC_TRACE_NAME_MAX
-      case 244:                    // _SC_TRACE_SYS_MAX
-      case 245:                    // _SC_TRACE_USER_EVENT_MAX
-      case 165:                    // _SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
-      case 178:                    // _SC_V6_LP64_OFF64
-      case 179:                    // _SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG
-      case 49:                     // _SC_2_FORT_DEV
-      case 50:                     // _SC_2_FORT_RUN
-      case 168:                    // _SC_2_PBS
-      case 169:                    // _SC_2_PBS_ACCOUNTING
-      case 175:                    // _SC_2_PBS_CHECKPOINT
-      case 170:                    // _SC_2_PBS_LOCATE
-      case 171:                    // _SC_2_PBS_MESSAGE
-      case 172:                    // _SC_2_PBS_TRACK
-      case 97:                     // _SC_2_UPE
-      case 76:                     // _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX
-      case 32:                     // _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX
-      case 173:                    // _SC_SYMLOOP_MAX
-      case 35:                     // _SC_TIMER_MAX
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XOPEN_STREAMS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_AIO_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SPORADIC_SERVER') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TRACE') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TRACE_EVENT_NAME_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TRACE_INHERIT') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TRACE_LOG') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TRACE_NAME_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TRACE_SYS_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TRACE_USER_EVENT_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_V6_LP64_OFF64') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_FORT_DEV') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_FORT_RUN') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_PBS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_PBS_ACCOUNTING') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_PBS_CHECKPOINT') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_PBS_LOCATE') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_PBS_MESSAGE') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_PBS_TRACK') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_2_UPE') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SYMLOOP_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TIMER_MAX') }}}:
         return -1;
-      case 176:                    // _SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32
-      case 177:                    // _SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG
-      case 7:                      // _SC_JOB_CONTROL
-      case 155:                    // _SC_REGEXP
-      case 8:                      // _SC_SAVED_IDS
-      case 157:                    // _SC_SHELL
-      case 125:                    // _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32
-      case 126:                    // _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG
-      case 92:                     // _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT
-      case 93:                     // _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N
-      case 129:                    // _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY
-      case 130:                    // _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME
-      case 131:                    // _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS
-      case 94:                     // _SC_XOPEN_SHM
-      case 91:                     // _SC_XOPEN_UNIX
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_JOB_CONTROL') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_REGEXP') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SAVED_IDS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SHELL') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XOPEN_SHM') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XOPEN_UNIX') }}}:
         return 1;
-      case 74:                     // _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX
-      case 60:                     // _SC_IOV_MAX
-      case 69:                     // _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX
-      case 70:                     // _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX
-      case 4:                      // _SC_OPEN_MAX
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_IOV_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_OPEN_MAX') }}}:
         return 1024;
-      case 31:                     // _SC_RTSIG_MAX
-      case 42:                     // _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX
-      case 72:                     // _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_RTSIG_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX') }}}:
         return 32;
-      case 87:                     // _SC_ATEXIT_MAX
-      case 26:                     // _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX
-      case 33:                     // _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_ATEXIT_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX') }}}:
         return 2147483647;
-      case 34:                     // _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX
-      case 1:                      // _SC_CHILD_MAX
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_CHILD_MAX') }}}:
         return 47839;
-      case 38:                     // _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX
-      case 36:                     // _SC_BC_BASE_MAX
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_BC_BASE_MAX') }}}:
         return 99;
-      case 43:                     // _SC_LINE_MAX
-      case 37:                     // _SC_BC_DIM_MAX
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_LINE_MAX') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_BC_DIM_MAX') }}}:
         return 2048;
-      case 0: return 2097152;      // _SC_ARG_MAX
-      case 3: return 65536;        // _SC_NGROUPS_MAX
-      case 28: return 32768;       // _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX
-      case 44: return 32767;       // _SC_RE_DUP_MAX
-      case 75: return 16384;       // _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN
-      case 39: return 1000;        // _SC_BC_STRING_MAX
-      case 89: return 700;         // _SC_XOPEN_VERSION
-      case 71: return 256;         // _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX
-      case 40: return 255;         // _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX
-      case 2: return 100;          // _SC_CLK_TCK
-      case 180: return 64;         // _SC_HOST_NAME_MAX
-      case 25: return 20;          // _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
-      case 5: return 16;           // _SC_STREAM_MAX
-      case 6: return 6;            // _SC_TZNAME_MAX
-      case 73: return 4;           // _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_ARG_MAX') }}}: return 2097152;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_NGROUPS_MAX') }}}: return 65536;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX') }}}: return 32768;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_RE_DUP_MAX') }}}: return 32767;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN') }}}: return 16384;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_BC_STRING_MAX') }}}: return 1000;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_XOPEN_VERSION') }}}: return 700;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX') }}}: return 256;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX') }}}: return 255;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_CLK_TCK') }}}: return 100;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX') }}}: return 64;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX') }}}: return 20;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_STREAM_MAX') }}}: return 16;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_TZNAME_MAX') }}}: return 6;
+      case {{{ cDefine('_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS') }}}: return 4;
     }
     ___setErrNo(ERRNO_CODES.EINVAL);
     return -1;
@@ -2101,6 +2113,9 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     self.DATASIZE += alignMemoryPage(bytes);
     return ret;  // Previous break location.
   },
+  open64: 'open',
+  lseek64: 'lseek',
+  ftruncate64: 'ftruncate',
   __01open64_: 'open',
   __01lseek64_: 'lseek',
   __01truncate64_: 'truncate',
@@ -2330,9 +2345,9 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
           var argText;
           var prefix = '';
           if (next == 'd'.charCodeAt(0) || next == 'i'.charCodeAt(0)) {
-            argText = currAbsArg.toString(10);
+            argText = reSign(currArg, 8 * argSize, 1).toString(10);
           } else if (next == 'u'.charCodeAt(0)) {
-            argText = unSign(currArg, 8 * argSize).toString(10);
+            argText = unSign(currArg, 8 * argSize, 1).toString(10);
             currArg = Math.abs(currArg);
           } else if (next == 'o'.charCodeAt(0)) {
             argText = (flagAlternative ? '0' : '') + currAbsArg.toString(8);
@@ -2369,11 +2384,13 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
             }
           }
 
-          // Add sign.
-          if (currArg < 0) {
-            prefix = '-' + prefix;
-          } else if (flagAlwaysSigned) {
-            prefix = '+' + prefix;
+          // Add sign if needed
+          if (flagAlwaysSigned) {
+            if (currArg < 0) {
+              prefix = '-' + prefix;
+            } else {
+              prefix = '+' + prefix;
+            }
           }
 
           // Add padding.
@@ -2699,26 +2716,26 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     mode = Pointer_stringify(mode);
     if (mode[0] == 'r') {
       if (mode.indexOf('+') != -1) {
-        flags = 0x2;  // O_RDWR
+        flags = {{{ cDefine('O_RDWR') }}};
       } else {
-        flags = 0x0;  // O_RDONLY
+        flags = {{{ cDefine('O_RDONLY') }}};
       }
     } else if (mode[0] == 'w') {
       if (mode.indexOf('+') != -1) {
-        flags = 0x2;  // O_RDWR
+        flags = {{{ cDefine('O_RDWR') }}};
       } else {
-        flags = 0x1;  // O_WRONLY
+        flags = {{{ cDefine('O_WRONLY') }}};
       }
-      flags |= 0x40;  // O_CREAT
-      flags |= 0x200;  // O_TRUNC
+      flags |= {{{ cDefine('O_CREAT') }}};
+      flags |= {{{ cDefine('O_TRUNC') }}};
     } else if (mode[0] == 'a') {
       if (mode.indexOf('+') != -1) {
-        flags = 0x2;  // O_RDWR
+        flags = {{{ cDefine('O_RDWR') }}};
       } else {
-        flags = 0x1;  // O_WRONLY
+        flags = {{{ cDefine('O_WRONLY') }}};
       }
-      flags |= 0x40;  // O_CREAT
-      flags |= 0x400;  // O_APPEND
+      flags |= {{{ cDefine('O_CREAT') }}};
+      flags |= {{{ cDefine('O_APPEND') }}};
     } else {
       ___setErrNo(ERRNO_CODES.EINVAL);
       return 0;
@@ -2815,6 +2832,7 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     }
   },
   fseeko: 'fseek',
+  fseeko64: 'fseek',
   fsetpos__deps: ['$FS', 'lseek', '__setErrNo', '$ERRNO_CODES'],
   fsetpos: function(stream, pos) {
     // int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos);
@@ -2853,6 +2871,7 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     }
   },
   ftello: 'ftell',
+  ftello64: 'ftell',
   fwrite__deps: ['$FS', 'write'],
   fwrite: function(ptr, size, nitems, stream) {
     // size_t fwrite(const void *restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems, FILE *restrict stream);
@@ -3056,7 +3075,10 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     // int fprintf(FILE *restrict stream, const char *restrict format, ...);
     // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/printf.html
     var result = __formatString(format, varargs);
-    return _fwrite(allocate(result, 'i8', ALLOC_STACK), 1, result.length, stream);
+    var stack = Runtime.stackSave();
+    var ret = _fwrite(allocate(result, 'i8', ALLOC_STACK), 1, result.length, stream);
+    Runtime.stackRestore(stack);
+    return ret;
   },
   printf__deps: ['fprintf'],
   printf: function(format, varargs) {
@@ -3078,6 +3100,7 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
   vscanf: 'scanf',
   vfscanf: 'fscanf',
   vsscanf: 'sscanf',
+  fopen64: 'fopen',
   __01fopen64_: 'fopen',
   __01freopen64_: 'freopen',
   __01fseeko64_: 'fseek',
@@ -3986,6 +4009,10 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     throw 'Assertion failed: ' + Pointer_stringify(condition);//JSON.stringify(arguments)//condition;
   },
 
+  __assert_func: function(filename, line, func, condition) {
+    throw 'Assertion failed: ' + Pointer_stringify(condition) + ', at: ' + [Pointer_stringify(filename), line, Pointer_stringify(func)];
+  },
+
   __cxa_guard_acquire: function() {
     return 1;
   },
@@ -4104,14 +4131,14 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     if (!self.LLVM_SAVEDSTACKS) {
       self.LLVM_SAVEDSTACKS = [];
     }
-    self.LLVM_SAVEDSTACKS.push(STACKTOP);
+    self.LLVM_SAVEDSTACKS.push(Runtime.stackSave());
     return self.LLVM_SAVEDSTACKS.length-1;
   },
   llvm_stackrestore: function(p) {
     var self = _llvm_stacksave;
     var ret = self.LLVM_SAVEDSTACKS[p];
     self.LLVM_SAVEDSTACKS.splice(p, 1);
-    return ret;
+    Runtime.stackRestore(ret);
   },
 
   __cxa_pure_virtual: function() {
@@ -4131,6 +4158,13 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     return ret;
   },
 
+  llvm_expect_i32: function(x, y) {
+    return x == y; // TODO: inline this
+  },
+
+  llvm_lifetime_start: function() {},
+  llvm_lifetime_end: function() {},
+
   // ==========================================================================
   // iostream.h
   // ==========================================================================
@@ -4349,6 +4383,15 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
   },
   nanf: 'nan',
 
+  __fpclassifyf: function(x) {
+    if (isNaN(x)) return {{{ cDefine('FP_NAN') }}};
+    if (!isFinite(x)) return {{{ cDefine('FP_INFINITE') }}};
+    if (x == 0) return {{{ cDefine('FP_ZERO') }}};
+    // FP_SUBNORMAL..?  
+    return {{{ cDefine('FP_NORMAL') }}};
+  },
+  __fpclassifyd: '__fpclassifyf',
+
   // ==========================================================================
   // sys/utsname.h
   // ==========================================================================
@@ -4536,8 +4579,8 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
   // ==========================================================================
 
   clock: function() {
-    if (_clock.start === undefined) _clock.start = new Date();
-    return (Date.now() - _clock.start.getTime()) * 1000;
+    if (_clock.start === undefined) _clock.start = Date.now();
+    return Math.floor((Date.now() - _clock.start) * ({{{ cDefine('CLOCKS_PER_SEC') }}}/1000));
   },
 
   time: function(ptr) {
@@ -4615,8 +4658,8 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
   timegm__deps: ['mktime'],
   timegm: function(tmPtr) {
     _tzset();
-    var offset = {{{ makeGetValue('_timezone', 0, 'i32') }}};
-    var daylight = {{{ makeGetValue('_daylight', 0, 'i32') }}};
+    var offset = {{{ makeGetValue('__timezone', 0, 'i32') }}};
+    var daylight = {{{ makeGetValue('__daylight', 0, 'i32') }}};
     daylight = (daylight == 1) ? 60 * 60 : 0;
     var ret = _mktime(tmPtr) + offset - daylight;
     return ret;
@@ -4694,29 +4737,30 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
   },
 
   // TODO: Initialize these to defaults on startup from system settings.
-  tzname: null,
-  daylight: null,
-  timezone: null,
-  tzset__deps: ['malloc', 'tzname', 'daylight', 'timezone'],
+  // Note: glibc has one fewer underscore for all of these. Also used in other related functions (timegm)
+  _tzname: null,
+  _daylight: null,
+  _timezone: null,
+  tzset__deps: ['_tzname', '_daylight', '_timezone'],
   tzset: function() {
     // TODO: Use (malleable) environment variables instead of system settings.
-    if (_tzname !== null) return;
+    if (__tzname) return; // glibc does not need the double __
 
-    _timezone = _malloc(QUANTUM_SIZE);
-    {{{ makeSetValue('_timezone', '0', '-(new Date()).getTimezoneOffset() * 60', 'i32') }}}
+    __timezone = _malloc(QUANTUM_SIZE);
+    {{{ makeSetValue('__timezone', '0', '-(new Date()).getTimezoneOffset() * 60', 'i32') }}}
 
-    _daylight = _malloc(QUANTUM_SIZE);
+    __daylight = _malloc(QUANTUM_SIZE);
     var winter = new Date(2000, 0, 1);
     var summer = new Date(2000, 6, 1);
-    {{{ makeSetValue('_daylight', '0', 'Number(winter.getTimezoneOffset() != summer.getTimezoneOffset())', 'i32') }}}
+    {{{ makeSetValue('__daylight', '0', 'Number(winter.getTimezoneOffset() != summer.getTimezoneOffset())', 'i32') }}}
 
     var winterName = winter.toString().match(/\(([A-Z]+)\)/)[1];
     var summerName = summer.toString().match(/\(([A-Z]+)\)/)[1];
     var winterNamePtr = allocate(intArrayFromString(winterName), 'i8', ALLOC_NORMAL);
     var summerNamePtr = allocate(intArrayFromString(summerName), 'i8', ALLOC_NORMAL);
-    _tzname = _malloc(2 * QUANTUM_SIZE);
-    {{{ makeSetValue('_tzname', '0', 'winterNamePtr', 'i32') }}}
-    {{{ makeSetValue('_tzname', QUANTUM_SIZE, 'summerNamePtr', 'i32') }}}
+    __tzname = _malloc(2 * QUANTUM_SIZE); // glibc does not need the double __
+    {{{ makeSetValue('__tzname', '0', 'winterNamePtr', 'i32') }}}
+    {{{ makeSetValue('__tzname', QUANTUM_SIZE, 'summerNamePtr', 'i32') }}}
   },
 
   stime__deps: ['$ERRNO_CODES', '__setErrNo'],
@@ -4921,163 +4965,163 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
     // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/nl_langinfo.html
     var result;
     switch (item) {
-      case 0xE:  // CODESET
+      case {{{ cDefine('CODESET') }}}:
         result = 'ANSI_X3.4-1968';
         break;
-      case 0x20028:  // D_T_FMT
+      case {{{ cDefine('D_T_FMT') }}}:
         result = '%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y';
         break;
-      case 0x20029:  // D_FMT
+      case {{{ cDefine('D_FMT') }}}:
         result = '%m/%d/%y';
         break;
-      case 0x2002A:  // T_FMT
+      case {{{ cDefine('T_FMT') }}}:
         result = '%H:%M:%S';
         break;
-      case 0x2002B:  // T_FMT_AMPM
+      case {{{ cDefine('T_FMT_AMPM') }}}:
         result = '%I:%M:%S %p';
         break;
-      case 0x20026:  // AM_STR
+      case {{{ cDefine('AM_STR') }}}:
         result = 'AM';
         break;
-      case 0x20027:  // PM_STR
+      case {{{ cDefine('PM_STR') }}}:
         result = 'PM';
         break;
-      case 0x20007:  // DAY_1
+      case {{{ cDefine('DAY_1') }}}:
         result = 'Sunday';
         break;
-      case 0x20008:  // DAY_2
+      case {{{ cDefine('DAY_2') }}}:
         result = 'Monday';
         break;
-      case 0x20009:  // DAY_3
+      case {{{ cDefine('DAY_3') }}}:
         result = 'Tuesday';
         break;
-      case 0x2000A:  // DAY_4
+      case {{{ cDefine('DAY_4') }}}:
         result = 'Wednesday';
         break;
-      case 0x2000B:  // DAY_5
+      case {{{ cDefine('DAY_5') }}}:
         result = 'Thursday';
         break;
-      case 0x2000C:  // DAY_6
+      case {{{ cDefine('DAY_6') }}}:
         result = 'Friday';
         break;
-      case 0x2000D:  // DAY_7
+      case {{{ cDefine('DAY_7') }}}:
         result = 'Saturday';
         break;
-      case 0x20000:  // ABDAY_1
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABDAY_1') }}}:
         result = 'Sun';
         break;
-      case 0x20001:  // ABDAY_2
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABDAY_2') }}}:
         result = 'Mon';
         break;
-      case 0x20002:  // ABDAY_3
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABDAY_3') }}}:
         result = 'Tue';
         break;
-      case 0x20003:  // ABDAY_4
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABDAY_4') }}}:
         result = 'Wed';
         break;
-      case 0x20004:  // ABDAY_5
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABDAY_5') }}}:
         result = 'Thu';
         break;
-      case 0x20005:  // ABDAY_6
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABDAY_6') }}}:
         result = 'Fri';
         break;
-      case 0x20006:  // ABDAY_7
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABDAY_7') }}}:
         result = 'Sat';
         break;
-      case 0x2001A:  // MON_1
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_1') }}}:
         result = 'January';
         break;
-      case 0x2001B:  // MON_2
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_2') }}}:
         result = 'February';
         break;
-      case 0x2001C:  // MON_3
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_3') }}}:
         result = 'March';
         break;
-      case 0x2001D:  // MON_4
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_4') }}}:
         result = 'April';
         break;
-      case 0x2001E:  // MON_5
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_5') }}}:
         result = 'May';
         break;
-      case 0x2001F:  // MON_6
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_6') }}}:
         result = 'June';
         break;
-      case 0x20020:  // MON_7
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_7') }}}:
         result = 'July';
         break;
-      case 0x20021:  // MON_8
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_8') }}}:
         result = 'August';
         break;
-      case 0x20022:  // MON_9
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_9') }}}:
         result = 'September';
         break;
-      case 0x20023:  // MON_10
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_10') }}}:
         result = 'October';
         break;
-      case 0x20024:  // MON_11
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_11') }}}:
         result = 'November';
         break;
-      case 0x20025:  // MON_12
+      case {{{ cDefine('MON_12') }}}:
         result = 'December';
         break;
-      case 0x2000E:  // ABMON_1
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_1') }}}:
         result = 'Jan';
         break;
-      case 0x2000F:  // ABMON_2
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_2') }}}:
         result = 'Feb';
         break;
-      case 0x20010:  // ABMON_3
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_3') }}}:
         result = 'Mar';
         break;
-      case 0x20011:  // ABMON_4
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_4') }}}:
         result = 'Apr';
         break;
-      case 0x20012:  // ABMON_5
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_5') }}}:
         result = 'May';
         break;
-      case 0x20013:  // ABMON_6
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_6') }}}:
         result = 'Jun';
         break;
-      case 0x20014:  // ABMON_7
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_7') }}}:
         result = 'Jul';
         break;
-      case 0x20015:  // ABMON_8
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_8') }}}:
         result = 'Aug';
         break;
-      case 0x20016:  // ABMON_9
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_9') }}}:
         result = 'Sep';
         break;
-      case 0x20017:  // ABMON_10
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_10') }}}:
         result = 'Oct';
         break;
-      case 0x20018:  // ABMON_11
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_11') }}}:
         result = 'Nov';
         break;
-      case 0x20019:  // ABMON_12
+      case {{{ cDefine('ABMON_12') }}}:
         result = 'Dec';
         break;
-      case 0x2002F:  // ALT_DIGITS
+      case {{{ cDefine('ALT_DIGITS') }}}:
         result = '';
         break;
-      case 0x10000:  // RADIXCHAR
+      case {{{ cDefine('RADIXCHAR') }}}:
         result = '.';
         break;
-      case 0x10001:  // THOUSEP
+      case {{{ cDefine('THOUSEP') }}}:
         result = '';
         break;
-      case 0x50000:  // YESEXPR
+      case {{{ cDefine('YESEXPR') }}}:
         result = '^[yY]';
         break;
-      case 0x50001:  // NOEXPR
+      case {{{ cDefine('NOEXPR') }}}:
         result = '^[nN]';
         break;
-      case 0x4000F:  // CRNCYSTR
+      case {{{ cDefine('CRNCYSTR') }}}:
         result = '-';
         break;
-      case 0x2002C:  // ERA
-      case 0x2002E:  // ERA_D_FMT
-      case 0x20030:  // ERA_D_T_FMT
-      case 0x20031:  // ERA_T_FMT
+      case {{{ cDefine('ERA') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('ERA_D_FMT') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('ERA_D_T_FMT') }}}:
+      case {{{ cDefine('ERA_T_FMT') }}}:
       default:
         result = '';
         break;
@@ -5269,6 +5313,8 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
   __errno_location: function() {
     return ___setErrNo.ret;
   },
+  __errno: '__errno_location',
+
   // ==========================================================================
   // sys/resource.h
   // ==========================================================================
@@ -5294,6 +5340,9 @@ LibraryManager.library = {
 
   pthread_mutex_init: function() {},
   pthread_mutex_destroy: function() {},
+  pthread_mutexattr_init: function() {},
+  pthread_mutexattr_settype: function() {},
+  pthread_mutexattr_destroy: function() {},
   pthread_mutex_lock: function() {},
   pthread_mutex_unlock: function() {},
   pthread_cond_broadcast: function() {},
diff --git a/src/modules.js b/src/modules.js
index f613c20b..2341b575 100644
--- a/src/modules.js
+++ b/src/modules.js
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ var LLVM = {
                 'weak_odr', 'externally_visible', 'dllimport', 'dllexport', 'unnamed_addr'),
   VISIBILITIES: set('default', 'hidden', 'protected'),
   PARAM_ATTR: set('noalias', 'signext', 'zeroext', 'inreg', 'sret', 'nocapture', 'nest'),
-  CALLING_CONVENTIONS: set('ccc', 'fastcc', 'coldcc', 'cc10', 'x86_fastcallcc')
+  CALLING_CONVENTIONS: set('ccc', 'fastcc', 'coldcc', 'cc10', 'x86_fastcallcc', 'x86_stdcallcc'),
+  ACCESS_OPTIONS: set('volatile', 'atomic'),
+  INVOKE_MODIFIERS: set('alignstack', 'alwaysinline', 'inlinehint', 'naked', 'noimplicitfloat', 'noinline', 'alwaysinline attribute.', 'noredzone', 'noreturn', 'nounwind', 'optsize', 'readnone', 'readonly', 'ssp', 'sspreq')
 };
 LLVM.GLOBAL_MODIFIERS = set(keys(LLVM.LINKAGES).concat(['constant', 'global', 'hidden']));
 
@@ -27,18 +29,19 @@ var Debugging = {
 
     var form1 = new RegExp(/^  .*, !dbg !(\d+) *$/);
     var form2 = new RegExp(/^  .*, !dbg !(\d+) *; .*$/);
-    var form3 = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 (\d+), i32 \d+, metadata !(\d+), .*}$/);
-    var form3a = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 \d+, metadata !\d+, i32 \d+, i32 \d+, metadata !(\d+), i32 \d+} ; \[ DW_TAG_lexical_block \]$/);
-    var form3ab = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 \d+, i32 \d+, metadata !(\d+), .*$/);
-    var form3ac = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 \d+, metadata !\d+, metadata !"[^"]+", metadata !(\d+)[^\[]* ; \[ DW_TAG_.*$/);
-    var form3b = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 \d+, metadata !"([^"]+)", metadata !"([^"]+)", metadata !\d+} ; \[ DW_TAG_file_type \]$/);
+    var form3 = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 (\d+), (?:i32 \d+|null), metadata !(\d+), .*}$/);
+    var form3a = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 \d+, (?:i32 \d+|metadata !\d+), (?:i32 \d+|null), (?:i32 \d+|null), metadata !(\d+), (?:i32 \d+|null)}.*/);
+    var form3ab = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 \d+, (?:i32 \d+|null), metadata !(\d+), .*$/);
+    var form3ac = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 \d+, (?:metadata !\d+|null), metadata !"[^"]+", metadata !(\d+)[^\[]*.*$/);
+    var form3ad = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 \d+, (?:i32 \d+|null), (?:i32 \d+|null), metadata !"[^"]*", metadata !"[^"]*", metadata !"[^"]*", metadata !(\d+),.*$/);
+    var form3b = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{i32 \d+, metadata !"([^"]+)", metadata !"([^"]+)", (metadata !\d+|null)}.*$/);
     var form3c = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{\w+\d* !?(\d+)[^\d].*$/);
     var form4 = new RegExp(/^!llvm.dbg.[\w\.]+ = .*$/);
     var form5 = new RegExp(/^!(\d+) = metadata !{.*$/);
     var form6 = new RegExp(/^  (tail )?call void \@llvm.dbg.\w+\(metadata .*$/);
-    var formStruct = /^!(\d+) = metadata !\{i32 \d+, metadata !\d+, metadata !"([^"]+)", metadata !\d+, i32 \d+, i64 \d+, [^,]*, [^,]*, [^,]*, [^,]*, metadata !(\d+), .*} ; \[ DW_TAG_(?:structure|class)_type \]$/;
+    var formStruct = /^!(\d+) = metadata !\{i32 \d+, (metadata !\d+|null), metadata !"([^"]+)", metadata !(\d+), (?:i32 \d+|null), i64 \d+, [^,]*, [^,]*, [^,]*, [^,]*, metadata !(\d+), .*}.*$/;
     var formStructMembers = /^!(\d+) = metadata !\{(.*)\}$/;
-    var formMember = /^!(\d+) = metadata !\{i32 \d+, metadata !\d+, metadata !"([^"]+)", metadata !\d+, i32 \d+, i64 \d+, i64 \d+, i64 \d+, .+?, metadata !(\d+)} ; \[ DW_TAG_member \]$/;
+    var formMember = /^!(\d+) = metadata !\{i32 \d+, metadata !\d+, metadata !"([^"]+)", metadata !\d+, (?:i32 \d+|null), i64 \d+, i64 \d+, i64 \d+, .+?, metadata !(\d+)}.*$/;
 
     var debugComment = new RegExp(/; +\[debug line = \d+:\d+\]/);
 
@@ -54,10 +57,13 @@ var Debugging = {
         return line.replace(', !dbg !' + calc[1], '');
       }
       calc = formStruct.exec(line);
-      if (calc && !(calc[2] in structToMemberMeta)) {
-        structMetaToStruct[calc[1]] = calc[2];
-        structToMemberMeta[calc[2]] = calc[3];
-        memberMetaToStruct[calc[3]] = calc[1];
+      if (calc) {
+        metadataToParentMetadata[calc[1]] = calc[4];
+        if (!(calc[3] in structToMemberMeta)) {
+          structMetaToStruct[calc[1]] = calc[3];
+          structToMemberMeta[calc[3]] = calc[5];
+          memberMetaToStruct[calc[5]] = calc[1];
+        }
         skipLine = true;
       }
       calc = formStructMembers.exec(line);
@@ -79,7 +85,7 @@ var Debugging = {
         metadataToParentMetadata[calc[1]] = calc[3];
         return ';'; // return an empty line, to keep line numbers of subsequent lines the same
       }
-      calc = form3a.exec(line) || form3ab.exec(line) || form3ac.exec(line);
+      calc = form3a.exec(line) || form3ab.exec(line) || form3ac.exec(line) || form3ad.exec(line);
       if (calc) {
         metadataToParentMetadata[calc[1]] = calc[2];
         return ';';
@@ -106,9 +112,9 @@ var Debugging = {
     for (var l in llvmLineToMetadata) {
       var m = llvmLineToMetadata[l];
       this.llvmLineToSourceLine[l] = metadataToSourceLine[m];
-      //dprint('starting to recurse metadata for: ' + m);
+      dprint('metadata', 'starting to recurse metadata for: ' + m);
       while (!metadataToFilename[m]) {
-        //dprint('recursing metadata, at: ' + m);
+        dprint('metadata', 'recursing metadata, at: ' + m);
         m = metadataToParentMetadata[m];
         assert(m, 'Confused as to parent metadata for llvm #' + l + ', metadata !' + m);
       }
@@ -215,6 +221,9 @@ var Functions = {
   // The list of function datas which are being processed in the jsifier, currently
   currFunctions: [],
 
+  // All functions that will be implemented in this file
+  implementedFunctions: null,
+
   indexedFunctions: [0, 0], // Start at a non-0 (even, see below) value
 
   // Mark a function as needing indexing, and returns the index
@@ -235,7 +244,7 @@ var Functions = {
       // Shared libraries reuse the parent's function table.
       return 'FUNCTION_TABLE = FUNCTION_TABLE.concat([' + indices + ']);';
     } else {
-      return 'var FUNCTION_TABLE = [' + indices + '];';
+      return 'FUNCTION_TABLE = [' + indices + ']; Module["FUNCTION_TABLE"] = FUNCTION_TABLE;';
     }
   }
 };
@@ -263,6 +272,17 @@ var LibraryManager = {
       ret = LibraryManager.library[ret];
     }
     return last;
+  },
+
+  isStubFunction: function(ident) {
+    var libCall = LibraryManager.library[ident.substr(1)];
+    return typeof libCall === 'function' && libCall.toString().replace(/\s/g, '') === 'function(){}'
+                                         && !(ident in Functions.implementedFunctions);
   }
 };
 
+// Safe way to access a C define. We check that we don't add library functions with missing defines.
+function cDefine(key) {
+  return key in C_DEFINES ? C_DEFINES[key] : ('0 /* XXX missing C define ' + key + ' */');
+}
+
diff --git a/src/parseTools.js b/src/parseTools.js
index 955353b2..7d62b34d 100644
--- a/src/parseTools.js
+++ b/src/parseTools.js
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 function processMacros(text) {
   return text.replace(/{{{[^}]+}}}/g, function(str) {
     str = str.substr(3, str.length-6);
-    return eval(str).toString();
+    var ret = eval(str);
+    if (ret !== undefined) ret = ret.toString();
+    return ret;
   });
 }
 
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ function preprocess(text, constants) {
 function addPointing(type) { return type + '*' }
 function removePointing(type, num) {
   if (num === 0) return type;
+  assert(type.substr(type.length-(num ? num : 1)).replace(/\*/g, '') === ''); //, 'Error in removePointing with ' + [type, num, type.substr(type.length-(num ? num : 1))]);
   return type.substr(0, type.length-(num ? num : 1));
 }
 
@@ -114,6 +117,7 @@ function isStructPointerType(type) {
 function isStructType(type) {
   if (isPointerType(type)) return false;
   if (new RegExp(/^\[\d+\ x\ (.*)\]/g).test(type)) return true; // [15 x ?] blocks. Like structs
+  if (new RegExp(/<?{ [^}]* }>?/g).test(type)) return true; // { i32, i8 } etc. - anonymous struct types
   // See comment in isStructPointerType()
   return !Runtime.isNumberType(type) && type[0] == '%';
 }
@@ -148,7 +152,7 @@ function isFunctionType(type) {
   if (pointingLevels(type) !== 1) return false;
   var text = removeAllPointing(parts.slice(1).join(' '));
   if (!text) return false;
-  return isType(parts[0]) && isFunctionDef({ text: text, item: tokenizer.processItem({ lineText: text.substr(1, text.length-2) }, true) });
+  return isType(parts[0]) && isFunctionDef({ text: text, item: tokenize(text.substr(1, text.length-2), true) });
 }
 
 function isType(type) { // TODO!
@@ -465,15 +469,13 @@ function eatLLVMIdent(tokens) {
   return ret;
 }
 
-function cleanOutTokens(filterOut, tokens, index) {
-  while (filterOut.indexOf(tokens[index].text) != -1) {
-    tokens.splice(index, 1);
-  }
-}
-
-function cleanOutTokensSet(filterOut, tokens, index) {
-  while (tokens[index].text in filterOut) {
-    tokens.splice(index, 1);
+function cleanOutTokens(filterOut, tokens, indexes) {
+  if (typeof indexes !== 'object') indexes = [indexes];
+  for (var i = indexes.length-1; i >=0; i--) {
+    var index = indexes[i];
+    while (tokens[index].text in filterOut) {
+      tokens.splice(index, 1);
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -671,6 +673,7 @@ function indentify(text, indent) {
 function correctSpecificSign() {
   assert(!(CORRECT_SIGNS >= 2 && !Debugging.on), 'Need debugging for line-specific corrections');
   if (!Framework.currItem) return false;
+  if (Framework.currItem.funcData.ident.indexOf('emscripten_autodebug') >= 0) return 1; // always correct in the autodebugger code!
   return (CORRECT_SIGNS === 2 && Debugging.getIdentifier() in CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES) ||
          (CORRECT_SIGNS === 3 && !(Debugging.getIdentifier() in CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES));
 }
@@ -842,21 +845,15 @@ function makeCopyValues(dest, src, num, type, modifier) {
                         }).join('; ') + '; ' + safety()
       ) + '\n' + '}';
   } else { // USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2
-/*
-    return 'for (var $mcpi$ = 0; $mcpi$ < ' + num + '; $mcpi$++) {\n' +
-           '  HEAP8[' + dest + '+$mcpi$] = HEAP8[' + src + '+$mcpi$]; ' + safety() + ';\n' +
-           '}';
-*/
     return '' +
       'var $src$, $dest$, $stop$, $stop4$, $fast$;\n' +
       '$src$ = ' + src + ';\n' +
       '$dest$ = ' + dest + ';\n' +
       '$stop$ = $src$ + ' + num + ';\n' +
-      '$fast$ = ($dest$%4) === ($src$%4);\n' +
-      'while ($src$%4 !== 0 && $src$ < $stop$) {\n' +
-      '  ' + safety('$dest$', '$src$') + '; HEAP8[$dest$++] = HEAP8[$src$++];\n' +
-      '}\n' +
-      'if ($fast$) {\n' +
+      'if (($dest$%4) == ($src$%4) && ' + num + ' > 8) {\n' +
+      '  while ($src$%4 !== 0 && $src$ < $stop$) {\n' +
+      '    ' + safety('$dest$', '$src$') + '; HEAP8[$dest$++] = HEAP8[$src$++];\n' +
+      '  }\n' +
       '  $src$ >>= 2;\n' +
       '  $dest$ >>= 2;\n' +
       '  $stop4$ = $stop$ >> 2;\n' +
@@ -867,10 +864,10 @@ function makeCopyValues(dest, src, num, type, modifier) {
       '  }\n' +
       '  $src$ <<= 2;\n' +
       '  $dest$ <<= 2;\n' +
-      '}\n' +
+      '}' +
       'while ($src$ < $stop$) {\n' +
       '  ' + safety('$dest$', '$src$') + '; HEAP8[$dest$++] = HEAP8[$src$++];\n' +
-      '}'
+      '}';
   }
   return null;
 }
@@ -979,14 +976,14 @@ function makeGetSlabs(ptr, type, allowMultiple, unsigned) {
   return [];
 }
 
-function finalizeLLVMFunctionCall(item) {
+function finalizeLLVMFunctionCall(item, noIndexizeFunctions) {
   switch(item.intertype) {
     case 'getelementptr': // TODO finalizeLLVMParameter on the ident and the indexes?
       return makePointer(makeGetSlabs(item.ident, item.type)[0], getGetElementPtrIndexes(item), null, item.type);
     case 'bitcast':
     case 'inttoptr':
     case 'ptrtoint':
-      return finalizeLLVMParameter(item.params[0]);
+      return finalizeLLVMParameter(item.params[0], noIndexizeFunctions);
     case 'icmp': case 'mul': case 'zext': case 'add': case 'sub': case 'div':
       var temp = {
         op: item.intertype,
@@ -1078,18 +1075,18 @@ function handleOverflow(text, bits) {
 }
 
 // From parseLLVMSegment
-function finalizeLLVMParameter(param) {
+function finalizeLLVMParameter(param, noIndexizeFunctions) {
   var ret;
   if (isNumber(param)) {
     return param;
   } else if (typeof param === 'string') {
     return toNiceIdentCarefully(param);
   } else if (param.intertype in PARSABLE_LLVM_FUNCTIONS) {
-    ret = finalizeLLVMFunctionCall(param);
+    ret = finalizeLLVMFunctionCall(param, noIndexizeFunctions);
   } else if (param.intertype == 'value') {
     ret = parseNumerical(param.ident);
   } else if (param.intertype == 'structvalue') {
-    ret = param.values.map(finalizeLLVMParameter);
+    ret = param.values.map(function(value) { return finalizeLLVMParameter(value, noIndexizeFunctions) });
   } else if (param.intertype === 'blockaddress') {
     return finalizeBlockAddress(param);
   } else if (param.intertype === 'type') {
@@ -1098,7 +1095,8 @@ function finalizeLLVMParameter(param) {
     throw 'invalid llvm parameter: ' + param.intertype;
   }
   assert(param.type || (typeof param === 'string' && param.substr(0, 6) === 'CHECK_'), 'Missing type for param: ' + dump(param));
-  return indexizeFunctions(ret, param.type);
+  if (!noIndexizeFunctions) ret = indexizeFunctions(ret, param.type);
+  return ret;
 }
 
 function makeSignOp(value, type, op) {
@@ -1117,12 +1115,20 @@ function makeSignOp(value, type, op) {
   }
   if (!correctSigns() && !CHECK_SIGNS) return value;
   if (type in Runtime.INT_TYPES) {
-    // shortcuts for 32-bit case
-    if (bits === 32 && !CHECK_SIGNS) {
-      if (op === 're') {
-        return '((' + value + ')|0)';
-      } else {
-        return '((' + value + ')>>>0)';
+    // shortcuts
+    if (!CHECK_SIGNS) {
+      if (bits === 32) {
+        if (op === 're') {
+          return '((' + value + ')|0)';
+        } else {
+          return '((' + value + ')>>>0)';
+        }
+      } else if (bits < 32) {
+        if (op === 'un') {
+          return '((' + value + ')&' + (Math.pow(2, bits)-1) + ')';
+        } else {
+          return '(tempInt=(' + value + '),(tempInt>=' + Math.pow(2, bits-1) + '?tempInt-' + Math.pow(2, bits) + ':tempInt))';
+        }
       }
     }
     return full;
@@ -1161,6 +1167,8 @@ function processMathop(item) { with(item) {
       item['ident'+i] = null; // just so it exists for purposes of reading ident2 etc. later on, and no exception is thrown
     }
   }
+  var originalIdent1 = ident1;
+  var originalIdent2 = ident2;
   if (isUnsignedOp(op, variant)) {
     ident1 = makeSignOp(ident1, paramTypes[0], 'un');
     ident2 = makeSignOp(ident2, paramTypes[1], 'un');
@@ -1174,6 +1182,10 @@ function processMathop(item) { with(item) {
   }
   var bitsLeft = ident2 ? ident2.substr(2, ident2.length-3) : null; // remove (i and ), to leave number. This value is important in float ops
 
+  function integerizeBignum(value) {
+    return '(tempBigInt=(' + value + '), tempBigInt-tempBigInt%1)';
+  }
+
   switch (op) {
     // basic integer ops
     case 'add': return handleOverflow(ident1 + ' + ' + ident2, bits);
@@ -1217,15 +1229,17 @@ function processMathop(item) { with(item) {
         }
       }
       */
-      if (bits > 32) return ident1 + '*Math.pow(2,' + ident2 + ')';
+      if (bits > 32) return ident1 + '*Math.pow(2,' + ident2 + ')'; // TODO: calculate Math.pow at runtime for consts, and below too
       return ident1 + ' << ' + ident2;
     }
     case 'ashr': {
-      if (bits > 32) return ident1 + '/Math.pow(2,' + ident2 + ')';
+      if (bits > 32) return integerizeBignum(ident1 + '/Math.pow(2,' + ident2 + ')');
+      if (bits === 32) return originalIdent1 + ' >> ' + ident2; // No need to reSign in this case
       return ident1 + ' >> ' + ident2;
     }
     case 'lshr': {
-      if (bits > 32) return ident1 + '/Math.pow(2,' + ident2 + ')';
+      if (bits > 32) return integerizeBignum(ident1 + '/Math.pow(2,' + ident2 + ')');
+      if (bits === 32) return originalIdent1 + ' >>> ' + ident2; // No need to unSign in this case
       return ident1 + ' >>> ' + ident2;
     }
     // basic float ops
diff --git a/src/preamble.js b/src/preamble.js
index 35bb75d7..c8f93b56 100644
--- a/src/preamble.js
+++ b/src/preamble.js
@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@ function SAFE_HEAP_ACCESS(dest, type, store, ignore) {
   } else {
 #if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 0
     if (!HEAP[dest] && HEAP[dest] !== 0 && HEAP[dest] !== false) { // false can be the result of a mathop comparator
-      throw('Warning: Reading an invalid value at ' + dest + ' :: ' + new Error().stack + '\n');
+      var error = true;
+      try {
+        if (HEAP[dest].toString() === 'NaN') error = false; // NaN is acceptable, as a double value
+      } catch(e){}
+      if (error) throw('Warning: Reading an invalid value at ' + dest + ' :: ' + new Error().stack + '\n');
     }
 #endif
     if (type === null) return;
@@ -94,11 +98,11 @@ function SAFE_HEAP_STORE(dest, value, type, ignore) {
   if (type[type.length-1] === '*') type = 'i32'; // hardcoded pointers as 32-bit
   switch(type) {
     case 'i1': case 'i8': HEAP8[dest] = value; break;
-    case 'i16': assert(dest % 2 === 0, type + ' loads must be aligned'); HEAP16[dest>>1] = value; break;
-    case 'i32': assert(dest % 4 === 0, type + ' loads must be aligned'); HEAP32[dest>>2] = value; break;
-    case 'i64': assert(dest % 4 === 0, type + ' loads must be aligned'); warn64(); HEAP32[dest>>2] = value; break; // XXX store int64 as int32
-    case 'float': assert(dest % 4 === 0, type + ' loads must be aligned'); HEAPF32[dest>>2] = value; break;
-    case 'double': assert(dest % 4 === 0, type + ' loads must be aligned'); warn64(); HEAPF32[dest>>2] = value; break; // XXX store doubles as floats
+    case 'i16': assert(dest % 2 === 0, type + ' stores must be aligned'); HEAP16[dest>>1] = value; break;
+    case 'i32': assert(dest % 4 === 0, type + ' stores must be aligned'); HEAP32[dest>>2] = value; break;
+    case 'i64': assert(dest % 4 === 0, type + ' stores must be aligned'); warn64(); HEAP32[dest>>2] = value; break; // XXX store int64 as int32
+    case 'float': assert(dest % 4 === 0, type + ' stores must be aligned'); HEAPF32[dest>>2] = value; break;
+    case 'double': assert(dest % 4 === 0, type + ' stores must be aligned'); warn64(); HEAPF32[dest>>2] = value; break; // XXX store doubles as floats
     default: throw 'weird type for typed array II: ' + type + new Error().stack;
   }
 #else
@@ -216,7 +220,7 @@ var CorrectionsMonitor = {
     items.sort(function(x, y) { return y.total - x.total; });
     for (var i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
       var item = items[i];
-      print(item.sig + ' : ' + item.total + ' hits, %' + (Math.floor(100*item.fails/item.total)) + ' failures');
+      print(item.sig + ' : ' + item.total + ' hits, %' + (Math.ceil(100*item.fails/item.total)) + ' failures');
     }
   }
 };
@@ -274,6 +278,90 @@ var INDENT = '';
 var START_TIME = Date.now();
 #endif
 
+#if PROFILE
+var PROFILING = 0;
+var PROFILING_ROOT = { time: 0, children: {}, calls: 0 };
+var PROFILING_NODE;
+
+function startProfiling() {
+  PROFILING_NODE = PROFILING_ROOT;
+  PROFILING = 1;
+}
+Module['startProfiling'] = startProfiling;
+
+function stopProfiling() {
+  PROFILING = 0;
+  assert(PROFILING_NODE === PROFILING_ROOT, 'Must have popped all the profiling call stack');
+}
+Module['stopProfiling'] = stopProfiling;
+
+function printProfiling() {
+  function dumpData(name_, node, indent) {
+    print(indent + ('________' + node.time).substr(-8) + ': ' + name_ + ' (' + node.calls + ')');
+    var children = [];
+    for (var child in node.children) {
+      children.push(node.children[child]);
+      children[children.length-1].name_ = child;
+    }
+    children.sort(function(x, y) { return y.time - x.time });
+    children.forEach(function(child) { dumpData(child.name_, child, indent + '  ') });
+  }
+  dumpData('root', PROFILING_ROOT, ' ');
+}
+Module['printProfiling'] = printProfiling;
+
+function printXULProfiling() {
+  function dumpData(name_, node, indent) {
+    var children = [];
+    for (var child in node.children) {
+      children.push(node.children[child]);
+      children[children.length-1].name_ = child;
+    }
+    print('<treeitem' + (children.length > 0 ? ' container="true"' : '') + '>');
+    print('  <treerow>');
+    print('    <treecell label="' + name_ + '"/>');
+    print('    <treecell label="' + node.time + '"/>');
+    print('    <treecell label="' + node.calls + '"/>');
+    print('  </treerow>');
+
+    if (children.length > 0) {
+      print('  <treechildren>');
+      children.sort(function(x, y) { return y.time - x.time });
+      children.forEach(function(child) { dumpData(child.name_, child, indent + '  ') });
+      print('  </treechildren>');
+    }
+
+    print('</treeitem>');
+  }
+
+  print('<?xml version="1.0"?>');
+  print('<?xml-stylesheet href="chrome://global/skin/" type="text/css"?>  ');
+  print('<?xml-stylesheet href="file://C:/main.css" type="text/css"?>        ');
+  print('<window xmlns="http://www.mozilla.org/keymaster/gatekeeper/there.is.only.xul">  ');
+  print('<tree id="myTree" flex="1" hidecolumnpicker="false" seltype="single" class="tree"');
+  print('      rows="5">');
+  print('  <treecols id="myTree2-treeCols">');
+  print('    <treecol id="myTree2-treeCol0" primary="true" flex="2" label="Name"');
+  print('             persist="width" ordinal="1"/>');
+  print('    <splitter class="tree-splitter" ordinal="2"/>');
+  print('    <treecol id="myTree2-treeCol1" flex="1" label="Milliseconds"');
+  print('             persist="width" ordinal="3"/>');
+  print('    <treecol id="myTree2-treeCol2" flex="1" label="Calls"');
+  print('             persist="width" ordinal="4"/>');
+  print('  </treecols>');
+  print('  <treechildren>');
+
+  dumpData('root', PROFILING_ROOT, ' ');
+
+  print('  </treechildren>');
+  print('</tree>');
+  print('</window>');
+
+  // This requires    dom.allow_XUL_XBL_for_file
+}
+Module['printXULProfiling'] = printXULProfiling;
+#endif
+
 //========================================
 // Runtime essentials
 //========================================
@@ -288,6 +376,7 @@ var __ATEXIT__ = [];
 var ABORT = false;
 
 var undef = 0;
+var tempValue, tempInt, tempBigInt;
 
 function abort(text) {
   print(text + ':\n' + (new Error).stack);
@@ -345,6 +434,9 @@ Module['getValue'] = getValue;
 var ALLOC_NORMAL = 0; // Tries to use _malloc()
 var ALLOC_STACK = 1; // Lives for the duration of the current function call
 var ALLOC_STATIC = 2; // Cannot be freed
+Module['ALLOC_NORMAL'] = ALLOC_NORMAL;
+Module['ALLOC_STACK'] = ALLOC_STACK;
+Module['ALLOC_STATIC'] = ALLOC_STATIC;
 
 function allocate(slab, types, allocator) {
   var zeroinit, size;
@@ -411,6 +503,8 @@ Module['Array_stringify'] = Array_stringify;
 
 // Memory management
 
+var FUNCTION_TABLE;
+
 var PAGE_SIZE = 4096;
 function alignMemoryPage(x) {
   return Math.ceil(x/PAGE_SIZE)*PAGE_SIZE;
diff --git a/src/runtime.js b/src/runtime.js
index abeb0d2a..dcb10de9 100644
--- a/src/runtime.js
+++ b/src/runtime.js
@@ -72,6 +72,13 @@ function unInline(name_, params) {
 }
 
 Runtime = {
+  stackSave: function() {
+    return STACKTOP;
+  },
+  stackRestore: function(stackTop) {
+    STACKTOP = stackTop;
+  },
+
   forceAlign: function(target, quantum) {
     quantum = quantum || QUANTUM_SIZE;
     if (isNumber(target) && isNumber(quantum)) {
@@ -130,7 +137,7 @@ Runtime = {
         size = Types.types[field].flatSize;
         alignSize = Types.types[field].alignSize;
       } else {
-        dprint('Unclear type in struct: ' + field + ', in ' + type.name_);
+        dprint('Unclear type in struct: ' + field + ', in ' + type.name_ + ' :: ' + dump(Types.types[type.name_]));
         assert(0);
       }
       alignSize = type.packed ? 1 : Math.min(alignSize, QUANTUM_SIZE);
@@ -268,7 +275,7 @@ function reSign(value, bits, ignore, sig) {
 #if CHECK_SIGNS
   var noted = false;
 #endif
-  if (value >= half) {
+  if (value >= half && (bits <= 32 || value > half)) { // for huge values, we can hit the precision limit and always get true here. so don't do that
 #if CHECK_SIGNS
     if (!ignore) {
       CorrectionsMonitor.note('ReSign', 0, sig);
diff --git a/src/settings.js b/src/settings.js
index ab532e67..0cbe989b 100644
--- a/src/settings.js
+++ b/src/settings.js
@@ -3,15 +3,10 @@ QUANTUM_SIZE = 4; // This is the size of an individual field in a structure. 1 w
                   // lead to e.g. doubles and chars both taking 1 memory address. This
                   // is a form of 'compressed' memory, with shrinking and stretching
                   // according to the type, when compared to C/C++. On the other hand
-                  // 8 means all fields take 8 memory addresses, so a double takes
-                  // the same as a char. Note that we only actually store something in
-                  // the top address - the others are just empty, an 'alignment cost'
-                  // of sorts.
+                  // the normal value of 4 means all fields take 4 memory addresses,
+                  // as per the norm on a 32-bit machine.
                   //
-                  // 1 is somewhat faster, but dangerous.
-                  //
-                  // TODO: Cleverly analyze malloc, memset, memcpy etc. operations in
-                  //       llvm, and replace with the proper values for us
+                  // 1 is somewhat faster than 4, but dangerous.
 
 CORRECT_SIGNS = 1; // Whether we make sure to convert unsigned values to signed values.
                    // Decreases performance with additional runtime checks. Might not be
@@ -69,14 +64,15 @@ SAFE_HEAP_LOG = 0; // Log out all SAFE_HEAP operations
 
 LABEL_DEBUG = 0; // Print out labels and functions as we enter them
 EXCEPTION_DEBUG = 1; // Print out exceptions in emscriptened code
-DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS = 0; // Disables generating code to actually catch exceptions. If the code you
-                        // are compiling does not actually rely on catching exceptions (but the
-                        // compiler generates code for it, maybe because of stdlibc++ stuff),
-                        // then this can make it much faster. If an exception actually happens,
-                        // it will not be caught and the program will halt (so this will not
-                        // introduce silent failures, which is good).
-                        // TODO: Make this also remove cxa_begin_catch etc., optimize relooper
-                        //       for it, etc. (perhaps do all of this as preprocessing on .ll?)
+LIBRARY_DEBUG = 0; // Print out when we enter a library call (library*.js)
+DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING = 0; // Disables generating code to actually catch exceptions. If the code you
+                                // are compiling does not actually rely on catching exceptions (but the
+                                // compiler generates code for it, maybe because of stdlibc++ stuff),
+                                // then this can make it much faster. If an exception actually happens,
+                                // it will not be caught and the program will halt (so this will not
+                                // introduce silent failures, which is good).
+                                // TODO: Make this also remove cxa_begin_catch etc., optimize relooper
+                                //       for it, etc. (perhaps do all of this as preprocessing on .ll?)
 EXECUTION_TIMEOUT = -1; // Throw an exception after X seconds - useful to debug infinite loops
 CHECK_OVERFLOWS = 0; // Add code that checks for overflows in integer math operations.
                      // There is currently not much to do to handle overflows if they occur.
@@ -113,6 +109,8 @@ AUTO_OPTIMIZE = 0; // When run with the CHECK_* options, will not fail on errors
                    // checking enabled and which do not, that is, this is a way to automate the
                    // generation of line data for CORRECT_*_LINES options
 
+PROFILE = 0; // Enables runtime profiling. See test_profiling for a usage example.
+
 EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS = ['_main']; // Functions that are explicitly exported, so they are guaranteed to
                                 // be accessible outside of the generated code.
 
@@ -125,6 +123,13 @@ INCLUDE_FULL_LIBRARY = 0; // Whether to include the whole library rather than ju
                           // dynamically loading modules that make use of runtime
                           // library functions that are not used in the main module.
 
+// A set of defines, for example generated from your header files. This
+// lets the emscripten libc (library.js) see the right values.
+// The default value here has been generated from system/include. If you
+// modify those files, or use different headers, you will need to override
+// this.
+C_DEFINES = {"SI_MESGQ":"5","M_SQRTPI":"1.77245385091","_NL_MESSAGES_CODESET":"86","SIGRTMIN":"27","math_errhandling":"1","M_LOG10E":"0.434294481903","_S_IFMT":"0170000","_CS_V7_ENV":"20","USHRT_MAX":"65535","_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY":"98","_SC_XOPEN_VERSION":"106","F_UNLCK":"3","_SC_BC_DIM_MAX":"58","S_IFDIR":"0040000","_SC_BARRIERS":"56","_IFDIR":"0040000","_IFLNK":"0120000","__long_double_t":"<type 'long'>","DEFFILEMODE":"0000400","_FCREAT":"512","O_CREAT":"512","SHRT_MAX":"32767","_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF":"9","_XOPEN_ENH_I18N":"1","F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC":"14","_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS":"11","_POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS":"200112","ABDAY_7":"20","ABDAY_6":"19","ABDAY_5":"18","ABDAY_4":"17","ABDAY_3":"16","M_PI":"3.14159265359","ABDAY_1":"14","_PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE":"18","_SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG":"93","SIGSTOP":"17","_M_LN2":"0.69314718056","F_UNLKSYS":"4","PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE":"1","M_PI_2":"1.57079632679","_SC_MEMLOCK":"24","M_PI_4":"0.785398163397","FEXLOCK":"256","_FNDELAY":"16384","SIGEV_NONE":"1","SIGWINCH":"28","UTIME_NOW":"-2","_SC_THREADS":"42","__INT_MAX__":"2147483647","_XBS5_LP64_OFF64":"-1","_CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS":"6","___int_least32_t_defined":"1","_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES":"200112","M_E":"2.71828182846","SIGTRAP":"5","_SC_SS_REPL_MAX":"78","POLLIN":"1","_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX":"38","O_RDWR":"2","__LARGE64_FILES":"1","_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64":"-1","_SC_2_PBS":"113","FNOCTTY":"32768","_SC_TRACE_INHERIT":"86","PTHREAD_PRIO_NONE":"0","_SC_REGEXP":"72","_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS":"9","_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX":"37","_POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS":"200112","___int64_t_defined":"1","S_IFREG":"0100000","SIGCLD":"20","F_GETLK64":"20","_IFCHR":"0020000","S_IRWXG":"0000040","S_IFMT":"0170000","RADIXCHAR":"50","_S_IEXEC":"0000100","_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT":"96","M_LN10":"2.30258509299","S_IRWXU":"0000400","OPTIONAL_ARG":"2","_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED":"6","CRNCYSTR":"56","SCHAR_MAX":"127","S_BLKSIZE":"1024","_SC_CLK_TCK":"2","AM_STR":"5","__BUFSIZ__":"16","ALT_DIGITS":"49","_NL_CTYPE_MB_CUR_MAX":"85","_REENT_SIGNAL_SIZE":"24","F_RSETLKW":"13","___int16_t_defined":"1","SIGXCPU":"24","_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX":"14","_FTRUNC":"1024","MALLOC_ALIGNMENT":"16","PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED":"0","_POSIX2_VERSION":"200112","_O_CREAT":"512","PM_STR":"6","_PC_POSIX_SECURITY":"91","_SC_2_LOCALEDEF":"112","_SC_STREAM_MAX":"100","_CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS":"3","_POSIX2_C_BIND":"200112","_POSIX_VERSION":"200112","S_IFIFO":"0010000","SCHED_FIFO":"1","M_LN2LO":"1.90821492927e-10","MON_10":"30","_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS":"3","O_SYNC":"8192","_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS":"7","YESEXPR":"52","_PC_PATH_MAX":"4","_SC_SPORADIC_SERVER":"77","_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO":"200112","SIGXFSZ":"25","_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN":"10","_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS":"15","_PC_MAX_INPUT":"2","F_TLOCK":"2","REQUIRED_ARG":"1","_SC_VERSION":"7","HUGE_VAL":"inf","AT_EACCESS":"1","ABMON_3":"35","ABMON_2":"34","ABMON_1":"33","_SC_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_PROTECT":"123","ABMON_7":"39","ABMON_6":"38","ABMON_5":"37","ABMON_4":"36","ABMON_9":"41","ABMON_8":"40","UNDERFLOW":"4","_SC_AIO_MAX":"35","ERA":"45","_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS":"7","S_IXUSR":"0000100","_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT":"46","M_2_PI":"0.636619772368","_O_RDWR":"2","_PC_2_SYMLINKS":"13","SIG_BLOCK":"1","_O_WRONLY":"1","_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS":"9","MON_2":"22","MON_3":"23","_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING":"200112","MON_1":"21","MON_6":"26","MON_7":"27","MON_4":"24","MON_5":"25","_SC_SPAWN":"75","MON_8":"28","MON_9":"29","_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS":"2","_SC_TRACE_EVENT_NAME_MAX":"85","SA_SIGINFO":"2","_FBINARY":"65536","PTHREAD_PRIO_PROTECT":"2","POLLERR":"8","SIGVTALRM":"26","O_BINARY":"65536","_REENT_EMERGENCY_SIZE":"25","S_IEXEC":"0000100","_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS":"13","SIGEV_THREAD":"3","ITIMER_VIRTUAL":"1","_SC_TRACE_SYS_MAX":"89","_POSIX_NO_TRUNC":"1","_CS_POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS":"17","F_SETFL":"4","_CS_POSIX_V7_THREADS_CFLAGS":"18","_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX":"36","_POSIX2_C_DEV":"200112","_SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK":"69","_POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER":"1","_FNOINHERIT":"262144","_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N":"97","SIGPROF":"27","F_SETLKW64":"22","_O_APPEND":"8","_FDEFER":"32","CLOCK_DISALLOWED":"0","_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION":"26","LONG_MAX":"2147483647","no_argument":"0","F_OK":"0","FAPPEND":"8","FREAD":"1","_SC_SPIN_LOCKS":"76","M_LN2HI":"0.693147180369","_LIBC_LIMITS_H_":"1","S_IFSOCK":"0140000","_POSIX_DEVCTL_DIRECTION":"1","ABDAY_2":"15","_PC_LINK_MAX":"0","_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT":"1","NOEXPR":"53","FEXCL":"2048","_SC_FSYNC":"22","_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX":"50","_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED":"200112","_ATEXIT_SIZE":"32","_SC_TRACE_NAME_MAX":"88","_SC_BC_BASE_MAX":"57","_LIMITS_H":"1","PTHREAD_STACK_MIN":"200","O_APPEND":"8","_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS":"12","_SC_XOPEN_STREAMS":"104","_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX":"51","_POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO":"1","UCHAR_MAX":"255","_SC_PAGE_SIZE":"8","_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG":"93","S_IFBLK":"0060000","_S_IFIFO":"0010000","T_FMT_AMPM":"4","_POSIX_SEMAPHORES":"200112","NBBY":"8","SIGEMT":"7","_POSIX_FSYNC":"200112","F_SETLKW":"9","_MB_EXTENDED_CHARSETS_WINDOWS":"1","SIGALRM":"14","___int32_t_defined":"1","_POSIX2_UPE":"200112","_SC_OPEN_MAX":"4","CHAR_BIT":"8","_N_LISTS":"30","_SC_2_FORT_RUN":"111","PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT":"3","_POSIX_REGEXP":"1","_SC_RE_DUP_MAX":"73","PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE":"0","_S_IFREG":"0100000","_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX":"40","_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT":"47","_SC_2_PBS_CHECK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+
 SHOW_LABELS = 0; // Show labels in the generated code
 
 BUILD_AS_SHARED_LIB = 0; // Whether to build the code as a shared library, which
@@ -149,4 +154,5 @@ DEBUG_TAGS_SHOWING = [];
   //    vars
   //    relooping
   //    unparsedFunctions
+  //    metadata
 
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/COPYING b/system/include/SDL/COPYING
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15639581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/COPYING
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+Simple DirectMedia Layer
+Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+  
+This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+arising from the use of this software.
+
+Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+  
+1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+   claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+   in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+   appreciated but is not required. 
+2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+   misrepresented as being the original software.
+3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6f130fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL.h
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL.h
+ *  
+ *  Main include header for the SDL library
+ */
+
+/**
+ *  \mainpage Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL)
+ *  
+ *  http://www.libsdl.org/
+ *  
+ *  \section intro_sec Introduction
+ *  
+ *  This is the Simple DirectMedia Layer, a general API that provides low
+ *  level access to audio, keyboard, mouse, joystick, 3D hardware via OpenGL,
+ *  and 2D framebuffer across multiple platforms.
+ *  
+ *  SDL is written in C, but works with C++ natively, and has bindings to
+ *  several other languages, including Ada, C#, Eiffel, Erlang, Euphoria,
+ *  Guile, Haskell, Java, Lisp, Lua, ML, Objective C, Pascal, Perl, PHP,
+ *  Pike, Pliant, Python, Ruby, and Smalltalk.
+ *  
+ *  This library is distributed under GNU LGPL version 2, which can be
+ *  found in the file  "COPYING".  This license allows you to use SDL
+ *  freely in commercial programs as long as you link with the dynamic
+ *  library.
+ *  
+ *  The best way to learn how to use SDL is to check out the header files in
+ *  the "include" subdirectory and the programs in the "test" subdirectory.
+ *  The header files and test programs are well commented and always up to date.
+ *  More documentation is available in HTML format in "docs/index.html", and
+ *  a documentation wiki is available online at:
+ *  	http://www.libsdl.org/cgi/docwiki.cgi
+ *  
+ *  The test programs in the "test" subdirectory are in the public domain.
+ *  
+ *  Frequently asked questions are answered online:
+ *  	http://www.libsdl.org/faq.php
+ *  
+ *  If you need help with the library, or just want to discuss SDL related
+ *  issues, you can join the developers mailing list:
+ *  	http://www.libsdl.org/mailing-list.php
+ *  
+ *  Enjoy!
+ *  	Sam Lantinga				(slouken@libsdl.org)
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_H
+#define _SDL_H
+
+#include "SDL_main.h"
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_assert.h"
+#include "SDL_atomic.h"
+#include "SDL_audio.h"
+#include "SDL_clipboard.h"
+#include "SDL_cpuinfo.h"
+#include "SDL_endian.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_events.h"
+#include "SDL_hints.h"
+#include "SDL_loadso.h"
+#include "SDL_log.h"
+#include "SDL_mutex.h"
+#include "SDL_power.h"
+#include "SDL_render.h"
+#include "SDL_rwops.h"
+#include "SDL_thread.h"
+#include "SDL_timer.h"
+#include "SDL_version.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+#include "SDL_compat.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/* As of version 0.5, SDL is loaded dynamically into the application */
+
+/**
+ *  \name SDL_INIT_*
+ *  
+ *  These are the flags which may be passed to SDL_Init().  You should
+ *  specify the subsystems which you will be using in your application.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_INIT_TIMER          0x00000001
+#define SDL_INIT_AUDIO          0x00000010
+#define SDL_INIT_VIDEO          0x00000020
+#define SDL_INIT_JOYSTICK       0x00000200
+#define SDL_INIT_HAPTIC         0x00001000
+#define SDL_INIT_NOPARACHUTE    0x00100000      /**< Don't catch fatal signals */
+#define SDL_INIT_EVERYTHING     0x0000FFFF
+/*@}*/
+
+/**
+ *  This function initializes  the subsystems specified by \c flags
+ *  Unless the ::SDL_INIT_NOPARACHUTE flag is set, it will install cleanup
+ *  signal handlers for some commonly ignored fatal signals (like SIGSEGV).
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_Init(Uint32 flags);
+
+/**
+ *  This function initializes specific SDL subsystems
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_InitSubSystem(Uint32 flags);
+
+/**
+ *  This function cleans up specific SDL subsystems
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_QuitSubSystem(Uint32 flags);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns a mask of the specified subsystems which have
+ *  previously been initialized.
+ *  
+ *  If \c flags is 0, it returns a mask of all initialized subsystems.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_WasInit(Uint32 flags);
+
+/**
+ *  This function cleans up all initialized subsystems. You should
+ *  call it upon all exit conditions.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_Quit(void);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_H */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_assert.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_assert.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a11b3812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_assert.h
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_assert_h
+#define _SDL_assert_h
+
+#include "SDL_config.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL
+#ifdef SDL_DEFAULT_ASSERT_LEVEL
+#define SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL SDL_DEFAULT_ASSERT_LEVEL
+#elif defined(_DEBUG) || defined(DEBUG) || \
+      (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__OPTIMIZE__))
+#define SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL 2
+#else
+#define SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL 1
+#endif
+#endif /* SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL */
+
+/*
+These are macros and not first class functions so that the debugger breaks
+on the assertion line and not in some random guts of SDL, and so each
+assert can have unique static variables associated with it.
+*/
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
+/* Don't include intrin.h here because it contains C++ code */
+extern void __cdecl __debugbreak(void);
+    #define SDL_TriggerBreakpoint() __debugbreak()
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)))
+    #define SDL_TriggerBreakpoint() __asm__ __volatile__ ( "int $3\n\t" )
+#elif defined(HAVE_SIGNAL_H)
+    #include <signal.h>
+    #define SDL_TriggerBreakpoint() raise(SIGTRAP)
+#else
+    /* How do we trigger breakpoints on this platform? */
+    #define SDL_TriggerBreakpoint()
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) /* C99 supports __func__ as a standard. */
+#   define SDL_FUNCTION __func__
+#elif ((__GNUC__ >= 2) || defined(_MSC_VER))
+#   define SDL_FUNCTION __FUNCTION__
+#else
+#   define SDL_FUNCTION "???"
+#endif
+#define SDL_FILE    __FILE__
+#define SDL_LINE    __LINE__
+
+/*
+sizeof (x) makes the compiler still parse the expression even without
+assertions enabled, so the code is always checked at compile time, but
+doesn't actually generate code for it, so there are no side effects or
+expensive checks at run time, just the constant size of what x WOULD be,
+which presumably gets optimized out as unused.
+This also solves the problem of...
+
+    int somevalue = blah();
+    SDL_assert(somevalue == 1);
+
+...which would cause compiles to complain that somevalue is unused if we
+disable assertions.
+*/
+
+#define SDL_disabled_assert(condition) \
+    do { (void) sizeof ((condition)); } while (0)
+
+#if (SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL > 0)
+
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_ASSERTION_RETRY,  /**< Retry the assert immediately. */
+    SDL_ASSERTION_BREAK,  /**< Make the debugger trigger a breakpoint. */
+    SDL_ASSERTION_ABORT,  /**< Terminate the program. */
+    SDL_ASSERTION_IGNORE,  /**< Ignore the assert. */
+    SDL_ASSERTION_ALWAYS_IGNORE,  /**< Ignore the assert from now on. */
+} SDL_assert_state;
+
+typedef struct SDL_assert_data
+{
+    int always_ignore;
+    unsigned int trigger_count;
+    const char *condition;
+    const char *filename;
+    int linenum;
+    const char *function;
+    const struct SDL_assert_data *next;
+} SDL_assert_data;
+
+/* Never call this directly. Use the SDL_assert* macros. */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_assert_state SDLCALL SDL_ReportAssertion(SDL_assert_data *,
+                                                             const char *,
+                                                             const char *, int);
+
+/* the do {} while(0) avoids dangling else problems:
+    if (x) SDL_assert(y); else blah();
+       ... without the do/while, the "else" could attach to this macro's "if".
+   We try to handle just the minimum we need here in a macro...the loop,
+   the static vars, and break points. The heavy lifting is handled in
+   SDL_ReportAssertion(), in SDL_assert.c.
+*/
+#define SDL_enabled_assert(condition) \
+    do { \
+        while ( !(condition) ) { \
+            static struct SDL_assert_data assert_data = { \
+                0, 0, #condition, 0, 0, 0, 0 \
+            }; \
+            const SDL_assert_state state = SDL_ReportAssertion(&assert_data, \
+                                                               SDL_FUNCTION, \
+                                                               SDL_FILE, \
+                                                               SDL_LINE); \
+            if (state == SDL_ASSERTION_RETRY) { \
+                continue; /* go again. */ \
+            } else if (state == SDL_ASSERTION_BREAK) { \
+                SDL_TriggerBreakpoint(); \
+            } \
+            break; /* not retrying. */ \
+        } \
+    } while (0)
+
+#endif  /* enabled assertions support code */
+
+/* Enable various levels of assertions. */
+#if SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL == 0   /* assertions disabled */
+#   define SDL_assert(condition) SDL_disabled_assert(condition)
+#   define SDL_assert_release(condition) SDL_disabled_assert(condition)
+#   define SDL_assert_paranoid(condition) SDL_disabled_assert(condition)
+#elif SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL == 1  /* release settings. */
+#   define SDL_assert(condition) SDL_disabled_assert(condition)
+#   define SDL_assert_release(condition) SDL_enabled_assert(condition)
+#   define SDL_assert_paranoid(condition) SDL_disabled_assert(condition)
+#elif SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL == 2  /* normal settings. */
+#   define SDL_assert(condition) SDL_enabled_assert(condition)
+#   define SDL_assert_release(condition) SDL_enabled_assert(condition)
+#   define SDL_assert_paranoid(condition) SDL_disabled_assert(condition)
+#elif SDL_ASSERT_LEVEL == 3  /* paranoid settings. */
+#   define SDL_assert(condition) SDL_enabled_assert(condition)
+#   define SDL_assert_release(condition) SDL_enabled_assert(condition)
+#   define SDL_assert_paranoid(condition) SDL_enabled_assert(condition)
+#else
+#   error Unknown assertion level.
+#endif
+
+
+typedef SDL_assert_state (SDLCALL *SDL_AssertionHandler)(
+                                 const SDL_assert_data* data, void* userdata);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set an application-defined assertion handler.
+ *
+ *  This allows an app to show its own assertion UI and/or force the
+ *  response to an assertion failure. If the app doesn't provide this, SDL
+ *  will try to do the right thing, popping up a system-specific GUI dialog,
+ *  and probably minimizing any fullscreen windows.
+ *
+ *  This callback may fire from any thread, but it runs wrapped in a mutex, so
+ *  it will only fire from one thread at a time.
+ *
+ *  Setting the callback to NULL restores SDL's original internal handler.
+ *
+ *  This callback is NOT reset to SDL's internal handler upon SDL_Quit()!
+ *
+ *  \return SDL_assert_state value of how to handle the assertion failure.
+ *  
+ *  \param handler Callback function, called when an assertion fails.
+ *  \param userdata A pointer passed to the callback as-is.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetAssertionHandler(
+                                            SDL_AssertionHandler handler,
+                                            void *userdata);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get a list of all assertion failures.
+ *
+ *  Get all assertions triggered since last call to SDL_ResetAssertionReport(),
+ *  or the start of the program.
+ *
+ *  The proper way to examine this data looks something like this:
+ *
+ *  <code>
+ *  const SDL_assert_data *item = SDL_GetAssertionReport();
+ *  while (item) {
+ *      printf("'%s', %s (%s:%d), triggered %u times, always ignore: %s.\n",
+ *             item->condition, item->function, item->filename,
+ *             item->linenum, item->trigger_count,
+ *             item->always_ignore ? "yes" : "no");
+ *      item = item->next;
+ *  }
+ *  </code>
+ *
+ *  \return List of all assertions.
+ *  \sa SDL_ResetAssertionReport
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const SDL_assert_data * SDLCALL SDL_GetAssertionReport(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Reset the list of all assertion failures.
+ *
+ *  Reset list of all assertions triggered.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_GetAssertionReport
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_ResetAssertionReport(void);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_assert_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_atomic.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_atomic.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a6a73f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_atomic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ * \file SDL_atomic.h
+ * 
+ * Atomic operations.
+ * 
+ * IMPORTANT:
+ * If you are not an expert in concurrent lockless programming, you should
+ * only be using the atomic lock and reference counting functions in this
+ * file.  In all other cases you should be protecting your data structures
+ * with full mutexes.
+ * 
+ * The list of "safe" functions to use are:
+ *  SDL_AtomicLock()
+ *  SDL_AtomicUnlock()
+ *  SDL_AtomicIncRef()
+ *  SDL_AtomicDecRef()
+ * 
+ * Seriously, here be dragons!
+ * ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+ *
+ * You can find out a little more about lockless programming and the 
+ * subtle issues that can arise here:
+ * http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee418650%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
+ *
+ * There's also lots of good information here:
+ * http://www.1024cores.net/home/lock-free-algorithms
+ *
+ * These operations may or may not actually be implemented using
+ * processor specific atomic operations. When possible they are
+ * implemented as true processor specific atomic operations. When that
+ * is not possible the are implemented using locks that *do* use the
+ * available atomic operations.
+ *
+ * All of the atomic operations that modify memory are full memory barriers.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_atomic_h_
+#define _SDL_atomic_h_
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+
+/* Need to do this here because intrin.h has C++ code in it */
+/* Visual Studio 2005 has a bug where intrin.h conflicts with winnt.h */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1500) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#define HAVE_MSC_ATOMICS 1
+#endif
+
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * \name SDL AtomicLock
+ * 
+ * The atomic locks are efficient spinlocks using CPU instructions,
+ * but are vulnerable to starvation and can spin forever if a thread
+ * holding a lock has been terminated.  For this reason you should
+ * minimize the code executed inside an atomic lock and never do
+ * expensive things like API or system calls while holding them.
+ *
+ * The atomic locks are not safe to lock recursively.
+ *
+ * Porting Note:
+ * The spin lock functions and type are required and can not be
+ * emulated because they are used in the atomic emulation code.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+typedef int SDL_SpinLock;
+
+/**
+ * \brief Try to lock a spin lock by setting it to a non-zero value.
+ * 
+ * \param lock Points to the lock.
+ *
+ * \return SDL_TRUE if the lock succeeded, SDL_FALSE if the lock is already held.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_AtomicTryLock(SDL_SpinLock *lock);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Lock a spin lock by setting it to a non-zero value.
+ * 
+ * \param lock Points to the lock.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_AtomicLock(SDL_SpinLock *lock);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Unlock a spin lock by setting it to 0. Always returns immediately
+ *
+ * \param lock Points to the lock.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_AtomicUnlock(SDL_SpinLock *lock);
+
+/*@}*//*SDL AtomicLock*/
+
+
+/**
+ * The compiler barrier prevents the compiler from reordering
+ * reads and writes to globally visible variables across the call.
+ */
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+void _ReadWriteBarrier(void);
+#pragma intrinsic(_ReadWriteBarrier)
+#define SDL_CompilerBarrier()   _ReadWriteBarrier()
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#define SDL_CompilerBarrier()   __asm__ __volatile__ ("" : : : "memory")
+#else
+#define SDL_CompilerBarrier()   \
+({ SDL_SpinLock _tmp = 0; SDL_AtomicLock(&_tmp); SDL_AtomicUnlock(&_tmp); })
+#endif
+
+/* Platform specific optimized versions of the atomic functions,
+ * you can disable these by defining SDL_DISABLE_ATOMIC_INLINE
+ */
+#if defined(SDL_ATOMIC_DISABLED) && SDL_ATOMIC_DISABLED
+#define SDL_DISABLE_ATOMIC_INLINE
+#endif
+#ifndef SDL_DISABLE_ATOMIC_INLINE
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MSC_ATOMICS
+
+#define SDL_AtomicSet(a, v)     _InterlockedExchange((long*)&(a)->value, (v))
+#define SDL_AtomicAdd(a, v)     _InterlockedExchangeAdd((long*)&(a)->value, (v))
+#define SDL_AtomicCAS(a, oldval, newval) (_InterlockedCompareExchange((long*)&(a)->value, (newval), (oldval)) == (oldval))
+#define SDL_AtomicSetPtr(a, v)  _InterlockedExchangePointer((a), (v))
+#if _M_IX86
+#define SDL_AtomicCASPtr(a, oldval, newval) (_InterlockedCompareExchange((long*)(a), (long)(newval), (long)(oldval)) == (long)(oldval))
+#else
+#define SDL_AtomicCASPtr(a, oldval, newval) (_InterlockedCompareExchangePointer((a), (newval), (oldval)) == (oldval))
+#endif
+
+#elif defined(__MACOSX__)
+#include <libkern/OSAtomic.h>
+
+#define SDL_AtomicCAS(a, oldval, newval) OSAtomicCompareAndSwap32Barrier((oldval), (newval), &(a)->value)
+#if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 4
+#define SDL_AtomicCASPtr(a, oldval, newval) OSAtomicCompareAndSwap32Barrier((int32_t)(oldval), (int32_t)(newval), (int32_t*)(a))
+#elif SIZEOF_VOIDP == 8
+#define SDL_AtomicCASPtr(a, oldval, newval) OSAtomicCompareAndSwap64Barrier((int64_t)(oldval), (int64_t)(newval), (int64_t*)(a))
+#endif
+
+#elif defined(HAVE_GCC_ATOMICS)
+
+#define SDL_AtomicSet(a, v)     __sync_lock_test_and_set(&(a)->value, v)
+#define SDL_AtomicAdd(a, v)     __sync_fetch_and_add(&(a)->value, v)
+#define SDL_AtomicSetPtr(a, v)  __sync_lock_test_and_set(a, v)
+#define SDL_AtomicCAS(a, oldval, newval) __sync_bool_compare_and_swap(&(a)->value, oldval, newval)
+#define SDL_AtomicCASPtr(a, oldval, newval) __sync_bool_compare_and_swap(a, oldval, newval)
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !SDL_DISABLE_ATOMIC_INLINE */
+
+
+/**
+ * \brief A type representing an atomic integer value.  It is a struct
+ *        so people don't accidentally use numeric operations on it.
+ */
+#ifndef SDL_atomic_t_defined
+typedef struct { int value; } SDL_atomic_t;
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * \brief Set an atomic variable to a new value if it is currently an old value.
+ *
+ * \return SDL_TRUE if the atomic variable was set, SDL_FALSE otherwise.
+ *
+ * \note If you don't know what this function is for, you shouldn't use it!
+*/
+#ifndef SDL_AtomicCAS
+#define SDL_AtomicCAS SDL_AtomicCAS_
+#endif
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_AtomicCAS_(SDL_atomic_t *a, int oldval, int newval);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Set an atomic variable to a value.
+ *
+ * \return The previous value of the atomic variable.
+ */
+#ifndef SDL_AtomicSet
+static __inline__ int SDL_AtomicSet(SDL_atomic_t *a, int v)
+{
+    int value;
+    do {
+        value = a->value;
+    } while (!SDL_AtomicCAS(a, value, v));
+    return value;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * \brief Get the value of an atomic variable
+ */
+#ifndef SDL_AtomicGet
+static __inline__ int SDL_AtomicGet(SDL_atomic_t *a)
+{
+    int value = a->value;
+    SDL_CompilerBarrier();
+    return value;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * \brief Add to an atomic variable.
+ *
+ * \return The previous value of the atomic variable.
+ *
+ * \note This same style can be used for any number operation
+ */
+#ifndef SDL_AtomicAdd
+static __inline__ int SDL_AtomicAdd(SDL_atomic_t *a, int v)
+{
+    int value;
+    do {
+        value = a->value;
+    } while (!SDL_AtomicCAS(a, value, (value + v)));
+    return value;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * \brief Increment an atomic variable used as a reference count.
+ */
+#ifndef SDL_AtomicIncRef
+#define SDL_AtomicIncRef(a)    SDL_AtomicAdd(a, 1)
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * \brief Decrement an atomic variable used as a reference count.
+ *
+ * \return SDL_TRUE if the variable reached zero after decrementing,
+ *         SDL_FALSE otherwise
+ */
+#ifndef SDL_AtomicDecRef
+#define SDL_AtomicDecRef(a)    (SDL_AtomicAdd(a, -1) == 1)
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * \brief Set a pointer to a new value if it is currently an old value.
+ *
+ * \return SDL_TRUE if the pointer was set, SDL_FALSE otherwise.
+ *
+ * \note If you don't know what this function is for, you shouldn't use it!
+*/
+#ifndef SDL_AtomicCASPtr
+#define SDL_AtomicCASPtr SDL_AtomicCASPtr_
+#endif
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_AtomicCASPtr_(void* *a, void *oldval, void *newval);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Set a pointer to a value atomically.
+ *
+ * \return The previous value of the pointer.
+ */
+#ifndef SDL_AtomicSetPtr
+static __inline__ void* SDL_AtomicSetPtr(void* *a, void* v)
+{
+    void* value;
+    do {
+        value = *a;
+    } while (!SDL_AtomicCASPtr(a, value, v));
+    return value;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * \brief Get the value of a pointer atomically.
+ */
+#ifndef SDL_AtomicGetPtr
+static __inline__ void* SDL_AtomicGetPtr(void* *a)
+{
+    void* value = *a;
+    SDL_CompilerBarrier();
+    return value;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_atomic_h_ */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_audio.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_audio.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61108412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_audio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_audio.h
+ *  
+ *  Access to the raw audio mixing buffer for the SDL library.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_audio_h
+#define _SDL_audio_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_endian.h"
+#include "SDL_mutex.h"
+#include "SDL_thread.h"
+#include "SDL_rwops.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Audio format flags.
+ *  
+ *  These are what the 16 bits in SDL_AudioFormat currently mean...
+ *  (Unspecified bits are always zero).
+ *  
+ *  \verbatim
+    ++-----------------------sample is signed if set
+    ||
+    ||       ++-----------sample is bigendian if set
+    ||       ||
+    ||       ||          ++---sample is float if set
+    ||       ||          ||
+    ||       ||          || +---sample bit size---+
+    ||       ||          || |                     |
+    15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
+    \endverbatim
+ *  
+ *  There are macros in SDL 1.3 and later to query these bits.
+ */
+typedef Uint16 SDL_AudioFormat;
+
+/**
+ *  \name Audio flags
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+#define SDL_AUDIO_MASK_BITSIZE       (0xFF)
+#define SDL_AUDIO_MASK_DATATYPE      (1<<8)
+#define SDL_AUDIO_MASK_ENDIAN        (1<<12)
+#define SDL_AUDIO_MASK_SIGNED        (1<<15)
+#define SDL_AUDIO_BITSIZE(x)         (x & SDL_AUDIO_MASK_BITSIZE)
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ISFLOAT(x)         (x & SDL_AUDIO_MASK_DATATYPE)
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ISBIGENDIAN(x)     (x & SDL_AUDIO_MASK_ENDIAN)
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ISSIGNED(x)        (x & SDL_AUDIO_MASK_SIGNED)
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ISINT(x)           (!SDL_AUDIO_ISFLOAT(x))
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ISLITTLEENDIAN(x)  (!SDL_AUDIO_ISBIGENDIAN(x))
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ISUNSIGNED(x)      (!SDL_AUDIO_ISSIGNED(x))
+
+/** 
+ *  \name Audio format flags
+ *
+ *  Defaults to LSB byte order.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define AUDIO_U8	0x0008  /**< Unsigned 8-bit samples */
+#define AUDIO_S8	0x8008  /**< Signed 8-bit samples */
+#define AUDIO_U16LSB	0x0010  /**< Unsigned 16-bit samples */
+#define AUDIO_S16LSB	0x8010  /**< Signed 16-bit samples */
+#define AUDIO_U16MSB	0x1010  /**< As above, but big-endian byte order */
+#define AUDIO_S16MSB	0x9010  /**< As above, but big-endian byte order */
+#define AUDIO_U16	AUDIO_U16LSB
+#define AUDIO_S16	AUDIO_S16LSB
+/*@}*/
+
+/**
+ *  \name int32 support
+ *  
+ *  New to SDL 1.3.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define AUDIO_S32LSB	0x8020  /**< 32-bit integer samples */
+#define AUDIO_S32MSB	0x9020  /**< As above, but big-endian byte order */
+#define AUDIO_S32	AUDIO_S32LSB
+/*@}*/
+
+/**
+ *  \name float32 support
+ *  
+ *  New to SDL 1.3.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define AUDIO_F32LSB	0x8120  /**< 32-bit floating point samples */
+#define AUDIO_F32MSB	0x9120  /**< As above, but big-endian byte order */
+#define AUDIO_F32	AUDIO_F32LSB
+/*@}*/
+
+/**
+ *  \name Native audio byte ordering
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#if SDL_BYTEORDER == SDL_LIL_ENDIAN
+#define AUDIO_U16SYS	AUDIO_U16LSB
+#define AUDIO_S16SYS	AUDIO_S16LSB
+#define AUDIO_S32SYS	AUDIO_S32LSB
+#define AUDIO_F32SYS	AUDIO_F32LSB
+#else
+#define AUDIO_U16SYS	AUDIO_U16MSB
+#define AUDIO_S16SYS	AUDIO_S16MSB
+#define AUDIO_S32SYS	AUDIO_S32MSB
+#define AUDIO_F32SYS	AUDIO_F32MSB
+#endif
+/*@}*/
+
+/** 
+ *  \name Allow change flags
+ *  
+ *  Which audio format changes are allowed when opening a device.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_FREQUENCY_CHANGE    0x00000001
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_FORMAT_CHANGE       0x00000002
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_CHANNELS_CHANGE     0x00000004
+#define SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_ANY_CHANGE          (SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_FREQUENCY_CHANGE|SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_FORMAT_CHANGE|SDL_AUDIO_ALLOW_CHANNELS_CHANGE)
+/*@}*/
+
+/*@}*//*Audio flags*/
+
+/**
+ *  This function is called when the audio device needs more data.
+ *
+ *  \param userdata An application-specific parameter saved in
+ *                  the SDL_AudioSpec structure
+ *  \param stream A pointer to the audio data buffer.
+ *  \param len    The length of that buffer in bytes.
+ *
+ *  Once the callback returns, the buffer will no longer be valid.
+ *  Stereo samples are stored in a LRLRLR ordering.
+ */
+typedef void (SDLCALL * SDL_AudioCallback) (void *userdata, Uint8 * stream,
+                                            int len);
+
+/**
+ *  The calculated values in this structure are calculated by SDL_OpenAudio().
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_AudioSpec
+{
+    int freq;                   /**< DSP frequency -- samples per second */
+    SDL_AudioFormat format;     /**< Audio data format */
+    Uint8 channels;             /**< Number of channels: 1 mono, 2 stereo */
+    Uint8 silence;              /**< Audio buffer silence value (calculated) */
+    Uint16 samples;             /**< Audio buffer size in samples (power of 2) */
+    Uint16 padding;             /**< Necessary for some compile environments */
+    Uint32 size;                /**< Audio buffer size in bytes (calculated) */
+    SDL_AudioCallback callback;
+    void *userdata;
+} SDL_AudioSpec;
+
+
+struct SDL_AudioCVT;
+typedef void (SDLCALL * SDL_AudioFilter) (struct SDL_AudioCVT * cvt,
+                                          SDL_AudioFormat format);
+
+/**
+ *  A structure to hold a set of audio conversion filters and buffers.
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_AudioCVT
+{
+    int needed;                 /**< Set to 1 if conversion possible */
+    SDL_AudioFormat src_format; /**< Source audio format */
+    SDL_AudioFormat dst_format; /**< Target audio format */
+    double rate_incr;           /**< Rate conversion increment */
+    Uint8 *buf;                 /**< Buffer to hold entire audio data */
+    int len;                    /**< Length of original audio buffer */
+    int len_cvt;                /**< Length of converted audio buffer */
+    int len_mult;               /**< buffer must be len*len_mult big */
+    double len_ratio;           /**< Given len, final size is len*len_ratio */
+    SDL_AudioFilter filters[10];        /**< Filter list */
+    int filter_index;           /**< Current audio conversion function */
+} SDL_AudioCVT;
+
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/**
+ *  \name Driver discovery functions
+ *  
+ *  These functions return the list of built in audio drivers, in the
+ *  order that they are normally initialized by default.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetNumAudioDrivers(void);
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetAudioDriver(int index);
+/*@}*/
+
+/**
+ *  \name Initialization and cleanup
+ *  
+ *  \internal These functions are used internally, and should not be used unless
+ *            you have a specific need to specify the audio driver you want to 
+ *            use.  You should normally use SDL_Init() or SDL_InitSubSystem().
+ */
+/*@{*/
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_AudioInit(const char *driver_name);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_AudioQuit(void);
+/*@}*/
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns the name of the current audio driver, or NULL
+ *  if no driver has been initialized.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetCurrentAudioDriver(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function opens the audio device with the desired parameters, and
+ *  returns 0 if successful, placing the actual hardware parameters in the
+ *  structure pointed to by \c obtained.  If \c obtained is NULL, the audio
+ *  data passed to the callback function will be guaranteed to be in the
+ *  requested format, and will be automatically converted to the hardware
+ *  audio format if necessary.  This function returns -1 if it failed 
+ *  to open the audio device, or couldn't set up the audio thread.
+ *  
+ *  When filling in the desired audio spec structure,
+ *    - \c desired->freq should be the desired audio frequency in samples-per-
+ *      second.
+ *    - \c desired->format should be the desired audio format.
+ *    - \c desired->samples is the desired size of the audio buffer, in 
+ *      samples.  This number should be a power of two, and may be adjusted by 
+ *      the audio driver to a value more suitable for the hardware.  Good values
+ *      seem to range between 512 and 8096 inclusive, depending on the 
+ *      application and CPU speed.  Smaller values yield faster response time, 
+ *      but can lead to underflow if the application is doing heavy processing 
+ *      and cannot fill the audio buffer in time.  A stereo sample consists of 
+ *      both right and left channels in LR ordering.
+ *      Note that the number of samples is directly related to time by the
+ *      following formula:  \code ms = (samples*1000)/freq \endcode
+ *    - \c desired->size is the size in bytes of the audio buffer, and is
+ *      calculated by SDL_OpenAudio().
+ *    - \c desired->silence is the value used to set the buffer to silence,
+ *      and is calculated by SDL_OpenAudio().
+ *    - \c desired->callback should be set to a function that will be called
+ *      when the audio device is ready for more data.  It is passed a pointer
+ *      to the audio buffer, and the length in bytes of the audio buffer.
+ *      This function usually runs in a separate thread, and so you should
+ *      protect data structures that it accesses by calling SDL_LockAudio()
+ *      and SDL_UnlockAudio() in your code.
+ *    - \c desired->userdata is passed as the first parameter to your callback
+ *      function.
+ *  
+ *  The audio device starts out playing silence when it's opened, and should
+ *  be enabled for playing by calling \c SDL_PauseAudio(0) when you are ready
+ *  for your audio callback function to be called.  Since the audio driver
+ *  may modify the requested size of the audio buffer, you should allocate
+ *  any local mixing buffers after you open the audio device.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_OpenAudio(SDL_AudioSpec * desired,
+                                          SDL_AudioSpec * obtained);
+
+/**
+ *  SDL Audio Device IDs.
+ *  
+ *  A successful call to SDL_OpenAudio() is always device id 1, and legacy
+ *  SDL audio APIs assume you want this device ID. SDL_OpenAudioDevice() calls
+ *  always returns devices >= 2 on success. The legacy calls are good both
+ *  for backwards compatibility and when you don't care about multiple,
+ *  specific, or capture devices.
+ */
+typedef Uint32 SDL_AudioDeviceID;
+
+/**
+ *  Get the number of available devices exposed by the current driver.
+ *  Only valid after a successfully initializing the audio subsystem.
+ *  Returns -1 if an explicit list of devices can't be determined; this is
+ *  not an error. For example, if SDL is set up to talk to a remote audio
+ *  server, it can't list every one available on the Internet, but it will
+ *  still allow a specific host to be specified to SDL_OpenAudioDevice().
+ *  
+ *  In many common cases, when this function returns a value <= 0, it can still
+ *  successfully open the default device (NULL for first argument of
+ *  SDL_OpenAudioDevice()).
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetNumAudioDevices(int iscapture);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the human-readable name of a specific audio device.
+ *  Must be a value between 0 and (number of audio devices-1).
+ *  Only valid after a successfully initializing the audio subsystem.
+ *  The values returned by this function reflect the latest call to
+ *  SDL_GetNumAudioDevices(); recall that function to redetect available
+ *  hardware.
+ *  
+ *  The string returned by this function is UTF-8 encoded, read-only, and
+ *  managed internally. You are not to free it. If you need to keep the
+ *  string for any length of time, you should make your own copy of it, as it
+ *  will be invalid next time any of several other SDL functions is called.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetAudioDeviceName(int index,
+                                                           int iscapture);
+
+
+/**
+ *  Open a specific audio device. Passing in a device name of NULL requests
+ *  the most reasonable default (and is equivalent to calling SDL_OpenAudio()).
+ *  
+ *  The device name is a UTF-8 string reported by SDL_GetAudioDeviceName(), but
+ *  some drivers allow arbitrary and driver-specific strings, such as a
+ *  hostname/IP address for a remote audio server, or a filename in the
+ *  diskaudio driver.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on error, a valid device ID that is >= 2 on success.
+ *  
+ *  SDL_OpenAudio(), unlike this function, always acts on device ID 1.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_AudioDeviceID SDLCALL SDL_OpenAudioDevice(const char
+                                                              *device,
+                                                              int iscapture,
+                                                              const
+                                                              SDL_AudioSpec *
+                                                              desired,
+                                                              SDL_AudioSpec *
+                                                              obtained,
+                                                              int
+                                                              allowed_changes);
+
+
+
+/**
+ *  \name Audio state
+ *  
+ *  Get the current audio state.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_AUDIO_STOPPED = 0,
+    SDL_AUDIO_PLAYING,
+    SDL_AUDIO_PAUSED
+} SDL_AudioStatus;
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_AudioStatus SDLCALL SDL_GetAudioStatus(void);
+
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_AudioStatus SDLCALL
+SDL_GetAudioDeviceStatus(SDL_AudioDeviceID dev);
+/*@}*//*Audio State*/
+
+/**
+ *  \name Pause audio functions
+ *  
+ *  These functions pause and unpause the audio callback processing.
+ *  They should be called with a parameter of 0 after opening the audio
+ *  device to start playing sound.  This is so you can safely initialize
+ *  data for your callback function after opening the audio device.
+ *  Silence will be written to the audio device during the pause.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_PauseAudio(int pause_on);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_PauseAudioDevice(SDL_AudioDeviceID dev,
+                                                  int pause_on);
+/*@}*//*Pause audio functions*/
+
+/**
+ *  This function loads a WAVE from the data source, automatically freeing
+ *  that source if \c freesrc is non-zero.  For example, to load a WAVE file,
+ *  you could do:
+ *  \code
+ *  	SDL_LoadWAV_RW(SDL_RWFromFile("sample.wav", "rb"), 1, ...);
+ *  \endcode
+ *
+ *  If this function succeeds, it returns the given SDL_AudioSpec,
+ *  filled with the audio data format of the wave data, and sets
+ *  \c *audio_buf to a malloc()'d buffer containing the audio data,
+ *  and sets \c *audio_len to the length of that audio buffer, in bytes.
+ *  You need to free the audio buffer with SDL_FreeWAV() when you are 
+ *  done with it.
+ *
+ *  This function returns NULL and sets the SDL error message if the 
+ *  wave file cannot be opened, uses an unknown data format, or is 
+ *  corrupt.  Currently raw and MS-ADPCM WAVE files are supported.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_AudioSpec *SDLCALL SDL_LoadWAV_RW(SDL_RWops * src,
+                                                      int freesrc,
+                                                      SDL_AudioSpec * spec,
+                                                      Uint8 ** audio_buf,
+                                                      Uint32 * audio_len);
+
+/** 
+ *  Loads a WAV from a file.
+ *  Compatibility convenience function.
+ */
+#define SDL_LoadWAV(file, spec, audio_buf, audio_len) \
+	SDL_LoadWAV_RW(SDL_RWFromFile(file, "rb"),1, spec,audio_buf,audio_len)
+
+/**
+ *  This function frees data previously allocated with SDL_LoadWAV_RW()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FreeWAV(Uint8 * audio_buf);
+
+/**
+ *  This function takes a source format and rate and a destination format
+ *  and rate, and initializes the \c cvt structure with information needed
+ *  by SDL_ConvertAudio() to convert a buffer of audio data from one format
+ *  to the other.
+ *  
+ *  \return -1 if the format conversion is not supported, 0 if there's
+ *  no conversion needed, or 1 if the audio filter is set up.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_BuildAudioCVT(SDL_AudioCVT * cvt,
+                                              SDL_AudioFormat src_format,
+                                              Uint8 src_channels,
+                                              int src_rate,
+                                              SDL_AudioFormat dst_format,
+                                              Uint8 dst_channels,
+                                              int dst_rate);
+
+/**
+ *  Once you have initialized the \c cvt structure using SDL_BuildAudioCVT(),
+ *  created an audio buffer \c cvt->buf, and filled it with \c cvt->len bytes of
+ *  audio data in the source format, this function will convert it in-place
+ *  to the desired format.
+ *  
+ *  The data conversion may expand the size of the audio data, so the buffer
+ *  \c cvt->buf should be allocated after the \c cvt structure is initialized by
+ *  SDL_BuildAudioCVT(), and should be \c cvt->len*cvt->len_mult bytes long.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_ConvertAudio(SDL_AudioCVT * cvt);
+
+#define SDL_MIX_MAXVOLUME 128
+/**
+ *  This takes two audio buffers of the playing audio format and mixes
+ *  them, performing addition, volume adjustment, and overflow clipping.
+ *  The volume ranges from 0 - 128, and should be set to ::SDL_MIX_MAXVOLUME
+ *  for full audio volume.  Note this does not change hardware volume.
+ *  This is provided for convenience -- you can mix your own audio data.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_MixAudio(Uint8 * dst, const Uint8 * src,
+                                          Uint32 len, int volume);
+
+/**
+ *  This works like SDL_MixAudio(), but you specify the audio format instead of
+ *  using the format of audio device 1. Thus it can be used when no audio
+ *  device is open at all.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_MixAudioFormat(Uint8 * dst,
+                                                const Uint8 * src,
+                                                SDL_AudioFormat format,
+                                                Uint32 len, int volume);
+
+/**
+ *  \name Audio lock functions
+ *  
+ *  The lock manipulated by these functions protects the callback function.
+ *  During a SDL_LockAudio()/SDL_UnlockAudio() pair, you can be guaranteed that 
+ *  the callback function is not running.  Do not call these from the callback
+ *  function or you will cause deadlock.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LockAudio(void);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LockAudioDevice(SDL_AudioDeviceID dev);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UnlockAudio(void);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UnlockAudioDevice(SDL_AudioDeviceID dev);
+/*@}*//*Audio lock functions*/
+
+/**
+ *  This function shuts down audio processing and closes the audio device.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_CloseAudio(void);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_CloseAudioDevice(SDL_AudioDeviceID dev);
+
+/**
+ * \return 1 if audio device is still functioning, zero if not, -1 on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_AudioDeviceConnected(SDL_AudioDeviceID dev);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_audio_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_blendmode.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_blendmode.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11d91bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_blendmode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_blendmode.h
+ *  
+ *  Header file declaring the SDL_BlendMode enumeration
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_blendmode_h
+#define _SDL_blendmode_h
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The blend mode used in SDL_RenderCopy() and drawing operations.
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE = 0x00000000,     /**< No blending */
+    SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND = 0x00000001,    /**< dst = (src * A) + (dst * (1-A)) */
+    SDL_BLENDMODE_ADD = 0x00000002,      /**< dst = (src * A) + dst */
+    SDL_BLENDMODE_MOD = 0x00000004       /**< dst = src * dst */
+} SDL_BlendMode;
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_video_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_clipboard.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_clipboard.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa2ee085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_clipboard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ * \file SDL_clipboard.h
+ *
+ * Include file for SDL clipboard handling
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_clipboard_h
+#define _SDL_clipboard_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/**
+ * \brief Put UTF-8 text into the clipboard
+ *
+ * \sa SDL_GetClipboardText()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetClipboardText(const char *text);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Get UTF-8 text from the clipboard, which must be freed with SDL_free()
+ *
+ * \sa SDL_SetClipboardText()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC char * SDLCALL SDL_GetClipboardText(void);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Returns whether the clipboard has text
+ *
+ * \sa SDL_GetClipboardText()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasClipboardText(void);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_clipboard_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_compat.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_compat.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c71022d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_compat.h
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+ /**
+ *  \defgroup Compatibility SDL 1.2 Compatibility API
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_compat.h
+ *
+ *  This file contains functions for backwards compatibility with SDL 1.2.
+ */
+
+/**
+ *  \def SDL_NO_COMPAT
+ *
+ *  #define SDL_NO_COMPAT to prevent SDL_compat.h from being included.
+ *  SDL_NO_COMPAT is intended to make it easier to covert SDL 1.2 code to
+ *  SDL 1.3/2.0.
+ */
+
+ /*@}*/
+
+#ifdef SDL_NO_COMPAT
+#define _SDL_compat_h
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _SDL_compat_h
+#define _SDL_compat_h
+
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+#include "SDL_version.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \addtogroup Compatibility
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/* Platform */
+#ifdef __WIN32__
+#undef __WIN32__
+#define __WIN32__   1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \name Surface flags
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_SWSURFACE       0x00000000  /**< \note Not used */
+#define SDL_SRCALPHA        0x00010000
+#define SDL_SRCCOLORKEY     0x00020000
+#define SDL_ANYFORMAT       0x00100000
+#define SDL_HWPALETTE       0x00200000
+#define SDL_DOUBLEBUF       0x00400000
+#define SDL_FULLSCREEN      0x00800000
+#define SDL_RESIZABLE       0x01000000
+#define SDL_NOFRAME         0x02000000
+#define SDL_OPENGL          0x04000000
+#define SDL_HWSURFACE       0x08000001  /**< \note Not used */
+#define SDL_ASYNCBLIT       0x08000000  /**< \note Not used */
+#define SDL_RLEACCELOK      0x08000000  /**< \note Not used */
+#define SDL_HWACCEL         0x08000000  /**< \note Not used */
+/*@}*//*Surface flags*/
+
+#define SDL_APPMOUSEFOCUS	0x01
+#define SDL_APPINPUTFOCUS	0x02
+#define SDL_APPACTIVE		0x04
+
+#define SDL_LOGPAL 0x01
+#define SDL_PHYSPAL 0x02
+
+#define SDL_ACTIVEEVENT	SDL_EVENT_COMPAT1
+#define SDL_VIDEORESIZE	SDL_EVENT_COMPAT2
+#define SDL_VIDEOEXPOSE	SDL_EVENT_COMPAT3
+#define SDL_ACTIVEEVENTMASK	SDL_ACTIVEEVENT, SDL_ACTIVEEVENT
+#define SDL_VIDEORESIZEMASK SDL_VIDEORESIZE, SDL_VIDEORESIZE
+#define SDL_VIDEOEXPOSEMASK SDL_VIDEOEXPOSE, SDL_VIDEOEXPOSE
+#define SDL_WINDOWEVENTMASK SDL_WINDOWEVENT, SDL_WINDOWEVENT
+#define SDL_KEYDOWNMASK SDL_KEYDOWN, SDL_KEYDOWN
+#define SDL_KEYUPMASK SDL_KEYUP, SDL_KEYUP
+#define SDL_KEYEVENTMASK SDL_KEYDOWN, SDL_KEYUP
+#define SDL_TEXTEDITINGMASK SDL_TEXTEDITING, SDL_TEXTEDITING
+#define SDL_TEXTINPUTMASK SDL_TEXTINPUT, SDL_TEXTINPUT
+#define SDL_MOUSEMOTIONMASK SDL_MOUSEMOTION, SDL_MOUSEMOTION
+#define SDL_MOUSEBUTTONDOWNMASK SDL_MOUSEBUTTONDOWN, SDL_MOUSEBUTTONDOWN
+#define SDL_MOUSEBUTTONUPMASK SDL_MOUSEBUTTONUP, SDL_MOUSEBUTTONUP
+#define SDL_MOUSEWHEELMASK SDL_MOUSEWHEEL, SDL_MOUSEWHEEL
+#define SDL_MOUSEEVENTMASK SDL_MOUSEMOTION, SDL_MOUSEBUTTONUP
+#define SDL_JOYAXISMOTIONMASK SDL_JOYAXISMOTION, SDL_JOYAXISMOTION
+#define SDL_JOYBALLMOTIONMASK SDL_JOYBALLMOTION, SDL_JOYBALLMOTION
+#define SDL_JOYHATMOTIONMASK SDL_JOYHATMOTION, SDL_JOYHATMOTION
+#define SDL_JOYBUTTONDOWNMASK SDL_JOYBUTTONDOWN, SDL_JOYBUTTONDOWN
+#define SDL_JOYBUTTONUPMASK SDL_JOYBUTTONUP, SDL_JOYBUTTONUP
+#define SDL_JOYEVENTMASK SDL_JOYAXISMOTION, SDL_JOYBUTTONUP
+#define SDL_QUITMASK SDL_QUIT, SDL_QUIT
+#define SDL_SYSWMEVENTMASK SDL_SYSWMEVENT, SDL_SYSWMEVENT
+#define SDL_PROXIMITYINMASK SDL_PROXIMITYIN, SDL_PROXIMITYIN
+#define SDL_PROXIMITYOUTMASK SDL_PROXIMITYOUT, SDL_PROXIMITYOUT
+#define SDL_ALLEVENTS SDL_FIRSTEVENT, SDL_LASTEVENT
+
+#define SDL_BUTTON_WHEELUP	4
+#define SDL_BUTTON_WHEELDOWN	5
+
+#define SDL_DEFAULT_REPEAT_DELAY	500
+#define SDL_DEFAULT_REPEAT_INTERVAL	30
+
+typedef struct SDL_VideoInfo
+{
+    Uint32 hw_available:1;
+    Uint32 wm_available:1;
+    Uint32 UnusedBits1:6;
+    Uint32 UnusedBits2:1;
+    Uint32 blit_hw:1;
+    Uint32 blit_hw_CC:1;
+    Uint32 blit_hw_A:1;
+    Uint32 blit_sw:1;
+    Uint32 blit_sw_CC:1;
+    Uint32 blit_sw_A:1;
+    Uint32 blit_fill:1;
+    Uint32 UnusedBits3:16;
+    Uint32 video_mem;
+
+    SDL_PixelFormat *vfmt;
+
+    int current_w;
+    int current_h;
+} SDL_VideoInfo;
+
+/**
+ *  \name Overlay formats
+ *
+ *  The most common video overlay formats.
+ *  
+ *  For an explanation of these pixel formats, see:
+ *  http://www.webartz.com/fourcc/indexyuv.htm
+ *  
+ *  For information on the relationship between color spaces, see:
+ *  http://www.neuro.sfc.keio.ac.jp/~aly/polygon/info/color-space-faq.html
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_YV12_OVERLAY  0x32315659    /**< Planar mode: Y + V + U  (3 planes) */
+#define SDL_IYUV_OVERLAY  0x56555949    /**< Planar mode: Y + U + V  (3 planes) */
+#define SDL_YUY2_OVERLAY  0x32595559    /**< Packed mode: Y0+U0+Y1+V0 (1 plane) */
+#define SDL_UYVY_OVERLAY  0x59565955    /**< Packed mode: U0+Y0+V0+Y1 (1 plane) */
+#define SDL_YVYU_OVERLAY  0x55595659    /**< Packed mode: Y0+V0+Y1+U0 (1 plane) */
+/*@}*//*Overlay formats*/
+
+/**
+ *  The YUV hardware video overlay.
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_Overlay
+{
+    Uint32 format;              /**< Read-only */
+    int w, h;                   /**< Read-only */
+    int planes;                 /**< Read-only */
+    Uint16 *pitches;            /**< Read-only */
+    Uint8 **pixels;             /**< Read-write */
+
+    /** 
+     *  \name Hardware-specific surface info
+     */
+    /*@{*/
+    struct private_yuvhwfuncs *hwfuncs;
+    struct private_yuvhwdata *hwdata;
+    /*@}*//*Hardware-specific surface info*/
+
+    /** 
+     *  \name Special flags
+     */
+    /*@{*/
+    Uint32 hw_overlay:1;        /**< Flag: This overlay hardware accelerated? */
+    Uint32 UnusedBits:31;
+    /*@}*//*Special flags*/
+} SDL_Overlay;
+
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_GRAB_QUERY = -1,
+    SDL_GRAB_OFF = 0,
+    SDL_GRAB_ON = 1
+} SDL_GrabMode;
+
+struct SDL_SysWMinfo;
+
+/**
+ *  \name Obsolete or renamed key codes
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+#define SDL_keysym		SDL_Keysym
+#define SDL_KeySym		SDL_Keysym
+#define SDL_scancode	SDL_Scancode
+#define SDL_ScanCode	SDL_Scancode
+#define SDLKey          SDL_Keycode
+#define SDLMod          SDL_Keymod
+
+/** 
+ *  \name Renamed keys
+ *
+ *  These key constants were renamed for clarity or consistency. 
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDLK_KP0 SDLK_KP_0
+#define SDLK_KP1 SDLK_KP_1
+#define SDLK_KP2 SDLK_KP_2
+#define SDLK_KP3 SDLK_KP_3
+#define SDLK_KP4 SDLK_KP_4
+#define SDLK_KP5 SDLK_KP_5
+#define SDLK_KP6 SDLK_KP_6
+#define SDLK_KP7 SDLK_KP_7
+#define SDLK_KP8 SDLK_KP_8
+#define SDLK_KP9 SDLK_KP_9
+#define SDLK_NUMLOCK SDLK_NUMLOCKCLEAR
+#define SDLK_SCROLLOCK SDLK_SCROLLLOCK
+#define SDLK_PRINT SDLK_PRINTSCREEN
+#define SDLK_LMETA SDLK_LGUI
+#define SDLK_RMETA SDLK_RGUI
+/*@}*//*Renamed keys*/
+
+/**
+ *  \name META modifier
+ *  
+ *  The META modifier is equivalent to the GUI modifier from the USB standard.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define KMOD_LMETA KMOD_LGUI
+#define KMOD_RMETA KMOD_RGUI
+#define KMOD_META KMOD_GUI
+/*@}*//*META modifier*/
+
+/** 
+ *  \name Not in USB
+ *
+ *  These keys don't appear in the USB specification (or at least not under 
+ *  those names). I'm unsure if the following assignments make sense or if these
+ *  codes should be defined as actual additional SDLK_ constants.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDLK_LSUPER SDLK_LMETA
+#define SDLK_RSUPER SDLK_RMETA
+#define SDLK_COMPOSE SDLK_APPLICATION
+#define SDLK_BREAK SDLK_STOP
+#define SDLK_EURO SDLK_2
+/*@}*//*Not in USB*/
+
+/*@}*//*Obsolete or renamed key codes*/
+
+#define SDL_SetModuleHandle(x)
+#define SDL_AllocSurface    SDL_CreateRGBSurface
+
+extern DECLSPEC const SDL_version *SDLCALL SDL_Linked_Version(void);
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_AudioDriverName(char *namebuf, int maxlen);
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_VideoDriverName(char *namebuf, int maxlen);
+extern DECLSPEC const SDL_VideoInfo *SDLCALL SDL_GetVideoInfo(void);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_VideoModeOK(int width,
+                                            int height,
+                                            int bpp, Uint32 flags);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Rect **SDLCALL SDL_ListModes(const SDL_PixelFormat *
+                                                 format, Uint32 flags);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface *SDLCALL SDL_SetVideoMode(int width, int height,
+                                                      int bpp, Uint32 flags);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface *SDLCALL SDL_GetVideoSurface(void);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UpdateRects(SDL_Surface * screen,
+                                             int numrects, SDL_Rect * rects);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UpdateRect(SDL_Surface * screen,
+                                            Sint32 x,
+                                            Sint32 y, Uint32 w, Uint32 h);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_Flip(SDL_Surface * screen);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetAlpha(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                         Uint32 flag, Uint8 alpha);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface *SDLCALL SDL_DisplayFormat(SDL_Surface * surface);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface *SDLCALL SDL_DisplayFormatAlpha(SDL_Surface *
+                                                            surface);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_WM_SetCaption(const char *title,
+                                               const char *icon);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_WM_GetCaption(const char **title,
+                                               const char **icon);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_WM_SetIcon(SDL_Surface * icon, Uint8 * mask);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_WM_IconifyWindow(void);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_WM_ToggleFullScreen(SDL_Surface * surface);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_GrabMode SDLCALL SDL_WM_GrabInput(SDL_GrabMode mode);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetPalette(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                           int flags,
+                                           const SDL_Color * colors,
+                                           int firstcolor, int ncolors);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetColors(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                          const SDL_Color * colors,
+                                          int firstcolor, int ncolors);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetWMInfo(struct SDL_SysWMinfo *info);
+extern DECLSPEC Uint8 SDLCALL SDL_GetAppState(void);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_WarpMouse(Uint16 x, Uint16 y);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Overlay *SDLCALL SDL_CreateYUVOverlay(int width,
+                                                          int height,
+                                                          Uint32 format,
+                                                          SDL_Surface *
+                                                          display);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_LockYUVOverlay(SDL_Overlay * overlay);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UnlockYUVOverlay(SDL_Overlay * overlay);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_DisplayYUVOverlay(SDL_Overlay * overlay,
+                                                  SDL_Rect * dstrect);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FreeYUVOverlay(SDL_Overlay * overlay);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GL_SwapBuffers(void);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetGamma(float red, float green, float blue);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetGammaRamp(const Uint16 * red,
+                                             const Uint16 * green,
+                                             const Uint16 * blue);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetGammaRamp(Uint16 * red, Uint16 * green,
+                                             Uint16 * blue);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_EnableKeyRepeat(int delay, int interval);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GetKeyRepeat(int *delay, int *interval);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_EnableUNICODE(int enable);
+
+typedef SDL_Window* SDL_WindowID;
+
+#define SDL_KillThread(X)
+
+/* The timeslice and timer resolution are no longer relevant */
+#define SDL_TIMESLICE		10
+#define TIMER_RESOLUTION	10
+
+typedef Uint32 (SDLCALL * SDL_OldTimerCallback) (Uint32 interval);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetTimer(Uint32 interval, SDL_OldTimerCallback callback);
+
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_putenv(const char *variable);
+
+/*@}*//*Compatibility*/
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_compat_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbeb6631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_h
+#define _SDL_config_h
+
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_config.h
+ *
+ *  SDL_config.h for any platform that doesn't build using the configure system.
+ */
+ 
+/* Add any platform that doesn't build using the configure system. */
+#if defined(__WIN32__)
+#include "SDL_config_windows.h"
+#elif defined(__MACOSX__)
+#include "SDL_config_macosx.h"
+#elif defined(__IPHONEOS__) 
+#include "SDL_config_iphoneos.h"
+#elif defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include "SDL_config_android.h"
+#elif defined(__NINTENDODS__)
+#include "SDL_config_nintendods.h"
+#else
+#include "SDL_config_minimal.h"
+#endif /* platform config */
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config.h.in b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config.h.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14167fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config.h.in
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_h
+#define _SDL_config_h
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_config.h.in
+ *
+ *  This is a set of defines to configure the SDL features
+ */
+
+/* General platform specific identifiers */
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+/* Make sure that this isn't included by Visual C++ */
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#error You should run hg revert SDL_config.h 
+#endif
+
+/* C language features */
+#undef const
+#undef inline
+#undef volatile
+
+/* C datatypes */
+#undef SIZEOF_VOIDP
+#undef HAVE_GCC_ATOMICS
+#undef HAVE_GCC_SYNC_LOCK_TEST_AND_SET
+#undef HAVE_PTHREAD_SPINLOCK
+
+/* Comment this if you want to build without any C library requirements */
+#undef HAVE_LIBC
+#if HAVE_LIBC
+
+/* Useful headers */
+#undef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
+#undef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+#undef HAVE_STDIO_H
+#undef STDC_HEADERS
+#undef HAVE_STDLIB_H
+#undef HAVE_STDARG_H
+#undef HAVE_MALLOC_H
+#undef HAVE_MEMORY_H
+#undef HAVE_STRING_H
+#undef HAVE_STRINGS_H
+#undef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+#undef HAVE_STDINT_H
+#undef HAVE_CTYPE_H
+#undef HAVE_MATH_H
+#undef HAVE_ICONV_H
+#undef HAVE_SIGNAL_H
+#undef HAVE_ALTIVEC_H
+
+/* C library functions */
+#undef HAVE_MALLOC
+#undef HAVE_CALLOC
+#undef HAVE_REALLOC
+#undef HAVE_FREE
+#undef HAVE_ALLOCA
+#ifndef __WIN32__ /* Don't use C runtime versions of these on Windows */
+#undef HAVE_GETENV
+#undef HAVE_SETENV
+#undef HAVE_PUTENV
+#undef HAVE_UNSETENV
+#endif
+#undef HAVE_QSORT
+#undef HAVE_ABS
+#undef HAVE_BCOPY
+#undef HAVE_MEMSET
+#undef HAVE_MEMCPY
+#undef HAVE_MEMMOVE
+#undef HAVE_MEMCMP
+#undef HAVE_STRLEN
+#undef HAVE_STRLCPY
+#undef HAVE_STRLCAT
+#undef HAVE_STRDUP
+#undef HAVE__STRREV
+#undef HAVE__STRUPR
+#undef HAVE__STRLWR
+#undef HAVE_INDEX
+#undef HAVE_RINDEX
+#undef HAVE_STRCHR
+#undef HAVE_STRRCHR
+#undef HAVE_STRSTR
+#undef HAVE_ITOA
+#undef HAVE__LTOA
+#undef HAVE__UITOA
+#undef HAVE__ULTOA
+#undef HAVE_STRTOL
+#undef HAVE_STRTOUL
+#undef HAVE__I64TOA
+#undef HAVE__UI64TOA
+#undef HAVE_STRTOLL
+#undef HAVE_STRTOULL
+#undef HAVE_STRTOD
+#undef HAVE_ATOI
+#undef HAVE_ATOF
+#undef HAVE_STRCMP
+#undef HAVE_STRNCMP
+#undef HAVE__STRICMP
+#undef HAVE_STRCASECMP
+#undef HAVE__STRNICMP
+#undef HAVE_STRNCASECMP
+#undef HAVE_SSCANF
+#undef HAVE_SNPRINTF
+#undef HAVE_VSNPRINTF
+#undef HAVE_M_PI
+#undef HAVE_ATAN
+#undef HAVE_ATAN2
+#undef HAVE_CEIL
+#undef HAVE_COPYSIGN
+#undef HAVE_COS
+#undef HAVE_COSF
+#undef HAVE_FABS
+#undef HAVE_FLOOR
+#undef HAVE_LOG
+#undef HAVE_POW
+#undef HAVE_SCALBN
+#undef HAVE_SIN
+#undef HAVE_SINF
+#undef HAVE_SQRT
+#undef HAVE_SIGACTION
+#undef HAVE_SA_SIGACTION
+#undef HAVE_SETJMP
+#undef HAVE_NANOSLEEP
+#undef HAVE_SYSCONF
+#undef HAVE_SYSCTLBYNAME
+#undef HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME
+#undef HAVE_GETPAGESIZE
+#undef HAVE_MPROTECT
+#undef HAVE_ICONV
+
+#else
+/* We may need some replacement for stdarg.h here */
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#endif /* HAVE_LIBC */
+
+/* SDL internal assertion support */
+#undef SDL_DEFAULT_ASSERT_LEVEL
+
+/* Allow disabling of core subsystems */
+#undef SDL_ATOMIC_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_CPUINFO_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_EVENTS_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_FILE_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_HAPTIC_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_LOADSO_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_RENDER_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_THREADS_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_TIMERS_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DISABLED
+#undef SDL_POWER_DISABLED
+
+/* Enable various audio drivers */
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_ALSA
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_ALSA_DYNAMIC
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_ARTS
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_ARTS_DYNAMIC
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_PULSEAUDIO
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_PULSEAUDIO_DYNAMIC
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_BEOSAUDIO
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_BSD
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_COREAUDIO
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DISK
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DUMMY
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_XAUDIO2
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DSOUND
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_ESD
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_ESD_DYNAMIC
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_NAS
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_NAS_DYNAMIC
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_NDS
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_OSS
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_OSS_SOUNDCARD_H
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_PAUDIO
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_QSA
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_SUNAUDIO
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_WINMM
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_FUSIONSOUND
+#undef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_FUSIONSOUND_DYNAMIC
+
+/* Enable various input drivers */
+#undef SDL_INPUT_LINUXEV
+#undef SDL_INPUT_TSLIB
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_BEOS
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_DINPUT
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_DUMMY
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_IOKIT
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_LINUX
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_NDS
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_WINMM
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_USBHID
+#undef SDL_JOYSTICK_USBHID_MACHINE_JOYSTICK_H
+#undef SDL_HAPTIC_DUMMY
+#undef SDL_HAPTIC_LINUX
+#undef SDL_HAPTIC_IOKIT
+#undef SDL_HAPTIC_DINPUT
+
+/* Enable various shared object loading systems */
+#undef SDL_LOADSO_BEOS
+#undef SDL_LOADSO_DLCOMPAT
+#undef SDL_LOADSO_DLOPEN
+#undef SDL_LOADSO_DUMMY
+#undef SDL_LOADSO_LDG
+#undef SDL_LOADSO_WINDOWS
+
+/* Enable various threading systems */
+#undef SDL_THREAD_BEOS
+#undef SDL_THREAD_NDS
+#undef SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD
+#undef SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX
+#undef SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_NP
+#undef SDL_THREAD_SPROC
+#undef SDL_THREAD_WINDOWS
+
+/* Enable various timer systems */
+#undef SDL_TIMER_BEOS
+#undef SDL_TIMER_DUMMY
+#undef SDL_TIMER_NDS
+#undef SDL_TIMER_UNIX
+#undef SDL_TIMER_WINDOWS
+#undef SDL_TIMER_WINCE
+
+/* Enable various video drivers */
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_BWINDOW
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_COCOA
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DIRECTFB
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DIRECTFB_DYNAMIC
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DUMMY
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_NDS
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_WINDOWS
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XEXT
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XCURSOR
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XINERAMA
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XINPUT
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XRANDR
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XSS
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XVIDMODE
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XCURSOR
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XINERAMA
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XINPUT
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XRANDR
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XSCRNSAVER
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XSHAPE
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XVIDMODE
+
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_D3D
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL_ES
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_DIRECTFB
+
+/* Enable OpenGL support */
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_ES
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_BGL
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_CGL
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_GLX
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_WGL
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_OSMESA
+#undef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_OSMESA_DYNAMIC
+
+/* Enable system power support */
+#undef SDL_POWER_LINUX
+#undef SDL_POWER_WINDOWS
+#undef SDL_POWER_MACOSX
+#undef SDL_POWER_BEOS
+#undef SDL_POWER_NINTENDODS
+#undef SDL_POWER_HARDWIRED
+
+/* Enable assembly routines */
+#undef SDL_ASSEMBLY_ROUTINES
+#undef SDL_ALTIVEC_BLITTERS
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_android.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_android.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66c23264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_android.h
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_android_h
+#define _SDL_config_android_h
+
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_config_android.h
+ *  
+ *  This is a configuration that can be used to build SDL for Android
+ */
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA_H		1
+#define HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H	1
+#define HAVE_STDIO_H	1
+#define STDC_HEADERS	1
+#define HAVE_STRING_H	1
+#define HAVE_INTTYPES_H	1
+#define HAVE_STDINT_H	1
+#define HAVE_CTYPE_H	1
+#define HAVE_MATH_H	1
+#define HAVE_SIGNAL_H	1
+
+/* C library functions */
+#define HAVE_MALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_CALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_REALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_FREE	1
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA	1
+#define HAVE_GETENV	1
+#define HAVE_SETENV	1
+#define HAVE_PUTENV	1
+#define HAVE_SETENV	1
+#define HAVE_UNSETENV	1
+#define HAVE_QSORT	1
+#define HAVE_ABS	1
+#define HAVE_BCOPY	1
+#define HAVE_MEMSET	1
+#define HAVE_MEMCPY	1
+#define HAVE_MEMMOVE	1
+#define HAVE_MEMCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRLEN	1
+#define HAVE_STRLCPY	1
+#define HAVE_STRLCAT	1
+#define HAVE_STRDUP	1
+#define HAVE_STRCHR	1
+#define HAVE_STRRCHR	1
+#define HAVE_STRSTR	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOUL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOLL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOULL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOD	1
+#define HAVE_ATOI	1
+#define HAVE_ATOF	1
+#define HAVE_STRCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRNCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRCASECMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRNCASECMP 1
+#define HAVE_SSCANF	1
+#define HAVE_SNPRINTF	1
+#define HAVE_VSNPRINTF	1
+#define HAVE_M_PI	1
+#define HAVE_ATAN	1
+#define HAVE_ATAN2	1
+#define HAVE_CEIL	1
+#define HAVE_COPYSIGN	1
+#define HAVE_COS	1
+#define HAVE_COSF	1
+#define HAVE_FABS	1
+#define HAVE_FLOOR	1
+#define HAVE_LOG	1
+#define HAVE_POW	1
+#define HAVE_SCALBN	1
+#define HAVE_SIN	1
+#define HAVE_SINF	1
+#define HAVE_SQRT	1
+#define HAVE_SIGACTION	1
+#define HAVE_SETJMP	1
+#define HAVE_NANOSLEEP	1
+#define HAVE_SYSCONF	1
+
+#define SIZEOF_VOIDP 4
+
+/* Enable various audio drivers */
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_ANDROID	1
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1
+
+/* Enable various input drivers */
+#define SDL_JOYSTICK_ANDROID	1
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_DUMMY	1
+
+/* Enable various shared object loading systems */
+#define SDL_LOADSO_DLOPEN	1
+
+/* Enable various threading systems */
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD	1
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX	1
+
+/* Enable various timer systems */
+#define SDL_TIMER_UNIX	1
+
+/* Enable various video drivers */
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_ANDROID 1
+
+/* Enable OpenGL ES */
+#define SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_ES	1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL_ES	1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL_ES2	1
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_minimal_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_iphoneos.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_iphoneos.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07d6c183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_iphoneos.h
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_iphoneos_h
+#define _SDL_config_iphoneos_h
+
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+#ifdef __LP64__
+#define SIZEOF_VOIDP 8
+#else
+#define SIZEOF_VOIDP 4
+#endif
+
+#define HAVE_GCC_ATOMICS	1
+
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA_H		1
+#define HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H	1
+#define HAVE_STDIO_H	1
+#define STDC_HEADERS	1
+#define HAVE_STRING_H	1
+#define HAVE_INTTYPES_H	1
+#define HAVE_STDINT_H	1
+#define HAVE_CTYPE_H	1
+#define HAVE_MATH_H	1
+#define HAVE_SIGNAL_H	1
+
+/* C library functions */
+#define HAVE_MALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_CALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_REALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_FREE	1
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA	1
+#define HAVE_GETENV	1
+#define HAVE_SETENV	1
+#define HAVE_PUTENV	1
+#define HAVE_SETENV	1
+#define HAVE_UNSETENV	1
+#define HAVE_QSORT	1
+#define HAVE_ABS	1
+#define HAVE_BCOPY	1
+#define HAVE_MEMSET	1
+#define HAVE_MEMCPY	1
+#define HAVE_MEMMOVE	1
+#define HAVE_MEMCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRLEN	1
+#define HAVE_STRLCPY	1
+#define HAVE_STRLCAT	1
+#define HAVE_STRDUP	1
+#define HAVE_STRCHR	1
+#define HAVE_STRRCHR	1
+#define HAVE_STRSTR	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOUL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOLL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOULL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOD	1
+#define HAVE_ATOI	1
+#define HAVE_ATOF	1
+#define HAVE_STRCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRNCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRCASECMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRNCASECMP 1
+#define HAVE_SSCANF	1
+#define HAVE_SNPRINTF	1
+#define HAVE_VSNPRINTF	1
+#define HAVE_M_PI	1
+#define HAVE_ATAN	1
+#define HAVE_ATAN2	1
+#define HAVE_CEIL	1
+#define HAVE_COPYSIGN	1
+#define HAVE_COS	1
+#define HAVE_COSF	1
+#define HAVE_FABS	1
+#define HAVE_FLOOR	1
+#define HAVE_LOG	1
+#define HAVE_POW	1
+#define HAVE_SCALBN	1
+#define HAVE_SIN	1
+#define HAVE_SINF	1
+#define HAVE_SQRT	1
+#define HAVE_SIGACTION	1
+#define HAVE_SETJMP	1
+#define HAVE_NANOSLEEP	1
+#define HAVE_SYSCONF	1
+#define HAVE_SYSCTLBYNAME 1
+
+/* enable iPhone version of Core Audio driver */
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_COREAUDIOIPHONE 1
+/* Enable the dummy audio driver (src/audio/dummy/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1
+
+/* Enable the stub haptic driver (src/haptic/dummy/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_DISABLED	1
+
+/* Enable Unix style SO loading */
+/* Technically this works, but it violates the iPhone developer agreement */
+/* #define SDL_LOADSO_DLOPEN 1 */
+
+/* Enable the stub shared object loader (src/loadso/dummy/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_LOADSO_DISABLED	1
+
+/* Enable various threading systems */
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD	1
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX	1
+
+/* Enable various timer systems */
+#define SDL_TIMER_UNIX	1
+
+/* Supported video drivers */
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_UIKIT	1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1
+
+/* enable OpenGL ES */
+#define SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_ES	1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL_ES	1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL_ES2	1
+
+/* Enable system power support */
+#define SDL_POWER_UIKIT 1
+
+/* enable iPhone keyboard support */
+#define SDL_IPHONE_KEYBOARD 1
+
+/* Set max recognized G-force from accelerometer
+   See src/joystick/uikit/SDLUIAccelerationDelegate.m for notes on why this is needed
+ */
+#define SDL_IPHONE_MAX_GFORCE 5.0
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_iphoneos_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_macosx.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_macosx.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57e2f745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_macosx.h
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_macosx_h
+#define _SDL_config_macosx_h
+
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+/* This gets us MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED... */
+#include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
+
+/* This is a set of defines to configure the SDL features */
+
+#ifdef __LP64__
+	#define SIZEOF_VOIDP 8
+#else
+	#define SIZEOF_VOIDP 4
+#endif
+
+/* Useful headers */
+/* If we specified an SDK or have a post-PowerPC chip, then alloca.h exists. */
+#if ( (MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= 1030) || (!defined(__POWERPC__)) )
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA_H		1
+#endif
+#define HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H	1
+#define HAVE_STDIO_H	1
+#define STDC_HEADERS	1
+#define HAVE_STRING_H	1
+#define HAVE_INTTYPES_H	1
+#define HAVE_STDINT_H	1
+#define HAVE_CTYPE_H	1
+#define HAVE_MATH_H	1
+#define HAVE_SIGNAL_H	1
+
+/* C library functions */
+#define HAVE_MALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_CALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_REALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_FREE	1
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA	1
+#define HAVE_GETENV	1
+#define HAVE_SETENV	1
+#define HAVE_PUTENV	1
+#define HAVE_UNSETENV	1
+#define HAVE_QSORT	1
+#define HAVE_ABS	1
+#define HAVE_BCOPY	1
+#define HAVE_MEMSET	1
+#define HAVE_MEMCPY	1
+#define HAVE_MEMMOVE	1
+#define HAVE_MEMCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRLEN	1
+#define HAVE_STRLCPY	1
+#define HAVE_STRLCAT	1
+#define HAVE_STRDUP	1
+#define HAVE_STRCHR	1
+#define HAVE_STRRCHR	1
+#define HAVE_STRSTR	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOUL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOLL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOULL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOD	1
+#define HAVE_ATOI	1
+#define HAVE_ATOF	1
+#define HAVE_STRCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRNCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRCASECMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRNCASECMP 1
+#define HAVE_SSCANF	1
+#define HAVE_SNPRINTF	1
+#define HAVE_VSNPRINTF	1
+#define HAVE_CEIL	1
+#define HAVE_COPYSIGN	1
+#define HAVE_COS	1
+#define HAVE_COSF	1
+#define HAVE_FABS	1
+#define HAVE_FLOOR	1
+#define HAVE_LOG	1
+#define HAVE_POW	1
+#define HAVE_SCALBN	1
+#define HAVE_SIN	1
+#define HAVE_SINF	1
+#define HAVE_SQRT	1
+#define HAVE_SIGACTION	1
+#define HAVE_SETJMP	1
+#define HAVE_NANOSLEEP	1
+#define HAVE_SYSCONF	1
+#define HAVE_SYSCTLBYNAME 1
+#define HAVE_ATAN 1
+#define HAVE_ATAN2 1
+
+/* Enable various audio drivers */
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_COREAUDIO	1
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DISK	1
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1
+
+/* Enable various input drivers */
+#define SDL_JOYSTICK_IOKIT	1
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_IOKIT	1
+
+/* Enable various shared object loading systems */
+#define SDL_LOADSO_DLOPEN	1
+
+/* Enable various threading systems */
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD	1
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX	1
+
+/* Enable various timer systems */
+#define SDL_TIMER_UNIX	1
+
+/* Enable various video drivers */
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_COCOA	1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC "/usr/X11R6/lib/libX11.6.dylib"
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XEXT "/usr/X11R6/lib/libXext.6.dylib"
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XINERAMA "/usr/X11R6/lib/libXinerama.1.dylib"
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XINPUT "/usr/X11R6/lib/libXi.6.dylib"
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XRANDR "/usr/X11R6/lib/libXrandr.2.dylib"
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XSS "/usr/X11R6/lib/libXss.1.dylib"
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_DYNAMIC_XVIDMODE "/usr/X11R6/lib/libXxf86vm.1.dylib"
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XINERAMA 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XINPUT 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XRANDR 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XSCRNSAVER 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XSHAPE 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XVIDMODE 1
+
+#ifndef SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL	1
+#endif
+
+/* Enable OpenGL support */
+#ifndef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL
+#define SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL	1
+#endif
+#ifndef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_CGL
+#define SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_CGL	1
+#endif
+#ifndef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_GLX
+#define SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_GLX	1
+#endif
+
+/* Enable system power support */
+#define SDL_POWER_MACOSX 1
+
+/* Enable assembly routines */
+#define SDL_ASSEMBLY_ROUTINES	1
+#ifdef __ppc__
+#define SDL_ALTIVEC_BLITTERS	1
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_macosx_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_minimal.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_minimal.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea0cec10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_minimal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_minimal_h
+#define _SDL_config_minimal_h
+
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_config_minimal.h
+ *  
+ *  This is the minimal configuration that can be used to build SDL.
+ */
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#if !defined(EMSCRIPTEN) && !defined(_STDINT_H_) && (!defined(HAVE_STDINT_H) || !_HAVE_STDINT_H)
+typedef unsigned int size_t;
+typedef signed char int8_t;
+typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
+typedef signed short int16_t;
+typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
+typedef signed int int32_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
+typedef signed long long int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
+typedef unsigned long uintptr_t;
+#endif /* !_STDINT_H_ && !HAVE_STDINT_H */
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define HAVE_GCC_SYNC_LOCK_TEST_AND_SET 1
+#endif
+
+/* Enable the dummy audio driver (src/audio/dummy/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1
+
+/* Enable the stub joystick driver (src/joystick/dummy/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_JOYSTICK_DISABLED	1
+
+/* Enable the stub haptic driver (src/haptic/dummy/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_DISABLED	1
+
+/* Enable the stub shared object loader (src/loadso/dummy/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_LOADSO_DISABLED	1
+
+/* Enable the stub thread support (src/thread/generic/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_THREADS_DISABLED	1
+
+/* Enable the stub timer support (src/timer/dummy/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_TIMERS_DISABLED	1
+
+/* Enable the dummy video driver (src/video/dummy/\*.c) */
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_minimal_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_nintendods.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_nintendods.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..859e8a6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_nintendods.h
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_nintendods_h
+#define _SDL_config_nintendods_h
+
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+/* This is a set of defines to configure the SDL features */
+
+#if !defined(_STDINT_H_) && (!defined(HAVE_STDINT_H) || !_HAVE_STDINT_H)
+typedef signed char int8_t;
+typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
+typedef signed short int16_t;
+typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
+typedef signed int int32_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
+typedef signed long long int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
+
+/* LiF: __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ was causing errors of conflicting typedefs with the
+   <stdint.h> shipping with devkitARM.  copied a similar ifdef from it. */
+#ifndef __PTRDIFF_TYPE__
+typedef unsigned long uintptr_t;
+#else
+typedef unsigned __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ uintptr_t;
+#endif
+#endif /* !_STDINT_H_ && !HAVE_STDINT_H */
+
+#define SIZEOF_VOIDP 4
+
+/* Useful headers */
+#define HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H	1
+#define HAVE_STDIO_H	1
+#define STDC_HEADERS	1
+#define HAVE_STRING_H	1
+#define HAVE_CTYPE_H	1
+
+/* C library functions */
+#define HAVE_MALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_CALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_REALLOC	1
+#define HAVE_FREE	1
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA	1
+#define HAVE_GETENV	1
+#define HAVE_SETENV	1
+#define HAVE_PUTENV	1
+#define HAVE_QSORT	1
+#define HAVE_ABS	1
+#define HAVE_BCOPY	1
+#define HAVE_MEMSET	1
+#define HAVE_MEMCPY	1
+#define HAVE_MEMMOVE	1
+#define HAVE_MEMCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRLEN	1
+#define HAVE_STRDUP	1
+#define HAVE_INDEX	1
+#define HAVE_RINDEX	1
+#define HAVE_STRCHR	1
+#define HAVE_STRRCHR	1
+#define HAVE_STRSTR	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOL	1
+#define HAVE_STRTOD	1
+#define HAVE_ATOI	1
+#define HAVE_ATOF	1
+#define HAVE_STRCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRNCMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRICMP	1
+#define HAVE_STRCASECMP	1
+#define HAVE_SSCANF	1
+#define HAVE_SNPRINTF	1
+#define HAVE_VSNPRINTF	1
+
+/* DS isn't that sophisticated */
+#define LACKS_SYS_MMAN_H 1
+
+/* Enable various audio drivers */
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_NDS	1
+/*#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1 TODO: uncomment this later*/
+
+/* Enable various input drivers */
+#define SDL_JOYSTICK_NDS	1
+/*#define SDL_JOYSTICK_DUMMY	1 TODO: uncomment this later*/
+
+/* DS has no dynamic linking afaik */
+#define SDL_LOADSO_DISABLED	1
+
+/* Enable various threading systems */
+/*#define SDL_THREAD_NDS	1*/
+#define SDL_THREADS_DISABLED	1
+
+/* Enable various timer systems */
+#define SDL_TIMER_NDS	1
+
+/* Enable various video drivers */
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_NDS	1
+#ifdef USE_HW_RENDERER
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_NDS	1
+#else
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_NDS	0
+#endif
+
+/* Enable system power support */
+#define SDL_POWER_NINTENDODS 1
+
+/* Enable haptic support */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_NDS 1
+
+#define SDL_BYTEORDER   SDL_LIL_ENDIAN
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_nintendods_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_pandora.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_pandora.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15292fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_pandora.h
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_h
+#define _SDL_config_h
+
+/* This is a set of defines to configure the SDL features */
+
+/* General platform specific identifiers */
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+#ifdef __LP64__
+#define SIZEOF_VOIDP 8
+#else
+#define SIZEOF_VOIDP 4
+#endif
+
+#define SDL_BYTEORDER 1234
+
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA_H 1
+#define HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H 1
+#define HAVE_STDIO_H 1
+#define STDC_HEADERS 1
+#define HAVE_STDLIB_H 1
+#define HAVE_STDARG_H 1
+#define HAVE_MALLOC_H 1
+#define HAVE_MEMORY_H 1
+#define HAVE_STRING_H 1
+#define HAVE_STRINGS_H 1
+#define HAVE_INTTYPES_H 1
+#define HAVE_STDINT_H 1
+#define HAVE_CTYPE_H 1
+#define HAVE_MATH_H 1
+#define HAVE_ICONV_H 1
+#define HAVE_SIGNAL_H 1
+#define HAVE_MALLOC 1
+#define HAVE_CALLOC 1
+#define HAVE_REALLOC 1
+#define HAVE_FREE 1
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA 1
+#define HAVE_GETENV 1
+#define HAVE_SETENV	1
+#define HAVE_PUTENV 1
+#define HAVE_UNSETENV 1
+#define HAVE_QSORT 1
+#define HAVE_ABS 1
+#define HAVE_BCOPY 1
+#define HAVE_MEMSET 1
+#define HAVE_MEMCPY 1
+#define HAVE_MEMMOVE 1
+#define HAVE_STRLEN 1
+#define HAVE_STRDUP 1
+#define HAVE_STRCHR 1
+#define HAVE_STRRCHR 1
+#define HAVE_STRSTR 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOL 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOUL 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOLL 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOULL 1
+#define HAVE_ATOI 1
+#define HAVE_ATOF 1
+#define HAVE_STRCMP 1
+#define HAVE_STRNCMP 1
+#define HAVE_STRCASECMP 1
+#define HAVE_STRNCASECMP 1
+#define HAVE_SSCANF 1
+#define HAVE_SNPRINTF 1
+#define HAVE_VSNPRINTF 1
+#define HAVE_M_PI 1
+#define HAVE_CEIL 1
+#define HAVE_COPYSIGN 1
+#define HAVE_COS 1
+#define HAVE_COSF 1
+#define HAVE_FABS 1
+#define HAVE_FLOOR 1
+#define HAVE_LOG 1
+#define HAVE_SCALBN 1
+#define HAVE_SIN 1
+#define HAVE_SINF 1
+#define HAVE_SQRT 1
+#define HAVE_SIGACTION 1
+#define HAVE_SETJMP 1
+#define HAVE_NANOSLEEP 1
+
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DUMMY 1
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_OSS 1
+
+#define SDL_INPUT_LINUXEV 1
+#define SDL_INPUT_TSLIB 1
+#define SDL_JOYSTICK_LINUX 1
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_LINUX 1
+
+#define SDL_LOADSO_DLOPEN 1
+
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD 1
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_NP 1
+
+#define SDL_TIMER_UNIX 1
+
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DUMMY 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11_XINPUT 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_PANDORA 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL_ES 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_ES 1
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_windows.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_windows.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b980f0d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_windows.h
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_windows_h
+#define _SDL_config_windows_h
+
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+/* This is a set of defines to configure the SDL features */
+
+#if !defined(_STDINT_H_) && (!defined(HAVE_STDINT_H) || !_HAVE_STDINT_H)
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__DMC__) || defined(__WATCOMC__)
+#define HAVE_STDINT_H	1
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+typedef signed __int8 int8_t;
+typedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t;
+typedef signed __int16 int16_t;
+typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
+typedef signed __int32 int32_t;
+typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
+typedef signed __int64 int64_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+#ifndef _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED
+#ifdef  _WIN64
+typedef unsigned __int64 uintptr_t;
+#else
+typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
+#endif
+#define _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED
+#endif
+/* Older Visual C++ headers don't have the Win64-compatible typedefs... */
+#if ((_MSC_VER <= 1200) && (!defined(DWORD_PTR)))
+#define DWORD_PTR DWORD
+#endif
+#if ((_MSC_VER <= 1200) && (!defined(LONG_PTR)))
+#define LONG_PTR LONG
+#endif
+#else /* !__GNUC__ && !_MSC_VER */
+typedef signed char int8_t;
+typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
+typedef signed short int16_t;
+typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
+typedef signed int int32_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
+typedef signed long long int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
+#ifndef _SIZE_T_DEFINED_
+#define _SIZE_T_DEFINED_
+typedef unsigned int size_t;
+#endif
+typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
+#endif /* __GNUC__ || _MSC_VER */
+#endif /* !_STDINT_H_ && !HAVE_STDINT_H */
+
+#ifdef _WIN64
+# define SIZEOF_VOIDP 8
+#else
+# define SIZEOF_VOIDP 4
+#endif
+
+/* Enabled for SDL 1.2 (binary compatibility) */
+//#define HAVE_LIBC     1
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBC
+/* Useful headers */
+#define HAVE_STDIO_H 1
+#define STDC_HEADERS 1
+#define HAVE_STRING_H 1
+#define HAVE_CTYPE_H 1
+#define HAVE_MATH_H 1
+#ifndef _WIN32_WCE
+#define HAVE_SIGNAL_H 1
+#endif
+
+/* C library functions */
+#define HAVE_MALLOC 1
+#define HAVE_CALLOC 1
+#define HAVE_REALLOC 1
+#define HAVE_FREE 1
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA 1
+#define HAVE_QSORT 1
+#define HAVE_ABS 1
+#define HAVE_MEMSET 1
+#define HAVE_MEMCPY 1
+#define HAVE_MEMMOVE 1
+#define HAVE_MEMCMP 1
+#define HAVE_STRLEN 1
+#define HAVE__STRREV 1
+#define HAVE__STRUPR 1
+#define HAVE__STRLWR 1
+#define HAVE_STRCHR 1
+#define HAVE_STRRCHR 1
+#define HAVE_STRSTR 1
+#define HAVE_ITOA 1
+#define HAVE__LTOA 1
+#define HAVE__ULTOA 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOL 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOUL 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOLL 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOD 1
+#define HAVE_ATOI 1
+#define HAVE_ATOF 1
+#define HAVE_STRCMP 1
+#define HAVE_STRNCMP 1
+#define HAVE__STRICMP 1
+#define HAVE__STRNICMP 1
+#define HAVE_SSCANF 1
+#define HAVE_M_PI 1
+#define HAVE_ATAN 1
+#define HAVE_ATAN2 1
+#define HAVE_CEIL 1
+#define HAVE_COPYSIGN 1
+#define HAVE_COS 1
+#define HAVE_COSF 1
+#define HAVE_FABS 1
+#define HAVE_FLOOR 1
+#define HAVE_LOG 1
+#define HAVE_POW 1
+#define HAVE_SCALBN 1
+#define HAVE_SIN 1
+#define HAVE_SINF 1
+#define HAVE_SQRT 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_STDARG_H	1
+#define HAVE_STDDEF_H	1
+#endif
+
+/* Enable various audio drivers */
+#ifndef _WIN32_WCE
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DSOUND	1
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_XAUDIO2	1
+#endif
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_WINMM	1
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DISK	1
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1
+
+/* Enable various input drivers */
+#ifdef _WIN32_WCE
+#define SDL_JOYSTICK_DISABLED	1
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_DUMMY	1
+#else
+#define SDL_JOYSTICK_DINPUT	1
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_DINPUT	1
+#endif
+
+/* Enable various shared object loading systems */
+#define SDL_LOADSO_WINDOWS	1
+
+/* Enable various threading systems */
+#define SDL_THREAD_WINDOWS	1
+
+/* Enable various timer systems */
+#ifdef _WIN32_WCE
+#define SDL_TIMER_WINCE	1
+#else
+#define SDL_TIMER_WINDOWS	1
+#endif
+
+/* Enable various video drivers */
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DUMMY	1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_WINDOWS	1
+
+#ifndef _WIN32_WCE
+#ifndef SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_D3D
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_D3D	1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* Enable OpenGL support */
+#ifndef _WIN32_WCE
+#ifndef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL
+#define SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL	1
+#endif
+#ifndef SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_WGL
+#define SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_WGL	1
+#endif
+#ifndef SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL	1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* Enable system power support */
+#define SDL_POWER_WINDOWS 1
+
+/* Enable assembly routines (Win64 doesn't have inline asm) */
+#ifndef _WIN64
+#define SDL_ASSEMBLY_ROUTINES	1
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_windows_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_wiz.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_wiz.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa2e919c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_config_wiz.h
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_config_h
+#define _SDL_config_h
+
+/* This is a set of defines to configure the SDL features */
+
+/* General platform specific identifiers */
+#include "SDL_platform.h"
+
+#define SDL_BYTEORDER 1234
+
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA_H 1
+#define HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H 1
+#define HAVE_STDIO_H 1
+#define STDC_HEADERS 1
+#define HAVE_STDLIB_H 1
+#define HAVE_STDARG_H 1
+#define HAVE_MALLOC_H 1
+#define HAVE_MEMORY_H 1
+#define HAVE_STRING_H 1
+#define HAVE_STRINGS_H 1
+#define HAVE_INTTYPES_H 1
+#define HAVE_STDINT_H 1
+#define HAVE_CTYPE_H 1
+#define HAVE_MATH_H 1
+#define HAVE_ICONV_H 1
+#define HAVE_SIGNAL_H 1
+#define HAVE_MALLOC 1
+#define HAVE_CALLOC 1
+#define HAVE_REALLOC 1
+#define HAVE_FREE 1
+#define HAVE_ALLOCA 1
+#define HAVE_GETENV 1
+#define HAVE_SETENV	1
+#define HAVE_PUTENV 1
+#define HAVE_UNSETENV 1
+#define HAVE_QSORT 1
+#define HAVE_ABS 1
+#define HAVE_BCOPY 1
+#define HAVE_MEMSET 1
+#define HAVE_MEMCPY 1
+#define HAVE_MEMMOVE 1
+#define HAVE_STRLEN 1
+#define HAVE_STRDUP 1
+#define HAVE_STRCHR 1
+#define HAVE_STRRCHR 1
+#define HAVE_STRSTR 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOL 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOUL 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOLL 1
+#define HAVE_STRTOULL 1
+#define HAVE_ATOI 1
+#define HAVE_ATOF 1
+#define HAVE_STRCMP 1
+#define HAVE_STRNCMP 1
+#define HAVE_STRCASECMP 1
+#define HAVE_STRNCASECMP 1
+#define HAVE_SSCANF 1
+#define HAVE_SNPRINTF 1
+#define HAVE_VSNPRINTF 1
+#define HAVE_M_PI 1
+#define HAVE_CEIL 1
+#define HAVE_COPYSIGN 1
+#define HAVE_COS 1
+#define HAVE_COSF 1
+#define HAVE_FABS 1
+#define HAVE_FLOOR 1
+#define HAVE_LOG 1
+#define HAVE_SCALBN 1
+#define HAVE_SIN 1
+#define HAVE_SINF 1
+#define HAVE_SQRT 1
+#define HAVE_SIGACTION 1
+#define HAVE_SETJMP 1
+#define HAVE_NANOSLEEP 1
+#define HAVE_POW 1
+
+#define SDL_CDROM_DISABLED 1
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DUMMY 1
+#define SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_OSS 1
+
+#define SDL_INPUT_LINUXEV 1
+#define SDL_INPUT_TSLIB 1
+#define SDL_JOYSTICK_LINUX 1
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_LINUX 1
+
+#define SDL_LOADSO_DLOPEN 1
+
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD 1
+#define SDL_THREAD_PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_NP 1
+
+#define SDL_TIMER_UNIX 1
+
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DUMMY 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_PANDORA 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL_ES 1
+#define SDL_VIDEO_OPENGL_ES 1
+
+#endif /* _SDL_config_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_copying.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_copying.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91049cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_copying.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_cpuinfo.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_cpuinfo.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fb39edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_cpuinfo.h
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_cpuinfo.h
+ *  
+ *  CPU feature detection for SDL.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_cpuinfo_h
+#define _SDL_cpuinfo_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+/* Need to do this here because intrin.h has C++ code in it */
+/* Visual Studio 2005 has a bug where intrin.h conflicts with winnt.h */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1500) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#ifndef _WIN64
+#define __MMX__
+#define __3dNOW__
+#endif
+#define __SSE__
+#define __SSE2__
+#elif defined(__MINGW64_VERSION_MAJOR)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#else
+#ifdef __ALTIVEC__
+#if HAVE_ALTIVEC_H && !defined(__APPLE_ALTIVEC__)
+#include <altivec.h>
+#undef pixel
+#endif
+#endif
+#ifdef __MMX__
+#include <mmintrin.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef __3dNOW__
+#include <mm3dnow.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef __SSE__
+#include <xmmintrin.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef __SSE2__
+#include <emmintrin.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/* This is a guess for the cacheline size used for padding.
+ * Most x86 processors have a 64 byte cache line.
+ * The 64-bit PowerPC processors have a 128 byte cache line.
+ * We'll use the larger value to be generally safe.
+ */
+#define SDL_CACHELINE_SIZE  128
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns the number of CPU cores available.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetCPUCount(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns the L1 cache line size of the CPU
+ *
+ *  This is useful for determining multi-threaded structure padding
+ *  or SIMD prefetch sizes.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetCPUCacheLineSize(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns true if the CPU has the RDTSC instruction.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasRDTSC(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns true if the CPU has AltiVec features.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasAltiVec(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns true if the CPU has MMX features.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasMMX(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns true if the CPU has 3DNow! features.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_Has3DNow(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns true if the CPU has SSE features.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasSSE(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns true if the CPU has SSE2 features.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasSSE2(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns true if the CPU has SSE3 features.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasSSE3(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns true if the CPU has SSE4.1 features.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasSSE41(void);
+
+/**
+ *  This function returns true if the CPU has SSE4.2 features.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasSSE42(void);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_cpuinfo_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_endian.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_endian.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b23e78a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_endian.h
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_endian.h
+ *  
+ *  Functions for reading and writing endian-specific values
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_endian_h
+#define _SDL_endian_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+/**
+ *  \name The two types of endianness
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_LIL_ENDIAN	1234
+#define SDL_BIG_ENDIAN	4321
+/*@}*/
+
+#ifndef SDL_BYTEORDER           /* Not defined in SDL_config.h? */
+#ifdef __linux__
+#include <endian.h>
+#define SDL_BYTEORDER  __BYTE_ORDER
+#else /* __linux __ */
+#if defined(__hppa__) || \
+    defined(__m68k__) || defined(mc68000) || defined(_M_M68K) || \
+    (defined(__MIPS__) && defined(__MISPEB__)) || \
+    defined(__ppc__) || defined(__POWERPC__) || defined(_M_PPC) || \
+    defined(__sparc__)
+#define SDL_BYTEORDER	SDL_BIG_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define SDL_BYTEORDER	SDL_LIL_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#endif /* __linux __ */
+#endif /* !SDL_BYTEORDER */
+
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_endian.h
+ *  
+ *  Uses inline functions for compilers that support them, and static
+ *  functions for those that do not.  Because these functions become
+ *  static for compilers that do not support inline functions, this
+ *  header should only be included in files that actually use them.
+ */
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__i386__) && \
+   !(__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 95 /* broken gcc version */)
+static __inline__ Uint16
+SDL_Swap16(Uint16 x)
+{
+  __asm__("xchgb %b0,%h0": "=q"(x):"0"(x));
+    return x;
+}
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__)
+static __inline__ Uint16
+SDL_Swap16(Uint16 x)
+{
+  __asm__("xchgb %b0,%h0": "=Q"(x):"0"(x));
+    return x;
+}
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__ppc__))
+static __inline__ Uint16
+SDL_Swap16(Uint16 x)
+{
+    Uint16 result;
+
+  __asm__("rlwimi %0,%2,8,16,23": "=&r"(result):"0"(x >> 8), "r"(x));
+    return result;
+}
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__M68000__) || defined(__M68020__)) && !defined(__mcoldfire__)
+static __inline__ Uint16
+SDL_Swap16(Uint16 x)
+{
+  __asm__("rorw #8,%0": "=d"(x): "0"(x):"cc");
+    return x;
+}
+#else
+static __inline__ Uint16
+SDL_Swap16(Uint16 x)
+{
+    return SDL_static_cast(Uint16, ((x << 8) | (x >> 8)));
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__i386__)
+static __inline__ Uint32
+SDL_Swap32(Uint32 x)
+{
+  __asm__("bswap %0": "=r"(x):"0"(x));
+    return x;
+}
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__)
+static __inline__ Uint32
+SDL_Swap32(Uint32 x)
+{
+  __asm__("bswapl %0": "=r"(x):"0"(x));
+    return x;
+}
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__ppc__))
+static __inline__ Uint32
+SDL_Swap32(Uint32 x)
+{
+    Uint32 result;
+
+  __asm__("rlwimi %0,%2,24,16,23": "=&r"(result):"0"(x >> 24), "r"(x));
+  __asm__("rlwimi %0,%2,8,8,15": "=&r"(result):"0"(result), "r"(x));
+  __asm__("rlwimi %0,%2,24,0,7": "=&r"(result):"0"(result), "r"(x));
+    return result;
+}
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__M68000__) || defined(__M68020__)) && !defined(__mcoldfire__)
+static __inline__ Uint32
+SDL_Swap32(Uint32 x)
+{
+  __asm__("rorw #8,%0\n\tswap %0\n\trorw #8,%0": "=d"(x): "0"(x):"cc");
+    return x;
+}
+#else
+static __inline__ Uint32
+SDL_Swap32(Uint32 x)
+{
+    return SDL_static_cast(Uint32, ((x << 24) | ((x << 8) & 0x00FF0000) |
+                                    ((x >> 8) & 0x0000FF00) | (x >> 24)));
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__i386__)
+static __inline__ Uint64
+SDL_Swap64(Uint64 x)
+{
+    union
+    {
+        struct
+        {
+            Uint32 a, b;
+        } s;
+        Uint64 u;
+    } v;
+    v.u = x;
+  __asm__("bswapl %0 ; bswapl %1 ; xchgl %0,%1": "=r"(v.s.a), "=r"(v.s.b):"0"(v.s.a),
+            "1"(v.s.
+                b));
+    return v.u;
+}
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__)
+static __inline__ Uint64
+SDL_Swap64(Uint64 x)
+{
+  __asm__("bswapq %0": "=r"(x):"0"(x));
+    return x;
+}
+#else
+static __inline__ Uint64
+SDL_Swap64(Uint64 x)
+{
+    Uint32 hi, lo;
+
+    /* Separate into high and low 32-bit values and swap them */
+    lo = SDL_static_cast(Uint32, x & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    x >>= 32;
+    hi = SDL_static_cast(Uint32, x & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    x = SDL_Swap32(lo);
+    x <<= 32;
+    x |= SDL_Swap32(hi);
+    return (x);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+static __inline__ float
+SDL_SwapFloat(float x)
+{
+    union
+    {
+        float f;
+        Uint32 ui32;
+    } swapper;
+    swapper.f = x;
+    swapper.ui32 = SDL_Swap32(swapper.ui32);
+    return swapper.f;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ *  \name Swap to native
+ *  Byteswap item from the specified endianness to the native endianness.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#if SDL_BYTEORDER == SDL_LIL_ENDIAN
+#define SDL_SwapLE16(X)	(X)
+#define SDL_SwapLE32(X)	(X)
+#define SDL_SwapLE64(X)	(X)
+#define SDL_SwapFloatLE(X)	(X)
+#define SDL_SwapBE16(X)	SDL_Swap16(X)
+#define SDL_SwapBE32(X)	SDL_Swap32(X)
+#define SDL_SwapBE64(X)	SDL_Swap64(X)
+#define SDL_SwapFloatBE(X)	SDL_SwapFloat(X)
+#else
+#define SDL_SwapLE16(X)	SDL_Swap16(X)
+#define SDL_SwapLE32(X)	SDL_Swap32(X)
+#define SDL_SwapLE64(X)	SDL_Swap64(X)
+#define SDL_SwapFloatLE(X)	SDL_SwapFloat(X)
+#define SDL_SwapBE16(X)	(X)
+#define SDL_SwapBE32(X)	(X)
+#define SDL_SwapBE64(X)	(X)
+#define SDL_SwapFloatBE(X)	(X)
+#endif
+/*@}*//*Swap to native*/
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_endian_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_error.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_error.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d28b4166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_error.h
+ *  
+ *  Simple error message routines for SDL.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_error_h
+#define _SDL_error_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/* Public functions */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetError(const char *fmt, ...);
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetError(void);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_ClearError(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \name Internal error functions
+ *  
+ *  \internal 
+ *  Private error reporting function - used internally.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_OutOfMemory()	SDL_Error(SDL_ENOMEM)
+#define SDL_Unsupported()	SDL_Error(SDL_UNSUPPORTED)
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_ENOMEM,
+    SDL_EFREAD,
+    SDL_EFWRITE,
+    SDL_EFSEEK,
+    SDL_UNSUPPORTED,
+    SDL_LASTERROR
+} SDL_errorcode;
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_Error(SDL_errorcode code);
+/*@}*//*Internal error functions*/
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_error_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_events.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_events.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..804ac57e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_events.h
@@ -0,0 +1,639 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_events.h
+ *  
+ *  Include file for SDL event handling.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_events_h
+#define _SDL_events_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+#include "SDL_keyboard.h"
+#include "SDL_mouse.h"
+#include "SDL_joystick.h"
+#include "SDL_quit.h"
+#include "SDL_gesture.h"
+#include "SDL_touch.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/* General keyboard/mouse state definitions */
+#define SDL_RELEASED	0
+#define SDL_PRESSED	1
+
+/**
+ * \brief The types of events that can be delivered.
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_FIRSTEVENT     = 0,     /**< Unused (do not remove) */
+
+    /* Application events */
+    SDL_QUIT           = 0x100, /**< User-requested quit */
+
+    /* Window events */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT    = 0x200, /**< Window state change */
+    SDL_SYSWMEVENT,             /**< System specific event */
+
+    /* Keyboard events */
+    SDL_KEYDOWN        = 0x300, /**< Key pressed */
+    SDL_KEYUP,                  /**< Key released */
+    SDL_TEXTEDITING,            /**< Keyboard text editing (composition) */
+    SDL_TEXTINPUT,              /**< Keyboard text input */
+
+    /* Mouse events */
+    SDL_MOUSEMOTION    = 0x400, /**< Mouse moved */
+    SDL_MOUSEBUTTONDOWN,        /**< Mouse button pressed */
+    SDL_MOUSEBUTTONUP,          /**< Mouse button released */
+    SDL_MOUSEWHEEL,             /**< Mouse wheel motion */
+
+    /* Tablet or multiple mice input device events */
+    SDL_INPUTMOTION    = 0x500, /**< Input moved */
+    SDL_INPUTBUTTONDOWN,        /**< Input button pressed */
+    SDL_INPUTBUTTONUP,          /**< Input button released */
+    SDL_INPUTWHEEL,             /**< Input wheel motion */
+    SDL_INPUTPROXIMITYIN,       /**< Input pen entered proximity */
+    SDL_INPUTPROXIMITYOUT,      /**< Input pen left proximity */
+
+    /* Joystick events */
+    SDL_JOYAXISMOTION  = 0x600, /**< Joystick axis motion */
+    SDL_JOYBALLMOTION,          /**< Joystick trackball motion */
+    SDL_JOYHATMOTION,           /**< Joystick hat position change */
+    SDL_JOYBUTTONDOWN,          /**< Joystick button pressed */
+    SDL_JOYBUTTONUP,            /**< Joystick button released */
+
+    /* Touch events */
+    SDL_FINGERDOWN      = 0x700,
+    SDL_FINGERUP,
+    SDL_FINGERMOTION,
+    SDL_TOUCHBUTTONDOWN,
+    SDL_TOUCHBUTTONUP,    
+
+    /* Gesture events */
+    SDL_DOLLARGESTURE   = 0x800,
+    SDL_DOLLARRECORD,
+    SDL_MULTIGESTURE,
+
+    /* Clipboard events */
+
+    SDL_CLIPBOARDUPDATE = 0x900, /**< The clipboard changed */
+
+    /* Obsolete events */
+    SDL_EVENT_COMPAT1 = 0x7000, /**< SDL 1.2 events for compatibility */
+    SDL_EVENT_COMPAT2,
+    SDL_EVENT_COMPAT3,
+
+
+    /** Events ::SDL_USEREVENT through ::SDL_LASTEVENT are for your use,
+     *  and should be allocated with SDL_RegisterEvents()
+     */
+    SDL_USEREVENT    = 0x8000,
+
+    /**
+     *  This last event is only for bounding internal arrays
+     */
+    SDL_LASTEVENT    = 0xFFFF
+} SDL_EventType;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Window state change event data (event.window.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_WindowEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_WINDOWEVENT */
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The associated window */
+    Uint8 event;        /**< ::SDL_WindowEventID */
+    Uint8 padding1;
+    Uint8 padding2;
+    Uint8 padding3;
+    int data1;          /**< event dependent data */
+    int data2;          /**< event dependent data */
+} SDL_WindowEvent;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Keyboard button event structure (event.key.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_KeyboardEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_KEYDOWN or ::SDL_KEYUP */
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The window with keyboard focus, if any */
+    Uint8 state;        /**< ::SDL_PRESSED or ::SDL_RELEASED */
+    Uint8 repeat;       /**< Non-zero if this is a key repeat */
+    Uint8 padding2;
+    Uint8 padding3;
+    SDL_Keysym keysym;  /**< The key that was pressed or released */
+} SDL_KeyboardEvent;
+
+#define SDL_TEXTEDITINGEVENT_TEXT_SIZE (32)
+/**
+ *  \brief Keyboard text editing event structure (event.edit.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_TextEditingEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;                                /**< ::SDL_TEXTEDITING */
+    Uint32 windowID;                            /**< The window with keyboard focus, if any */
+    char text[SDL_TEXTEDITINGEVENT_TEXT_SIZE];  /**< The editing text */
+    int start;                                  /**< The start cursor of selected editing text */
+    int length;                                 /**< The length of selected editing text */
+} SDL_TextEditingEvent;
+
+
+#define SDL_TEXTINPUTEVENT_TEXT_SIZE (32)
+/**
+ *  \brief Keyboard text input event structure (event.text.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_TextInputEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;                              /**< ::SDL_TEXTINPUT */
+    Uint32 windowID;                          /**< The window with keyboard focus, if any */
+    char text[SDL_TEXTINPUTEVENT_TEXT_SIZE];  /**< The input text */
+} SDL_TextInputEvent;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Mouse motion event structure (event.motion.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_MouseMotionEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_MOUSEMOTION */
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The window with mouse focus, if any */
+    Uint8 state;        /**< The current button state */
+    Uint8 padding1;
+    Uint8 padding2;
+    Uint8 padding3;
+    int x;              /**< X coordinate, relative to window */
+    int y;              /**< Y coordinate, relative to window */
+    int xrel;           /**< The relative motion in the X direction */
+    int yrel;           /**< The relative motion in the Y direction */
+} SDL_MouseMotionEvent;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Mouse button event structure (event.button.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_MouseButtonEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_MOUSEBUTTONDOWN or ::SDL_MOUSEBUTTONUP */
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The window with mouse focus, if any */
+    Uint8 button;       /**< The mouse button index */
+    Uint8 state;        /**< ::SDL_PRESSED or ::SDL_RELEASED */
+    Uint8 padding1;
+    Uint8 padding2;
+    int x;              /**< X coordinate, relative to window */
+    int y;              /**< Y coordinate, relative to window */
+} SDL_MouseButtonEvent;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Mouse wheel event structure (event.wheel.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_MouseWheelEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_MOUSEWHEEL */
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The window with mouse focus, if any */
+    int x;              /**< The amount scrolled horizontally */
+    int y;              /**< The amount scrolled vertically */
+} SDL_MouseWheelEvent;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Joystick axis motion event structure (event.jaxis.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_JoyAxisEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_JOYAXISMOTION */
+    Uint8 which;        /**< The joystick device index */
+    Uint8 axis;         /**< The joystick axis index */
+    Uint8 padding1;
+    Uint8 padding2;
+    int value;          /**< The axis value (range: -32768 to 32767) */
+} SDL_JoyAxisEvent;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Joystick trackball motion event structure (event.jball.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_JoyBallEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_JOYBALLMOTION */
+    Uint8 which;        /**< The joystick device index */
+    Uint8 ball;         /**< The joystick trackball index */
+    Uint8 padding1;
+    Uint8 padding2;
+    int xrel;           /**< The relative motion in the X direction */
+    int yrel;           /**< The relative motion in the Y direction */
+} SDL_JoyBallEvent;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Joystick hat position change event structure (event.jhat.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_JoyHatEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_JOYHATMOTION */
+    Uint8 which;        /**< The joystick device index */
+    Uint8 hat;          /**< The joystick hat index */
+    Uint8 value;        /**< The hat position value.
+                         *   \sa ::SDL_HAT_LEFTUP ::SDL_HAT_UP ::SDL_HAT_RIGHTUP
+                         *   \sa ::SDL_HAT_LEFT ::SDL_HAT_CENTERED ::SDL_HAT_RIGHT
+                         *   \sa ::SDL_HAT_LEFTDOWN ::SDL_HAT_DOWN ::SDL_HAT_RIGHTDOWN
+                         *   
+                         *   Note that zero means the POV is centered.
+                         */
+    Uint8 padding1;
+} SDL_JoyHatEvent;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Joystick button event structure (event.jbutton.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_JoyButtonEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_JOYBUTTONDOWN or ::SDL_JOYBUTTONUP */
+    Uint8 which;        /**< The joystick device index */
+    Uint8 button;       /**< The joystick button index */
+    Uint8 state;        /**< ::SDL_PRESSED or ::SDL_RELEASED */
+    Uint8 padding1;
+} SDL_JoyButtonEvent;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Touch finger motion/finger event structure (event.tmotion.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_TouchFingerEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_FINGERMOTION OR 
+			   SDL_FINGERDOWN OR SDL_FINGERUP*/
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The window with mouse focus, if any */
+    SDL_TouchID touchId;        /**< The touch device id */
+    SDL_FingerID fingerId;
+    Uint8 state;        /**< The current button state */
+    Uint8 padding1;
+    Uint8 padding2;
+    Uint8 padding3;
+    Uint16 x;
+    Uint16 y;
+    Sint16 dx;
+    Sint16 dy;
+    Uint16 pressure;
+} SDL_TouchFingerEvent;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Touch finger motion/finger event structure (event.tmotion.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_TouchButtonEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_TOUCHBUTTONUP OR SDL_TOUCHBUTTONDOWN */
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The window with mouse focus, if any */
+    SDL_TouchID touchId;        /**< The touch device index */
+    Uint8 state;        /**< The current button state */
+    Uint8 button;        /**< The button changing state */
+    Uint8 padding1;
+    Uint8 padding2;
+} SDL_TouchButtonEvent;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Multiple Finger Gesture Event (event.mgesture.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_MultiGestureEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_MULTIGESTURE */
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The window with mouse focus, if any */
+    SDL_TouchID touchId;        /**< The touch device index */
+    float dTheta;
+    float dDist;
+    float x;  //currently 0...1. Change to screen coords?
+    float y;  
+    Uint16 numFingers;
+    Uint16 padding;
+} SDL_MultiGestureEvent;
+
+/* (event.dgesture.*) */
+typedef struct SDL_DollarGestureEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_DOLLARGESTURE */
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The window with mouse focus, if any */
+    SDL_TouchID touchId;        /**< The touch device index */
+    SDL_GestureID gestureId;
+    Uint32 numFingers;
+    float error;
+  /*
+    //TODO: Enable to give location?
+    float x;  //currently 0...1. Change to screen coords?
+    float y;  
+  */
+} SDL_DollarGestureEvent;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The "quit requested" event
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_QuitEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_QUIT */
+} SDL_QuitEvent;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A user-defined event type (event.user.*)
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_UserEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_USEREVENT through ::SDL_NUMEVENTS-1 */
+    Uint32 windowID;    /**< The associated window if any */
+    int code;           /**< User defined event code */
+    void *data1;        /**< User defined data pointer */
+    void *data2;        /**< User defined data pointer */
+} SDL_UserEvent;
+
+
+struct SDL_SysWMmsg;
+typedef struct SDL_SysWMmsg SDL_SysWMmsg;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A video driver dependent system event (event.syswm.*)
+ *  
+ *  \note If you want to use this event, you should include SDL_syswm.h.
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_SysWMEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;        /**< ::SDL_SYSWMEVENT */
+    SDL_SysWMmsg *msg;  /**< driver dependent data, defined in SDL_syswm.h */
+} SDL_SysWMEvent;
+
+#ifndef SDL_NO_COMPAT
+/**
+ *  \addtogroup Compatibility 
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/**
+ *  \name Typedefs for backwards compatibility
+ */
+/*@{*/
+typedef struct SDL_ActiveEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;
+    Uint8 gain;
+    Uint8 state;
+} SDL_ActiveEvent;
+
+typedef struct SDL_ResizeEvent
+{
+    Uint32 type;
+    int w;
+    int h;
+} SDL_ResizeEvent;
+/*@}*/
+
+/*@}*//*Compatibility*/
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief General event structure
+ */
+typedef union SDL_Event
+{
+    Uint32 type;                    /**< Event type, shared with all events */
+    SDL_WindowEvent window;         /**< Window event data */
+    SDL_KeyboardEvent key;          /**< Keyboard event data */
+    SDL_TextEditingEvent edit;      /**< Text editing event data */
+    SDL_TextInputEvent text;        /**< Text input event data */
+    SDL_MouseMotionEvent motion;    /**< Mouse motion event data */
+    SDL_MouseButtonEvent button;    /**< Mouse button event data */
+    SDL_MouseWheelEvent wheel;      /**< Mouse wheel event data */
+    SDL_JoyAxisEvent jaxis;         /**< Joystick axis event data */
+    SDL_JoyBallEvent jball;         /**< Joystick ball event data */
+    SDL_JoyHatEvent jhat;           /**< Joystick hat event data */
+    SDL_JoyButtonEvent jbutton;     /**< Joystick button event data */
+    SDL_QuitEvent quit;             /**< Quit request event data */
+    SDL_UserEvent user;             /**< Custom event data */
+    SDL_SysWMEvent syswm;           /**< System dependent window event data */
+    SDL_TouchFingerEvent tfinger;   /**< Touch finger event data */
+    SDL_TouchButtonEvent tbutton;   /**< Touch button event data */
+    SDL_MultiGestureEvent mgesture; /**< Multi Finger Gesture data */
+    SDL_DollarGestureEvent dgesture; /**< Multi Finger Gesture data */
+
+    /** Temporarily here for backwards compatibility */
+    /*@{*/
+#ifndef SDL_NO_COMPAT
+    SDL_ActiveEvent active;
+    SDL_ResizeEvent resize;
+#endif
+    /*@}*/
+} SDL_Event;
+
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/**
+ *  Pumps the event loop, gathering events from the input devices.
+ *  
+ *  This function updates the event queue and internal input device state.
+ *  
+ *  This should only be run in the thread that sets the video mode.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_PumpEvents(void);
+
+/*@{*/
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_ADDEVENT,
+    SDL_PEEKEVENT,
+    SDL_GETEVENT
+} SDL_eventaction;
+
+/**
+ *  Checks the event queue for messages and optionally returns them.
+ *  
+ *  If \c action is ::SDL_ADDEVENT, up to \c numevents events will be added to
+ *  the back of the event queue.
+ *  
+ *  If \c action is ::SDL_PEEKEVENT, up to \c numevents events at the front
+ *  of the event queue, within the specified minimum and maximum type,
+ *  will be returned and will not be removed from the queue.
+ *  
+ *  If \c action is ::SDL_GETEVENT, up to \c numevents events at the front 
+ *  of the event queue, within the specified minimum and maximum type,
+ *  will be returned and will be removed from the queue.
+ *  
+ *  \return The number of events actually stored, or -1 if there was an error.
+ *  
+ *  This function is thread-safe.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_PeepEvents(SDL_Event * events, int numevents,
+                                           SDL_eventaction action,
+                                           Uint32 minType, Uint32 maxType);
+/*@}*/
+
+/**
+ *  Checks to see if certain event types are in the event queue.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasEvent(Uint32 type);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasEvents(Uint32 minType, Uint32 maxType);
+
+/**
+ *  This function clears events from the event queue
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FlushEvent(Uint32 type);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FlushEvents(Uint32 minType, Uint32 maxType);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Polls for currently pending events.
+ *  
+ *  \return 1 if there are any pending events, or 0 if there are none available.
+ *  
+ *  \param event If not NULL, the next event is removed from the queue and 
+ *               stored in that area.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_PollEvent(SDL_Event * event);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Waits indefinitely for the next available event.
+ *  
+ *  \return 1, or 0 if there was an error while waiting for events.
+ *   
+ *  \param event If not NULL, the next event is removed from the queue and 
+ *               stored in that area.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_WaitEvent(SDL_Event * event);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Waits until the specified timeout (in milliseconds) for the next 
+ *         available event.
+ *  
+ *  \return 1, or 0 if there was an error while waiting for events.
+ *  
+ *  \param event If not NULL, the next event is removed from the queue and 
+ *               stored in that area.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_WaitEventTimeout(SDL_Event * event,
+                                                 int timeout);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Add an event to the event queue.
+ *  
+ *  \return 1 on success, 0 if the event was filtered, or -1 if the event queue 
+ *          was full or there was some other error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_PushEvent(SDL_Event * event);
+
+typedef int (SDLCALL * SDL_EventFilter) (void *userdata, SDL_Event * event);
+
+/**
+ *  Sets up a filter to process all events before they change internal state and
+ *  are posted to the internal event queue.
+ *  
+ *  The filter is protypted as:
+ *  \code
+ *      int SDL_EventFilter(void *userdata, SDL_Event * event);
+ *  \endcode
+ *
+ *  If the filter returns 1, then the event will be added to the internal queue.
+ *  If it returns 0, then the event will be dropped from the queue, but the 
+ *  internal state will still be updated.  This allows selective filtering of
+ *  dynamically arriving events.
+ *  
+ *  \warning  Be very careful of what you do in the event filter function, as 
+ *            it may run in a different thread!
+ *  
+ *  There is one caveat when dealing with the ::SDL_QUITEVENT event type.  The
+ *  event filter is only called when the window manager desires to close the
+ *  application window.  If the event filter returns 1, then the window will
+ *  be closed, otherwise the window will remain open if possible.
+ *
+ *  If the quit event is generated by an interrupt signal, it will bypass the
+ *  internal queue and be delivered to the application at the next event poll.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetEventFilter(SDL_EventFilter filter,
+                                                void *userdata);
+
+/**
+ *  Return the current event filter - can be used to "chain" filters.
+ *  If there is no event filter set, this function returns SDL_FALSE.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_GetEventFilter(SDL_EventFilter * filter,
+                                                    void **userdata);
+
+/**
+ *  Add a function which is called when an event is added to the queue.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_AddEventWatch(SDL_EventFilter filter,
+                                               void *userdata);
+
+/**
+ *  Remove an event watch function added with SDL_AddEventWatch()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DelEventWatch(SDL_EventFilter filter,
+                                               void *userdata);
+
+/**
+ *  Run the filter function on the current event queue, removing any
+ *  events for which the filter returns 0.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FilterEvents(SDL_EventFilter filter,
+                                              void *userdata);
+
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_QUERY	-1
+#define SDL_IGNORE	 0
+#define SDL_DISABLE	 0
+#define SDL_ENABLE	 1
+
+/**
+ *  This function allows you to set the state of processing certain events.
+ *   - If \c state is set to ::SDL_IGNORE, that event will be automatically 
+ *     dropped from the event queue and will not event be filtered.
+ *   - If \c state is set to ::SDL_ENABLE, that event will be processed 
+ *     normally.
+ *   - If \c state is set to ::SDL_QUERY, SDL_EventState() will return the 
+ *     current processing state of the specified event.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint8 SDLCALL SDL_EventState(Uint32 type, int state);
+/*@}*/
+#define SDL_GetEventState(type) SDL_EventState(type, SDL_QUERY)
+
+/**
+ *  This function allocates a set of user-defined events, and returns
+ *  the beginning event number for that set of events.
+ *
+ *  If there aren't enough user-defined events left, this function
+ *  returns (Uint32)-1
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_RegisterEvents(int numevents);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_events_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_gesture.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_gesture.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..940d346c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_gesture.h
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_gesture.h
+ *  
+ *  Include file for SDL gesture event handling.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_gesture_h
+#define _SDL_gesture_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+
+#include "SDL_touch.h"
+
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+typedef Sint64 SDL_GestureID;
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Begin Recording a gesture on the specified touch, or all touches (-1)
+ *
+ *
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RecordGesture(SDL_TouchID touchId);
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Save all currently loaded Dollar Gesture templates
+ *
+ *
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SaveAllDollarTemplates(SDL_RWops *src);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Save a currently loaded Dollar Gesture template
+ *
+ *
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SaveDollarTemplate(SDL_GestureID gestureId,SDL_RWops *src);
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Load Dollar Gesture templates from a file
+ *
+ *
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_LoadDollarTemplates(SDL_TouchID touchId, SDL_RWops *src);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_gesture_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_haptic.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_haptic.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b354a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_haptic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1200 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_haptic.h
+ *  
+ *  \brief The SDL Haptic subsystem allows you to control haptic (force feedback)
+ *         devices.
+ * 
+ *  The basic usage is as follows:
+ *   - Initialize the Subsystem (::SDL_INIT_HAPTIC).
+ *   - Open a Haptic Device.
+ *    - SDL_HapticOpen() to open from index.
+ *    - SDL_HapticOpenFromJoystick() to open from an existing joystick.
+ *   - Create an effect (::SDL_HapticEffect).
+ *   - Upload the effect with SDL_HapticNewEffect().
+ *   - Run the effect with SDL_HapticRunEffect().
+ *   - (optional) Free the effect with SDL_HapticDestroyEffect().
+ *   - Close the haptic device with SDL_HapticClose().
+ *
+ * \par Simple rumble example:
+ * \code
+ *    SDL_Haptic *haptic;
+ *
+ *    // Open the device
+ *    haptic = SDL_HapticOpen( 0 );
+ *    if (haptic == NULL)
+ *       return -1;
+ *
+ *    // Initialize simple rumble
+ *    if (SDL_HapticRumbleInit( haptic ) != 0)
+ *       return -1;
+ *
+ *    // Play effect at 50% strength for 2 seconds
+ *    if (SDL_HapticRumblePlay( haptic, 0.5, 2000 ) != 0)
+ *       return -1;
+ *    SDL_Delay( 2000 );
+ *
+ *    // Clean up
+ *    SDL_HapticClose( haptic );
+ * \endcode
+ *
+ * \par Complete example:
+ * \code
+ * int test_haptic( SDL_Joystick * joystick ) {
+ *    SDL_Haptic *haptic;
+ *    SDL_HapticEffect effect;
+ *    int effect_id;
+ *
+ *    // Open the device
+ *    haptic = SDL_HapticOpenFromJoystick( joystick );
+ *    if (haptic == NULL) return -1; // Most likely joystick isn't haptic
+ *
+ *    // See if it can do sine waves
+ *    if ((SDL_HapticQuery(haptic) & SDL_HAPTIC_SINE)==0) {
+ *       SDL_HapticClose(haptic); // No sine effect
+ *       return -1;
+ *    }
+ *
+ *    // Create the effect
+ *    memset( &effect, 0, sizeof(SDL_HapticEffect) ); // 0 is safe default
+ *    effect.type = SDL_HAPTIC_SINE;
+ *    effect.periodic.direction.type = SDL_HAPTIC_POLAR; // Polar coordinates
+ *    effect.periodic.direction.dir[0] = 18000; // Force comes from south
+ *    effect.periodic.period = 1000; // 1000 ms
+ *    effect.periodic.magnitude = 20000; // 20000/32767 strength
+ *    effect.periodic.length = 5000; // 5 seconds long
+ *    effect.periodic.attack_length = 1000; // Takes 1 second to get max strength
+ *    effect.periodic.fade_length = 1000; // Takes 1 second to fade away
+ *
+ *    // Upload the effect
+ *    effect_id = SDL_HapticNewEffect( haptic, &effect );
+ *
+ *    // Test the effect
+ *    SDL_HapticRunEffect( haptic, effect_id, 1 );
+ *    SDL_Delay( 5000); // Wait for the effect to finish
+ *
+ *    // We destroy the effect, although closing the device also does this
+ *    SDL_HapticDestroyEffect( haptic, effect_id );
+ *
+ *    // Close the device
+ *    SDL_HapticClose(haptic);
+ *
+ *    return 0; // Success
+ * }
+ * \endcode
+ *
+ * You can also find out more information on my blog:
+ * http://bobbens.dyndns.org/journal/2010/sdl_haptic/
+ *
+ * \author Edgar Simo Serra
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_haptic_h
+#define _SDL_haptic_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_joystick.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+   /* *INDENT-ON* */                                                         
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+/**
+ *  \typedef SDL_Haptic
+ *  
+ *  \brief The haptic structure used to identify an SDL haptic.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpen
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpenFromJoystick
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticClose
+ */
+struct _SDL_Haptic;
+typedef struct _SDL_Haptic SDL_Haptic;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \name Haptic features
+ *  
+ *  Different haptic features a device can have.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/**
+ *  \name Haptic effects
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Constant effect supported.
+ *
+ *  Constant haptic effect.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticCondition
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_CONSTANT   (1<<0)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Sine wave effect supported.
+ *  
+ *  Periodic haptic effect that simulates sine waves.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticPeriodic
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_SINE       (1<<1)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Square wave effect supported.
+ *  
+ *  Periodic haptic effect that simulates square waves.
+ * 
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticPeriodic
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_SQUARE     (1<<2)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Triangle wave effect supported.
+ *  
+ *  Periodic haptic effect that simulates triangular waves.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticPeriodic
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_TRIANGLE   (1<<3)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Sawtoothup wave effect supported.
+ *  
+ *  Periodic haptic effect that simulates saw tooth up waves.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticPeriodic
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHUP (1<<4)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Sawtoothdown wave effect supported.
+ *  
+ *  Periodic haptic effect that simulates saw tooth down waves.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticPeriodic
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHDOWN (1<<5)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Ramp effect supported.
+ *  
+ *  Ramp haptic effect.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRamp
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_RAMP       (1<<6)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Spring effect supported - uses axes position.
+ *  
+ *  Condition haptic effect that simulates a spring.  Effect is based on the
+ *  axes position.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticCondition
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_SPRING     (1<<7)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Damper effect supported - uses axes velocity.
+ *  
+ *  Condition haptic effect that simulates dampening.  Effect is based on the
+ *  axes velocity.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticCondition
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_DAMPER     (1<<8)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Inertia effect supported - uses axes acceleration.
+ *  
+ *  Condition haptic effect that simulates inertia.  Effect is based on the axes
+ *  acceleration.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticCondition
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_INERTIA    (1<<9)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Friction effect supported - uses axes movement.
+ *  
+ *  Condition haptic effect that simulates friction.  Effect is based on the 
+ *  axes movement.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticCondition
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_FRICTION   (1<<10)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Custom effect is supported.
+ *  
+ *  User defined custom haptic effect.
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_CUSTOM     (1<<11)
+
+/*@}*//*Haptic effects*/
+
+/* These last few are features the device has, not effects */
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Device can set global gain.
+ *  
+ *  Device supports setting the global gain.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticSetGain
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_GAIN       (1<<12)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Device can set autocenter.
+ *  
+ *  Device supports setting autocenter.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticSetAutocenter
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_AUTOCENTER (1<<13)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Device can be queried for effect status.
+ *  
+ *  Device can be queried for effect status.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticGetEffectStatus
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_STATUS     (1<<14)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Device can be paused.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticPause
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticUnpause
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_PAUSE      (1<<15)
+
+
+/**
+ * \name Direction encodings
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Uses polar coordinates for the direction.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticDirection
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_POLAR      0
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Uses cartesian coordinates for the direction.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticDirection
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_CARTESIAN  1
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Uses spherical coordinates for the direction.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticDirection
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_SPHERICAL  2
+
+/*@}*//*Direction encodings*/
+
+/*@}*//*Haptic features*/
+
+/*
+ * Misc defines.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * \brief Used to play a device an infinite number of times.
+ *
+ * \sa SDL_HapticRunEffect
+ */
+#define SDL_HAPTIC_INFINITY   4294967295U
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Structure that represents a haptic direction.
+ *  
+ *  Directions can be specified by:
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_POLAR : Specified by polar coordinates.
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_CARTESIAN : Specified by cartesian coordinates.
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_SPHERICAL : Specified by spherical coordinates.
+ *
+ *  Cardinal directions of the haptic device are relative to the positioning
+ *  of the device.  North is considered to be away from the user.
+ *
+ *  The following diagram represents the cardinal directions:
+ *  \verbatim
+                 .--.
+                 |__| .-------.
+                 |=.| |.-----.|
+                 |--| ||     ||
+                 |  | |'-----'|
+                 |__|~')_____('
+                   [ COMPUTER ]
+    
+    
+                     North (0,-1)
+                         ^
+                         |
+                         |
+    (1,0)  West <----[ HAPTIC ]----> East (-1,0)
+                         |
+                         |
+                         v
+                      South (0,1)
+    
+    
+                      [ USER ]
+                        \|||/
+                        (o o)
+                  ---ooO-(_)-Ooo---
+    \endverbatim
+ *  
+ *  If type is ::SDL_HAPTIC_POLAR, direction is encoded by hundredths of a 
+ *  degree starting north and turning clockwise.  ::SDL_HAPTIC_POLAR only uses
+ *  the first \c dir parameter.  The cardinal directions would be:
+ *   - North: 0 (0 degrees)
+ *   - East: 9000 (90 degrees)
+ *   - South: 18000 (180 degrees)
+ *   - West: 27000 (270 degrees)
+ *  
+ *  If type is ::SDL_HAPTIC_CARTESIAN, direction is encoded by three positions
+ *  (X axis, Y axis and Z axis (with 3 axes)).  ::SDL_HAPTIC_CARTESIAN uses
+ *  the first three \c dir parameters.  The cardinal directions would be:
+ *   - North:  0,-1, 0
+ *   - East:  -1, 0, 0
+ *   - South:  0, 1, 0
+ *   - West:   1, 0, 0
+ *  
+ *  The Z axis represents the height of the effect if supported, otherwise
+ *  it's unused.  In cartesian encoding (1, 2) would be the same as (2, 4), you
+ *  can use any multiple you want, only the direction matters.
+ *  
+ *  If type is ::SDL_HAPTIC_SPHERICAL, direction is encoded by two rotations.
+ *  The first two \c dir parameters are used.  The \c dir parameters are as 
+ *  follows (all values are in hundredths of degrees):
+ *   - Degrees from (1, 0) rotated towards (0, 1).
+ *   - Degrees towards (0, 0, 1) (device needs at least 3 axes).
+ *
+ *
+ *  Example of force coming from the south with all encodings (force coming
+ *  from the south means the user will have to pull the stick to counteract):
+ *  \code
+ *  SDL_HapticDirection direction;
+ *  
+ *  // Cartesian directions
+ *  direction.type = SDL_HAPTIC_CARTESIAN; // Using cartesian direction encoding.
+ *  direction.dir[0] = 0; // X position
+ *  direction.dir[1] = 1; // Y position
+ *  // Assuming the device has 2 axes, we don't need to specify third parameter.
+ *  
+ *  // Polar directions
+ *  direction.type = SDL_HAPTIC_POLAR; // We'll be using polar direction encoding.
+ *  direction.dir[0] = 18000; // Polar only uses first parameter
+ *  
+ *  // Spherical coordinates
+ *  direction.type = SDL_HAPTIC_SPHERICAL; // Spherical encoding
+ *  direction.dir[0] = 9000; // Since we only have two axes we don't need more parameters.
+ *  \endcode
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_POLAR
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_CARTESIAN
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_SPHERICAL
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticEffect
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticNumAxes
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_HapticDirection
+{
+    Uint8 type;         /**< The type of encoding. */
+    Sint32 dir[3];      /**< The encoded direction. */
+} SDL_HapticDirection;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A structure containing a template for a Constant effect.
+ *  
+ *  The struct is exclusive to the ::SDL_HAPTIC_CONSTANT effect.
+ *  
+ *  A constant effect applies a constant force in the specified direction
+ *  to the joystick.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_CONSTANT
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticEffect
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_HapticConstant
+{
+    /* Header */
+    Uint16 type;            /**< ::SDL_HAPTIC_CONSTANT */
+    SDL_HapticDirection direction;  /**< Direction of the effect. */
+
+    /* Replay */
+    Uint32 length;          /**< Duration of the effect. */
+    Uint16 delay;           /**< Delay before starting the effect. */
+
+    /* Trigger */
+    Uint16 button;          /**< Button that triggers the effect. */
+    Uint16 interval;        /**< How soon it can be triggered again after button. */
+
+    /* Constant */
+    Sint16 level;           /**< Strength of the constant effect. */
+
+    /* Envelope */
+    Uint16 attack_length;   /**< Duration of the attack. */
+    Uint16 attack_level;    /**< Level at the start of the attack. */
+    Uint16 fade_length;     /**< Duration of the fade. */
+    Uint16 fade_level;      /**< Level at the end of the fade. */
+} SDL_HapticConstant;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A structure containing a template for a Periodic effect.
+ *  
+ *  The struct handles the following effects:
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_SINE
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_SQUARE
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_TRIANGLE
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHUP
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHDOWN
+ *  
+ *  A periodic effect consists in a wave-shaped effect that repeats itself
+ *  over time.  The type determines the shape of the wave and the parameters
+ *  determine the dimensions of the wave.
+ *  
+ *  Phase is given by hundredth of a cyle meaning that giving the phase a value
+ *  of 9000 will displace it 25% of it's period.  Here are sample values:
+ *   -     0: No phase displacement.
+ *   -  9000: Displaced 25% of it's period.
+ *   - 18000: Displaced 50% of it's period.
+ *   - 27000: Displaced 75% of it's period.
+ *   - 36000: Displaced 100% of it's period, same as 0, but 0 is preffered.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *  \verbatim
+    SDL_HAPTIC_SINE
+      __      __      __      __
+     /  \    /  \    /  \    /
+    /    \__/    \__/    \__/
+    
+    SDL_HAPTIC_SQUARE
+     __    __    __    __    __
+    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
+    |  |__|  |__|  |__|  |__|  |
+    
+    SDL_HAPTIC_TRIANGLE
+      /\    /\    /\    /\    /\
+     /  \  /  \  /  \  /  \  /
+    /    \/    \/    \/    \/
+    
+    SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHUP
+      /|  /|  /|  /|  /|  /|  /|
+     / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
+    /  |/  |/  |/  |/  |/  |/  |
+    
+    SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHDOWN
+    \  |\  |\  |\  |\  |\  |\  |
+     \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ |
+      \|  \|  \|  \|  \|  \|  \|
+    \endverbatim
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_SINE
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_SQUARE
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_TRIANGLE
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHUP
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHDOWN
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticEffect
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_HapticPeriodic
+{
+    /* Header */
+    Uint16 type;        /**< ::SDL_HAPTIC_SINE, ::SDL_HAPTIC_SQUARE,
+                             ::SDL_HAPTIC_TRIANGLE, ::SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHUP or
+                             ::SDL_HAPTIC_SAWTOOTHDOWN */
+    SDL_HapticDirection direction;  /**< Direction of the effect. */
+
+    /* Replay */
+    Uint32 length;      /**< Duration of the effect. */
+    Uint16 delay;       /**< Delay before starting the effect. */
+
+    /* Trigger */
+    Uint16 button;      /**< Button that triggers the effect. */
+    Uint16 interval;    /**< How soon it can be triggered again after button. */
+
+    /* Periodic */
+    Uint16 period;      /**< Period of the wave. */
+    Sint16 magnitude;   /**< Peak value. */
+    Sint16 offset;      /**< Mean value of the wave. */
+    Uint16 phase;       /**< Horizontal shift given by hundredth of a cycle. */
+
+    /* Envelope */
+    Uint16 attack_length;   /**< Duration of the attack. */
+    Uint16 attack_level;    /**< Level at the start of the attack. */
+    Uint16 fade_length; /**< Duration of the fade. */
+    Uint16 fade_level;  /**< Level at the end of the fade. */
+} SDL_HapticPeriodic;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A structure containing a template for a Condition effect.
+ *  
+ *  The struct handles the following effects:
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_SPRING: Effect based on axes position.
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_DAMPER: Effect based on axes velocity.
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_INERTIA: Effect based on axes acceleration.
+ *   - ::SDL_HAPTIC_FRICTION: Effect based on axes movement.
+ *  
+ *  Direction is handled by condition internals instead of a direction member.
+ *  The condition effect specific members have three parameters.  The first
+ *  refers to the X axis, the second refers to the Y axis and the third
+ *  refers to the Z axis.  The right terms refer to the positive side of the
+ *  axis and the left terms refer to the negative side of the axis.  Please 
+ *  refer to the ::SDL_HapticDirection diagram for which side is positive and
+ *  which is negative.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticDirection
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_SPRING
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_DAMPER
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_INERTIA
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_FRICTION
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticEffect
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_HapticCondition
+{
+    /* Header */
+    Uint16 type;            /**< ::SDL_HAPTIC_SPRING, ::SDL_HAPTIC_DAMPER,
+                                 ::SDL_HAPTIC_INERTIA or ::SDL_HAPTIC_FRICTION */
+    SDL_HapticDirection direction;  /**< Direction of the effect - Not used ATM. */
+
+    /* Replay */
+    Uint32 length;          /**< Duration of the effect. */
+    Uint16 delay;           /**< Delay before starting the effect. */
+
+    /* Trigger */
+    Uint16 button;          /**< Button that triggers the effect. */
+    Uint16 interval;        /**< How soon it can be triggered again after button. */
+
+    /* Condition */
+    Uint16 right_sat[3];    /**< Level when joystick is to the positive side. */
+    Uint16 left_sat[3];     /**< Level when joystick is to the negative side. */
+    Sint16 right_coeff[3];  /**< How fast to increase the force towards the positive side. */
+    Sint16 left_coeff[3];   /**< How fast to increase the force towards the negative side. */
+    Uint16 deadband[3];     /**< Size of the dead zone. */
+    Sint16 center[3];       /**< Position of the dead zone. */
+} SDL_HapticCondition;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A structure containing a template for a Ramp effect.
+ *  
+ *  This struct is exclusively for the ::SDL_HAPTIC_RAMP effect.
+ *  
+ *  The ramp effect starts at start strength and ends at end strength.
+ *  It augments in linear fashion.  If you use attack and fade with a ramp
+ *  they effects get added to the ramp effect making the effect become
+ *  quadratic instead of linear.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_RAMP
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticEffect
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_HapticRamp
+{
+    /* Header */
+    Uint16 type;            /**< ::SDL_HAPTIC_RAMP */
+    SDL_HapticDirection direction;  /**< Direction of the effect. */
+
+    /* Replay */
+    Uint32 length;          /**< Duration of the effect. */
+    Uint16 delay;           /**< Delay before starting the effect. */
+
+    /* Trigger */
+    Uint16 button;          /**< Button that triggers the effect. */
+    Uint16 interval;        /**< How soon it can be triggered again after button. */
+
+    /* Ramp */
+    Sint16 start;           /**< Beginning strength level. */
+    Sint16 end;             /**< Ending strength level. */
+
+    /* Envelope */
+    Uint16 attack_length;   /**< Duration of the attack. */
+    Uint16 attack_level;    /**< Level at the start of the attack. */
+    Uint16 fade_length;     /**< Duration of the fade. */
+    Uint16 fade_level;      /**< Level at the end of the fade. */
+} SDL_HapticRamp;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A structure containing a template for the ::SDL_HAPTIC_CUSTOM effect.
+ *  
+ *  A custom force feedback effect is much like a periodic effect, where the
+ *  application can define it's exact shape.  You will have to allocate the
+ *  data yourself.  Data should consist of channels * samples Uint16 samples.
+ *  
+ *  If channels is one, the effect is rotated using the defined direction.
+ *  Otherwise it uses the samples in data for the different axes.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HAPTIC_CUSTOM
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticEffect
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_HapticCustom
+{
+    /* Header */
+    Uint16 type;            /**< ::SDL_HAPTIC_CUSTOM */
+    SDL_HapticDirection direction;  /**< Direction of the effect. */
+
+    /* Replay */
+    Uint32 length;          /**< Duration of the effect. */
+    Uint16 delay;           /**< Delay before starting the effect. */
+
+    /* Trigger */
+    Uint16 button;          /**< Button that triggers the effect. */
+    Uint16 interval;        /**< How soon it can be triggered again after button. */
+
+    /* Custom */
+    Uint8 channels;         /**< Axes to use, minimum of one. */
+    Uint16 period;          /**< Sample periods. */
+    Uint16 samples;         /**< Amount of samples. */
+    Uint16 *data;           /**< Should contain channels*samples items. */
+
+    /* Envelope */
+    Uint16 attack_length;   /**< Duration of the attack. */
+    Uint16 attack_level;    /**< Level at the start of the attack. */
+    Uint16 fade_length;     /**< Duration of the fade. */
+    Uint16 fade_level;      /**< Level at the end of the fade. */
+} SDL_HapticCustom;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The generic template for any haptic effect.
+ *  
+ *  All values max at 32767 (0x7FFF).  Signed values also can be negative.
+ *  Time values unless specified otherwise are in milliseconds.
+ *  
+ *  You can also pass ::SDL_HAPTIC_INFINITY to length instead of a 0-32767 
+ *  value.  Neither delay, interval, attack_length nor fade_length support 
+ *  ::SDL_HAPTIC_INFINITY.  Fade will also not be used since effect never ends.
+ *  
+ *  Additionally, the ::SDL_HAPTIC_RAMP effect does not support a duration of
+ *  ::SDL_HAPTIC_INFINITY.
+ *  
+ *  Button triggers may not be supported on all devices, it is advised to not
+ *  use them if possible.  Buttons start at index 1 instead of index 0 like
+ *  they joystick.
+ *  
+ *  If both attack_length and fade_level are 0, the envelope is not used,
+ *  otherwise both values are used.
+ *  
+ *  Common parts:
+ *  \code
+ *  // Replay - All effects have this
+ *  Uint32 length;        // Duration of effect (ms).
+ *  Uint16 delay;         // Delay before starting effect.
+ *  
+ *  // Trigger - All effects have this
+ *  Uint16 button;        // Button that triggers effect.
+ *  Uint16 interval;      // How soon before effect can be triggered again.
+ *  
+ *  // Envelope - All effects except condition effects have this
+ *  Uint16 attack_length; // Duration of the attack (ms).
+ *  Uint16 attack_level;  // Level at the start of the attack.
+ *  Uint16 fade_length;   // Duration of the fade out (ms).
+ *  Uint16 fade_level;    // Level at the end of the fade.
+ *  \endcode
+ *
+ *
+ *  Here we have an example of a constant effect evolution in time:
+ *  \verbatim
+    Strength
+    ^
+    |
+    |    effect level -->  _________________
+    |                     /                 \
+    |                    /                   \
+    |                   /                     \
+    |                  /                       \ 
+    | attack_level --> |                        \
+    |                  |                        |  <---  fade_level
+    |
+    +--------------------------------------------------> Time
+                       [--]                 [---]
+                       attack_length        fade_length
+    
+    [------------------][-----------------------]
+    delay               length
+    \endverbatim
+ *  
+ *  Note either the attack_level or the fade_level may be above the actual
+ *  effect level.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticConstant
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticPeriodic
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticCondition
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRamp
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticCustom
+ */
+typedef union SDL_HapticEffect
+{
+    /* Common for all force feedback effects */
+    Uint16 type;                    /**< Effect type. */
+    SDL_HapticConstant constant;    /**< Constant effect. */
+    SDL_HapticPeriodic periodic;    /**< Periodic effect. */
+    SDL_HapticCondition condition;  /**< Condition effect. */
+    SDL_HapticRamp ramp;            /**< Ramp effect. */
+    SDL_HapticCustom custom;        /**< Custom effect. */
+} SDL_HapticEffect;
+
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+/**
+ *  \brief Count the number of joysticks attached to the system.
+ *  
+ *  \return Number of haptic devices detected on the system.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_NumHaptics(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the implementation dependent name of a Haptic device.
+ *  
+ *  This can be called before any joysticks are opened.
+ *  If no name can be found, this function returns NULL.
+ *  
+ *  \param device_index Index of the device to get it's name.
+ *  \return Name of the device or NULL on error.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_NumHaptics
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_HapticName(int device_index);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Opens a Haptic device for usage.
+ *  
+ *  The index passed as an argument refers to the N'th Haptic device on this 
+ *  system.
+ *
+ *  When opening a haptic device, it's gain will be set to maximum and
+ *  autocenter will be disabled.  To modify these values use
+ *  SDL_HapticSetGain() and SDL_HapticSetAutocenter().
+ *
+ *  \param device_index Index of the device to open.
+ *  \return Device identifier or NULL on error.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticIndex
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpenFromMouse
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpenFromJoystick
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticClose
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticSetGain
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticSetAutocenter
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticPause
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticStopAll
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Haptic *SDLCALL SDL_HapticOpen(int device_index);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Checks if the haptic device at index has been opened.
+ *  
+ *  \param device_index Index to check to see if it has been opened.
+ *  \return 1 if it has been opened or 0 if it hasn't.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpen
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticIndex
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticOpened(int device_index);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Gets the index of a haptic device.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to get the index of.
+ *  \return The index of the haptic device or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpen
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpened
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticIndex(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Gets whether or not the current mouse has haptic capabilities.
+ *  
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if the mouse is haptic, SDL_FALSE if it isn't.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpenFromMouse
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_MouseIsHaptic(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Tries to open a haptic device from the current mouse.
+ *  
+ *  \return The haptic device identifier or NULL on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_MouseIsHaptic
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpen
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Haptic *SDLCALL SDL_HapticOpenFromMouse(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Checks to see if a joystick has haptic features.
+ *  
+ *  \param joystick Joystick to test for haptic capabilities.
+ *  \return 1 if the joystick is haptic, 0 if it isn't
+ *          or -1 if an error ocurred.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpenFromJoystick
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_JoystickIsHaptic(SDL_Joystick * joystick);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Opens a Haptic device for usage from a Joystick device.
+ *  
+ *  You must still close the haptic device seperately.  It will not be closed 
+ *  with the joystick.
+ *  
+ *  When opening from a joystick you should first close the haptic device before
+ *  closing the joystick device.  If not, on some implementations the haptic
+ *  device will also get unallocated and you'll be unable to use force feedback
+ *  on that device.
+ *  
+ *  \param joystick Joystick to create a haptic device from.
+ *  \return A valid haptic device identifier on success or NULL on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpen
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticClose
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Haptic *SDLCALL SDL_HapticOpenFromJoystick(SDL_Joystick *
+                                                               joystick);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Closes a Haptic device previously opened with SDL_HapticOpen().
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to close.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_HapticClose(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Returns the number of effects a haptic device can store.
+ *  
+ *  On some platforms this isn't fully supported, and therefore is an
+ *  aproximation.  Always check to see if your created effect was actually
+ *  created and do not rely solely on SDL_HapticNumEffects().
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic The haptic device to query effect max.
+ *  \return The number of effects the haptic device can store or
+ *          -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticNumEffectsPlaying
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticQuery
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticNumEffects(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Returns the number of effects a haptic device can play at the same 
+ *         time.
+ *  
+ *  This is not supported on all platforms, but will always return a value.  
+ *  Added here for the sake of completness.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic The haptic device to query maximum playing effects.
+ *  \return The number of effects the haptic device can play at the same time
+ *          or -1 on error.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticNumEffects
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticQuery
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticNumEffectsPlaying(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Gets the haptic devices supported features in bitwise matter.
+ *  
+ *  Example: 
+ *  \code
+ *  if (SDL_HapticQueryEffects(haptic) & SDL_HAPTIC_CONSTANT) {
+ *      printf("We have constant haptic effect!");
+ *  }
+ *  \endcode
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic The haptic device to query.
+ *  \return Haptic features in bitwise manner (OR'd).
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticNumEffects
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticEffectSupported
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC unsigned int SDLCALL SDL_HapticQuery(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Gets the number of haptic axes the device has.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticDirection
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticNumAxes(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Checks to see if effect is supported by haptic.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to check on.
+ *  \param effect Effect to check to see if it is supported.
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if effect is supported, SDL_FALSE if it isn't or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticQuery
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticNewEffect
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticEffectSupported(SDL_Haptic * haptic,
+                                                      SDL_HapticEffect *
+                                                      effect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Creates a new haptic effect on the device.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to create the effect on.
+ *  \param effect Properties of the effect to create.
+ *  \return The id of the effect on success or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticUpdateEffect
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRunEffect
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticDestroyEffect
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticNewEffect(SDL_Haptic * haptic,
+                                                SDL_HapticEffect * effect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Updates the properties of an effect.
+ *  
+ *  Can be used dynamically, although behaviour when dynamically changing
+ *  direction may be strange.  Specifically the effect may reupload itself
+ *  and start playing from the start.  You cannot change the type either when
+ *  running SDL_HapticUpdateEffect().
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device that has the effect.
+ *  \param effect Effect to update.
+ *  \param data New effect properties to use.
+ *  \return The id of the effect on success or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticNewEffect
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRunEffect
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticDestroyEffect
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticUpdateEffect(SDL_Haptic * haptic,
+                                                   int effect,
+                                                   SDL_HapticEffect * data);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Runs the haptic effect on it's assosciated haptic device.
+ *  
+ *  If iterations are ::SDL_HAPTIC_INFINITY, it'll run the effect over and over
+ *  repeating the envelope (attack and fade) every time.  If you only want the
+ *  effect to last forever, set ::SDL_HAPTIC_INFINITY in the effect's length
+ *  parameter.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to run the effect on.
+ *  \param effect Identifier of the haptic effect to run.
+ *  \param iterations Number of iterations to run the effect. Use
+ *         ::SDL_HAPTIC_INFINITY for infinity.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticStopEffect
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticDestroyEffect
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticGetEffectStatus
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticRunEffect(SDL_Haptic * haptic,
+                                                int effect,
+                                                Uint32 iterations);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Stops the haptic effect on it's assosciated haptic device.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to stop the effect on.
+ *  \param effect Identifier of the effect to stop.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRunEffect
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticDestroyEffect
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticStopEffect(SDL_Haptic * haptic,
+                                                 int effect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Destroys a haptic effect on the device.
+ *  
+ *  This will stop the effect if it's running.  Effects are automatically 
+ *  destroyed when the device is closed.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Device to destroy the effect on.
+ *  \param effect Identifier of the effect to destroy.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticNewEffect
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_HapticDestroyEffect(SDL_Haptic * haptic,
+                                                     int effect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Gets the status of the current effect on the haptic device.
+ *  
+ *  Device must support the ::SDL_HAPTIC_STATUS feature.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to query the effect status on.
+ *  \param effect Identifier of the effect to query it's status.
+ *  \return 0 if it isn't playing, ::SDL_HAPTIC_PLAYING if it is playing
+ *          or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRunEffect
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticStopEffect
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticGetEffectStatus(SDL_Haptic * haptic,
+                                                      int effect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Sets the global gain of the device.
+ *  
+ *  Device must support the ::SDL_HAPTIC_GAIN feature.
+ *  
+ *  The user may specify the maxmimum gain by setting the environment variable
+ *  ::SDL_HAPTIC_GAIN_MAX which should be between 0 and 100.  All calls to
+ *  SDL_HapticSetGain() will scale linearly using ::SDL_HAPTIC_GAIN_MAX as the
+ *  maximum.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to set the gain on.
+ *  \param gain Value to set the gain to, should be between 0 and 100.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticQuery
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticSetGain(SDL_Haptic * haptic, int gain);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Sets the global autocenter of the device.
+ *  
+ *  Autocenter should be between 0 and 100.  Setting it to 0 will disable 
+ *  autocentering.
+ *
+ *  Device must support the ::SDL_HAPTIC_AUTOCENTER feature.
+ *
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to set autocentering on.
+ *  \param autocenter Value to set autocenter to, 0 disables autocentering.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticQuery
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticSetAutocenter(SDL_Haptic * haptic,
+                                                    int autocenter);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Pauses a haptic device.
+ *  
+ *  Device must support the ::SDL_HAPTIC_PAUSE feature.  Call 
+ *  SDL_HapticUnpause() to resume playback.
+ *  
+ *  Do not modify the effects nor add new ones while the device is paused.
+ *  That can cause all sorts of weird errors.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to pause.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticUnpause
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticPause(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Unpauses a haptic device.
+ *  
+ *  Call to unpause after SDL_HapticPause().
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to pause.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticPause
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticUnpause(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Stops all the currently playing effects on a haptic device.
+ *  
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to stop.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticStopAll(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Checks to see if rumble is supported on a haptic device..
+ *
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to check to see if it supports rumble.
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if effect is supported, SDL_FALSE if it isn't or -1 on error.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumbleInit
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumblePlay
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumbleStop
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticRumbleSupported(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Initializes the haptic device for simple rumble playback.
+ *
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to initialize for simple rumble playback.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticOpen
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumbleSupported
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumblePlay
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumbleStop
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticRumbleInit(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Runs simple rumble on a haptic device
+ *
+ *  \param haptic Haptic device to play rumble effect on.
+ *  \param strength Strength of the rumble to play as a 0-1 float value.
+ *  \param length Length of the rumble to play in miliseconds.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumbleSupported
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumbleInit
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumbleStop
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticRumblePlay(SDL_Haptic * haptic, float strength, Uint32 length );
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Stops the simple rumble on a haptic device.
+ *
+ *  \param haptic Haptic to stop the rumble on.
+ *  \return 0 on success or -1 on error.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumbleSupported
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumbleInit
+ *  \sa SDL_HapticRumblePlay
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_HapticRumbleStop(SDL_Haptic * haptic);
+
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_haptic_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_hints.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_hints.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64323917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_hints.h
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_hints.h
+ *  
+ *  Official documentation for SDL configuration variables
+ *
+ *  This file contains functions to set and get configuration hints,
+ *  as well as listing each of them alphabetically.
+ *
+ *  The convention for naming hints is SDL_HINT_X, where "SDL_X" is
+ *  the environment variable that can be used to override the default.
+ *
+ *  In general these hints are just that - they may or may not be
+ *  supported or applicable on any given platform, but they provide
+ *  a way for an application or user to give the library a hint as
+ *  to how they would like the library to work.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_hints_h
+#define _SDL_hints_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief  A variable controlling how 3D acceleration is used to accelerate the SDL 1.2 screen surface. 
+ *
+ *  SDL can try to accelerate the SDL 1.2 screen surface by using streaming
+ *  textures with a 3D rendering engine.  This variable controls whether and
+ *  how this is done.
+ *
+ *  This variable can be set to the following values:
+ *    "0"       - Disable 3D acceleration
+ *    "1"       - Enable 3D acceleration, using the default renderer.
+ *    "X"       - Enable 3D acceleration, using X where X is one of the valid rendering drivers.  (e.g. "direct3d", "opengl", etc.)
+ *
+ *  By default SDL tries to make a best guess for each platform whether
+ *  to use acceleration or not.
+ */
+#define SDL_HINT_FRAMEBUFFER_ACCELERATION   "SDL_FRAMEBUFFER_ACCELERATION"
+
+/**
+ *  \brief  A variable specifying which render driver to use.
+ *
+ *  If the application doesn't pick a specific renderer to use, this variable
+ *  specifies the name of the preferred renderer.  If the preferred renderer
+ *  can't be initialized, the normal default renderer is used.
+ *
+ *  This variable is case insensitive and can be set to the following values:
+ *    "direct3d"
+ *    "opengl"
+ *    "opengles2"
+ *    "opengles"
+ *    "software"
+ *
+ *  The default varies by platform, but it's the first one in the list that
+ *  is available on the current platform.
+ */
+#define SDL_HINT_RENDER_DRIVER              "SDL_RENDER_DRIVER"
+
+/**
+ *  \brief  A variable controlling whether the OpenGL render driver uses shaders if they are available.
+ *
+ *  This variable can be set to the following values:
+ *    "0"       - Disable shaders
+ *    "1"       - Enable shaders
+ *
+ *  By default shaders are used if OpenGL supports them.
+ */
+#define SDL_HINT_RENDER_OPENGL_SHADERS      "SDL_RENDER_OPENGL_SHADERS"
+
+/**
+ *  \brief  A variable controlling the scaling quality
+ *
+ *  This variable can be set to the following values:
+ *    "0" or "nearest" - Nearest pixel sampling
+ *    "1" or "linear"  - Linear filtering (supported by OpenGL and Direct3D)
+ *    "2" or "best"    - Anisotropic filtering (supported by Direct3D)
+ *
+ *  By default nearest pixel sampling is used
+ */
+#define SDL_HINT_RENDER_SCALE_QUALITY       "SDL_RENDER_SCALE_QUALITY"
+
+/**
+ *  \brief  A variable controlling whether updates to the SDL 1.2 screen surface should be synchronized with the vertical refresh, to avoid tearing.
+ *
+ *  This variable can be set to the following values:
+ *    "0"       - Disable vsync
+ *    "1"       - Enable vsync
+ *
+ *  By default SDL does not sync screen surface updates with vertical refresh.
+ */
+#define SDL_HINT_RENDER_VSYNC               "SDL_RENDER_VSYNC"
+	
+/**
+ *  \brief  A variable controlling whether the idle timer is disabled on iOS.
+ *
+ *  When an iOS app does not receive touches for some time, the screen is
+ *  dimmed automatically. For games where the accelerometer is the only input
+ *  this is problematic. This functionality can be disabled by setting this
+ *  hint.
+ *
+ *  This variable can be set to the following values:
+ *    "0"       - Enable idle timer
+ *    "1"       - Disable idle timer
+ */
+#define SDL_HINT_IDLE_TIMER_DISABLED "SDL_IOS_IDLE_TIMER_DISABLED"
+	
+/**
+ *  \brief  A variable controlling which orientations are allowed on iOS.
+ *
+ *  In some circumstances it is necessary to be able to explicitly control
+ *  which UI orientations are allowed.
+ *
+ *  This variable is a space delimited list of the following values:
+ *    "LandscapeLeft", "LandscapeRight", "Portrait" "PortraitUpsideDown"
+ */
+#define SDL_HINT_ORIENTATIONS "SDL_IOS_ORIENTATIONS"
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief  An enumeration of hint priorities
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_HINT_DEFAULT,
+    SDL_HINT_NORMAL,
+    SDL_HINT_OVERRIDE
+} SDL_HintPriority;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set a hint with a specific priority
+ *
+ *  The priority controls the behavior when setting a hint that already
+ *  has a value.  Hints will replace existing hints of their priority and
+ *  lower.  Environment variables are considered to have override priority.
+ * 
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if the hint was set, SDL_FALSE otherwise
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_SetHintWithPriority(const char *name,
+                                                         const char *value,
+                                                         SDL_HintPriority priority);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set a hint with normal priority
+ * 
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if the hint was set, SDL_FALSE otherwise
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_SetHint(const char *name,
+                                             const char *value);
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get a hint
+ *  
+ *  \return The string value of a hint variable.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char * SDLCALL SDL_GetHint(const char *name);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief  Clear all hints
+ *
+ *  This function is called during SDL_Quit() to free stored hints.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_ClearHints(void);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_hints_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_input.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_input.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..354d4d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_input.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_input.h
+ *  
+ *  Include file for lowlevel SDL input device handling.
+ *
+ *  This talks about individual devices, and not the system cursor. If you
+ *  just want to know when the user moves the pointer somewhere in your
+ *  window, this is NOT the API you want. This one handles things like
+ *  multi-touch, drawing tablets, and multiple, separate mice.
+ *
+ *  The other API is in SDL_mouse.h
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_input_h
+#define _SDL_input_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/* !!! FIXME: real documentation
+ * - Redetect devices
+ * - This invalidates all existing device information from previous queries!
+ * - There is an implicit (re)detect upon SDL_Init().
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RedetectInputDevices(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the number of mouse input devices available.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetNumInputDevices(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Gets the name of a device with the given index.
+ *  
+ *  \param index is the index of the device, whose name is to be returned.
+ *  
+ *  \return the name of the device with the specified index
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetInputDeviceName(int index);
+
+
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_IsDeviceDisconnected(int index);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_mouse_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_joystick.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_joystick.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e83726a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_joystick.h
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_joystick.h
+ *  
+ *  Include file for SDL joystick event handling
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_joystick_h
+#define _SDL_joystick_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_joystick.h
+ *
+ *  In order to use these functions, SDL_Init() must have been called
+ *  with the ::SDL_INIT_JOYSTICK flag.  This causes SDL to scan the system
+ *  for joysticks, and load appropriate drivers.
+ */
+
+/* The joystick structure used to identify an SDL joystick */
+struct _SDL_Joystick;
+typedef struct _SDL_Joystick SDL_Joystick;
+
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+/**
+ *  Count the number of joysticks attached to the system
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_NumJoysticks(void);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the implementation dependent name of a joystick.
+ *  This can be called before any joysticks are opened.
+ *  If no name can be found, this function returns NULL.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_JoystickName(int device_index);
+
+/**
+ *  Open a joystick for use.  
+ *  The index passed as an argument refers tothe N'th joystick on the system.  
+ *  This index is the value which will identify this joystick in future joystick
+ *  events.
+ *  
+ *  \return A joystick identifier, or NULL if an error occurred.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Joystick *SDLCALL SDL_JoystickOpen(int device_index);
+
+/**
+ *  Returns 1 if the joystick has been opened, or 0 if it has not.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_JoystickOpened(int device_index);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the device index of an opened joystick.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_JoystickIndex(SDL_Joystick * joystick);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the number of general axis controls on a joystick.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_JoystickNumAxes(SDL_Joystick * joystick);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the number of trackballs on a joystick.
+ *  
+ *  Joystick trackballs have only relative motion events associated
+ *  with them and their state cannot be polled.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_JoystickNumBalls(SDL_Joystick * joystick);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the number of POV hats on a joystick.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_JoystickNumHats(SDL_Joystick * joystick);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the number of buttons on a joystick.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_JoystickNumButtons(SDL_Joystick * joystick);
+
+/**
+ *  Update the current state of the open joysticks.
+ *  
+ *  This is called automatically by the event loop if any joystick
+ *  events are enabled.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_JoystickUpdate(void);
+
+/**
+ *  Enable/disable joystick event polling.
+ *  
+ *  If joystick events are disabled, you must call SDL_JoystickUpdate()
+ *  yourself and check the state of the joystick when you want joystick
+ *  information.
+ *  
+ *  The state can be one of ::SDL_QUERY, ::SDL_ENABLE or ::SDL_IGNORE.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_JoystickEventState(int state);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the current state of an axis control on a joystick.
+ *  
+ *  The state is a value ranging from -32768 to 32767.
+ *  
+ *  The axis indices start at index 0.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Sint16 SDLCALL SDL_JoystickGetAxis(SDL_Joystick * joystick,
+                                                   int axis);
+
+/**
+ *  \name Hat positions
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_HAT_CENTERED	0x00
+#define SDL_HAT_UP		0x01
+#define SDL_HAT_RIGHT		0x02
+#define SDL_HAT_DOWN		0x04
+#define SDL_HAT_LEFT		0x08
+#define SDL_HAT_RIGHTUP		(SDL_HAT_RIGHT|SDL_HAT_UP)
+#define SDL_HAT_RIGHTDOWN	(SDL_HAT_RIGHT|SDL_HAT_DOWN)
+#define SDL_HAT_LEFTUP		(SDL_HAT_LEFT|SDL_HAT_UP)
+#define SDL_HAT_LEFTDOWN	(SDL_HAT_LEFT|SDL_HAT_DOWN)
+/*@}*/
+
+/**
+ *  Get the current state of a POV hat on a joystick.
+ *
+ *  The hat indices start at index 0.
+ *  
+ *  \return The return value is one of the following positions:
+ *           - ::SDL_HAT_CENTERED
+ *           - ::SDL_HAT_UP
+ *           - ::SDL_HAT_RIGHT
+ *           - ::SDL_HAT_DOWN
+ *           - ::SDL_HAT_LEFT
+ *           - ::SDL_HAT_RIGHTUP
+ *           - ::SDL_HAT_RIGHTDOWN
+ *           - ::SDL_HAT_LEFTUP
+ *           - ::SDL_HAT_LEFTDOWN
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint8 SDLCALL SDL_JoystickGetHat(SDL_Joystick * joystick,
+                                                 int hat);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the ball axis change since the last poll.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0, or -1 if you passed it invalid parameters.
+ *  
+ *  The ball indices start at index 0.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_JoystickGetBall(SDL_Joystick * joystick,
+                                                int ball, int *dx, int *dy);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the current state of a button on a joystick.
+ *  
+ *  The button indices start at index 0.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint8 SDLCALL SDL_JoystickGetButton(SDL_Joystick * joystick,
+                                                    int button);
+
+/**
+ *  Close a joystick previously opened with SDL_JoystickOpen().
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_JoystickClose(SDL_Joystick * joystick);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_joystick_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_keyboard.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_keyboard.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c390cb69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_keyboard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_keyboard.h
+ *  
+ *  Include file for SDL keyboard event handling
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_keyboard_h
+#define _SDL_keyboard_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_keycode.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The SDL keysym structure, used in key events.
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_Keysym
+{
+    SDL_Scancode scancode;      /**< SDL physical key code - see ::SDL_Scancode for details */
+    SDL_Keycode sym;            /**< SDL virtual key code - see ::SDL_Keycode for details */
+    Uint16 mod;                 /**< current key modifiers */
+    Uint32 unicode;             /**< \deprecated use SDL_TextInputEvent instead */
+} SDL_Keysym;
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the window which currently has keyboard focus.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Window * SDLCALL SDL_GetKeyboardFocus(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get a snapshot of the current state of the keyboard.
+ *  
+ *  \param numkeys if non-NULL, receives the length of the returned array.
+ *  
+ *  \return An array of key states. Indexes into this array are obtained by using ::SDL_Scancode values.
+ *  
+ *  \b Example:
+ *  \code
+ *  Uint8 *state = SDL_GetKeyboardState(NULL);
+ *  if ( state[SDL_SCANCODE_RETURN] )   {
+ *      printf("<RETURN> is pressed.\n");
+ *  }
+ *  \endcode
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint8 *SDLCALL SDL_GetKeyboardState(int *numkeys);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the current key modifier state for the keyboard.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Keymod SDLCALL SDL_GetModState(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the current key modifier state for the keyboard.
+ *  
+ *  \note This does not change the keyboard state, only the key modifier flags.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetModState(SDL_Keymod modstate);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the key code corresponding to the given scancode according
+ *         to the current keyboard layout.
+ *  
+ *  See ::SDL_Keycode for details.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetKeyName()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Keycode SDLCALL SDL_GetKeyFromScancode(SDL_Scancode scancode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the scancode corresponding to the given key code according to the
+ *         current keyboard layout.
+ *  
+ *  See ::SDL_Scancode for details.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetScancodeName()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Scancode SDLCALL SDL_GetScancodeFromKey(SDL_Keycode key);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get a human-readable name for a scancode.
+ *  
+ *  \return A pointer to a UTF-8 string that stays valid at least until the next
+ *          call to this function. If you need it around any longer, you must 
+ *          copy it.  If the scancode doesn't have a name, this function returns
+ *          an empty string ("").
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_Scancode
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetScancodeName(SDL_Scancode
+                                                        scancode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get a human-readable name for a key.
+ *  
+ *  \return A pointer to a UTF-8 string that stays valid at least until the next
+ *          call to this function. If you need it around any longer, you must 
+ *          copy it.  If the key doesn't have a name, this function returns an 
+ *          empty string ("").
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_Key
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetKeyName(SDL_Keycode key);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Start accepting Unicode text input events.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_StopTextInput()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetTextInputRect()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_StartTextInput(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Stop receiving any text input events.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_StartTextInput()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_StopTextInput(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the rectangle used to type Unicode text inputs.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_StartTextInput()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetTextInputRect(SDL_Rect *rect);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_keyboard_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_keycode.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_keycode.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5be1f715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_keycode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_keycode.h
+ *  
+ *  Defines constants which identify keyboard keys and modifiers.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_keycode_h
+#define _SDL_keycode_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_scancode.h"
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The SDL virtual key representation.
+ *  
+ *  Values of this type are used to represent keyboard keys using the current
+ *  layout of the keyboard.  These values include Unicode values representing
+ *  the unmodified character that would be generated by pressing the key, or
+ *  an SDLK_* constant for those keys that do not generate characters.
+ */
+typedef Sint32 SDL_Keycode;
+
+#define SDLK_SCANCODE_MASK (1<<30)
+#define SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(X)	(X | SDLK_SCANCODE_MASK)
+
+enum
+{
+    SDLK_UNKNOWN = 0,
+
+    SDLK_RETURN = '\r',
+    SDLK_ESCAPE = '\033',
+    SDLK_BACKSPACE = '\b',
+    SDLK_TAB = '\t',
+    SDLK_SPACE = ' ',
+    SDLK_EXCLAIM = '!',
+    SDLK_QUOTEDBL = '"',
+    SDLK_HASH = '#',
+    SDLK_PERCENT = '%',
+    SDLK_DOLLAR = '$',
+    SDLK_AMPERSAND = '&',
+    SDLK_QUOTE = '\'',
+    SDLK_LEFTPAREN = '(',
+    SDLK_RIGHTPAREN = ')',
+    SDLK_ASTERISK = '*',
+    SDLK_PLUS = '+',
+    SDLK_COMMA = ',',
+    SDLK_MINUS = '-',
+    SDLK_PERIOD = '.',
+    SDLK_SLASH = '/',
+    SDLK_0 = '0',
+    SDLK_1 = '1',
+    SDLK_2 = '2',
+    SDLK_3 = '3',
+    SDLK_4 = '4',
+    SDLK_5 = '5',
+    SDLK_6 = '6',
+    SDLK_7 = '7',
+    SDLK_8 = '8',
+    SDLK_9 = '9',
+    SDLK_COLON = ':',
+    SDLK_SEMICOLON = ';',
+    SDLK_LESS = '<',
+    SDLK_EQUALS = '=',
+    SDLK_GREATER = '>',
+    SDLK_QUESTION = '?',
+    SDLK_AT = '@',
+    /* 
+       Skip uppercase letters
+     */
+    SDLK_LEFTBRACKET = '[',
+    SDLK_BACKSLASH = '\\',
+    SDLK_RIGHTBRACKET = ']',
+    SDLK_CARET = '^',
+    SDLK_UNDERSCORE = '_',
+    SDLK_BACKQUOTE = '`',
+    SDLK_a = 'a',
+    SDLK_b = 'b',
+    SDLK_c = 'c',
+    SDLK_d = 'd',
+    SDLK_e = 'e',
+    SDLK_f = 'f',
+    SDLK_g = 'g',
+    SDLK_h = 'h',
+    SDLK_i = 'i',
+    SDLK_j = 'j',
+    SDLK_k = 'k',
+    SDLK_l = 'l',
+    SDLK_m = 'm',
+    SDLK_n = 'n',
+    SDLK_o = 'o',
+    SDLK_p = 'p',
+    SDLK_q = 'q',
+    SDLK_r = 'r',
+    SDLK_s = 's',
+    SDLK_t = 't',
+    SDLK_u = 'u',
+    SDLK_v = 'v',
+    SDLK_w = 'w',
+    SDLK_x = 'x',
+    SDLK_y = 'y',
+    SDLK_z = 'z',
+
+    SDLK_CAPSLOCK = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_CAPSLOCK),
+
+    SDLK_F1 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F1),
+    SDLK_F2 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F2),
+    SDLK_F3 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F3),
+    SDLK_F4 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F4),
+    SDLK_F5 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F5),
+    SDLK_F6 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F6),
+    SDLK_F7 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F7),
+    SDLK_F8 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F8),
+    SDLK_F9 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F9),
+    SDLK_F10 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F10),
+    SDLK_F11 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F11),
+    SDLK_F12 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F12),
+
+    SDLK_PRINTSCREEN = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_PRINTSCREEN),
+    SDLK_SCROLLLOCK = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_SCROLLLOCK),
+    SDLK_PAUSE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_PAUSE),
+    SDLK_INSERT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_INSERT),
+    SDLK_HOME = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_HOME),
+    SDLK_PAGEUP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_PAGEUP),
+    SDLK_DELETE = '\177',
+    SDLK_END = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_END),
+    SDLK_PAGEDOWN = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_PAGEDOWN),
+    SDLK_RIGHT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_RIGHT),
+    SDLK_LEFT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_LEFT),
+    SDLK_DOWN = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_DOWN),
+    SDLK_UP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_UP),
+
+    SDLK_NUMLOCKCLEAR = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_NUMLOCKCLEAR),
+    SDLK_KP_DIVIDE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_DIVIDE),
+    SDLK_KP_MULTIPLY = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MULTIPLY),
+    SDLK_KP_MINUS = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MINUS),
+    SDLK_KP_PLUS = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_PLUS),
+    SDLK_KP_ENTER = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_ENTER),
+    SDLK_KP_1 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_1),
+    SDLK_KP_2 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_2),
+    SDLK_KP_3 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_3),
+    SDLK_KP_4 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_4),
+    SDLK_KP_5 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_5),
+    SDLK_KP_6 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_6),
+    SDLK_KP_7 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_7),
+    SDLK_KP_8 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_8),
+    SDLK_KP_9 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_9),
+    SDLK_KP_0 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_0),
+    SDLK_KP_PERIOD = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_PERIOD),
+
+    SDLK_APPLICATION = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_APPLICATION),
+    SDLK_POWER = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_POWER),
+    SDLK_KP_EQUALS = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_EQUALS),
+    SDLK_F13 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F13),
+    SDLK_F14 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F14),
+    SDLK_F15 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F15),
+    SDLK_F16 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F16),
+    SDLK_F17 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F17),
+    SDLK_F18 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F18),
+    SDLK_F19 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F19),
+    SDLK_F20 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F20),
+    SDLK_F21 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F21),
+    SDLK_F22 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F22),
+    SDLK_F23 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F23),
+    SDLK_F24 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_F24),
+    SDLK_EXECUTE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_EXECUTE),
+    SDLK_HELP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_HELP),
+    SDLK_MENU = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_MENU),
+    SDLK_SELECT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_SELECT),
+    SDLK_STOP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_STOP),
+    SDLK_AGAIN = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AGAIN),
+    SDLK_UNDO = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_UNDO),
+    SDLK_CUT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_CUT),
+    SDLK_COPY = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_COPY),
+    SDLK_PASTE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_PASTE),
+    SDLK_FIND = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_FIND),
+    SDLK_MUTE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_MUTE),
+    SDLK_VOLUMEUP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_VOLUMEUP),
+    SDLK_VOLUMEDOWN = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_VOLUMEDOWN),
+    SDLK_KP_COMMA = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_COMMA),
+    SDLK_KP_EQUALSAS400 =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_EQUALSAS400),
+
+    SDLK_ALTERASE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_ALTERASE),
+    SDLK_SYSREQ = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_SYSREQ),
+    SDLK_CANCEL = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_CANCEL),
+    SDLK_CLEAR = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_CLEAR),
+    SDLK_PRIOR = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_PRIOR),
+    SDLK_RETURN2 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_RETURN2),
+    SDLK_SEPARATOR = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_SEPARATOR),
+    SDLK_OUT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_OUT),
+    SDLK_OPER = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_OPER),
+    SDLK_CLEARAGAIN = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_CLEARAGAIN),
+    SDLK_CRSEL = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_CRSEL),
+    SDLK_EXSEL = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_EXSEL),
+
+    SDLK_KP_00 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_00),
+    SDLK_KP_000 = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_000),
+    SDLK_THOUSANDSSEPARATOR =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_THOUSANDSSEPARATOR),
+    SDLK_DECIMALSEPARATOR =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_DECIMALSEPARATOR),
+    SDLK_CURRENCYUNIT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_CURRENCYUNIT),
+    SDLK_CURRENCYSUBUNIT =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_CURRENCYSUBUNIT),
+    SDLK_KP_LEFTPAREN = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_LEFTPAREN),
+    SDLK_KP_RIGHTPAREN = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_RIGHTPAREN),
+    SDLK_KP_LEFTBRACE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_LEFTBRACE),
+    SDLK_KP_RIGHTBRACE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_RIGHTBRACE),
+    SDLK_KP_TAB = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_TAB),
+    SDLK_KP_BACKSPACE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_BACKSPACE),
+    SDLK_KP_A = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_A),
+    SDLK_KP_B = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_B),
+    SDLK_KP_C = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_C),
+    SDLK_KP_D = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_D),
+    SDLK_KP_E = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_E),
+    SDLK_KP_F = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_F),
+    SDLK_KP_XOR = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_XOR),
+    SDLK_KP_POWER = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_POWER),
+    SDLK_KP_PERCENT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_PERCENT),
+    SDLK_KP_LESS = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_LESS),
+    SDLK_KP_GREATER = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_GREATER),
+    SDLK_KP_AMPERSAND = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_AMPERSAND),
+    SDLK_KP_DBLAMPERSAND =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_DBLAMPERSAND),
+    SDLK_KP_VERTICALBAR =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_VERTICALBAR),
+    SDLK_KP_DBLVERTICALBAR =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_DBLVERTICALBAR),
+    SDLK_KP_COLON = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_COLON),
+    SDLK_KP_HASH = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_HASH),
+    SDLK_KP_SPACE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_SPACE),
+    SDLK_KP_AT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_AT),
+    SDLK_KP_EXCLAM = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_EXCLAM),
+    SDLK_KP_MEMSTORE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMSTORE),
+    SDLK_KP_MEMRECALL = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMRECALL),
+    SDLK_KP_MEMCLEAR = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMCLEAR),
+    SDLK_KP_MEMADD = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMADD),
+    SDLK_KP_MEMSUBTRACT =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMSUBTRACT),
+    SDLK_KP_MEMMULTIPLY =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMMULTIPLY),
+    SDLK_KP_MEMDIVIDE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMDIVIDE),
+    SDLK_KP_PLUSMINUS = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_PLUSMINUS),
+    SDLK_KP_CLEAR = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_CLEAR),
+    SDLK_KP_CLEARENTRY = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_CLEARENTRY),
+    SDLK_KP_BINARY = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_BINARY),
+    SDLK_KP_OCTAL = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_OCTAL),
+    SDLK_KP_DECIMAL = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_DECIMAL),
+    SDLK_KP_HEXADECIMAL =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KP_HEXADECIMAL),
+
+    SDLK_LCTRL = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_LCTRL),
+    SDLK_LSHIFT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_LSHIFT),
+    SDLK_LALT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_LALT),
+    SDLK_LGUI = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_LGUI),
+    SDLK_RCTRL = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_RCTRL),
+    SDLK_RSHIFT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_RSHIFT),
+    SDLK_RALT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_RALT),
+    SDLK_RGUI = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_RGUI),
+
+    SDLK_MODE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_MODE),
+
+    SDLK_AUDIONEXT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIONEXT),
+    SDLK_AUDIOPREV = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIOPREV),
+    SDLK_AUDIOSTOP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIOSTOP),
+    SDLK_AUDIOPLAY = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIOPLAY),
+    SDLK_AUDIOMUTE = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIOMUTE),
+    SDLK_MEDIASELECT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_MEDIASELECT),
+    SDLK_WWW = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_WWW),
+    SDLK_MAIL = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_MAIL),
+    SDLK_CALCULATOR = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_CALCULATOR),
+    SDLK_COMPUTER = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_COMPUTER),
+    SDLK_AC_SEARCH = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AC_SEARCH),
+    SDLK_AC_HOME = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AC_HOME),
+    SDLK_AC_BACK = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AC_BACK),
+    SDLK_AC_FORWARD = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AC_FORWARD),
+    SDLK_AC_STOP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AC_STOP),
+    SDLK_AC_REFRESH = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AC_REFRESH),
+    SDLK_AC_BOOKMARKS = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_AC_BOOKMARKS),
+
+    SDLK_BRIGHTNESSDOWN =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_BRIGHTNESSDOWN),
+    SDLK_BRIGHTNESSUP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_BRIGHTNESSUP),
+    SDLK_DISPLAYSWITCH = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_DISPLAYSWITCH),
+    SDLK_KBDILLUMTOGGLE =
+        SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KBDILLUMTOGGLE),
+    SDLK_KBDILLUMDOWN = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KBDILLUMDOWN),
+    SDLK_KBDILLUMUP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_KBDILLUMUP),
+    SDLK_EJECT = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_EJECT),
+    SDLK_SLEEP = SDL_SCANCODE_TO_KEYCODE(SDL_SCANCODE_SLEEP)
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Enumeration of valid key mods (possibly OR'd together).
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    KMOD_NONE = 0x0000,
+    KMOD_LSHIFT = 0x0001,
+    KMOD_RSHIFT = 0x0002,
+    KMOD_LCTRL = 0x0040,
+    KMOD_RCTRL = 0x0080,
+    KMOD_LALT = 0x0100,
+    KMOD_RALT = 0x0200,
+    KMOD_LGUI = 0x0400,
+    KMOD_RGUI = 0x0800,
+    KMOD_NUM = 0x1000,
+    KMOD_CAPS = 0x2000,
+    KMOD_MODE = 0x4000,
+    KMOD_RESERVED = 0x8000
+} SDL_Keymod;
+
+#define KMOD_CTRL	(KMOD_LCTRL|KMOD_RCTRL)
+#define KMOD_SHIFT	(KMOD_LSHIFT|KMOD_RSHIFT)
+#define KMOD_ALT	(KMOD_LALT|KMOD_RALT)
+#define KMOD_GUI	(KMOD_LGUI|KMOD_RGUI)
+
+#endif /* _SDL_keycode_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_loadso.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_loadso.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..821ca2d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_loadso.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_loadso.h
+ *
+ *  System dependent library loading routines
+ *
+ *  Some things to keep in mind:                                        
+ *  \li These functions only work on C function names.  Other languages may
+ *      have name mangling and intrinsic language support that varies from
+ *      compiler to compiler.
+ *  \li Make sure you declare your function pointers with the same calling
+ *      convention as the actual library function.  Your code will crash
+ *      mysteriously if you do not do this.
+ *  \li Avoid namespace collisions.  If you load a symbol from the library,
+ *      it is not defined whether or not it goes into the global symbol
+ *      namespace for the application.  If it does and it conflicts with
+ *      symbols in your code or other shared libraries, you will not get
+ *      the results you expect. :)
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_loadso_h
+#define _SDL_loadso_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  This function dynamically loads a shared object and returns a pointer
+ *  to the object handle (or NULL if there was an error).
+ *  The 'sofile' parameter is a system dependent name of the object file.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_LoadObject(const char *sofile);
+
+/**
+ *  Given an object handle, this function looks up the address of the
+ *  named function in the shared object and returns it.  This address
+ *  is no longer valid after calling SDL_UnloadObject().
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_LoadFunction(void *handle,
+                                               const char *name);
+
+/**
+ *  Unload a shared object from memory.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UnloadObject(void *handle);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_loadso_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_log.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_log.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b48e246f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_log.h
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_log.h
+ *  
+ *  Simple log messages with categories and priorities.
+ *
+ *  By default logs are quiet, but if you're debugging SDL you might want:
+ *
+ *      SDL_LogSetAllPriority(SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_WARN);
+ *
+ *  Here's where the messages go on different platforms:
+ *      Windows: debug output stream
+ *      Android: log output
+ *      Others: standard error output (stderr)
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_log_h
+#define _SDL_log_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The maximum size of a log message
+ *
+ *  Messages longer than the maximum size will be truncated
+ */
+#define SDL_MAX_LOG_MESSAGE 4096
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The predefined log categories
+ *
+ *  By default the application category is enabled at the INFO level,
+ *  and all other categories are enabled at the CRITICAL level.
+ */
+enum
+{
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_ERROR,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_SYSTEM,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_AUDIO,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_VIDEO,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RENDER,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_INPUT,
+
+    /* Reserved for future SDL library use */
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED1,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED2,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED3,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED4,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED5,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED6,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED7,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED8,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED9,
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RESERVED10,
+
+    /* Beyond this point is reserved for application use, e.g.
+       enum {
+           MYAPP_CATEGORY_AWESOME1 = SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_CUSTOM,
+           MYAPP_CATEGORY_AWESOME2,
+           MYAPP_CATEGORY_AWESOME3,
+           ...
+       };
+     */
+    SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_CUSTOM
+};
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The predefined log priorities
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_VERBOSE = 1,
+    SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_DEBUG,
+    SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_INFO,
+    SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_WARN,
+    SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_ERROR,
+    SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_CRITICAL,
+    SDL_NUM_LOG_PRIORITIES
+} SDL_LogPriority;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the priority of all log categories
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogSetAllPriority(SDL_LogPriority priority);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the priority of a particular log category
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogSetPriority(int category,
+                                                SDL_LogPriority priority);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the priority of a particular log category
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_LogPriority SDLCALL SDL_LogGetPriority(int category);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Reset all priorities to default.
+ *
+ *  \note This is called in SDL_Quit().
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogResetPriorities(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Log a message with SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION and SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_INFO
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_Log(const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Log a message with SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_VERBOSE
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogVerbose(int category, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Log a message with SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_DEBUG
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogDebug(int category, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Log a message with SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_INFO
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogInfo(int category, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Log a message with SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_WARN
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogWarn(int category, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Log a message with SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_ERROR
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogError(int category, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Log a message with SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_CRITICAL
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogCritical(int category, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Log a message with the specified category and priority.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogMessage(int category,
+                                            SDL_LogPriority priority,
+                                            const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Log a message with the specified category and priority.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogMessageV(int category,
+                                             SDL_LogPriority priority,
+                                             const char *fmt, va_list ap);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The prototype for the log output function
+ */
+typedef void (*SDL_LogOutputFunction)(void *userdata, int category, SDL_LogPriority priority, const char *message);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the current log output function.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogGetOutputFunction(SDL_LogOutputFunction *callback, void **userdata);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief This function allows you to replace the default log output
+ *         function with one of your own.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_LogSetOutputFunction(SDL_LogOutputFunction callback, void *userdata);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_log_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_main.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_main.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..905fd53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_main.h
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_main_h
+#define _SDL_main_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_main.h
+ *  
+ *  Redefine main() on some platforms so that it is called by SDL.
+ */
+
+#if defined(__WIN32__) || defined(__IPHONEOS__) || defined(__ANDROID__)
+#ifndef SDL_MAIN_HANDLED
+#define SDL_MAIN_NEEDED
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#define C_LINKAGE	"C"
+#else
+#define C_LINKAGE
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_main.h
+ *
+ *  The application's main() function must be called with C linkage,
+ *  and should be declared like this:
+ *  \code
+ *  #ifdef __cplusplus
+ *  extern "C"
+ *  #endif
+ *  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ *  {
+ *  }
+ *  \endcode
+ */
+
+#ifdef SDL_MAIN_NEEDED
+#define main	SDL_main
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  The prototype for the application's main() function
+ */
+extern C_LINKAGE int SDL_main(int argc, char *argv[]);
+
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __WIN32__
+
+/**
+ *  This can be called to set the application class at startup
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RegisterApp(char *name, Uint32 style,
+                                            void *hInst);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UnregisterApp(void);
+
+#endif /* __WIN32__ */
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_main_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_mouse.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_mouse.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de7d1414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_mouse.h
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_mouse.h
+ *  
+ *  Include file for SDL mouse event handling.
+ *
+ *  Please note that this ONLY discusses "mice" with the notion of the
+ *  desktop GUI. You (usually) have one system cursor, and the OS hides
+ *  the hardware details from you. If you plug in 10 mice, all ten move that
+ *  one cursor. For many applications and games, this is perfect, and this
+ *  API has served hundreds of SDL programs well since its birth.
+ *
+ *  It's not the whole picture, though. If you want more lowlevel control,
+ *  SDL offers a different API, that gives you visibility into each input
+ *  device, multi-touch interfaces, etc.
+ *
+ *  Those two APIs are incompatible, and you usually should not use both
+ *  at the same time. But for legacy purposes, this API refers to a "mouse"
+ *  when it actually means the system pointer and not a physical mouse.
+ *
+ *  The other API is in SDL_input.h
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_mouse_h
+#define _SDL_mouse_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+typedef struct SDL_Cursor SDL_Cursor;   /* Implementation dependent */
+
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the window which currently has mouse focus.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Window * SDLCALL SDL_GetMouseFocus(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Retrieve the current state of the mouse.
+ *  
+ *  The current button state is returned as a button bitmask, which can
+ *  be tested using the SDL_BUTTON(X) macros, and x and y are set to the
+ *  mouse cursor position relative to the focus window for the currently
+ *  selected mouse.  You can pass NULL for either x or y.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint8 SDLCALL SDL_GetMouseState(int *x, int *y);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Retrieve the relative state of the mouse.
+ *
+ *  The current button state is returned as a button bitmask, which can
+ *  be tested using the SDL_BUTTON(X) macros, and x and y are set to the
+ *  mouse deltas since the last call to SDL_GetRelativeMouseState().
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint8 SDLCALL SDL_GetRelativeMouseState(int *x, int *y);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Moves the mouse to the given position within the window.
+ *  
+ *  \param window The window to move the mouse into, or NULL for the current mouse focus
+ *  \param x The x coordinate within the window
+ *  \param y The y coordinate within the window
+ *  
+ *  \note This function generates a mouse motion event
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_WarpMouseInWindow(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                   int x, int y);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set relative mouse mode.
+ *  
+ *  \param enabled Whether or not to enable relative mode
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if relative mode is not supported.
+ *  
+ *  While the mouse is in relative mode, the cursor is hidden, and the
+ *  driver will try to report continuous motion in the current window.
+ *  Only relative motion events will be delivered, the mouse position
+ *  will not change.
+ *  
+ *  \note This function will flush any pending mouse motion.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetRelativeMouseMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetRelativeMouseMode(SDL_bool enabled);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Query whether relative mouse mode is enabled.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetRelativeMouseMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_GetRelativeMouseMode(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create a cursor, using the specified bitmap data and
+ *         mask (in MSB format).
+ *  
+ *  The cursor width must be a multiple of 8 bits.
+ *  
+ *  The cursor is created in black and white according to the following:
+ *  <table>
+ *  <tr><td> data </td><td> mask </td><td> resulting pixel on screen </td></tr>
+ *  <tr><td>  0   </td><td>  1   </td><td> White </td></tr>
+ *  <tr><td>  1   </td><td>  1   </td><td> Black </td></tr>
+ *  <tr><td>  0   </td><td>  0   </td><td> Transparent </td></tr>
+ *  <tr><td>  1   </td><td>  0   </td><td> Inverted color if possible, black 
+ *                                         if not. </td></tr>
+ *  </table>
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_FreeCursor()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Cursor *SDLCALL SDL_CreateCursor(const Uint8 * data,
+                                                     const Uint8 * mask,
+                                                     int w, int h, int hot_x,
+                                                     int hot_y);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create a color cursor.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_FreeCursor()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Cursor *SDLCALL SDL_CreateColorCursor(SDL_Surface *surface,
+                                                          int hot_x,
+                                                          int hot_y);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the active cursor.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetCursor(SDL_Cursor * cursor);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Return the active cursor.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Cursor *SDLCALL SDL_GetCursor(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Frees a cursor created with SDL_CreateCursor().
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateCursor()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FreeCursor(SDL_Cursor * cursor);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Toggle whether or not the cursor is shown.
+ *  
+ *  \param toggle 1 to show the cursor, 0 to hide it, -1 to query the current 
+ *                state.
+ *  
+ *  \return 1 if the cursor is shown, or 0 if the cursor is hidden.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_ShowCursor(int toggle);
+
+/**
+ *  Used as a mask when testing buttons in buttonstate.
+ *   - Button 1:  Left mouse button
+ *   - Button 2:  Middle mouse button
+ *   - Button 3:  Right mouse button
+ */
+#define SDL_BUTTON(X)		(1 << ((X)-1))
+#define SDL_BUTTON_LEFT		1
+#define SDL_BUTTON_MIDDLE	2
+#define SDL_BUTTON_RIGHT	3
+#define SDL_BUTTON_X1		4
+#define SDL_BUTTON_X2		5
+#define SDL_BUTTON_LMASK	SDL_BUTTON(SDL_BUTTON_LEFT)
+#define SDL_BUTTON_MMASK	SDL_BUTTON(SDL_BUTTON_MIDDLE)
+#define SDL_BUTTON_RMASK	SDL_BUTTON(SDL_BUTTON_RIGHT)
+#define SDL_BUTTON_X1MASK	SDL_BUTTON(SDL_BUTTON_X1)
+#define SDL_BUTTON_X2MASK	SDL_BUTTON(SDL_BUTTON_X2)
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_mouse_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_mutex.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_mutex.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e872670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_mutex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_mutex_h
+#define _SDL_mutex_h
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_mutex.h
+ *  
+ *  Functions to provide thread synchronization primitives.
+ */
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  Synchronization functions which can time out return this value
+ *  if they time out.
+ */
+#define SDL_MUTEX_TIMEDOUT	1
+
+/**
+ *  This is the timeout value which corresponds to never time out.
+ */
+#define SDL_MUTEX_MAXWAIT	(~(Uint32)0)
+
+
+/**
+ *  \name Mutex functions
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/* The SDL mutex structure, defined in SDL_mutex.c */
+struct SDL_mutex;
+typedef struct SDL_mutex SDL_mutex;
+
+/**
+ *  Create a mutex, initialized unlocked.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_mutex *SDLCALL SDL_CreateMutex(void);
+
+/**
+ *  Lock the mutex.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0, or -1 on error.
+ */
+#define SDL_LockMutex(m)	SDL_mutexP(m)
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_mutexP(SDL_mutex * mutex);
+
+/**
+ *  Unlock the mutex.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0, or -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \warning It is an error to unlock a mutex that has not been locked by
+ *           the current thread, and doing so results in undefined behavior.
+ */
+#define SDL_UnlockMutex(m)	SDL_mutexV(m)
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_mutexV(SDL_mutex * mutex);
+
+/** 
+ *  Destroy a mutex.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DestroyMutex(SDL_mutex * mutex);
+
+/*@}*//*Mutex functions*/
+
+
+/**
+ *  \name Semaphore functions
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/* The SDL semaphore structure, defined in SDL_sem.c */
+struct SDL_semaphore;
+typedef struct SDL_semaphore SDL_sem;
+
+/**
+ *  Create a semaphore, initialized with value, returns NULL on failure.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_sem *SDLCALL SDL_CreateSemaphore(Uint32 initial_value);
+
+/**
+ *  Destroy a semaphore.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DestroySemaphore(SDL_sem * sem);
+
+/**
+ *  This function suspends the calling thread until the semaphore pointed 
+ *  to by \c sem has a positive count. It then atomically decreases the 
+ *  semaphore count.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SemWait(SDL_sem * sem);
+
+/**
+ *  Non-blocking variant of SDL_SemWait().
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 if the wait succeeds, ::SDL_MUTEX_TIMEDOUT if the wait would 
+ *          block, and -1 on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SemTryWait(SDL_sem * sem);
+
+/**
+ *  Variant of SDL_SemWait() with a timeout in milliseconds.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 if the wait succeeds, ::SDL_MUTEX_TIMEDOUT if the wait does not 
+ *          succeed in the allotted time, and -1 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \warning On some platforms this function is implemented by looping with a 
+ *           delay of 1 ms, and so should be avoided if possible.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SemWaitTimeout(SDL_sem * sem, Uint32 ms);
+
+/**
+ *  Atomically increases the semaphore's count (not blocking).
+ *  
+ *  \return 0, or -1 on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SemPost(SDL_sem * sem);
+
+/**
+ *  Returns the current count of the semaphore.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_SemValue(SDL_sem * sem);
+
+/*@}*//*Semaphore functions*/
+
+
+/**
+ *  \name Condition variable functions
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/* The SDL condition variable structure, defined in SDL_cond.c */
+struct SDL_cond;
+typedef struct SDL_cond SDL_cond;
+
+/**
+ *  Create a condition variable.
+ *
+ *  Typical use of condition variables:
+ *
+ *  Thread A:
+ *    SDL_LockMutex(lock);
+ *    while ( ! condition ) {
+ *        SDL_CondWait(cond, lock);
+ *    }
+ *    SDL_UnlockMutex(lock);
+ *
+ *  Thread B:
+ *    SDL_LockMutex(lock);
+ *    ...
+ *    condition = true;
+ *    ...
+ *    SDL_CondSignal(cond);
+ *    SDL_UnlockMutex(lock);
+ *
+ *  There is some discussion whether to signal the condition variable
+ *  with the mutex locked or not.  There is some potential performance
+ *  benefit to unlocking first on some platforms, but there are some
+ *  potential race conditions depending on how your code is structured.
+ *
+ *  In general it's safer to signal the condition variable while the
+ *  mutex is locked.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_cond *SDLCALL SDL_CreateCond(void);
+
+/**
+ *  Destroy a condition variable.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DestroyCond(SDL_cond * cond);
+
+/**
+ *  Restart one of the threads that are waiting on the condition variable.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 or -1 on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_CondSignal(SDL_cond * cond);
+
+/**
+ *  Restart all threads that are waiting on the condition variable.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 or -1 on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_CondBroadcast(SDL_cond * cond);
+
+/**
+ *  Wait on the condition variable, unlocking the provided mutex.
+ *  
+ *  \warning The mutex must be locked before entering this function!
+ *  
+ *  The mutex is re-locked once the condition variable is signaled.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 when it is signaled, or -1 on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_CondWait(SDL_cond * cond, SDL_mutex * mutex);
+
+/**
+ *  Waits for at most \c ms milliseconds, and returns 0 if the condition
+ *  variable is signaled, ::SDL_MUTEX_TIMEDOUT if the condition is not
+ *  signaled in the allotted time, and -1 on error.
+ *
+ *  \warning On some platforms this function is implemented by looping with a 
+ *           delay of 1 ms, and so should be avoided if possible.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_CondWaitTimeout(SDL_cond * cond,
+                                                SDL_mutex * mutex, Uint32 ms);
+
+/*@}*//*Condition variable functions*/
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_mutex_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_name.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_name.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..511619af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_name.h
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+
+#ifndef _SDLname_h_
+#define _SDLname_h_
+
+#if defined(__STDC__) || defined(__cplusplus)
+#define NeedFunctionPrototypes 1
+#endif
+
+#define SDL_NAME(X)	SDL_##X
+
+#endif /* _SDLname_h_ */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_opengl.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_opengl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61f3c5c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_opengl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,11113 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_opengl.h
+ *  
+ *  This is a simple file to encapsulate the OpenGL API headers.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_opengl_h
+#define _SDL_opengl_h
+
+#include "SDL_config.h"
+
+#ifdef __WIN32__
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+#define NOMINMAX                /* Don't defined min() and max() */
+#endif
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef __glext_h_
+/* Someone has already included glext.h */
+#define NO_SDL_GLEXT
+#endif
+#ifndef NO_SDL_GLEXT
+#define __glext_h_              /* Don't let gl.h include glext.h */
+#endif
+#if defined(__MACOSX__)
+#include <OpenGL/gl.h>          /* Header File For The OpenGL Library */
+#define __X_GL_H
+#else
+#include <GL/gl.h>              /* Header File For The OpenGL Library */
+#endif
+#ifndef NO_SDL_GLEXT
+#undef __glext_h_
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_opengl.h
+ *  
+ *  This file is included because glext.h is not available on some systems.
+ *  If you don't want this version included, simply define ::NO_SDL_GLEXT.
+ *  
+ *  The latest version is available from:
+ *  	http://www.opengl.org/registry/
+ */
+
+/**
+ *  \def NO_SDL_GLEXT
+ *  
+ *  Define this if you have your own version of glext.h and want to disable the 
+ *  version included in SDL_opengl.h.
+ */
+
+#if !defined(NO_SDL_GLEXT) && !defined(GL_GLEXT_LEGACY)
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+#ifndef __glext_h_
+#define __glext_h_
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Copyright (c) 2007-2010 The Khronos Group Inc.
+** 
+** Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+** copy of this software and/or associated documentation files (the
+** "Materials"), to deal in the Materials without restriction, including
+** without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+** distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Materials, and to
+** permit persons to whom the Materials are furnished to do so, subject to
+** the following conditions:
+** 
+** The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+** in all copies or substantial portions of the Materials.
+** 
+** THE MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+** EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+** MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+** IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+** CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+** TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+** MATERIALS OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE MATERIALS.
+*/
+
+/* Header file version number, required by OpenGL ABI for Linux */
+/* glext.h last updated $Date: 2010-08-03 01:30:25 -0700 (Tue, 03 Aug 2010) $ */
+/* Current version at http://www.opengl.org/registry/ */
+#define GL_GLEXT_VERSION 64
+/* Function declaration macros - to move into glplatform.h */
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(APIENTRY) && !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(__SCITECH_SNAP__)
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN 1
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef APIENTRY
+#define APIENTRY
+#endif
+#ifndef APIENTRYP
+#define APIENTRYP APIENTRY *
+#endif
+#ifndef GLAPI
+#define GLAPI extern
+#endif
+
+/*************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_2
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE_3_3_2            0x8032
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_4_4_4_4         0x8033
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_5_5_5_1         0x8034
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8           0x8035
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10_10_10_2        0x8036
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_3D             0x806A
+#define GL_PACK_SKIP_IMAGES               0x806B
+#define GL_PACK_IMAGE_HEIGHT              0x806C
+#define GL_UNPACK_SKIP_IMAGES             0x806D
+#define GL_UNPACK_IMAGE_HEIGHT            0x806E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_3D                     0x806F
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_3D               0x8070
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DEPTH                  0x8071
+#define GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R                 0x8072
+#define GL_MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE            0x8073
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE_2_3_3_REV        0x8362
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_5_6_5           0x8363
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_5_6_5_REV       0x8364
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_4_4_4_4_REV     0x8365
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_1_5_5_5_REV     0x8366
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_REV       0x8367
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_2_10_10_10_REV    0x8368
+#define GL_BGR                            0x80E0
+#define GL_BGRA                           0x80E1
+#define GL_MAX_ELEMENTS_VERTICES          0x80E8
+#define GL_MAX_ELEMENTS_INDICES           0x80E9
+#define GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE                  0x812F
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MIN_LOD                0x813A
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LOD                0x813B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BASE_LEVEL             0x813C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LEVEL              0x813D
+#define GL_SMOOTH_POINT_SIZE_RANGE        0x0B12
+#define GL_SMOOTH_POINT_SIZE_GRANULARITY  0x0B13
+#define GL_SMOOTH_LINE_WIDTH_RANGE        0x0B22
+#define GL_SMOOTH_LINE_WIDTH_GRANULARITY  0x0B23
+#define GL_ALIASED_LINE_WIDTH_RANGE       0x846E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_2_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_RESCALE_NORMAL                 0x803A
+#define GL_LIGHT_MODEL_COLOR_CONTROL      0x81F8
+#define GL_SINGLE_COLOR                   0x81F9
+#define GL_SEPARATE_SPECULAR_COLOR        0x81FA
+#define GL_ALIASED_POINT_SIZE_RANGE       0x846D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_imaging
+#define GL_CONSTANT_COLOR                 0x8001
+#define GL_ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_COLOR       0x8002
+#define GL_CONSTANT_ALPHA                 0x8003
+#define GL_ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_ALPHA       0x8004
+#define GL_BLEND_COLOR                    0x8005
+#define GL_FUNC_ADD                       0x8006
+#define GL_MIN                            0x8007
+#define GL_MAX                            0x8008
+#define GL_BLEND_EQUATION                 0x8009
+#define GL_FUNC_SUBTRACT                  0x800A
+#define GL_FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT          0x800B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_imaging_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_1D                 0x8010
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_2D                 0x8011
+#define GL_SEPARABLE_2D                   0x8012
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_BORDER_MODE        0x8013
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_FILTER_SCALE       0x8014
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_FILTER_BIAS        0x8015
+#define GL_REDUCE                         0x8016
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_FORMAT             0x8017
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_WIDTH              0x8018
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_HEIGHT             0x8019
+#define GL_MAX_CONVOLUTION_WIDTH          0x801A
+#define GL_MAX_CONVOLUTION_HEIGHT         0x801B
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_RED_SCALE     0x801C
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_GREEN_SCALE   0x801D
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_BLUE_SCALE    0x801E
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_ALPHA_SCALE   0x801F
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_RED_BIAS      0x8020
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_GREEN_BIAS    0x8021
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_BLUE_BIAS     0x8022
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_ALPHA_BIAS    0x8023
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM                      0x8024
+#define GL_PROXY_HISTOGRAM                0x8025
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_WIDTH                0x8026
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_FORMAT               0x8027
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_RED_SIZE             0x8028
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_GREEN_SIZE           0x8029
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_BLUE_SIZE            0x802A
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_ALPHA_SIZE           0x802B
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_LUMINANCE_SIZE       0x802C
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_SINK                 0x802D
+#define GL_MINMAX                         0x802E
+#define GL_MINMAX_FORMAT                  0x802F
+#define GL_MINMAX_SINK                    0x8030
+#define GL_TABLE_TOO_LARGE                0x8031
+#define GL_COLOR_MATRIX                   0x80B1
+#define GL_COLOR_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH       0x80B2
+#define GL_MAX_COLOR_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH   0x80B3
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_RED_SCALE    0x80B4
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_GREEN_SCALE  0x80B5
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_BLUE_SCALE   0x80B6
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_ALPHA_SCALE  0x80B7
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_RED_BIAS     0x80B8
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_GREEN_BIAS   0x80B9
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_BLUE_BIAS    0x80BA
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_ALPHA_BIAS   0x80BB
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE                    0x80D0
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_COLOR_TABLE   0x80D1
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_COLOR_TABLE  0x80D2
+#define GL_PROXY_COLOR_TABLE              0x80D3
+#define GL_PROXY_POST_CONVOLUTION_COLOR_TABLE 0x80D4
+#define GL_PROXY_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_COLOR_TABLE 0x80D5
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_SCALE              0x80D6
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_BIAS               0x80D7
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_FORMAT             0x80D8
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_WIDTH              0x80D9
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_RED_SIZE           0x80DA
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_GREEN_SIZE         0x80DB
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_BLUE_SIZE          0x80DC
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_ALPHA_SIZE         0x80DD
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_LUMINANCE_SIZE     0x80DE
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_INTENSITY_SIZE     0x80DF
+#define GL_CONSTANT_BORDER                0x8151
+#define GL_REPLICATE_BORDER               0x8153
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_BORDER_COLOR       0x8154
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_3
+#define GL_TEXTURE0                       0x84C0
+#define GL_TEXTURE1                       0x84C1
+#define GL_TEXTURE2                       0x84C2
+#define GL_TEXTURE3                       0x84C3
+#define GL_TEXTURE4                       0x84C4
+#define GL_TEXTURE5                       0x84C5
+#define GL_TEXTURE6                       0x84C6
+#define GL_TEXTURE7                       0x84C7
+#define GL_TEXTURE8                       0x84C8
+#define GL_TEXTURE9                       0x84C9
+#define GL_TEXTURE10                      0x84CA
+#define GL_TEXTURE11                      0x84CB
+#define GL_TEXTURE12                      0x84CC
+#define GL_TEXTURE13                      0x84CD
+#define GL_TEXTURE14                      0x84CE
+#define GL_TEXTURE15                      0x84CF
+#define GL_TEXTURE16                      0x84D0
+#define GL_TEXTURE17                      0x84D1
+#define GL_TEXTURE18                      0x84D2
+#define GL_TEXTURE19                      0x84D3
+#define GL_TEXTURE20                      0x84D4
+#define GL_TEXTURE21                      0x84D5
+#define GL_TEXTURE22                      0x84D6
+#define GL_TEXTURE23                      0x84D7
+#define GL_TEXTURE24                      0x84D8
+#define GL_TEXTURE25                      0x84D9
+#define GL_TEXTURE26                      0x84DA
+#define GL_TEXTURE27                      0x84DB
+#define GL_TEXTURE28                      0x84DC
+#define GL_TEXTURE29                      0x84DD
+#define GL_TEXTURE30                      0x84DE
+#define GL_TEXTURE31                      0x84DF
+#define GL_ACTIVE_TEXTURE                 0x84E0
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE                    0x809D
+#define GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_COVERAGE       0x809E
+#define GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_ONE            0x809F
+#define GL_SAMPLE_COVERAGE                0x80A0
+#define GL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS                 0x80A8
+#define GL_SAMPLES                        0x80A9
+#define GL_SAMPLE_COVERAGE_VALUE          0x80AA
+#define GL_SAMPLE_COVERAGE_INVERT         0x80AB
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP               0x8513
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_CUBE_MAP       0x8514
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X    0x8515
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X    0x8516
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y    0x8517
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y    0x8518
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z    0x8519
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z    0x851A
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP         0x851B
+#define GL_MAX_CUBE_MAP_TEXTURE_SIZE      0x851C
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGB                 0x84ED
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA                0x84EE
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_HINT       0x84EF
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSED_IMAGE_SIZE  0x86A0
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSED             0x86A1
+#define GL_NUM_COMPRESSED_TEXTURE_FORMATS 0x86A2
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_TEXTURE_FORMATS     0x86A3
+#define GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER                0x812D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_3_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_CLIENT_ACTIVE_TEXTURE          0x84E1
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_UNITS              0x84E2
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_MODELVIEW_MATRIX     0x84E3
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_PROJECTION_MATRIX    0x84E4
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_TEXTURE_MATRIX       0x84E5
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_COLOR_MATRIX         0x84E6
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_BIT                0x20000000
+#define GL_NORMAL_MAP                     0x8511
+#define GL_REFLECTION_MAP                 0x8512
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_ALPHA               0x84E9
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_LUMINANCE           0x84EA
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_LUMINANCE_ALPHA     0x84EB
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_INTENSITY           0x84EC
+#define GL_COMBINE                        0x8570
+#define GL_COMBINE_RGB                    0x8571
+#define GL_COMBINE_ALPHA                  0x8572
+#define GL_SOURCE0_RGB                    0x8580
+#define GL_SOURCE1_RGB                    0x8581
+#define GL_SOURCE2_RGB                    0x8582
+#define GL_SOURCE0_ALPHA                  0x8588
+#define GL_SOURCE1_ALPHA                  0x8589
+#define GL_SOURCE2_ALPHA                  0x858A
+#define GL_OPERAND0_RGB                   0x8590
+#define GL_OPERAND1_RGB                   0x8591
+#define GL_OPERAND2_RGB                   0x8592
+#define GL_OPERAND0_ALPHA                 0x8598
+#define GL_OPERAND1_ALPHA                 0x8599
+#define GL_OPERAND2_ALPHA                 0x859A
+#define GL_RGB_SCALE                      0x8573
+#define GL_ADD_SIGNED                     0x8574
+#define GL_INTERPOLATE                    0x8575
+#define GL_SUBTRACT                       0x84E7
+#define GL_CONSTANT                       0x8576
+#define GL_PRIMARY_COLOR                  0x8577
+#define GL_PREVIOUS                       0x8578
+#define GL_DOT3_RGB                       0x86AE
+#define GL_DOT3_RGBA                      0x86AF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_4
+#define GL_BLEND_DST_RGB                  0x80C8
+#define GL_BLEND_SRC_RGB                  0x80C9
+#define GL_BLEND_DST_ALPHA                0x80CA
+#define GL_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA                0x80CB
+#define GL_POINT_FADE_THRESHOLD_SIZE      0x8128
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16              0x81A5
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24              0x81A6
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32              0x81A7
+#define GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT                0x8370
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS           0x84FD
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS               0x8501
+#define GL_INCR_WRAP                      0x8507
+#define GL_DECR_WRAP                      0x8508
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DEPTH_SIZE             0x884A
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_MODE           0x884C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_FUNC           0x884D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_4_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_POINT_SIZE_MIN                 0x8126
+#define GL_POINT_SIZE_MAX                 0x8127
+#define GL_POINT_DISTANCE_ATTENUATION     0x8129
+#define GL_GENERATE_MIPMAP                0x8191
+#define GL_GENERATE_MIPMAP_HINT           0x8192
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_SOURCE          0x8450
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE                 0x8451
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_DEPTH                 0x8452
+#define GL_CURRENT_FOG_COORDINATE         0x8453
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_TYPE      0x8454
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_STRIDE    0x8455
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_POINTER   0x8456
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY           0x8457
+#define GL_COLOR_SUM                      0x8458
+#define GL_CURRENT_SECONDARY_COLOR        0x8459
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_SIZE     0x845A
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_TYPE     0x845B
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_STRIDE   0x845C
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_POINTER  0x845D
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY          0x845E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_FILTER_CONTROL         0x8500
+#define GL_DEPTH_TEXTURE_MODE             0x884B
+#define GL_COMPARE_R_TO_TEXTURE           0x884E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_5
+#define GL_BUFFER_SIZE                    0x8764
+#define GL_BUFFER_USAGE                   0x8765
+#define GL_QUERY_COUNTER_BITS             0x8864
+#define GL_CURRENT_QUERY                  0x8865
+#define GL_QUERY_RESULT                   0x8866
+#define GL_QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE         0x8867
+#define GL_ARRAY_BUFFER                   0x8892
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER           0x8893
+#define GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING           0x8894
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING   0x8895
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING 0x889F
+#define GL_READ_ONLY                      0x88B8
+#define GL_WRITE_ONLY                     0x88B9
+#define GL_READ_WRITE                     0x88BA
+#define GL_BUFFER_ACCESS                  0x88BB
+#define GL_BUFFER_MAPPED                  0x88BC
+#define GL_BUFFER_MAP_POINTER             0x88BD
+#define GL_STREAM_DRAW                    0x88E0
+#define GL_STREAM_READ                    0x88E1
+#define GL_STREAM_COPY                    0x88E2
+#define GL_STATIC_DRAW                    0x88E4
+#define GL_STATIC_READ                    0x88E5
+#define GL_STATIC_COPY                    0x88E6
+#define GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW                   0x88E8
+#define GL_DYNAMIC_READ                   0x88E9
+#define GL_DYNAMIC_COPY                   0x88EA
+#define GL_SAMPLES_PASSED                 0x8914
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_5_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING    0x8896
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING    0x8897
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING     0x8898
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING     0x8899
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING 0x889A
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING 0x889B
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING 0x889C
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING 0x889D
+#define GL_WEIGHT_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING    0x889E
+#define GL_FOG_COORD_SRC                  0x8450
+#define GL_FOG_COORD                      0x8451
+#define GL_CURRENT_FOG_COORD              0x8453
+#define GL_FOG_COORD_ARRAY_TYPE           0x8454
+#define GL_FOG_COORD_ARRAY_STRIDE         0x8455
+#define GL_FOG_COORD_ARRAY_POINTER        0x8456
+#define GL_FOG_COORD_ARRAY                0x8457
+#define GL_FOG_COORD_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING 0x889D
+#define GL_SRC0_RGB                       0x8580
+#define GL_SRC1_RGB                       0x8581
+#define GL_SRC2_RGB                       0x8582
+#define GL_SRC0_ALPHA                     0x8588
+#define GL_SRC1_ALPHA                     0x8589
+#define GL_SRC2_ALPHA                     0x858A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_2_0
+#define GL_BLEND_EQUATION_RGB             0x8009
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_ENABLED    0x8622
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_SIZE       0x8623
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_STRIDE     0x8624
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_TYPE       0x8625
+#define GL_CURRENT_VERTEX_ATTRIB          0x8626
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE      0x8642
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_POINTER    0x8645
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_FUNC              0x8800
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_FAIL              0x8801
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL   0x8802
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_PASS   0x8803
+#define GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS               0x8824
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER0                   0x8825
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER1                   0x8826
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER2                   0x8827
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER3                   0x8828
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER4                   0x8829
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER5                   0x882A
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER6                   0x882B
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER7                   0x882C
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER8                   0x882D
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER9                   0x882E
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER10                  0x882F
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER11                  0x8830
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER12                  0x8831
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER13                  0x8832
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER14                  0x8833
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER15                  0x8834
+#define GL_BLEND_EQUATION_ALPHA           0x883D
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS             0x8869
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_NORMALIZED 0x886A
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS        0x8872
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER                0x8B30
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER                  0x8B31
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS 0x8B49
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS  0x8B4A
+#define GL_MAX_VARYING_FLOATS             0x8B4B
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS 0x8B4C
+#define GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS 0x8B4D
+#define GL_SHADER_TYPE                    0x8B4F
+#define GL_FLOAT_VEC2                     0x8B50
+#define GL_FLOAT_VEC3                     0x8B51
+#define GL_FLOAT_VEC4                     0x8B52
+#define GL_INT_VEC2                       0x8B53
+#define GL_INT_VEC3                       0x8B54
+#define GL_INT_VEC4                       0x8B55
+#define GL_BOOL                           0x8B56
+#define GL_BOOL_VEC2                      0x8B57
+#define GL_BOOL_VEC3                      0x8B58
+#define GL_BOOL_VEC4                      0x8B59
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT2                     0x8B5A
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT3                     0x8B5B
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT4                     0x8B5C
+#define GL_SAMPLER_1D                     0x8B5D
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D                     0x8B5E
+#define GL_SAMPLER_3D                     0x8B5F
+#define GL_SAMPLER_CUBE                   0x8B60
+#define GL_SAMPLER_1D_SHADOW              0x8B61
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_SHADOW              0x8B62
+#define GL_DELETE_STATUS                  0x8B80
+#define GL_COMPILE_STATUS                 0x8B81
+#define GL_LINK_STATUS                    0x8B82
+#define GL_VALIDATE_STATUS                0x8B83
+#define GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH                0x8B84
+#define GL_ATTACHED_SHADERS               0x8B85
+#define GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS                0x8B86
+#define GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_MAX_LENGTH      0x8B87
+#define GL_SHADER_SOURCE_LENGTH           0x8B88
+#define GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES              0x8B89
+#define GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_LENGTH    0x8B8A
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_DERIVATIVE_HINT 0x8B8B
+#define GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION       0x8B8C
+#define GL_CURRENT_PROGRAM                0x8B8D
+#define GL_POINT_SPRITE_COORD_ORIGIN      0x8CA0
+#define GL_LOWER_LEFT                     0x8CA1
+#define GL_UPPER_LEFT                     0x8CA2
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_REF               0x8CA3
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_VALUE_MASK        0x8CA4
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_WRITEMASK         0x8CA5
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_2_0_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_TWO_SIDE        0x8643
+#define GL_POINT_SPRITE                   0x8861
+#define GL_COORD_REPLACE                  0x8862
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_COORDS             0x8871
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_2_1
+#define GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER              0x88EB
+#define GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER            0x88EC
+#define GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_BINDING      0x88ED
+#define GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_BINDING    0x88EF
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT2x3                   0x8B65
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT2x4                   0x8B66
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT3x2                   0x8B67
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT3x4                   0x8B68
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT4x2                   0x8B69
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT4x3                   0x8B6A
+#define GL_SRGB                           0x8C40
+#define GL_SRGB8                          0x8C41
+#define GL_SRGB_ALPHA                     0x8C42
+#define GL_SRGB8_ALPHA8                   0x8C43
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB                0x8C48
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA          0x8C49
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_2_1_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_CURRENT_RASTER_SECONDARY_COLOR 0x845F
+#define GL_SLUMINANCE_ALPHA               0x8C44
+#define GL_SLUMINANCE8_ALPHA8             0x8C45
+#define GL_SLUMINANCE                     0x8C46
+#define GL_SLUMINANCE8                    0x8C47
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SLUMINANCE          0x8C4A
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SLUMINANCE_ALPHA    0x8C4B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_3_0
+#define GL_COMPARE_REF_TO_TEXTURE         0x884E
+#define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE0                 0x3000
+#define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE1                 0x3001
+#define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE2                 0x3002
+#define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE3                 0x3003
+#define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE4                 0x3004
+#define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE5                 0x3005
+#define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE6                 0x3006
+#define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE7                 0x3007
+#define GL_MAX_CLIP_DISTANCES             0x0D32
+#define GL_MAJOR_VERSION                  0x821B
+#define GL_MINOR_VERSION                  0x821C
+#define GL_NUM_EXTENSIONS                 0x821D
+#define GL_CONTEXT_FLAGS                  0x821E
+#define GL_DEPTH_BUFFER                   0x8223
+#define GL_STENCIL_BUFFER                 0x8224
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RED                 0x8225
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RG                  0x8226
+#define GL_CONTEXT_FLAG_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT 0x0001
+#define GL_RGBA32F                        0x8814
+#define GL_RGB32F                         0x8815
+#define GL_RGBA16F                        0x881A
+#define GL_RGB16F                         0x881B
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_INTEGER    0x88FD
+#define GL_MAX_ARRAY_TEXTURE_LAYERS       0x88FF
+#define GL_MIN_PROGRAM_TEXEL_OFFSET       0x8904
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_TEXEL_OFFSET       0x8905
+#define GL_CLAMP_READ_COLOR               0x891C
+#define GL_FIXED_ONLY                     0x891D
+#define GL_MAX_VARYING_COMPONENTS         0x8B4B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY               0x8C18
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY         0x8C19
+#define GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY               0x8C1A
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY         0x8C1B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_1D_ARRAY       0x8C1C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D_ARRAY       0x8C1D
+#define GL_R11F_G11F_B10F                 0x8C3A
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV   0x8C3B
+#define GL_RGB9_E5                        0x8C3D
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV       0x8C3E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SHARED_SIZE            0x8C3F
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYING_MAX_LENGTH 0x8C76
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_MODE 0x8C7F
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_COMPONENTS 0x8C80
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYINGS    0x8C83
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_START 0x8C84
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_SIZE 0x8C85
+#define GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED           0x8C87
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN 0x8C88
+#define GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD             0x8C89
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_INTERLEAVED_COMPONENTS 0x8C8A
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS 0x8C8B
+#define GL_INTERLEAVED_ATTRIBS            0x8C8C
+#define GL_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS               0x8C8D
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER      0x8C8E
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_BINDING 0x8C8F
+#define GL_RGBA32UI                       0x8D70
+#define GL_RGB32UI                        0x8D71
+#define GL_RGBA16UI                       0x8D76
+#define GL_RGB16UI                        0x8D77
+#define GL_RGBA8UI                        0x8D7C
+#define GL_RGB8UI                         0x8D7D
+#define GL_RGBA32I                        0x8D82
+#define GL_RGB32I                         0x8D83
+#define GL_RGBA16I                        0x8D88
+#define GL_RGB16I                         0x8D89
+#define GL_RGBA8I                         0x8D8E
+#define GL_RGB8I                          0x8D8F
+#define GL_RED_INTEGER                    0x8D94
+#define GL_GREEN_INTEGER                  0x8D95
+#define GL_BLUE_INTEGER                   0x8D96
+#define GL_RGB_INTEGER                    0x8D98
+#define GL_RGBA_INTEGER                   0x8D99
+#define GL_BGR_INTEGER                    0x8D9A
+#define GL_BGRA_INTEGER                   0x8D9B
+#define GL_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY               0x8DC0
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY               0x8DC1
+#define GL_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY_SHADOW        0x8DC3
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_SHADOW        0x8DC4
+#define GL_SAMPLER_CUBE_SHADOW            0x8DC5
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_VEC2              0x8DC6
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_VEC3              0x8DC7
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_VEC4              0x8DC8
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_1D                 0x8DC9
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D                 0x8DCA
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_3D                 0x8DCB
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE               0x8DCC
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY           0x8DCE
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY           0x8DCF
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_1D        0x8DD1
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D        0x8DD2
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_3D        0x8DD3
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE      0x8DD4
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY  0x8DD6
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY  0x8DD7
+#define GL_QUERY_WAIT                     0x8E13
+#define GL_QUERY_NO_WAIT                  0x8E14
+#define GL_QUERY_BY_REGION_WAIT           0x8E15
+#define GL_QUERY_BY_REGION_NO_WAIT        0x8E16
+#define GL_BUFFER_ACCESS_FLAGS            0x911F
+#define GL_BUFFER_MAP_LENGTH              0x9120
+#define GL_BUFFER_MAP_OFFSET              0x9121
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_depth_buffer_float */
+/* reuse GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32F */
+/* reuse GL_DEPTH32F_STENCIL8 */
+/* reuse GL_FLOAT_32_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8_REV */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_framebuffer_object */
+/* reuse GL_INVALID_FRAMEBUFFER_OPERATION */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_COLOR_ENCODING */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_COMPONENT_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_RED_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_GREEN_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_BLUE_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_ALPHA_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_DEPTH_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_STENCIL_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNDEFINED */
+/* reuse GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT */
+/* reuse GL_INDEX */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_DEPTH_STENCIL */
+/* reuse GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8 */
+/* reuse GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8 */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_STENCIL_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_RED_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_GREEN_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_BLUE_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_ALPHA_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_DEPTH_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_UNSIGNED_NORMALIZED */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING */
+/* reuse GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_BINDING */
+/* reuse GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER */
+/* reuse GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER */
+/* reuse GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_SAMPLES */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_NAME */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LEVEL */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_FACE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LAYER */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT3 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT4 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT5 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT6 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT7 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT8 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT9 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT10 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT11 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT12 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT13 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT14 */
+/* reuse GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT15 */
+/* reuse GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT */
+/* reuse GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_WIDTH */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_HEIGHT */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_INTERNAL_FORMAT */
+/* reuse GL_STENCIL_INDEX1 */
+/* reuse GL_STENCIL_INDEX4 */
+/* reuse GL_STENCIL_INDEX8 */
+/* reuse GL_STENCIL_INDEX16 */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_RED_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_GREEN_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_BLUE_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_ALPHA_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_DEPTH_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_RENDERBUFFER_STENCIL_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MULTISAMPLE */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_SAMPLES */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_framebuffer_sRGB */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_half_float_vertex */
+/* reuse GL_HALF_FLOAT */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_map_buffer_range */
+/* reuse GL_MAP_READ_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_RANGE_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_BUFFER_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_MAP_UNSYNCHRONIZED_BIT */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_texture_compression_rgtc */
+/* reuse GL_COMPRESSED_RED_RGTC1 */
+/* reuse GL_COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RED_RGTC1 */
+/* reuse GL_COMPRESSED_RG_RGTC2 */
+/* reuse GL_COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RG_RGTC2 */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_texture_rg */
+/* reuse GL_RG */
+/* reuse GL_RG_INTEGER */
+/* reuse GL_R8 */
+/* reuse GL_R16 */
+/* reuse GL_RG8 */
+/* reuse GL_RG16 */
+/* reuse GL_R16F */
+/* reuse GL_R32F */
+/* reuse GL_RG16F */
+/* reuse GL_RG32F */
+/* reuse GL_R8I */
+/* reuse GL_R8UI */
+/* reuse GL_R16I */
+/* reuse GL_R16UI */
+/* reuse GL_R32I */
+/* reuse GL_R32UI */
+/* reuse GL_RG8I */
+/* reuse GL_RG8UI */
+/* reuse GL_RG16I */
+/* reuse GL_RG16UI */
+/* reuse GL_RG32I */
+/* reuse GL_RG32UI */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_vertex_array_object */
+/* reuse GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_BINDING */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_3_0_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_CLAMP_VERTEX_COLOR             0x891A
+#define GL_CLAMP_FRAGMENT_COLOR           0x891B
+#define GL_ALPHA_INTEGER                  0x8D97
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_framebuffer_object */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_LUMINANCE_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_INTENSITY_TYPE */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_3_1
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_RECT                0x8B63
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_RECT_SHADOW         0x8B64
+#define GL_SAMPLER_BUFFER                 0x8DC2
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D_RECT            0x8DCD
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_BUFFER             0x8DD0
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_RECT   0x8DD5
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_BUFFER    0x8DD8
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER                 0x8C2A
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE        0x8C2B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_BUFFER         0x8C2C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_DATA_STORE_BINDING 0x8C2D
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_FORMAT          0x8C2E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE              0x84F5
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_RECTANGLE      0x84F6
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE        0x84F7
+#define GL_MAX_RECTANGLE_TEXTURE_SIZE     0x84F8
+#define GL_RED_SNORM                      0x8F90
+#define GL_RG_SNORM                       0x8F91
+#define GL_RGB_SNORM                      0x8F92
+#define GL_RGBA_SNORM                     0x8F93
+#define GL_R8_SNORM                       0x8F94
+#define GL_RG8_SNORM                      0x8F95
+#define GL_RGB8_SNORM                     0x8F96
+#define GL_RGBA8_SNORM                    0x8F97
+#define GL_R16_SNORM                      0x8F98
+#define GL_RG16_SNORM                     0x8F99
+#define GL_RGB16_SNORM                    0x8F9A
+#define GL_RGBA16_SNORM                   0x8F9B
+#define GL_SIGNED_NORMALIZED              0x8F9C
+#define GL_PRIMITIVE_RESTART              0x8F9D
+#define GL_PRIMITIVE_RESTART_INDEX        0x8F9E
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_copy_buffer */
+/* reuse GL_COPY_READ_BUFFER */
+/* reuse GL_COPY_WRITE_BUFFER */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_draw_instanced (none) */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_uniform_buffer_object */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDING */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_START */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_BLOCKS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_BLOCKS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_COMBINED_UNIFORM_BLOCKS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_COMBINED_VERTEX_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_COMBINED_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT */
+/* reuse GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCK_MAX_NAME_LENGTH */
+/* reuse GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_NAME_LENGTH */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_INDEX */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_OFFSET */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_ARRAY_STRIDE */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_MATRIX_STRIDE */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_IS_ROW_MAJOR */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_BINDING */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_DATA_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_NAME_LENGTH */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_INDICES */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER */
+/* reuse GL_INVALID_INDEX */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_3_2
+#define GL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT       0x00000001
+#define GL_CONTEXT_COMPATIBILITY_PROFILE_BIT 0x00000002
+#define GL_LINES_ADJACENCY                0x000A
+#define GL_LINE_STRIP_ADJACENCY           0x000B
+#define GL_TRIANGLES_ADJACENCY            0x000C
+#define GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP_ADJACENCY       0x000D
+#define GL_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE             0x8642
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS 0x8C29
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_LAYERED 0x8DA7
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_LAYER_TARGETS 0x8DA8
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER                0x8DD9
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_VERTICES_OUT          0x8916
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_INPUT_TYPE            0x8917
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE           0x8918
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS 0x8DDF
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_VERTICES   0x8DE0
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_TOTAL_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS 0x8DE1
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS   0x9122
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_INPUT_COMPONENTS  0x9123
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS 0x9124
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_INPUT_COMPONENTS  0x9125
+#define GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK           0x9126
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VARYING_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LAYER */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_depth_clamp */
+/* reuse GL_DEPTH_CLAMP */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_draw_elements_base_vertex (none) */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_fragment_coord_conventions (none) */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_provoking_vertex */
+/* reuse GL_QUADS_FOLLOW_PROVOKING_VERTEX_CONVENTION */
+/* reuse GL_FIRST_VERTEX_CONVENTION */
+/* reuse GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION */
+/* reuse GL_PROVOKING_VERTEX */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_seamless_cube_map */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_SEAMLESS */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_sync */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_SERVER_WAIT_TIMEOUT */
+/* reuse GL_OBJECT_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_SYNC_CONDITION */
+/* reuse GL_SYNC_STATUS */
+/* reuse GL_SYNC_FLAGS */
+/* reuse GL_SYNC_FENCE */
+/* reuse GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE */
+/* reuse GL_UNSIGNALED */
+/* reuse GL_SIGNALED */
+/* reuse GL_ALREADY_SIGNALED */
+/* reuse GL_TIMEOUT_EXPIRED */
+/* reuse GL_CONDITION_SATISFIED */
+/* reuse GL_WAIT_FAILED */
+/* reuse GL_TIMEOUT_IGNORED */
+/* reuse GL_SYNC_FLUSH_COMMANDS_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_TIMEOUT_IGNORED */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_texture_multisample */
+/* reuse GL_SAMPLE_POSITION */
+/* reuse GL_SAMPLE_MASK */
+/* reuse GL_SAMPLE_MASK_VALUE */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_SAMPLE_MASK_WORDS */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE */
+/* reuse GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY */
+/* reuse GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D_MULTISAMPLE */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_SAMPLES */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_FIXED_SAMPLE_LOCATIONS */
+/* reuse GL_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE */
+/* reuse GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE */
+/* reuse GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE */
+/* reuse GL_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY */
+/* reuse GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY */
+/* reuse GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_COLOR_TEXTURE_SAMPLES */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_DEPTH_TEXTURE_SAMPLES */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES */
+/* Don't need to reuse tokens from ARB_vertex_array_bgra since they're already in 1.2 core */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_3_3
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_DIVISOR    0x88FE
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_blend_func_extended */
+/* reuse GL_SRC1_COLOR */
+/* reuse GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC1_COLOR */
+/* reuse GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC1_ALPHA */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_DUAL_SOURCE_DRAW_BUFFERS */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_explicit_attrib_location (none) */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_occlusion_query2 */
+/* reuse GL_ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_sampler_objects */
+/* reuse GL_SAMPLER_BINDING */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_shader_bit_encoding (none) */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_texture_rgb10_a2ui */
+/* reuse GL_RGB10_A2UI */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_texture_swizzle */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_R */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_G */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_B */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_A */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_RGBA */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_timer_query */
+/* reuse GL_TIME_ELAPSED */
+/* reuse GL_TIMESTAMP */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_vertex_type_2_10_10_10_rev */
+/* reuse GL_INT_2_10_10_10_REV */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_4_0
+#define GL_SAMPLE_SHADING                 0x8C36
+#define GL_MIN_SAMPLE_SHADING_VALUE       0x8C37
+#define GL_MIN_PROGRAM_TEXTURE_GATHER_OFFSET 0x8E5E
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_TEXTURE_GATHER_OFFSET 0x8E5F
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY         0x9009
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY 0x900A
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY   0x900B
+#define GL_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY         0x900C
+#define GL_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_SHADOW  0x900D
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY     0x900E
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY 0x900F
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_texture_query_lod (none) */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_draw_buffers_blend (none) */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_draw_indirect */
+/* reuse GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER */
+/* reuse GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER_BINDING */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_gpu_shader5 */
+/* reuse GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER_INVOCATIONS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_SHADER_INVOCATIONS */
+/* reuse GL_MIN_FRAGMENT_INTERPOLATION_OFFSET */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_INTERPOLATION_OFFSET */
+/* reuse GL_FRAGMENT_INTERPOLATION_OFFSET_BITS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VERTEX_STREAMS */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_VEC2 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_VEC3 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_VEC4 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT2 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT3 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT4 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT2x3 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT2x4 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT3x2 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT3x4 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT4x2 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT4x3 */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_shader_subroutine */
+/* reuse GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINES */
+/* reuse GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORMS */
+/* reuse GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS */
+/* reuse GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINE_MAX_LENGTH */
+/* reuse GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM_MAX_LENGTH */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_SUBROUTINES */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS */
+/* reuse GL_NUM_COMPATIBLE_SUBROUTINES */
+/* reuse GL_COMPATIBLE_SUBROUTINES */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_tessellation_shader */
+/* reuse GL_PATCHES */
+/* reuse GL_PATCH_VERTICES */
+/* reuse GL_PATCH_DEFAULT_INNER_LEVEL */
+/* reuse GL_PATCH_DEFAULT_OUTER_LEVEL */
+/* reuse GL_TESS_CONTROL_OUTPUT_VERTICES */
+/* reuse GL_TESS_GEN_MODE */
+/* reuse GL_TESS_GEN_SPACING */
+/* reuse GL_TESS_GEN_VERTEX_ORDER */
+/* reuse GL_TESS_GEN_POINT_MODE */
+/* reuse GL_ISOLINES */
+/* reuse GL_FRACTIONAL_ODD */
+/* reuse GL_FRACTIONAL_EVEN */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_PATCH_VERTICES */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_GEN_LEVEL */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_PATCH_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_TOTAL_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_UNIFORM_BLOCKS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_UNIFORM_BLOCKS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_INPUT_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_INPUT_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_COMBINED_TESS_CONTROL_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_COMBINED_TESS_EVALUATION_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER */
+/* reuse GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER */
+/* reuse GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_texture_buffer_object_rgb32 (none) */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_transform_feedback2 */
+/* reuse GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK */
+/* reuse GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_PAUSED */
+/* reuse GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_ACTIVE */
+/* reuse GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BINDING */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_transform_feedback3 */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VERTEX_STREAMS */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_4_1
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_ES2_compatibility */
+/* reuse GL_FIXED */
+/* reuse GL_IMPLEMENTATION_COLOR_READ_TYPE */
+/* reuse GL_IMPLEMENTATION_COLOR_READ_FORMAT */
+/* reuse GL_LOW_FLOAT */
+/* reuse GL_MEDIUM_FLOAT */
+/* reuse GL_HIGH_FLOAT */
+/* reuse GL_LOW_INT */
+/* reuse GL_MEDIUM_INT */
+/* reuse GL_HIGH_INT */
+/* reuse GL_SHADER_COMPILER */
+/* reuse GL_NUM_SHADER_BINARY_FORMATS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_VECTORS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VARYING_VECTORS */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_VECTORS */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_get_program_binary */
+/* reuse GL_PROGRAM_BINARY_RETRIEVABLE_HINT */
+/* reuse GL_PROGRAM_BINARY_LENGTH */
+/* reuse GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS */
+/* reuse GL_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_separate_shader_objects */
+/* reuse GL_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT */
+/* reuse GL_ALL_SHADER_BITS */
+/* reuse GL_PROGRAM_SEPARABLE */
+/* reuse GL_ACTIVE_PROGRAM */
+/* reuse GL_PROGRAM_PIPELINE_BINDING */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_shader_precision (none) */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_vertex_attrib_64bit - all are in GL 3.0 and 4.0 already */
+/* Reuse tokens from ARB_viewport_array - some are in GL 1.1 and ARB_provoking_vertex already */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VIEWPORTS */
+/* reuse GL_VIEWPORT_SUBPIXEL_BITS */
+/* reuse GL_VIEWPORT_BOUNDS_RANGE */
+/* reuse GL_LAYER_PROVOKING_VERTEX */
+/* reuse GL_VIEWPORT_INDEX_PROVOKING_VERTEX */
+/* reuse GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_multitexture
+#define GL_TEXTURE0_ARB                   0x84C0
+#define GL_TEXTURE1_ARB                   0x84C1
+#define GL_TEXTURE2_ARB                   0x84C2
+#define GL_TEXTURE3_ARB                   0x84C3
+#define GL_TEXTURE4_ARB                   0x84C4
+#define GL_TEXTURE5_ARB                   0x84C5
+#define GL_TEXTURE6_ARB                   0x84C6
+#define GL_TEXTURE7_ARB                   0x84C7
+#define GL_TEXTURE8_ARB                   0x84C8
+#define GL_TEXTURE9_ARB                   0x84C9
+#define GL_TEXTURE10_ARB                  0x84CA
+#define GL_TEXTURE11_ARB                  0x84CB
+#define GL_TEXTURE12_ARB                  0x84CC
+#define GL_TEXTURE13_ARB                  0x84CD
+#define GL_TEXTURE14_ARB                  0x84CE
+#define GL_TEXTURE15_ARB                  0x84CF
+#define GL_TEXTURE16_ARB                  0x84D0
+#define GL_TEXTURE17_ARB                  0x84D1
+#define GL_TEXTURE18_ARB                  0x84D2
+#define GL_TEXTURE19_ARB                  0x84D3
+#define GL_TEXTURE20_ARB                  0x84D4
+#define GL_TEXTURE21_ARB                  0x84D5
+#define GL_TEXTURE22_ARB                  0x84D6
+#define GL_TEXTURE23_ARB                  0x84D7
+#define GL_TEXTURE24_ARB                  0x84D8
+#define GL_TEXTURE25_ARB                  0x84D9
+#define GL_TEXTURE26_ARB                  0x84DA
+#define GL_TEXTURE27_ARB                  0x84DB
+#define GL_TEXTURE28_ARB                  0x84DC
+#define GL_TEXTURE29_ARB                  0x84DD
+#define GL_TEXTURE30_ARB                  0x84DE
+#define GL_TEXTURE31_ARB                  0x84DF
+#define GL_ACTIVE_TEXTURE_ARB             0x84E0
+#define GL_CLIENT_ACTIVE_TEXTURE_ARB      0x84E1
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_UNITS_ARB          0x84E2
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_transpose_matrix
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_MODELVIEW_MATRIX_ARB 0x84E3
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_PROJECTION_MATRIX_ARB 0x84E4
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_TEXTURE_MATRIX_ARB   0x84E5
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_COLOR_MATRIX_ARB     0x84E6
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_multisample
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_ARB                0x809D
+#define GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_COVERAGE_ARB   0x809E
+#define GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_ONE_ARB        0x809F
+#define GL_SAMPLE_COVERAGE_ARB            0x80A0
+#define GL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS_ARB             0x80A8
+#define GL_SAMPLES_ARB                    0x80A9
+#define GL_SAMPLE_COVERAGE_VALUE_ARB      0x80AA
+#define GL_SAMPLE_COVERAGE_INVERT_ARB     0x80AB
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_BIT_ARB            0x20000000
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_env_add
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_cube_map
+#define GL_NORMAL_MAP_ARB                 0x8511
+#define GL_REFLECTION_MAP_ARB             0x8512
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARB           0x8513
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_CUBE_MAP_ARB   0x8514
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_ARB 0x8515
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X_ARB 0x8516
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y_ARB 0x8517
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y_ARB 0x8518
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z_ARB 0x8519
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z_ARB 0x851A
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARB     0x851B
+#define GL_MAX_CUBE_MAP_TEXTURE_SIZE_ARB  0x851C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_compression
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_ALPHA_ARB           0x84E9
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_LUMINANCE_ARB       0x84EA
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_ARB 0x84EB
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_INTENSITY_ARB       0x84EC
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_ARB             0x84ED
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_ARB            0x84EE
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_HINT_ARB   0x84EF
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSED_IMAGE_SIZE_ARB 0x86A0
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPRESSED_ARB         0x86A1
+#define GL_NUM_COMPRESSED_TEXTURE_FORMATS_ARB 0x86A2
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_TEXTURE_FORMATS_ARB 0x86A3
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_border_clamp
+#define GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER_ARB            0x812D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_point_parameters
+#define GL_POINT_SIZE_MIN_ARB             0x8126
+#define GL_POINT_SIZE_MAX_ARB             0x8127
+#define GL_POINT_FADE_THRESHOLD_SIZE_ARB  0x8128
+#define GL_POINT_DISTANCE_ATTENUATION_ARB 0x8129
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_blend
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNITS_ARB           0x86A4
+#define GL_ACTIVE_VERTEX_UNITS_ARB        0x86A5
+#define GL_WEIGHT_SUM_UNITY_ARB           0x86A6
+#define GL_VERTEX_BLEND_ARB               0x86A7
+#define GL_CURRENT_WEIGHT_ARB             0x86A8
+#define GL_WEIGHT_ARRAY_TYPE_ARB          0x86A9
+#define GL_WEIGHT_ARRAY_STRIDE_ARB        0x86AA
+#define GL_WEIGHT_ARRAY_SIZE_ARB          0x86AB
+#define GL_WEIGHT_ARRAY_POINTER_ARB       0x86AC
+#define GL_WEIGHT_ARRAY_ARB               0x86AD
+#define GL_MODELVIEW0_ARB                 0x1700
+#define GL_MODELVIEW1_ARB                 0x850A
+#define GL_MODELVIEW2_ARB                 0x8722
+#define GL_MODELVIEW3_ARB                 0x8723
+#define GL_MODELVIEW4_ARB                 0x8724
+#define GL_MODELVIEW5_ARB                 0x8725
+#define GL_MODELVIEW6_ARB                 0x8726
+#define GL_MODELVIEW7_ARB                 0x8727
+#define GL_MODELVIEW8_ARB                 0x8728
+#define GL_MODELVIEW9_ARB                 0x8729
+#define GL_MODELVIEW10_ARB                0x872A
+#define GL_MODELVIEW11_ARB                0x872B
+#define GL_MODELVIEW12_ARB                0x872C
+#define GL_MODELVIEW13_ARB                0x872D
+#define GL_MODELVIEW14_ARB                0x872E
+#define GL_MODELVIEW15_ARB                0x872F
+#define GL_MODELVIEW16_ARB                0x8730
+#define GL_MODELVIEW17_ARB                0x8731
+#define GL_MODELVIEW18_ARB                0x8732
+#define GL_MODELVIEW19_ARB                0x8733
+#define GL_MODELVIEW20_ARB                0x8734
+#define GL_MODELVIEW21_ARB                0x8735
+#define GL_MODELVIEW22_ARB                0x8736
+#define GL_MODELVIEW23_ARB                0x8737
+#define GL_MODELVIEW24_ARB                0x8738
+#define GL_MODELVIEW25_ARB                0x8739
+#define GL_MODELVIEW26_ARB                0x873A
+#define GL_MODELVIEW27_ARB                0x873B
+#define GL_MODELVIEW28_ARB                0x873C
+#define GL_MODELVIEW29_ARB                0x873D
+#define GL_MODELVIEW30_ARB                0x873E
+#define GL_MODELVIEW31_ARB                0x873F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_matrix_palette
+#define GL_MATRIX_PALETTE_ARB             0x8840
+#define GL_MAX_MATRIX_PALETTE_STACK_DEPTH_ARB 0x8841
+#define GL_MAX_PALETTE_MATRICES_ARB       0x8842
+#define GL_CURRENT_PALETTE_MATRIX_ARB     0x8843
+#define GL_MATRIX_INDEX_ARRAY_ARB         0x8844
+#define GL_CURRENT_MATRIX_INDEX_ARB       0x8845
+#define GL_MATRIX_INDEX_ARRAY_SIZE_ARB    0x8846
+#define GL_MATRIX_INDEX_ARRAY_TYPE_ARB    0x8847
+#define GL_MATRIX_INDEX_ARRAY_STRIDE_ARB  0x8848
+#define GL_MATRIX_INDEX_ARRAY_POINTER_ARB 0x8849
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_env_combine
+#define GL_COMBINE_ARB                    0x8570
+#define GL_COMBINE_RGB_ARB                0x8571
+#define GL_COMBINE_ALPHA_ARB              0x8572
+#define GL_SOURCE0_RGB_ARB                0x8580
+#define GL_SOURCE1_RGB_ARB                0x8581
+#define GL_SOURCE2_RGB_ARB                0x8582
+#define GL_SOURCE0_ALPHA_ARB              0x8588
+#define GL_SOURCE1_ALPHA_ARB              0x8589
+#define GL_SOURCE2_ALPHA_ARB              0x858A
+#define GL_OPERAND0_RGB_ARB               0x8590
+#define GL_OPERAND1_RGB_ARB               0x8591
+#define GL_OPERAND2_RGB_ARB               0x8592
+#define GL_OPERAND0_ALPHA_ARB             0x8598
+#define GL_OPERAND1_ALPHA_ARB             0x8599
+#define GL_OPERAND2_ALPHA_ARB             0x859A
+#define GL_RGB_SCALE_ARB                  0x8573
+#define GL_ADD_SIGNED_ARB                 0x8574
+#define GL_INTERPOLATE_ARB                0x8575
+#define GL_SUBTRACT_ARB                   0x84E7
+#define GL_CONSTANT_ARB                   0x8576
+#define GL_PRIMARY_COLOR_ARB              0x8577
+#define GL_PREVIOUS_ARB                   0x8578
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_env_crossbar
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_env_dot3
+#define GL_DOT3_RGB_ARB                   0x86AE
+#define GL_DOT3_RGBA_ARB                  0x86AF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_mirrored_repeat
+#define GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT_ARB            0x8370
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_depth_texture
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16_ARB          0x81A5
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24_ARB          0x81A6
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32_ARB          0x81A7
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DEPTH_SIZE_ARB         0x884A
+#define GL_DEPTH_TEXTURE_MODE_ARB         0x884B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shadow
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_MODE_ARB       0x884C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_FUNC_ARB       0x884D
+#define GL_COMPARE_R_TO_TEXTURE_ARB       0x884E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shadow_ambient
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_FAIL_VALUE_ARB 0x80BF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_window_pos
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_program
+#define GL_COLOR_SUM_ARB                  0x8458
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_ARB             0x8620
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_ENABLED_ARB 0x8622
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_SIZE_ARB   0x8623
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_STRIDE_ARB 0x8624
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_TYPE_ARB   0x8625
+#define GL_CURRENT_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARB      0x8626
+#define GL_PROGRAM_LENGTH_ARB             0x8627
+#define GL_PROGRAM_STRING_ARB             0x8628
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH_ARB 0x862E
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_MATRICES_ARB       0x862F
+#define GL_CURRENT_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH_ARB 0x8640
+#define GL_CURRENT_MATRIX_ARB             0x8641
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE_ARB  0x8642
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_TWO_SIDE_ARB    0x8643
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_POINTER_ARB 0x8645
+#define GL_PROGRAM_ERROR_POSITION_ARB     0x864B
+#define GL_PROGRAM_BINDING_ARB            0x8677
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS_ARB         0x8869
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_NORMALIZED_ARB 0x886A
+#define GL_PROGRAM_ERROR_STRING_ARB       0x8874
+#define GL_PROGRAM_FORMAT_ASCII_ARB       0x8875
+#define GL_PROGRAM_FORMAT_ARB             0x8876
+#define GL_PROGRAM_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB       0x88A0
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB   0x88A1
+#define GL_PROGRAM_NATIVE_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB 0x88A2
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_NATIVE_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB 0x88A3
+#define GL_PROGRAM_TEMPORARIES_ARB        0x88A4
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_TEMPORARIES_ARB    0x88A5
+#define GL_PROGRAM_NATIVE_TEMPORARIES_ARB 0x88A6
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_NATIVE_TEMPORARIES_ARB 0x88A7
+#define GL_PROGRAM_PARAMETERS_ARB         0x88A8
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_PARAMETERS_ARB     0x88A9
+#define GL_PROGRAM_NATIVE_PARAMETERS_ARB  0x88AA
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_NATIVE_PARAMETERS_ARB 0x88AB
+#define GL_PROGRAM_ATTRIBS_ARB            0x88AC
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_ATTRIBS_ARB        0x88AD
+#define GL_PROGRAM_NATIVE_ATTRIBS_ARB     0x88AE
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_NATIVE_ATTRIBS_ARB 0x88AF
+#define GL_PROGRAM_ADDRESS_REGISTERS_ARB  0x88B0
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_ADDRESS_REGISTERS_ARB 0x88B1
+#define GL_PROGRAM_NATIVE_ADDRESS_REGISTERS_ARB 0x88B2
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_NATIVE_ADDRESS_REGISTERS_ARB 0x88B3
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_LOCAL_PARAMETERS_ARB 0x88B4
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_ENV_PARAMETERS_ARB 0x88B5
+#define GL_PROGRAM_UNDER_NATIVE_LIMITS_ARB 0x88B6
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_CURRENT_MATRIX_ARB   0x88B7
+#define GL_MATRIX0_ARB                    0x88C0
+#define GL_MATRIX1_ARB                    0x88C1
+#define GL_MATRIX2_ARB                    0x88C2
+#define GL_MATRIX3_ARB                    0x88C3
+#define GL_MATRIX4_ARB                    0x88C4
+#define GL_MATRIX5_ARB                    0x88C5
+#define GL_MATRIX6_ARB                    0x88C6
+#define GL_MATRIX7_ARB                    0x88C7
+#define GL_MATRIX8_ARB                    0x88C8
+#define GL_MATRIX9_ARB                    0x88C9
+#define GL_MATRIX10_ARB                   0x88CA
+#define GL_MATRIX11_ARB                   0x88CB
+#define GL_MATRIX12_ARB                   0x88CC
+#define GL_MATRIX13_ARB                   0x88CD
+#define GL_MATRIX14_ARB                   0x88CE
+#define GL_MATRIX15_ARB                   0x88CF
+#define GL_MATRIX16_ARB                   0x88D0
+#define GL_MATRIX17_ARB                   0x88D1
+#define GL_MATRIX18_ARB                   0x88D2
+#define GL_MATRIX19_ARB                   0x88D3
+#define GL_MATRIX20_ARB                   0x88D4
+#define GL_MATRIX21_ARB                   0x88D5
+#define GL_MATRIX22_ARB                   0x88D6
+#define GL_MATRIX23_ARB                   0x88D7
+#define GL_MATRIX24_ARB                   0x88D8
+#define GL_MATRIX25_ARB                   0x88D9
+#define GL_MATRIX26_ARB                   0x88DA
+#define GL_MATRIX27_ARB                   0x88DB
+#define GL_MATRIX28_ARB                   0x88DC
+#define GL_MATRIX29_ARB                   0x88DD
+#define GL_MATRIX30_ARB                   0x88DE
+#define GL_MATRIX31_ARB                   0x88DF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_fragment_program
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_PROGRAM_ARB           0x8804
+#define GL_PROGRAM_ALU_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB   0x8805
+#define GL_PROGRAM_TEX_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB   0x8806
+#define GL_PROGRAM_TEX_INDIRECTIONS_ARB   0x8807
+#define GL_PROGRAM_NATIVE_ALU_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB 0x8808
+#define GL_PROGRAM_NATIVE_TEX_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB 0x8809
+#define GL_PROGRAM_NATIVE_TEX_INDIRECTIONS_ARB 0x880A
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_ALU_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB 0x880B
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_TEX_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB 0x880C
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_TEX_INDIRECTIONS_ARB 0x880D
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_NATIVE_ALU_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB 0x880E
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_NATIVE_TEX_INSTRUCTIONS_ARB 0x880F
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_NATIVE_TEX_INDIRECTIONS_ARB 0x8810
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_COORDS_ARB         0x8871
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS_ARB    0x8872
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object
+#define GL_BUFFER_SIZE_ARB                0x8764
+#define GL_BUFFER_USAGE_ARB               0x8765
+#define GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB               0x8892
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB       0x8893
+#define GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB       0x8894
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x8895
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x8896
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x8897
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x8898
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x8899
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x889A
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x889B
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x889C
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x889D
+#define GL_WEIGHT_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x889E
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x889F
+#define GL_READ_ONLY_ARB                  0x88B8
+#define GL_WRITE_ONLY_ARB                 0x88B9
+#define GL_READ_WRITE_ARB                 0x88BA
+#define GL_BUFFER_ACCESS_ARB              0x88BB
+#define GL_BUFFER_MAPPED_ARB              0x88BC
+#define GL_BUFFER_MAP_POINTER_ARB         0x88BD
+#define GL_STREAM_DRAW_ARB                0x88E0
+#define GL_STREAM_READ_ARB                0x88E1
+#define GL_STREAM_COPY_ARB                0x88E2
+#define GL_STATIC_DRAW_ARB                0x88E4
+#define GL_STATIC_READ_ARB                0x88E5
+#define GL_STATIC_COPY_ARB                0x88E6
+#define GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW_ARB               0x88E8
+#define GL_DYNAMIC_READ_ARB               0x88E9
+#define GL_DYNAMIC_COPY_ARB               0x88EA
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_occlusion_query
+#define GL_QUERY_COUNTER_BITS_ARB         0x8864
+#define GL_CURRENT_QUERY_ARB              0x8865
+#define GL_QUERY_RESULT_ARB               0x8866
+#define GL_QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE_ARB     0x8867
+#define GL_SAMPLES_PASSED_ARB             0x8914
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_objects
+#define GL_PROGRAM_OBJECT_ARB             0x8B40
+#define GL_SHADER_OBJECT_ARB              0x8B48
+#define GL_OBJECT_TYPE_ARB                0x8B4E
+#define GL_OBJECT_SUBTYPE_ARB             0x8B4F
+#define GL_FLOAT_VEC2_ARB                 0x8B50
+#define GL_FLOAT_VEC3_ARB                 0x8B51
+#define GL_FLOAT_VEC4_ARB                 0x8B52
+#define GL_INT_VEC2_ARB                   0x8B53
+#define GL_INT_VEC3_ARB                   0x8B54
+#define GL_INT_VEC4_ARB                   0x8B55
+#define GL_BOOL_ARB                       0x8B56
+#define GL_BOOL_VEC2_ARB                  0x8B57
+#define GL_BOOL_VEC3_ARB                  0x8B58
+#define GL_BOOL_VEC4_ARB                  0x8B59
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT2_ARB                 0x8B5A
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT3_ARB                 0x8B5B
+#define GL_FLOAT_MAT4_ARB                 0x8B5C
+#define GL_SAMPLER_1D_ARB                 0x8B5D
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_ARB                 0x8B5E
+#define GL_SAMPLER_3D_ARB                 0x8B5F
+#define GL_SAMPLER_CUBE_ARB               0x8B60
+#define GL_SAMPLER_1D_SHADOW_ARB          0x8B61
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_SHADOW_ARB          0x8B62
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_RECT_ARB            0x8B63
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_RECT_SHADOW_ARB     0x8B64
+#define GL_OBJECT_DELETE_STATUS_ARB       0x8B80
+#define GL_OBJECT_COMPILE_STATUS_ARB      0x8B81
+#define GL_OBJECT_LINK_STATUS_ARB         0x8B82
+#define GL_OBJECT_VALIDATE_STATUS_ARB     0x8B83
+#define GL_OBJECT_INFO_LOG_LENGTH_ARB     0x8B84
+#define GL_OBJECT_ATTACHED_OBJECTS_ARB    0x8B85
+#define GL_OBJECT_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS_ARB     0x8B86
+#define GL_OBJECT_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_MAX_LENGTH_ARB 0x8B87
+#define GL_OBJECT_SHADER_SOURCE_LENGTH_ARB 0x8B88
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_shader
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_ARB              0x8B31
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS_ARB 0x8B4A
+#define GL_MAX_VARYING_FLOATS_ARB         0x8B4B
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS_ARB 0x8B4C
+#define GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS_ARB 0x8B4D
+#define GL_OBJECT_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES_ARB   0x8B89
+#define GL_OBJECT_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_LENGTH_ARB 0x8B8A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_fragment_shader
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_ARB            0x8B30
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS_ARB 0x8B49
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_DERIVATIVE_HINT_ARB 0x8B8B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shading_language_100
+#define GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION_ARB   0x8B8C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_point_sprite
+#define GL_POINT_SPRITE_ARB               0x8861
+#define GL_COORD_REPLACE_ARB              0x8862
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_fragment_program_shadow
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_buffers
+#define GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS_ARB           0x8824
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER0_ARB               0x8825
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER1_ARB               0x8826
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER2_ARB               0x8827
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER3_ARB               0x8828
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER4_ARB               0x8829
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER5_ARB               0x882A
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER6_ARB               0x882B
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER7_ARB               0x882C
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER8_ARB               0x882D
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER9_ARB               0x882E
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER10_ARB              0x882F
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER11_ARB              0x8830
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER12_ARB              0x8831
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER13_ARB              0x8832
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER14_ARB              0x8833
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER15_ARB              0x8834
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_rectangle
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB          0x84F5
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_RECTANGLE_ARB  0x84F6
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB    0x84F7
+#define GL_MAX_RECTANGLE_TEXTURE_SIZE_ARB 0x84F8
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_color_buffer_float
+#define GL_RGBA_FLOAT_MODE_ARB            0x8820
+#define GL_CLAMP_VERTEX_COLOR_ARB         0x891A
+#define GL_CLAMP_FRAGMENT_COLOR_ARB       0x891B
+#define GL_CLAMP_READ_COLOR_ARB           0x891C
+#define GL_FIXED_ONLY_ARB                 0x891D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_half_float_pixel
+#define GL_HALF_FLOAT_ARB                 0x140B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_float
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RED_TYPE_ARB           0x8C10
+#define GL_TEXTURE_GREEN_TYPE_ARB         0x8C11
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BLUE_TYPE_ARB          0x8C12
+#define GL_TEXTURE_ALPHA_TYPE_ARB         0x8C13
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LUMINANCE_TYPE_ARB     0x8C14
+#define GL_TEXTURE_INTENSITY_TYPE_ARB     0x8C15
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DEPTH_TYPE_ARB         0x8C16
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_NORMALIZED_ARB        0x8C17
+#define GL_RGBA32F_ARB                    0x8814
+#define GL_RGB32F_ARB                     0x8815
+#define GL_ALPHA32F_ARB                   0x8816
+#define GL_INTENSITY32F_ARB               0x8817
+#define GL_LUMINANCE32F_ARB               0x8818
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA32F_ARB         0x8819
+#define GL_RGBA16F_ARB                    0x881A
+#define GL_RGB16F_ARB                     0x881B
+#define GL_ALPHA16F_ARB                   0x881C
+#define GL_INTENSITY16F_ARB               0x881D
+#define GL_LUMINANCE16F_ARB               0x881E
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA16F_ARB         0x881F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_pixel_buffer_object
+#define GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB          0x88EB
+#define GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_ARB        0x88EC
+#define GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB  0x88ED
+#define GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_BINDING_ARB 0x88EF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_depth_buffer_float
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32F             0x8CAC
+#define GL_DEPTH32F_STENCIL8              0x8CAD
+#define GL_FLOAT_32_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8_REV 0x8DAD
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_instanced
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_framebuffer_object
+#define GL_INVALID_FRAMEBUFFER_OPERATION  0x0506
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_COLOR_ENCODING 0x8210
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_COMPONENT_TYPE 0x8211
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_RED_SIZE 0x8212
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_GREEN_SIZE 0x8213
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_BLUE_SIZE 0x8214
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_ALPHA_SIZE 0x8215
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_DEPTH_SIZE 0x8216
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_STENCIL_SIZE 0x8217
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT            0x8218
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNDEFINED          0x8219
+#define GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT       0x821A
+#define GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE          0x84E8
+#define GL_DEPTH_STENCIL                  0x84F9
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8              0x84FA
+#define GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8               0x88F0
+#define GL_TEXTURE_STENCIL_SIZE           0x88F1
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RED_TYPE               0x8C10
+#define GL_TEXTURE_GREEN_TYPE             0x8C11
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BLUE_TYPE              0x8C12
+#define GL_TEXTURE_ALPHA_TYPE             0x8C13
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DEPTH_TYPE             0x8C16
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_NORMALIZED            0x8C17
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING            0x8CA6
+#define GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING       GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_BINDING           0x8CA7
+#define GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER               0x8CA8
+#define GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER               0x8CA9
+#define GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING       0x8CAA
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_SAMPLES           0x8CAB
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_TYPE 0x8CD0
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_NAME 0x8CD1
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LEVEL 0x8CD2
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_FACE 0x8CD3
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LAYER 0x8CD4
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE           0x8CD5
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT 0x8CD6
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT 0x8CD7
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER 0x8CDB
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER 0x8CDC
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED        0x8CDD
+#define GL_MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS          0x8CDF
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0              0x8CE0
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1              0x8CE1
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2              0x8CE2
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT3              0x8CE3
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT4              0x8CE4
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT5              0x8CE5
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT6              0x8CE6
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT7              0x8CE7
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT8              0x8CE8
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT9              0x8CE9
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT10             0x8CEA
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT11             0x8CEB
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT12             0x8CEC
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT13             0x8CED
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT14             0x8CEE
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT15             0x8CEF
+#define GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT               0x8D00
+#define GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT             0x8D20
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER                    0x8D40
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER                   0x8D41
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_WIDTH             0x8D42
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_HEIGHT            0x8D43
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_INTERNAL_FORMAT   0x8D44
+#define GL_STENCIL_INDEX1                 0x8D46
+#define GL_STENCIL_INDEX4                 0x8D47
+#define GL_STENCIL_INDEX8                 0x8D48
+#define GL_STENCIL_INDEX16                0x8D49
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_RED_SIZE          0x8D50
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_GREEN_SIZE        0x8D51
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_BLUE_SIZE         0x8D52
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_ALPHA_SIZE        0x8D53
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_DEPTH_SIZE        0x8D54
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_STENCIL_SIZE      0x8D55
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MULTISAMPLE 0x8D56
+#define GL_MAX_SAMPLES                    0x8D57
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_framebuffer_object_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_INDEX                          0x8222
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LUMINANCE_TYPE         0x8C14
+#define GL_TEXTURE_INTENSITY_TYPE         0x8C15
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_framebuffer_sRGB
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB               0x8DB9
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_geometry_shader4
+#define GL_LINES_ADJACENCY_ARB            0x000A
+#define GL_LINE_STRIP_ADJACENCY_ARB       0x000B
+#define GL_TRIANGLES_ADJACENCY_ARB        0x000C
+#define GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP_ADJACENCY_ARB   0x000D
+#define GL_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE_ARB         0x8642
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS_ARB 0x8C29
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_LAYERED_ARB 0x8DA7
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_LAYER_TARGETS_ARB 0x8DA8
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_LAYER_COUNT_ARB 0x8DA9
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER_ARB            0x8DD9
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_VERTICES_OUT_ARB      0x8DDA
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_INPUT_TYPE_ARB        0x8DDB
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE_ARB       0x8DDC
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_VARYING_COMPONENTS_ARB 0x8DDD
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_VARYING_COMPONENTS_ARB 0x8DDE
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS_ARB 0x8DDF
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_VERTICES_ARB 0x8DE0
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_TOTAL_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS_ARB 0x8DE1
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VARYING_COMPONENTS */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LAYER */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_half_float_vertex
+#define GL_HALF_FLOAT                     0x140B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_instanced_arrays
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_DIVISOR_ARB 0x88FE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_map_buffer_range
+#define GL_MAP_READ_BIT                   0x0001
+#define GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT                  0x0002
+#define GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_RANGE_BIT       0x0004
+#define GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_BUFFER_BIT      0x0008
+#define GL_MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT         0x0010
+#define GL_MAP_UNSYNCHRONIZED_BIT         0x0020
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_ARB             0x8C2A
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE_ARB    0x8C2B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_BUFFER_ARB     0x8C2C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_DATA_STORE_BINDING_ARB 0x8C2D
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_FORMAT_ARB      0x8C2E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_compression_rgtc
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RED_RGTC1           0x8DBB
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RED_RGTC1    0x8DBC
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RG_RGTC2            0x8DBD
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RG_RGTC2     0x8DBE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_rg
+#define GL_RG                             0x8227
+#define GL_RG_INTEGER                     0x8228
+#define GL_R8                             0x8229
+#define GL_R16                            0x822A
+#define GL_RG8                            0x822B
+#define GL_RG16                           0x822C
+#define GL_R16F                           0x822D
+#define GL_R32F                           0x822E
+#define GL_RG16F                          0x822F
+#define GL_RG32F                          0x8230
+#define GL_R8I                            0x8231
+#define GL_R8UI                           0x8232
+#define GL_R16I                           0x8233
+#define GL_R16UI                          0x8234
+#define GL_R32I                           0x8235
+#define GL_R32UI                          0x8236
+#define GL_RG8I                           0x8237
+#define GL_RG8UI                          0x8238
+#define GL_RG16I                          0x8239
+#define GL_RG16UI                         0x823A
+#define GL_RG32I                          0x823B
+#define GL_RG32UI                         0x823C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_array_object
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_BINDING           0x85B5
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_uniform_buffer_object
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER                 0x8A11
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDING         0x8A28
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_START           0x8A29
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_SIZE            0x8A2A
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_BLOCKS      0x8A2B
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_UNIFORM_BLOCKS    0x8A2C
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_BLOCKS    0x8A2D
+#define GL_MAX_COMBINED_UNIFORM_BLOCKS    0x8A2E
+#define GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS    0x8A2F
+#define GL_MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE         0x8A30
+#define GL_MAX_COMBINED_VERTEX_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS 0x8A31
+#define GL_MAX_COMBINED_GEOMETRY_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS 0x8A32
+#define GL_MAX_COMBINED_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS 0x8A33
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT 0x8A34
+#define GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCK_MAX_NAME_LENGTH 0x8A35
+#define GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS          0x8A36
+#define GL_UNIFORM_TYPE                   0x8A37
+#define GL_UNIFORM_SIZE                   0x8A38
+#define GL_UNIFORM_NAME_LENGTH            0x8A39
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_INDEX            0x8A3A
+#define GL_UNIFORM_OFFSET                 0x8A3B
+#define GL_UNIFORM_ARRAY_STRIDE           0x8A3C
+#define GL_UNIFORM_MATRIX_STRIDE          0x8A3D
+#define GL_UNIFORM_IS_ROW_MAJOR           0x8A3E
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_BINDING          0x8A3F
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_DATA_SIZE        0x8A40
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_NAME_LENGTH      0x8A41
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS  0x8A42
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_INDICES 0x8A43
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER 0x8A44
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_GEOMETRY_SHADER 0x8A45
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER 0x8A46
+#define GL_INVALID_INDEX                  0xFFFFFFFFu
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_compatibility
+/* ARB_compatibility just defines tokens from core 3.0 */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_copy_buffer
+#define GL_COPY_READ_BUFFER               0x8F36
+#define GL_COPY_WRITE_BUFFER              0x8F37
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_texture_lod
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_depth_clamp
+#define GL_DEPTH_CLAMP                    0x864F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_elements_base_vertex
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_fragment_coord_conventions
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_provoking_vertex
+#define GL_QUADS_FOLLOW_PROVOKING_VERTEX_CONVENTION 0x8E4C
+#define GL_FIRST_VERTEX_CONVENTION        0x8E4D
+#define GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION         0x8E4E
+#define GL_PROVOKING_VERTEX               0x8E4F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_seamless_cube_map
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_SEAMLESS      0x884F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_sync
+#define GL_MAX_SERVER_WAIT_TIMEOUT        0x9111
+#define GL_OBJECT_TYPE                    0x9112
+#define GL_SYNC_CONDITION                 0x9113
+#define GL_SYNC_STATUS                    0x9114
+#define GL_SYNC_FLAGS                     0x9115
+#define GL_SYNC_FENCE                     0x9116
+#define GL_SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE     0x9117
+#define GL_UNSIGNALED                     0x9118
+#define GL_SIGNALED                       0x9119
+#define GL_ALREADY_SIGNALED               0x911A
+#define GL_TIMEOUT_EXPIRED                0x911B
+#define GL_CONDITION_SATISFIED            0x911C
+#define GL_WAIT_FAILED                    0x911D
+#define GL_SYNC_FLUSH_COMMANDS_BIT        0x00000001
+#define GL_TIMEOUT_IGNORED                0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFull
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_multisample
+#define GL_SAMPLE_POSITION                0x8E50
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK                    0x8E51
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK_VALUE              0x8E52
+#define GL_MAX_SAMPLE_MASK_WORDS          0x8E59
+#define GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE         0x9100
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE   0x9101
+#define GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY   0x9102
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY 0x9103
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D_MULTISAMPLE 0x9104
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY 0x9105
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SAMPLES                0x9106
+#define GL_TEXTURE_FIXED_SAMPLE_LOCATIONS 0x9107
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE         0x9108
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE     0x9109
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE 0x910A
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY   0x910B
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY 0x910C
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY 0x910D
+#define GL_MAX_COLOR_TEXTURE_SAMPLES      0x910E
+#define GL_MAX_DEPTH_TEXTURE_SAMPLES      0x910F
+#define GL_MAX_INTEGER_SAMPLES            0x9110
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_array_bgra
+/* reuse GL_BGRA */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_sample_shading
+#define GL_SAMPLE_SHADING_ARB             0x8C36
+#define GL_MIN_SAMPLE_SHADING_VALUE_ARB   0x8C37
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_cube_map_array
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_ARB     0x9009
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_ARB 0x900A
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_ARB 0x900B
+#define GL_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_ARB     0x900C
+#define GL_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_SHADOW_ARB 0x900D
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_ARB 0x900E
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_ARB 0x900F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_gather
+#define GL_MIN_PROGRAM_TEXTURE_GATHER_OFFSET_ARB 0x8E5E
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_TEXTURE_GATHER_OFFSET_ARB 0x8E5F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_query_lod
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shading_language_include
+#define GL_SHADER_INCLUDE_ARB             0x8DAE
+#define GL_NAMED_STRING_LENGTH_ARB        0x8DE9
+#define GL_NAMED_STRING_TYPE_ARB          0x8DEA
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_compression_bptc
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_BPTC_UNORM_ARB 0x8E8C
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_BPTC_UNORM_ARB 0x8E8D
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_BPTC_SIGNED_FLOAT_ARB 0x8E8E
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_BPTC_UNSIGNED_FLOAT_ARB 0x8E8F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_blend_func_extended
+#define GL_SRC1_COLOR                     0x88F9
+/* reuse GL_SRC1_ALPHA */
+#define GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC1_COLOR           0x88FA
+#define GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC1_ALPHA           0x88FB
+#define GL_MAX_DUAL_SOURCE_DRAW_BUFFERS   0x88FC
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_explicit_attrib_location
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_occlusion_query2
+#define GL_ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED             0x8C2F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_sampler_objects
+#define GL_SAMPLER_BINDING                0x8919
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_bit_encoding
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_rgb10_a2ui
+#define GL_RGB10_A2UI                     0x906F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_swizzle
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_R              0x8E42
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_G              0x8E43
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_B              0x8E44
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_A              0x8E45
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_RGBA           0x8E46
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_timer_query
+#define GL_TIME_ELAPSED                   0x88BF
+#define GL_TIMESTAMP                      0x8E28
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_type_2_10_10_10_rev
+/* reuse GL_UNSIGNED_INT_2_10_10_10_REV */
+#define GL_INT_2_10_10_10_REV             0x8D9F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_indirect
+#define GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER           0x8F3F
+#define GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER_BINDING   0x8F43
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_gpu_shader5
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER_INVOCATIONS    0x887F
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_SHADER_INVOCATIONS 0x8E5A
+#define GL_MIN_FRAGMENT_INTERPOLATION_OFFSET 0x8E5B
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_INTERPOLATION_OFFSET 0x8E5C
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_INTERPOLATION_OFFSET_BITS 0x8E5D
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VERTEX_STREAMS */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE */
+#define GL_DOUBLE_VEC2                    0x8FFC
+#define GL_DOUBLE_VEC3                    0x8FFD
+#define GL_DOUBLE_VEC4                    0x8FFE
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT2                    0x8F46
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT3                    0x8F47
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT4                    0x8F48
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT2x3                  0x8F49
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT2x4                  0x8F4A
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT3x2                  0x8F4B
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT3x4                  0x8F4C
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT4x2                  0x8F4D
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT4x3                  0x8F4E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_subroutine
+#define GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINES             0x8DE5
+#define GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORMS     0x8DE6
+#define GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS 0x8E47
+#define GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINE_MAX_LENGTH   0x8E48
+#define GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM_MAX_LENGTH 0x8E49
+#define GL_MAX_SUBROUTINES                0x8DE7
+#define GL_MAX_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS 0x8DE8
+#define GL_NUM_COMPATIBLE_SUBROUTINES     0x8E4A
+#define GL_COMPATIBLE_SUBROUTINES         0x8E4B
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_SIZE */
+/* reuse GL_UNIFORM_NAME_LENGTH */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_tessellation_shader
+#define GL_PATCHES                        0x000E
+#define GL_PATCH_VERTICES                 0x8E72
+#define GL_PATCH_DEFAULT_INNER_LEVEL      0x8E73
+#define GL_PATCH_DEFAULT_OUTER_LEVEL      0x8E74
+#define GL_TESS_CONTROL_OUTPUT_VERTICES   0x8E75
+#define GL_TESS_GEN_MODE                  0x8E76
+#define GL_TESS_GEN_SPACING               0x8E77
+#define GL_TESS_GEN_VERTEX_ORDER          0x8E78
+#define GL_TESS_GEN_POINT_MODE            0x8E79
+/* reuse GL_TRIANGLES */
+/* reuse GL_QUADS */
+#define GL_ISOLINES                       0x8E7A
+/* reuse GL_EQUAL */
+#define GL_FRACTIONAL_ODD                 0x8E7B
+#define GL_FRACTIONAL_EVEN                0x8E7C
+/* reuse GL_CCW */
+/* reuse GL_CW */
+#define GL_MAX_PATCH_VERTICES             0x8E7D
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_GEN_LEVEL             0x8E7E
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS 0x8E7F
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS 0x8E80
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS 0x8E81
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS 0x8E82
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS 0x8E83
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_PATCH_COMPONENTS      0x8E84
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_TOTAL_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS 0x8E85
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS 0x8E86
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_UNIFORM_BLOCKS 0x8E89
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_UNIFORM_BLOCKS 0x8E8A
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_CONTROL_INPUT_COMPONENTS 0x886C
+#define GL_MAX_TESS_EVALUATION_INPUT_COMPONENTS 0x886D
+#define GL_MAX_COMBINED_TESS_CONTROL_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS 0x8E1E
+#define GL_MAX_COMBINED_TESS_EVALUATION_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS 0x8E1F
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER 0x84F0
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER 0x84F1
+#define GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER         0x8E87
+#define GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER            0x8E88
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object_rgb32
+/* reuse GL_RGB32F */
+/* reuse GL_RGB32UI */
+/* reuse GL_RGB32I */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_transform_feedback2
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK             0x8E22
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_PAUSED 0x8E23
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_ACTIVE 0x8E24
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BINDING     0x8E25
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_transform_feedback3
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS 0x8E70
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_STREAMS             0x8E71
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_ES2_compatibility
+#define GL_FIXED                          0x140C
+#define GL_IMPLEMENTATION_COLOR_READ_TYPE 0x8B9A
+#define GL_IMPLEMENTATION_COLOR_READ_FORMAT 0x8B9B
+#define GL_LOW_FLOAT                      0x8DF0
+#define GL_MEDIUM_FLOAT                   0x8DF1
+#define GL_HIGH_FLOAT                     0x8DF2
+#define GL_LOW_INT                        0x8DF3
+#define GL_MEDIUM_INT                     0x8DF4
+#define GL_HIGH_INT                       0x8DF5
+#define GL_SHADER_COMPILER                0x8DFA
+#define GL_NUM_SHADER_BINARY_FORMATS      0x8DF9
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_VECTORS     0x8DFB
+#define GL_MAX_VARYING_VECTORS            0x8DFC
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_VECTORS   0x8DFD
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_get_program_binary
+#define GL_PROGRAM_BINARY_RETRIEVABLE_HINT 0x8257
+#define GL_PROGRAM_BINARY_LENGTH          0x8741
+#define GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS     0x87FE
+#define GL_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS         0x87FF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT              0x00000001
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT            0x00000002
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER_BIT            0x00000004
+#define GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER_BIT        0x00000008
+#define GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER_BIT     0x00000010
+#define GL_ALL_SHADER_BITS                0xFFFFFFFF
+#define GL_PROGRAM_SEPARABLE              0x8258
+#define GL_ACTIVE_PROGRAM                 0x8259
+#define GL_PROGRAM_PIPELINE_BINDING       0x825A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_precision
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_64bit
+/* reuse GL_RGB32I */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_VEC2 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_VEC3 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_VEC4 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT2 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT3 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT4 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT2x3 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT2x4 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT3x2 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT3x4 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT4x2 */
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE_MAT4x3 */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_viewport_array
+/* reuse GL_SCISSOR_BOX */
+/* reuse GL_VIEWPORT */
+/* reuse GL_DEPTH_RANGE */
+/* reuse GL_SCISSOR_TEST */
+#define GL_MAX_VIEWPORTS                  0x825B
+#define GL_VIEWPORT_SUBPIXEL_BITS         0x825C
+#define GL_VIEWPORT_BOUNDS_RANGE          0x825D
+#define GL_LAYER_PROVOKING_VERTEX         0x825E
+#define GL_VIEWPORT_INDEX_PROVOKING_VERTEX 0x825F
+#define GL_UNDEFINED_VERTEX               0x8260
+/* reuse GL_FIRST_VERTEX_CONVENTION */
+/* reuse GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION */
+/* reuse GL_PROVOKING_VERTEX */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_cl_event
+#define GL_SYNC_CL_EVENT_ARB              0x8240
+#define GL_SYNC_CL_EVENT_COMPLETE_ARB     0x8241
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_debug_output
+#define GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SYNCHRONOUS_ARB   0x8242
+#define GL_DEBUG_NEXT_LOGGED_MESSAGE_LENGTH_ARB 0x8243
+#define GL_DEBUG_CALLBACK_FUNCTION_ARB    0x8244
+#define GL_DEBUG_CALLBACK_USER_PARAM_ARB  0x8245
+#define GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_API_ARB           0x8246
+#define GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_WINDOW_SYSTEM_ARB 0x8247
+#define GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_SHADER_COMPILER_ARB 0x8248
+#define GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_THIRD_PARTY_ARB   0x8249
+#define GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_APPLICATION_ARB   0x824A
+#define GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_OTHER_ARB         0x824B
+#define GL_DEBUG_TYPE_ERROR_ARB           0x824C
+#define GL_DEBUG_TYPE_DEPRECATED_BEHAVIOR_ARB 0x824D
+#define GL_DEBUG_TYPE_UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR_ARB 0x824E
+#define GL_DEBUG_TYPE_PORTABILITY_ARB     0x824F
+#define GL_DEBUG_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_ARB     0x8250
+#define GL_DEBUG_TYPE_OTHER_ARB           0x8251
+#define GL_MAX_DEBUG_MESSAGE_LENGTH_ARB   0x9143
+#define GL_MAX_DEBUG_LOGGED_MESSAGES_ARB  0x9144
+#define GL_DEBUG_LOGGED_MESSAGES_ARB      0x9145
+#define GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_HIGH_ARB        0x9146
+#define GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_MEDIUM_ARB      0x9147
+#define GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_LOW_ARB         0x9148
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_robustness
+/* reuse GL_NO_ERROR */
+#define GL_CONTEXT_FLAG_ROBUST_ACCESS_BIT_ARB 0x00000004
+#define GL_LOSE_CONTEXT_ON_RESET_ARB      0x8252
+#define GL_GUILTY_CONTEXT_RESET_ARB       0x8253
+#define GL_INNOCENT_CONTEXT_RESET_ARB     0x8254
+#define GL_UNKNOWN_CONTEXT_RESET_ARB      0x8255
+#define GL_RESET_NOTIFICATION_STRATEGY_ARB 0x8256
+#define GL_NO_RESET_NOTIFICATION_ARB      0x8261
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_stencil_export
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_abgr
+#define GL_ABGR_EXT                       0x8000
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_color
+#define GL_CONSTANT_COLOR_EXT             0x8001
+#define GL_ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_COLOR_EXT   0x8002
+#define GL_CONSTANT_ALPHA_EXT             0x8003
+#define GL_ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_ALPHA_EXT   0x8004
+#define GL_BLEND_COLOR_EXT                0x8005
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_polygon_offset
+#define GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_EXT             0x8037
+#define GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FACTOR_EXT      0x8038
+#define GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_BIAS_EXT        0x8039
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture
+#define GL_ALPHA4_EXT                     0x803B
+#define GL_ALPHA8_EXT                     0x803C
+#define GL_ALPHA12_EXT                    0x803D
+#define GL_ALPHA16_EXT                    0x803E
+#define GL_LUMINANCE4_EXT                 0x803F
+#define GL_LUMINANCE8_EXT                 0x8040
+#define GL_LUMINANCE12_EXT                0x8041
+#define GL_LUMINANCE16_EXT                0x8042
+#define GL_LUMINANCE4_ALPHA4_EXT          0x8043
+#define GL_LUMINANCE6_ALPHA2_EXT          0x8044
+#define GL_LUMINANCE8_ALPHA8_EXT          0x8045
+#define GL_LUMINANCE12_ALPHA4_EXT         0x8046
+#define GL_LUMINANCE12_ALPHA12_EXT        0x8047
+#define GL_LUMINANCE16_ALPHA16_EXT        0x8048
+#define GL_INTENSITY_EXT                  0x8049
+#define GL_INTENSITY4_EXT                 0x804A
+#define GL_INTENSITY8_EXT                 0x804B
+#define GL_INTENSITY12_EXT                0x804C
+#define GL_INTENSITY16_EXT                0x804D
+#define GL_RGB2_EXT                       0x804E
+#define GL_RGB4_EXT                       0x804F
+#define GL_RGB5_EXT                       0x8050
+#define GL_RGB8_EXT                       0x8051
+#define GL_RGB10_EXT                      0x8052
+#define GL_RGB12_EXT                      0x8053
+#define GL_RGB16_EXT                      0x8054
+#define GL_RGBA2_EXT                      0x8055
+#define GL_RGBA4_EXT                      0x8056
+#define GL_RGB5_A1_EXT                    0x8057
+#define GL_RGBA8_EXT                      0x8058
+#define GL_RGB10_A2_EXT                   0x8059
+#define GL_RGBA12_EXT                     0x805A
+#define GL_RGBA16_EXT                     0x805B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RED_SIZE_EXT           0x805C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_GREEN_SIZE_EXT         0x805D
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BLUE_SIZE_EXT          0x805E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_ALPHA_SIZE_EXT         0x805F
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LUMINANCE_SIZE_EXT     0x8060
+#define GL_TEXTURE_INTENSITY_SIZE_EXT     0x8061
+#define GL_REPLACE_EXT                    0x8062
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_1D_EXT           0x8063
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D_EXT           0x8064
+#define GL_TEXTURE_TOO_LARGE_EXT          0x8065
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture3D
+#define GL_PACK_SKIP_IMAGES_EXT           0x806B
+#define GL_PACK_IMAGE_HEIGHT_EXT          0x806C
+#define GL_UNPACK_SKIP_IMAGES_EXT         0x806D
+#define GL_UNPACK_IMAGE_HEIGHT_EXT        0x806E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_3D_EXT                 0x806F
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_3D_EXT           0x8070
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DEPTH_EXT              0x8071
+#define GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R_EXT             0x8072
+#define GL_MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE_EXT        0x8073
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_filter4
+#define GL_FILTER4_SGIS                   0x8146
+#define GL_TEXTURE_FILTER4_SIZE_SGIS      0x8147
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_subtexture
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_copy_texture
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_histogram
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_EXT                  0x8024
+#define GL_PROXY_HISTOGRAM_EXT            0x8025
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_WIDTH_EXT            0x8026
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_FORMAT_EXT           0x8027
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_RED_SIZE_EXT         0x8028
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_GREEN_SIZE_EXT       0x8029
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_BLUE_SIZE_EXT        0x802A
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_ALPHA_SIZE_EXT       0x802B
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_LUMINANCE_SIZE_EXT   0x802C
+#define GL_HISTOGRAM_SINK_EXT             0x802D
+#define GL_MINMAX_EXT                     0x802E
+#define GL_MINMAX_FORMAT_EXT              0x802F
+#define GL_MINMAX_SINK_EXT                0x8030
+#define GL_TABLE_TOO_LARGE_EXT            0x8031
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_convolution
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_1D_EXT             0x8010
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_2D_EXT             0x8011
+#define GL_SEPARABLE_2D_EXT               0x8012
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_BORDER_MODE_EXT    0x8013
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_FILTER_SCALE_EXT   0x8014
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_FILTER_BIAS_EXT    0x8015
+#define GL_REDUCE_EXT                     0x8016
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_FORMAT_EXT         0x8017
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_WIDTH_EXT          0x8018
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_HEIGHT_EXT         0x8019
+#define GL_MAX_CONVOLUTION_WIDTH_EXT      0x801A
+#define GL_MAX_CONVOLUTION_HEIGHT_EXT     0x801B
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_RED_SCALE_EXT 0x801C
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_GREEN_SCALE_EXT 0x801D
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_BLUE_SCALE_EXT 0x801E
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_ALPHA_SCALE_EXT 0x801F
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_RED_BIAS_EXT  0x8020
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_GREEN_BIAS_EXT 0x8021
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_BLUE_BIAS_EXT 0x8022
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_ALPHA_BIAS_EXT 0x8023
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGI_color_matrix
+#define GL_COLOR_MATRIX_SGI               0x80B1
+#define GL_COLOR_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH_SGI   0x80B2
+#define GL_MAX_COLOR_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH_SGI 0x80B3
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_RED_SCALE_SGI 0x80B4
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_GREEN_SCALE_SGI 0x80B5
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_BLUE_SCALE_SGI 0x80B6
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_ALPHA_SCALE_SGI 0x80B7
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_RED_BIAS_SGI 0x80B8
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_GREEN_BIAS_SGI 0x80B9
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_BLUE_BIAS_SGI 0x80BA
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_ALPHA_BIAS_SGI 0x80BB
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGI_color_table
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_SGI                0x80D0
+#define GL_POST_CONVOLUTION_COLOR_TABLE_SGI 0x80D1
+#define GL_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_COLOR_TABLE_SGI 0x80D2
+#define GL_PROXY_COLOR_TABLE_SGI          0x80D3
+#define GL_PROXY_POST_CONVOLUTION_COLOR_TABLE_SGI 0x80D4
+#define GL_PROXY_POST_COLOR_MATRIX_COLOR_TABLE_SGI 0x80D5
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_SCALE_SGI          0x80D6
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_BIAS_SGI           0x80D7
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_FORMAT_SGI         0x80D8
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_WIDTH_SGI          0x80D9
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_RED_SIZE_SGI       0x80DA
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_GREEN_SIZE_SGI     0x80DB
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_BLUE_SIZE_SGI      0x80DC
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_ALPHA_SIZE_SGI     0x80DD
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_LUMINANCE_SIZE_SGI 0x80DE
+#define GL_COLOR_TABLE_INTENSITY_SIZE_SGI 0x80DF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_pixel_texture
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEXTURE_SGIS             0x8353
+#define GL_PIXEL_FRAGMENT_RGB_SOURCE_SGIS 0x8354
+#define GL_PIXEL_FRAGMENT_ALPHA_SOURCE_SGIS 0x8355
+#define GL_PIXEL_GROUP_COLOR_SGIS         0x8356
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_pixel_texture
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEX_GEN_SGIX             0x8139
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEX_GEN_MODE_SGIX        0x832B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture4D
+#define GL_PACK_SKIP_VOLUMES_SGIS         0x8130
+#define GL_PACK_IMAGE_DEPTH_SGIS          0x8131
+#define GL_UNPACK_SKIP_VOLUMES_SGIS       0x8132
+#define GL_UNPACK_IMAGE_DEPTH_SGIS        0x8133
+#define GL_TEXTURE_4D_SGIS                0x8134
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_4D_SGIS          0x8135
+#define GL_TEXTURE_4DSIZE_SGIS            0x8136
+#define GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_Q_SGIS            0x8137
+#define GL_MAX_4D_TEXTURE_SIZE_SGIS       0x8138
+#define GL_TEXTURE_4D_BINDING_SGIS        0x814F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGI_texture_color_table
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COLOR_TABLE_SGI        0x80BC
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_COLOR_TABLE_SGI  0x80BD
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_cmyka
+#define GL_CMYK_EXT                       0x800C
+#define GL_CMYKA_EXT                      0x800D
+#define GL_PACK_CMYK_HINT_EXT             0x800E
+#define GL_UNPACK_CMYK_HINT_EXT           0x800F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_object
+#define GL_TEXTURE_PRIORITY_EXT           0x8066
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RESIDENT_EXT           0x8067
+#define GL_TEXTURE_1D_BINDING_EXT         0x8068
+#define GL_TEXTURE_2D_BINDING_EXT         0x8069
+#define GL_TEXTURE_3D_BINDING_EXT         0x806A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_detail_texture
+#define GL_DETAIL_TEXTURE_2D_SGIS         0x8095
+#define GL_DETAIL_TEXTURE_2D_BINDING_SGIS 0x8096
+#define GL_LINEAR_DETAIL_SGIS             0x8097
+#define GL_LINEAR_DETAIL_ALPHA_SGIS       0x8098
+#define GL_LINEAR_DETAIL_COLOR_SGIS       0x8099
+#define GL_DETAIL_TEXTURE_LEVEL_SGIS      0x809A
+#define GL_DETAIL_TEXTURE_MODE_SGIS       0x809B
+#define GL_DETAIL_TEXTURE_FUNC_POINTS_SGIS 0x809C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_sharpen_texture
+#define GL_LINEAR_SHARPEN_SGIS            0x80AD
+#define GL_LINEAR_SHARPEN_ALPHA_SGIS      0x80AE
+#define GL_LINEAR_SHARPEN_COLOR_SGIS      0x80AF
+#define GL_SHARPEN_TEXTURE_FUNC_POINTS_SGIS 0x80B0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_packed_pixels
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE_3_3_2_EXT        0x8032
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_4_4_4_4_EXT     0x8033
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_5_5_5_1_EXT     0x8034
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_EXT       0x8035
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10_10_10_2_EXT    0x8036
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_lod
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MIN_LOD_SGIS           0x813A
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LOD_SGIS           0x813B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BASE_LEVEL_SGIS        0x813C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAX_LEVEL_SGIS         0x813D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_multisample
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_SGIS               0x809D
+#define GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_MASK_SGIS      0x809E
+#define GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_ONE_SGIS       0x809F
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK_SGIS               0x80A0
+#define GL_1PASS_SGIS                     0x80A1
+#define GL_2PASS_0_SGIS                   0x80A2
+#define GL_2PASS_1_SGIS                   0x80A3
+#define GL_4PASS_0_SGIS                   0x80A4
+#define GL_4PASS_1_SGIS                   0x80A5
+#define GL_4PASS_2_SGIS                   0x80A6
+#define GL_4PASS_3_SGIS                   0x80A7
+#define GL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS_SGIS            0x80A8
+#define GL_SAMPLES_SGIS                   0x80A9
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK_VALUE_SGIS         0x80AA
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK_INVERT_SGIS        0x80AB
+#define GL_SAMPLE_PATTERN_SGIS            0x80AC
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_rescale_normal
+#define GL_RESCALE_NORMAL_EXT             0x803A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_array
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_EXT               0x8074
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_EXT               0x8075
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_EXT                0x8076
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_EXT                0x8077
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_EXT        0x8078
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_EXT            0x8079
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_SIZE_EXT          0x807A
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT          0x807B
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT        0x807C
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_COUNT_EXT         0x807D
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT          0x807E
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT        0x807F
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_COUNT_EXT         0x8080
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_SIZE_EXT           0x8081
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT           0x8082
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT         0x8083
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_COUNT_EXT          0x8084
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT           0x8085
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT         0x8086
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_COUNT_EXT          0x8087
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_SIZE_EXT   0x8088
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT   0x8089
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT 0x808A
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_COUNT_EXT  0x808B
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT     0x808C
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_COUNT_EXT      0x808D
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT       0x808E
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT       0x808F
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT        0x8090
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT        0x8091
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT 0x8092
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT    0x8093
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_misc_attribute
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_generate_mipmap
+#define GL_GENERATE_MIPMAP_SGIS           0x8191
+#define GL_GENERATE_MIPMAP_HINT_SGIS      0x8192
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_clipmap
+#define GL_LINEAR_CLIPMAP_LINEAR_SGIX     0x8170
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CLIPMAP_CENTER_SGIX    0x8171
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CLIPMAP_FRAME_SGIX     0x8172
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CLIPMAP_OFFSET_SGIX    0x8173
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CLIPMAP_VIRTUAL_DEPTH_SGIX 0x8174
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CLIPMAP_LOD_OFFSET_SGIX 0x8175
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CLIPMAP_DEPTH_SGIX     0x8176
+#define GL_MAX_CLIPMAP_DEPTH_SGIX         0x8177
+#define GL_MAX_CLIPMAP_VIRTUAL_DEPTH_SGIX 0x8178
+#define GL_NEAREST_CLIPMAP_NEAREST_SGIX   0x844D
+#define GL_NEAREST_CLIPMAP_LINEAR_SGIX    0x844E
+#define GL_LINEAR_CLIPMAP_NEAREST_SGIX    0x844F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_shadow
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_SGIX           0x819A
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_OPERATOR_SGIX  0x819B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LEQUAL_R_SGIX          0x819C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_GEQUAL_R_SGIX          0x819D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_edge_clamp
+#define GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE_SGIS             0x812F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_border_clamp
+#define GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER_SGIS           0x812D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_minmax
+#define GL_FUNC_ADD_EXT                   0x8006
+#define GL_MIN_EXT                        0x8007
+#define GL_MAX_EXT                        0x8008
+#define GL_BLEND_EQUATION_EXT             0x8009
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_subtract
+#define GL_FUNC_SUBTRACT_EXT              0x800A
+#define GL_FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT_EXT      0x800B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_logic_op
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_interlace
+#define GL_INTERLACE_SGIX                 0x8094
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_pixel_tiles
+#define GL_PIXEL_TILE_BEST_ALIGNMENT_SGIX 0x813E
+#define GL_PIXEL_TILE_CACHE_INCREMENT_SGIX 0x813F
+#define GL_PIXEL_TILE_WIDTH_SGIX          0x8140
+#define GL_PIXEL_TILE_HEIGHT_SGIX         0x8141
+#define GL_PIXEL_TILE_GRID_WIDTH_SGIX     0x8142
+#define GL_PIXEL_TILE_GRID_HEIGHT_SGIX    0x8143
+#define GL_PIXEL_TILE_GRID_DEPTH_SGIX     0x8144
+#define GL_PIXEL_TILE_CACHE_SIZE_SGIX     0x8145
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_select
+#define GL_DUAL_ALPHA4_SGIS               0x8110
+#define GL_DUAL_ALPHA8_SGIS               0x8111
+#define GL_DUAL_ALPHA12_SGIS              0x8112
+#define GL_DUAL_ALPHA16_SGIS              0x8113
+#define GL_DUAL_LUMINANCE4_SGIS           0x8114
+#define GL_DUAL_LUMINANCE8_SGIS           0x8115
+#define GL_DUAL_LUMINANCE12_SGIS          0x8116
+#define GL_DUAL_LUMINANCE16_SGIS          0x8117
+#define GL_DUAL_INTENSITY4_SGIS           0x8118
+#define GL_DUAL_INTENSITY8_SGIS           0x8119
+#define GL_DUAL_INTENSITY12_SGIS          0x811A
+#define GL_DUAL_INTENSITY16_SGIS          0x811B
+#define GL_DUAL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA4_SGIS     0x811C
+#define GL_DUAL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA8_SGIS     0x811D
+#define GL_QUAD_ALPHA4_SGIS               0x811E
+#define GL_QUAD_ALPHA8_SGIS               0x811F
+#define GL_QUAD_LUMINANCE4_SGIS           0x8120
+#define GL_QUAD_LUMINANCE8_SGIS           0x8121
+#define GL_QUAD_INTENSITY4_SGIS           0x8122
+#define GL_QUAD_INTENSITY8_SGIS           0x8123
+#define GL_DUAL_TEXTURE_SELECT_SGIS       0x8124
+#define GL_QUAD_TEXTURE_SELECT_SGIS       0x8125
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_sprite
+#define GL_SPRITE_SGIX                    0x8148
+#define GL_SPRITE_MODE_SGIX               0x8149
+#define GL_SPRITE_AXIS_SGIX               0x814A
+#define GL_SPRITE_TRANSLATION_SGIX        0x814B
+#define GL_SPRITE_AXIAL_SGIX              0x814C
+#define GL_SPRITE_OBJECT_ALIGNED_SGIX     0x814D
+#define GL_SPRITE_EYE_ALIGNED_SGIX        0x814E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_multi_buffer
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MULTI_BUFFER_HINT_SGIX 0x812E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_point_parameters
+#define GL_POINT_SIZE_MIN_EXT             0x8126
+#define GL_POINT_SIZE_MAX_EXT             0x8127
+#define GL_POINT_FADE_THRESHOLD_SIZE_EXT  0x8128
+#define GL_DISTANCE_ATTENUATION_EXT       0x8129
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_point_parameters
+#define GL_POINT_SIZE_MIN_SGIS            0x8126
+#define GL_POINT_SIZE_MAX_SGIS            0x8127
+#define GL_POINT_FADE_THRESHOLD_SIZE_SGIS 0x8128
+#define GL_DISTANCE_ATTENUATION_SGIS      0x8129
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_instruments
+#define GL_INSTRUMENT_BUFFER_POINTER_SGIX 0x8180
+#define GL_INSTRUMENT_MEASUREMENTS_SGIX   0x8181
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_scale_bias
+#define GL_POST_TEXTURE_FILTER_BIAS_SGIX  0x8179
+#define GL_POST_TEXTURE_FILTER_SCALE_SGIX 0x817A
+#define GL_POST_TEXTURE_FILTER_BIAS_RANGE_SGIX 0x817B
+#define GL_POST_TEXTURE_FILTER_SCALE_RANGE_SGIX 0x817C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_framezoom
+#define GL_FRAMEZOOM_SGIX                 0x818B
+#define GL_FRAMEZOOM_FACTOR_SGIX          0x818C
+#define GL_MAX_FRAMEZOOM_FACTOR_SGIX      0x818D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_tag_sample_buffer
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_FfdMaskSGIX
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DEFORMATION_BIT_SGIX   0x00000001
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_DEFORMATION_BIT_SGIX  0x00000002
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_polynomial_ffd
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_DEFORMATION_SGIX      0x8194
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DEFORMATION_SGIX       0x8195
+#define GL_DEFORMATIONS_MASK_SGIX         0x8196
+#define GL_MAX_DEFORMATION_ORDER_SGIX     0x8197
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_reference_plane
+#define GL_REFERENCE_PLANE_SGIX           0x817D
+#define GL_REFERENCE_PLANE_EQUATION_SGIX  0x817E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_flush_raster
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_depth_texture
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16_SGIX         0x81A5
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24_SGIX         0x81A6
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32_SGIX         0x81A7
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_fog_function
+#define GL_FOG_FUNC_SGIS                  0x812A
+#define GL_FOG_FUNC_POINTS_SGIS           0x812B
+#define GL_MAX_FOG_FUNC_POINTS_SGIS       0x812C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_fog_offset
+#define GL_FOG_OFFSET_SGIX                0x8198
+#define GL_FOG_OFFSET_VALUE_SGIX          0x8199
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_HP_image_transform
+#define GL_IMAGE_SCALE_X_HP               0x8155
+#define GL_IMAGE_SCALE_Y_HP               0x8156
+#define GL_IMAGE_TRANSLATE_X_HP           0x8157
+#define GL_IMAGE_TRANSLATE_Y_HP           0x8158
+#define GL_IMAGE_ROTATE_ANGLE_HP          0x8159
+#define GL_IMAGE_ROTATE_ORIGIN_X_HP       0x815A
+#define GL_IMAGE_ROTATE_ORIGIN_Y_HP       0x815B
+#define GL_IMAGE_MAG_FILTER_HP            0x815C
+#define GL_IMAGE_MIN_FILTER_HP            0x815D
+#define GL_IMAGE_CUBIC_WEIGHT_HP          0x815E
+#define GL_CUBIC_HP                       0x815F
+#define GL_AVERAGE_HP                     0x8160
+#define GL_IMAGE_TRANSFORM_2D_HP          0x8161
+#define GL_POST_IMAGE_TRANSFORM_COLOR_TABLE_HP 0x8162
+#define GL_PROXY_POST_IMAGE_TRANSFORM_COLOR_TABLE_HP 0x8163
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_HP_convolution_border_modes
+#define GL_IGNORE_BORDER_HP               0x8150
+#define GL_CONSTANT_BORDER_HP             0x8151
+#define GL_REPLICATE_BORDER_HP            0x8153
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_BORDER_COLOR_HP    0x8154
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_INGR_palette_buffer
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_add_env
+#define GL_TEXTURE_ENV_BIAS_SGIX          0x80BE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_color_subtable
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_PGI_vertex_hints
+#define GL_VERTEX_DATA_HINT_PGI           0x1A22A
+#define GL_VERTEX_CONSISTENT_HINT_PGI     0x1A22B
+#define GL_MATERIAL_SIDE_HINT_PGI         0x1A22C
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_HINT_PGI            0x1A22D
+#define GL_COLOR3_BIT_PGI                 0x00010000
+#define GL_COLOR4_BIT_PGI                 0x00020000
+#define GL_EDGEFLAG_BIT_PGI               0x00040000
+#define GL_INDEX_BIT_PGI                  0x00080000
+#define GL_MAT_AMBIENT_BIT_PGI            0x00100000
+#define GL_MAT_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE_BIT_PGI 0x00200000
+#define GL_MAT_DIFFUSE_BIT_PGI            0x00400000
+#define GL_MAT_EMISSION_BIT_PGI           0x00800000
+#define GL_MAT_COLOR_INDEXES_BIT_PGI      0x01000000
+#define GL_MAT_SHININESS_BIT_PGI          0x02000000
+#define GL_MAT_SPECULAR_BIT_PGI           0x04000000
+#define GL_NORMAL_BIT_PGI                 0x08000000
+#define GL_TEXCOORD1_BIT_PGI              0x10000000
+#define GL_TEXCOORD2_BIT_PGI              0x20000000
+#define GL_TEXCOORD3_BIT_PGI              0x40000000
+#define GL_TEXCOORD4_BIT_PGI              0x80000000
+#define GL_VERTEX23_BIT_PGI               0x00000004
+#define GL_VERTEX4_BIT_PGI                0x00000008
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_PGI_misc_hints
+#define GL_PREFER_DOUBLEBUFFER_HINT_PGI   0x1A1F8
+#define GL_CONSERVE_MEMORY_HINT_PGI       0x1A1FD
+#define GL_RECLAIM_MEMORY_HINT_PGI        0x1A1FE
+#define GL_NATIVE_GRAPHICS_HANDLE_PGI     0x1A202
+#define GL_NATIVE_GRAPHICS_BEGIN_HINT_PGI 0x1A203
+#define GL_NATIVE_GRAPHICS_END_HINT_PGI   0x1A204
+#define GL_ALWAYS_FAST_HINT_PGI           0x1A20C
+#define GL_ALWAYS_SOFT_HINT_PGI           0x1A20D
+#define GL_ALLOW_DRAW_OBJ_HINT_PGI        0x1A20E
+#define GL_ALLOW_DRAW_WIN_HINT_PGI        0x1A20F
+#define GL_ALLOW_DRAW_FRG_HINT_PGI        0x1A210
+#define GL_ALLOW_DRAW_MEM_HINT_PGI        0x1A211
+#define GL_STRICT_DEPTHFUNC_HINT_PGI      0x1A216
+#define GL_STRICT_LIGHTING_HINT_PGI       0x1A217
+#define GL_STRICT_SCISSOR_HINT_PGI        0x1A218
+#define GL_FULL_STIPPLE_HINT_PGI          0x1A219
+#define GL_CLIP_NEAR_HINT_PGI             0x1A220
+#define GL_CLIP_FAR_HINT_PGI              0x1A221
+#define GL_WIDE_LINE_HINT_PGI             0x1A222
+#define GL_BACK_NORMALS_HINT_PGI          0x1A223
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_paletted_texture
+#define GL_COLOR_INDEX1_EXT               0x80E2
+#define GL_COLOR_INDEX2_EXT               0x80E3
+#define GL_COLOR_INDEX4_EXT               0x80E4
+#define GL_COLOR_INDEX8_EXT               0x80E5
+#define GL_COLOR_INDEX12_EXT              0x80E6
+#define GL_COLOR_INDEX16_EXT              0x80E7
+#define GL_TEXTURE_INDEX_SIZE_EXT         0x80ED
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_clip_volume_hint
+#define GL_CLIP_VOLUME_CLIPPING_HINT_EXT  0x80F0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_list_priority
+#define GL_LIST_PRIORITY_SGIX             0x8182
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_ir_instrument1
+#define GL_IR_INSTRUMENT1_SGIX            0x817F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_calligraphic_fragment
+#define GL_CALLIGRAPHIC_FRAGMENT_SGIX     0x8183
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_lod_bias
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS_S_SGIX        0x818E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS_T_SGIX        0x818F
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS_R_SGIX        0x8190
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_shadow_ambient
+#define GL_SHADOW_AMBIENT_SGIX            0x80BF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_index_texture
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_index_material
+#define GL_INDEX_MATERIAL_EXT             0x81B8
+#define GL_INDEX_MATERIAL_PARAMETER_EXT   0x81B9
+#define GL_INDEX_MATERIAL_FACE_EXT        0x81BA
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_index_func
+#define GL_INDEX_TEST_EXT                 0x81B5
+#define GL_INDEX_TEST_FUNC_EXT            0x81B6
+#define GL_INDEX_TEST_REF_EXT             0x81B7
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_index_array_formats
+#define GL_IUI_V2F_EXT                    0x81AD
+#define GL_IUI_V3F_EXT                    0x81AE
+#define GL_IUI_N3F_V2F_EXT                0x81AF
+#define GL_IUI_N3F_V3F_EXT                0x81B0
+#define GL_T2F_IUI_V2F_EXT                0x81B1
+#define GL_T2F_IUI_V3F_EXT                0x81B2
+#define GL_T2F_IUI_N3F_V2F_EXT            0x81B3
+#define GL_T2F_IUI_N3F_V3F_EXT            0x81B4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_compiled_vertex_array
+#define GL_ARRAY_ELEMENT_LOCK_FIRST_EXT   0x81A8
+#define GL_ARRAY_ELEMENT_LOCK_COUNT_EXT   0x81A9
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_cull_vertex
+#define GL_CULL_VERTEX_EXT                0x81AA
+#define GL_CULL_VERTEX_EYE_POSITION_EXT   0x81AB
+#define GL_CULL_VERTEX_OBJECT_POSITION_EXT 0x81AC
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_ycrcb
+#define GL_YCRCB_422_SGIX                 0x81BB
+#define GL_YCRCB_444_SGIX                 0x81BC
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_fragment_lighting
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHTING_SGIX         0x8400
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_COLOR_MATERIAL_SGIX   0x8401
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_COLOR_MATERIAL_FACE_SGIX 0x8402
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_COLOR_MATERIAL_PARAMETER_SGIX 0x8403
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_LIGHTS_SGIX       0x8404
+#define GL_MAX_ACTIVE_LIGHTS_SGIX         0x8405
+#define GL_CURRENT_RASTER_NORMAL_SGIX     0x8406
+#define GL_LIGHT_ENV_MODE_SGIX            0x8407
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT_MODEL_LOCAL_VIEWER_SGIX 0x8408
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT_MODEL_TWO_SIDE_SGIX 0x8409
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT_SGIX 0x840A
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT_MODEL_NORMAL_INTERPOLATION_SGIX 0x840B
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT0_SGIX           0x840C
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT1_SGIX           0x840D
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT2_SGIX           0x840E
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT3_SGIX           0x840F
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT4_SGIX           0x8410
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT5_SGIX           0x8411
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT6_SGIX           0x8412
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_LIGHT7_SGIX           0x8413
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_IBM_rasterpos_clip
+#define GL_RASTER_POSITION_UNCLIPPED_IBM  0x19262
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_HP_texture_lighting
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LIGHTING_MODE_HP       0x8167
+#define GL_TEXTURE_POST_SPECULAR_HP       0x8168
+#define GL_TEXTURE_PRE_SPECULAR_HP        0x8169
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_draw_range_elements
+#define GL_MAX_ELEMENTS_VERTICES_EXT      0x80E8
+#define GL_MAX_ELEMENTS_INDICES_EXT       0x80E9
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_WIN_phong_shading
+#define GL_PHONG_WIN                      0x80EA
+#define GL_PHONG_HINT_WIN                 0x80EB
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_WIN_specular_fog
+#define GL_FOG_SPECULAR_TEXTURE_WIN       0x80EC
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_light_texture
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_MATERIAL_EXT          0x8349
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_NORMAL_EXT            0x834A
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_COLOR_EXT             0x834C
+#define GL_ATTENUATION_EXT                0x834D
+#define GL_SHADOW_ATTENUATION_EXT         0x834E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_APPLICATION_MODE_EXT   0x834F
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LIGHT_EXT              0x8350
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MATERIAL_FACE_EXT      0x8351
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MATERIAL_PARAMETER_EXT 0x8352
+/* reuse GL_FRAGMENT_DEPTH_EXT */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_blend_alpha_minmax
+#define GL_ALPHA_MIN_SGIX                 0x8320
+#define GL_ALPHA_MAX_SGIX                 0x8321
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_impact_pixel_texture
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEX_GEN_Q_CEILING_SGIX   0x8184
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEX_GEN_Q_ROUND_SGIX     0x8185
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEX_GEN_Q_FLOOR_SGIX     0x8186
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEX_GEN_ALPHA_REPLACE_SGIX 0x8187
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEX_GEN_ALPHA_NO_REPLACE_SGIX 0x8188
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEX_GEN_ALPHA_LS_SGIX    0x8189
+#define GL_PIXEL_TEX_GEN_ALPHA_MS_SGIX    0x818A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_bgra
+#define GL_BGR_EXT                        0x80E0
+#define GL_BGRA_EXT                       0x80E1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_async
+#define GL_ASYNC_MARKER_SGIX              0x8329
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_async_pixel
+#define GL_ASYNC_TEX_IMAGE_SGIX           0x835C
+#define GL_ASYNC_DRAW_PIXELS_SGIX         0x835D
+#define GL_ASYNC_READ_PIXELS_SGIX         0x835E
+#define GL_MAX_ASYNC_TEX_IMAGE_SGIX       0x835F
+#define GL_MAX_ASYNC_DRAW_PIXELS_SGIX     0x8360
+#define GL_MAX_ASYNC_READ_PIXELS_SGIX     0x8361
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_async_histogram
+#define GL_ASYNC_HISTOGRAM_SGIX           0x832C
+#define GL_MAX_ASYNC_HISTOGRAM_SGIX       0x832D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_INTEL_texture_scissor
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_INTEL_parallel_arrays
+#define GL_PARALLEL_ARRAYS_INTEL          0x83F4
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_PARALLEL_POINTERS_INTEL 0x83F5
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_PARALLEL_POINTERS_INTEL 0x83F6
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_PARALLEL_POINTERS_INTEL 0x83F7
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_PARALLEL_POINTERS_INTEL 0x83F8
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_HP_occlusion_test
+#define GL_OCCLUSION_TEST_HP              0x8165
+#define GL_OCCLUSION_TEST_RESULT_HP       0x8166
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_pixel_transform
+#define GL_PIXEL_TRANSFORM_2D_EXT         0x8330
+#define GL_PIXEL_MAG_FILTER_EXT           0x8331
+#define GL_PIXEL_MIN_FILTER_EXT           0x8332
+#define GL_PIXEL_CUBIC_WEIGHT_EXT         0x8333
+#define GL_CUBIC_EXT                      0x8334
+#define GL_AVERAGE_EXT                    0x8335
+#define GL_PIXEL_TRANSFORM_2D_STACK_DEPTH_EXT 0x8336
+#define GL_MAX_PIXEL_TRANSFORM_2D_STACK_DEPTH_EXT 0x8337
+#define GL_PIXEL_TRANSFORM_2D_MATRIX_EXT  0x8338
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_pixel_transform_color_table
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_shared_texture_palette
+#define GL_SHARED_TEXTURE_PALETTE_EXT     0x81FB
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_separate_specular_color
+#define GL_LIGHT_MODEL_COLOR_CONTROL_EXT  0x81F8
+#define GL_SINGLE_COLOR_EXT               0x81F9
+#define GL_SEPARATE_SPECULAR_COLOR_EXT    0x81FA
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_secondary_color
+#define GL_COLOR_SUM_EXT                  0x8458
+#define GL_CURRENT_SECONDARY_COLOR_EXT    0x8459
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_SIZE_EXT 0x845A
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT 0x845B
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT 0x845C
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT 0x845D
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_EXT      0x845E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_perturb_normal
+#define GL_PERTURB_EXT                    0x85AE
+#define GL_TEXTURE_NORMAL_EXT             0x85AF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_fog_coord
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_SOURCE_EXT      0x8450
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_EXT             0x8451
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_DEPTH_EXT             0x8452
+#define GL_CURRENT_FOG_COORDINATE_EXT     0x8453
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT  0x8454
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT 0x8455
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT 0x8456
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_EXT       0x8457
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_REND_screen_coordinates
+#define GL_SCREEN_COORDINATES_REND        0x8490
+#define GL_INVERTED_SCREEN_W_REND         0x8491
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_coordinate_frame
+#define GL_TANGENT_ARRAY_EXT              0x8439
+#define GL_BINORMAL_ARRAY_EXT             0x843A
+#define GL_CURRENT_TANGENT_EXT            0x843B
+#define GL_CURRENT_BINORMAL_EXT           0x843C
+#define GL_TANGENT_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT         0x843E
+#define GL_TANGENT_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT       0x843F
+#define GL_BINORMAL_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT        0x8440
+#define GL_BINORMAL_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT      0x8441
+#define GL_TANGENT_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT      0x8442
+#define GL_BINORMAL_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT     0x8443
+#define GL_MAP1_TANGENT_EXT               0x8444
+#define GL_MAP2_TANGENT_EXT               0x8445
+#define GL_MAP1_BINORMAL_EXT              0x8446
+#define GL_MAP2_BINORMAL_EXT              0x8447
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_env_combine
+#define GL_COMBINE_EXT                    0x8570
+#define GL_COMBINE_RGB_EXT                0x8571
+#define GL_COMBINE_ALPHA_EXT              0x8572
+#define GL_RGB_SCALE_EXT                  0x8573
+#define GL_ADD_SIGNED_EXT                 0x8574
+#define GL_INTERPOLATE_EXT                0x8575
+#define GL_CONSTANT_EXT                   0x8576
+#define GL_PRIMARY_COLOR_EXT              0x8577
+#define GL_PREVIOUS_EXT                   0x8578
+#define GL_SOURCE0_RGB_EXT                0x8580
+#define GL_SOURCE1_RGB_EXT                0x8581
+#define GL_SOURCE2_RGB_EXT                0x8582
+#define GL_SOURCE0_ALPHA_EXT              0x8588
+#define GL_SOURCE1_ALPHA_EXT              0x8589
+#define GL_SOURCE2_ALPHA_EXT              0x858A
+#define GL_OPERAND0_RGB_EXT               0x8590
+#define GL_OPERAND1_RGB_EXT               0x8591
+#define GL_OPERAND2_RGB_EXT               0x8592
+#define GL_OPERAND0_ALPHA_EXT             0x8598
+#define GL_OPERAND1_ALPHA_EXT             0x8599
+#define GL_OPERAND2_ALPHA_EXT             0x859A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_specular_vector
+#define GL_LIGHT_MODEL_SPECULAR_VECTOR_APPLE 0x85B0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_transform_hint
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_HINT_APPLE           0x85B1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_fog_scale
+#define GL_FOG_SCALE_SGIX                 0x81FC
+#define GL_FOG_SCALE_VALUE_SGIX           0x81FD
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUNX_constant_data
+#define GL_UNPACK_CONSTANT_DATA_SUNX      0x81D5
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CONSTANT_DATA_SUNX     0x81D6
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_global_alpha
+#define GL_GLOBAL_ALPHA_SUN               0x81D9
+#define GL_GLOBAL_ALPHA_FACTOR_SUN        0x81DA
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_triangle_list
+#define GL_RESTART_SUN                    0x0001
+#define GL_REPLACE_MIDDLE_SUN             0x0002
+#define GL_REPLACE_OLDEST_SUN             0x0003
+#define GL_TRIANGLE_LIST_SUN              0x81D7
+#define GL_REPLACEMENT_CODE_SUN           0x81D8
+#define GL_REPLACEMENT_CODE_ARRAY_SUN     0x85C0
+#define GL_REPLACEMENT_CODE_ARRAY_TYPE_SUN 0x85C1
+#define GL_REPLACEMENT_CODE_ARRAY_STRIDE_SUN 0x85C2
+#define GL_REPLACEMENT_CODE_ARRAY_POINTER_SUN 0x85C3
+#define GL_R1UI_V3F_SUN                   0x85C4
+#define GL_R1UI_C4UB_V3F_SUN              0x85C5
+#define GL_R1UI_C3F_V3F_SUN               0x85C6
+#define GL_R1UI_N3F_V3F_SUN               0x85C7
+#define GL_R1UI_C4F_N3F_V3F_SUN           0x85C8
+#define GL_R1UI_T2F_V3F_SUN               0x85C9
+#define GL_R1UI_T2F_N3F_V3F_SUN           0x85CA
+#define GL_R1UI_T2F_C4F_N3F_V3F_SUN       0x85CB
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_vertex
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_func_separate
+#define GL_BLEND_DST_RGB_EXT              0x80C8
+#define GL_BLEND_SRC_RGB_EXT              0x80C9
+#define GL_BLEND_DST_ALPHA_EXT            0x80CA
+#define GL_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA_EXT            0x80CB
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_INGR_color_clamp
+#define GL_RED_MIN_CLAMP_INGR             0x8560
+#define GL_GREEN_MIN_CLAMP_INGR           0x8561
+#define GL_BLUE_MIN_CLAMP_INGR            0x8562
+#define GL_ALPHA_MIN_CLAMP_INGR           0x8563
+#define GL_RED_MAX_CLAMP_INGR             0x8564
+#define GL_GREEN_MAX_CLAMP_INGR           0x8565
+#define GL_BLUE_MAX_CLAMP_INGR            0x8566
+#define GL_ALPHA_MAX_CLAMP_INGR           0x8567
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_INGR_interlace_read
+#define GL_INTERLACE_READ_INGR            0x8568
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_stencil_wrap
+#define GL_INCR_WRAP_EXT                  0x8507
+#define GL_DECR_WRAP_EXT                  0x8508
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_422_pixels
+#define GL_422_EXT                        0x80CC
+#define GL_422_REV_EXT                    0x80CD
+#define GL_422_AVERAGE_EXT                0x80CE
+#define GL_422_REV_AVERAGE_EXT            0x80CF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texgen_reflection
+#define GL_NORMAL_MAP_NV                  0x8511
+#define GL_REFLECTION_MAP_NV              0x8512
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_cube_map
+#define GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT                 0x8511
+#define GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT             0x8512
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT           0x8513
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_CUBE_MAP_EXT   0x8514
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT 0x8515
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X_EXT 0x8516
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y_EXT 0x8517
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y_EXT 0x8518
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z_EXT 0x8519
+#define GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z_EXT 0x851A
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT     0x851B
+#define GL_MAX_CUBE_MAP_TEXTURE_SIZE_EXT  0x851C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_convolution_border_modes
+#define GL_WRAP_BORDER_SUN                0x81D4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_env_add
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_lod_bias
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS_EXT       0x84FD
+#define GL_TEXTURE_FILTER_CONTROL_EXT     0x8500
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS_EXT           0x8501
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT     0x84FE
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT 0x84FF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_weighting
+#define GL_MODELVIEW0_STACK_DEPTH_EXT     GL_MODELVIEW_STACK_DEPTH
+#define GL_MODELVIEW1_STACK_DEPTH_EXT     0x8502
+#define GL_MODELVIEW0_MATRIX_EXT          GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX
+#define GL_MODELVIEW1_MATRIX_EXT          0x8506
+#define GL_VERTEX_WEIGHTING_EXT           0x8509
+#define GL_MODELVIEW0_EXT                 GL_MODELVIEW
+#define GL_MODELVIEW1_EXT                 0x850A
+#define GL_CURRENT_VERTEX_WEIGHT_EXT      0x850B
+#define GL_VERTEX_WEIGHT_ARRAY_EXT        0x850C
+#define GL_VERTEX_WEIGHT_ARRAY_SIZE_EXT   0x850D
+#define GL_VERTEX_WEIGHT_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT   0x850E
+#define GL_VERTEX_WEIGHT_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT 0x850F
+#define GL_VERTEX_WEIGHT_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT 0x8510
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_light_max_exponent
+#define GL_MAX_SHININESS_NV               0x8504
+#define GL_MAX_SPOT_EXPONENT_NV           0x8505
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_array_range
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_RANGE_NV          0x851D
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_RANGE_LENGTH_NV   0x851E
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_RANGE_VALID_NV    0x851F
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_ARRAY_RANGE_ELEMENT_NV 0x8520
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_RANGE_POINTER_NV  0x8521
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_register_combiners
+#define GL_REGISTER_COMBINERS_NV          0x8522
+#define GL_VARIABLE_A_NV                  0x8523
+#define GL_VARIABLE_B_NV                  0x8524
+#define GL_VARIABLE_C_NV                  0x8525
+#define GL_VARIABLE_D_NV                  0x8526
+#define GL_VARIABLE_E_NV                  0x8527
+#define GL_VARIABLE_F_NV                  0x8528
+#define GL_VARIABLE_G_NV                  0x8529
+#define GL_CONSTANT_COLOR0_NV             0x852A
+#define GL_CONSTANT_COLOR1_NV             0x852B
+#define GL_PRIMARY_COLOR_NV               0x852C
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_NV             0x852D
+#define GL_SPARE0_NV                      0x852E
+#define GL_SPARE1_NV                      0x852F
+#define GL_DISCARD_NV                     0x8530
+#define GL_E_TIMES_F_NV                   0x8531
+#define GL_SPARE0_PLUS_SECONDARY_COLOR_NV 0x8532
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_IDENTITY_NV           0x8536
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INVERT_NV             0x8537
+#define GL_EXPAND_NORMAL_NV               0x8538
+#define GL_EXPAND_NEGATE_NV               0x8539
+#define GL_HALF_BIAS_NORMAL_NV            0x853A
+#define GL_HALF_BIAS_NEGATE_NV            0x853B
+#define GL_SIGNED_IDENTITY_NV             0x853C
+#define GL_SIGNED_NEGATE_NV               0x853D
+#define GL_SCALE_BY_TWO_NV                0x853E
+#define GL_SCALE_BY_FOUR_NV               0x853F
+#define GL_SCALE_BY_ONE_HALF_NV           0x8540
+#define GL_BIAS_BY_NEGATIVE_ONE_HALF_NV   0x8541
+#define GL_COMBINER_INPUT_NV              0x8542
+#define GL_COMBINER_MAPPING_NV            0x8543
+#define GL_COMBINER_COMPONENT_USAGE_NV    0x8544
+#define GL_COMBINER_AB_DOT_PRODUCT_NV     0x8545
+#define GL_COMBINER_CD_DOT_PRODUCT_NV     0x8546
+#define GL_COMBINER_MUX_SUM_NV            0x8547
+#define GL_COMBINER_SCALE_NV              0x8548
+#define GL_COMBINER_BIAS_NV               0x8549
+#define GL_COMBINER_AB_OUTPUT_NV          0x854A
+#define GL_COMBINER_CD_OUTPUT_NV          0x854B
+#define GL_COMBINER_SUM_OUTPUT_NV         0x854C
+#define GL_MAX_GENERAL_COMBINERS_NV       0x854D
+#define GL_NUM_GENERAL_COMBINERS_NV       0x854E
+#define GL_COLOR_SUM_CLAMP_NV             0x854F
+#define GL_COMBINER0_NV                   0x8550
+#define GL_COMBINER1_NV                   0x8551
+#define GL_COMBINER2_NV                   0x8552
+#define GL_COMBINER3_NV                   0x8553
+#define GL_COMBINER4_NV                   0x8554
+#define GL_COMBINER5_NV                   0x8555
+#define GL_COMBINER6_NV                   0x8556
+#define GL_COMBINER7_NV                   0x8557
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE0_ARB */
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE1_ARB */
+/* reuse GL_ZERO */
+/* reuse GL_NONE */
+/* reuse GL_FOG */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fog_distance
+#define GL_FOG_DISTANCE_MODE_NV           0x855A
+#define GL_EYE_RADIAL_NV                  0x855B
+#define GL_EYE_PLANE_ABSOLUTE_NV          0x855C
+/* reuse GL_EYE_PLANE */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texgen_emboss
+#define GL_EMBOSS_LIGHT_NV                0x855D
+#define GL_EMBOSS_CONSTANT_NV             0x855E
+#define GL_EMBOSS_MAP_NV                  0x855F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_blend_square
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_env_combine4
+#define GL_COMBINE4_NV                    0x8503
+#define GL_SOURCE3_RGB_NV                 0x8583
+#define GL_SOURCE3_ALPHA_NV               0x858B
+#define GL_OPERAND3_RGB_NV                0x8593
+#define GL_OPERAND3_ALPHA_NV              0x859B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESA_resize_buffers
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESA_window_pos
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_compression_s3tc
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_S3TC_DXT1_EXT   0x83F0
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT  0x83F1
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT  0x83F2
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT  0x83F3
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_IBM_cull_vertex
+#define GL_CULL_VERTEX_IBM                103050
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_IBM_multimode_draw_arrays
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_IBM_vertex_array_lists
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_LIST_IBM          103070
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_LIST_IBM          103071
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_LIST_IBM           103072
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_LIST_IBM           103073
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_LIST_IBM   103074
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_LIST_IBM       103075
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_LIST_IBM  103076
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_LIST_IBM 103077
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_LIST_STRIDE_IBM   103080
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_LIST_STRIDE_IBM   103081
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_LIST_STRIDE_IBM    103082
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_LIST_STRIDE_IBM    103083
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_LIST_STRIDE_IBM 103084
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_LIST_STRIDE_IBM 103085
+#define GL_FOG_COORDINATE_ARRAY_LIST_STRIDE_IBM 103086
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_LIST_STRIDE_IBM 103087
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_subsample
+#define GL_PACK_SUBSAMPLE_RATE_SGIX       0x85A0
+#define GL_UNPACK_SUBSAMPLE_RATE_SGIX     0x85A1
+#define GL_PIXEL_SUBSAMPLE_4444_SGIX      0x85A2
+#define GL_PIXEL_SUBSAMPLE_2424_SGIX      0x85A3
+#define GL_PIXEL_SUBSAMPLE_4242_SGIX      0x85A4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_ycrcb_subsample
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_ycrcba
+#define GL_YCRCB_SGIX                     0x8318
+#define GL_YCRCBA_SGIX                    0x8319
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGI_depth_pass_instrument
+#define GL_DEPTH_PASS_INSTRUMENT_SGIX     0x8310
+#define GL_DEPTH_PASS_INSTRUMENT_COUNTERS_SGIX 0x8311
+#define GL_DEPTH_PASS_INSTRUMENT_MAX_SGIX 0x8312
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_3DFX_texture_compression_FXT1
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_FXT1_3DFX       0x86B0
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_FXT1_3DFX      0x86B1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_3DFX_multisample
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_3DFX               0x86B2
+#define GL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS_3DFX            0x86B3
+#define GL_SAMPLES_3DFX                   0x86B4
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_BIT_3DFX           0x20000000
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_3DFX_tbuffer
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_multisample
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_EXT                0x809D
+#define GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_MASK_EXT       0x809E
+#define GL_SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_ONE_EXT        0x809F
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK_EXT                0x80A0
+#define GL_1PASS_EXT                      0x80A1
+#define GL_2PASS_0_EXT                    0x80A2
+#define GL_2PASS_1_EXT                    0x80A3
+#define GL_4PASS_0_EXT                    0x80A4
+#define GL_4PASS_1_EXT                    0x80A5
+#define GL_4PASS_2_EXT                    0x80A6
+#define GL_4PASS_3_EXT                    0x80A7
+#define GL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS_EXT             0x80A8
+#define GL_SAMPLES_EXT                    0x80A9
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK_VALUE_EXT          0x80AA
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK_INVERT_EXT         0x80AB
+#define GL_SAMPLE_PATTERN_EXT             0x80AC
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_BIT_EXT            0x20000000
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_vertex_preclip
+#define GL_VERTEX_PRECLIP_SGIX            0x83EE
+#define GL_VERTEX_PRECLIP_HINT_SGIX       0x83EF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_convolution_accuracy
+#define GL_CONVOLUTION_HINT_SGIX          0x8316
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_resample
+#define GL_PACK_RESAMPLE_SGIX             0x842C
+#define GL_UNPACK_RESAMPLE_SGIX           0x842D
+#define GL_RESAMPLE_REPLICATE_SGIX        0x842E
+#define GL_RESAMPLE_ZERO_FILL_SGIX        0x842F
+#define GL_RESAMPLE_DECIMATE_SGIX         0x8430
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_point_line_texgen
+#define GL_EYE_DISTANCE_TO_POINT_SGIS     0x81F0
+#define GL_OBJECT_DISTANCE_TO_POINT_SGIS  0x81F1
+#define GL_EYE_DISTANCE_TO_LINE_SGIS      0x81F2
+#define GL_OBJECT_DISTANCE_TO_LINE_SGIS   0x81F3
+#define GL_EYE_POINT_SGIS                 0x81F4
+#define GL_OBJECT_POINT_SGIS              0x81F5
+#define GL_EYE_LINE_SGIS                  0x81F6
+#define GL_OBJECT_LINE_SGIS               0x81F7
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_color_mask
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COLOR_WRITEMASK_SGIS   0x81EF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_env_dot3
+#define GL_DOT3_RGB_EXT                   0x8740
+#define GL_DOT3_RGBA_EXT                  0x8741
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_texture_mirror_once
+#define GL_MIRROR_CLAMP_ATI               0x8742
+#define GL_MIRROR_CLAMP_TO_EDGE_ATI       0x8743
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fence
+#define GL_ALL_COMPLETED_NV               0x84F2
+#define GL_FENCE_STATUS_NV                0x84F3
+#define GL_FENCE_CONDITION_NV             0x84F4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_IBM_texture_mirrored_repeat
+#define GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT_IBM            0x8370
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_evaluators
+#define GL_EVAL_2D_NV                     0x86C0
+#define GL_EVAL_TRIANGULAR_2D_NV          0x86C1
+#define GL_MAP_TESSELLATION_NV            0x86C2
+#define GL_MAP_ATTRIB_U_ORDER_NV          0x86C3
+#define GL_MAP_ATTRIB_V_ORDER_NV          0x86C4
+#define GL_EVAL_FRACTIONAL_TESSELLATION_NV 0x86C5
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB0_NV         0x86C6
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB1_NV         0x86C7
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB2_NV         0x86C8
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB3_NV         0x86C9
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB4_NV         0x86CA
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB5_NV         0x86CB
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB6_NV         0x86CC
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB7_NV         0x86CD
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB8_NV         0x86CE
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB9_NV         0x86CF
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB10_NV        0x86D0
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB11_NV        0x86D1
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB12_NV        0x86D2
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB13_NV        0x86D3
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB14_NV        0x86D4
+#define GL_EVAL_VERTEX_ATTRIB15_NV        0x86D5
+#define GL_MAX_MAP_TESSELLATION_NV        0x86D6
+#define GL_MAX_RATIONAL_EVAL_ORDER_NV     0x86D7
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_packed_depth_stencil
+#define GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_NV               0x84F9
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8_NV           0x84FA
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_register_combiners2
+#define GL_PER_STAGE_CONSTANTS_NV         0x8535
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_compression_vtc
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_rectangle
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_NV           0x84F5
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_RECTANGLE_NV   0x84F6
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_NV     0x84F7
+#define GL_MAX_RECTANGLE_TEXTURE_SIZE_NV  0x84F8
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_shader
+#define GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_NV    0x864C
+#define GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_SCALE_NV 0x864D
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_NV 0x864E
+#define GL_RGBA_UNSIGNED_DOT_PRODUCT_MAPPING_NV 0x86D9
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_S8_S8_8_8_NV      0x86DA
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_S8_S8_REV_NV  0x86DB
+#define GL_DSDT_MAG_INTENSITY_NV          0x86DC
+#define GL_SHADER_CONSISTENT_NV           0x86DD
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SHADER_NV              0x86DE
+#define GL_SHADER_OPERATION_NV            0x86DF
+#define GL_CULL_MODES_NV                  0x86E0
+#define GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_MATRIX_NV       0x86E1
+#define GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_SCALE_NV        0x86E2
+#define GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_BIAS_NV         0x86E3
+#define GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_2D_MATRIX_NV    GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_MATRIX_NV
+#define GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_2D_SCALE_NV     GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_SCALE_NV
+#define GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_2D_BIAS_NV      GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_BIAS_NV
+#define GL_PREVIOUS_TEXTURE_INPUT_NV      0x86E4
+#define GL_CONST_EYE_NV                   0x86E5
+#define GL_PASS_THROUGH_NV                0x86E6
+#define GL_CULL_FRAGMENT_NV               0x86E7
+#define GL_OFFSET_TEXTURE_2D_NV           0x86E8
+#define GL_DEPENDENT_AR_TEXTURE_2D_NV     0x86E9
+#define GL_DEPENDENT_GB_TEXTURE_2D_NV     0x86EA
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_NV                 0x86EC
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_DEPTH_REPLACE_NV   0x86ED
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_TEXTURE_2D_NV      0x86EE
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NV 0x86F0
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_DIFFUSE_CUBE_MAP_NV 0x86F1
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_REFLECT_CUBE_MAP_NV 0x86F2
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_CONST_EYE_REFLECT_CUBE_MAP_NV 0x86F3
+#define GL_HILO_NV                        0x86F4
+#define GL_DSDT_NV                        0x86F5
+#define GL_DSDT_MAG_NV                    0x86F6
+#define GL_DSDT_MAG_VIB_NV                0x86F7
+#define GL_HILO16_NV                      0x86F8
+#define GL_SIGNED_HILO_NV                 0x86F9
+#define GL_SIGNED_HILO16_NV               0x86FA
+#define GL_SIGNED_RGBA_NV                 0x86FB
+#define GL_SIGNED_RGBA8_NV                0x86FC
+#define GL_SIGNED_RGB_NV                  0x86FE
+#define GL_SIGNED_RGB8_NV                 0x86FF
+#define GL_SIGNED_LUMINANCE_NV            0x8701
+#define GL_SIGNED_LUMINANCE8_NV           0x8702
+#define GL_SIGNED_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_NV      0x8703
+#define GL_SIGNED_LUMINANCE8_ALPHA8_NV    0x8704
+#define GL_SIGNED_ALPHA_NV                0x8705
+#define GL_SIGNED_ALPHA8_NV               0x8706
+#define GL_SIGNED_INTENSITY_NV            0x8707
+#define GL_SIGNED_INTENSITY8_NV           0x8708
+#define GL_DSDT8_NV                       0x8709
+#define GL_DSDT8_MAG8_NV                  0x870A
+#define GL_DSDT8_MAG8_INTENSITY8_NV       0x870B
+#define GL_SIGNED_RGB_UNSIGNED_ALPHA_NV   0x870C
+#define GL_SIGNED_RGB8_UNSIGNED_ALPHA8_NV 0x870D
+#define GL_HI_SCALE_NV                    0x870E
+#define GL_LO_SCALE_NV                    0x870F
+#define GL_DS_SCALE_NV                    0x8710
+#define GL_DT_SCALE_NV                    0x8711
+#define GL_MAGNITUDE_SCALE_NV             0x8712
+#define GL_VIBRANCE_SCALE_NV              0x8713
+#define GL_HI_BIAS_NV                     0x8714
+#define GL_LO_BIAS_NV                     0x8715
+#define GL_DS_BIAS_NV                     0x8716
+#define GL_DT_BIAS_NV                     0x8717
+#define GL_MAGNITUDE_BIAS_NV              0x8718
+#define GL_VIBRANCE_BIAS_NV               0x8719
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BORDER_VALUES_NV       0x871A
+#define GL_TEXTURE_HI_SIZE_NV             0x871B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_LO_SIZE_NV             0x871C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DS_SIZE_NV             0x871D
+#define GL_TEXTURE_DT_SIZE_NV             0x871E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAG_SIZE_NV            0x871F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_shader2
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_TEXTURE_3D_NV      0x86EF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_array_range2
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_RANGE_WITHOUT_FLUSH_NV 0x8533
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_NV              0x8620
+#define GL_VERTEX_STATE_PROGRAM_NV        0x8621
+#define GL_ATTRIB_ARRAY_SIZE_NV           0x8623
+#define GL_ATTRIB_ARRAY_STRIDE_NV         0x8624
+#define GL_ATTRIB_ARRAY_TYPE_NV           0x8625
+#define GL_CURRENT_ATTRIB_NV              0x8626
+#define GL_PROGRAM_LENGTH_NV              0x8627
+#define GL_PROGRAM_STRING_NV              0x8628
+#define GL_MODELVIEW_PROJECTION_NV        0x8629
+#define GL_IDENTITY_NV                    0x862A
+#define GL_INVERSE_NV                     0x862B
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_NV                   0x862C
+#define GL_INVERSE_TRANSPOSE_NV           0x862D
+#define GL_MAX_TRACK_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH_NV 0x862E
+#define GL_MAX_TRACK_MATRICES_NV          0x862F
+#define GL_MATRIX0_NV                     0x8630
+#define GL_MATRIX1_NV                     0x8631
+#define GL_MATRIX2_NV                     0x8632
+#define GL_MATRIX3_NV                     0x8633
+#define GL_MATRIX4_NV                     0x8634
+#define GL_MATRIX5_NV                     0x8635
+#define GL_MATRIX6_NV                     0x8636
+#define GL_MATRIX7_NV                     0x8637
+#define GL_CURRENT_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH_NV  0x8640
+#define GL_CURRENT_MATRIX_NV              0x8641
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE_NV   0x8642
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_TWO_SIDE_NV     0x8643
+#define GL_PROGRAM_PARAMETER_NV           0x8644
+#define GL_ATTRIB_ARRAY_POINTER_NV        0x8645
+#define GL_PROGRAM_TARGET_NV              0x8646
+#define GL_PROGRAM_RESIDENT_NV            0x8647
+#define GL_TRACK_MATRIX_NV                0x8648
+#define GL_TRACK_MATRIX_TRANSFORM_NV      0x8649
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_BINDING_NV      0x864A
+#define GL_PROGRAM_ERROR_POSITION_NV      0x864B
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY0_NV        0x8650
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY1_NV        0x8651
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY2_NV        0x8652
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY3_NV        0x8653
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY4_NV        0x8654
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY5_NV        0x8655
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY6_NV        0x8656
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY7_NV        0x8657
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY8_NV        0x8658
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY9_NV        0x8659
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY10_NV       0x865A
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY11_NV       0x865B
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY12_NV       0x865C
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY13_NV       0x865D
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY14_NV       0x865E
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY15_NV       0x865F
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB0_4_NV       0x8660
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB1_4_NV       0x8661
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB2_4_NV       0x8662
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB3_4_NV       0x8663
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB4_4_NV       0x8664
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB5_4_NV       0x8665
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB6_4_NV       0x8666
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB7_4_NV       0x8667
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB8_4_NV       0x8668
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB9_4_NV       0x8669
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB10_4_NV      0x866A
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB11_4_NV      0x866B
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB12_4_NV      0x866C
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB13_4_NV      0x866D
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB14_4_NV      0x866E
+#define GL_MAP1_VERTEX_ATTRIB15_4_NV      0x866F
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB0_4_NV       0x8670
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB1_4_NV       0x8671
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB2_4_NV       0x8672
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB3_4_NV       0x8673
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB4_4_NV       0x8674
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB5_4_NV       0x8675
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB6_4_NV       0x8676
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB7_4_NV       0x8677
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB8_4_NV       0x8678
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB9_4_NV       0x8679
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB10_4_NV      0x867A
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB11_4_NV      0x867B
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB12_4_NV      0x867C
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB13_4_NV      0x867D
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB14_4_NV      0x867E
+#define GL_MAP2_VERTEX_ATTRIB15_4_NV      0x867F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_coordinate_clamp
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAX_CLAMP_S_SGIX       0x8369
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAX_CLAMP_T_SGIX       0x836A
+#define GL_TEXTURE_MAX_CLAMP_R_SGIX       0x836B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_scalebias_hint
+#define GL_SCALEBIAS_HINT_SGIX            0x8322
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_OML_interlace
+#define GL_INTERLACE_OML                  0x8980
+#define GL_INTERLACE_READ_OML             0x8981
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_OML_subsample
+#define GL_FORMAT_SUBSAMPLE_24_24_OML     0x8982
+#define GL_FORMAT_SUBSAMPLE_244_244_OML   0x8983
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_OML_resample
+#define GL_PACK_RESAMPLE_OML              0x8984
+#define GL_UNPACK_RESAMPLE_OML            0x8985
+#define GL_RESAMPLE_REPLICATE_OML         0x8986
+#define GL_RESAMPLE_ZERO_FILL_OML         0x8987
+#define GL_RESAMPLE_AVERAGE_OML           0x8988
+#define GL_RESAMPLE_DECIMATE_OML          0x8989
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_copy_depth_to_color
+#define GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_TO_RGBA_NV       0x886E
+#define GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_TO_BGRA_NV       0x886F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_envmap_bumpmap
+#define GL_BUMP_ROT_MATRIX_ATI            0x8775
+#define GL_BUMP_ROT_MATRIX_SIZE_ATI       0x8776
+#define GL_BUMP_NUM_TEX_UNITS_ATI         0x8777
+#define GL_BUMP_TEX_UNITS_ATI             0x8778
+#define GL_DUDV_ATI                       0x8779
+#define GL_DU8DV8_ATI                     0x877A
+#define GL_BUMP_ENVMAP_ATI                0x877B
+#define GL_BUMP_TARGET_ATI                0x877C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_fragment_shader
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_ATI            0x8920
+#define GL_REG_0_ATI                      0x8921
+#define GL_REG_1_ATI                      0x8922
+#define GL_REG_2_ATI                      0x8923
+#define GL_REG_3_ATI                      0x8924
+#define GL_REG_4_ATI                      0x8925
+#define GL_REG_5_ATI                      0x8926
+#define GL_REG_6_ATI                      0x8927
+#define GL_REG_7_ATI                      0x8928
+#define GL_REG_8_ATI                      0x8929
+#define GL_REG_9_ATI                      0x892A
+#define GL_REG_10_ATI                     0x892B
+#define GL_REG_11_ATI                     0x892C
+#define GL_REG_12_ATI                     0x892D
+#define GL_REG_13_ATI                     0x892E
+#define GL_REG_14_ATI                     0x892F
+#define GL_REG_15_ATI                     0x8930
+#define GL_REG_16_ATI                     0x8931
+#define GL_REG_17_ATI                     0x8932
+#define GL_REG_18_ATI                     0x8933
+#define GL_REG_19_ATI                     0x8934
+#define GL_REG_20_ATI                     0x8935
+#define GL_REG_21_ATI                     0x8936
+#define GL_REG_22_ATI                     0x8937
+#define GL_REG_23_ATI                     0x8938
+#define GL_REG_24_ATI                     0x8939
+#define GL_REG_25_ATI                     0x893A
+#define GL_REG_26_ATI                     0x893B
+#define GL_REG_27_ATI                     0x893C
+#define GL_REG_28_ATI                     0x893D
+#define GL_REG_29_ATI                     0x893E
+#define GL_REG_30_ATI                     0x893F
+#define GL_REG_31_ATI                     0x8940
+#define GL_CON_0_ATI                      0x8941
+#define GL_CON_1_ATI                      0x8942
+#define GL_CON_2_ATI                      0x8943
+#define GL_CON_3_ATI                      0x8944
+#define GL_CON_4_ATI                      0x8945
+#define GL_CON_5_ATI                      0x8946
+#define GL_CON_6_ATI                      0x8947
+#define GL_CON_7_ATI                      0x8948
+#define GL_CON_8_ATI                      0x8949
+#define GL_CON_9_ATI                      0x894A
+#define GL_CON_10_ATI                     0x894B
+#define GL_CON_11_ATI                     0x894C
+#define GL_CON_12_ATI                     0x894D
+#define GL_CON_13_ATI                     0x894E
+#define GL_CON_14_ATI                     0x894F
+#define GL_CON_15_ATI                     0x8950
+#define GL_CON_16_ATI                     0x8951
+#define GL_CON_17_ATI                     0x8952
+#define GL_CON_18_ATI                     0x8953
+#define GL_CON_19_ATI                     0x8954
+#define GL_CON_20_ATI                     0x8955
+#define GL_CON_21_ATI                     0x8956
+#define GL_CON_22_ATI                     0x8957
+#define GL_CON_23_ATI                     0x8958
+#define GL_CON_24_ATI                     0x8959
+#define GL_CON_25_ATI                     0x895A
+#define GL_CON_26_ATI                     0x895B
+#define GL_CON_27_ATI                     0x895C
+#define GL_CON_28_ATI                     0x895D
+#define GL_CON_29_ATI                     0x895E
+#define GL_CON_30_ATI                     0x895F
+#define GL_CON_31_ATI                     0x8960
+#define GL_MOV_ATI                        0x8961
+#define GL_ADD_ATI                        0x8963
+#define GL_MUL_ATI                        0x8964
+#define GL_SUB_ATI                        0x8965
+#define GL_DOT3_ATI                       0x8966
+#define GL_DOT4_ATI                       0x8967
+#define GL_MAD_ATI                        0x8968
+#define GL_LERP_ATI                       0x8969
+#define GL_CND_ATI                        0x896A
+#define GL_CND0_ATI                       0x896B
+#define GL_DOT2_ADD_ATI                   0x896C
+#define GL_SECONDARY_INTERPOLATOR_ATI     0x896D
+#define GL_NUM_FRAGMENT_REGISTERS_ATI     0x896E
+#define GL_NUM_FRAGMENT_CONSTANTS_ATI     0x896F
+#define GL_NUM_PASSES_ATI                 0x8970
+#define GL_NUM_INSTRUCTIONS_PER_PASS_ATI  0x8971
+#define GL_NUM_INSTRUCTIONS_TOTAL_ATI     0x8972
+#define GL_NUM_INPUT_INTERPOLATOR_COMPONENTS_ATI 0x8973
+#define GL_NUM_LOOPBACK_COMPONENTS_ATI    0x8974
+#define GL_COLOR_ALPHA_PAIRING_ATI        0x8975
+#define GL_SWIZZLE_STR_ATI                0x8976
+#define GL_SWIZZLE_STQ_ATI                0x8977
+#define GL_SWIZZLE_STR_DR_ATI             0x8978
+#define GL_SWIZZLE_STQ_DQ_ATI             0x8979
+#define GL_SWIZZLE_STRQ_ATI               0x897A
+#define GL_SWIZZLE_STRQ_DQ_ATI            0x897B
+#define GL_RED_BIT_ATI                    0x00000001
+#define GL_GREEN_BIT_ATI                  0x00000002
+#define GL_BLUE_BIT_ATI                   0x00000004
+#define GL_2X_BIT_ATI                     0x00000001
+#define GL_4X_BIT_ATI                     0x00000002
+#define GL_8X_BIT_ATI                     0x00000004
+#define GL_HALF_BIT_ATI                   0x00000008
+#define GL_QUARTER_BIT_ATI                0x00000010
+#define GL_EIGHTH_BIT_ATI                 0x00000020
+#define GL_SATURATE_BIT_ATI               0x00000040
+#define GL_COMP_BIT_ATI                   0x00000002
+#define GL_NEGATE_BIT_ATI                 0x00000004
+#define GL_BIAS_BIT_ATI                   0x00000008
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_pn_triangles
+#define GL_PN_TRIANGLES_ATI               0x87F0
+#define GL_MAX_PN_TRIANGLES_TESSELATION_LEVEL_ATI 0x87F1
+#define GL_PN_TRIANGLES_POINT_MODE_ATI    0x87F2
+#define GL_PN_TRIANGLES_NORMAL_MODE_ATI   0x87F3
+#define GL_PN_TRIANGLES_TESSELATION_LEVEL_ATI 0x87F4
+#define GL_PN_TRIANGLES_POINT_MODE_LINEAR_ATI 0x87F5
+#define GL_PN_TRIANGLES_POINT_MODE_CUBIC_ATI 0x87F6
+#define GL_PN_TRIANGLES_NORMAL_MODE_LINEAR_ATI 0x87F7
+#define GL_PN_TRIANGLES_NORMAL_MODE_QUADRATIC_ATI 0x87F8
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_vertex_array_object
+#define GL_STATIC_ATI                     0x8760
+#define GL_DYNAMIC_ATI                    0x8761
+#define GL_PRESERVE_ATI                   0x8762
+#define GL_DISCARD_ATI                    0x8763
+#define GL_OBJECT_BUFFER_SIZE_ATI         0x8764
+#define GL_OBJECT_BUFFER_USAGE_ATI        0x8765
+#define GL_ARRAY_OBJECT_BUFFER_ATI        0x8766
+#define GL_ARRAY_OBJECT_OFFSET_ATI        0x8767
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_shader
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_EXT              0x8780
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_BINDING_EXT      0x8781
+#define GL_OP_INDEX_EXT                   0x8782
+#define GL_OP_NEGATE_EXT                  0x8783
+#define GL_OP_DOT3_EXT                    0x8784
+#define GL_OP_DOT4_EXT                    0x8785
+#define GL_OP_MUL_EXT                     0x8786
+#define GL_OP_ADD_EXT                     0x8787
+#define GL_OP_MADD_EXT                    0x8788
+#define GL_OP_FRAC_EXT                    0x8789
+#define GL_OP_MAX_EXT                     0x878A
+#define GL_OP_MIN_EXT                     0x878B
+#define GL_OP_SET_GE_EXT                  0x878C
+#define GL_OP_SET_LT_EXT                  0x878D
+#define GL_OP_CLAMP_EXT                   0x878E
+#define GL_OP_FLOOR_EXT                   0x878F
+#define GL_OP_ROUND_EXT                   0x8790
+#define GL_OP_EXP_BASE_2_EXT              0x8791
+#define GL_OP_LOG_BASE_2_EXT              0x8792
+#define GL_OP_POWER_EXT                   0x8793
+#define GL_OP_RECIP_EXT                   0x8794
+#define GL_OP_RECIP_SQRT_EXT              0x8795
+#define GL_OP_SUB_EXT                     0x8796
+#define GL_OP_CROSS_PRODUCT_EXT           0x8797
+#define GL_OP_MULTIPLY_MATRIX_EXT         0x8798
+#define GL_OP_MOV_EXT                     0x8799
+#define GL_OUTPUT_VERTEX_EXT              0x879A
+#define GL_OUTPUT_COLOR0_EXT              0x879B
+#define GL_OUTPUT_COLOR1_EXT              0x879C
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD0_EXT      0x879D
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD1_EXT      0x879E
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD2_EXT      0x879F
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD3_EXT      0x87A0
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD4_EXT      0x87A1
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD5_EXT      0x87A2
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD6_EXT      0x87A3
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD7_EXT      0x87A4
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD8_EXT      0x87A5
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD9_EXT      0x87A6
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD10_EXT     0x87A7
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD11_EXT     0x87A8
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD12_EXT     0x87A9
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD13_EXT     0x87AA
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD14_EXT     0x87AB
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD15_EXT     0x87AC
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD16_EXT     0x87AD
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD17_EXT     0x87AE
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD18_EXT     0x87AF
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD19_EXT     0x87B0
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD20_EXT     0x87B1
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD21_EXT     0x87B2
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD22_EXT     0x87B3
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD23_EXT     0x87B4
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD24_EXT     0x87B5
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD25_EXT     0x87B6
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD26_EXT     0x87B7
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD27_EXT     0x87B8
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD28_EXT     0x87B9
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD29_EXT     0x87BA
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD30_EXT     0x87BB
+#define GL_OUTPUT_TEXTURE_COORD31_EXT     0x87BC
+#define GL_OUTPUT_FOG_EXT                 0x87BD
+#define GL_SCALAR_EXT                     0x87BE
+#define GL_VECTOR_EXT                     0x87BF
+#define GL_MATRIX_EXT                     0x87C0
+#define GL_VARIANT_EXT                    0x87C1
+#define GL_INVARIANT_EXT                  0x87C2
+#define GL_LOCAL_CONSTANT_EXT             0x87C3
+#define GL_LOCAL_EXT                      0x87C4
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_INSTRUCTIONS_EXT 0x87C5
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_VARIANTS_EXT 0x87C6
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_INVARIANTS_EXT 0x87C7
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_LOCAL_CONSTANTS_EXT 0x87C8
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_LOCALS_EXT   0x87C9
+#define GL_MAX_OPTIMIZED_VERTEX_SHADER_INSTRUCTIONS_EXT 0x87CA
+#define GL_MAX_OPTIMIZED_VERTEX_SHADER_VARIANTS_EXT 0x87CB
+#define GL_MAX_OPTIMIZED_VERTEX_SHADER_LOCAL_CONSTANTS_EXT 0x87CC
+#define GL_MAX_OPTIMIZED_VERTEX_SHADER_INVARIANTS_EXT 0x87CD
+#define GL_MAX_OPTIMIZED_VERTEX_SHADER_LOCALS_EXT 0x87CE
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_INSTRUCTIONS_EXT 0x87CF
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_VARIANTS_EXT     0x87D0
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_INVARIANTS_EXT   0x87D1
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_LOCAL_CONSTANTS_EXT 0x87D2
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_LOCALS_EXT       0x87D3
+#define GL_VERTEX_SHADER_OPTIMIZED_EXT    0x87D4
+#define GL_X_EXT                          0x87D5
+#define GL_Y_EXT                          0x87D6
+#define GL_Z_EXT                          0x87D7
+#define GL_W_EXT                          0x87D8
+#define GL_NEGATIVE_X_EXT                 0x87D9
+#define GL_NEGATIVE_Y_EXT                 0x87DA
+#define GL_NEGATIVE_Z_EXT                 0x87DB
+#define GL_NEGATIVE_W_EXT                 0x87DC
+#define GL_ZERO_EXT                       0x87DD
+#define GL_ONE_EXT                        0x87DE
+#define GL_NEGATIVE_ONE_EXT               0x87DF
+#define GL_NORMALIZED_RANGE_EXT           0x87E0
+#define GL_FULL_RANGE_EXT                 0x87E1
+#define GL_CURRENT_VERTEX_EXT             0x87E2
+#define GL_MVP_MATRIX_EXT                 0x87E3
+#define GL_VARIANT_VALUE_EXT              0x87E4
+#define GL_VARIANT_DATATYPE_EXT           0x87E5
+#define GL_VARIANT_ARRAY_STRIDE_EXT       0x87E6
+#define GL_VARIANT_ARRAY_TYPE_EXT         0x87E7
+#define GL_VARIANT_ARRAY_EXT              0x87E8
+#define GL_VARIANT_ARRAY_POINTER_EXT      0x87E9
+#define GL_INVARIANT_VALUE_EXT            0x87EA
+#define GL_INVARIANT_DATATYPE_EXT         0x87EB
+#define GL_LOCAL_CONSTANT_VALUE_EXT       0x87EC
+#define GL_LOCAL_CONSTANT_DATATYPE_EXT    0x87ED
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_vertex_streams
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_STREAMS_ATI         0x876B
+#define GL_VERTEX_STREAM0_ATI             0x876C
+#define GL_VERTEX_STREAM1_ATI             0x876D
+#define GL_VERTEX_STREAM2_ATI             0x876E
+#define GL_VERTEX_STREAM3_ATI             0x876F
+#define GL_VERTEX_STREAM4_ATI             0x8770
+#define GL_VERTEX_STREAM5_ATI             0x8771
+#define GL_VERTEX_STREAM6_ATI             0x8772
+#define GL_VERTEX_STREAM7_ATI             0x8773
+#define GL_VERTEX_SOURCE_ATI              0x8774
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_element_array
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_ATI              0x8768
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_TYPE_ATI         0x8769
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_POINTER_ATI      0x876A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_mesh_array
+#define GL_QUAD_MESH_SUN                  0x8614
+#define GL_TRIANGLE_MESH_SUN              0x8615
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_slice_accum
+#define GL_SLICE_ACCUM_SUN                0x85CC
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_multisample_filter_hint
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_FILTER_HINT_NV     0x8534
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_depth_clamp
+#define GL_DEPTH_CLAMP_NV                 0x864F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_occlusion_query
+#define GL_PIXEL_COUNTER_BITS_NV          0x8864
+#define GL_CURRENT_OCCLUSION_QUERY_ID_NV  0x8865
+#define GL_PIXEL_COUNT_NV                 0x8866
+#define GL_PIXEL_COUNT_AVAILABLE_NV       0x8867
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_point_sprite
+#define GL_POINT_SPRITE_NV                0x8861
+#define GL_COORD_REPLACE_NV               0x8862
+#define GL_POINT_SPRITE_R_MODE_NV         0x8863
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_shader3
+#define GL_OFFSET_PROJECTIVE_TEXTURE_2D_NV 0x8850
+#define GL_OFFSET_PROJECTIVE_TEXTURE_2D_SCALE_NV 0x8851
+#define GL_OFFSET_PROJECTIVE_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_NV 0x8852
+#define GL_OFFSET_PROJECTIVE_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_SCALE_NV 0x8853
+#define GL_OFFSET_HILO_TEXTURE_2D_NV      0x8854
+#define GL_OFFSET_HILO_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_NV 0x8855
+#define GL_OFFSET_HILO_PROJECTIVE_TEXTURE_2D_NV 0x8856
+#define GL_OFFSET_HILO_PROJECTIVE_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_NV 0x8857
+#define GL_DEPENDENT_HILO_TEXTURE_2D_NV   0x8858
+#define GL_DEPENDENT_RGB_TEXTURE_3D_NV    0x8859
+#define GL_DEPENDENT_RGB_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NV 0x885A
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_PASS_THROUGH_NV    0x885B
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_TEXTURE_1D_NV      0x885C
+#define GL_DOT_PRODUCT_AFFINE_DEPTH_REPLACE_NV 0x885D
+#define GL_HILO8_NV                       0x885E
+#define GL_SIGNED_HILO8_NV                0x885F
+#define GL_FORCE_BLUE_TO_ONE_NV           0x8860
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program1_1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_shadow_funcs
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_stencil_two_side
+#define GL_STENCIL_TEST_TWO_SIDE_EXT      0x8910
+#define GL_ACTIVE_STENCIL_FACE_EXT        0x8911
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_text_fragment_shader
+#define GL_TEXT_FRAGMENT_SHADER_ATI       0x8200
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_client_storage
+#define GL_UNPACK_CLIENT_STORAGE_APPLE    0x85B2
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_element_array
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_APPLE            0x8A0C
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_TYPE_APPLE       0x8A0D
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_POINTER_APPLE    0x8A0E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_fence
+#define GL_DRAW_PIXELS_APPLE              0x8A0A
+#define GL_FENCE_APPLE                    0x8A0B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_vertex_array_object
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_BINDING_APPLE     0x85B5
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_vertex_array_range
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_RANGE_APPLE       0x851D
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_RANGE_LENGTH_APPLE 0x851E
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_STORAGE_HINT_APPLE 0x851F
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_RANGE_POINTER_APPLE 0x8521
+#define GL_STORAGE_CLIENT_APPLE           0x85B4
+#define GL_STORAGE_CACHED_APPLE           0x85BE
+#define GL_STORAGE_SHARED_APPLE           0x85BF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_ycbcr_422
+#define GL_YCBCR_422_APPLE                0x85B9
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_8_8_APPLE       0x85BA
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_8_8_REV_APPLE   0x85BB
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_S3_s3tc
+#define GL_RGB_S3TC                       0x83A0
+#define GL_RGB4_S3TC                      0x83A1
+#define GL_RGBA_S3TC                      0x83A2
+#define GL_RGBA4_S3TC                     0x83A3
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_draw_buffers
+#define GL_MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS_ATI           0x8824
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER0_ATI               0x8825
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER1_ATI               0x8826
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER2_ATI               0x8827
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER3_ATI               0x8828
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER4_ATI               0x8829
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER5_ATI               0x882A
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER6_ATI               0x882B
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER7_ATI               0x882C
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER8_ATI               0x882D
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER9_ATI               0x882E
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER10_ATI              0x882F
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER11_ATI              0x8830
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER12_ATI              0x8831
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER13_ATI              0x8832
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER14_ATI              0x8833
+#define GL_DRAW_BUFFER15_ATI              0x8834
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_pixel_format_float
+#define GL_TYPE_RGBA_FLOAT_ATI            0x8820
+#define GL_COLOR_CLEAR_UNCLAMPED_VALUE_ATI 0x8835
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_texture_env_combine3
+#define GL_MODULATE_ADD_ATI               0x8744
+#define GL_MODULATE_SIGNED_ADD_ATI        0x8745
+#define GL_MODULATE_SUBTRACT_ATI          0x8746
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_texture_float
+#define GL_RGBA_FLOAT32_ATI               0x8814
+#define GL_RGB_FLOAT32_ATI                0x8815
+#define GL_ALPHA_FLOAT32_ATI              0x8816
+#define GL_INTENSITY_FLOAT32_ATI          0x8817
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_FLOAT32_ATI          0x8818
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_FLOAT32_ATI    0x8819
+#define GL_RGBA_FLOAT16_ATI               0x881A
+#define GL_RGB_FLOAT16_ATI                0x881B
+#define GL_ALPHA_FLOAT16_ATI              0x881C
+#define GL_INTENSITY_FLOAT16_ATI          0x881D
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_FLOAT16_ATI          0x881E
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_FLOAT16_ATI    0x881F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_float_buffer
+#define GL_FLOAT_R_NV                     0x8880
+#define GL_FLOAT_RG_NV                    0x8881
+#define GL_FLOAT_RGB_NV                   0x8882
+#define GL_FLOAT_RGBA_NV                  0x8883
+#define GL_FLOAT_R16_NV                   0x8884
+#define GL_FLOAT_R32_NV                   0x8885
+#define GL_FLOAT_RG16_NV                  0x8886
+#define GL_FLOAT_RG32_NV                  0x8887
+#define GL_FLOAT_RGB16_NV                 0x8888
+#define GL_FLOAT_RGB32_NV                 0x8889
+#define GL_FLOAT_RGBA16_NV                0x888A
+#define GL_FLOAT_RGBA32_NV                0x888B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_FLOAT_COMPONENTS_NV    0x888C
+#define GL_FLOAT_CLEAR_COLOR_VALUE_NV     0x888D
+#define GL_FLOAT_RGBA_MODE_NV             0x888E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fragment_program
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_PROGRAM_LOCAL_PARAMETERS_NV 0x8868
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_PROGRAM_NV            0x8870
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_COORDS_NV          0x8871
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS_NV     0x8872
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_PROGRAM_BINDING_NV    0x8873
+#define GL_PROGRAM_ERROR_STRING_NV        0x8874
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_half_float
+#define GL_HALF_FLOAT_NV                  0x140B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_pixel_data_range
+#define GL_WRITE_PIXEL_DATA_RANGE_NV      0x8878
+#define GL_READ_PIXEL_DATA_RANGE_NV       0x8879
+#define GL_WRITE_PIXEL_DATA_RANGE_LENGTH_NV 0x887A
+#define GL_READ_PIXEL_DATA_RANGE_LENGTH_NV 0x887B
+#define GL_WRITE_PIXEL_DATA_RANGE_POINTER_NV 0x887C
+#define GL_READ_PIXEL_DATA_RANGE_POINTER_NV 0x887D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_primitive_restart
+#define GL_PRIMITIVE_RESTART_NV           0x8558
+#define GL_PRIMITIVE_RESTART_INDEX_NV     0x8559
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_expand_normal
+#define GL_TEXTURE_UNSIGNED_REMAP_MODE_NV 0x888F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program2
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_map_object_buffer
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_separate_stencil
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_FUNC_ATI          0x8800
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_FAIL_ATI          0x8801
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL_ATI 0x8802
+#define GL_STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_PASS_ATI 0x8803
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_vertex_attrib_array_object
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_OES_read_format
+#define GL_IMPLEMENTATION_COLOR_READ_TYPE_OES 0x8B9A
+#define GL_IMPLEMENTATION_COLOR_READ_FORMAT_OES 0x8B9B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_depth_bounds_test
+#define GL_DEPTH_BOUNDS_TEST_EXT          0x8890
+#define GL_DEPTH_BOUNDS_EXT               0x8891
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_mirror_clamp
+#define GL_MIRROR_CLAMP_EXT               0x8742
+#define GL_MIRROR_CLAMP_TO_EDGE_EXT       0x8743
+#define GL_MIRROR_CLAMP_TO_BORDER_EXT     0x8912
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_equation_separate
+#define GL_BLEND_EQUATION_RGB_EXT         0x8009
+#define GL_BLEND_EQUATION_ALPHA_EXT       0x883D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESA_pack_invert
+#define GL_PACK_INVERT_MESA               0x8758
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESA_ycbcr_texture
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_8_8_MESA        0x85BA
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_8_8_REV_MESA    0x85BB
+#define GL_YCBCR_MESA                     0x8757
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_pixel_buffer_object
+#define GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_EXT          0x88EB
+#define GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_EXT        0x88EC
+#define GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_BINDING_EXT  0x88ED
+#define GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_BINDING_EXT 0x88EF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fragment_program_option
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fragment_program2
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_EXEC_INSTRUCTIONS_NV 0x88F4
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_CALL_DEPTH_NV      0x88F5
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_IF_DEPTH_NV        0x88F6
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_LOOP_DEPTH_NV      0x88F7
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_LOOP_COUNT_NV      0x88F8
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program2_option
+/* reuse GL_MAX_PROGRAM_EXEC_INSTRUCTIONS_NV */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_PROGRAM_CALL_DEPTH_NV */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program3
+/* reuse GL_MAX_VERTEX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS_ARB */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_framebuffer_object
+#define GL_INVALID_FRAMEBUFFER_OPERATION_EXT 0x0506
+#define GL_MAX_RENDERBUFFER_SIZE_EXT      0x84E8
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING_EXT        0x8CA6
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_BINDING_EXT       0x8CA7
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_TYPE_EXT 0x8CD0
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_NAME_EXT 0x8CD1
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LEVEL_EXT 0x8CD2
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_FACE_EXT 0x8CD3
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_3D_ZOFFSET_EXT 0x8CD4
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE_EXT       0x8CD5
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT_EXT 0x8CD6
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT_EXT 0x8CD7
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS_EXT 0x8CD9
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_FORMATS_EXT 0x8CDA
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER_EXT 0x8CDB
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER_EXT 0x8CDC
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED_EXT    0x8CDD
+#define GL_MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_EXT      0x8CDF
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT          0x8CE0
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT          0x8CE1
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2_EXT          0x8CE2
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT3_EXT          0x8CE3
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT4_EXT          0x8CE4
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT5_EXT          0x8CE5
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT6_EXT          0x8CE6
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT7_EXT          0x8CE7
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT8_EXT          0x8CE8
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT9_EXT          0x8CE9
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT10_EXT         0x8CEA
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT11_EXT         0x8CEB
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT12_EXT         0x8CEC
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT13_EXT         0x8CED
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT14_EXT         0x8CEE
+#define GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT15_EXT         0x8CEF
+#define GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_EXT           0x8D00
+#define GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_EXT         0x8D20
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT                0x8D40
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT               0x8D41
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_WIDTH_EXT         0x8D42
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_HEIGHT_EXT        0x8D43
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_INTERNAL_FORMAT_EXT 0x8D44
+#define GL_STENCIL_INDEX1_EXT             0x8D46
+#define GL_STENCIL_INDEX4_EXT             0x8D47
+#define GL_STENCIL_INDEX8_EXT             0x8D48
+#define GL_STENCIL_INDEX16_EXT            0x8D49
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_RED_SIZE_EXT      0x8D50
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_GREEN_SIZE_EXT    0x8D51
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_BLUE_SIZE_EXT     0x8D52
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_ALPHA_SIZE_EXT    0x8D53
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_DEPTH_SIZE_EXT    0x8D54
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_STENCIL_SIZE_EXT  0x8D55
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_GREMEDY_string_marker
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_packed_depth_stencil
+#define GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_EXT              0x84F9
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8_EXT          0x84FA
+#define GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8_EXT           0x88F0
+#define GL_TEXTURE_STENCIL_SIZE_EXT       0x88F1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_stencil_clear_tag
+#define GL_STENCIL_TAG_BITS_EXT           0x88F2
+#define GL_STENCIL_CLEAR_TAG_VALUE_EXT    0x88F3
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_sRGB
+#define GL_SRGB_EXT                       0x8C40
+#define GL_SRGB8_EXT                      0x8C41
+#define GL_SRGB_ALPHA_EXT                 0x8C42
+#define GL_SRGB8_ALPHA8_EXT               0x8C43
+#define GL_SLUMINANCE_ALPHA_EXT           0x8C44
+#define GL_SLUMINANCE8_ALPHA8_EXT         0x8C45
+#define GL_SLUMINANCE_EXT                 0x8C46
+#define GL_SLUMINANCE8_EXT                0x8C47
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_EXT            0x8C48
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_EXT      0x8C49
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SLUMINANCE_EXT      0x8C4A
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SLUMINANCE_ALPHA_EXT 0x8C4B
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_S3TC_DXT1_EXT  0x8C4C
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT 0x8C4D
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT 0x8C4E
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT 0x8C4F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_framebuffer_blit
+#define GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT           0x8CA8
+#define GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT           0x8CA9
+#define GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING_EXT   GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING_EXT
+#define GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING_EXT   0x8CAA
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_SAMPLES_EXT       0x8CAB
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MULTISAMPLE_EXT 0x8D56
+#define GL_MAX_SAMPLES_EXT                0x8D57
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESAX_texture_stack
+#define GL_TEXTURE_1D_STACK_MESAX         0x8759
+#define GL_TEXTURE_2D_STACK_MESAX         0x875A
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_1D_STACK_MESAX   0x875B
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D_STACK_MESAX   0x875C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_1D_STACK_BINDING_MESAX 0x875D
+#define GL_TEXTURE_2D_STACK_BINDING_MESAX 0x875E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_timer_query
+#define GL_TIME_ELAPSED_EXT               0x88BF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_gpu_program_parameters
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_flush_buffer_range
+#define GL_BUFFER_SERIALIZED_MODIFY_APPLE 0x8A12
+#define GL_BUFFER_FLUSHING_UNMAP_APPLE    0x8A13
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_gpu_program4
+#define GL_MIN_PROGRAM_TEXEL_OFFSET_NV    0x8904
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_TEXEL_OFFSET_NV    0x8905
+#define GL_PROGRAM_ATTRIB_COMPONENTS_NV   0x8906
+#define GL_PROGRAM_RESULT_COMPONENTS_NV   0x8907
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_ATTRIB_COMPONENTS_NV 0x8908
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_RESULT_COMPONENTS_NV 0x8909
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_GENERIC_ATTRIBS_NV 0x8DA5
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_GENERIC_RESULTS_NV 0x8DA6
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_geometry_program4
+#define GL_LINES_ADJACENCY_EXT            0x000A
+#define GL_LINE_STRIP_ADJACENCY_EXT       0x000B
+#define GL_TRIANGLES_ADJACENCY_EXT        0x000C
+#define GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP_ADJACENCY_EXT   0x000D
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_PROGRAM_NV            0x8C26
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_OUTPUT_VERTICES_NV 0x8C27
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_TOTAL_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS_NV 0x8C28
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_VERTICES_OUT_EXT      0x8DDA
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_INPUT_TYPE_EXT        0x8DDB
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE_EXT       0x8DDC
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS_EXT 0x8C29
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_LAYERED_EXT 0x8DA7
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_LAYER_TARGETS_EXT 0x8DA8
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_LAYER_COUNT_EXT 0x8DA9
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LAYER_EXT 0x8CD4
+#define GL_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE_EXT         0x8642
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_geometry_shader4
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER_EXT            0x8DD9
+/* reuse GL_GEOMETRY_VERTICES_OUT_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_GEOMETRY_INPUT_TYPE_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS_EXT */
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_VARYING_COMPONENTS_EXT 0x8DDD
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_VARYING_COMPONENTS_EXT 0x8DDE
+#define GL_MAX_VARYING_COMPONENTS_EXT     0x8B4B
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS_EXT 0x8DDF
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_VERTICES_EXT 0x8DE0
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_TOTAL_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS_EXT 0x8DE1
+/* reuse GL_LINES_ADJACENCY_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_LINE_STRIP_ADJACENCY_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_TRIANGLES_ADJACENCY_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP_ADJACENCY_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_LAYER_TARGETS_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_LAYER_COUNT_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_LAYERED_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LAYER_EXT */
+/* reuse GL_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE_EXT */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program4
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_INTEGER_NV 0x88FD
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_gpu_shader4
+#define GL_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY_EXT           0x8DC0
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_EXT           0x8DC1
+#define GL_SAMPLER_BUFFER_EXT             0x8DC2
+#define GL_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY_SHADOW_EXT    0x8DC3
+#define GL_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_SHADOW_EXT    0x8DC4
+#define GL_SAMPLER_CUBE_SHADOW_EXT        0x8DC5
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_VEC2_EXT          0x8DC6
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_VEC3_EXT          0x8DC7
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_VEC4_EXT          0x8DC8
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_1D_EXT             0x8DC9
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D_EXT             0x8DCA
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_3D_EXT             0x8DCB
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE_EXT           0x8DCC
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D_RECT_EXT        0x8DCD
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY_EXT       0x8DCE
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_EXT       0x8DCF
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_BUFFER_EXT         0x8DD0
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_1D_EXT    0x8DD1
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_EXT    0x8DD2
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_3D_EXT    0x8DD3
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE_EXT  0x8DD4
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_RECT_EXT 0x8DD5
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY_EXT 0x8DD6
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_EXT 0x8DD7
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_BUFFER_EXT 0x8DD8
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_draw_instanced
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_packed_float
+#define GL_R11F_G11F_B10F_EXT             0x8C3A
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV_EXT 0x8C3B
+#define GL_RGBA_SIGNED_COMPONENTS_EXT     0x8C3C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_array
+#define GL_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY_EXT           0x8C18
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY_EXT     0x8C19
+#define GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY_EXT           0x8C1A
+#define GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY_EXT     0x8C1B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_1D_ARRAY_EXT   0x8C1C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D_ARRAY_EXT   0x8C1D
+#define GL_MAX_ARRAY_TEXTURE_LAYERS_EXT   0x88FF
+#define GL_COMPARE_REF_DEPTH_TO_TEXTURE_EXT 0x884E
+/* reuse GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LAYER_EXT */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_buffer_object
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_EXT             0x8C2A
+#define GL_MAX_TEXTURE_BUFFER_SIZE_EXT    0x8C2B
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_BUFFER_EXT     0x8C2C
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_DATA_STORE_BINDING_EXT 0x8C2D
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER_FORMAT_EXT      0x8C2E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_compression_latc
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_LUMINANCE_LATC1_EXT 0x8C70
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SIGNED_LUMINANCE_LATC1_EXT 0x8C71
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_LATC2_EXT 0x8C72
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SIGNED_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_LATC2_EXT 0x8C73
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_compression_rgtc
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RED_RGTC1_EXT       0x8DBB
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RED_RGTC1_EXT 0x8DBC
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_RED_GREEN_RGTC2_EXT 0x8DBD
+#define GL_COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RED_GREEN_RGTC2_EXT 0x8DBE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_shared_exponent
+#define GL_RGB9_E5_EXT                    0x8C3D
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV_EXT   0x8C3E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SHARED_SIZE_EXT        0x8C3F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_depth_buffer_float
+#define GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32F_NV          0x8DAB
+#define GL_DEPTH32F_STENCIL8_NV           0x8DAC
+#define GL_FLOAT_32_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8_REV_NV 0x8DAD
+#define GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_FLOAT_MODE_NV     0x8DAF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fragment_program4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_framebuffer_multisample_coverage
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_COVERAGE_SAMPLES_NV 0x8CAB
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_COLOR_SAMPLES_NV  0x8E10
+#define GL_MAX_MULTISAMPLE_COVERAGE_MODES_NV 0x8E11
+#define GL_MULTISAMPLE_COVERAGE_MODES_NV  0x8E12
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_framebuffer_sRGB
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB_EXT           0x8DB9
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_SRGB_CAPABLE_EXT   0x8DBA
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_geometry_shader4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_parameter_buffer_object
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_PARAMETER_BUFFER_BINDINGS_NV 0x8DA0
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_PARAMETER_BUFFER_SIZE_NV 0x8DA1
+#define GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_PARAMETER_BUFFER_NV 0x8DA2
+#define GL_GEOMETRY_PROGRAM_PARAMETER_BUFFER_NV 0x8DA3
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_PROGRAM_PARAMETER_BUFFER_NV 0x8DA4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_draw_buffers2
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_transform_feedback
+#define GL_BACK_PRIMARY_COLOR_NV          0x8C77
+#define GL_BACK_SECONDARY_COLOR_NV        0x8C78
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_NV               0x8C79
+#define GL_CLIP_DISTANCE_NV               0x8C7A
+#define GL_VERTEX_ID_NV                   0x8C7B
+#define GL_PRIMITIVE_ID_NV                0x8C7C
+#define GL_GENERIC_ATTRIB_NV              0x8C7D
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_ATTRIBS_NV  0x8C7E
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_MODE_NV 0x8C7F
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_COMPONENTS_NV 0x8C80
+#define GL_ACTIVE_VARYINGS_NV             0x8C81
+#define GL_ACTIVE_VARYING_MAX_LENGTH_NV   0x8C82
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYINGS_NV 0x8C83
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_START_NV 0x8C84
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_SIZE_NV 0x8C85
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_RECORD_NV   0x8C86
+#define GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED_NV        0x8C87
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN_NV 0x8C88
+#define GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD_NV          0x8C89
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_INTERLEAVED_ATTRIBS_NV 0x8C8A
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS_NV 0x8C8B
+#define GL_INTERLEAVED_ATTRIBS_NV         0x8C8C
+#define GL_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS_NV            0x8C8D
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_NV   0x8C8E
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_BINDING_NV 0x8C8F
+#define GL_LAYER_NV                       0x8DAA
+#define GL_NEXT_BUFFER_NV                 -2
+#define GL_SKIP_COMPONENTS4_NV            -3
+#define GL_SKIP_COMPONENTS3_NV            -4
+#define GL_SKIP_COMPONENTS2_NV            -5
+#define GL_SKIP_COMPONENTS1_NV            -6
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_bindable_uniform
+#define GL_MAX_VERTEX_BINDABLE_UNIFORMS_EXT 0x8DE2
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_BINDABLE_UNIFORMS_EXT 0x8DE3
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_BINDABLE_UNIFORMS_EXT 0x8DE4
+#define GL_MAX_BINDABLE_UNIFORM_SIZE_EXT  0x8DED
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_EXT             0x8DEE
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDING_EXT     0x8DEF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_integer
+#define GL_RGBA32UI_EXT                   0x8D70
+#define GL_RGB32UI_EXT                    0x8D71
+#define GL_ALPHA32UI_EXT                  0x8D72
+#define GL_INTENSITY32UI_EXT              0x8D73
+#define GL_LUMINANCE32UI_EXT              0x8D74
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA32UI_EXT        0x8D75
+#define GL_RGBA16UI_EXT                   0x8D76
+#define GL_RGB16UI_EXT                    0x8D77
+#define GL_ALPHA16UI_EXT                  0x8D78
+#define GL_INTENSITY16UI_EXT              0x8D79
+#define GL_LUMINANCE16UI_EXT              0x8D7A
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA16UI_EXT        0x8D7B
+#define GL_RGBA8UI_EXT                    0x8D7C
+#define GL_RGB8UI_EXT                     0x8D7D
+#define GL_ALPHA8UI_EXT                   0x8D7E
+#define GL_INTENSITY8UI_EXT               0x8D7F
+#define GL_LUMINANCE8UI_EXT               0x8D80
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA8UI_EXT         0x8D81
+#define GL_RGBA32I_EXT                    0x8D82
+#define GL_RGB32I_EXT                     0x8D83
+#define GL_ALPHA32I_EXT                   0x8D84
+#define GL_INTENSITY32I_EXT               0x8D85
+#define GL_LUMINANCE32I_EXT               0x8D86
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA32I_EXT         0x8D87
+#define GL_RGBA16I_EXT                    0x8D88
+#define GL_RGB16I_EXT                     0x8D89
+#define GL_ALPHA16I_EXT                   0x8D8A
+#define GL_INTENSITY16I_EXT               0x8D8B
+#define GL_LUMINANCE16I_EXT               0x8D8C
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA16I_EXT         0x8D8D
+#define GL_RGBA8I_EXT                     0x8D8E
+#define GL_RGB8I_EXT                      0x8D8F
+#define GL_ALPHA8I_EXT                    0x8D90
+#define GL_INTENSITY8I_EXT                0x8D91
+#define GL_LUMINANCE8I_EXT                0x8D92
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA8I_EXT          0x8D93
+#define GL_RED_INTEGER_EXT                0x8D94
+#define GL_GREEN_INTEGER_EXT              0x8D95
+#define GL_BLUE_INTEGER_EXT               0x8D96
+#define GL_ALPHA_INTEGER_EXT              0x8D97
+#define GL_RGB_INTEGER_EXT                0x8D98
+#define GL_RGBA_INTEGER_EXT               0x8D99
+#define GL_BGR_INTEGER_EXT                0x8D9A
+#define GL_BGRA_INTEGER_EXT               0x8D9B
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_INTEGER_EXT          0x8D9C
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_INTEGER_EXT    0x8D9D
+#define GL_RGBA_INTEGER_MODE_EXT          0x8D9E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_GREMEDY_frame_terminator
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_conditional_render
+#define GL_QUERY_WAIT_NV                  0x8E13
+#define GL_QUERY_NO_WAIT_NV               0x8E14
+#define GL_QUERY_BY_REGION_WAIT_NV        0x8E15
+#define GL_QUERY_BY_REGION_NO_WAIT_NV     0x8E16
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_present_video
+#define GL_FRAME_NV                       0x8E26
+#define GL_FIELDS_NV                      0x8E27
+#define GL_CURRENT_TIME_NV                0x8E28
+#define GL_NUM_FILL_STREAMS_NV            0x8E29
+#define GL_PRESENT_TIME_NV                0x8E2A
+#define GL_PRESENT_DURATION_NV            0x8E2B
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_transform_feedback
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_EXT  0x8C8E
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_START_EXT 0x8C84
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_SIZE_EXT 0x8C85
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_BINDING_EXT 0x8C8F
+#define GL_INTERLEAVED_ATTRIBS_EXT        0x8C8C
+#define GL_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS_EXT           0x8C8D
+#define GL_PRIMITIVES_GENERATED_EXT       0x8C87
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PRIMITIVES_WRITTEN_EXT 0x8C88
+#define GL_RASTERIZER_DISCARD_EXT         0x8C89
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_INTERLEAVED_COMPONENTS_EXT 0x8C8A
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_ATTRIBS_EXT 0x8C8B
+#define GL_MAX_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_SEPARATE_COMPONENTS_EXT 0x8C80
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYINGS_EXT 0x8C83
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_MODE_EXT 0x8C7F
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_VARYING_MAX_LENGTH_EXT 0x8C76
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_direct_state_access
+#define GL_PROGRAM_MATRIX_EXT             0x8E2D
+#define GL_TRANSPOSE_PROGRAM_MATRIX_EXT   0x8E2E
+#define GL_PROGRAM_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH_EXT 0x8E2F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_array_bgra
+/* reuse GL_BGRA */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_swizzle
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_R_EXT          0x8E42
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_G_EXT          0x8E43
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_B_EXT          0x8E44
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_A_EXT          0x8E45
+#define GL_TEXTURE_SWIZZLE_RGBA_EXT       0x8E46
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_explicit_multisample
+#define GL_SAMPLE_POSITION_NV             0x8E50
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK_NV                 0x8E51
+#define GL_SAMPLE_MASK_VALUE_NV           0x8E52
+#define GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_RENDERBUFFER_NV 0x8E53
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RENDERBUFFER_DATA_STORE_BINDING_NV 0x8E54
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RENDERBUFFER_NV        0x8E55
+#define GL_SAMPLER_RENDERBUFFER_NV        0x8E56
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_RENDERBUFFER_NV    0x8E57
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_RENDERBUFFER_NV 0x8E58
+#define GL_MAX_SAMPLE_MASK_WORDS_NV       0x8E59
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_transform_feedback2
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_NV          0x8E22
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_PAUSED_NV 0x8E23
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER_ACTIVE_NV 0x8E24
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BINDING_NV  0x8E25
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_meminfo
+#define GL_VBO_FREE_MEMORY_ATI            0x87FB
+#define GL_TEXTURE_FREE_MEMORY_ATI        0x87FC
+#define GL_RENDERBUFFER_FREE_MEMORY_ATI   0x87FD
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_performance_monitor
+#define GL_COUNTER_TYPE_AMD               0x8BC0
+#define GL_COUNTER_RANGE_AMD              0x8BC1
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT64_AMD             0x8BC2
+#define GL_PERCENTAGE_AMD                 0x8BC3
+#define GL_PERFMON_RESULT_AVAILABLE_AMD   0x8BC4
+#define GL_PERFMON_RESULT_SIZE_AMD        0x8BC5
+#define GL_PERFMON_RESULT_AMD             0x8BC6
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_texture_texture4
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_vertex_shader_tesselator
+#define GL_SAMPLER_BUFFER_AMD             0x9001
+#define GL_INT_SAMPLER_BUFFER_AMD         0x9002
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_BUFFER_AMD 0x9003
+#define GL_TESSELLATION_MODE_AMD          0x9004
+#define GL_TESSELLATION_FACTOR_AMD        0x9005
+#define GL_DISCRETE_AMD                   0x9006
+#define GL_CONTINUOUS_AMD                 0x9007
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_provoking_vertex
+#define GL_QUADS_FOLLOW_PROVOKING_VERTEX_CONVENTION_EXT 0x8E4C
+#define GL_FIRST_VERTEX_CONVENTION_EXT    0x8E4D
+#define GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION_EXT     0x8E4E
+#define GL_PROVOKING_VERTEX_EXT           0x8E4F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_snorm
+#define GL_ALPHA_SNORM                    0x9010
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_SNORM                0x9011
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_SNORM          0x9012
+#define GL_INTENSITY_SNORM                0x9013
+#define GL_ALPHA8_SNORM                   0x9014
+#define GL_LUMINANCE8_SNORM               0x9015
+#define GL_LUMINANCE8_ALPHA8_SNORM        0x9016
+#define GL_INTENSITY8_SNORM               0x9017
+#define GL_ALPHA16_SNORM                  0x9018
+#define GL_LUMINANCE16_SNORM              0x9019
+#define GL_LUMINANCE16_ALPHA16_SNORM      0x901A
+#define GL_INTENSITY16_SNORM              0x901B
+/* reuse GL_RED_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_RG_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_RGB_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_RGBA_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_R8_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_RG8_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_RGB8_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_RGBA8_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_R16_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_RG16_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_RGB16_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_RGBA16_SNORM */
+/* reuse GL_SIGNED_NORMALIZED */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_draw_buffers_blend
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_texture_range
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RANGE_LENGTH_APPLE     0x85B7
+#define GL_TEXTURE_RANGE_POINTER_APPLE    0x85B8
+#define GL_TEXTURE_STORAGE_HINT_APPLE     0x85BC
+#define GL_STORAGE_PRIVATE_APPLE          0x85BD
+/* reuse GL_STORAGE_CACHED_APPLE */
+/* reuse GL_STORAGE_SHARED_APPLE */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_float_pixels
+#define GL_HALF_APPLE                     0x140B
+#define GL_RGBA_FLOAT32_APPLE             0x8814
+#define GL_RGB_FLOAT32_APPLE              0x8815
+#define GL_ALPHA_FLOAT32_APPLE            0x8816
+#define GL_INTENSITY_FLOAT32_APPLE        0x8817
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_FLOAT32_APPLE        0x8818
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_FLOAT32_APPLE  0x8819
+#define GL_RGBA_FLOAT16_APPLE             0x881A
+#define GL_RGB_FLOAT16_APPLE              0x881B
+#define GL_ALPHA_FLOAT16_APPLE            0x881C
+#define GL_INTENSITY_FLOAT16_APPLE        0x881D
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_FLOAT16_APPLE        0x881E
+#define GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA_FLOAT16_APPLE  0x881F
+#define GL_COLOR_FLOAT_APPLE              0x8A0F
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_vertex_program_evaluators
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP1_APPLE       0x8A00
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP2_APPLE       0x8A01
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP1_SIZE_APPLE  0x8A02
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP1_COEFF_APPLE 0x8A03
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP1_ORDER_APPLE 0x8A04
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP1_DOMAIN_APPLE 0x8A05
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP2_SIZE_APPLE  0x8A06
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP2_COEFF_APPLE 0x8A07
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP2_ORDER_APPLE 0x8A08
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_MAP2_DOMAIN_APPLE 0x8A09
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_aux_depth_stencil
+#define GL_AUX_DEPTH_STENCIL_APPLE        0x8A14
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_object_purgeable
+#define GL_BUFFER_OBJECT_APPLE            0x85B3
+#define GL_RELEASED_APPLE                 0x8A19
+#define GL_VOLATILE_APPLE                 0x8A1A
+#define GL_RETAINED_APPLE                 0x8A1B
+#define GL_UNDEFINED_APPLE                0x8A1C
+#define GL_PURGEABLE_APPLE                0x8A1D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_row_bytes
+#define GL_PACK_ROW_BYTES_APPLE           0x8A15
+#define GL_UNPACK_ROW_BYTES_APPLE         0x8A16
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_rgb_422
+#define GL_RGB_422_APPLE                  0x8A1F
+/* reuse GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_8_8_APPLE */
+/* reuse GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_8_8_REV_APPLE */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_video_capture
+#define GL_VIDEO_BUFFER_NV                0x9020
+#define GL_VIDEO_BUFFER_BINDING_NV        0x9021
+#define GL_FIELD_UPPER_NV                 0x9022
+#define GL_FIELD_LOWER_NV                 0x9023
+#define GL_NUM_VIDEO_CAPTURE_STREAMS_NV   0x9024
+#define GL_NEXT_VIDEO_CAPTURE_BUFFER_STATUS_NV 0x9025
+#define GL_VIDEO_CAPTURE_TO_422_SUPPORTED_NV 0x9026
+#define GL_LAST_VIDEO_CAPTURE_STATUS_NV   0x9027
+#define GL_VIDEO_BUFFER_PITCH_NV          0x9028
+#define GL_VIDEO_COLOR_CONVERSION_MATRIX_NV 0x9029
+#define GL_VIDEO_COLOR_CONVERSION_MAX_NV  0x902A
+#define GL_VIDEO_COLOR_CONVERSION_MIN_NV  0x902B
+#define GL_VIDEO_COLOR_CONVERSION_OFFSET_NV 0x902C
+#define GL_VIDEO_BUFFER_INTERNAL_FORMAT_NV 0x902D
+#define GL_PARTIAL_SUCCESS_NV             0x902E
+#define GL_SUCCESS_NV                     0x902F
+#define GL_FAILURE_NV                     0x9030
+#define GL_YCBYCR8_422_NV                 0x9031
+#define GL_YCBAYCR8A_4224_NV              0x9032
+#define GL_Z6Y10Z6CB10Z6Y10Z6CR10_422_NV  0x9033
+#define GL_Z6Y10Z6CB10Z6A10Z6Y10Z6CR10Z6A10_4224_NV 0x9034
+#define GL_Z4Y12Z4CB12Z4Y12Z4CR12_422_NV  0x9035
+#define GL_Z4Y12Z4CB12Z4A12Z4Y12Z4CR12Z4A12_4224_NV 0x9036
+#define GL_Z4Y12Z4CB12Z4CR12_444_NV       0x9037
+#define GL_VIDEO_CAPTURE_FRAME_WIDTH_NV   0x9038
+#define GL_VIDEO_CAPTURE_FRAME_HEIGHT_NV  0x9039
+#define GL_VIDEO_CAPTURE_FIELD_UPPER_HEIGHT_NV 0x903A
+#define GL_VIDEO_CAPTURE_FIELD_LOWER_HEIGHT_NV 0x903B
+#define GL_VIDEO_CAPTURE_SURFACE_ORIGIN_NV 0x903C
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_copy_image
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_separate_shader_objects
+#define GL_ACTIVE_PROGRAM_EXT             0x8B8D
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_parameter_buffer_object2
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_shader_buffer_load
+#define GL_BUFFER_GPU_ADDRESS_NV          0x8F1D
+#define GL_GPU_ADDRESS_NV                 0x8F34
+#define GL_MAX_SHADER_BUFFER_ADDRESS_NV   0x8F35
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_buffer_unified_memory
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_UNIFIED_NV 0x8F1E
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_UNIFIED_NV       0x8F1F
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV 0x8F20
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV        0x8F21
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV        0x8F22
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV         0x8F23
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV         0x8F24
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV 0x8F25
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV     0x8F26
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV 0x8F27
+#define GL_FOG_COORD_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV     0x8F28
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_ADDRESS_NV       0x8F29
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV  0x8F2A
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV         0x8F2B
+#define GL_NORMAL_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV         0x8F2C
+#define GL_COLOR_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV          0x8F2D
+#define GL_INDEX_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV          0x8F2E
+#define GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV  0x8F2F
+#define GL_EDGE_FLAG_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV      0x8F30
+#define GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV 0x8F31
+#define GL_FOG_COORD_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV      0x8F32
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_LENGTH_NV        0x8F33
+#define GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_UNIFIED_NV       0x8F40
+#define GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_ADDRESS_NV       0x8F41
+#define GL_DRAW_INDIRECT_LENGTH_NV        0x8F42
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_barrier
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_shader_stencil_export
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_seamless_cubemap_per_texture
+/* reuse GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_SEAMLESS_ARB */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_conservative_depth
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_shader_image_load_store
+#define GL_MAX_IMAGE_UNITS_EXT            0x8F38
+#define GL_MAX_COMBINED_IMAGE_UNITS_AND_FRAGMENT_OUTPUTS_EXT 0x8F39
+#define GL_IMAGE_BINDING_NAME_EXT         0x8F3A
+#define GL_IMAGE_BINDING_LEVEL_EXT        0x8F3B
+#define GL_IMAGE_BINDING_LAYERED_EXT      0x8F3C
+#define GL_IMAGE_BINDING_LAYER_EXT        0x8F3D
+#define GL_IMAGE_BINDING_ACCESS_EXT       0x8F3E
+#define GL_IMAGE_1D_EXT                   0x904C
+#define GL_IMAGE_2D_EXT                   0x904D
+#define GL_IMAGE_3D_EXT                   0x904E
+#define GL_IMAGE_2D_RECT_EXT              0x904F
+#define GL_IMAGE_CUBE_EXT                 0x9050
+#define GL_IMAGE_BUFFER_EXT               0x9051
+#define GL_IMAGE_1D_ARRAY_EXT             0x9052
+#define GL_IMAGE_2D_ARRAY_EXT             0x9053
+#define GL_IMAGE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_EXT       0x9054
+#define GL_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_EXT       0x9055
+#define GL_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY_EXT 0x9056
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_1D_EXT               0x9057
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_2D_EXT               0x9058
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_3D_EXT               0x9059
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_2D_RECT_EXT          0x905A
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_CUBE_EXT             0x905B
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_BUFFER_EXT           0x905C
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_1D_ARRAY_EXT         0x905D
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_2D_ARRAY_EXT         0x905E
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_EXT   0x905F
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_EXT   0x9060
+#define GL_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY_EXT 0x9061
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_1D_EXT      0x9062
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_EXT      0x9063
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_3D_EXT      0x9064
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_RECT_EXT 0x9065
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_CUBE_EXT    0x9066
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_BUFFER_EXT  0x9067
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_1D_ARRAY_EXT 0x9068
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_ARRAY_EXT 0x9069
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_EXT 0x906A
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_EXT 0x906B
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY_EXT 0x906C
+#define GL_MAX_IMAGE_SAMPLES_EXT          0x906D
+#define GL_IMAGE_BINDING_FORMAT_EXT       0x906E
+#define GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_BARRIER_BIT_EXT 0x00000001
+#define GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BARRIER_BIT_EXT  0x00000002
+#define GL_UNIFORM_BARRIER_BIT_EXT        0x00000004
+#define GL_TEXTURE_FETCH_BARRIER_BIT_EXT  0x00000008
+#define GL_SHADER_IMAGE_ACCESS_BARRIER_BIT_EXT 0x00000020
+#define GL_COMMAND_BARRIER_BIT_EXT        0x00000040
+#define GL_PIXEL_BUFFER_BARRIER_BIT_EXT   0x00000080
+#define GL_TEXTURE_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT_EXT 0x00000100
+#define GL_BUFFER_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT_EXT  0x00000200
+#define GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BARRIER_BIT_EXT    0x00000400
+#define GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BARRIER_BIT_EXT 0x00000800
+#define GL_ATOMIC_COUNTER_BARRIER_BIT_EXT 0x00001000
+#define GL_ALL_BARRIER_BITS_EXT           0xFFFFFFFF
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_attrib_64bit
+/* reuse GL_DOUBLE */
+#define GL_DOUBLE_VEC2_EXT                0x8FFC
+#define GL_DOUBLE_VEC3_EXT                0x8FFD
+#define GL_DOUBLE_VEC4_EXT                0x8FFE
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT2_EXT                0x8F46
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT3_EXT                0x8F47
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT4_EXT                0x8F48
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT2x3_EXT              0x8F49
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT2x4_EXT              0x8F4A
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT3x2_EXT              0x8F4B
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT3x4_EXT              0x8F4C
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT4x2_EXT              0x8F4D
+#define GL_DOUBLE_MAT4x3_EXT              0x8F4E
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_gpu_program5
+#define GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_PROGRAM_INVOCATIONS_NV 0x8E5A
+#define GL_MIN_FRAGMENT_INTERPOLATION_OFFSET_NV 0x8E5B
+#define GL_MAX_FRAGMENT_INTERPOLATION_OFFSET_NV 0x8E5C
+#define GL_FRAGMENT_PROGRAM_INTERPOLATION_OFFSET_BITS_NV 0x8E5D
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_SUBROUTINE_PARAMETERS_NV 0x8F44
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_SUBROUTINE_NUM_NV  0x8F45
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_gpu_shader5
+#define GL_INT64_NV                       0x140E
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT64_NV              0x140F
+#define GL_INT8_NV                        0x8FE0
+#define GL_INT8_VEC2_NV                   0x8FE1
+#define GL_INT8_VEC3_NV                   0x8FE2
+#define GL_INT8_VEC4_NV                   0x8FE3
+#define GL_INT16_NV                       0x8FE4
+#define GL_INT16_VEC2_NV                  0x8FE5
+#define GL_INT16_VEC3_NV                  0x8FE6
+#define GL_INT16_VEC4_NV                  0x8FE7
+#define GL_INT64_VEC2_NV                  0x8FE9
+#define GL_INT64_VEC3_NV                  0x8FEA
+#define GL_INT64_VEC4_NV                  0x8FEB
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT8_NV               0x8FEC
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT8_VEC2_NV          0x8FED
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT8_VEC3_NV          0x8FEE
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT8_VEC4_NV          0x8FEF
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT16_NV              0x8FF0
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT16_VEC2_NV         0x8FF1
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT16_VEC3_NV         0x8FF2
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT16_VEC4_NV         0x8FF3
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT64_VEC2_NV         0x8FF5
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT64_VEC3_NV         0x8FF6
+#define GL_UNSIGNED_INT64_VEC4_NV         0x8FF7
+#define GL_FLOAT16_NV                     0x8FF8
+#define GL_FLOAT16_VEC2_NV                0x8FF9
+#define GL_FLOAT16_VEC3_NV                0x8FFA
+#define GL_FLOAT16_VEC4_NV                0x8FFB
+/* reuse GL_PATCHES */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_shader_buffer_store
+#define GL_SHADER_GLOBAL_ACCESS_BARRIER_BIT_NV 0x00000010
+/* reuse GL_READ_WRITE */
+/* reuse GL_WRITE_ONLY */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_tessellation_program5
+#define GL_MAX_PROGRAM_PATCH_ATTRIBS_NV   0x86D8
+#define GL_TESS_CONTROL_PROGRAM_NV        0x891E
+#define GL_TESS_EVALUATION_PROGRAM_NV     0x891F
+#define GL_TESS_CONTROL_PROGRAM_PARAMETER_BUFFER_NV 0x8C74
+#define GL_TESS_EVALUATION_PROGRAM_PARAMETER_BUFFER_NV 0x8C75
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_attrib_integer_64bit
+/* reuse GL_INT64_NV */
+/* reuse GL_UNSIGNED_INT64_NV */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_multisample_coverage
+#define GL_COVERAGE_SAMPLES_NV            0x80A9
+#define GL_COLOR_SAMPLES_NV               0x8E20
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_name_gen_delete
+#define GL_DATA_BUFFER_AMD                0x9151
+#define GL_PERFORMANCE_MONITOR_AMD        0x9152
+#define GL_QUERY_OBJECT_AMD               0x9153
+#define GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_OBJECT_AMD        0x9154
+#define GL_SAMPLER_OBJECT_AMD             0x9155
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_debug_output
+#define GL_MAX_DEBUG_LOGGED_MESSAGES_AMD  0x9144
+#define GL_DEBUG_LOGGED_MESSAGES_AMD      0x9145
+#define GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_HIGH_AMD        0x9146
+#define GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_MEDIUM_AMD      0x9147
+#define GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_LOW_AMD         0x9148
+#define GL_DEBUG_CATEGORY_API_ERROR_AMD   0x9149
+#define GL_DEBUG_CATEGORY_WINDOW_SYSTEM_AMD 0x914A
+#define GL_DEBUG_CATEGORY_DEPRECATION_AMD 0x914B
+#define GL_DEBUG_CATEGORY_UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR_AMD 0x914C
+#define GL_DEBUG_CATEGORY_PERFORMANCE_AMD 0x914D
+#define GL_DEBUG_CATEGORY_SHADER_COMPILER_AMD 0x914E
+#define GL_DEBUG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION_AMD 0x914F
+#define GL_DEBUG_CATEGORY_OTHER_AMD       0x9150
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vdpau_interop
+#define GL_SURFACE_STATE_NV               0x86EB
+#define GL_SURFACE_REGISTERED_NV          0x86FD
+#define GL_SURFACE_MAPPED_NV              0x8700
+#define GL_WRITE_DISCARD_NV               0x88BE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_transform_feedback3_lines_triangles
+#endif
+
+
+/*************************************************************/
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_2_0
+/* GL type for program/shader text */
+typedef char GLchar;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_5
+/* GL types for handling large vertex buffer objects */
+typedef ptrdiff_t GLintptr;
+typedef ptrdiff_t GLsizeiptr;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object
+/* GL types for handling large vertex buffer objects */
+typedef ptrdiff_t GLintptrARB;
+typedef ptrdiff_t GLsizeiptrARB;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_objects
+/* GL types for program/shader text and shader object handles */
+typedef char GLcharARB;
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+typedef void *GLhandleARB;
+#else
+typedef unsigned int GLhandleARB;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* GL type for "half" precision (s10e5) float data in host memory */
+#ifndef GL_ARB_half_float_pixel
+typedef unsigned short GLhalfARB;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_half_float
+typedef unsigned short GLhalfNV;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GLEXT_64_TYPES_DEFINED
+/* This code block is duplicated in glxext.h, so must be protected */
+#define GLEXT_64_TYPES_DEFINED
+/* Define int32_t, int64_t, and uint64_t types for UST/MSC */
+/* (as used in the GL_EXT_timer_query extension). */
+#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#elif defined(__sun__) || defined(__digital__)
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#if defined(__STDC__)
+#if defined(__arch64__) || defined(_LP64)
+typedef long int int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long int uint64_t;
+#else
+typedef long long int int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long int uint64_t;
+#endif /* __arch64__ */
+#endif /* __STDC__ */
+#elif defined( __VMS ) || defined(__sgi)
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#elif defined(__SCO__) || defined(__USLC__)
+#include <stdint.h>
+#elif defined(__UNIXOS2__) || defined(__SOL64__)
+typedef long int int32_t;
+typedef long long int int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long int uint64_t;
+#elif defined(_WIN32) && defined(__GNUC__)
+#include <stdint.h>
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+typedef __int32 int32_t;
+typedef __int64 int64_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+#else
+/* Fallback if nothing above works */
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_timer_query
+typedef int64_t GLint64EXT;
+typedef uint64_t GLuint64EXT;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_sync
+typedef int64_t GLint64;
+typedef uint64_t GLuint64;
+typedef struct __GLsync *GLsync;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_cl_event
+/* These incomplete types let us declare types compatible with OpenCL's cl_context and cl_event */
+struct _cl_context;
+struct _cl_event;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_debug_output
+typedef void (APIENTRY *GLDEBUGPROCARB)(GLenum source,GLenum type,GLuint id,GLenum severity,GLsizei length,const GLchar *message,GLvoid *userParam);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_debug_output
+typedef void (APIENTRY *GLDEBUGPROCAMD)(GLuint id,GLenum category,GLenum severity,GLsizei length,const GLchar *message,GLvoid *userParam);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vdpau_interop
+typedef GLintptr GLvdpauSurfaceNV;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_2
+#define GL_VERSION_1_2 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendColor (GLclampf red, GLclampf green, GLclampf blue, GLclampf alpha);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquation (GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawRangeElements (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexImage3D (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexSubImage3D (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTexSubImage3D (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDCOLORPROC) (GLclampf red, GLclampf green, GLclampf blue, GLclampf alpha);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONPROC) (GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWRANGEELEMENTSPROC) (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXIMAGE3DPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXSUBIMAGE3DPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXSUBIMAGE3DPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_2_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_VERSION_1_2_DEPRECATED 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorTable (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *table);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorTableParameterfv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorTableParameteriv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyColorTable (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetColorTable (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *table);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetColorTableParameterfv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetColorTableParameteriv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorSubTable (GLenum target, GLsizei start, GLsizei count, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyColorSubTable (GLenum target, GLsizei start, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionFilter1D (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *image);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionFilter2D (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *image);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionParameterf (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionParameterfv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionParameteri (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionParameteriv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyConvolutionFilter1D (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyConvolutionFilter2D (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetConvolutionFilter (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *image);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetConvolutionParameterfv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetConvolutionParameteriv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetSeparableFilter (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *row, GLvoid *column, GLvoid *span);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSeparableFilter2D (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *row, const GLvoid *column);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetHistogram (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetHistogramParameterfv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetHistogramParameteriv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMinmax (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMinmaxParameterfv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMinmaxParameteriv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glHistogram (GLenum target, GLsizei width, GLenum internalformat, GLboolean sink);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMinmax (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLboolean sink);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glResetHistogram (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glResetMinmax (GLenum target);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORTABLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *table);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORTABLEPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORTABLEPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYCOLORTABLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOLORTABLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *table);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOLORTABLEPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOLORTABLEPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORSUBTABLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei start, GLsizei count, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYCOLORSUBTABLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei start, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONFILTER1DPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *image);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONFILTER2DPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *image);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERFPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERIPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYCONVOLUTIONFILTER1DPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYCONVOLUTIONFILTER2DPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCONVOLUTIONFILTERPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *image);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSEPARABLEFILTERPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *row, GLvoid *column, GLvoid *span);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSEPARABLEFILTER2DPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *row, const GLvoid *column);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETHISTOGRAMPROC) (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETHISTOGRAMPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETHISTOGRAMPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMINMAXPROC) (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMINMAXPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMINMAXPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLHISTOGRAMPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei width, GLenum internalformat, GLboolean sink);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMINMAXPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLboolean sink);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRESETHISTOGRAMPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRESETMINMAXPROC) (GLenum target);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_3
+#define GL_VERSION_1_3 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glActiveTexture (GLenum texture);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSampleCoverage (GLclampf value, GLboolean invert);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexImage3D (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexImage2D (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexImage1D (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexSubImage3D (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexSubImage2D (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexSubImage1D (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetCompressedTexImage (GLenum target, GLint level, GLvoid *img);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLACTIVETEXTUREPROC) (GLenum texture);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLECOVERAGEPROC) (GLclampf value, GLboolean invert);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXIMAGE3DPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXIMAGE2DPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXIMAGE1DPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXSUBIMAGE3DPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXSUBIMAGE2DPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXSUBIMAGE1DPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOMPRESSEDTEXIMAGEPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLvoid *img);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_3_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_VERSION_1_3_DEPRECATED 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClientActiveTexture (GLenum texture);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1d (GLenum target, GLdouble s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1dv (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1f (GLenum target, GLfloat s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1fv (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1i (GLenum target, GLint s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1iv (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1s (GLenum target, GLshort s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1sv (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2d (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2dv (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2f (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2fv (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2i (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2iv (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2s (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2sv (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3d (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t, GLdouble r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3dv (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3f (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3fv (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3i (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t, GLint r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3iv (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3s (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t, GLshort r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3sv (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4d (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t, GLdouble r, GLdouble q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4dv (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4f (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4fv (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4i (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t, GLint r, GLint q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4iv (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4s (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t, GLshort r, GLshort q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4sv (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLoadTransposeMatrixf (const GLfloat *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLoadTransposeMatrixd (const GLdouble *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultTransposeMatrixf (const GLfloat *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultTransposeMatrixd (const GLdouble *m);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLIENTACTIVETEXTUREPROC) (GLenum texture);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1DPROC) (GLenum target, GLdouble s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1DVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1FPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1FVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1IPROC) (GLenum target, GLint s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1IVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1SPROC) (GLenum target, GLshort s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1SVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2DPROC) (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2DVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2FPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2FVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2IPROC) (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2IVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2SPROC) (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2SVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3DPROC) (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t, GLdouble r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3DVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3FPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3FVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3IPROC) (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t, GLint r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3IVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3SPROC) (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t, GLshort r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3SVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4DPROC) (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t, GLdouble r, GLdouble q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4DVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4FPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4FVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4IPROC) (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t, GLint r, GLint q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4IVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4SPROC) (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t, GLshort r, GLshort q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4SVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLOADTRANSPOSEMATRIXFPROC) (const GLfloat *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLOADTRANSPOSEMATRIXDPROC) (const GLdouble *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTTRANSPOSEMATRIXFPROC) (const GLfloat *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTTRANSPOSEMATRIXDPROC) (const GLdouble *m);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_4
+#define GL_VERSION_1_4 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendFuncSeparate (GLenum sfactorRGB, GLenum dfactorRGB, GLenum sfactorAlpha, GLenum dfactorAlpha);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiDrawArrays (GLenum mode, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiDrawElements (GLenum mode, const GLsizei *count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameterf (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameterfv (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameteri (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameteriv (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDFUNCSEPARATEPROC) (GLenum sfactorRGB, GLenum dfactorRGB, GLenum sfactorAlpha, GLenum dfactorAlpha);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTIDRAWARRAYSPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTIDRAWELEMENTSPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLsizei *count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERFPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERIPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_4_DEPRECATED
+#define GL_VERSION_1_4_DEPRECATED 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordf (GLfloat coord);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordfv (const GLfloat *coord);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordd (GLdouble coord);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoorddv (const GLdouble *coord);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordPointer (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3b (GLbyte red, GLbyte green, GLbyte blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3bv (const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3d (GLdouble red, GLdouble green, GLdouble blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3dv (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3f (GLfloat red, GLfloat green, GLfloat blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3fv (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3i (GLint red, GLint green, GLint blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3iv (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3s (GLshort red, GLshort green, GLshort blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3sv (const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3ub (GLubyte red, GLubyte green, GLubyte blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3ubv (const GLubyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3ui (GLuint red, GLuint green, GLuint blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3uiv (const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3us (GLushort red, GLushort green, GLushort blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3usv (const GLushort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColorPointer (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2d (GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2dv (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2f (GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2fv (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2i (GLint x, GLint y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2iv (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2s (GLshort x, GLshort y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2sv (const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3d (GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3dv (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3f (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3fv (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3i (GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3iv (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3s (GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3sv (const GLshort *v);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDFPROC) (GLfloat coord);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDFVPROC) (const GLfloat *coord);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDDPROC) (GLdouble coord);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDDVPROC) (const GLdouble *coord);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDPOINTERPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3BPROC) (GLbyte red, GLbyte green, GLbyte blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3BVPROC) (const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3DPROC) (GLdouble red, GLdouble green, GLdouble blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3DVPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3FPROC) (GLfloat red, GLfloat green, GLfloat blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3FVPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3IPROC) (GLint red, GLint green, GLint blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3IVPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3SPROC) (GLshort red, GLshort green, GLshort blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3SVPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3UBPROC) (GLubyte red, GLubyte green, GLubyte blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3UBVPROC) (const GLubyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3UIPROC) (GLuint red, GLuint green, GLuint blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3UIVPROC) (const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3USPROC) (GLushort red, GLushort green, GLushort blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3USVPROC) (const GLushort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLORPOINTERPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2DPROC) (GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2DVPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2FPROC) (GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2FVPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2IPROC) (GLint x, GLint y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2IVPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2SPROC) (GLshort x, GLshort y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2SVPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3DPROC) (GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3DVPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3FPROC) (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3FVPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3IPROC) (GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3IVPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3SPROC) (GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3SVPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_1_5
+#define GL_VERSION_1_5 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenQueries (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteQueries (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsQuery (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginQuery (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndQuery (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryiv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryObjectiv (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryObjectuiv (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBuffer (GLenum target, GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteBuffers (GLsizei n, const GLuint *buffers);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenBuffers (GLsizei n, GLuint *buffers);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsBuffer (GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBufferData (GLenum target, GLsizeiptr size, const GLvoid *data, GLenum usage);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBufferSubData (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBufferSubData (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI GLvoid* APIENTRY glMapBuffer (GLenum target, GLenum access);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glUnmapBuffer (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBufferParameteriv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBufferPointerv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENQUERIESPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEQUERIESPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISQUERYPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINQUERYPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDQUERYPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYOBJECTIVPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYOBJECTUIVPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFERPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEBUFFERSPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *buffers);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENBUFFERSPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *buffers);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISBUFFERPROC) (GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBUFFERDATAPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizeiptr size, const GLvoid *data, GLenum usage);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBUFFERSUBDATAPROC) (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBUFFERSUBDATAPROC) (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, GLvoid *data);
+typedef GLvoid* (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPBUFFERPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum access);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNMAPBUFFERPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBUFFERPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBUFFERPOINTERVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_2_0
+#define GL_VERSION_2_0 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquationSeparate (GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawBuffers (GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glStencilOpSeparate (GLenum face, GLenum sfail, GLenum dpfail, GLenum dppass);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glStencilFuncSeparate (GLenum face, GLenum func, GLint ref, GLuint mask);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glStencilMaskSeparate (GLenum face, GLuint mask);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glAttachShader (GLuint program, GLuint shader);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindAttribLocation (GLuint program, GLuint index, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompileShader (GLuint shader);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glCreateProgram (void);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glCreateShader (GLenum type);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteProgram (GLuint program);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteShader (GLuint shader);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDetachShader (GLuint program, GLuint shader);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDisableVertexAttribArray (GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEnableVertexAttribArray (GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveAttrib (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLint *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveUniform (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLint *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetAttachedShaders (GLuint program, GLsizei maxCount, GLsizei *count, GLuint *obj);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetAttribLocation (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramiv (GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramInfoLog (GLuint program, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *infoLog);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetShaderiv (GLuint shader, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetShaderInfoLog (GLuint shader, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *infoLog);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetShaderSource (GLuint shader, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *source);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetUniformLocation (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformfv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformiv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribdv (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribfv (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribiv (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribPointerv (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *pointer);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsProgram (GLuint program);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsShader (GLuint shader);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLinkProgram (GLuint program);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glShaderSource (GLuint shader, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *string, const GLint *length);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUseProgram (GLuint program);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1f (GLint location, GLfloat v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2f (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3f (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4f (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLfloat v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1i (GLint location, GLint v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2i (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3i (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4i (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2, GLint v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1iv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2iv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3iv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4iv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix2fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix3fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix4fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glValidateProgram (GLuint program);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1d (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1dv (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1f (GLuint index, GLfloat x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1fv (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1s (GLuint index, GLshort x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1sv (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2d (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2dv (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2f (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2fv (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2s (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2sv (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3d (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3dv (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3f (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3fv (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3s (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3sv (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4Nbv (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4Niv (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4Nsv (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4Nub (GLuint index, GLubyte x, GLubyte y, GLubyte z, GLubyte w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4Nubv (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4Nuiv (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4Nusv (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4bv (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4d (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4dv (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4f (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4fv (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4iv (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4s (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4sv (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4ubv (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4uiv (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4usv (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribPointer (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONSEPARATEPROC) (GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWBUFFERSPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSTENCILOPSEPARATEPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum sfail, GLenum dpfail, GLenum dppass);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSTENCILFUNCSEPARATEPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum func, GLint ref, GLuint mask);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSTENCILMASKSEPARATEPROC) (GLenum face, GLuint mask);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLATTACHSHADERPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint shader);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDATTRIBLOCATIONPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint index, const GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPILESHADERPROC) (GLuint shader);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLCREATEPROGRAMPROC) (void);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLCREATESHADERPROC) (GLenum type);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEPROGRAMPROC) (GLuint program);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETESHADERPROC) (GLuint shader);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDETACHSHADERPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint shader);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDISABLEVERTEXATTRIBARRAYPROC) (GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENABLEVERTEXATTRIBARRAYPROC) (GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVEATTRIBPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLint *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVEUNIFORMPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLint *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETATTACHEDSHADERSPROC) (GLuint program, GLsizei maxCount, GLsizei *count, GLuint *obj);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETATTRIBLOCATIONPROC) (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMINFOLOGPROC) (GLuint program, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *infoLog);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSHADERIVPROC) (GLuint shader, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSHADERINFOLOGPROC) (GLuint shader, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *infoLog);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSHADERSOURCEPROC) (GLuint shader, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *source);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMLOCATIONPROC) (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMFVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBDVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBFVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBIVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBPOINTERVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *pointer);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISPROGRAMPROC) (GLuint program);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISSHADERPROC) (GLuint shader);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLINKPROGRAMPROC) (GLuint program);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSHADERSOURCEPROC) (GLuint shader, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *string, const GLint *length);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUSEPROGRAMPROC) (GLuint program);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1FPROC) (GLint location, GLfloat v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2FPROC) (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3FPROC) (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4FPROC) (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLfloat v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1IPROC) (GLint location, GLint v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2IPROC) (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3IPROC) (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4IPROC) (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2, GLint v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1IVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2IVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3IVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4IVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX2FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX3FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX4FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVALIDATEPROGRAMPROC) (GLuint program);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1DPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1DVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1FPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1FVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1SPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1SVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2DPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2DVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2FPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2FVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2SPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2SVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3DPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3DVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3FPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3FVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3SPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3SVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NBVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NIVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NSVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NUBPROC) (GLuint index, GLubyte x, GLubyte y, GLubyte z, GLubyte w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NUBVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NUIVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NUSVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4BVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4DPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4DVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4FPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4FVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4IVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4SPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4SVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4UBVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4UIVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4USVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBPOINTERPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_2_1
+#define GL_VERSION_2_1 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix2x3fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix3x2fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix2x4fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix4x2fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix3x4fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix4x3fv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX2X3FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX3X2FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX2X4FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX4X2FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX3X4FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX4X3FVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_3_0
+#define GL_VERSION_3_0 1
+/* OpenGL 3.0 also reuses entry points from these extensions: */
+/* ARB_framebuffer_object */
+/* ARB_map_buffer_range */
+/* ARB_vertex_array_object */
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorMaski (GLuint index, GLboolean r, GLboolean g, GLboolean b, GLboolean a);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBooleani_v (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLboolean *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetIntegeri_v (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEnablei (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDisablei (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsEnabledi (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginTransformFeedback (GLenum primitiveMode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndTransformFeedback (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBufferRange (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBufferBase (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTransformFeedbackVaryings (GLuint program, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *varyings, GLenum bufferMode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTransformFeedbackVarying (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLsizei *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClampColor (GLenum target, GLenum clamp);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginConditionalRender (GLuint id, GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndConditionalRender (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribIPointer (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribIiv (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribIuiv (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI1i (GLuint index, GLint x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI2i (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI3i (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4i (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI1ui (GLuint index, GLuint x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI2ui (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI3ui (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4ui (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI1iv (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI2iv (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI3iv (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4iv (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI1uiv (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI2uiv (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI3uiv (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4uiv (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4bv (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4sv (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4ubv (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4usv (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformuiv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindFragDataLocation (GLuint program, GLuint color, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetFragDataLocation (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1ui (GLint location, GLuint v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2ui (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3ui (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4ui (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2, GLuint v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1uiv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2uiv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3uiv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4uiv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexParameterIiv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexParameterIuiv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTexParameterIiv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTexParameterIuiv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClearBufferiv (GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClearBufferuiv (GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClearBufferfv (GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClearBufferfi (GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil);
+GLAPI const GLubyte * APIENTRY glGetStringi (GLenum name, GLuint index);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORMASKIPROC) (GLuint index, GLboolean r, GLboolean g, GLboolean b, GLboolean a);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBOOLEANI_VPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLboolean *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINTEGERI_VPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENABLEIPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDISABLEIPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISENABLEDIPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINTRANSFORMFEEDBACKPROC) (GLenum primitiveMode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDTRANSFORMFEEDBACKPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFERRANGEPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFERBASEPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTRANSFORMFEEDBACKVARYINGSPROC) (GLuint program, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *varyings, GLenum bufferMode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTRANSFORMFEEDBACKVARYINGPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLsizei *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLAMPCOLORPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum clamp);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINCONDITIONALRENDERPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDCONDITIONALRENDERPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBIPOINTERPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBIIVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBIUIVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI1IPROC) (GLuint index, GLint x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI2IPROC) (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI3IPROC) (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4IPROC) (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI1UIPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI2UIPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI3UIPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4UIPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI1IVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI2IVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI3IVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4IVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI1UIVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI2UIVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI3UIVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4UIVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4BVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4SVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4UBVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4USVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMUIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDFRAGDATALOCATIONPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint color, const GLchar *name);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAGDATALOCATIONPROC) (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1UIPROC) (GLint location, GLuint v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2UIPROC) (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3UIPROC) (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4UIPROC) (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2, GLuint v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1UIVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2UIVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3UIVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4UIVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXPARAMETERIIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXPARAMETERIUIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXPARAMETERIIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXPARAMETERIUIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLEARBUFFERIVPROC) (GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLEARBUFFERUIVPROC) (GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLEARBUFFERFVPROC) (GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLEARBUFFERFIPROC) (GLenum buffer, GLint drawbuffer, GLfloat depth, GLint stencil);
+typedef const GLubyte * (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSTRINGIPROC) (GLenum name, GLuint index);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_3_1
+#define GL_VERSION_3_1 1
+/* OpenGL 3.1 also reuses entry points from these extensions: */
+/* ARB_copy_buffer */
+/* ARB_uniform_buffer_object */
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawArraysInstanced (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei primcount);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawElementsInstanced (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexBuffer (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPrimitiveRestartIndex (GLuint index);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWARRAYSINSTANCEDPROC) (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei primcount);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWELEMENTSINSTANCEDPROC) (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXBUFFERPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPRIMITIVERESTARTINDEXPROC) (GLuint index);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_3_2
+#define GL_VERSION_3_2 1
+/* OpenGL 3.2 also reuses entry points from these extensions: */
+/* ARB_draw_elements_base_vertex */
+/* ARB_provoking_vertex */
+/* ARB_sync */
+/* ARB_texture_multisample */
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetInteger64i_v (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint64 *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBufferParameteri64v (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint64 *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTexture (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINTEGER64I_VPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint64 *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBUFFERPARAMETERI64VPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint64 *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_3_3
+#define GL_VERSION_3_3 1
+/* OpenGL 3.3 also reuses entry points from these extensions: */
+/* ARB_blend_func_extended */
+/* ARB_sampler_objects */
+/* ARB_explicit_attrib_location, but it has none */
+/* ARB_occlusion_query2 (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_shader_bit_encoding (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_texture_rgb10_a2ui (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_texture_swizzle (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_timer_query */
+/* ARB_vertex_type_2_10_10_10_rev */
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribDivisor (GLuint index, GLuint divisor);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBDIVISORPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint divisor);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_4_0
+#define GL_VERSION_4_0 1
+/* OpenGL 4.0 also reuses entry points from these extensions: */
+/* ARB_texture_query_lod (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_draw_indirect */
+/* ARB_gpu_shader5 (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 */
+/* ARB_shader_subroutine */
+/* ARB_tessellation_shader */
+/* ARB_texture_buffer_object_rgb32 (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_texture_cube_map_array (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_texture_gather (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_transform_feedback2 */
+/* ARB_transform_feedback3 */
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMinSampleShading (GLclampf value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquationi (GLuint buf, GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquationSeparatei (GLuint buf, GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendFunci (GLuint buf, GLenum src, GLenum dst);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendFuncSeparatei (GLuint buf, GLenum srcRGB, GLenum dstRGB, GLenum srcAlpha, GLenum dstAlpha);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMINSAMPLESHADINGPROC) (GLclampf value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONIPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONSEPARATEIPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDFUNCIPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum src, GLenum dst);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDFUNCSEPARATEIPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum srcRGB, GLenum dstRGB, GLenum srcAlpha, GLenum dstAlpha);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_VERSION_4_1
+#define GL_VERSION_4_1 1
+/* OpenGL 4.1 also reuses entry points from these extensions: */
+/* ARB_ES2_compatibility */
+/* ARB_get_program_binary */
+/* ARB_separate_shader_objects */
+/* ARB_shader_precision (no entry points) */
+/* ARB_vertex_attrib_64bit */
+/* ARB_viewport_array */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_multitexture
+#define GL_ARB_multitexture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glActiveTextureARB (GLenum texture);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClientActiveTextureARB (GLenum texture);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1dARB (GLenum target, GLdouble s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1dvARB (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1fARB (GLenum target, GLfloat s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1fvARB (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1iARB (GLenum target, GLint s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1ivARB (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1sARB (GLenum target, GLshort s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1svARB (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2dARB (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2dvARB (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2fARB (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2fvARB (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2iARB (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2ivARB (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2sARB (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2svARB (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3dARB (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t, GLdouble r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3dvARB (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3fARB (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3fvARB (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3iARB (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t, GLint r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3ivARB (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3sARB (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t, GLshort r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3svARB (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4dARB (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t, GLdouble r, GLdouble q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4dvARB (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4fARB (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4fvARB (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4iARB (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t, GLint r, GLint q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4ivARB (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4sARB (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t, GLshort r, GLshort q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4svARB (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLACTIVETEXTUREARBPROC) (GLenum texture);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLIENTACTIVETEXTUREARBPROC) (GLenum texture);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLdouble s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1DVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1FARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1FVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1IARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1IVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1SARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLshort s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1SVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2DVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2FARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2FVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2IARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2IVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2SARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2SVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t, GLdouble r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3DVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3FARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3FVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3IARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t, GLint r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3IVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3SARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t, GLshort r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3SVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLdouble s, GLdouble t, GLdouble r, GLdouble q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4DVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4FARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4FVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4IARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint s, GLint t, GLint r, GLint q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4IVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4SARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLshort s, GLshort t, GLshort r, GLshort q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4SVARBPROC) (GLenum target, const GLshort *v);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_transpose_matrix
+#define GL_ARB_transpose_matrix 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLoadTransposeMatrixfARB (const GLfloat *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLoadTransposeMatrixdARB (const GLdouble *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultTransposeMatrixfARB (const GLfloat *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultTransposeMatrixdARB (const GLdouble *m);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLOADTRANSPOSEMATRIXFARBPROC) (const GLfloat *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLOADTRANSPOSEMATRIXDARBPROC) (const GLdouble *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTTRANSPOSEMATRIXFARBPROC) (const GLfloat *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTTRANSPOSEMATRIXDARBPROC) (const GLdouble *m);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_multisample
+#define GL_ARB_multisample 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSampleCoverageARB (GLclampf value, GLboolean invert);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLECOVERAGEARBPROC) (GLclampf value, GLboolean invert);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_env_add
+#define GL_ARB_texture_env_add 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_cube_map
+#define GL_ARB_texture_cube_map 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_compression
+#define GL_ARB_texture_compression 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexImage3DARB (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexImage2DARB (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexImage1DARB (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexSubImage3DARB (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexSubImage2DARB (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTexSubImage1DARB (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetCompressedTexImageARB (GLenum target, GLint level, GLvoid *img);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXIMAGE3DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXIMAGE2DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXIMAGE1DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXSUBIMAGE3DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXSUBIMAGE2DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXSUBIMAGE1DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOMPRESSEDTEXIMAGEARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLvoid *img);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_border_clamp
+#define GL_ARB_texture_border_clamp 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_point_parameters
+#define GL_ARB_point_parameters 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameterfARB (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameterfvARB (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERFARBPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERFVARBPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_blend
+#define GL_ARB_vertex_blend 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWeightbvARB (GLint size, const GLbyte *weights);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWeightsvARB (GLint size, const GLshort *weights);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWeightivARB (GLint size, const GLint *weights);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWeightfvARB (GLint size, const GLfloat *weights);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWeightdvARB (GLint size, const GLdouble *weights);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWeightubvARB (GLint size, const GLubyte *weights);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWeightusvARB (GLint size, const GLushort *weights);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWeightuivARB (GLint size, const GLuint *weights);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWeightPointerARB (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexBlendARB (GLint count);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWEIGHTBVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLbyte *weights);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWEIGHTSVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLshort *weights);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWEIGHTIVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLint *weights);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWEIGHTFVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLfloat *weights);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWEIGHTDVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLdouble *weights);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWEIGHTUBVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLubyte *weights);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWEIGHTUSVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLushort *weights);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWEIGHTUIVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLuint *weights);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWEIGHTPOINTERARBPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXBLENDARBPROC) (GLint count);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_matrix_palette
+#define GL_ARB_matrix_palette 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCurrentPaletteMatrixARB (GLint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixIndexubvARB (GLint size, const GLubyte *indices);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixIndexusvARB (GLint size, const GLushort *indices);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixIndexuivARB (GLint size, const GLuint *indices);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixIndexPointerARB (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCURRENTPALETTEMATRIXARBPROC) (GLint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXINDEXUBVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLubyte *indices);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXINDEXUSVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLushort *indices);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXINDEXUIVARBPROC) (GLint size, const GLuint *indices);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXINDEXPOINTERARBPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_env_combine
+#define GL_ARB_texture_env_combine 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_env_crossbar
+#define GL_ARB_texture_env_crossbar 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_env_dot3
+#define GL_ARB_texture_env_dot3 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_mirrored_repeat
+#define GL_ARB_texture_mirrored_repeat 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_depth_texture
+#define GL_ARB_depth_texture 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shadow
+#define GL_ARB_shadow 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shadow_ambient
+#define GL_ARB_shadow_ambient 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_window_pos
+#define GL_ARB_window_pos 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2dARB (GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2dvARB (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2fARB (GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2fvARB (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2iARB (GLint x, GLint y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2ivARB (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2sARB (GLshort x, GLshort y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2svARB (const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3dARB (GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3dvARB (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3fARB (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3fvARB (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3iARB (GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3ivARB (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3sARB (GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3svARB (const GLshort *v);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2DARBPROC) (GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2DVARBPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2FARBPROC) (GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2FVARBPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2IARBPROC) (GLint x, GLint y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2IVARBPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2SARBPROC) (GLshort x, GLshort y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2SVARBPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3DARBPROC) (GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3DVARBPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3FARBPROC) (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3FVARBPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3IARBPROC) (GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3IVARBPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3SARBPROC) (GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3SVARBPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_program
+#define GL_ARB_vertex_program 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1dARB (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1dvARB (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1fARB (GLuint index, GLfloat x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1fvARB (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1sARB (GLuint index, GLshort x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1svARB (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2dARB (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2dvARB (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2fARB (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2fvARB (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2sARB (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2svARB (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3dARB (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3dvARB (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3fARB (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3fvARB (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3sARB (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3svARB (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4NbvARB (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4NivARB (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4NsvARB (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4NubARB (GLuint index, GLubyte x, GLubyte y, GLubyte z, GLubyte w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4NubvARB (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4NuivARB (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4NusvARB (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4bvARB (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4dARB (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4dvARB (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4fARB (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4fvARB (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4ivARB (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4sARB (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4svARB (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4ubvARB (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4uivARB (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4usvARB (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribPointerARB (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEnableVertexAttribArrayARB (GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDisableVertexAttribArrayARB (GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramStringARB (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLsizei len, const GLvoid *string);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindProgramARB (GLenum target, GLuint program);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteProgramsARB (GLsizei n, const GLuint *programs);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenProgramsARB (GLsizei n, GLuint *programs);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParameter4dARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParameter4dvARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParameter4fARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParameter4fvARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParameter4dARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParameter4dvARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParameter4fARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParameter4fvARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramEnvParameterdvARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramEnvParameterfvARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramLocalParameterdvARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramLocalParameterfvARB (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramivARB (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramStringARB (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid *string);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribdvARB (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribfvARB (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribivARB (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribPointervARB (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *pointer);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsProgramARB (GLuint program);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1DARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1DVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1FARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1FVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1SARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1SVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2DARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2DVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2FARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2FVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2SARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2SVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3DARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3DVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3FARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3FVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3SARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3SVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NBVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NIVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NSVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NUBARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLubyte x, GLubyte y, GLubyte z, GLubyte w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NUBVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NUIVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4NUSVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4BVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4DARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4DVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4FARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4FVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4IVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4SARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4SVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4UBVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4UIVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4USVARBPROC) (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBPOINTERARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENABLEVERTEXATTRIBARRAYARBPROC) (GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDISABLEVERTEXATTRIBARRAYARBPROC) (GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMSTRINGARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLsizei len, const GLvoid *string);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDPROGRAMARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint program);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEPROGRAMSARBPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *programs);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENPROGRAMSARBPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *programs);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETER4DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETER4DVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETER4FARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETER4FVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETER4DARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETER4DVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETER4FARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETER4FVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMENVPARAMETERDVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMENVPARAMETERFVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERDVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERFVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMIVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMSTRINGARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid *string);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBDVARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBFVARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBIVARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBPOINTERVARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *pointer);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISPROGRAMARBPROC) (GLuint program);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_fragment_program
+#define GL_ARB_fragment_program 1
+/* All ARB_fragment_program entry points are shared with ARB_vertex_program. */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object
+#define GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBufferARB (GLenum target, GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteBuffersARB (GLsizei n, const GLuint *buffers);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenBuffersARB (GLsizei n, GLuint *buffers);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsBufferARB (GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBufferDataARB (GLenum target, GLsizeiptrARB size, const GLvoid *data, GLenum usage);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBufferSubDataARB (GLenum target, GLintptrARB offset, GLsizeiptrARB size, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBufferSubDataARB (GLenum target, GLintptrARB offset, GLsizeiptrARB size, GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI GLvoid* APIENTRY glMapBufferARB (GLenum target, GLenum access);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glUnmapBufferARB (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBufferParameterivARB (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBufferPointervARB (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFERARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEBUFFERSARBPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *buffers);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENBUFFERSARBPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *buffers);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISBUFFERARBPROC) (GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBUFFERDATAARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizeiptrARB size, const GLvoid *data, GLenum usage);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBUFFERSUBDATAARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLintptrARB offset, GLsizeiptrARB size, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBUFFERSUBDATAARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLintptrARB offset, GLsizeiptrARB size, GLvoid *data);
+typedef GLvoid* (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPBUFFERARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum access);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNMAPBUFFERARBPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBUFFERPARAMETERIVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBUFFERPOINTERVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_occlusion_query
+#define GL_ARB_occlusion_query 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenQueriesARB (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteQueriesARB (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsQueryARB (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginQueryARB (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndQueryARB (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryivARB (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryObjectivARB (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryObjectuivARB (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENQUERIESARBPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEQUERIESARBPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISQUERYARBPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINQUERYARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDQUERYARBPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYIVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYOBJECTIVARBPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYOBJECTUIVARBPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_objects
+#define GL_ARB_shader_objects 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteObjectARB (GLhandleARB obj);
+GLAPI GLhandleARB APIENTRY glGetHandleARB (GLenum pname);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDetachObjectARB (GLhandleARB containerObj, GLhandleARB attachedObj);
+GLAPI GLhandleARB APIENTRY glCreateShaderObjectARB (GLenum shaderType);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glShaderSourceARB (GLhandleARB shaderObj, GLsizei count, const GLcharARB* *string, const GLint *length);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompileShaderARB (GLhandleARB shaderObj);
+GLAPI GLhandleARB APIENTRY glCreateProgramObjectARB (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glAttachObjectARB (GLhandleARB containerObj, GLhandleARB obj);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLinkProgramARB (GLhandleARB programObj);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUseProgramObjectARB (GLhandleARB programObj);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glValidateProgramARB (GLhandleARB programObj);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1fARB (GLint location, GLfloat v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2fARB (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3fARB (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4fARB (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLfloat v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1iARB (GLint location, GLint v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2iARB (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3iARB (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4iARB (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2, GLint v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1fvARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2fvARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3fvARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4fvARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1ivARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2ivARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3ivARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4ivARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix2fvARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix3fvARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix4fvARB (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetObjectParameterfvARB (GLhandleARB obj, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetObjectParameterivARB (GLhandleARB obj, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetInfoLogARB (GLhandleARB obj, GLsizei maxLength, GLsizei *length, GLcharARB *infoLog);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetAttachedObjectsARB (GLhandleARB containerObj, GLsizei maxCount, GLsizei *count, GLhandleARB *obj);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetUniformLocationARB (GLhandleARB programObj, const GLcharARB *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveUniformARB (GLhandleARB programObj, GLuint index, GLsizei maxLength, GLsizei *length, GLint *size, GLenum *type, GLcharARB *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformfvARB (GLhandleARB programObj, GLint location, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformivARB (GLhandleARB programObj, GLint location, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetShaderSourceARB (GLhandleARB obj, GLsizei maxLength, GLsizei *length, GLcharARB *source);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEOBJECTARBPROC) (GLhandleARB obj);
+typedef GLhandleARB (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETHANDLEARBPROC) (GLenum pname);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDETACHOBJECTARBPROC) (GLhandleARB containerObj, GLhandleARB attachedObj);
+typedef GLhandleARB (APIENTRYP PFNGLCREATESHADEROBJECTARBPROC) (GLenum shaderType);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSHADERSOURCEARBPROC) (GLhandleARB shaderObj, GLsizei count, const GLcharARB* *string, const GLint *length);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPILESHADERARBPROC) (GLhandleARB shaderObj);
+typedef GLhandleARB (APIENTRYP PFNGLCREATEPROGRAMOBJECTARBPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLATTACHOBJECTARBPROC) (GLhandleARB containerObj, GLhandleARB obj);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLINKPROGRAMARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUSEPROGRAMOBJECTARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVALIDATEPROGRAMARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1FARBPROC) (GLint location, GLfloat v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2FARBPROC) (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3FARBPROC) (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4FARBPROC) (GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLfloat v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1IARBPROC) (GLint location, GLint v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2IARBPROC) (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3IARBPROC) (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4IARBPROC) (GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2, GLint v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1FVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2FVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3FVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4FVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1IVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2IVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3IVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4IVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX2FVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX3FVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX4FVARBPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETOBJECTPARAMETERFVARBPROC) (GLhandleARB obj, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETOBJECTPARAMETERIVARBPROC) (GLhandleARB obj, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINFOLOGARBPROC) (GLhandleARB obj, GLsizei maxLength, GLsizei *length, GLcharARB *infoLog);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETATTACHEDOBJECTSARBPROC) (GLhandleARB containerObj, GLsizei maxCount, GLsizei *count, GLhandleARB *obj);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMLOCATIONARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj, const GLcharARB *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVEUNIFORMARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj, GLuint index, GLsizei maxLength, GLsizei *length, GLint *size, GLenum *type, GLcharARB *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMFVARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj, GLint location, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMIVARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj, GLint location, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSHADERSOURCEARBPROC) (GLhandleARB obj, GLsizei maxLength, GLsizei *length, GLcharARB *source);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_shader
+#define GL_ARB_vertex_shader 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindAttribLocationARB (GLhandleARB programObj, GLuint index, const GLcharARB *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveAttribARB (GLhandleARB programObj, GLuint index, GLsizei maxLength, GLsizei *length, GLint *size, GLenum *type, GLcharARB *name);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetAttribLocationARB (GLhandleARB programObj, const GLcharARB *name);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDATTRIBLOCATIONARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj, GLuint index, const GLcharARB *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVEATTRIBARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj, GLuint index, GLsizei maxLength, GLsizei *length, GLint *size, GLenum *type, GLcharARB *name);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETATTRIBLOCATIONARBPROC) (GLhandleARB programObj, const GLcharARB *name);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_fragment_shader
+#define GL_ARB_fragment_shader 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shading_language_100
+#define GL_ARB_shading_language_100 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two
+#define GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_point_sprite
+#define GL_ARB_point_sprite 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_fragment_program_shadow
+#define GL_ARB_fragment_program_shadow 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_buffers
+#define GL_ARB_draw_buffers 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawBuffersARB (GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWBUFFERSARBPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_rectangle
+#define GL_ARB_texture_rectangle 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_color_buffer_float
+#define GL_ARB_color_buffer_float 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClampColorARB (GLenum target, GLenum clamp);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLAMPCOLORARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum clamp);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_half_float_pixel
+#define GL_ARB_half_float_pixel 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_float
+#define GL_ARB_texture_float 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_pixel_buffer_object
+#define GL_ARB_pixel_buffer_object 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_depth_buffer_float
+#define GL_ARB_depth_buffer_float 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_instanced
+#define GL_ARB_draw_instanced 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawArraysInstancedARB (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei primcount);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawElementsInstancedARB (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWARRAYSINSTANCEDARBPROC) (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei primcount);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWELEMENTSINSTANCEDARBPROC) (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_framebuffer_object
+#define GL_ARB_framebuffer_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsRenderbuffer (GLuint renderbuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindRenderbuffer (GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteRenderbuffers (GLsizei n, const GLuint *renderbuffers);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenRenderbuffers (GLsizei n, GLuint *renderbuffers);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glRenderbufferStorage (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetRenderbufferParameteriv (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsFramebuffer (GLuint framebuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindFramebuffer (GLenum target, GLuint framebuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteFramebuffers (GLsizei n, const GLuint *framebuffers);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenFramebuffers (GLsizei n, GLuint *framebuffers);
+GLAPI GLenum APIENTRY glCheckFramebufferStatus (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTexture1D (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTexture2D (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTexture3D (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint zoffset);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferRenderbuffer (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum renderbuffertarget, GLuint renderbuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFramebufferAttachmentParameteriv (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenerateMipmap (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlitFramebuffer (GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glRenderbufferStorageMultisample (GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTextureLayer (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint layer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISRENDERBUFFERPROC) (GLuint renderbuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDRENDERBUFFERPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETERENDERBUFFERSPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *renderbuffers);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENRENDERBUFFERSPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *renderbuffers);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETRENDERBUFFERPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISFRAMEBUFFERPROC) (GLuint framebuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDFRAMEBUFFERPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint framebuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEFRAMEBUFFERSPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *framebuffers);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENFRAMEBUFFERSPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *framebuffers);
+typedef GLenum (APIENTRYP PFNGLCHECKFRAMEBUFFERSTATUSPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE1DPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE2DPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE3DPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint zoffset);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERRENDERBUFFERPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum renderbuffertarget, GLuint renderbuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAMEBUFFERATTACHMENTPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENERATEMIPMAPPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLITFRAMEBUFFERPROC) (GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEMULTISAMPLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURELAYERPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint layer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_framebuffer_sRGB
+#define GL_ARB_framebuffer_sRGB 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_geometry_shader4
+#define GL_ARB_geometry_shader4 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramParameteriARB (GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTextureARB (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTextureLayerARB (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint layer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTextureFaceARB (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum face);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMPARAMETERIARBPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURELAYERARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint layer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREFACEARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum face);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_half_float_vertex
+#define GL_ARB_half_float_vertex 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_instanced_arrays
+#define GL_ARB_instanced_arrays 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribDivisorARB (GLuint index, GLuint divisor);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBDIVISORARBPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint divisor);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_map_buffer_range
+#define GL_ARB_map_buffer_range 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLvoid* APIENTRY glMapBufferRange (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length, GLbitfield access);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFlushMappedBufferRange (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLvoid* (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPBUFFERRANGEPROC) (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length, GLbitfield access);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFLUSHMAPPEDBUFFERRANGEPROC) (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object
+#define GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexBufferARB (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXBUFFERARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_compression_rgtc
+#define GL_ARB_texture_compression_rgtc 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_rg
+#define GL_ARB_texture_rg 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_array_object
+#define GL_ARB_vertex_array_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindVertexArray (GLuint array);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteVertexArrays (GLsizei n, const GLuint *arrays);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenVertexArrays (GLsizei n, GLuint *arrays);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsVertexArray (GLuint array);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDVERTEXARRAYPROC) (GLuint array);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEVERTEXARRAYSPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *arrays);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENVERTEXARRAYSPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *arrays);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISVERTEXARRAYPROC) (GLuint array);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_uniform_buffer_object
+#define GL_ARB_uniform_buffer_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformIndices (GLuint program, GLsizei uniformCount, const GLchar* *uniformNames, GLuint *uniformIndices);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveUniformsiv (GLuint program, GLsizei uniformCount, const GLuint *uniformIndices, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveUniformName (GLuint program, GLuint uniformIndex, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *uniformName);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glGetUniformBlockIndex (GLuint program, const GLchar *uniformBlockName);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveUniformBlockiv (GLuint program, GLuint uniformBlockIndex, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveUniformBlockName (GLuint program, GLuint uniformBlockIndex, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *uniformBlockName);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformBlockBinding (GLuint program, GLuint uniformBlockIndex, GLuint uniformBlockBinding);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMINDICESPROC) (GLuint program, GLsizei uniformCount, const GLchar* *uniformNames, GLuint *uniformIndices);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVEUNIFORMSIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLsizei uniformCount, const GLuint *uniformIndices, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVEUNIFORMNAMEPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint uniformIndex, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *uniformName);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMBLOCKINDEXPROC) (GLuint program, const GLchar *uniformBlockName);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVEUNIFORMBLOCKIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint uniformBlockIndex, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVEUNIFORMBLOCKNAMEPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint uniformBlockIndex, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *uniformBlockName);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMBLOCKBINDINGPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint uniformBlockIndex, GLuint uniformBlockBinding);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_compatibility
+#define GL_ARB_compatibility 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_copy_buffer
+#define GL_ARB_copy_buffer 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyBufferSubData (GLenum readTarget, GLenum writeTarget, GLintptr readOffset, GLintptr writeOffset, GLsizeiptr size);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYBUFFERSUBDATAPROC) (GLenum readTarget, GLenum writeTarget, GLintptr readOffset, GLintptr writeOffset, GLsizeiptr size);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_texture_lod
+#define GL_ARB_shader_texture_lod 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_depth_clamp
+#define GL_ARB_depth_clamp 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_elements_base_vertex
+#define GL_ARB_draw_elements_base_vertex 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawElementsBaseVertex (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLint basevertex);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawRangeElementsBaseVertex (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLint basevertex);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawElementsInstancedBaseVertex (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount, GLint basevertex);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiDrawElementsBaseVertex (GLenum mode, const GLsizei *count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *indices, GLsizei primcount, const GLint *basevertex);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWELEMENTSBASEVERTEXPROC) (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLint basevertex);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWRANGEELEMENTSBASEVERTEXPROC) (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLint basevertex);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWELEMENTSINSTANCEDBASEVERTEXPROC) (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount, GLint basevertex);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTIDRAWELEMENTSBASEVERTEXPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLsizei *count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *indices, GLsizei primcount, const GLint *basevertex);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_fragment_coord_conventions
+#define GL_ARB_fragment_coord_conventions 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_provoking_vertex
+#define GL_ARB_provoking_vertex 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProvokingVertex (GLenum mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROVOKINGVERTEXPROC) (GLenum mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_seamless_cube_map
+#define GL_ARB_seamless_cube_map 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_sync
+#define GL_ARB_sync 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLsync APIENTRY glFenceSync (GLenum condition, GLbitfield flags);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsSync (GLsync sync);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteSync (GLsync sync);
+GLAPI GLenum APIENTRY glClientWaitSync (GLsync sync, GLbitfield flags, GLuint64 timeout);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWaitSync (GLsync sync, GLbitfield flags, GLuint64 timeout);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetInteger64v (GLenum pname, GLint64 *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetSynciv (GLsync sync, GLenum pname, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLint *values);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLsync (APIENTRYP PFNGLFENCESYNCPROC) (GLenum condition, GLbitfield flags);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISSYNCPROC) (GLsync sync);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETESYNCPROC) (GLsync sync);
+typedef GLenum (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLIENTWAITSYNCPROC) (GLsync sync, GLbitfield flags, GLuint64 timeout);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWAITSYNCPROC) (GLsync sync, GLbitfield flags, GLuint64 timeout);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINTEGER64VPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint64 *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSYNCIVPROC) (GLsync sync, GLenum pname, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLint *values);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_multisample
+#define GL_ARB_texture_multisample 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexImage2DMultisample (GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLint internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLboolean fixedsamplelocations);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexImage3DMultisample (GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLint internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLboolean fixedsamplelocations);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultisamplefv (GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLfloat *val);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSampleMaski (GLuint index, GLbitfield mask);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXIMAGE2DMULTISAMPLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLint internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLboolean fixedsamplelocations);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXIMAGE3DMULTISAMPLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLint internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLboolean fixedsamplelocations);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTISAMPLEFVPROC) (GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLfloat *val);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLEMASKIPROC) (GLuint index, GLbitfield mask);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_array_bgra
+#define GL_ARB_vertex_array_bgra 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend
+#define GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquationiARB (GLuint buf, GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquationSeparateiARB (GLuint buf, GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendFunciARB (GLuint buf, GLenum src, GLenum dst);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendFuncSeparateiARB (GLuint buf, GLenum srcRGB, GLenum dstRGB, GLenum srcAlpha, GLenum dstAlpha);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONIARBPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONSEPARATEIARBPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDFUNCIARBPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum src, GLenum dst);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDFUNCSEPARATEIARBPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum srcRGB, GLenum dstRGB, GLenum srcAlpha, GLenum dstAlpha);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_sample_shading
+#define GL_ARB_sample_shading 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMinSampleShadingARB (GLclampf value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMINSAMPLESHADINGARBPROC) (GLclampf value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_cube_map_array
+#define GL_ARB_texture_cube_map_array 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_gather
+#define GL_ARB_texture_gather 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_query_lod
+#define GL_ARB_texture_query_lod 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shading_language_include
+#define GL_ARB_shading_language_include 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedStringARB (GLenum type, GLint namelen, const GLchar *name, GLint stringlen, const GLchar *string);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteNamedStringARB (GLint namelen, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompileShaderIncludeARB (GLuint shader, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *path, const GLint *length);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsNamedStringARB (GLint namelen, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedStringARB (GLint namelen, const GLchar *name, GLsizei bufSize, GLint *stringlen, GLchar *string);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedStringivARB (GLint namelen, const GLchar *name, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDSTRINGARBPROC) (GLenum type, GLint namelen, const GLchar *name, GLint stringlen, const GLchar *string);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETENAMEDSTRINGARBPROC) (GLint namelen, const GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPILESHADERINCLUDEARBPROC) (GLuint shader, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *path, const GLint *length);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISNAMEDSTRINGARBPROC) (GLint namelen, const GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDSTRINGARBPROC) (GLint namelen, const GLchar *name, GLsizei bufSize, GLint *stringlen, GLchar *string);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDSTRINGIVARBPROC) (GLint namelen, const GLchar *name, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_compression_bptc
+#define GL_ARB_texture_compression_bptc 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_blend_func_extended
+#define GL_ARB_blend_func_extended 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindFragDataLocationIndexed (GLuint program, GLuint colorNumber, GLuint index, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetFragDataIndex (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDFRAGDATALOCATIONINDEXEDPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint colorNumber, GLuint index, const GLchar *name);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAGDATAINDEXPROC) (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_explicit_attrib_location
+#define GL_ARB_explicit_attrib_location 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_occlusion_query2
+#define GL_ARB_occlusion_query2 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_sampler_objects
+#define GL_ARB_sampler_objects 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenSamplers (GLsizei count, GLuint *samplers);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteSamplers (GLsizei count, const GLuint *samplers);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsSampler (GLuint sampler);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindSampler (GLuint unit, GLuint sampler);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSamplerParameteri (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSamplerParameteriv (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, const GLint *param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSamplerParameterf (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSamplerParameterfv (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSamplerParameterIiv (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, const GLint *param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSamplerParameterIuiv (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, const GLuint *param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetSamplerParameteriv (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetSamplerParameterIiv (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetSamplerParameterfv (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetSamplerParameterIuiv (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENSAMPLERSPROC) (GLsizei count, GLuint *samplers);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETESAMPLERSPROC) (GLsizei count, const GLuint *samplers);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISSAMPLERPROC) (GLuint sampler);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDSAMPLERPROC) (GLuint unit, GLuint sampler);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLERPARAMETERIPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLERPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, const GLint *param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLERPARAMETERFPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLERPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLERPARAMETERIIVPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, const GLint *param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLERPARAMETERIUIVPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, const GLuint *param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSAMPLERPARAMETERIVPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSAMPLERPARAMETERIIVPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSAMPLERPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSAMPLERPARAMETERIUIVPROC) (GLuint sampler, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_rgb10_a2ui
+#define GL_ARB_texture_rgb10_a2ui 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_swizzle
+#define GL_ARB_texture_swizzle 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_timer_query
+#define GL_ARB_timer_query 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glQueryCounter (GLuint id, GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryObjecti64v (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint64 *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryObjectui64v (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint64 *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLQUERYCOUNTERPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYOBJECTI64VPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint64 *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYOBJECTUI64VPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint64 *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_type_2_10_10_10_rev
+#define GL_ARB_vertex_type_2_10_10_10_rev 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexP2ui (GLenum type, GLuint value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexP2uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexP3ui (GLenum type, GLuint value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexP3uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexP4ui (GLenum type, GLuint value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexP4uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordP1ui (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordP1uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordP2ui (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordP2uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordP3ui (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordP3uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordP4ui (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordP4uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoordP1ui (GLenum texture, GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoordP1uiv (GLenum texture, GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoordP2ui (GLenum texture, GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoordP2uiv (GLenum texture, GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoordP3ui (GLenum texture, GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoordP3uiv (GLenum texture, GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoordP4ui (GLenum texture, GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoordP4uiv (GLenum texture, GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalP3ui (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalP3uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorP3ui (GLenum type, GLuint color);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorP3uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *color);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorP4ui (GLenum type, GLuint color);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorP4uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *color);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColorP3ui (GLenum type, GLuint color);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColorP3uiv (GLenum type, const GLuint *color);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribP1ui (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLuint value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribP1uiv (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribP2ui (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLuint value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribP2uiv (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribP3ui (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLuint value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribP3uiv (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribP4ui (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLuint value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribP4uiv (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, const GLuint *value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXP2UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXP2UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXP3UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXP3UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXP4UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXP4UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDP1UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDP1UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDP2UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDP2UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDP3UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDP3UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDP4UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDP4UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORDP1UIPROC) (GLenum texture, GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORDP1UIVPROC) (GLenum texture, GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORDP2UIPROC) (GLenum texture, GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORDP2UIVPROC) (GLenum texture, GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORDP3UIPROC) (GLenum texture, GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORDP3UIVPROC) (GLenum texture, GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORDP4UIPROC) (GLenum texture, GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORDP4UIVPROC) (GLenum texture, GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALP3UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALP3UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORP3UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint color);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORP3UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *color);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORP4UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint color);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORP4UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *color);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLORP3UIPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint color);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLORP3UIVPROC) (GLenum type, const GLuint *color);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBP1UIPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLuint value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBP1UIVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBP2UIPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLuint value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBP2UIVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBP3UIPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLuint value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBP3UIVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBP4UIPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLuint value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBP4UIVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, const GLuint *value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_draw_indirect
+#define GL_ARB_draw_indirect 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawArraysIndirect (GLenum mode, const GLvoid *indirect);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawElementsIndirect (GLenum mode, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indirect);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWARRAYSINDIRECTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLvoid *indirect);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWELEMENTSINDIRECTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indirect);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_gpu_shader5
+#define GL_ARB_gpu_shader5 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64
+#define GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1d (GLint location, GLdouble x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2d (GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3d (GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4d (GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix2dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix3dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix4dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix2x3dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix2x4dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix3x2dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix3x4dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix4x2dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformMatrix4x3dv (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformdv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1DPROC) (GLint location, GLdouble x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2DPROC) (GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3DPROC) (GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4DPROC) (GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX2DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX3DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX4DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX2X3DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX2X4DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX3X2DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX3X4DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX4X2DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMMATRIX4X3DVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMDVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_subroutine
+#define GL_ARB_shader_subroutine 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetSubroutineUniformLocation (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glGetSubroutineIndex (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveSubroutineUniformiv (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveSubroutineUniformName (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLuint index, GLsizei bufsize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveSubroutineName (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLuint index, GLsizei bufsize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformSubroutinesuiv (GLenum shadertype, GLsizei count, const GLuint *indices);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformSubroutineuiv (GLenum shadertype, GLint location, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramStageiv (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLenum pname, GLint *values);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSUBROUTINEUNIFORMLOCATIONPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, const GLchar *name);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSUBROUTINEINDEXPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, const GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVESUBROUTINEUNIFORMIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVESUBROUTINEUNIFORMNAMEPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLuint index, GLsizei bufsize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVESUBROUTINENAMEPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLuint index, GLsizei bufsize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMSUBROUTINESUIVPROC) (GLenum shadertype, GLsizei count, const GLuint *indices);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMSUBROUTINEUIVPROC) (GLenum shadertype, GLint location, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMSTAGEIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum shadertype, GLenum pname, GLint *values);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_tessellation_shader
+#define GL_ARB_tessellation_shader 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPatchParameteri (GLenum pname, GLint value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPatchParameterfv (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *values);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPATCHPARAMETERIPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPATCHPARAMETERFVPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *values);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object_rgb32
+#define GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object_rgb32 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_transform_feedback2
+#define GL_ARB_transform_feedback2 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindTransformFeedback (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteTransformFeedbacks (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenTransformFeedbacks (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsTransformFeedback (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPauseTransformFeedback (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glResumeTransformFeedback (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawTransformFeedback (GLenum mode, GLuint id);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDTRANSFORMFEEDBACKPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETETRANSFORMFEEDBACKSPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENTRANSFORMFEEDBACKSPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISTRANSFORMFEEDBACKPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPAUSETRANSFORMFEEDBACKPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRESUMETRANSFORMFEEDBACKPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWTRANSFORMFEEDBACKPROC) (GLenum mode, GLuint id);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_transform_feedback3
+#define GL_ARB_transform_feedback3 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawTransformFeedbackStream (GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLuint stream);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginQueryIndexed (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndQueryIndexed (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryIndexediv (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWTRANSFORMFEEDBACKSTREAMPROC) (GLenum mode, GLuint id, GLuint stream);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINQUERYINDEXEDPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDQUERYINDEXEDPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYINDEXEDIVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_ES2_compatibility
+#define GL_ARB_ES2_compatibility 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReleaseShaderCompiler (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glShaderBinary (GLsizei count, const GLuint *shaders, GLenum binaryformat, const GLvoid *binary, GLsizei length);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetShaderPrecisionFormat (GLenum shadertype, GLenum precisiontype, GLint *range, GLint *precision);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDepthRangef (GLclampf n, GLclampf f);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClearDepthf (GLclampf d);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRELEASESHADERCOMPILERPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSHADERBINARYPROC) (GLsizei count, const GLuint *shaders, GLenum binaryformat, const GLvoid *binary, GLsizei length);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSHADERPRECISIONFORMATPROC) (GLenum shadertype, GLenum precisiontype, GLint *range, GLint *precision);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEPTHRANGEFPROC) (GLclampf n, GLclampf f);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLEARDEPTHFPROC) (GLclampf d);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_get_program_binary
+#define GL_ARB_get_program_binary 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramBinary (GLuint program, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLenum *binaryFormat, GLvoid *binary);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramBinary (GLuint program, GLenum binaryFormat, const GLvoid *binary, GLsizei length);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramParameteri (GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMBINARYPROC) (GLuint program, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLenum *binaryFormat, GLvoid *binary);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMBINARYPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum binaryFormat, const GLvoid *binary, GLsizei length);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMPARAMETERIPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects
+#define GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUseProgramStages (GLuint pipeline, GLbitfield stages, GLuint program);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glActiveShaderProgram (GLuint pipeline, GLuint program);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glCreateShaderProgramv (GLenum type, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *strings);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindProgramPipeline (GLuint pipeline);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteProgramPipelines (GLsizei n, const GLuint *pipelines);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenProgramPipelines (GLsizei n, GLuint *pipelines);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsProgramPipeline (GLuint pipeline);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramPipelineiv (GLuint pipeline, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1i (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1iv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1f (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1d (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1ui (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1uiv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2i (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2iv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2f (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2d (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2ui (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2uiv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3i (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3iv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3f (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3d (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3ui (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3uiv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4i (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2, GLint v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4iv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4f (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLfloat v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4d (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLdouble v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4ui (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2, GLuint v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4uiv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2x3fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3x2fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2x4fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4x2fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3x4fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4x3fv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2x3dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3x2dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2x4dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4x2dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3x4dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4x3dv (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glValidateProgramPipeline (GLuint pipeline);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramPipelineInfoLog (GLuint pipeline, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *infoLog);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUSEPROGRAMSTAGESPROC) (GLuint pipeline, GLbitfield stages, GLuint program);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLACTIVESHADERPROGRAMPROC) (GLuint pipeline, GLuint program);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLCREATESHADERPROGRAMVPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *strings);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDPROGRAMPIPELINEPROC) (GLuint pipeline);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEPROGRAMPIPELINESPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *pipelines);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENPROGRAMPIPELINESPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *pipelines);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISPROGRAMPIPELINEPROC) (GLuint pipeline);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMPIPELINEIVPROC) (GLuint pipeline, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1IPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1IVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1FPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1DPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1UIPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1UIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2IPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2IVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2FPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2DPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2UIPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2UIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3IPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3IVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3FPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3DPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3UIPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3UIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4IPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2, GLint v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4IVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4FPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLfloat v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4DPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble v0, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLdouble v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4UIPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2, GLuint v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4UIVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2X3FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3X2FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2X4FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4X2FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3X4FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4X3FVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2X3DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3X2DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2X4DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4X2DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3X4DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4X3DVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVALIDATEPROGRAMPIPELINEPROC) (GLuint pipeline);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMPIPELINEINFOLOGPROC) (GLuint pipeline, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *infoLog);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_64bit
+#define GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_64bit 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL1d (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL2d (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL3d (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL4d (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL1dv (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL2dv (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL3dv (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL4dv (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribLPointer (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribLdv (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL1DPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL2DPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL3DPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL4DPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL1DVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL2DVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL3DVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL4DVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBLPOINTERPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBLDVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_viewport_array
+#define GL_ARB_viewport_array 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glViewportArrayv (GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glViewportIndexedf (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat w, GLfloat h);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glViewportIndexedfv (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glScissorArrayv (GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glScissorIndexed (GLuint index, GLint left, GLint bottom, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glScissorIndexedv (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDepthRangeArrayv (GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLclampd *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDepthRangeIndexed (GLuint index, GLclampd n, GLclampd f);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFloati_v (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetDoublei_v (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *data);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVIEWPORTARRAYVPROC) (GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVIEWPORTINDEXEDFPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat w, GLfloat h);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVIEWPORTINDEXEDFVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSCISSORARRAYVPROC) (GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSCISSORINDEXEDPROC) (GLuint index, GLint left, GLint bottom, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSCISSORINDEXEDVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEPTHRANGEARRAYVPROC) (GLuint first, GLsizei count, const GLclampd *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEPTHRANGEINDEXEDPROC) (GLuint index, GLclampd n, GLclampd f);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFLOATI_VPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETDOUBLEI_VPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *data);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_cl_event
+#define GL_ARB_cl_event 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLsync APIENTRY glCreateSyncFromCLeventARB (struct _cl_context * context, struct _cl_event * event, GLbitfield flags);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLsync (APIENTRYP PFNGLCREATESYNCFROMCLEVENTARBPROC) (struct _cl_context * context, struct _cl_event * event, GLbitfield flags);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_debug_output
+#define GL_ARB_debug_output 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDebugMessageControlARB (GLenum source, GLenum type, GLenum severity, GLsizei count, const GLuint *ids, GLboolean enabled);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDebugMessageInsertARB (GLenum source, GLenum type, GLuint id, GLenum severity, GLsizei length, const GLchar *buf);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDebugMessageCallbackARB (GLDEBUGPROCARB callback, const GLvoid *userParam);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glGetDebugMessageLogARB (GLuint count, GLsizei bufsize, GLenum *sources, GLenum *types, GLuint *ids, GLenum *severities, GLsizei *lengths, GLchar *messageLog);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGECONTROLARBPROC) (GLenum source, GLenum type, GLenum severity, GLsizei count, const GLuint *ids, GLboolean enabled);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGEINSERTARBPROC) (GLenum source, GLenum type, GLuint id, GLenum severity, GLsizei length, const GLchar *buf);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGECALLBACKARBPROC) (GLDEBUGPROCARB callback, const GLvoid *userParam);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETDEBUGMESSAGELOGARBPROC) (GLuint count, GLsizei bufsize, GLenum *sources, GLenum *types, GLuint *ids, GLenum *severities, GLsizei *lengths, GLchar *messageLog);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_robustness
+#define GL_ARB_robustness 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLenum APIENTRY glGetGraphicsResetStatusARB (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnMapdvARB (GLenum target, GLenum query, GLsizei bufSize, GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnMapfvARB (GLenum target, GLenum query, GLsizei bufSize, GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnMapivARB (GLenum target, GLenum query, GLsizei bufSize, GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnPixelMapfvARB (GLenum map, GLsizei bufSize, GLfloat *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnPixelMapuivARB (GLenum map, GLsizei bufSize, GLuint *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnPixelMapusvARB (GLenum map, GLsizei bufSize, GLushort *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnPolygonStippleARB (GLsizei bufSize, GLubyte *pattern);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnColorTableARB (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *table);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnConvolutionFilterARB (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *image);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnSeparableFilterARB (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei rowBufSize, GLvoid *row, GLsizei columnBufSize, GLvoid *column, GLvoid *span);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnHistogramARB (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnMinmaxARB (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnTexImageARB (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *img);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReadnPixelsARB (GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnCompressedTexImageARB (GLenum target, GLint lod, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *img);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnUniformfvARB (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnUniformivARB (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnUniformuivARB (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetnUniformdvARB (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLdouble *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLenum (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETGRAPHICSRESETSTATUSARBPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNMAPDVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum query, GLsizei bufSize, GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNMAPFVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum query, GLsizei bufSize, GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNMAPIVARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum query, GLsizei bufSize, GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNPIXELMAPFVARBPROC) (GLenum map, GLsizei bufSize, GLfloat *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNPIXELMAPUIVARBPROC) (GLenum map, GLsizei bufSize, GLuint *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNPIXELMAPUSVARBPROC) (GLenum map, GLsizei bufSize, GLushort *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNPOLYGONSTIPPLEARBPROC) (GLsizei bufSize, GLubyte *pattern);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNCOLORTABLEARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *table);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNCONVOLUTIONFILTERARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *image);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNSEPARABLEFILTERARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei rowBufSize, GLvoid *row, GLsizei columnBufSize, GLvoid *column, GLvoid *span);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNHISTOGRAMARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNMINMAXARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNTEXIMAGEARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *img);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREADNPIXELSARBPROC) (GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNCOMPRESSEDTEXIMAGEARBPROC) (GLenum target, GLint lod, GLsizei bufSize, GLvoid *img);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNUNIFORMFVARBPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNUNIFORMIVARBPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNUNIFORMUIVARBPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNUNIFORMDVARBPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLdouble *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ARB_shader_stencil_export
+#define GL_ARB_shader_stencil_export 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_abgr
+#define GL_EXT_abgr 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_color
+#define GL_EXT_blend_color 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendColorEXT (GLclampf red, GLclampf green, GLclampf blue, GLclampf alpha);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDCOLOREXTPROC) (GLclampf red, GLclampf green, GLclampf blue, GLclampf alpha);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_polygon_offset
+#define GL_EXT_polygon_offset 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPolygonOffsetEXT (GLfloat factor, GLfloat bias);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOLYGONOFFSETEXTPROC) (GLfloat factor, GLfloat bias);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture
+#define GL_EXT_texture 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture3D
+#define GL_EXT_texture3D 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexImage3DEXT (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexSubImage3DEXT (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXSUBIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_filter4
+#define GL_SGIS_texture_filter4 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTexFilterFuncSGIS (GLenum target, GLenum filter, GLfloat *weights);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexFilterFuncSGIS (GLenum target, GLenum filter, GLsizei n, const GLfloat *weights);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXFILTERFUNCSGISPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum filter, GLfloat *weights);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXFILTERFUNCSGISPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum filter, GLsizei n, const GLfloat *weights);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_subtexture
+#define GL_EXT_subtexture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexSubImage1DEXT (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexSubImage2DEXT (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXSUBIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXSUBIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_copy_texture
+#define GL_EXT_copy_texture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTexImage1DEXT (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLint border);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTexImage2DEXT (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTexSubImage1DEXT (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTexSubImage2DEXT (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTexSubImage3DEXT (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLint border);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXSUBIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXSUBIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXSUBIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_histogram
+#define GL_EXT_histogram 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetHistogramEXT (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetHistogramParameterfvEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetHistogramParameterivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMinmaxEXT (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMinmaxParameterfvEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMinmaxParameterivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glHistogramEXT (GLenum target, GLsizei width, GLenum internalformat, GLboolean sink);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMinmaxEXT (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLboolean sink);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glResetHistogramEXT (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glResetMinmaxEXT (GLenum target);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETHISTOGRAMEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETHISTOGRAMPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETHISTOGRAMPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMINMAXEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLboolean reset, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMINMAXPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMINMAXPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLHISTOGRAMEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei width, GLenum internalformat, GLboolean sink);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMINMAXEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLboolean sink);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRESETHISTOGRAMEXTPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRESETMINMAXEXTPROC) (GLenum target);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_convolution
+#define GL_EXT_convolution 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionFilter1DEXT (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *image);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionFilter2DEXT (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *image);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionParameterfEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionParameterfvEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionParameteriEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glConvolutionParameterivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyConvolutionFilter1DEXT (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyConvolutionFilter2DEXT (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetConvolutionFilterEXT (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *image);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetConvolutionParameterfvEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetConvolutionParameterivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetSeparableFilterEXT (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *row, GLvoid *column, GLvoid *span);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSeparableFilter2DEXT (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *row, const GLvoid *column);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONFILTER1DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *image);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONFILTER2DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *image);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERFEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERIEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYCONVOLUTIONFILTER1DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYCONVOLUTIONFILTER2DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCONVOLUTIONFILTEREXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *image);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCONVOLUTIONPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSEPARABLEFILTEREXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *row, GLvoid *column, GLvoid *span);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSEPARABLEFILTER2DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *row, const GLvoid *column);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGI_color_matrix
+#define GL_SGI_color_matrix 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGI_color_table
+#define GL_SGI_color_table 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorTableSGI (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *table);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorTableParameterfvSGI (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorTableParameterivSGI (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyColorTableSGI (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetColorTableSGI (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *table);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetColorTableParameterfvSGI (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetColorTableParameterivSGI (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORTABLESGIPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *table);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORTABLEPARAMETERFVSGIPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORTABLEPARAMETERIVSGIPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYCOLORTABLESGIPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOLORTABLESGIPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *table);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOLORTABLEPARAMETERFVSGIPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOLORTABLEPARAMETERIVSGIPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_pixel_texture
+#define GL_SGIX_pixel_texture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelTexGenSGIX (GLenum mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELTEXGENSGIXPROC) (GLenum mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_pixel_texture
+#define GL_SGIS_pixel_texture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelTexGenParameteriSGIS (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelTexGenParameterivSGIS (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelTexGenParameterfSGIS (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelTexGenParameterfvSGIS (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPixelTexGenParameterivSGIS (GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPixelTexGenParameterfvSGIS (GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELTEXGENPARAMETERISGISPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELTEXGENPARAMETERIVSGISPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELTEXGENPARAMETERFSGISPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELTEXGENPARAMETERFVSGISPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPIXELTEXGENPARAMETERIVSGISPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPIXELTEXGENPARAMETERFVSGISPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture4D
+#define GL_SGIS_texture4D 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexImage4DSGIS (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLsizei size4d, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexSubImage4DSGIS (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint woffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLsizei size4d, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXIMAGE4DSGISPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLsizei size4d, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXSUBIMAGE4DSGISPROC) (GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint woffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLsizei size4d, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGI_texture_color_table
+#define GL_SGI_texture_color_table 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_cmyka
+#define GL_EXT_cmyka 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_object
+#define GL_EXT_texture_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glAreTexturesResidentEXT (GLsizei n, const GLuint *textures, GLboolean *residences);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindTextureEXT (GLenum target, GLuint texture);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteTexturesEXT (GLsizei n, const GLuint *textures);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenTexturesEXT (GLsizei n, GLuint *textures);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsTextureEXT (GLuint texture);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPrioritizeTexturesEXT (GLsizei n, const GLuint *textures, const GLclampf *priorities);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLARETEXTURESRESIDENTEXTPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *textures, GLboolean *residences);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDTEXTUREEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint texture);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETETEXTURESEXTPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *textures);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENTEXTURESEXTPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *textures);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISTEXTUREEXTPROC) (GLuint texture);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPRIORITIZETEXTURESEXTPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *textures, const GLclampf *priorities);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_detail_texture
+#define GL_SGIS_detail_texture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDetailTexFuncSGIS (GLenum target, GLsizei n, const GLfloat *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetDetailTexFuncSGIS (GLenum target, GLfloat *points);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDETAILTEXFUNCSGISPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei n, const GLfloat *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETDETAILTEXFUNCSGISPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat *points);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_sharpen_texture
+#define GL_SGIS_sharpen_texture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSharpenTexFuncSGIS (GLenum target, GLsizei n, const GLfloat *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetSharpenTexFuncSGIS (GLenum target, GLfloat *points);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSHARPENTEXFUNCSGISPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei n, const GLfloat *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSHARPENTEXFUNCSGISPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat *points);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_packed_pixels
+#define GL_EXT_packed_pixels 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_lod
+#define GL_SGIS_texture_lod 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_multisample
+#define GL_SGIS_multisample 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSampleMaskSGIS (GLclampf value, GLboolean invert);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSamplePatternSGIS (GLenum pattern);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLEMASKSGISPROC) (GLclampf value, GLboolean invert);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLEPATTERNSGISPROC) (GLenum pattern);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_rescale_normal
+#define GL_EXT_rescale_normal 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_array
+#define GL_EXT_vertex_array 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glArrayElementEXT (GLint i);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorPointerEXT (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawArraysEXT (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEdgeFlagPointerEXT (GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLboolean *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPointervEXT (GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glIndexPointerEXT (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalPointerEXT (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordPointerEXT (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexPointerEXT (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLARRAYELEMENTEXTPROC) (GLint i);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWARRAYSEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLEDGEFLAGPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLboolean *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPOINTERVEXTPROC) (GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLINDEXPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLsizei count, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_misc_attribute
+#define GL_EXT_misc_attribute 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_generate_mipmap
+#define GL_SGIS_generate_mipmap 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_clipmap
+#define GL_SGIX_clipmap 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_shadow
+#define GL_SGIX_shadow 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_edge_clamp
+#define GL_SGIS_texture_edge_clamp 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_border_clamp
+#define GL_SGIS_texture_border_clamp 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_minmax
+#define GL_EXT_blend_minmax 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquationEXT (GLenum mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONEXTPROC) (GLenum mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_subtract
+#define GL_EXT_blend_subtract 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_logic_op
+#define GL_EXT_blend_logic_op 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_interlace
+#define GL_SGIX_interlace 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_pixel_tiles
+#define GL_SGIX_pixel_tiles 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_select
+#define GL_SGIX_texture_select 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_sprite
+#define GL_SGIX_sprite 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSpriteParameterfSGIX (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSpriteParameterfvSGIX (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSpriteParameteriSGIX (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSpriteParameterivSGIX (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSPRITEPARAMETERFSGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSPRITEPARAMETERFVSGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSPRITEPARAMETERISGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSPRITEPARAMETERIVSGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_multi_buffer
+#define GL_SGIX_texture_multi_buffer 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_point_parameters
+#define GL_EXT_point_parameters 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameterfEXT (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameterfvEXT (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERFEXTPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_point_parameters
+#define GL_SGIS_point_parameters 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameterfSGIS (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameterfvSGIS (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERFSGISPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERFVSGISPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_instruments
+#define GL_SGIX_instruments 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetInstrumentsSGIX (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glInstrumentsBufferSGIX (GLsizei size, GLint *buffer);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glPollInstrumentsSGIX (GLint *marker_p);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReadInstrumentsSGIX (GLint marker);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glStartInstrumentsSGIX (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glStopInstrumentsSGIX (GLint marker);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINSTRUMENTSSGIXPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLINSTRUMENTSBUFFERSGIXPROC) (GLsizei size, GLint *buffer);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOLLINSTRUMENTSSGIXPROC) (GLint *marker_p);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREADINSTRUMENTSSGIXPROC) (GLint marker);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSTARTINSTRUMENTSSGIXPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSTOPINSTRUMENTSSGIXPROC) (GLint marker);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_scale_bias
+#define GL_SGIX_texture_scale_bias 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_framezoom
+#define GL_SGIX_framezoom 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFrameZoomSGIX (GLint factor);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEZOOMSGIXPROC) (GLint factor);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_tag_sample_buffer
+#define GL_SGIX_tag_sample_buffer 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTagSampleBufferSGIX (void);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTAGSAMPLEBUFFERSGIXPROC) (void);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_polynomial_ffd
+#define GL_SGIX_polynomial_ffd 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeformationMap3dSGIX (GLenum target, GLdouble u1, GLdouble u2, GLint ustride, GLint uorder, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLint vstride, GLint vorder, GLdouble w1, GLdouble w2, GLint wstride, GLint worder, const GLdouble *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeformationMap3fSGIX (GLenum target, GLfloat u1, GLfloat u2, GLint ustride, GLint uorder, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLint vstride, GLint vorder, GLfloat w1, GLfloat w2, GLint wstride, GLint worder, const GLfloat *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeformSGIX (GLbitfield mask);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLoadIdentityDeformationMapSGIX (GLbitfield mask);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEFORMATIONMAP3DSGIXPROC) (GLenum target, GLdouble u1, GLdouble u2, GLint ustride, GLint uorder, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLint vstride, GLint vorder, GLdouble w1, GLdouble w2, GLint wstride, GLint worder, const GLdouble *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEFORMATIONMAP3FSGIXPROC) (GLenum target, GLfloat u1, GLfloat u2, GLint ustride, GLint uorder, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLint vstride, GLint vorder, GLfloat w1, GLfloat w2, GLint wstride, GLint worder, const GLfloat *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEFORMSGIXPROC) (GLbitfield mask);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLOADIDENTITYDEFORMATIONMAPSGIXPROC) (GLbitfield mask);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_reference_plane
+#define GL_SGIX_reference_plane 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReferencePlaneSGIX (const GLdouble *equation);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREFERENCEPLANESGIXPROC) (const GLdouble *equation);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_flush_raster
+#define GL_SGIX_flush_raster 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFlushRasterSGIX (void);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFLUSHRASTERSGIXPROC) (void);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_depth_texture
+#define GL_SGIX_depth_texture 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_fog_function
+#define GL_SGIS_fog_function 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogFuncSGIS (GLsizei n, const GLfloat *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFogFuncSGIS (GLfloat *points);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGFUNCSGISPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLfloat *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFOGFUNCSGISPROC) (GLfloat *points);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_fog_offset
+#define GL_SGIX_fog_offset 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_HP_image_transform
+#define GL_HP_image_transform 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glImageTransformParameteriHP (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glImageTransformParameterfHP (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glImageTransformParameterivHP (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glImageTransformParameterfvHP (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetImageTransformParameterivHP (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetImageTransformParameterfvHP (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLIMAGETRANSFORMPARAMETERIHPPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLIMAGETRANSFORMPARAMETERFHPPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLIMAGETRANSFORMPARAMETERIVHPPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLIMAGETRANSFORMPARAMETERFVHPPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETIMAGETRANSFORMPARAMETERIVHPPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETIMAGETRANSFORMPARAMETERFVHPPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_HP_convolution_border_modes
+#define GL_HP_convolution_border_modes 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_add_env
+#define GL_SGIX_texture_add_env 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_color_subtable
+#define GL_EXT_color_subtable 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorSubTableEXT (GLenum target, GLsizei start, GLsizei count, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyColorSubTableEXT (GLenum target, GLsizei start, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORSUBTABLEEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei start, GLsizei count, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYCOLORSUBTABLEEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei start, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_PGI_vertex_hints
+#define GL_PGI_vertex_hints 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_PGI_misc_hints
+#define GL_PGI_misc_hints 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glHintPGI (GLenum target, GLint mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLHINTPGIPROC) (GLenum target, GLint mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_paletted_texture
+#define GL_EXT_paletted_texture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorTableEXT (GLenum target, GLenum internalFormat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *table);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetColorTableEXT (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetColorTableParameterivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetColorTableParameterfvEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORTABLEEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalFormat, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *table);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOLORTABLEEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOLORTABLEPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOLORTABLEPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_clip_volume_hint
+#define GL_EXT_clip_volume_hint 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_list_priority
+#define GL_SGIX_list_priority 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetListParameterfvSGIX (GLuint list, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetListParameterivSGIX (GLuint list, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glListParameterfSGIX (GLuint list, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glListParameterfvSGIX (GLuint list, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glListParameteriSGIX (GLuint list, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glListParameterivSGIX (GLuint list, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETLISTPARAMETERFVSGIXPROC) (GLuint list, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETLISTPARAMETERIVSGIXPROC) (GLuint list, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLISTPARAMETERFSGIXPROC) (GLuint list, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLISTPARAMETERFVSGIXPROC) (GLuint list, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLISTPARAMETERISGIXPROC) (GLuint list, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLISTPARAMETERIVSGIXPROC) (GLuint list, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_ir_instrument1
+#define GL_SGIX_ir_instrument1 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_calligraphic_fragment
+#define GL_SGIX_calligraphic_fragment 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_lod_bias
+#define GL_SGIX_texture_lod_bias 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_shadow_ambient
+#define GL_SGIX_shadow_ambient 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_index_texture
+#define GL_EXT_index_texture 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_index_material
+#define GL_EXT_index_material 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glIndexMaterialEXT (GLenum face, GLenum mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLINDEXMATERIALEXTPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_index_func
+#define GL_EXT_index_func 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glIndexFuncEXT (GLenum func, GLclampf ref);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLINDEXFUNCEXTPROC) (GLenum func, GLclampf ref);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_index_array_formats
+#define GL_EXT_index_array_formats 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_compiled_vertex_array
+#define GL_EXT_compiled_vertex_array 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLockArraysEXT (GLint first, GLsizei count);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUnlockArraysEXT (void);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLOCKARRAYSEXTPROC) (GLint first, GLsizei count);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNLOCKARRAYSEXTPROC) (void);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_cull_vertex
+#define GL_EXT_cull_vertex 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCullParameterdvEXT (GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCullParameterfvEXT (GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCULLPARAMETERDVEXTPROC) (GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCULLPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_ycrcb
+#define GL_SGIX_ycrcb 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_fragment_lighting
+#define GL_SGIX_fragment_lighting 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentColorMaterialSGIX (GLenum face, GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentLightfSGIX (GLenum light, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentLightfvSGIX (GLenum light, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentLightiSGIX (GLenum light, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentLightivSGIX (GLenum light, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentLightModelfSGIX (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentLightModelfvSGIX (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentLightModeliSGIX (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentLightModelivSGIX (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentMaterialfSGIX (GLenum face, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentMaterialfvSGIX (GLenum face, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentMaterialiSGIX (GLenum face, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFragmentMaterialivSGIX (GLenum face, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFragmentLightfvSGIX (GLenum light, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFragmentLightivSGIX (GLenum light, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFragmentMaterialfvSGIX (GLenum face, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFragmentMaterialivSGIX (GLenum face, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLightEnviSGIX (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTCOLORMATERIALSGIXPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTLIGHTFSGIXPROC) (GLenum light, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTLIGHTFVSGIXPROC) (GLenum light, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTLIGHTISGIXPROC) (GLenum light, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTLIGHTIVSGIXPROC) (GLenum light, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTLIGHTMODELFSGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTLIGHTMODELFVSGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTLIGHTMODELISGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTLIGHTMODELIVSGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTMATERIALFSGIXPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTMATERIALFVSGIXPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTMATERIALISGIXPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAGMENTMATERIALIVSGIXPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAGMENTLIGHTFVSGIXPROC) (GLenum light, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAGMENTLIGHTIVSGIXPROC) (GLenum light, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAGMENTMATERIALFVSGIXPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAGMENTMATERIALIVSGIXPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLIGHTENVISGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_IBM_rasterpos_clip
+#define GL_IBM_rasterpos_clip 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_HP_texture_lighting
+#define GL_HP_texture_lighting 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_draw_range_elements
+#define GL_EXT_draw_range_elements 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawRangeElementsEXT (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWRANGEELEMENTSEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_WIN_phong_shading
+#define GL_WIN_phong_shading 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_WIN_specular_fog
+#define GL_WIN_specular_fog 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_light_texture
+#define GL_EXT_light_texture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glApplyTextureEXT (GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureLightEXT (GLenum pname);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureMaterialEXT (GLenum face, GLenum mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLAPPLYTEXTUREEXTPROC) (GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTURELIGHTEXTPROC) (GLenum pname);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREMATERIALEXTPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_blend_alpha_minmax
+#define GL_SGIX_blend_alpha_minmax 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_bgra
+#define GL_EXT_bgra 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_async
+#define GL_SGIX_async 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glAsyncMarkerSGIX (GLuint marker);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glFinishAsyncSGIX (GLuint *markerp);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glPollAsyncSGIX (GLuint *markerp);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glGenAsyncMarkersSGIX (GLsizei range);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteAsyncMarkersSGIX (GLuint marker, GLsizei range);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsAsyncMarkerSGIX (GLuint marker);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLASYNCMARKERSGIXPROC) (GLuint marker);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLFINISHASYNCSGIXPROC) (GLuint *markerp);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOLLASYNCSGIXPROC) (GLuint *markerp);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENASYNCMARKERSSGIXPROC) (GLsizei range);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEASYNCMARKERSSGIXPROC) (GLuint marker, GLsizei range);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISASYNCMARKERSGIXPROC) (GLuint marker);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_async_pixel
+#define GL_SGIX_async_pixel 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_async_histogram
+#define GL_SGIX_async_histogram 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_INTEL_parallel_arrays
+#define GL_INTEL_parallel_arrays 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexPointervINTEL (GLint size, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalPointervINTEL (GLenum type, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorPointervINTEL (GLint size, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordPointervINTEL (GLint size, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXPOINTERVINTELPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALPOINTERVINTELPROC) (GLenum type, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORPOINTERVINTELPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDPOINTERVINTELPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_HP_occlusion_test
+#define GL_HP_occlusion_test 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_pixel_transform
+#define GL_EXT_pixel_transform 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelTransformParameteriEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelTransformParameterfEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelTransformParameterivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelTransformParameterfvEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELTRANSFORMPARAMETERIEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELTRANSFORMPARAMETERFEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELTRANSFORMPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELTRANSFORMPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_pixel_transform_color_table
+#define GL_EXT_pixel_transform_color_table 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_shared_texture_palette
+#define GL_EXT_shared_texture_palette 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_separate_specular_color
+#define GL_EXT_separate_specular_color 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_secondary_color
+#define GL_EXT_secondary_color 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3bEXT (GLbyte red, GLbyte green, GLbyte blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3bvEXT (const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3dEXT (GLdouble red, GLdouble green, GLdouble blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3dvEXT (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3fEXT (GLfloat red, GLfloat green, GLfloat blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3fvEXT (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3iEXT (GLint red, GLint green, GLint blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3ivEXT (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3sEXT (GLshort red, GLshort green, GLshort blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3svEXT (const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3ubEXT (GLubyte red, GLubyte green, GLubyte blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3ubvEXT (const GLubyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3uiEXT (GLuint red, GLuint green, GLuint blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3uivEXT (const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3usEXT (GLushort red, GLushort green, GLushort blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3usvEXT (const GLushort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColorPointerEXT (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3BEXTPROC) (GLbyte red, GLbyte green, GLbyte blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3BVEXTPROC) (const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3DEXTPROC) (GLdouble red, GLdouble green, GLdouble blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3DVEXTPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3FEXTPROC) (GLfloat red, GLfloat green, GLfloat blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3FVEXTPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3IEXTPROC) (GLint red, GLint green, GLint blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3IVEXTPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3SEXTPROC) (GLshort red, GLshort green, GLshort blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3SVEXTPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3UBEXTPROC) (GLubyte red, GLubyte green, GLubyte blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3UBVEXTPROC) (const GLubyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3UIEXTPROC) (GLuint red, GLuint green, GLuint blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3UIVEXTPROC) (const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3USEXTPROC) (GLushort red, GLushort green, GLushort blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3USVEXTPROC) (const GLushort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLORPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_perturb_normal
+#define GL_EXT_texture_perturb_normal 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureNormalEXT (GLenum mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTURENORMALEXTPROC) (GLenum mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays
+#define GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiDrawArraysEXT (GLenum mode, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiDrawElementsEXT (GLenum mode, const GLsizei *count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTIDRAWARRAYSEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTIDRAWELEMENTSEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLsizei *count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_fog_coord
+#define GL_EXT_fog_coord 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordfEXT (GLfloat coord);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordfvEXT (const GLfloat *coord);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoorddEXT (GLdouble coord);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoorddvEXT (const GLdouble *coord);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordPointerEXT (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDFEXTPROC) (GLfloat coord);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDFVEXTPROC) (const GLfloat *coord);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDDEXTPROC) (GLdouble coord);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDDVEXTPROC) (const GLdouble *coord);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_REND_screen_coordinates
+#define GL_REND_screen_coordinates 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_coordinate_frame
+#define GL_EXT_coordinate_frame 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3bEXT (GLbyte tx, GLbyte ty, GLbyte tz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3bvEXT (const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3dEXT (GLdouble tx, GLdouble ty, GLdouble tz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3dvEXT (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3fEXT (GLfloat tx, GLfloat ty, GLfloat tz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3fvEXT (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3iEXT (GLint tx, GLint ty, GLint tz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3ivEXT (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3sEXT (GLshort tx, GLshort ty, GLshort tz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangent3svEXT (const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3bEXT (GLbyte bx, GLbyte by, GLbyte bz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3bvEXT (const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3dEXT (GLdouble bx, GLdouble by, GLdouble bz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3dvEXT (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3fEXT (GLfloat bx, GLfloat by, GLfloat bz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3fvEXT (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3iEXT (GLint bx, GLint by, GLint bz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3ivEXT (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3sEXT (GLshort bx, GLshort by, GLshort bz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormal3svEXT (const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTangentPointerEXT (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBinormalPointerEXT (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3BEXTPROC) (GLbyte tx, GLbyte ty, GLbyte tz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3BVEXTPROC) (const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3DEXTPROC) (GLdouble tx, GLdouble ty, GLdouble tz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3DVEXTPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3FEXTPROC) (GLfloat tx, GLfloat ty, GLfloat tz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3FVEXTPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3IEXTPROC) (GLint tx, GLint ty, GLint tz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3IVEXTPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3SEXTPROC) (GLshort tx, GLshort ty, GLshort tz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENT3SVEXTPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3BEXTPROC) (GLbyte bx, GLbyte by, GLbyte bz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3BVEXTPROC) (const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3DEXTPROC) (GLdouble bx, GLdouble by, GLdouble bz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3DVEXTPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3FEXTPROC) (GLfloat bx, GLfloat by, GLfloat bz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3FVEXTPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3IEXTPROC) (GLint bx, GLint by, GLint bz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3IVEXTPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3SEXTPROC) (GLshort bx, GLshort by, GLshort bz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMAL3SVEXTPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTANGENTPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINORMALPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_env_combine
+#define GL_EXT_texture_env_combine 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_specular_vector
+#define GL_APPLE_specular_vector 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_transform_hint
+#define GL_APPLE_transform_hint 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_fog_scale
+#define GL_SGIX_fog_scale 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUNX_constant_data
+#define GL_SUNX_constant_data 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFinishTextureSUNX (void);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFINISHTEXTURESUNXPROC) (void);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_global_alpha
+#define GL_SUN_global_alpha 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGlobalAlphaFactorbSUN (GLbyte factor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGlobalAlphaFactorsSUN (GLshort factor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGlobalAlphaFactoriSUN (GLint factor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGlobalAlphaFactorfSUN (GLfloat factor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGlobalAlphaFactordSUN (GLdouble factor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGlobalAlphaFactorubSUN (GLubyte factor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGlobalAlphaFactorusSUN (GLushort factor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGlobalAlphaFactoruiSUN (GLuint factor);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGLOBALALPHAFACTORBSUNPROC) (GLbyte factor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGLOBALALPHAFACTORSSUNPROC) (GLshort factor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGLOBALALPHAFACTORISUNPROC) (GLint factor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGLOBALALPHAFACTORFSUNPROC) (GLfloat factor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGLOBALALPHAFACTORDSUNPROC) (GLdouble factor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGLOBALALPHAFACTORUBSUNPROC) (GLubyte factor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGLOBALALPHAFACTORUSSUNPROC) (GLushort factor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGLOBALALPHAFACTORUISUNPROC) (GLuint factor);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_triangle_list
+#define GL_SUN_triangle_list 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiSUN (GLuint code);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeusSUN (GLushort code);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeubSUN (GLubyte code);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuivSUN (const GLuint *code);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeusvSUN (const GLushort *code);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeubvSUN (const GLubyte *code);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodePointerSUN (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUISUNPROC) (GLuint code);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUSSUNPROC) (GLushort code);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUBSUNPROC) (GLubyte code);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUIVSUNPROC) (const GLuint *code);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUSVSUNPROC) (const GLushort *code);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUBVSUNPROC) (const GLubyte *code);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEPOINTERSUNPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid* *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_vertex
+#define GL_SUN_vertex 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor4ubVertex2fSUN (GLubyte r, GLubyte g, GLubyte b, GLubyte a, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor4ubVertex2fvSUN (const GLubyte *c, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor4ubVertex3fSUN (GLubyte r, GLubyte g, GLubyte b, GLubyte a, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor4ubVertex3fvSUN (const GLubyte *c, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor3fVertex3fSUN (GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormal3fVertex3fSUN (GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormal3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor4fNormal3fVertex3fSUN (GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor4fNormal3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fVertex3fSUN (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fVertex3fvSUN (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord4fVertex4fSUN (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat p, GLfloat q, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord4fVertex4fvSUN (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fColor4ubVertex3fSUN (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLubyte r, GLubyte g, GLubyte b, GLubyte a, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fColor4ubVertex3fvSUN (const GLfloat *tc, const GLubyte *c, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fColor3fVertex3fSUN (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fColor3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fNormal3fVertex3fSUN (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fNormal3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fColor4fNormal3fVertex3fSUN (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2fColor4fNormal3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord4fColor4fNormal3fVertex4fSUN (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat p, GLfloat q, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord4fColor4fNormal3fVertex4fvSUN (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiVertex3fSUN (GLuint rc, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiVertex3fvSUN (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiColor4ubVertex3fSUN (GLuint rc, GLubyte r, GLubyte g, GLubyte b, GLubyte a, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiColor4ubVertex3fvSUN (const GLuint *rc, const GLubyte *c, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiColor3fVertex3fSUN (GLuint rc, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiColor3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiNormal3fVertex3fSUN (GLuint rc, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiNormal3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiColor4fNormal3fVertex3fSUN (GLuint rc, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiColor4fNormal3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiTexCoord2fVertex3fSUN (GLuint rc, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiTexCoord2fVertex3fvSUN (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiTexCoord2fNormal3fVertex3fSUN (GLuint rc, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiTexCoord2fNormal3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiTexCoord2fColor4fNormal3fVertex3fSUN (GLuint rc, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glReplacementCodeuiTexCoord2fColor4fNormal3fVertex3fvSUN (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR4UBVERTEX2FSUNPROC) (GLubyte r, GLubyte g, GLubyte b, GLubyte a, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR4UBVERTEX2FVSUNPROC) (const GLubyte *c, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR4UBVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLubyte r, GLubyte g, GLubyte b, GLubyte a, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR4UBVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLubyte *c, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMAL3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMAL3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD4FVERTEX4FSUNPROC) (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat p, GLfloat q, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD4FVERTEX4FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FCOLOR4UBVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLubyte r, GLubyte g, GLubyte b, GLubyte a, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FCOLOR4UBVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *tc, const GLubyte *c, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FCOLOR3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FCOLOR3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FCOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2FCOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD4FCOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX4FSUNPROC) (GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat p, GLfloat q, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD4FCOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX4FVSUNPROC) (const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUIVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLuint rc, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUIVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUICOLOR4UBVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLuint rc, GLubyte r, GLubyte g, GLubyte b, GLubyte a, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUICOLOR4UBVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLuint *rc, const GLubyte *c, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUICOLOR3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLuint rc, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUICOLOR3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUINORMAL3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLuint rc, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUINORMAL3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUICOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLuint rc, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUICOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUITEXCOORD2FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLuint rc, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUITEXCOORD2FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUITEXCOORD2FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLuint rc, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUITEXCOORD2FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUITEXCOORD2FCOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FSUNPROC) (GLuint rc, GLfloat s, GLfloat t, GLfloat r, GLfloat g, GLfloat b, GLfloat a, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREPLACEMENTCODEUITEXCOORD2FCOLOR4FNORMAL3FVERTEX3FVSUNPROC) (const GLuint *rc, const GLfloat *tc, const GLfloat *c, const GLfloat *n, const GLfloat *v);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_func_separate
+#define GL_EXT_blend_func_separate 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendFuncSeparateEXT (GLenum sfactorRGB, GLenum dfactorRGB, GLenum sfactorAlpha, GLenum dfactorAlpha);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDFUNCSEPARATEEXTPROC) (GLenum sfactorRGB, GLenum dfactorRGB, GLenum sfactorAlpha, GLenum dfactorAlpha);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_INGR_blend_func_separate
+#define GL_INGR_blend_func_separate 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendFuncSeparateINGR (GLenum sfactorRGB, GLenum dfactorRGB, GLenum sfactorAlpha, GLenum dfactorAlpha);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDFUNCSEPARATEINGRPROC) (GLenum sfactorRGB, GLenum dfactorRGB, GLenum sfactorAlpha, GLenum dfactorAlpha);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_INGR_color_clamp
+#define GL_INGR_color_clamp 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_INGR_interlace_read
+#define GL_INGR_interlace_read 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_stencil_wrap
+#define GL_EXT_stencil_wrap 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_422_pixels
+#define GL_EXT_422_pixels 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texgen_reflection
+#define GL_NV_texgen_reflection 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_convolution_border_modes
+#define GL_SUN_convolution_border_modes 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_env_add
+#define GL_EXT_texture_env_add 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_lod_bias
+#define GL_EXT_texture_lod_bias 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic
+#define GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_weighting
+#define GL_EXT_vertex_weighting 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexWeightfEXT (GLfloat weight);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexWeightfvEXT (const GLfloat *weight);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexWeightPointerEXT (GLsizei size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXWEIGHTFEXTPROC) (GLfloat weight);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXWEIGHTFVEXTPROC) (const GLfloat *weight);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXWEIGHTPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLsizei size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_light_max_exponent
+#define GL_NV_light_max_exponent 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_array_range
+#define GL_NV_vertex_array_range 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFlushVertexArrayRangeNV (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexArrayRangeNV (GLsizei length, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFLUSHVERTEXARRAYRANGENVPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXARRAYRANGENVPROC) (GLsizei length, const GLvoid *pointer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_register_combiners
+#define GL_NV_register_combiners 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCombinerParameterfvNV (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCombinerParameterfNV (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCombinerParameterivNV (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCombinerParameteriNV (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCombinerInputNV (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum variable, GLenum input, GLenum mapping, GLenum componentUsage);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCombinerOutputNV (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum abOutput, GLenum cdOutput, GLenum sumOutput, GLenum scale, GLenum bias, GLboolean abDotProduct, GLboolean cdDotProduct, GLboolean muxSum);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFinalCombinerInputNV (GLenum variable, GLenum input, GLenum mapping, GLenum componentUsage);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetCombinerInputParameterfvNV (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum variable, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetCombinerInputParameterivNV (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum variable, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetCombinerOutputParameterfvNV (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetCombinerOutputParameterivNV (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFinalCombinerInputParameterfvNV (GLenum variable, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFinalCombinerInputParameterivNV (GLenum variable, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMBINERPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMBINERPARAMETERFNVPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMBINERPARAMETERIVNVPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMBINERPARAMETERINVPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMBINERINPUTNVPROC) (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum variable, GLenum input, GLenum mapping, GLenum componentUsage);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMBINEROUTPUTNVPROC) (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum abOutput, GLenum cdOutput, GLenum sumOutput, GLenum scale, GLenum bias, GLboolean abDotProduct, GLboolean cdDotProduct, GLboolean muxSum);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFINALCOMBINERINPUTNVPROC) (GLenum variable, GLenum input, GLenum mapping, GLenum componentUsage);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOMBINERINPUTPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum variable, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOMBINERINPUTPARAMETERIVNVPROC) (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum variable, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOMBINEROUTPUTPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOMBINEROUTPUTPARAMETERIVNVPROC) (GLenum stage, GLenum portion, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFINALCOMBINERINPUTPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum variable, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFINALCOMBINERINPUTPARAMETERIVNVPROC) (GLenum variable, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fog_distance
+#define GL_NV_fog_distance 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texgen_emboss
+#define GL_NV_texgen_emboss 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_blend_square
+#define GL_NV_blend_square 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_env_combine4
+#define GL_NV_texture_env_combine4 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESA_resize_buffers
+#define GL_MESA_resize_buffers 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glResizeBuffersMESA (void);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRESIZEBUFFERSMESAPROC) (void);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESA_window_pos
+#define GL_MESA_window_pos 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2dMESA (GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2dvMESA (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2fMESA (GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2fvMESA (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2iMESA (GLint x, GLint y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2ivMESA (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2sMESA (GLshort x, GLshort y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos2svMESA (const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3dMESA (GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3dvMESA (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3fMESA (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3fvMESA (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3iMESA (GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3ivMESA (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3sMESA (GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos3svMESA (const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos4dMESA (GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos4dvMESA (const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos4fMESA (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos4fvMESA (const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos4iMESA (GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos4ivMESA (const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos4sMESA (GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWindowPos4svMESA (const GLshort *v);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2DMESAPROC) (GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2DVMESAPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2FMESAPROC) (GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2FVMESAPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2IMESAPROC) (GLint x, GLint y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2IVMESAPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2SMESAPROC) (GLshort x, GLshort y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS2SVMESAPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3DMESAPROC) (GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3DVMESAPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3FMESAPROC) (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3FVMESAPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3IMESAPROC) (GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3IVMESAPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3SMESAPROC) (GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS3SVMESAPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS4DMESAPROC) (GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS4DVMESAPROC) (const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS4FMESAPROC) (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS4FVMESAPROC) (const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS4IMESAPROC) (GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS4IVMESAPROC) (const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS4SMESAPROC) (GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWINDOWPOS4SVMESAPROC) (const GLshort *v);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_IBM_cull_vertex
+#define GL_IBM_cull_vertex 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_IBM_multimode_draw_arrays
+#define GL_IBM_multimode_draw_arrays 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiModeDrawArraysIBM (const GLenum *mode, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount, GLint modestride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiModeDrawElementsIBM (const GLenum *mode, const GLsizei *count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const *indices, GLsizei primcount, GLint modestride);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTIMODEDRAWARRAYSIBMPROC) (const GLenum *mode, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount, GLint modestride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTIMODEDRAWELEMENTSIBMPROC) (const GLenum *mode, const GLsizei *count, GLenum type, const GLvoid* const *indices, GLsizei primcount, GLint modestride);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_IBM_vertex_array_lists
+#define GL_IBM_vertex_array_lists 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorPointerListIBM (GLint size, GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColorPointerListIBM (GLint size, GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEdgeFlagPointerListIBM (GLint stride, const GLboolean* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordPointerListIBM (GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glIndexPointerListIBM (GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalPointerListIBM (GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordPointerListIBM (GLint size, GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexPointerListIBM (GLint size, GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORPOINTERLISTIBMPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLORPOINTERLISTIBMPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLEDGEFLAGPOINTERLISTIBMPROC) (GLint stride, const GLboolean* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDPOINTERLISTIBMPROC) (GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLINDEXPOINTERLISTIBMPROC) (GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALPOINTERLISTIBMPROC) (GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDPOINTERLISTIBMPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXPOINTERLISTIBMPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLint stride, const GLvoid* *pointer, GLint ptrstride);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_subsample
+#define GL_SGIX_subsample 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_ycrcba
+#define GL_SGIX_ycrcba 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_ycrcb_subsample
+#define GL_SGIX_ycrcb_subsample 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_depth_pass_instrument
+#define GL_SGIX_depth_pass_instrument 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_3DFX_texture_compression_FXT1
+#define GL_3DFX_texture_compression_FXT1 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_3DFX_multisample
+#define GL_3DFX_multisample 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_3DFX_tbuffer
+#define GL_3DFX_tbuffer 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTbufferMask3DFX (GLuint mask);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTBUFFERMASK3DFXPROC) (GLuint mask);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_multisample
+#define GL_EXT_multisample 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSampleMaskEXT (GLclampf value, GLboolean invert);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSamplePatternEXT (GLenum pattern);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLEMASKEXTPROC) (GLclampf value, GLboolean invert);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLEPATTERNEXTPROC) (GLenum pattern);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_vertex_preclip
+#define GL_SGIX_vertex_preclip 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_convolution_accuracy
+#define GL_SGIX_convolution_accuracy 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_resample
+#define GL_SGIX_resample 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_point_line_texgen
+#define GL_SGIS_point_line_texgen 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIS_texture_color_mask
+#define GL_SGIS_texture_color_mask 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureColorMaskSGIS (GLboolean red, GLboolean green, GLboolean blue, GLboolean alpha);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTURECOLORMASKSGISPROC) (GLboolean red, GLboolean green, GLboolean blue, GLboolean alpha);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_igloo_interface
+#define GL_SGIX_igloo_interface 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glIglooInterfaceSGIX (GLenum pname, const GLvoid *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLIGLOOINTERFACESGIXPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLvoid *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_env_dot3
+#define GL_EXT_texture_env_dot3 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_texture_mirror_once
+#define GL_ATI_texture_mirror_once 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fence
+#define GL_NV_fence 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteFencesNV (GLsizei n, const GLuint *fences);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenFencesNV (GLsizei n, GLuint *fences);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsFenceNV (GLuint fence);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glTestFenceNV (GLuint fence);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFenceivNV (GLuint fence, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFinishFenceNV (GLuint fence);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSetFenceNV (GLuint fence, GLenum condition);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEFENCESNVPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *fences);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENFENCESNVPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *fences);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISFENCENVPROC) (GLuint fence);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLTESTFENCENVPROC) (GLuint fence);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFENCEIVNVPROC) (GLuint fence, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFINISHFENCENVPROC) (GLuint fence);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSETFENCENVPROC) (GLuint fence, GLenum condition);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_evaluators
+#define GL_NV_evaluators 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMapControlPointsNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum type, GLsizei ustride, GLsizei vstride, GLint uorder, GLint vorder, GLboolean packed, const GLvoid *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMapParameterivNV (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMapParameterfvNV (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMapControlPointsNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum type, GLsizei ustride, GLsizei vstride, GLboolean packed, GLvoid *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMapParameterivNV (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMapParameterfvNV (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMapAttribParameterivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMapAttribParameterfvNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEvalMapsNV (GLenum target, GLenum mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPCONTROLPOINTSNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum type, GLsizei ustride, GLsizei vstride, GLint uorder, GLint vorder, GLboolean packed, const GLvoid *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPPARAMETERIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMAPCONTROLPOINTSNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum type, GLsizei ustride, GLsizei vstride, GLboolean packed, GLvoid *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMAPPARAMETERIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMAPPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMAPATTRIBPARAMETERIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMAPATTRIBPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLEVALMAPSNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_packed_depth_stencil
+#define GL_NV_packed_depth_stencil 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_register_combiners2
+#define GL_NV_register_combiners2 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCombinerStageParameterfvNV (GLenum stage, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetCombinerStageParameterfvNV (GLenum stage, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMBINERSTAGEPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum stage, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOMBINERSTAGEPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum stage, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_compression_vtc
+#define GL_NV_texture_compression_vtc 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_rectangle
+#define GL_NV_texture_rectangle 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_shader
+#define GL_NV_texture_shader 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_shader2
+#define GL_NV_texture_shader2 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_array_range2
+#define GL_NV_vertex_array_range2 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program
+#define GL_NV_vertex_program 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glAreProgramsResidentNV (GLsizei n, const GLuint *programs, GLboolean *residences);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindProgramNV (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteProgramsNV (GLsizei n, const GLuint *programs);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glExecuteProgramNV (GLenum target, GLuint id, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenProgramsNV (GLsizei n, GLuint *programs);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramParameterdvNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramParameterfvNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramivNV (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramStringNV (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLubyte *program);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTrackMatrixivNV (GLenum target, GLuint address, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribdvNV (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribfvNV (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribivNV (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribPointervNV (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *pointer);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsProgramNV (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glLoadProgramNV (GLenum target, GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *program);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramParameter4dNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramParameter4dvNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramParameter4fNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramParameter4fvNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramParameters4dvNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint count, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramParameters4fvNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint count, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glRequestResidentProgramsNV (GLsizei n, const GLuint *programs);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTrackMatrixNV (GLenum target, GLuint address, GLenum matrix, GLenum transform);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribPointerNV (GLuint index, GLint fsize, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1dNV (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1dvNV (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1fNV (GLuint index, GLfloat x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1fvNV (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1sNV (GLuint index, GLshort x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1svNV (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2dNV (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2dvNV (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2fNV (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2fvNV (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2sNV (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2svNV (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3dNV (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3dvNV (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3fNV (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3fvNV (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3sNV (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3svNV (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4dNV (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4dvNV (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4fNV (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4fvNV (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4sNV (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4svNV (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4ubNV (GLuint index, GLubyte x, GLubyte y, GLubyte z, GLubyte w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4ubvNV (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs1dvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs1fvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs1svNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs2dvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs2fvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs2svNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs3dvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs3fvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs3svNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs4dvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs4fvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs4svNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs4ubvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLubyte *v);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLAREPROGRAMSRESIDENTNVPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *programs, GLboolean *residences);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDPROGRAMNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEPROGRAMSNVPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *programs);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLEXECUTEPROGRAMNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint id, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENPROGRAMSNVPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *programs);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMPARAMETERDVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMIVNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMSTRINGNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLubyte *program);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTRACKMATRIXIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint address, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBDVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBFVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBIVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBPOINTERVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *pointer);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISPROGRAMNVPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLLOADPROGRAMNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *program);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMPARAMETER4DNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMPARAMETER4DVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMPARAMETER4FNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMPARAMETER4FVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMPARAMETERS4DVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint count, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMPARAMETERS4FVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint count, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLREQUESTRESIDENTPROGRAMSNVPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *programs);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTRACKMATRIXNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint address, GLenum matrix, GLenum transform);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBPOINTERNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLint fsize, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1DNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1DVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1FNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1FVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1SNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1SVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2DNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2DVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2FNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2FVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2SNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2SVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3DNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3DVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3FNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3FVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3SNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3SVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4DNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4DVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4FNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4FVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4SNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4SVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4UBNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLubyte x, GLubyte y, GLubyte z, GLubyte w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4UBVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS1DVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS1FVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS1SVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS2DVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS2FVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS2SVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS3DVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS3FVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS3SVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS4DVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS4FVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS4SVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS4UBVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLubyte *v);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_texture_coordinate_clamp
+#define GL_SGIX_texture_coordinate_clamp 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SGIX_scalebias_hint
+#define GL_SGIX_scalebias_hint 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_OML_interlace
+#define GL_OML_interlace 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_OML_subsample
+#define GL_OML_subsample 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_OML_resample
+#define GL_OML_resample 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_copy_depth_to_color
+#define GL_NV_copy_depth_to_color 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_envmap_bumpmap
+#define GL_ATI_envmap_bumpmap 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexBumpParameterivATI (GLenum pname, const GLint *param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexBumpParameterfvATI (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTexBumpParameterivATI (GLenum pname, GLint *param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTexBumpParameterfvATI (GLenum pname, GLfloat *param);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXBUMPPARAMETERIVATIPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLint *param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXBUMPPARAMETERFVATIPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLfloat *param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXBUMPPARAMETERIVATIPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint *param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXBUMPPARAMETERFVATIPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat *param);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_fragment_shader
+#define GL_ATI_fragment_shader 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glGenFragmentShadersATI (GLuint range);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindFragmentShaderATI (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteFragmentShaderATI (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginFragmentShaderATI (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndFragmentShaderATI (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPassTexCoordATI (GLuint dst, GLuint coord, GLenum swizzle);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSampleMapATI (GLuint dst, GLuint interp, GLenum swizzle);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorFragmentOp1ATI (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMask, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorFragmentOp2ATI (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMask, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg2Rep, GLuint arg2Mod);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorFragmentOp3ATI (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMask, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg2Rep, GLuint arg2Mod, GLuint arg3, GLuint arg3Rep, GLuint arg3Mod);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glAlphaFragmentOp1ATI (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glAlphaFragmentOp2ATI (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg2Rep, GLuint arg2Mod);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glAlphaFragmentOp3ATI (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg2Rep, GLuint arg2Mod, GLuint arg3, GLuint arg3Rep, GLuint arg3Mod);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSetFragmentShaderConstantATI (GLuint dst, const GLfloat *value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENFRAGMENTSHADERSATIPROC) (GLuint range);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDFRAGMENTSHADERATIPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEFRAGMENTSHADERATIPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINFRAGMENTSHADERATIPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDFRAGMENTSHADERATIPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPASSTEXCOORDATIPROC) (GLuint dst, GLuint coord, GLenum swizzle);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLEMAPATIPROC) (GLuint dst, GLuint interp, GLenum swizzle);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORFRAGMENTOP1ATIPROC) (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMask, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORFRAGMENTOP2ATIPROC) (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMask, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg2Rep, GLuint arg2Mod);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORFRAGMENTOP3ATIPROC) (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMask, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg2Rep, GLuint arg2Mod, GLuint arg3, GLuint arg3Rep, GLuint arg3Mod);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLALPHAFRAGMENTOP1ATIPROC) (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLALPHAFRAGMENTOP2ATIPROC) (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg2Rep, GLuint arg2Mod);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLALPHAFRAGMENTOP3ATIPROC) (GLenum op, GLuint dst, GLuint dstMod, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg1Rep, GLuint arg1Mod, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg2Rep, GLuint arg2Mod, GLuint arg3, GLuint arg3Rep, GLuint arg3Mod);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSETFRAGMENTSHADERCONSTANTATIPROC) (GLuint dst, const GLfloat *value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_pn_triangles
+#define GL_ATI_pn_triangles 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPNTrianglesiATI (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPNTrianglesfATI (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPNTRIANGLESIATIPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPNTRIANGLESFATIPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_vertex_array_object
+#define GL_ATI_vertex_array_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glNewObjectBufferATI (GLsizei size, const GLvoid *pointer, GLenum usage);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsObjectBufferATI (GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUpdateObjectBufferATI (GLuint buffer, GLuint offset, GLsizei size, const GLvoid *pointer, GLenum preserve);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetObjectBufferfvATI (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetObjectBufferivATI (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFreeObjectBufferATI (GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glArrayObjectATI (GLenum array, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLuint buffer, GLuint offset);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetArrayObjectfvATI (GLenum array, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetArrayObjectivATI (GLenum array, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantArrayObjectATI (GLuint id, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLuint buffer, GLuint offset);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVariantArrayObjectfvATI (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVariantArrayObjectivATI (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLNEWOBJECTBUFFERATIPROC) (GLsizei size, const GLvoid *pointer, GLenum usage);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISOBJECTBUFFERATIPROC) (GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUPDATEOBJECTBUFFERATIPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLuint offset, GLsizei size, const GLvoid *pointer, GLenum preserve);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETOBJECTBUFFERFVATIPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETOBJECTBUFFERIVATIPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFREEOBJECTBUFFERATIPROC) (GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLARRAYOBJECTATIPROC) (GLenum array, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLuint buffer, GLuint offset);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETARRAYOBJECTFVATIPROC) (GLenum array, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETARRAYOBJECTIVATIPROC) (GLenum array, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTARRAYOBJECTATIPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLuint buffer, GLuint offset);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVARIANTARRAYOBJECTFVATIPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVARIANTARRAYOBJECTIVATIPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_shader
+#define GL_EXT_vertex_shader 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginVertexShaderEXT (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndVertexShaderEXT (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindVertexShaderEXT (GLuint id);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glGenVertexShadersEXT (GLuint range);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteVertexShaderEXT (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glShaderOp1EXT (GLenum op, GLuint res, GLuint arg1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glShaderOp2EXT (GLenum op, GLuint res, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glShaderOp3EXT (GLenum op, GLuint res, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSwizzleEXT (GLuint res, GLuint in, GLenum outX, GLenum outY, GLenum outZ, GLenum outW);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glWriteMaskEXT (GLuint res, GLuint in, GLenum outX, GLenum outY, GLenum outZ, GLenum outW);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glInsertComponentEXT (GLuint res, GLuint src, GLuint num);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glExtractComponentEXT (GLuint res, GLuint src, GLuint num);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glGenSymbolsEXT (GLenum datatype, GLenum storagetype, GLenum range, GLuint components);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSetInvariantEXT (GLuint id, GLenum type, const GLvoid *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSetLocalConstantEXT (GLuint id, GLenum type, const GLvoid *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantbvEXT (GLuint id, const GLbyte *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantsvEXT (GLuint id, const GLshort *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantivEXT (GLuint id, const GLint *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantfvEXT (GLuint id, const GLfloat *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantdvEXT (GLuint id, const GLdouble *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantubvEXT (GLuint id, const GLubyte *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantusvEXT (GLuint id, const GLushort *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantuivEXT (GLuint id, const GLuint *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVariantPointerEXT (GLuint id, GLenum type, GLuint stride, const GLvoid *addr);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEnableVariantClientStateEXT (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDisableVariantClientStateEXT (GLuint id);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glBindLightParameterEXT (GLenum light, GLenum value);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glBindMaterialParameterEXT (GLenum face, GLenum value);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glBindTexGenParameterEXT (GLenum unit, GLenum coord, GLenum value);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glBindTextureUnitParameterEXT (GLenum unit, GLenum value);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glBindParameterEXT (GLenum value);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsVariantEnabledEXT (GLuint id, GLenum cap);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVariantBooleanvEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLboolean *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVariantIntegervEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLint *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVariantFloatvEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLfloat *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVariantPointervEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLvoid* *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetInvariantBooleanvEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLboolean *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetInvariantIntegervEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLint *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetInvariantFloatvEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLfloat *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetLocalConstantBooleanvEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLboolean *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetLocalConstantIntegervEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLint *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetLocalConstantFloatvEXT (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLfloat *data);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINVERTEXSHADEREXTPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDVERTEXSHADEREXTPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDVERTEXSHADEREXTPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENVERTEXSHADERSEXTPROC) (GLuint range);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEVERTEXSHADEREXTPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSHADEROP1EXTPROC) (GLenum op, GLuint res, GLuint arg1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSHADEROP2EXTPROC) (GLenum op, GLuint res, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSHADEROP3EXTPROC) (GLenum op, GLuint res, GLuint arg1, GLuint arg2, GLuint arg3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSWIZZLEEXTPROC) (GLuint res, GLuint in, GLenum outX, GLenum outY, GLenum outZ, GLenum outW);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLWRITEMASKEXTPROC) (GLuint res, GLuint in, GLenum outX, GLenum outY, GLenum outZ, GLenum outW);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLINSERTCOMPONENTEXTPROC) (GLuint res, GLuint src, GLuint num);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLEXTRACTCOMPONENTEXTPROC) (GLuint res, GLuint src, GLuint num);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENSYMBOLSEXTPROC) (GLenum datatype, GLenum storagetype, GLenum range, GLuint components);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSETINVARIANTEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum type, const GLvoid *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSETLOCALCONSTANTEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum type, const GLvoid *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTBVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, const GLbyte *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTSVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, const GLshort *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTIVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, const GLint *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTFVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, const GLfloat *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTDVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, const GLdouble *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTUBVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, const GLubyte *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTUSVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, const GLushort *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTUIVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, const GLuint *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVARIANTPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum type, GLuint stride, const GLvoid *addr);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENABLEVARIANTCLIENTSTATEEXTPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDISABLEVARIANTCLIENTSTATEEXTPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDLIGHTPARAMETEREXTPROC) (GLenum light, GLenum value);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDMATERIALPARAMETEREXTPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum value);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDTEXGENPARAMETEREXTPROC) (GLenum unit, GLenum coord, GLenum value);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDTEXTUREUNITPARAMETEREXTPROC) (GLenum unit, GLenum value);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDPARAMETEREXTPROC) (GLenum value);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISVARIANTENABLEDEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum cap);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVARIANTBOOLEANVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLboolean *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVARIANTINTEGERVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLint *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVARIANTFLOATVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLfloat *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVARIANTPOINTERVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLvoid* *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINVARIANTBOOLEANVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLboolean *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINVARIANTINTEGERVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLint *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINVARIANTFLOATVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLfloat *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETLOCALCONSTANTBOOLEANVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLboolean *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETLOCALCONSTANTINTEGERVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLint *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETLOCALCONSTANTFLOATVEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum value, GLfloat *data);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_vertex_streams
+#define GL_ATI_vertex_streams 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream1sATI (GLenum stream, GLshort x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream1svATI (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream1iATI (GLenum stream, GLint x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream1ivATI (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream1fATI (GLenum stream, GLfloat x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream1fvATI (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream1dATI (GLenum stream, GLdouble x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream1dvATI (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream2sATI (GLenum stream, GLshort x, GLshort y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream2svATI (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream2iATI (GLenum stream, GLint x, GLint y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream2ivATI (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream2fATI (GLenum stream, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream2fvATI (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream2dATI (GLenum stream, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream2dvATI (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream3sATI (GLenum stream, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream3svATI (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream3iATI (GLenum stream, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream3ivATI (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream3fATI (GLenum stream, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream3fvATI (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream3dATI (GLenum stream, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream3dvATI (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream4sATI (GLenum stream, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream4svATI (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream4iATI (GLenum stream, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream4ivATI (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream4fATI (GLenum stream, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream4fvATI (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream4dATI (GLenum stream, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexStream4dvATI (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3bATI (GLenum stream, GLbyte nx, GLbyte ny, GLbyte nz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3bvATI (GLenum stream, const GLbyte *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3sATI (GLenum stream, GLshort nx, GLshort ny, GLshort nz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3svATI (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3iATI (GLenum stream, GLint nx, GLint ny, GLint nz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3ivATI (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3fATI (GLenum stream, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3fvATI (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3dATI (GLenum stream, GLdouble nx, GLdouble ny, GLdouble nz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalStream3dvATI (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClientActiveVertexStreamATI (GLenum stream);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexBlendEnviATI (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexBlendEnvfATI (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM1SATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLshort x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM1SVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM1IATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLint x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM1IVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM1FATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLfloat x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM1FVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM1DATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLdouble x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM1DVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM2SATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLshort x, GLshort y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM2SVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM2IATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLint x, GLint y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM2IVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM2FATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLfloat x, GLfloat y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM2FVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM2DATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM2DVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM3SATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM3SVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM3IATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM3IVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM3FATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM3FVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM3DATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM3DVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM4SATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLshort x, GLshort y, GLshort z, GLshort w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM4SVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM4IATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM4IVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM4FATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM4FVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM4DATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXSTREAM4DVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3BATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLbyte nx, GLbyte ny, GLbyte nz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3BVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLbyte *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3SATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLshort nx, GLshort ny, GLshort nz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3SVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLshort *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3IATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLint nx, GLint ny, GLint nz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3IVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLint *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3FATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLfloat nx, GLfloat ny, GLfloat nz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3FVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLfloat *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3DATIPROC) (GLenum stream, GLdouble nx, GLdouble ny, GLdouble nz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALSTREAM3DVATIPROC) (GLenum stream, const GLdouble *coords);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLIENTACTIVEVERTEXSTREAMATIPROC) (GLenum stream);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXBLENDENVIATIPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXBLENDENVFATIPROC) (GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_element_array
+#define GL_ATI_element_array 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glElementPointerATI (GLenum type, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawElementArrayATI (GLenum mode, GLsizei count);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawRangeElementArrayATI (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLELEMENTPOINTERATIPROC) (GLenum type, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWELEMENTARRAYATIPROC) (GLenum mode, GLsizei count);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWRANGEELEMENTARRAYATIPROC) (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLsizei count);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_mesh_array
+#define GL_SUN_mesh_array 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawMeshArraysSUN (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei width);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWMESHARRAYSSUNPROC) (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei width);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_SUN_slice_accum
+#define GL_SUN_slice_accum 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_multisample_filter_hint
+#define GL_NV_multisample_filter_hint 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_depth_clamp
+#define GL_NV_depth_clamp 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_occlusion_query
+#define GL_NV_occlusion_query 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenOcclusionQueriesNV (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteOcclusionQueriesNV (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsOcclusionQueryNV (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginOcclusionQueryNV (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndOcclusionQueryNV (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetOcclusionQueryivNV (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetOcclusionQueryuivNV (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENOCCLUSIONQUERIESNVPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEOCCLUSIONQUERIESNVPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISOCCLUSIONQUERYNVPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINOCCLUSIONQUERYNVPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDOCCLUSIONQUERYNVPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETOCCLUSIONQUERYIVNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETOCCLUSIONQUERYUIVNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_point_sprite
+#define GL_NV_point_sprite 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameteriNV (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPointParameterivNV (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERINVPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPOINTPARAMETERIVNVPROC) (GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_shader3
+#define GL_NV_texture_shader3 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program1_1
+#define GL_NV_vertex_program1_1 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_shadow_funcs
+#define GL_EXT_shadow_funcs 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_stencil_two_side
+#define GL_EXT_stencil_two_side 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glActiveStencilFaceEXT (GLenum face);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLACTIVESTENCILFACEEXTPROC) (GLenum face);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_text_fragment_shader
+#define GL_ATI_text_fragment_shader 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_client_storage
+#define GL_APPLE_client_storage 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_element_array
+#define GL_APPLE_element_array 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glElementPointerAPPLE (GLenum type, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawElementArrayAPPLE (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawRangeElementArrayAPPLE (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLint first, GLsizei count);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiDrawElementArrayAPPLE (GLenum mode, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiDrawRangeElementArrayAPPLE (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLELEMENTPOINTERAPPLEPROC) (GLenum type, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWELEMENTARRAYAPPLEPROC) (GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWRANGEELEMENTARRAYAPPLEPROC) (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, GLint first, GLsizei count);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTIDRAWELEMENTARRAYAPPLEPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTIDRAWRANGEELEMENTARRAYAPPLEPROC) (GLenum mode, GLuint start, GLuint end, const GLint *first, const GLsizei *count, GLsizei primcount);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_fence
+#define GL_APPLE_fence 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenFencesAPPLE (GLsizei n, GLuint *fences);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteFencesAPPLE (GLsizei n, const GLuint *fences);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSetFenceAPPLE (GLuint fence);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsFenceAPPLE (GLuint fence);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glTestFenceAPPLE (GLuint fence);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFinishFenceAPPLE (GLuint fence);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glTestObjectAPPLE (GLenum object, GLuint name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFinishObjectAPPLE (GLenum object, GLint name);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENFENCESAPPLEPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *fences);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEFENCESAPPLEPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *fences);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSETFENCEAPPLEPROC) (GLuint fence);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISFENCEAPPLEPROC) (GLuint fence);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLTESTFENCEAPPLEPROC) (GLuint fence);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFINISHFENCEAPPLEPROC) (GLuint fence);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLTESTOBJECTAPPLEPROC) (GLenum object, GLuint name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFINISHOBJECTAPPLEPROC) (GLenum object, GLint name);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_vertex_array_object
+#define GL_APPLE_vertex_array_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindVertexArrayAPPLE (GLuint array);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteVertexArraysAPPLE (GLsizei n, const GLuint *arrays);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenVertexArraysAPPLE (GLsizei n, GLuint *arrays);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsVertexArrayAPPLE (GLuint array);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDVERTEXARRAYAPPLEPROC) (GLuint array);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEVERTEXARRAYSAPPLEPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *arrays);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENVERTEXARRAYSAPPLEPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *arrays);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISVERTEXARRAYAPPLEPROC) (GLuint array);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_vertex_array_range
+#define GL_APPLE_vertex_array_range 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexArrayRangeAPPLE (GLsizei length, GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFlushVertexArrayRangeAPPLE (GLsizei length, GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexArrayParameteriAPPLE (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXARRAYRANGEAPPLEPROC) (GLsizei length, GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFLUSHVERTEXARRAYRANGEAPPLEPROC) (GLsizei length, GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXARRAYPARAMETERIAPPLEPROC) (GLenum pname, GLint param);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_ycbcr_422
+#define GL_APPLE_ycbcr_422 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_S3_s3tc
+#define GL_S3_s3tc 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_draw_buffers
+#define GL_ATI_draw_buffers 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawBuffersATI (GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWBUFFERSATIPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_pixel_format_float
+#define GL_ATI_pixel_format_float 1
+/* This is really a WGL extension, but defines some associated GL enums.
+ * ATI does not export "GL_ATI_pixel_format_float" in the GL_EXTENSIONS string.
+ */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_texture_env_combine3
+#define GL_ATI_texture_env_combine3 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_texture_float
+#define GL_ATI_texture_float 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_float_buffer
+#define GL_NV_float_buffer 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fragment_program
+#define GL_NV_fragment_program 1
+/* Some NV_fragment_program entry points are shared with ARB_vertex_program. */
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramNamedParameter4fNV (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramNamedParameter4dNV (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramNamedParameter4fvNV (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, const GLfloat *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramNamedParameter4dvNV (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramNamedParameterfvNV (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramNamedParameterdvNV (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, GLdouble *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMNAMEDPARAMETER4FNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMNAMEDPARAMETER4DNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMNAMEDPARAMETER4FVNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, const GLfloat *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMNAMEDPARAMETER4DVNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMNAMEDPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMNAMEDPARAMETERDVNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLsizei len, const GLubyte *name, GLdouble *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_half_float
+#define GL_NV_half_float 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertex2hNV (GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertex2hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertex3hNV (GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y, GLhalfNV z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertex3hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertex4hNV (GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y, GLhalfNV z, GLhalfNV w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertex4hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormal3hNV (GLhalfNV nx, GLhalfNV ny, GLhalfNV nz);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormal3hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor3hNV (GLhalfNV red, GLhalfNV green, GLhalfNV blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor3hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor4hNV (GLhalfNV red, GLhalfNV green, GLhalfNV blue, GLhalfNV alpha);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColor4hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord1hNV (GLhalfNV s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord1hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2hNV (GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord2hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord3hNV (GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t, GLhalfNV r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord3hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord4hNV (GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t, GLhalfNV r, GLhalfNV q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoord4hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1hNV (GLenum target, GLhalfNV s);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord1hvNV (GLenum target, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2hNV (GLenum target, GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord2hvNV (GLenum target, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3hNV (GLenum target, GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t, GLhalfNV r);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord3hvNV (GLenum target, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4hNV (GLenum target, GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t, GLhalfNV r, GLhalfNV q);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoord4hvNV (GLenum target, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordhNV (GLhalfNV fog);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordhvNV (const GLhalfNV *fog);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3hNV (GLhalfNV red, GLhalfNV green, GLhalfNV blue);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColor3hvNV (const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexWeighthNV (GLhalfNV weight);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexWeighthvNV (const GLhalfNV *weight);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1hNV (GLuint index, GLhalfNV x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib1hvNV (GLuint index, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2hNV (GLuint index, GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib2hvNV (GLuint index, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3hNV (GLuint index, GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y, GLhalfNV z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib3hvNV (GLuint index, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4hNV (GLuint index, GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y, GLhalfNV z, GLhalfNV w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttrib4hvNV (GLuint index, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs1hvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei n, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs2hvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei n, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs3hvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei n, const GLhalfNV *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribs4hvNV (GLuint index, GLsizei n, const GLhalfNV *v);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEX2HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEX2HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEX3HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y, GLhalfNV z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEX3HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEX4HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y, GLhalfNV z, GLhalfNV w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEX4HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMAL3HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV nx, GLhalfNV ny, GLhalfNV nz);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMAL3HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR3HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV red, GLhalfNV green, GLhalfNV blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR3HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR4HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV red, GLhalfNV green, GLhalfNV blue, GLhalfNV alpha);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLOR4HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD1HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD1HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD2HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD3HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t, GLhalfNV r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD3HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD4HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t, GLhalfNV r, GLhalfNV q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORD4HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1HNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLhalfNV s);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD1HVNVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2HNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD2HVNVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3HNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t, GLhalfNV r);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD3HVNVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4HNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLhalfNV s, GLhalfNV t, GLhalfNV r, GLhalfNV q);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORD4HVNVPROC) (GLenum target, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDHNVPROC) (GLhalfNV fog);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDHVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *fog);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3HNVPROC) (GLhalfNV red, GLhalfNV green, GLhalfNV blue);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLOR3HVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXWEIGHTHNVPROC) (GLhalfNV weight);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXWEIGHTHVNVPROC) (const GLhalfNV *weight);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1HNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLhalfNV x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB1HVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2HNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB2HVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3HNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y, GLhalfNV z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB3HVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4HNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLhalfNV x, GLhalfNV y, GLhalfNV z, GLhalfNV w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIB4HVNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS1HVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei n, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS2HVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei n, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS3HVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei n, const GLhalfNV *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBS4HVNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLsizei n, const GLhalfNV *v);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_pixel_data_range
+#define GL_NV_pixel_data_range 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPixelDataRangeNV (GLenum target, GLsizei length, GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFlushPixelDataRangeNV (GLenum target);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPIXELDATARANGENVPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei length, GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFLUSHPIXELDATARANGENVPROC) (GLenum target);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_primitive_restart
+#define GL_NV_primitive_restart 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPrimitiveRestartNV (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPrimitiveRestartIndexNV (GLuint index);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPRIMITIVERESTARTNVPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPRIMITIVERESTARTINDEXNVPROC) (GLuint index);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_expand_normal
+#define GL_NV_texture_expand_normal 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program2
+#define GL_NV_vertex_program2 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_map_object_buffer
+#define GL_ATI_map_object_buffer 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLvoid* APIENTRY glMapObjectBufferATI (GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUnmapObjectBufferATI (GLuint buffer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLvoid* (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPOBJECTBUFFERATIPROC) (GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNMAPOBJECTBUFFERATIPROC) (GLuint buffer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_separate_stencil
+#define GL_ATI_separate_stencil 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glStencilOpSeparateATI (GLenum face, GLenum sfail, GLenum dpfail, GLenum dppass);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glStencilFuncSeparateATI (GLenum frontfunc, GLenum backfunc, GLint ref, GLuint mask);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSTENCILOPSEPARATEATIPROC) (GLenum face, GLenum sfail, GLenum dpfail, GLenum dppass);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSTENCILFUNCSEPARATEATIPROC) (GLenum frontfunc, GLenum backfunc, GLint ref, GLuint mask);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_vertex_attrib_array_object
+#define GL_ATI_vertex_attrib_array_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribArrayObjectATI (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLsizei stride, GLuint buffer, GLuint offset);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribArrayObjectfvATI (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribArrayObjectivATI (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBARRAYOBJECTATIPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLsizei stride, GLuint buffer, GLuint offset);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBARRAYOBJECTFVATIPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBARRAYOBJECTIVATIPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_OES_read_format
+#define GL_OES_read_format 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_depth_bounds_test
+#define GL_EXT_depth_bounds_test 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDepthBoundsEXT (GLclampd zmin, GLclampd zmax);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEPTHBOUNDSEXTPROC) (GLclampd zmin, GLclampd zmax);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_mirror_clamp
+#define GL_EXT_texture_mirror_clamp 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_blend_equation_separate
+#define GL_EXT_blend_equation_separate 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquationSeparateEXT (GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONSEPARATEEXTPROC) (GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESA_pack_invert
+#define GL_MESA_pack_invert 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESA_ycbcr_texture
+#define GL_MESA_ycbcr_texture 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_pixel_buffer_object
+#define GL_EXT_pixel_buffer_object 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fragment_program_option
+#define GL_NV_fragment_program_option 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fragment_program2
+#define GL_NV_fragment_program2 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program2_option
+#define GL_NV_vertex_program2_option 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program3
+#define GL_NV_vertex_program3 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_framebuffer_object
+#define GL_EXT_framebuffer_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsRenderbufferEXT (GLuint renderbuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindRenderbufferEXT (GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteRenderbuffersEXT (GLsizei n, const GLuint *renderbuffers);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenRenderbuffersEXT (GLsizei n, GLuint *renderbuffers);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glRenderbufferStorageEXT (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetRenderbufferParameterivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsFramebufferEXT (GLuint framebuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindFramebufferEXT (GLenum target, GLuint framebuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteFramebuffersEXT (GLsizei n, const GLuint *framebuffers);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenFramebuffersEXT (GLsizei n, GLuint *framebuffers);
+GLAPI GLenum APIENTRY glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTexture1DEXT (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTexture2DEXT (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTexture3DEXT (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint zoffset);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum renderbuffertarget, GLuint renderbuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFramebufferAttachmentParameterivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenerateMipmapEXT (GLenum target);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISRENDERBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint renderbuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDRENDERBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETERENDERBUFFERSEXTPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *renderbuffers);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENRENDERBUFFERSEXTPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *renderbuffers);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETRENDERBUFFERPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISFRAMEBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDFRAMEBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint framebuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEFRAMEBUFFERSEXTPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *framebuffers);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENFRAMEBUFFERSEXTPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *framebuffers);
+typedef GLenum (APIENTRYP PFNGLCHECKFRAMEBUFFERSTATUSEXTPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE3DEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint zoffset);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERRENDERBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum renderbuffertarget, GLuint renderbuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAMEBUFFERATTACHMENTPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENERATEMIPMAPEXTPROC) (GLenum target);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_GREMEDY_string_marker
+#define GL_GREMEDY_string_marker 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glStringMarkerGREMEDY (GLsizei len, const GLvoid *string);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSTRINGMARKERGREMEDYPROC) (GLsizei len, const GLvoid *string);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_packed_depth_stencil
+#define GL_EXT_packed_depth_stencil 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_stencil_clear_tag
+#define GL_EXT_stencil_clear_tag 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glStencilClearTagEXT (GLsizei stencilTagBits, GLuint stencilClearTag);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSTENCILCLEARTAGEXTPROC) (GLsizei stencilTagBits, GLuint stencilClearTag);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_sRGB
+#define GL_EXT_texture_sRGB 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_framebuffer_blit
+#define GL_EXT_framebuffer_blit 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlitFramebufferEXT (GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLITFRAMEBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample
+#define GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glRenderbufferStorageMultisampleEXT (GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEMULTISAMPLEEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_MESAX_texture_stack
+#define GL_MESAX_texture_stack 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_timer_query
+#define GL_EXT_timer_query 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryObjecti64vEXT (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint64EXT *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetQueryObjectui64vEXT (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYOBJECTI64VEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLint64EXT *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETQUERYOBJECTUI64VEXTPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_gpu_program_parameters
+#define GL_EXT_gpu_program_parameters 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParameters4fvEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParameters4fvEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETERS4FVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERS4FVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_flush_buffer_range
+#define GL_APPLE_flush_buffer_range 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBufferParameteriAPPLE (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFlushMappedBufferRangeAPPLE (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBUFFERPARAMETERIAPPLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFLUSHMAPPEDBUFFERRANGEAPPLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_gpu_program4
+#define GL_NV_gpu_program4 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParameterI4iNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParameterI4ivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParametersI4ivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParameterI4uiNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParameterI4uivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramLocalParametersI4uivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParameterI4iNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParameterI4ivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParametersI4ivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParameterI4uiNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParameterI4uivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramEnvParametersI4uivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramLocalParameterIivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramLocalParameterIuivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramEnvParameterIivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramEnvParameterIuivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERI4INVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERI4IVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERSI4IVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERI4UINVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERI4UIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERSI4UIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETERI4INVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETERI4IVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETERSI4IVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETERI4UINVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETERI4UIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMENVPARAMETERSI4UIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERIIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERIUIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMENVPARAMETERIIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMENVPARAMETERIUIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_geometry_program4
+#define GL_NV_geometry_program4 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramVertexLimitNV (GLenum target, GLint limit);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTextureEXT (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTextureLayerEXT (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint layer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferTextureFaceEXT (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum face);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMVERTEXLIMITNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLint limit);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURELAYEREXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint layer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREFACEEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum face);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_geometry_shader4
+#define GL_EXT_geometry_shader4 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramParameteriEXT (GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMPARAMETERIEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum pname, GLint value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_program4
+#define GL_NV_vertex_program4 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI1iEXT (GLuint index, GLint x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI2iEXT (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI3iEXT (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4iEXT (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI1uiEXT (GLuint index, GLuint x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI2uiEXT (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI3uiEXT (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4uiEXT (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI1ivEXT (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI2ivEXT (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI3ivEXT (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4ivEXT (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI1uivEXT (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI2uivEXT (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI3uivEXT (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4uivEXT (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4bvEXT (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4svEXT (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4ubvEXT (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribI4usvEXT (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribIPointerEXT (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribIivEXT (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribIuivEXT (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI1IEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLint x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI2IEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI3IEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4IEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI1UIEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI2UIEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI3UIEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4UIEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI1IVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI2IVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI3IVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4IVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI1UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI2UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI3UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4BVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLbyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4SVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLshort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4UBVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLubyte *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBI4USVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLushort *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBIPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBIIVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBIUIVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_gpu_shader4
+#define GL_EXT_gpu_shader4 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformuivEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindFragDataLocationEXT (GLuint program, GLuint color, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetFragDataLocationEXT (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1uiEXT (GLint location, GLuint v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2uiEXT (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3uiEXT (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4uiEXT (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2, GLuint v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1uivEXT (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2uivEXT (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3uivEXT (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4uivEXT (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMUIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDFRAGDATALOCATIONEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint color, const GLchar *name);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAGDATALOCATIONEXTPROC) (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1UIEXTPROC) (GLint location, GLuint v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2UIEXTPROC) (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3UIEXTPROC) (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4UIEXTPROC) (GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2, GLuint v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1UIVEXTPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2UIVEXTPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3UIVEXTPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4UIVEXTPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_draw_instanced
+#define GL_EXT_draw_instanced 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawArraysInstancedEXT (GLenum mode, GLint start, GLsizei count, GLsizei primcount);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawElementsInstancedEXT (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWARRAYSINSTANCEDEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLint start, GLsizei count, GLsizei primcount);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWELEMENTSINSTANCEDEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_packed_float
+#define GL_EXT_packed_float 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_array
+#define GL_EXT_texture_array 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_buffer_object
+#define GL_EXT_texture_buffer_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexBufferEXT (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_compression_latc
+#define GL_EXT_texture_compression_latc 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_compression_rgtc
+#define GL_EXT_texture_compression_rgtc 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_shared_exponent
+#define GL_EXT_texture_shared_exponent 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_depth_buffer_float
+#define GL_NV_depth_buffer_float 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDepthRangedNV (GLdouble zNear, GLdouble zFar);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClearDepthdNV (GLdouble depth);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDepthBoundsdNV (GLdouble zmin, GLdouble zmax);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEPTHRANGEDNVPROC) (GLdouble zNear, GLdouble zFar);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLEARDEPTHDNVPROC) (GLdouble depth);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEPTHBOUNDSDNVPROC) (GLdouble zmin, GLdouble zmax);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_fragment_program4
+#define GL_NV_fragment_program4 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_framebuffer_multisample_coverage
+#define GL_NV_framebuffer_multisample_coverage 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glRenderbufferStorageMultisampleCoverageNV (GLenum target, GLsizei coverageSamples, GLsizei colorSamples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEMULTISAMPLECOVERAGENVPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei coverageSamples, GLsizei colorSamples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_framebuffer_sRGB
+#define GL_EXT_framebuffer_sRGB 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_geometry_shader4
+#define GL_NV_geometry_shader4 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_parameter_buffer_object
+#define GL_NV_parameter_buffer_object 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramBufferParametersfvNV (GLenum target, GLuint buffer, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramBufferParametersIivNV (GLenum target, GLuint buffer, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramBufferParametersIuivNV (GLenum target, GLuint buffer, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMBUFFERPARAMETERSFVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint buffer, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMBUFFERPARAMETERSIIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint buffer, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMBUFFERPARAMETERSIUIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint buffer, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_draw_buffers2
+#define GL_EXT_draw_buffers2 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorMaskIndexedEXT (GLuint index, GLboolean r, GLboolean g, GLboolean b, GLboolean a);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBooleanIndexedvEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLboolean *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetIntegerIndexedvEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEnableIndexedEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDisableIndexedEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsEnabledIndexedEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORMASKINDEXEDEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLboolean r, GLboolean g, GLboolean b, GLboolean a);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBOOLEANINDEXEDVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLboolean *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINTEGERINDEXEDVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENABLEINDEXEDEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDISABLEINDEXEDEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISENABLEDINDEXEDEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_transform_feedback
+#define GL_NV_transform_feedback 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginTransformFeedbackNV (GLenum primitiveMode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndTransformFeedbackNV (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTransformFeedbackAttribsNV (GLuint count, const GLint *attribs, GLenum bufferMode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBufferRangeNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBufferOffsetNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBufferBaseNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTransformFeedbackVaryingsNV (GLuint program, GLsizei count, const GLint *locations, GLenum bufferMode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glActiveVaryingNV (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetVaryingLocationNV (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetActiveVaryingNV (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLsizei *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTransformFeedbackVaryingNV (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLint *location);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTransformFeedbackStreamAttribsNV (GLsizei count, const GLint *attribs, GLsizei nbuffers, const GLint *bufstreams, GLenum bufferMode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINTRANSFORMFEEDBACKNVPROC) (GLenum primitiveMode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDTRANSFORMFEEDBACKNVPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTRANSFORMFEEDBACKATTRIBSNVPROC) (GLuint count, const GLint *attribs, GLenum bufferMode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFERRANGENVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFEROFFSETNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFERBASENVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTRANSFORMFEEDBACKVARYINGSNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLsizei count, const GLint *locations, GLenum bufferMode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLACTIVEVARYINGNVPROC) (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVARYINGLOCATIONNVPROC) (GLuint program, const GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETACTIVEVARYINGNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLsizei *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTRANSFORMFEEDBACKVARYINGNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLint *location);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTRANSFORMFEEDBACKSTREAMATTRIBSNVPROC) (GLsizei count, const GLint *attribs, GLsizei nbuffers, const GLint *bufstreams, GLenum bufferMode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_bindable_uniform
+#define GL_EXT_bindable_uniform 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformBufferEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI GLint APIENTRY glGetUniformBufferSizeEXT (GLuint program, GLint location);
+GLAPI GLintptr APIENTRY glGetUniformOffsetEXT (GLuint program, GLint location);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint buffer);
+typedef GLint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMBUFFERSIZEEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location);
+typedef GLintptr (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMOFFSETEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_integer
+#define GL_EXT_texture_integer 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexParameterIivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexParameterIuivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTexParameterIivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTexParameterIuivEXT (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClearColorIiEXT (GLint red, GLint green, GLint blue, GLint alpha);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClearColorIuiEXT (GLuint red, GLuint green, GLuint blue, GLuint alpha);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXPARAMETERIIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXPARAMETERIUIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXPARAMETERIIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXPARAMETERIUIVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLEARCOLORIIEXTPROC) (GLint red, GLint green, GLint blue, GLint alpha);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLEARCOLORIUIEXTPROC) (GLuint red, GLuint green, GLuint blue, GLuint alpha);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_GREMEDY_frame_terminator
+#define GL_GREMEDY_frame_terminator 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFrameTerminatorGREMEDY (void);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMETERMINATORGREMEDYPROC) (void);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_conditional_render
+#define GL_NV_conditional_render 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginConditionalRenderNV (GLuint id, GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndConditionalRenderNV (void);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINCONDITIONALRENDERNVPROC) (GLuint id, GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDCONDITIONALRENDERNVPROC) (void);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_present_video
+#define GL_NV_present_video 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPresentFrameKeyedNV (GLuint video_slot, GLuint64EXT minPresentTime, GLuint beginPresentTimeId, GLuint presentDurationId, GLenum type, GLenum target0, GLuint fill0, GLuint key0, GLenum target1, GLuint fill1, GLuint key1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPresentFrameDualFillNV (GLuint video_slot, GLuint64EXT minPresentTime, GLuint beginPresentTimeId, GLuint presentDurationId, GLenum type, GLenum target0, GLuint fill0, GLenum target1, GLuint fill1, GLenum target2, GLuint fill2, GLenum target3, GLuint fill3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVideoivNV (GLuint video_slot, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVideouivNV (GLuint video_slot, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVideoi64vNV (GLuint video_slot, GLenum pname, GLint64EXT *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVideoui64vNV (GLuint video_slot, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPRESENTFRAMEKEYEDNVPROC) (GLuint video_slot, GLuint64EXT minPresentTime, GLuint beginPresentTimeId, GLuint presentDurationId, GLenum type, GLenum target0, GLuint fill0, GLuint key0, GLenum target1, GLuint fill1, GLuint key1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPRESENTFRAMEDUALFILLNVPROC) (GLuint video_slot, GLuint64EXT minPresentTime, GLuint beginPresentTimeId, GLuint presentDurationId, GLenum type, GLenum target0, GLuint fill0, GLenum target1, GLuint fill1, GLenum target2, GLuint fill2, GLenum target3, GLuint fill3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVIDEOIVNVPROC) (GLuint video_slot, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVIDEOUIVNVPROC) (GLuint video_slot, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVIDEOI64VNVPROC) (GLuint video_slot, GLenum pname, GLint64EXT *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVIDEOUI64VNVPROC) (GLuint video_slot, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_transform_feedback
+#define GL_EXT_transform_feedback 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginTransformFeedbackEXT (GLenum primitiveMode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndTransformFeedbackEXT (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBufferRangeEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBufferOffsetEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindBufferBaseEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTransformFeedbackVaryingsEXT (GLuint program, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *varyings, GLenum bufferMode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTransformFeedbackVaryingEXT (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLsizei *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINTRANSFORMFEEDBACKEXTPROC) (GLenum primitiveMode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDTRANSFORMFEEDBACKEXTPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFERRANGEEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFEROFFSETEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDBUFFERBASEEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTRANSFORMFEEDBACKVARYINGSEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLsizei count, const GLchar* *varyings, GLenum bufferMode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTRANSFORMFEEDBACKVARYINGEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLuint index, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLsizei *size, GLenum *type, GLchar *name);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_direct_state_access
+#define GL_EXT_direct_state_access 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glClientAttribDefaultEXT (GLbitfield mask);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPushClientAttribDefaultEXT (GLbitfield mask);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixLoadfEXT (GLenum mode, const GLfloat *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixLoaddEXT (GLenum mode, const GLdouble *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixMultfEXT (GLenum mode, const GLfloat *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixMultdEXT (GLenum mode, const GLdouble *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixLoadIdentityEXT (GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixRotatefEXT (GLenum mode, GLfloat angle, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixRotatedEXT (GLenum mode, GLdouble angle, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixScalefEXT (GLenum mode, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixScaledEXT (GLenum mode, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixTranslatefEXT (GLenum mode, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixTranslatedEXT (GLenum mode, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixFrustumEXT (GLenum mode, GLdouble left, GLdouble right, GLdouble bottom, GLdouble top, GLdouble zNear, GLdouble zFar);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixOrthoEXT (GLenum mode, GLdouble left, GLdouble right, GLdouble bottom, GLdouble top, GLdouble zNear, GLdouble zFar);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixPopEXT (GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixPushEXT (GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixLoadTransposefEXT (GLenum mode, const GLfloat *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixLoadTransposedEXT (GLenum mode, const GLdouble *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixMultTransposefEXT (GLenum mode, const GLfloat *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMatrixMultTransposedEXT (GLenum mode, const GLdouble *m);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureParameterfEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureParameterfvEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureParameteriEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureParameterivEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureImage1DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureImage2DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureSubImage1DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureSubImage2DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTextureImage1DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLint border);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTextureImage2DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTextureSubImage1DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTextureSubImage2DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTextureImageEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTextureParameterfvEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTextureParameterivEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTextureLevelParameterfvEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTextureLevelParameterivEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureImage3DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureSubImage3DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyTextureSubImage3DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexParameterfEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexParameterfvEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexParameteriEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexParameterivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexImage1DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexImage2DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexSubImage1DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexSubImage2DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyMultiTexImage1DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLint border);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyMultiTexImage2DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyMultiTexSubImage1DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyMultiTexSubImage2DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexImageEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexParameterfvEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexParameterivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexLevelParameterfvEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexLevelParameterivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexImage3DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexSubImage3DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyMultiTexSubImage3DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindMultiTextureEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLuint texture);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEnableClientStateIndexedEXT (GLenum array, GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDisableClientStateIndexedEXT (GLenum array, GLuint index);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexCoordPointerEXT (GLenum texunit, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexEnvfEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexEnvfvEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexEnviEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexEnvivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexGendEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLdouble param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexGendvEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, const GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexGenfEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexGenfvEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexGeniEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexGenivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexEnvfvEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexEnvivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexGendvEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexGenfvEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexGenivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFloatIndexedvEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetDoubleIndexedvEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPointerIndexedvEXT (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLvoid* *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTextureImage3DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTextureImage2DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTextureImage1DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTextureSubImage3DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTextureSubImage2DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedTextureSubImage1DEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetCompressedTextureImageEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint lod, GLvoid *img);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedMultiTexImage3DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedMultiTexImage2DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedMultiTexImage1DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedMultiTexSubImage3DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedMultiTexSubImage2DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCompressedMultiTexSubImage1DEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetCompressedMultiTexImageEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint lod, GLvoid *img);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramStringEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLenum format, GLsizei len, const GLvoid *string);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParameter4dEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParameter4dvEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParameter4fEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParameter4fvEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedProgramLocalParameterdvEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedProgramLocalParameterfvEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedProgramivEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedProgramStringEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid *string);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParameters4fvEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParameterI4iEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParameterI4ivEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParametersI4ivEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParameterI4uiEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParameterI4uivEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedProgramLocalParametersI4uivEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedProgramLocalParameterIivEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedProgramLocalParameterIuivEXT (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureParameterIivEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureParameterIuivEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTextureParameterIivEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTextureParameterIuivEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexParameterIivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexParameterIuivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexParameterIivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultiTexParameterIuivEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1fEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2fEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3fEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4fEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLfloat v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1iEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2iEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3iEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4iEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2, GLint v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1ivEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2ivEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3ivEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4ivEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2x3fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3x2fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2x4fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4x2fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3x4fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4x3fvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1uiEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2uiEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3uiEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4uiEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2, GLuint v3);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1uivEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2uivEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3uivEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4uivEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedBufferDataEXT (GLuint buffer, GLsizeiptr size, const GLvoid *data, GLenum usage);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedBufferSubDataEXT (GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, const GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI GLvoid* APIENTRY glMapNamedBufferEXT (GLuint buffer, GLenum access);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glUnmapNamedBufferEXT (GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI GLvoid* APIENTRY glMapNamedBufferRangeEXT (GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length, GLbitfield access);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFlushMappedNamedBufferRangeEXT (GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedCopyBufferSubDataEXT (GLuint readBuffer, GLuint writeBuffer, GLintptr readOffset, GLintptr writeOffset, GLsizeiptr size);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedBufferParameterivEXT (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedBufferPointervEXT (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedBufferSubDataEXT (GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureBufferEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexBufferEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedRenderbufferStorageEXT (GLuint renderbuffer, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedRenderbufferParameterivEXT (GLuint renderbuffer, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI GLenum APIENTRY glCheckNamedFramebufferStatusEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedFramebufferTexture1DEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedFramebufferTexture2DEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedFramebufferTexture3DEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint zoffset);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedFramebufferRenderbufferEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum renderbuffertarget, GLuint renderbuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedFramebufferAttachmentParameterivEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenerateTextureMipmapEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenerateMultiTexMipmapEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferDrawBufferEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferDrawBuffersEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFramebufferReadBufferEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetFramebufferParameterivEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedRenderbufferStorageMultisampleEXT (GLuint renderbuffer, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedRenderbufferStorageMultisampleCoverageEXT (GLuint renderbuffer, GLsizei coverageSamples, GLsizei colorSamples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedFramebufferTextureEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedFramebufferTextureLayerEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint layer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNamedFramebufferTextureFaceEXT (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum face);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureRenderbufferEXT (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMultiTexRenderbufferEXT (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1dEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2dEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3dEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4dEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2x3dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix2x4dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3x2dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix3x4dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4x2dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformMatrix4x3dvEXT (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCLIENTATTRIBDEFAULTEXTPROC) (GLbitfield mask);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPUSHCLIENTATTRIBDEFAULTEXTPROC) (GLbitfield mask);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXLOADFEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLfloat *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXLOADDEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLdouble *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXMULTFEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLfloat *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXMULTDEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLdouble *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXLOADIDENTITYEXTPROC) (GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXROTATEFEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLfloat angle, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXROTATEDEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLdouble angle, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXSCALEFEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXSCALEDEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXTRANSLATEFEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXTRANSLATEDEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXFRUSTUMEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLdouble left, GLdouble right, GLdouble bottom, GLdouble top, GLdouble zNear, GLdouble zFar);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXORTHOEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, GLdouble left, GLdouble right, GLdouble bottom, GLdouble top, GLdouble zNear, GLdouble zFar);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXPOPEXTPROC) (GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXPUSHEXTPROC) (GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXLOADTRANSPOSEFEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLfloat *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXLOADTRANSPOSEDEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLdouble *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXMULTTRANSPOSEFEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLfloat *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMATRIXMULTTRANSPOSEDEXTPROC) (GLenum mode, const GLdouble *m);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREPARAMETERFEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREPARAMETERIEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTURESUBIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTURESUBIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXTUREIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLint border);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXTUREIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXTURESUBIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXTURESUBIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXTUREIMAGEEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXTUREPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXTUREPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXTURELEVELPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXTURELEVELPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTURESUBIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYTEXTURESUBIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXPARAMETERFEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXPARAMETERIEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXSUBIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXSUBIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYMULTITEXIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLint border);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYMULTITEXIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYMULTITEXSUBIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYMULTITEXSUBIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXIMAGEEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum format, GLenum type, GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXLEVELPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXLEVELPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXSUBIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYMULTITEXSUBIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDMULTITEXTUREEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLuint texture);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENABLECLIENTSTATEINDEXEDEXTPROC) (GLenum array, GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDISABLECLIENTSTATEINDEXEDEXTPROC) (GLenum array, GLuint index);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXCOORDPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXENVFEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXENVFVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXENVIEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXENVIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXGENDEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLdouble param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXGENDVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, const GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXGENFEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLfloat param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXGENFVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXGENIEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLint param);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXGENIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXENVFVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXENVIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXGENDVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXGENFVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXGENIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum coord, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFLOATINDEXEDVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETDOUBLEINDEXEDVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPOINTERINDEXEDVEXTPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLvoid* *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXTUREIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXTUREIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXTUREIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXTURESUBIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXTURESUBIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDTEXTURESUBIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOMPRESSEDTEXTUREIMAGEEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLint lod, GLvoid *img);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDMULTITEXIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDMULTITEXIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDMULTITEXIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLint border, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDMULTITEXSUBIMAGE3DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLint zoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDMULTITEXSUBIMAGE2DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOMPRESSEDMULTITEXSUBIMAGE1DEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint level, GLint xoffset, GLsizei width, GLenum format, GLsizei imageSize, const GLvoid *bits);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETCOMPRESSEDMULTITEXIMAGEEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLint lod, GLvoid *img);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMSTRINGEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLenum format, GLsizei len, const GLvoid *string);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETER4DEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETER4DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETER4FEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z, GLfloat w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETER4FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERDVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERFVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDPROGRAMIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDPROGRAMSTRINGEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid *string);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERS4FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERI4IEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint x, GLint y, GLint z, GLint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERI4IVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERSI4IVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERI4UIEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint x, GLuint y, GLuint z, GLuint w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERI4UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERSI4UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERIIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDPROGRAMLOCALPARAMETERIUIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREPARAMETERIIVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREPARAMETERIUIVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXTUREPARAMETERIIVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXTUREPARAMETERIUIVEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXPARAMETERIIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXPARAMETERIUIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXPARAMETERIIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTITEXPARAMETERIUIVEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1FEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2FEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3FEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4FEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLfloat v0, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLfloat v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1IEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2IEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3IEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4IEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint v0, GLint v1, GLint v2, GLint v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1IVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2IVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3IVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4IVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2X3FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3X2FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2X4FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4X2FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3X4FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4X3FVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLfloat *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1UIEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2UIEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3UIEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4UIEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint v0, GLuint v1, GLuint v2, GLuint v3);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4UIVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDBUFFERDATAEXTPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLsizeiptr size, const GLvoid *data, GLenum usage);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDBUFFERSUBDATAEXTPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, const GLvoid *data);
+typedef GLvoid* (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPNAMEDBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLenum access);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNMAPNAMEDBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint buffer);
+typedef GLvoid* (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPNAMEDBUFFERRANGEEXTPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length, GLbitfield access);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFLUSHMAPPEDNAMEDBUFFERRANGEEXTPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDCOPYBUFFERSUBDATAEXTPROC) (GLuint readBuffer, GLuint writeBuffer, GLintptr readOffset, GLintptr writeOffset, GLsizeiptr size);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDBUFFERPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDBUFFERPOINTERVEXTPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDBUFFERSUBDATAEXTPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size, GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLenum internalformat, GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEEXTPROC) (GLuint renderbuffer, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDRENDERBUFFERPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLuint renderbuffer, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef GLenum (APIENTRYP PFNGLCHECKNAMEDFRAMEBUFFERSTATUSEXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE1DEXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE2DEXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE3DEXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum textarget, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint zoffset);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDFRAMEBUFFERRENDERBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum renderbuffertarget, GLuint renderbuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDFRAMEBUFFERATTACHMENTPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENERATETEXTUREMIPMAPEXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENERATEMULTITEXMIPMAPEXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERDRAWBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERDRAWBUFFERSEXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERREADBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETFRAMEBUFFERPARAMETERIVEXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEMULTISAMPLEEXTPROC) (GLuint renderbuffer, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDRENDERBUFFERSTORAGEMULTISAMPLECOVERAGEEXTPROC) (GLuint renderbuffer, GLsizei coverageSamples, GLsizei colorSamples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREEXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURELAYEREXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLint layer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNAMEDFRAMEBUFFERTEXTUREFACEEXTPROC) (GLuint framebuffer, GLenum attachment, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLenum face);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTURERENDERBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLuint texture, GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMULTITEXRENDERBUFFEREXTPROC) (GLenum texunit, GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1DEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2DEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3DEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4DEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2X3DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX2X4DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3X2DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX3X4DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4X2DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMMATRIX4X3DVEXTPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, GLboolean transpose, const GLdouble *value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_array_bgra
+#define GL_EXT_vertex_array_bgra 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_swizzle
+#define GL_EXT_texture_swizzle 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_explicit_multisample
+#define GL_NV_explicit_multisample 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetMultisamplefvNV (GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLfloat *val);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSampleMaskIndexedNV (GLuint index, GLbitfield mask);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexRenderbufferNV (GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETMULTISAMPLEFVNVPROC) (GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLfloat *val);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSAMPLEMASKINDEXEDNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLbitfield mask);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXRENDERBUFFERNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint renderbuffer);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_transform_feedback2
+#define GL_NV_transform_feedback2 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindTransformFeedbackNV (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteTransformFeedbacksNV (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenTransformFeedbacksNV (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsTransformFeedbackNV (GLuint id);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glPauseTransformFeedbackNV (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glResumeTransformFeedbackNV (void);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDrawTransformFeedbackNV (GLenum mode, GLuint id);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDTRANSFORMFEEDBACKNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETETRANSFORMFEEDBACKSNVPROC) (GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENTRANSFORMFEEDBACKSNVPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *ids);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISTRANSFORMFEEDBACKNVPROC) (GLuint id);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPAUSETRANSFORMFEEDBACKNVPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLRESUMETRANSFORMFEEDBACKNVPROC) (void);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDRAWTRANSFORMFEEDBACKNVPROC) (GLenum mode, GLuint id);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_ATI_meminfo
+#define GL_ATI_meminfo 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_performance_monitor
+#define GL_AMD_performance_monitor 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPerfMonitorGroupsAMD (GLint *numGroups, GLsizei groupsSize, GLuint *groups);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPerfMonitorCountersAMD (GLuint group, GLint *numCounters, GLint *maxActiveCounters, GLsizei counterSize, GLuint *counters);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPerfMonitorGroupStringAMD (GLuint group, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *groupString);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPerfMonitorCounterStringAMD (GLuint group, GLuint counter, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *counterString);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPerfMonitorCounterInfoAMD (GLuint group, GLuint counter, GLenum pname, GLvoid *data);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenPerfMonitorsAMD (GLsizei n, GLuint *monitors);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeletePerfMonitorsAMD (GLsizei n, GLuint *monitors);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSelectPerfMonitorCountersAMD (GLuint monitor, GLboolean enable, GLuint group, GLint numCounters, GLuint *counterList);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginPerfMonitorAMD (GLuint monitor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndPerfMonitorAMD (GLuint monitor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetPerfMonitorCounterDataAMD (GLuint monitor, GLenum pname, GLsizei dataSize, GLuint *data, GLint *bytesWritten);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPERFMONITORGROUPSAMDPROC) (GLint *numGroups, GLsizei groupsSize, GLuint *groups);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPERFMONITORCOUNTERSAMDPROC) (GLuint group, GLint *numCounters, GLint *maxActiveCounters, GLsizei counterSize, GLuint *counters);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPERFMONITORGROUPSTRINGAMDPROC) (GLuint group, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *groupString);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPERFMONITORCOUNTERSTRINGAMDPROC) (GLuint group, GLuint counter, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLchar *counterString);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPERFMONITORCOUNTERINFOAMDPROC) (GLuint group, GLuint counter, GLenum pname, GLvoid *data);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENPERFMONITORSAMDPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *monitors);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETEPERFMONITORSAMDPROC) (GLsizei n, GLuint *monitors);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSELECTPERFMONITORCOUNTERSAMDPROC) (GLuint monitor, GLboolean enable, GLuint group, GLint numCounters, GLuint *counterList);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINPERFMONITORAMDPROC) (GLuint monitor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDPERFMONITORAMDPROC) (GLuint monitor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPERFMONITORCOUNTERDATAAMDPROC) (GLuint monitor, GLenum pname, GLsizei dataSize, GLuint *data, GLint *bytesWritten);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_texture_texture4
+#define GL_AMD_texture_texture4 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_vertex_shader_tesselator
+#define GL_AMD_vertex_shader_tesselator 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTessellationFactorAMD (GLfloat factor);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTessellationModeAMD (GLenum mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTESSELLATIONFACTORAMDPROC) (GLfloat factor);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTESSELLATIONMODEAMDPROC) (GLenum mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_provoking_vertex
+#define GL_EXT_provoking_vertex 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProvokingVertexEXT (GLenum mode);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROVOKINGVERTEXEXTPROC) (GLenum mode);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_texture_snorm
+#define GL_EXT_texture_snorm 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_draw_buffers_blend
+#define GL_AMD_draw_buffers_blend 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendFuncIndexedAMD (GLuint buf, GLenum src, GLenum dst);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendFuncSeparateIndexedAMD (GLuint buf, GLenum srcRGB, GLenum dstRGB, GLenum srcAlpha, GLenum dstAlpha);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquationIndexedAMD (GLuint buf, GLenum mode);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBlendEquationSeparateIndexedAMD (GLuint buf, GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDFUNCINDEXEDAMDPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum src, GLenum dst);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDFUNCSEPARATEINDEXEDAMDPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum srcRGB, GLenum dstRGB, GLenum srcAlpha, GLenum dstAlpha);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONINDEXEDAMDPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum mode);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBLENDEQUATIONSEPARATEINDEXEDAMDPROC) (GLuint buf, GLenum modeRGB, GLenum modeAlpha);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_texture_range
+#define GL_APPLE_texture_range 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureRangeAPPLE (GLenum target, GLsizei length, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetTexParameterPointervAPPLE (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTURERANGEAPPLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei length, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETTEXPARAMETERPOINTERVAPPLEPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLvoid* *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_float_pixels
+#define GL_APPLE_float_pixels 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_vertex_program_evaluators
+#define GL_APPLE_vertex_program_evaluators 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEnableVertexAttribAPPLE (GLuint index, GLenum pname);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDisableVertexAttribAPPLE (GLuint index, GLenum pname);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsVertexAttribEnabledAPPLE (GLuint index, GLenum pname);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMapVertexAttrib1dAPPLE (GLuint index, GLuint size, GLdouble u1, GLdouble u2, GLint stride, GLint order, const GLdouble *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMapVertexAttrib1fAPPLE (GLuint index, GLuint size, GLfloat u1, GLfloat u2, GLint stride, GLint order, const GLfloat *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMapVertexAttrib2dAPPLE (GLuint index, GLuint size, GLdouble u1, GLdouble u2, GLint ustride, GLint uorder, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLint vstride, GLint vorder, const GLdouble *points);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMapVertexAttrib2fAPPLE (GLuint index, GLuint size, GLfloat u1, GLfloat u2, GLint ustride, GLint uorder, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLint vstride, GLint vorder, const GLfloat *points);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENABLEVERTEXATTRIBAPPLEPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDISABLEVERTEXATTRIBAPPLEPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISVERTEXATTRIBENABLEDAPPLEPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPVERTEXATTRIB1DAPPLEPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint size, GLdouble u1, GLdouble u2, GLint stride, GLint order, const GLdouble *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPVERTEXATTRIB1FAPPLEPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint size, GLfloat u1, GLfloat u2, GLint stride, GLint order, const GLfloat *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPVERTEXATTRIB2DAPPLEPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint size, GLdouble u1, GLdouble u2, GLint ustride, GLint uorder, GLdouble v1, GLdouble v2, GLint vstride, GLint vorder, const GLdouble *points);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAPVERTEXATTRIB2FAPPLEPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint size, GLfloat u1, GLfloat u2, GLint ustride, GLint uorder, GLfloat v1, GLfloat v2, GLint vstride, GLint vorder, const GLfloat *points);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_aux_depth_stencil
+#define GL_APPLE_aux_depth_stencil 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_object_purgeable
+#define GL_APPLE_object_purgeable 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI GLenum APIENTRY glObjectPurgeableAPPLE (GLenum objectType, GLuint name, GLenum option);
+GLAPI GLenum APIENTRY glObjectUnpurgeableAPPLE (GLenum objectType, GLuint name, GLenum option);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetObjectParameterivAPPLE (GLenum objectType, GLuint name, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef GLenum (APIENTRYP PFNGLOBJECTPURGEABLEAPPLEPROC) (GLenum objectType, GLuint name, GLenum option);
+typedef GLenum (APIENTRYP PFNGLOBJECTUNPURGEABLEAPPLEPROC) (GLenum objectType, GLuint name, GLenum option);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETOBJECTPARAMETERIVAPPLEPROC) (GLenum objectType, GLuint name, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_row_bytes
+#define GL_APPLE_row_bytes 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_APPLE_rgb_422
+#define GL_APPLE_rgb_422 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_video_capture
+#define GL_NV_video_capture 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBeginVideoCaptureNV (GLuint video_capture_slot);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindVideoCaptureStreamBufferNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum frame_region, GLintptrARB offset);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindVideoCaptureStreamTextureNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum frame_region, GLenum target, GLuint texture);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEndVideoCaptureNV (GLuint video_capture_slot);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVideoCaptureivNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVideoCaptureStreamivNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVideoCaptureStreamfvNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVideoCaptureStreamdvNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI GLenum APIENTRY glVideoCaptureNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint *sequence_num, GLuint64EXT *capture_time);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVideoCaptureStreamParameterivNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVideoCaptureStreamParameterfvNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVideoCaptureStreamParameterdvNV (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, const GLdouble *params);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBEGINVIDEOCAPTURENVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDVIDEOCAPTURESTREAMBUFFERNVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum frame_region, GLintptrARB offset);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDVIDEOCAPTURESTREAMTEXTURENVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum frame_region, GLenum target, GLuint texture);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLENDVIDEOCAPTURENVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVIDEOCAPTUREIVNVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVIDEOCAPTURESTREAMIVNVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVIDEOCAPTURESTREAMFVNVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVIDEOCAPTURESTREAMDVNVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+typedef GLenum (APIENTRYP PFNGLVIDEOCAPTURENVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint *sequence_num, GLuint64EXT *capture_time);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVIDEOCAPTURESTREAMPARAMETERIVNVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, const GLint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVIDEOCAPTURESTREAMPARAMETERFVNVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVIDEOCAPTURESTREAMPARAMETERDVNVPROC) (GLuint video_capture_slot, GLuint stream, GLenum pname, const GLdouble *params);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_copy_image
+#define GL_NV_copy_image 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glCopyImageSubDataNV (GLuint srcName, GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ, GLuint dstName, GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOPYIMAGESUBDATANVPROC) (GLuint srcName, GLenum srcTarget, GLint srcLevel, GLint srcX, GLint srcY, GLint srcZ, GLuint dstName, GLenum dstTarget, GLint dstLevel, GLint dstX, GLint dstY, GLint dstZ, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_separate_shader_objects
+#define GL_EXT_separate_shader_objects 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUseShaderProgramEXT (GLenum type, GLuint program);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glActiveProgramEXT (GLuint program);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glCreateShaderProgramEXT (GLenum type, const GLchar *string);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUSESHADERPROGRAMEXTPROC) (GLenum type, GLuint program);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLACTIVEPROGRAMEXTPROC) (GLuint program);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLCREATESHADERPROGRAMEXTPROC) (GLenum type, const GLchar *string);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_parameter_buffer_object2
+#define GL_NV_parameter_buffer_object2 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_shader_buffer_load
+#define GL_NV_shader_buffer_load 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMakeBufferResidentNV (GLenum target, GLenum access);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMakeBufferNonResidentNV (GLenum target);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsBufferResidentNV (GLenum target);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMakeNamedBufferResidentNV (GLuint buffer, GLenum access);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMakeNamedBufferNonResidentNV (GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsNamedBufferResidentNV (GLuint buffer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetBufferParameterui64vNV (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetNamedBufferParameterui64vNV (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetIntegerui64vNV (GLenum value, GLuint64EXT *result);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformui64NV (GLint location, GLuint64EXT value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniformui64vNV (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformui64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformui64NV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniformui64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAKEBUFFERRESIDENTNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum access);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAKEBUFFERNONRESIDENTNVPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISBUFFERRESIDENTNVPROC) (GLenum target);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAKENAMEDBUFFERRESIDENTNVPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLenum access);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMAKENAMEDBUFFERNONRESIDENTNVPROC) (GLuint buffer);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISNAMEDBUFFERRESIDENTNVPROC) (GLuint buffer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETBUFFERPARAMETERUI64VNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETNAMEDBUFFERPARAMETERUI64VNVPROC) (GLuint buffer, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINTEGERUI64VNVPROC) (GLenum value, GLuint64EXT *result);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMUI64NVPROC) (GLint location, GLuint64EXT value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORMUI64VNVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMUI64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMUI64NVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORMUI64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_buffer_unified_memory
+#define GL_NV_vertex_buffer_unified_memory 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBufferAddressRangeNV (GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLuint64EXT address, GLsizeiptr length);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexFormatNV (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glNormalFormatNV (GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glColorFormatNV (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glIndexFormatNV (GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTexCoordFormatNV (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glEdgeFlagFormatNV (GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glSecondaryColorFormatNV (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glFogCoordFormatNV (GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribFormatNV (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribIFormatNV (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetIntegerui64i_vNV (GLenum value, GLuint index, GLuint64EXT *result);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBUFFERADDRESSRANGENVPROC) (GLenum pname, GLuint index, GLuint64EXT address, GLsizeiptr length);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXFORMATNVPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLNORMALFORMATNVPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLCOLORFORMATNVPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLINDEXFORMATNVPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXCOORDFORMATNVPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLEDGEFLAGFORMATNVPROC) (GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLSECONDARYCOLORFORMATNVPROC) (GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLFOGCOORDFORMATNVPROC) (GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBFORMATNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLboolean normalized, GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBIFORMATNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETINTEGERUI64I_VNVPROC) (GLenum value, GLuint index, GLuint64EXT *result);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_texture_barrier
+#define GL_NV_texture_barrier 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glTextureBarrierNV (void);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLTEXTUREBARRIERNVPROC) (void);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_shader_stencil_export
+#define GL_AMD_shader_stencil_export 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_seamless_cubemap_per_texture
+#define GL_AMD_seamless_cubemap_per_texture 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_conservative_depth
+#define GL_AMD_conservative_depth 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_shader_image_load_store
+#define GL_EXT_shader_image_load_store 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glBindImageTextureEXT (GLuint index, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLboolean layered, GLint layer, GLenum access, GLint format);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glMemoryBarrierEXT (GLbitfield barriers);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLBINDIMAGETEXTUREEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint texture, GLint level, GLboolean layered, GLint layer, GLenum access, GLint format);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLMEMORYBARRIEREXTPROC) (GLbitfield barriers);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_EXT_vertex_attrib_64bit
+#define GL_EXT_vertex_attrib_64bit 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL1dEXT (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL2dEXT (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL3dEXT (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL4dEXT (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL1dvEXT (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL2dvEXT (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL3dvEXT (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL4dvEXT (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribLPointerEXT (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribLdvEXT (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexArrayVertexAttribLOffsetEXT (GLuint vaobj, GLuint buffer, GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLintptr offset);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL1DEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL2DEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL3DEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL4DEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLdouble x, GLdouble y, GLdouble z, GLdouble w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL1DVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL2DVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL3DVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL4DVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, const GLdouble *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBLPOINTEREXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, const GLvoid *pointer);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBLDVEXTPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLdouble *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXARRAYVERTEXATTRIBLOFFSETEXTPROC) (GLuint vaobj, GLuint buffer, GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride, GLintptr offset);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_gpu_program5
+#define GL_NV_gpu_program5 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramSubroutineParametersuivNV (GLenum target, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetProgramSubroutineParameteruivNV (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint *param);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMSUBROUTINEPARAMETERSUIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLsizei count, const GLuint *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETPROGRAMSUBROUTINEPARAMETERUIVNVPROC) (GLenum target, GLuint index, GLuint *param);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_gpu_shader5
+#define GL_NV_gpu_shader5 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1i64NV (GLint location, GLint64EXT x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2i64NV (GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3i64NV (GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4i64NV (GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z, GLint64EXT w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1i64vNV (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2i64vNV (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3i64vNV (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4i64vNV (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1ui64NV (GLint location, GLuint64EXT x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2ui64NV (GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3ui64NV (GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4ui64NV (GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z, GLuint64EXT w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform1ui64vNV (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform2ui64vNV (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform3ui64vNV (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glUniform4ui64vNV (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetUniformi64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1i64NV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2i64NV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3i64NV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4i64NV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z, GLint64EXT w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1i64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2i64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3i64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4i64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1ui64NV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2ui64NV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3ui64NV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4ui64NV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z, GLuint64EXT w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform1ui64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform2ui64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform3ui64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glProgramUniform4ui64vNV (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1I64NVPROC) (GLint location, GLint64EXT x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2I64NVPROC) (GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3I64NVPROC) (GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4I64NVPROC) (GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z, GLint64EXT w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1I64VNVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2I64VNVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3I64VNVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4I64VNVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1UI64NVPROC) (GLint location, GLuint64EXT x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2UI64NVPROC) (GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3UI64NVPROC) (GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4UI64NVPROC) (GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z, GLuint64EXT w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM1UI64VNVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM2UI64VNVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM3UI64VNVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLUNIFORM4UI64VNVPROC) (GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETUNIFORMI64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1I64NVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2I64NVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3I64NVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4I64NVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z, GLint64EXT w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1I64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2I64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3I64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4I64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1UI64NVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2UI64NVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3UI64NVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4UI64NVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z, GLuint64EXT w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM1UI64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM2UI64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM3UI64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLPROGRAMUNIFORM4UI64VNVPROC) (GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei count, const GLuint64EXT *value);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_shader_buffer_store
+#define GL_NV_shader_buffer_store 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_tessellation_program5
+#define GL_NV_tessellation_program5 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vertex_attrib_integer_64bit
+#define GL_NV_vertex_attrib_integer_64bit 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL1i64NV (GLuint index, GLint64EXT x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL2i64NV (GLuint index, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL3i64NV (GLuint index, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL4i64NV (GLuint index, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z, GLint64EXT w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL1i64vNV (GLuint index, const GLint64EXT *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL2i64vNV (GLuint index, const GLint64EXT *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL3i64vNV (GLuint index, const GLint64EXT *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL4i64vNV (GLuint index, const GLint64EXT *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL1ui64NV (GLuint index, GLuint64EXT x);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL2ui64NV (GLuint index, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL3ui64NV (GLuint index, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL4ui64NV (GLuint index, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z, GLuint64EXT w);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL1ui64vNV (GLuint index, const GLuint64EXT *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL2ui64vNV (GLuint index, const GLuint64EXT *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL3ui64vNV (GLuint index, const GLuint64EXT *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribL4ui64vNV (GLuint index, const GLuint64EXT *v);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribLi64vNV (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint64EXT *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGetVertexAttribLui64vNV (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVertexAttribLFormatNV (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL1I64NVPROC) (GLuint index, GLint64EXT x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL2I64NVPROC) (GLuint index, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL3I64NVPROC) (GLuint index, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL4I64NVPROC) (GLuint index, GLint64EXT x, GLint64EXT y, GLint64EXT z, GLint64EXT w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL1I64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint64EXT *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL2I64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint64EXT *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL3I64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint64EXT *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL4I64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLint64EXT *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL1UI64NVPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint64EXT x);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL2UI64NVPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL3UI64NVPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL4UI64NVPROC) (GLuint index, GLuint64EXT x, GLuint64EXT y, GLuint64EXT z, GLuint64EXT w);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL1UI64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint64EXT *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL2UI64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint64EXT *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL3UI64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint64EXT *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBL4UI64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, const GLuint64EXT *v);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBLI64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLint64EXT *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETVERTEXATTRIBLUI64VNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLenum pname, GLuint64EXT *params);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVERTEXATTRIBLFORMATNVPROC) (GLuint index, GLint size, GLenum type, GLsizei stride);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_multisample_coverage
+#define GL_NV_multisample_coverage 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_name_gen_delete
+#define GL_AMD_name_gen_delete 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glGenNamesAMD (GLenum identifier, GLuint num, GLuint *names);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDeleteNamesAMD (GLenum identifier, GLuint num, const GLuint *names);
+GLAPI GLboolean APIENTRY glIsNameAMD (GLenum identifier, GLuint name);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLGENNAMESAMDPROC) (GLenum identifier, GLuint num, GLuint *names);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDELETENAMESAMDPROC) (GLenum identifier, GLuint num, const GLuint *names);
+typedef GLboolean (APIENTRYP PFNGLISNAMEAMDPROC) (GLenum identifier, GLuint name);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_debug_output
+#define GL_AMD_debug_output 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDebugMessageEnableAMD (GLenum category, GLenum severity, GLsizei count, const GLuint *ids, GLboolean enabled);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDebugMessageInsertAMD (GLenum category, GLenum severity, GLuint id, GLsizei length, const GLchar *buf);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glDebugMessageCallbackAMD (GLDEBUGPROCAMD callback, GLvoid *userParam);
+GLAPI GLuint APIENTRY glGetDebugMessageLogAMD (GLuint count, GLsizei bufsize, GLenum *categories, GLuint *severities, GLuint *ids, GLsizei *lengths, GLchar *message);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGEENABLEAMDPROC) (GLenum category, GLenum severity, GLsizei count, const GLuint *ids, GLboolean enabled);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGEINSERTAMDPROC) (GLenum category, GLenum severity, GLuint id, GLsizei length, const GLchar *buf);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGECALLBACKAMDPROC) (GLDEBUGPROCAMD callback, GLvoid *userParam);
+typedef GLuint (APIENTRYP PFNGLGETDEBUGMESSAGELOGAMDPROC) (GLuint count, GLsizei bufsize, GLenum *categories, GLuint *severities, GLuint *ids, GLsizei *lengths, GLchar *message);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_NV_vdpau_interop
+#define GL_NV_vdpau_interop 1
+#ifdef GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVDPAUInitNV (const GLvoid *vdpDevice, const GLvoid *getProcAddress);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVDPAUFiniNV (void);
+GLAPI GLvdpauSurfaceNV APIENTRY glVDPAURegisterVideoSurfaceNV (GLvoid *vdpSurface, GLenum target, GLsizei numTextureNames, const GLuint *textureNames);
+GLAPI GLvdpauSurfaceNV APIENTRY glVDPAURegisterOutputSurfaceNV (GLvoid *vdpSurface, GLenum target, GLsizei numTextureNames, const GLuint *textureNames);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVDPAUIsSurfaceNV (GLvdpauSurfaceNV surface);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVDPAUUnregisterSurfaceNV (GLvdpauSurfaceNV surface);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVDPAUGetSurfaceivNV (GLvdpauSurfaceNV surface, GLenum pname, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLint *values);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVDPAUSurfaceAccessNV (GLvdpauSurfaceNV surface, GLenum access);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVDPAUMapSurfacesNV (GLsizei numSurfaces, const GLvdpauSurfaceNV *surfaces);
+GLAPI void APIENTRY glVDPAUUnmapSurfacesNV (GLsizei numSurface, const GLvdpauSurfaceNV *surfaces);
+#endif /* GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES */
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUINITNVPROC) (const GLvoid *vdpDevice, const GLvoid *getProcAddress);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUFININVPROC) (void);
+typedef GLvdpauSurfaceNV (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUREGISTERVIDEOSURFACENVPROC) (GLvoid *vdpSurface, GLenum target, GLsizei numTextureNames, const GLuint *textureNames);
+typedef GLvdpauSurfaceNV (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUREGISTEROUTPUTSURFACENVPROC) (GLvoid *vdpSurface, GLenum target, GLsizei numTextureNames, const GLuint *textureNames);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUISSURFACENVPROC) (GLvdpauSurfaceNV surface);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUUNREGISTERSURFACENVPROC) (GLvdpauSurfaceNV surface);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUGETSURFACEIVNVPROC) (GLvdpauSurfaceNV surface, GLenum pname, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLint *values);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUSURFACEACCESSNVPROC) (GLvdpauSurfaceNV surface, GLenum access);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUMAPSURFACESNVPROC) (GLsizei numSurfaces, const GLvdpauSurfaceNV *surfaces);
+typedef void (APIENTRYP PFNGLVDPAUUNMAPSURFACESNVPROC) (GLsizei numSurface, const GLvdpauSurfaceNV *surfaces);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef GL_AMD_transform_feedback3_lines_triangles
+#define GL_AMD_transform_feedback3_lines_triangles 1
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif /* NO_SDL_GLEXT */
+
+#endif /* _SDL_opengl_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_opengles.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_opengles.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2bb64bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_opengles.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_opengles.h
+ *  
+ *  This is a simple file to encapsulate the OpenGL ES 1.X API headers.
+ */
+
+#ifdef __IPHONEOS__
+#include <OpenGLES/ES1/gl.h>
+#include <OpenGLES/ES1/glext.h>
+#else
+#include <GLES/gl.h>
+#include <GLES/glext.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef APIENTRY
+#define APIENTRY
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_opengles2.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_opengles2.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f750d331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_opengles2.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_opengles.h
+ *  
+ *  This is a simple file to encapsulate the OpenGL ES 2.0 API headers.
+ */
+
+#ifdef __IPHONEOS__
+#include <OpenGLES/ES2/gl.h>
+#include <OpenGLES/ES2/glext.h>
+#else
+#include <GLES2/gl2.h>
+#include <GLES2/gl2ext.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef APIENTRY
+#define APIENTRY
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_pixels.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_pixels.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ede9e292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_pixels.h
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_pixels.h
+ *  
+ *  Header for the enumerated pixel format definitions.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_pixels_h
+#define _SDL_pixels_h
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \name Transparency definitions
+ *  
+ *  These define alpha as the opacity of a surface.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_ALPHA_OPAQUE 255
+#define SDL_ALPHA_TRANSPARENT 0
+/*@}*/
+
+/** Pixel type. */
+enum
+{
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_UNKNOWN,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX1,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX4,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX8,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED8,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED32,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_ARRAYU8,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_ARRAYU16,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_ARRAYU32,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_ARRAYF16,
+    SDL_PIXELTYPE_ARRAYF32
+};
+
+/** Bitmap pixel order, high bit -> low bit. */
+enum
+{
+    SDL_BITMAPORDER_NONE,
+    SDL_BITMAPORDER_4321,
+    SDL_BITMAPORDER_1234
+};
+
+/** Packed component order, high bit -> low bit. */
+enum
+{
+    SDL_PACKEDORDER_NONE,
+    SDL_PACKEDORDER_XRGB,
+    SDL_PACKEDORDER_RGBX,
+    SDL_PACKEDORDER_ARGB,
+    SDL_PACKEDORDER_RGBA,
+    SDL_PACKEDORDER_XBGR,
+    SDL_PACKEDORDER_BGRX,
+    SDL_PACKEDORDER_ABGR,
+    SDL_PACKEDORDER_BGRA
+};
+
+/** Array component order, low byte -> high byte. */
+enum
+{
+    SDL_ARRAYORDER_NONE,
+    SDL_ARRAYORDER_RGB,
+    SDL_ARRAYORDER_RGBA,
+    SDL_ARRAYORDER_ARGB,
+    SDL_ARRAYORDER_BGR,
+    SDL_ARRAYORDER_BGRA,
+    SDL_ARRAYORDER_ABGR
+};
+
+/** Packed component layout. */
+enum
+{
+    SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_NONE,
+    SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_332,
+    SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_4444,
+    SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_1555,
+    SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_5551,
+    SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_565,
+    SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_8888,
+    SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_2101010,
+    SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_1010102
+};
+
+#define SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFOURCC(A, B, C, D) SDL_FOURCC(A, B, C, D)
+
+#define SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(type, order, layout, bits, bytes) \
+    ((1 << 31) | ((type) << 24) | ((order) << 20) | ((layout) << 16) | \
+     ((bits) << 8) | ((bytes) << 0))
+
+#define SDL_PIXELTYPE(X)	(((X) >> 24) & 0x0F)
+#define SDL_PIXELORDER(X)	(((X) >> 20) & 0x0F)
+#define SDL_PIXELLAYOUT(X)	(((X) >> 16) & 0x0F)
+#define SDL_BITSPERPIXEL(X)	(((X) >> 8) & 0xFF)
+#define SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(X) \
+    (SDL_ISPIXELFORMAT_FOURCC(X) ? \
+        ((((X) == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YUY2) || \
+          ((X) == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_UYVY) || \
+          ((X) == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YVYU)) ? 2 : 1) : (((X) >> 0) & 0xFF))
+
+#define SDL_ISPIXELFORMAT_INDEXED(format)   \
+    (!SDL_ISPIXELFORMAT_FOURCC(format) && \
+     ((SDL_PIXELTYPE(format) == SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX1) || \
+      (SDL_PIXELTYPE(format) == SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX4) || \
+      (SDL_PIXELTYPE(format) == SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX8)))
+
+#define SDL_ISPIXELFORMAT_ALPHA(format)   \
+    (!SDL_ISPIXELFORMAT_FOURCC(format) && \
+     ((SDL_PIXELORDER(format) == SDL_PACKEDORDER_ARGB) || \
+      (SDL_PIXELORDER(format) == SDL_PACKEDORDER_RGBA) || \
+      (SDL_PIXELORDER(format) == SDL_PACKEDORDER_ABGR) || \
+      (SDL_PIXELORDER(format) == SDL_PACKEDORDER_BGRA)))
+
+#define SDL_ISPIXELFORMAT_FOURCC(format)    \
+    ((format) && !((format) & 0x80000000))
+
+/* Note: If you modify this list, update SDL_GetPixelFormatName() */
+enum
+{
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_UNKNOWN,
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_INDEX1LSB =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX1, SDL_BITMAPORDER_4321, 0,
+                               1, 0),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_INDEX1MSB =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX1, SDL_BITMAPORDER_1234, 0,
+                               1, 0),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_INDEX4LSB =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX4, SDL_BITMAPORDER_4321, 0,
+                               4, 0),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_INDEX4MSB =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX4, SDL_BITMAPORDER_1234, 0,
+                               4, 0),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_INDEX8 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_INDEX8, 0, 0, 8, 1),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB332 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED8, SDL_PACKEDORDER_XRGB,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_332, 8, 1),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB444 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_XRGB,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_4444, 12, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB555 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_XRGB,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_1555, 15, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR555 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_XBGR,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_1555, 15, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB4444 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_ARGB,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_4444, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA4444 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_RGBA,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_4444, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR4444 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_ABGR,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_4444, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGRA4444 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_BGRA,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_4444, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB1555 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_ARGB,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_1555, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA5551 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_RGBA,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_5551, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR1555 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_ABGR,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_1555, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGRA5551 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_BGRA,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_5551, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB565 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_XRGB,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_565, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR565 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED16, SDL_PACKEDORDER_XBGR,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_565, 16, 2),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB24 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_ARRAYU8, SDL_ARRAYORDER_RGB, 0,
+                               24, 3),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR24 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_ARRAYU8, SDL_ARRAYORDER_BGR, 0,
+                               24, 3),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED32, SDL_PACKEDORDER_XRGB,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_8888, 24, 4),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR888 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED32, SDL_PACKEDORDER_XBGR,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_8888, 24, 4),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED32, SDL_PACKEDORDER_ARGB,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_8888, 32, 4),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8888 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED32, SDL_PACKEDORDER_RGBA,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_8888, 32, 4),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED32, SDL_PACKEDORDER_ABGR,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_8888, 32, 4),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGRA8888 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED32, SDL_PACKEDORDER_BGRA,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_8888, 32, 4),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB2101010 =
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFORMAT(SDL_PIXELTYPE_PACKED32, SDL_PACKEDORDER_ARGB,
+                               SDL_PACKEDLAYOUT_2101010, 32, 4),
+
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12 =      /**< Planar mode: Y + V + U  (3 planes) */
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFOURCC('Y', 'V', '1', '2'),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV =      /**< Planar mode: Y + U + V  (3 planes) */
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFOURCC('I', 'Y', 'U', 'V'),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YUY2 =      /**< Packed mode: Y0+U0+Y1+V0 (1 plane) */
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFOURCC('Y', 'U', 'Y', '2'),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_UYVY =      /**< Packed mode: U0+Y0+V0+Y1 (1 plane) */
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFOURCC('U', 'Y', 'V', 'Y'),
+    SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YVYU =      /**< Packed mode: Y0+V0+Y1+U0 (1 plane) */
+        SDL_DEFINE_PIXELFOURCC('Y', 'V', 'Y', 'U')
+};
+
+typedef struct SDL_Color
+{
+    Uint8 r;
+    Uint8 g;
+    Uint8 b;
+    Uint8 unused;
+} SDL_Color;
+#define SDL_Colour SDL_Color
+
+typedef struct SDL_Palette
+{
+    int ncolors;
+    SDL_Color *colors;
+    Uint32 version;
+    int refcount;
+} SDL_Palette;
+
+/**
+ *  \note Everything in the pixel format structure is read-only.
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_PixelFormat
+{
+    Uint32 format;
+    SDL_Palette *palette;
+    Uint8 BitsPerPixel;
+    Uint8 BytesPerPixel;
+    Uint8 padding[2];
+    Uint32 Rmask;
+    Uint32 Gmask;
+    Uint32 Bmask;
+    Uint32 Amask;
+    Uint8 Rloss;
+    Uint8 Gloss;
+    Uint8 Bloss;
+    Uint8 Aloss;
+    Uint8 Rshift;
+    Uint8 Gshift;
+    Uint8 Bshift;
+    Uint8 Ashift;
+    int refcount;
+    struct SDL_PixelFormat *next;
+} SDL_PixelFormat;
+
+/**
+ * \brief Get the human readable name of a pixel format
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char* SDLCALL SDL_GetPixelFormatName(Uint32 format);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Convert one of the enumerated pixel formats to a bpp and RGBA masks.
+ *  
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE, or SDL_FALSE if the conversion wasn't possible.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_MasksToPixelFormatEnum()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_PixelFormatEnumToMasks(Uint32 format,
+                                                            int *bpp,
+                                                            Uint32 * Rmask,
+                                                            Uint32 * Gmask,
+                                                            Uint32 * Bmask,
+                                                            Uint32 * Amask);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Convert a bpp and RGBA masks to an enumerated pixel format.
+ *  
+ *  \return The pixel format, or ::SDL_PIXELFORMAT_UNKNOWN if the conversion 
+ *          wasn't possible.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_PixelFormatEnumToMasks()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_MasksToPixelFormatEnum(int bpp,
+                                                          Uint32 Rmask,
+                                                          Uint32 Gmask,
+                                                          Uint32 Bmask,
+                                                          Uint32 Amask);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create an SDL_PixelFormat structure from a pixel format enum.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_PixelFormat * SDLCALL SDL_AllocFormat(Uint32 pixel_format);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Free an SDL_PixelFormat structure.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FreeFormat(SDL_PixelFormat *format);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create a palette structure with the specified number of color 
+ *         entries.
+ *  
+ *  \return A new palette, or NULL if there wasn't enough memory.
+ *  
+ *  \note The palette entries are initialized to white.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_FreePalette()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Palette *SDLCALL SDL_AllocPalette(int ncolors);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the palette for a pixel format structure.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetPixelFormatPalette(SDL_PixelFormat * format,
+                                                      SDL_Palette *palette);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set a range of colors in a palette.
+ *  
+ *  \param palette    The palette to modify.
+ *  \param colors     An array of colors to copy into the palette.
+ *  \param firstcolor The index of the first palette entry to modify.
+ *  \param ncolors    The number of entries to modify.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if not all of the colors could be set.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetPaletteColors(SDL_Palette * palette,
+                                                 const SDL_Color * colors,
+                                                 int firstcolor, int ncolors);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Free a palette created with SDL_AllocPalette().
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_AllocPalette()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FreePalette(SDL_Palette * palette);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Maps an RGB triple to an opaque pixel value for a given pixel format.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_MapRGBA
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_MapRGB(const SDL_PixelFormat * format,
+                                          Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Maps an RGBA quadruple to a pixel value for a given pixel format.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_MapRGB
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_MapRGBA(const SDL_PixelFormat * format,
+                                           Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b,
+                                           Uint8 a);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the RGB components from a pixel of the specified format.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetRGBA
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GetRGB(Uint32 pixel,
+                                        const SDL_PixelFormat * format,
+                                        Uint8 * r, Uint8 * g, Uint8 * b);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the RGBA components from a pixel of the specified format.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetRGB
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GetRGBA(Uint32 pixel,
+                                         const SDL_PixelFormat * format,
+                                         Uint8 * r, Uint8 * g, Uint8 * b,
+                                         Uint8 * a);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Calculate a 256 entry gamma ramp for a gamma value.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_CalculateGammaRamp(float gamma, Uint16 * ramp);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_pixels_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_platform.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_platform.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e7a33b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_platform.h
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_platform.h
+ *  
+ *  Try to get a standard set of platform defines.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_platform_h
+#define _SDL_platform_h
+
+#if defined(_AIX)
+#undef __AIX__
+#define __AIX__		1
+#endif
+#if defined(__BEOS__)
+#undef __BEOS__
+#define __BEOS__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(__HAIKU__)
+#undef __HAIKU__
+#define __HAIKU__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(bsdi) || defined(__bsdi) || defined(__bsdi__)
+#undef __BSDI__
+#define __BSDI__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(_arch_dreamcast)
+#undef __DREAMCAST__
+#define __DREAMCAST__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__) || defined(__DragonFly__)
+#undef __FREEBSD__
+#define __FREEBSD__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(hpux) || defined(__hpux) || defined(__hpux__)
+#undef __HPUX__
+#define __HPUX__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(sgi) || defined(__sgi) || defined(__sgi__) || defined(_SGI_SOURCE)
+#undef __IRIX__
+#define __IRIX__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(linux) || defined(__linux) || defined(__linux__)
+#undef __LINUX__
+#define __LINUX__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(ANDROID)
+#undef __ANDROID__
+#undef __LINUX__ /*do we need to do this?*/
+#define __ANDROID__ 1
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+/* lets us know what version of Mac OS X we're compiling on */
+#include "AvailabilityMacros.h"
+#include "TargetConditionals.h"
+#ifndef MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_4
+#define MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_4 1040
+#endif
+#ifndef MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5
+#define MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 1050
+#endif
+#ifndef MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6
+#define MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6 1060
+#endif
+#if TARGET_OS_IPHONE
+/* if compiling for iPhone */
+#undef __IPHONEOS__
+#define __IPHONEOS__ 1
+#undef __MACOSX__
+#else
+/* if not compiling for iPhone */
+#undef __MACOSX__
+#define __MACOSX__	1
+#endif /* TARGET_OS_IPHONE */
+#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) */
+
+#if defined(__NetBSD__)
+#undef __NETBSD__
+#define __NETBSD__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(__OpenBSD__)
+#undef __OPENBSD__
+#define __OPENBSD__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(__OS2__)
+#undef __OS2__
+#define __OS2__		1
+#endif
+#if defined(osf) || defined(__osf) || defined(__osf__) || defined(_OSF_SOURCE)
+#undef __OSF__
+#define __OSF__		1
+#endif
+#if defined(__QNXNTO__)
+#undef __QNXNTO__
+#define __QNXNTO__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(riscos) || defined(__riscos) || defined(__riscos__)
+#undef __RISCOS__
+#define __RISCOS__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(__SVR4)
+#undef __SOLARIS__
+#define __SOLARIS__	1
+#endif
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
+#undef __WIN32__
+#define __WIN32__	1
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__NDS__)
+#undef __NINTENDODS__
+#define __NINTENDODS__	1
+#endif
+
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Gets the name of the platform.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char * SDLCALL SDL_GetPlatform (void);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_platform_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_power.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_power.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cc11978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_power.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_power_h
+#define _SDL_power_h
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_power.h
+ *  
+ *  Header for the SDL power management routines.
+ */
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The basic state for the system's power supply.
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_POWERSTATE_UNKNOWN,      /**< cannot determine power status */
+    SDL_POWERSTATE_ON_BATTERY,   /**< Not plugged in, running on the battery */
+    SDL_POWERSTATE_NO_BATTERY,   /**< Plugged in, no battery available */
+    SDL_POWERSTATE_CHARGING,     /**< Plugged in, charging battery */
+    SDL_POWERSTATE_CHARGED       /**< Plugged in, battery charged */
+} SDL_PowerState;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the current power supply details.
+ *  
+ *  \param secs Seconds of battery life left. You can pass a NULL here if
+ *              you don't care. Will return -1 if we can't determine a
+ *              value, or we're not running on a battery.
+ *  
+ *  \param pct Percentage of battery life left, between 0 and 100. You can
+ *             pass a NULL here if you don't care. Will return -1 if we
+ *             can't determine a value, or we're not running on a battery.
+ *  
+ *  \return The state of the battery (if any).
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_PowerState SDLCALL SDL_GetPowerInfo(int *secs, int *pct);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_power_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_quit.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_quit.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6f11a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_quit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_quit.h
+ *  
+ *  Include file for SDL quit event handling.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_quit_h
+#define _SDL_quit_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_quit.h
+ *  
+ *  An ::SDL_QUIT event is generated when the user tries to close the application
+ *  window.  If it is ignored or filtered out, the window will remain open.
+ *  If it is not ignored or filtered, it is queued normally and the window
+ *  is allowed to close.  When the window is closed, screen updates will 
+ *  complete, but have no effect.
+ *
+ *  SDL_Init() installs signal handlers for SIGINT (keyboard interrupt)
+ *  and SIGTERM (system termination request), if handlers do not already
+ *  exist, that generate ::SDL_QUIT events as well.  There is no way
+ *  to determine the cause of an ::SDL_QUIT event, but setting a signal
+ *  handler in your application will override the default generation of
+ *  quit events for that signal.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_Quit()
+ */
+
+/* There are no functions directly affecting the quit event */
+
+#define SDL_QuitRequested() \
+        (SDL_PumpEvents(), (SDL_PeepEvents(NULL,0,SDL_PEEKEVENT,SDL_QUIT,SDL_QUIT) > 0))
+
+#endif /* _SDL_quit_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_rect.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_rect.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee3dbff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_rect.h
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_rect.h
+ *  
+ *  Header file for SDL_rect definition and management functions.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_rect_h
+#define _SDL_rect_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_pixels.h"
+#include "SDL_rwops.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief  The structure that defines a point
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_EnclosePoints
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+    int x;
+    int y;
+} SDL_Point;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A rectangle, with the origin at the upper left.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_RectEmpty
+ *  \sa SDL_RectEquals
+ *  \sa SDL_HasIntersection
+ *  \sa SDL_IntersectRect
+ *  \sa SDL_UnionRect
+ *  \sa SDL_EnclosePoints
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_Rect
+{
+    int x, y;
+    int w, h;
+} SDL_Rect;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Returns true if the rectangle has no area.
+ */
+#define SDL_RectEmpty(X)    (((X)->w <= 0) || ((X)->h <= 0))
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Returns true if the two rectangles are equal.
+ */
+#define SDL_RectEquals(A, B)   (((A)->x == (B)->x) && ((A)->y == (B)->y) && \
+                                ((A)->w == (B)->w) && ((A)->h == (B)->h))
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Determine whether two rectangles intersect.
+ *  
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if there is an intersection, SDL_FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_HasIntersection(const SDL_Rect * A,
+                                                     const SDL_Rect * B);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Calculate the intersection of two rectangles.
+ *  
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if there is an intersection, SDL_FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_IntersectRect(const SDL_Rect * A,
+                                                   const SDL_Rect * B,
+                                                   SDL_Rect * result);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Calculate the union of two rectangles.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UnionRect(const SDL_Rect * A,
+                                           const SDL_Rect * B,
+                                           SDL_Rect * result);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Calculate a minimal rectangle enclosing a set of points
+ *
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if any points were within the clipping rect
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_EnclosePoints(const SDL_Point * points,
+                                                   int count,
+                                                   const SDL_Rect * clip,
+                                                   SDL_Rect * result);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Calculate the intersection of a rectangle and line segment.
+ *  
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if there is an intersection, SDL_FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_IntersectRectAndLine(const SDL_Rect *
+                                                          rect, int *X1,
+                                                          int *Y1, int *X2,
+                                                          int *Y2);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_rect_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_render.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_render.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf940d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_render.h
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_render.h
+ *  
+ *  Header file for SDL 2D rendering functions.
+ *
+ *  This API supports the following features:
+ *      * single pixel points
+ *      * single pixel lines
+ *      * filled rectangles
+ *      * texture images
+ *
+ *  The primitives may be drawn in opaque, blended, or additive modes.
+ *
+ *  The texture images may be drawn in opaque, blended, or additive modes.
+ *  They can have an additional color tint or alpha modulation applied to
+ *  them, and may also be stretched with linear interpolation.
+ *
+ *  This API is designed to accelerate simple 2D operations. You may
+ *  want more functionality such as rotation and particle effects and
+ *  in that case you should use SDL's OpenGL/Direct3D support or one
+ *  of the many good 3D engines.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_render_h
+#define _SDL_render_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_rect.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Flags used when creating a rendering context
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_RENDERER_SOFTWARE = 0x00000001,         /**< The renderer is a software fallback */ 
+    SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED = 0x00000002,      /**< The renderer uses hardware 
+                                                     acceleration */
+    SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC = 0x00000004      /**< Present is synchronized 
+                                                     with the refresh rate */
+} SDL_RendererFlags;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Information on the capabilities of a render driver or context.
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_RendererInfo
+{
+    const char *name;           /**< The name of the renderer */
+    Uint32 flags;               /**< Supported ::SDL_RendererFlags */
+    Uint32 num_texture_formats; /**< The number of available texture formats */
+    Uint32 texture_formats[16]; /**< The available texture formats */
+    int max_texture_width;      /**< The maximimum texture width */
+    int max_texture_height;     /**< The maximimum texture height */
+} SDL_RendererInfo;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The access pattern allowed for a texture.
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STATIC,    /**< Changes rarely, not lockable */
+    SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING  /**< Changes frequently, lockable */
+} SDL_TextureAccess;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The texture channel modulation used in SDL_RenderCopy().
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_NONE = 0x00000000,     /**< No modulation */
+    SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_COLOR = 0x00000001,    /**< srcC = srcC * color */
+    SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_ALPHA = 0x00000002     /**< srcA = srcA * alpha */
+} SDL_TextureModulate;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A structure representing rendering state
+ */
+struct SDL_Renderer;
+typedef struct SDL_Renderer SDL_Renderer;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief An efficient driver-specific representation of pixel data
+ */
+struct SDL_Texture;
+typedef struct SDL_Texture SDL_Texture;
+
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the number of 2D rendering drivers available for the current 
+ *         display.
+ *  
+ *  A render driver is a set of code that handles rendering and texture
+ *  management on a particular display.  Normally there is only one, but
+ *  some drivers may have several available with different capabilities.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetRenderDriverInfo()
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateRenderer()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetNumRenderDrivers(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get information about a specific 2D rendering driver for the current 
+ *         display.
+ *  
+ *  \param index The index of the driver to query information about.
+ *  \param info  A pointer to an SDL_RendererInfo struct to be filled with 
+ *               information on the rendering driver.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, -1 if the index was out of range.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateRenderer()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetRenderDriverInfo(int index,
+                                                    SDL_RendererInfo * info);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create a 2D rendering context for a window.
+ *  
+ *  \param window The window where rendering is displayed.
+ *  \param index    The index of the rendering driver to initialize, or -1 to 
+ *                  initialize the first one supporting the requested flags.
+ *  \param flags    ::SDL_RendererFlags.
+ *  
+ *  \return A valid rendering context or NULL if there was an error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateSoftwareRenderer()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetRendererInfo()
+ *  \sa SDL_DestroyRenderer()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Renderer * SDLCALL SDL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window,
+                                               int index, Uint32 flags);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create a 2D software rendering context for a surface.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface The surface where rendering is done.
+ *  
+ *  \return A valid rendering context or NULL if there was an error.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateRenderer()
+ *  \sa SDL_DestroyRenderer()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Renderer * SDLCALL SDL_CreateSoftwareRenderer(SDL_Surface * surface);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the renderer associated with a window.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Renderer * SDLCALL SDL_GetRenderer(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get information about a rendering context.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetRendererInfo(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                SDL_RendererInfo * info);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create a texture for a rendering context.
+ *  
+ *  \param format The format of the texture.
+ *  \param access One of the enumerated values in ::SDL_TextureAccess.
+ *  \param w      The width of the texture in pixels.
+ *  \param h      The height of the texture in pixels.
+ *  
+ *  \return The created texture is returned, or 0 if no rendering context was 
+ *          active,  the format was unsupported, or the width or height were out
+ *          of range.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_QueryTexture()
+ *  \sa SDL_UpdateTexture()
+ *  \sa SDL_DestroyTexture()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Texture * SDLCALL SDL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                        Uint32 format,
+                                                        int access, int w,
+                                                        int h);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create a texture from an existing surface.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface The surface containing pixel data used to fill the texture.
+ *  
+ *  \return The created texture is returned, or 0 on error.
+ *  
+ *  \note The surface is not modified or freed by this function.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_QueryTexture()
+ *  \sa SDL_DestroyTexture()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Texture * SDLCALL SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Surface * surface);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Query the attributes of a texture
+ *  
+ *  \param texture A texture to be queried.
+ *  \param format  A pointer filled in with the raw format of the texture.  The 
+ *                 actual format may differ, but pixel transfers will use this 
+ *                 format.
+ *  \param access  A pointer filled in with the actual access to the texture.
+ *  \param w       A pointer filled in with the width of the texture in pixels.
+ *  \param h       A pointer filled in with the height of the texture in pixels.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the texture is not valid.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_QueryTexture(SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                             Uint32 * format, int *access,
+                                             int *w, int *h);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set an additional color value used in render copy operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param texture The texture to update.
+ *  \param r       The red color value multiplied into copy operations.
+ *  \param g       The green color value multiplied into copy operations.
+ *  \param b       The blue color value multiplied into copy operations.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the texture is not valid or color modulation 
+ *          is not supported.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetTextureColorMod()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetTextureColorMod(SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                                   Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b);
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the additional color value used in render copy operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param texture The texture to query.
+ *  \param r         A pointer filled in with the current red color value.
+ *  \param g         A pointer filled in with the current green color value.
+ *  \param b         A pointer filled in with the current blue color value.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the texture is not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetTextureColorMod()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetTextureColorMod(SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                                   Uint8 * r, Uint8 * g,
+                                                   Uint8 * b);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set an additional alpha value used in render copy operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param texture The texture to update.
+ *  \param alpha     The alpha value multiplied into copy operations.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the texture is not valid or alpha modulation 
+ *          is not supported.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetTextureAlphaMod()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetTextureAlphaMod(SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                                   Uint8 alpha);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the additional alpha value used in render copy operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param texture The texture to query.
+ *  \param alpha     A pointer filled in with the current alpha value.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the texture is not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetTextureAlphaMod()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetTextureAlphaMod(SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                                   Uint8 * alpha);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the blend mode used for texture copy operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param texture The texture to update.
+ *  \param blendMode ::SDL_BlendMode to use for texture blending.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the texture is not valid or the blend mode is
+ *          not supported.
+ *  
+ *  \note If the blend mode is not supported, the closest supported mode is
+ *        chosen.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetTextureBlendMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetTextureBlendMode(SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                                    SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the blend mode used for texture copy operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param texture   The texture to query.
+ *  \param blendMode A pointer filled in with the current blend mode.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the texture is not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetTextureBlendMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetTextureBlendMode(SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                                    SDL_BlendMode *blendMode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Update the given texture rectangle with new pixel data.
+ *  
+ *  \param texture   The texture to update
+ *  \param rect      A pointer to the rectangle of pixels to update, or NULL to 
+ *                   update the entire texture.
+ *  \param pixels    The raw pixel data.
+ *  \param pitch     The number of bytes between rows of pixel data.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the texture is not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \note This is a fairly slow function.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_UpdateTexture(SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                              const SDL_Rect * rect,
+                                              const void *pixels, int pitch);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Lock a portion of the texture for pixel access.
+ *  
+ *  \param texture   The texture to lock for access, which was created with 
+ *                   ::SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING.
+ *  \param rect      A pointer to the rectangle to lock for access. If the rect 
+ *                   is NULL, the entire texture will be locked.
+ *  \param pixels    This is filled in with a pointer to the locked pixels, 
+ *                   appropriately offset by the locked area.
+ *  \param pitch     This is filled in with the pitch of the locked pixels.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the texture is not valid or was not created with ::SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_UnlockTexture()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_LockTexture(SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                            const SDL_Rect * rect,
+                                            void **pixels, int *pitch);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Unlock a texture, uploading the changes to video memory, if needed.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_LockTexture()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UnlockTexture(SDL_Texture * texture);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the drawing area for rendering on the current target.
+ *
+ *  \param rect The rectangle representing the drawing area, or NULL to set the viewport to the entire target.
+ *
+ *  The x,y of the viewport rect represents the origin for rendering.
+ *
+ *  \note When the window is resized, the current viewport is automatically
+ *        centered within the new window size.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                  const SDL_Rect * rect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the drawing area for the current target.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_RenderGetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                   SDL_Rect * rect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the color used for drawing operations (Fill and Line).
+ *  
+ *  \param r The red value used to draw on the rendering target.
+ *  \param g The green value used to draw on the rendering target.
+ *  \param b The blue value used to draw on the rendering target.
+ *  \param a The alpha value used to draw on the rendering target, usually 
+ *           ::SDL_ALPHA_OPAQUE (255).
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                           Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b,
+                                           Uint8 a);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the color used for drawing operations (Fill and Line).
+ *  
+ *  \param r A pointer to the red value used to draw on the rendering target.
+ *  \param g A pointer to the green value used to draw on the rendering target.
+ *  \param b A pointer to the blue value used to draw on the rendering target.
+ *  \param a A pointer to the alpha value used to draw on the rendering target, 
+ *           usually ::SDL_ALPHA_OPAQUE (255).
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDL_GetRenderDrawColor(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                           Uint8 * r, Uint8 * g, Uint8 * b,
+                                           Uint8 * a);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the blend mode used for drawing operations (Fill and Line).
+ *  
+ *  \param blendMode ::SDL_BlendMode to use for blending.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ *  
+ *  \note If the blend mode is not supported, the closest supported mode is 
+ *        chosen.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetRenderDrawBlendMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetRenderDrawBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                       SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the blend mode used for drawing operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param blendMode A pointer filled in with the current blend mode.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetRenderDrawBlendMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetRenderDrawBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                       SDL_BlendMode *blendMode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Clear the current rendering target with the drawing color
+ *
+ *  This function clears the entire rendering target, ignoring the viewport.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw a point on the current rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \param x The x coordinate of the point.
+ *  \param y The y coordinate of the point.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawPoint(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                int x, int y);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw multiple points on the current rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \param points The points to draw
+ *  \param count The number of points to draw
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                 const SDL_Point * points,
+                                                 int count);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw a line on the current rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \param x1 The x coordinate of the start point.
+ *  \param y1 The y coordinate of the start point.
+ *  \param x2 The x coordinate of the end point.
+ *  \param y2 The y coordinate of the end point.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawLine(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                               int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw a series of connected lines on the current rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \param points The points along the lines
+ *  \param count The number of points, drawing count-1 lines
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                const SDL_Point * points,
+                                                int count);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw a rectangle on the current rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \param rect A pointer to the destination rectangle, or NULL to outline the entire rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                               const SDL_Rect * rect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw some number of rectangles on the current rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \param rects A pointer to an array of destination rectangles.
+ *  \param count The number of rectangles.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                const SDL_Rect * rects,
+                                                int count);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Fill a rectangle on the current rendering target with the drawing color.
+ *  
+ *  \param rect A pointer to the destination rectangle, or NULL for the entire 
+ *              rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderFillRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                               const SDL_Rect * rect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Fill some number of rectangles on the current rendering target with the drawing color.
+ *  
+ *  \param rects A pointer to an array of destination rectangles.
+ *  \param count The number of rectangles.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                const SDL_Rect * rects,
+                                                int count);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Copy a portion of the texture to the current rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \param texture The source texture.
+ *  \param srcrect   A pointer to the source rectangle, or NULL for the entire 
+ *                   texture.
+ *  \param dstrect   A pointer to the destination rectangle, or NULL for the 
+ *                   entire rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                           SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                           const SDL_Rect * srcrect,
+                                           const SDL_Rect * dstrect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Read pixels from the current rendering target.
+ *  
+ *  \param rect   A pointer to the rectangle to read, or NULL for the entire 
+ *                render target.
+ *  \param format The desired format of the pixel data, or 0 to use the format
+ *                of the rendering target
+ *  \param pixels A pointer to be filled in with the pixel data
+ *  \param pitch  The pitch of the pixels parameter.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if pixel reading is not supported.
+ *  
+ *  \warning This is a very slow operation, and should not be used frequently.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                 const SDL_Rect * rect,
+                                                 Uint32 format,
+                                                 void *pixels, int pitch);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Update the screen with rendering performed.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Destroy the specified texture.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateTexture()
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DestroyTexture(SDL_Texture * texture);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Destroy the rendering context for a window and free associated
+ *         textures.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateRenderer()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_render_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_revision.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_revision.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8637e488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_revision.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#define SDL_REVISION "hg-5605:9269bf952041"
+#define SDL_REVISION_NUMBER 5605
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_revision.h.orig b/system/include/SDL/SDL_revision.h.orig
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f106cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_revision.h.orig
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#define SDL_REVISION "hg-5603:e1ca92e7f2ff"
+#define SDL_REVISION_NUMBER 5603
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_rwops.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_rwops.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48824f43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_rwops.h
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_rwops.h
+ *  
+ *  This file provides a general interface for SDL to read and write
+ *  data streams.  It can easily be extended to files, memory, etc.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_rwops_h
+#define _SDL_rwops_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * This is the read/write operation structure -- very basic.
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_RWops
+{
+    /**
+     *  Seek to \c offset relative to \c whence, one of stdio's whence values:
+     *  RW_SEEK_SET, RW_SEEK_CUR, RW_SEEK_END
+     *  
+     *  \return the final offset in the data stream.
+     */
+    long (SDLCALL * seek) (struct SDL_RWops * context, long offset,
+                           int whence);
+
+    /**
+     *  Read up to \c maxnum objects each of size \c size from the data
+     *  stream to the area pointed at by \c ptr.
+     *  
+     *  \return the number of objects read, or 0 at error or end of file.
+     */
+    size_t(SDLCALL * read) (struct SDL_RWops * context, void *ptr,
+                            size_t size, size_t maxnum);
+
+    /**
+     *  Write exactly \c num objects each of size \c size from the area
+     *  pointed at by \c ptr to data stream.
+     *  
+     *  \return the number of objects written, or 0 at error or end of file.
+     */
+    size_t(SDLCALL * write) (struct SDL_RWops * context, const void *ptr,
+                             size_t size, size_t num);
+
+    /**
+     *  Close and free an allocated SDL_RWops structure.
+     *  
+     *  \return 0 if successful or -1 on write error when flushing data.
+     */
+    int (SDLCALL * close) (struct SDL_RWops * context);
+
+    Uint32 type;
+    union
+    {
+#if defined(ANDROID)
+        struct
+        {
+            void *fileName;
+            void *fileNameRef;
+            void *inputStream;
+            void *inputStreamRef;
+            void *skipMethod;
+            void *readableByteChannel;
+            void *readableByteChannelRef;
+            void *readMethod;
+            long position;
+            int size;
+        } androidio;
+#elif defined(__WIN32__)
+        struct
+        {
+            SDL_bool append;
+            void *h;
+            struct
+            {
+                void *data;
+                size_t size;
+                size_t left;
+            } buffer;
+        } windowsio;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDIO_H
+        struct
+        {
+            SDL_bool autoclose;
+            FILE *fp;
+        } stdio;
+#endif
+        struct
+        {
+            Uint8 *base;
+            Uint8 *here;
+            Uint8 *stop;
+        } mem;
+        struct
+        {
+            void *data1;
+        } unknown;
+    } hidden;
+
+} SDL_RWops;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \name RWFrom functions
+ *  
+ *  Functions to create SDL_RWops structures from various data streams.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_RWops *SDLCALL SDL_RWFromFile(const char *file,
+                                                  const char *mode);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDIO_H
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_RWops *SDLCALL SDL_RWFromFP(FILE * fp,
+                                                SDL_bool autoclose);
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_RWops *SDLCALL SDL_RWFromFP(void * fp,
+                                                SDL_bool autoclose);
+#endif
+
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_RWops *SDLCALL SDL_RWFromMem(void *mem, int size);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_RWops *SDLCALL SDL_RWFromConstMem(const void *mem,
+                                                      int size);
+
+/*@}*//*RWFrom functions*/
+
+
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_RWops *SDLCALL SDL_AllocRW(void);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FreeRW(SDL_RWops * area);
+
+#define RW_SEEK_SET	0       /**< Seek from the beginning of data */
+#define RW_SEEK_CUR	1       /**< Seek relative to current read point */
+#define RW_SEEK_END	2       /**< Seek relative to the end of data */
+
+/**
+ *  \name Read/write macros
+ *  
+ *  Macros to easily read and write from an SDL_RWops structure.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_RWseek(ctx, offset, whence)	(ctx)->seek(ctx, offset, whence)
+#define SDL_RWtell(ctx)			(ctx)->seek(ctx, 0, RW_SEEK_CUR)
+#define SDL_RWread(ctx, ptr, size, n)	(ctx)->read(ctx, ptr, size, n)
+#define SDL_RWwrite(ctx, ptr, size, n)	(ctx)->write(ctx, ptr, size, n)
+#define SDL_RWclose(ctx)		(ctx)->close(ctx)
+/*@}*//*Read/write macros*/
+
+
+/** 
+ *  \name Read endian functions
+ *  
+ *  Read an item of the specified endianness and return in native format.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+extern DECLSPEC Uint16 SDLCALL SDL_ReadLE16(SDL_RWops * src);
+extern DECLSPEC Uint16 SDLCALL SDL_ReadBE16(SDL_RWops * src);
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_ReadLE32(SDL_RWops * src);
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_ReadBE32(SDL_RWops * src);
+extern DECLSPEC Uint64 SDLCALL SDL_ReadLE64(SDL_RWops * src);
+extern DECLSPEC Uint64 SDLCALL SDL_ReadBE64(SDL_RWops * src);
+/*@}*//*Read endian functions*/
+
+/** 
+ *  \name Write endian functions
+ *  
+ *  Write an item of native format to the specified endianness.
+ */
+/*@{*/
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_WriteLE16(SDL_RWops * dst, Uint16 value);
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_WriteBE16(SDL_RWops * dst, Uint16 value);
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_WriteLE32(SDL_RWops * dst, Uint32 value);
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_WriteBE32(SDL_RWops * dst, Uint32 value);
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_WriteLE64(SDL_RWops * dst, Uint64 value);
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_WriteBE64(SDL_RWops * dst, Uint64 value);
+/*@}*//*Write endian functions*/
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_rwops_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_scancode.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_scancode.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9aea662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_scancode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_scancode.h
+ *  
+ *  Defines keyboard scancodes.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_scancode_h
+#define _SDL_scancode_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The SDL keyboard scancode representation.
+ *  
+ *  Values of this type are used to represent keyboard keys, among other places
+ *  in the \link SDL_Keysym::scancode key.keysym.scancode \endlink field of the
+ *  SDL_Event structure.
+ *  
+ *  The values in this enumeration are based on the USB usage page standard:
+ *  http://www.usb.org/developers/devclass_docs/Hut1_12.pdf
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_SCANCODE_UNKNOWN = 0,
+
+    /** 
+     *  \name Usage page 0x07
+     *  
+     *  These values are from usage page 0x07 (USB keyboard page).
+     */
+    /*@{*/
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_A = 4,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_B = 5,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_C = 6,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_D = 7,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_E = 8,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F = 9,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_G = 10,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_H = 11,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_I = 12,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_J = 13,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_K = 14,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_L = 15,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_M = 16,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_N = 17,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_O = 18,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_P = 19,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_Q = 20,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_R = 21,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_S = 22,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_T = 23,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_U = 24,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_V = 25,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_W = 26,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_X = 27,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_Y = 28,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_Z = 29,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_1 = 30,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_2 = 31,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_3 = 32,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_4 = 33,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_5 = 34,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_6 = 35,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_7 = 36,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_8 = 37,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_9 = 38,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_0 = 39,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_RETURN = 40,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_ESCAPE = 41,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_BACKSPACE = 42,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_TAB = 43,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_SPACE = 44,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_MINUS = 45,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_EQUALS = 46,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LEFTBRACKET = 47,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_RIGHTBRACKET = 48,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_BACKSLASH = 49, /**< Located at the lower left of the return 
+                                  *   key on ISO keyboards and at the right end 
+                                  *   of the QWERTY row on ANSI keyboards. 
+                                  *   Produces REVERSE SOLIDUS (backslash) and 
+                                  *   VERTICAL LINE in a US layout, REVERSE 
+                                  *   SOLIDUS and VERTICAL LINE in a UK Mac 
+                                  *   layout, NUMBER SIGN and TILDE in a UK 
+                                  *   Windows layout, DOLLAR SIGN and POUND SIGN
+                                  *   in a Swiss German layout, NUMBER SIGN and 
+                                  *   APOSTROPHE in a German layout, GRAVE 
+                                  *   ACCENT and POUND SIGN in a French Mac 
+                                  *   layout, and ASTERISK and MICRO SIGN in a 
+                                  *   French Windows layout.
+                                  */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_NONUSHASH = 50, /**< ISO USB keyboards actually use this code 
+                                  *   instead of 49 for the same key, but all 
+                                  *   OSes I've seen treat the two codes 
+                                  *   identically. So, as an implementor, unless
+                                  *   your keyboard generates both of those 
+                                  *   codes and your OS treats them differently,
+                                  *   you should generate SDL_SCANCODE_BACKSLASH
+                                  *   instead of this code. As a user, you 
+                                  *   should not rely on this code because SDL 
+                                  *   will never generate it with most (all?) 
+                                  *   keyboards. 
+                                  */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_SEMICOLON = 51,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_APOSTROPHE = 52,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_GRAVE = 53, /**< Located in the top left corner (on both ANSI 
+                              *   and ISO keyboards). Produces GRAVE ACCENT and 
+                              *   TILDE in a US Windows layout and in US and UK 
+                              *   Mac layouts on ANSI keyboards, GRAVE ACCENT 
+                              *   and NOT SIGN in a UK Windows layout, SECTION 
+                              *   SIGN and PLUS-MINUS SIGN in US and UK Mac 
+                              *   layouts on ISO keyboards, SECTION SIGN and 
+                              *   DEGREE SIGN in a Swiss German layout (Mac: 
+                              *   only on ISO keyboards), CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT and 
+                              *   DEGREE SIGN in a German layout (Mac: only on 
+                              *   ISO keyboards), SUPERSCRIPT TWO and TILDE in a
+                              *   French Windows layout, COMMERCIAL AT and 
+                              *   NUMBER SIGN in a French Mac layout on ISO 
+                              *   keyboards, and LESS-THAN SIGN and GREATER-THAN
+                              *   SIGN in a Swiss German, German, or French Mac 
+                              *   layout on ANSI keyboards.
+                              */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_COMMA = 54,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_PERIOD = 55,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_SLASH = 56,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_CAPSLOCK = 57,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F1 = 58,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F2 = 59,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F3 = 60,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F4 = 61,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F5 = 62,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F6 = 63,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F7 = 64,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F8 = 65,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F9 = 66,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F10 = 67,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F11 = 68,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F12 = 69,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_PRINTSCREEN = 70,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_SCROLLLOCK = 71,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_PAUSE = 72,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INSERT = 73, /**< insert on PC, help on some Mac keyboards (but
+                                   does send code 73, not 117) */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_HOME = 74,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_PAGEUP = 75,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_DELETE = 76,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_END = 77,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_PAGEDOWN = 78,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_RIGHT = 79,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LEFT = 80,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_DOWN = 81,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_UP = 82,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_NUMLOCKCLEAR = 83, /**< num lock on PC, clear on Mac keyboards 
+                                     */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_DIVIDE = 84,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MULTIPLY = 85,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MINUS = 86,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_PLUS = 87,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_ENTER = 88,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_1 = 89,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_2 = 90,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_3 = 91,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_4 = 92,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_5 = 93,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_6 = 94,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_7 = 95,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_8 = 96,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_9 = 97,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_0 = 98,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_PERIOD = 99,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_NONUSBACKSLASH = 100, /**< This is the additional key that ISO 
+                                        *   keyboards have over ANSI ones, 
+                                        *   located between left shift and Y. 
+                                        *   Produces GRAVE ACCENT and TILDE in a
+                                        *   US or UK Mac layout, REVERSE SOLIDUS
+                                        *   (backslash) and VERTICAL LINE in a 
+                                        *   US or UK Windows layout, and 
+                                        *   LESS-THAN SIGN and GREATER-THAN SIGN
+                                        *   in a Swiss German, German, or French
+                                        *   layout. */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_APPLICATION = 101, /**< windows contextual menu, compose */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_POWER = 102, /**< The USB document says this is a status flag, 
+                               *   not a physical key - but some Mac keyboards 
+                               *   do have a power key. */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_EQUALS = 103,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F13 = 104,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F14 = 105,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F15 = 106,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F16 = 107,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F17 = 108,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F18 = 109,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F19 = 110,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F20 = 111,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F21 = 112,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F22 = 113,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F23 = 114,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_F24 = 115,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_EXECUTE = 116,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_HELP = 117,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_MENU = 118,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_SELECT = 119,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_STOP = 120,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AGAIN = 121,   /**< redo */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_UNDO = 122,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_CUT = 123,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_COPY = 124,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_PASTE = 125,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_FIND = 126,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_MUTE = 127,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_VOLUMEUP = 128,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_VOLUMEDOWN = 129,
+/* not sure whether there's a reason to enable these */
+/*     SDL_SCANCODE_LOCKINGCAPSLOCK = 130,  */
+/*     SDL_SCANCODE_LOCKINGNUMLOCK = 131, */
+/*     SDL_SCANCODE_LOCKINGSCROLLLOCK = 132, */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_COMMA = 133,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_EQUALSAS400 = 134,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INTERNATIONAL1 = 135, /**< used on Asian keyboards, see 
+                                            footnotes in USB doc */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INTERNATIONAL2 = 136,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INTERNATIONAL3 = 137, /**< Yen */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INTERNATIONAL4 = 138,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INTERNATIONAL5 = 139,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INTERNATIONAL6 = 140,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INTERNATIONAL7 = 141,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INTERNATIONAL8 = 142,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_INTERNATIONAL9 = 143,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LANG1 = 144, /**< Hangul/English toggle */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LANG2 = 145, /**< Hanja conversion */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LANG3 = 146, /**< Katakana */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LANG4 = 147, /**< Hiragana */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LANG5 = 148, /**< Zenkaku/Hankaku */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LANG6 = 149, /**< reserved */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LANG7 = 150, /**< reserved */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LANG8 = 151, /**< reserved */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LANG9 = 152, /**< reserved */
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_ALTERASE = 153, /**< Erase-Eaze */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_SYSREQ = 154,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_CANCEL = 155,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_CLEAR = 156,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_PRIOR = 157,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_RETURN2 = 158,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_SEPARATOR = 159,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_OUT = 160,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_OPER = 161,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_CLEARAGAIN = 162,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_CRSEL = 163,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_EXSEL = 164,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_00 = 176,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_000 = 177,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_THOUSANDSSEPARATOR = 178,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_DECIMALSEPARATOR = 179,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_CURRENCYUNIT = 180,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_CURRENCYSUBUNIT = 181,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_LEFTPAREN = 182,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_RIGHTPAREN = 183,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_LEFTBRACE = 184,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_RIGHTBRACE = 185,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_TAB = 186,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_BACKSPACE = 187,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_A = 188,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_B = 189,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_C = 190,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_D = 191,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_E = 192,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_F = 193,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_XOR = 194,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_POWER = 195,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_PERCENT = 196,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_LESS = 197,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_GREATER = 198,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_AMPERSAND = 199,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_DBLAMPERSAND = 200,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_VERTICALBAR = 201,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_DBLVERTICALBAR = 202,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_COLON = 203,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_HASH = 204,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_SPACE = 205,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_AT = 206,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_EXCLAM = 207,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMSTORE = 208,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMRECALL = 209,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMCLEAR = 210,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMADD = 211,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMSUBTRACT = 212,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMMULTIPLY = 213,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_MEMDIVIDE = 214,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_PLUSMINUS = 215,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_CLEAR = 216,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_CLEARENTRY = 217,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_BINARY = 218,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_OCTAL = 219,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_DECIMAL = 220,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KP_HEXADECIMAL = 221,
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LCTRL = 224,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LSHIFT = 225,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LALT = 226, /**< alt, option */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_LGUI = 227, /**< windows, command (apple), meta */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_RCTRL = 228,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_RSHIFT = 229,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_RALT = 230, /**< alt gr, option */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_RGUI = 231, /**< windows, command (apple), meta */
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_MODE = 257,    /**< I'm not sure if this is really not covered 
+                                 *   by any of the above, but since there's a 
+                                 *   special KMOD_MODE for it I'm adding it here
+                                 */
+    
+    /*@}*//*Usage page 0x07*/
+
+    /**
+     *  \name Usage page 0x0C
+     *  
+     *  These values are mapped from usage page 0x0C (USB consumer page).
+     */
+    /*@{*/
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIONEXT = 258,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIOPREV = 259,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIOSTOP = 260,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIOPLAY = 261,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AUDIOMUTE = 262,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_MEDIASELECT = 263,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_WWW = 264,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_MAIL = 265,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_CALCULATOR = 266,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_COMPUTER = 267,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AC_SEARCH = 268,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AC_HOME = 269,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AC_BACK = 270,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AC_FORWARD = 271,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AC_STOP = 272,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AC_REFRESH = 273,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_AC_BOOKMARKS = 274,
+    
+    /*@}*//*Usage page 0x0C*/
+
+    /**
+     *  \name Walther keys
+     *  
+     *  These are values that Christian Walther added (for mac keyboard?).
+     */
+    /*@{*/
+
+    SDL_SCANCODE_BRIGHTNESSDOWN = 275,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_BRIGHTNESSUP = 276,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_DISPLAYSWITCH = 277, /**< display mirroring/dual display 
+                                           switch, video mode switch */
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KBDILLUMTOGGLE = 278,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KBDILLUMDOWN = 279,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_KBDILLUMUP = 280,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_EJECT = 281,
+    SDL_SCANCODE_SLEEP = 282,
+    
+    /*@}*//*Walther keys*/
+
+    /* Add any other keys here. */
+
+    SDL_NUM_SCANCODES = 512 /**< not a key, just marks the number of scancodes 
+                                 for array bounds */
+} SDL_Scancode;
+
+#endif /* _SDL_scancode_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_shape.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_shape.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc56afac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_shape.h
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_shape_h
+#define _SDL_shape_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_pixels.h"
+#include "SDL_rect.h"
+#include "SDL_surface.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/** \file SDL_shape.h
+ *
+ * Header file for the shaped window API.
+ */
+
+#define SDL_NONSHAPEABLE_WINDOW -1
+#define SDL_INVALID_SHAPE_ARGUMENT -2
+#define SDL_WINDOW_LACKS_SHAPE -3
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create a window that can be shaped with the specified position, dimensions, and flags.
+ *  
+ *  \param title The title of the window, in UTF-8 encoding.
+ *  \param x     The x position of the window, ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, or 
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED.
+ *  \param y     The y position of the window, ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, or 
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED.
+ *  \param w     The width of the window.
+ *  \param h     The height of the window.
+ *  \param flags The flags for the window, a mask of SDL_WINDOW_BORDERLESS with any of the following: 
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL,     ::SDL_WINDOW_INPUT_GRABBED,
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOW_SHOWN,      ::SDL_WINDOW_RESIZABLE,
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOW_MAXIMIZED,  ::SDL_WINDOW_MINIMIZED,
+ *		 ::SDL_WINDOW_BORDERLESS is always set, and ::SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN is always unset.
+ *  
+ *  \return The window created, or NULL if window creation failed.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_DestroyWindow()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Window * SDLCALL SDL_CreateShapedWindow(const char *title,unsigned int x,unsigned int y,unsigned int w,unsigned int h,Uint32 flags);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Return whether the given window is a shaped window. 
+ *
+ * \param window The window to query for being shaped.
+ *
+ * \return SDL_TRUE if the window is a window that can be shaped, SDL_FALSE if the window is unshaped or NULL.
+ * \sa SDL_CreateShapedWindow
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_IsShapedWindow(const SDL_Window *window);
+
+/** \brief An enum denoting the specific type of contents present in an SDL_WindowShapeParams union. */
+typedef enum {
+	/** \brief The default mode, a binarized alpha cutoff of 1. */
+	ShapeModeDefault,
+	/** \brief A binarized alpha cutoff with a given integer value. */
+	ShapeModeBinarizeAlpha,
+	/** \brief A binarized alpha cutoff with a given integer value, but with the opposite comparison. */
+	ShapeModeReverseBinarizeAlpha,
+	/** \brief A color key is applied. */
+	ShapeModeColorKey
+} WindowShapeMode;
+
+#define SDL_SHAPEMODEALPHA(mode) (mode == ShapeModeDefault || mode == ShapeModeBinarizeAlpha || mode == ShapeModeReverseBinarizeAlpha)
+
+/** \brief A union containing parameters for shaped windows. */
+typedef union {
+	/** \brief a cutoff alpha value for binarization of the window shape's alpha channel. */
+	Uint8 binarizationCutoff;
+	SDL_Color colorKey;
+} SDL_WindowShapeParams;
+
+/** \brief A struct that tags the SDL_WindowShapeParams union with an enum describing the type of its contents. */
+typedef struct SDL_WindowShapeMode {
+	/** \brief The mode of these window-shape parameters. */
+	WindowShapeMode mode;
+	/** \brief Window-shape parameters. */
+	SDL_WindowShapeParams parameters;
+} SDL_WindowShapeMode;
+
+/**
+ * \brief Set the shape and parameters of a shaped window.
+ *
+ * \param window The shaped window whose parameters should be set.
+ * \param shape A surface encoding the desired shape for the window.
+ * \param shape_mode The parameters to set for the shaped window.
+ *
+ * \return 0 on success, SDL_INVALID_SHAPE_ARGUMENT on invalid an invalid shape argument, or SDL_NONSHAPEABLE_WINDOW
+ *           if the SDL_Window* given does not reference a valid shaped window.
+ *
+ * \sa SDL_WindowShapeMode
+ * \sa SDL_GetShapedWindowMode.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowShape(SDL_Window *window,SDL_Surface *shape,SDL_WindowShapeMode *shape_mode);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Get the shape parameters of a shaped window.
+ *
+ * \param window The shaped window whose parameters should be retrieved.
+ * \param shape_mode An empty shape-mode structure to fill, or NULL to check whether the window has a shape.
+ *
+ * \return 0 if the window has a shape and, provided shape_mode was not NULL, shape_mode has been filled with the mode
+ *           data, SDL_NONSHAPEABLE_WINDOW if the SDL_Window given is not a shaped window, or SDL_WINDOW_LACKS_SHAPE if
+ *           the SDL_Window* given is a shapeable window currently lacking a shape.
+ *
+ * \sa SDL_WindowShapeMode
+ * \sa SDL_SetWindowShape
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetShapedWindowMode(SDL_Window *window,SDL_WindowShapeMode *shape_mode);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_shape_h */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_stdinc.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_stdinc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89cbc3c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_stdinc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,764 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_stdinc.h
+ *  
+ *  This is a general header that includes C language support.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_stdinc_h
+#define _SDL_stdinc_h
+
+#include "SDL_config.h"
+
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_STDIO_H
+#include <stdio.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(STDC_HEADERS)
+# include <stdlib.h>
+# include <stddef.h>
+# include <stdarg.h>
+#else
+# if defined(HAVE_STDLIB_H)
+#  include <stdlib.h>
+# elif defined(HAVE_MALLOC_H)
+#  include <malloc.h>
+# endif
+# if defined(HAVE_STDDEF_H)
+#  include <stddef.h>
+# endif
+# if defined(HAVE_STDARG_H)
+#  include <stdarg.h>
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_STRING_H
+# if !defined(STDC_HEADERS) && defined(HAVE_MEMORY_H)
+#  include <memory.h>
+# endif
+# include <string.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_STRINGS_H
+# include <strings.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(HAVE_INTTYPES_H)
+# include <inttypes.h>
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDINT_H)
+# include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_CTYPE_H
+# include <ctype.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_MATH_H
+# include <math.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(HAVE_ICONV) && defined(HAVE_ICONV_H)
+# include <iconv.h>
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  The number of elements in an array.
+ */
+#define SDL_arraysize(array)	(sizeof(array)/sizeof(array[0]))
+#define SDL_TABLESIZE(table)	SDL_arraysize(table)
+
+/**
+ *  \name Cast operators
+ *  
+ *  Use proper C++ casts when compiled as C++ to be compatible with the option
+ *  -Wold-style-cast of GCC (and -Werror=old-style-cast in GCC 4.2 and above).
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#define SDL_reinterpret_cast(type, expression) reinterpret_cast<type>(expression)
+#define SDL_static_cast(type, expression) static_cast<type>(expression)
+#else
+#define SDL_reinterpret_cast(type, expression) ((type)(expression))
+#define SDL_static_cast(type, expression) ((type)(expression))
+#endif
+/*@}*//*Cast operators*/
+
+/* Define a four character code as a Uint32 */
+#define SDL_FOURCC(A, B, C, D) \
+    ((SDL_static_cast(Uint32, SDL_static_cast(Uint8, (A))) << 0) | \
+     (SDL_static_cast(Uint32, SDL_static_cast(Uint8, (B))) << 8) | \
+     (SDL_static_cast(Uint32, SDL_static_cast(Uint8, (C))) << 16) | \
+     (SDL_static_cast(Uint32, SDL_static_cast(Uint8, (D))) << 24))
+
+/**
+ *  \name Basic data types
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_FALSE = 0,
+    SDL_TRUE = 1
+} SDL_bool;
+
+/**
+ * \brief A signed 8-bit integer type.
+ */
+typedef int8_t Sint8;
+/**
+ * \brief An unsigned 8-bit integer type.
+ */
+typedef uint8_t Uint8;
+/**
+ * \brief A signed 16-bit integer type.
+ */
+typedef int16_t Sint16;
+/**
+ * \brief An unsigned 16-bit integer type.
+ */
+typedef uint16_t Uint16;
+/**
+ * \brief A signed 32-bit integer type.
+ */
+typedef int32_t Sint32;
+/**
+ * \brief An unsigned 32-bit integer type.
+ */
+typedef uint32_t Uint32;
+
+/**
+ * \brief A signed 64-bit integer type.
+ */
+typedef int64_t Sint64;
+/**
+ * \brief An unsigned 64-bit integer type.
+ */
+typedef uint64_t Uint64;
+
+/*@}*//*Basic data types*/
+
+
+#define SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(name, x)               \
+       typedef int SDL_dummy_ ## name[(x) * 2 - 1]
+/** \cond */
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_IGNORE_THIS
+SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(uint8, sizeof(Uint8) == 1);
+SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(sint8, sizeof(Sint8) == 1);
+SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(uint16, sizeof(Uint16) == 2);
+SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(sint16, sizeof(Sint16) == 2);
+SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(uint32, sizeof(Uint32) == 4);
+SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(sint32, sizeof(Sint32) == 4);
+SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(uint64, sizeof(Uint64) == 8);
+SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(sint64, sizeof(Sint64) == 8);
+#endif /* DOXYGEN_SHOULD_IGNORE_THIS */
+/** \endcond */
+
+/* Check to make sure enums are the size of ints, for structure packing.
+   For both Watcom C/C++ and Borland C/C++ the compiler option that makes
+   enums having the size of an int must be enabled.
+   This is "-b" for Borland C/C++ and "-ei" for Watcom C/C++ (v11).
+*/
+/* Enable enums always int in CodeWarrior (for MPW use "-enum int") */
+#ifdef __MWERKS__
+#pragma enumsalwaysint on
+#endif
+
+/** \cond */
+#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_IGNORE_THIS
+#if !defined(__NINTENDODS__) && !defined(__ANDROID__) 
+   /* TODO: include/SDL_stdinc.h:174: error: size of array 'SDL_dummy_enum' is negative */
+typedef enum
+{
+    DUMMY_ENUM_VALUE
+} SDL_DUMMY_ENUM;
+
+SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(enum, sizeof(SDL_DUMMY_ENUM) == sizeof(int));
+#endif
+#endif /* DOXYGEN_SHOULD_IGNORE_THIS */
+/** \endcond */
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC
+#define SDL_malloc	malloc
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_malloc(size_t size);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CALLOC
+#define SDL_calloc	calloc
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_REALLOC
+#define SDL_realloc	realloc
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_realloc(void *mem, size_t size);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FREE
+#define SDL_free	free
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_free(void *mem);
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE_ALLOCA) && !defined(alloca)
+# if defined(HAVE_ALLOCA_H)
+#  include <alloca.h>
+# elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#  define alloca __builtin_alloca
+# elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  include <malloc.h>
+#  define alloca _alloca
+# elif defined(__WATCOMC__)
+#  include <malloc.h>
+# elif defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#  include <malloc.h>
+# elif defined(__DMC__)
+#  include <stdlib.h>
+# elif defined(__AIX__)
+#pragma alloca
+# elif defined(__MRC__)
+void *alloca(unsigned);
+# else
+char *alloca();
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA
+#define SDL_stack_alloc(type, count)    (type*)alloca(sizeof(type)*(count))
+#define SDL_stack_free(data)
+#else
+#define SDL_stack_alloc(type, count)    (type*)SDL_malloc(sizeof(type)*(count))
+#define SDL_stack_free(data)            SDL_free(data)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GETENV
+#define SDL_getenv	getenv
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_getenv(const char *name);
+#endif
+
+/* SDL_putenv() has moved to SDL_compat. */
+#ifdef HAVE_SETENV
+#define SDL_setenv	setenv
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_setenv(const char *name, const char *value,
+                                       int overwrite);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_QSORT
+#define SDL_qsort	qsort
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_qsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+                                       int (*compare) (const void *,
+                                                       const void *));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ABS
+#define SDL_abs		abs
+#else
+#define SDL_abs(X)	((X) < 0 ? -(X) : (X))
+#endif
+
+#define SDL_min(x, y)	(((x) < (y)) ? (x) : (y))
+#define SDL_max(x, y)	(((x) > (y)) ? (x) : (y))
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CTYPE_H
+#define SDL_isdigit(X)  isdigit(X)
+#define SDL_isspace(X)  isspace(X)
+#define SDL_toupper(X)  toupper(X)
+#define SDL_tolower(X)  tolower(X)
+#else
+#define SDL_isdigit(X)  (((X) >= '0') && ((X) <= '9'))
+#define SDL_isspace(X)  (((X) == ' ') || ((X) == '\t') || ((X) == '\r') || ((X) == '\n'))
+#define SDL_toupper(X)  (((X) >= 'a') && ((X) <= 'z') ? ('A'+((X)-'a')) : (X))
+#define SDL_tolower(X)  (((X) >= 'A') && ((X) <= 'Z') ? ('a'+((X)-'A')) : (X))
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MEMSET
+#define SDL_memset      memset
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_memset(void *dst, int c, size_t len);
+#endif
+#define SDL_zero(x)	SDL_memset(&(x), 0, sizeof((x)))
+#define SDL_zerop(x)	SDL_memset((x), 0, sizeof(*(x)))
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(i386)
+#define SDL_memset4(dst, val, len)				\
+do {								\
+	int u0, u1, u2;						\
+	__asm__ __volatile__ (					\
+		"cld\n\t"					\
+		"rep ; stosl\n\t"				\
+		: "=&D" (u0), "=&a" (u1), "=&c" (u2)		\
+		: "0" (dst), "1" (val), "2" (SDL_static_cast(Uint32, len))	\
+		: "memory" );					\
+} while(0)
+#endif
+#ifndef SDL_memset4
+#define SDL_memset4(dst, val, len)		\
+do {						\
+	unsigned _count = (len);		\
+	unsigned _n = (_count + 3) / 4;		\
+	Uint32 *_p = SDL_static_cast(Uint32 *, dst);		\
+	Uint32 _val = (val);			\
+	if (len == 0) break;			\
+        switch (_count % 4) {			\
+        case 0: do {    *_p++ = _val;		\
+        case 3:         *_p++ = _val;		\
+        case 2:         *_p++ = _val;		\
+        case 1:         *_p++ = _val;		\
+		} while ( --_n );		\
+	}					\
+} while(0)
+#endif
+
+/* We can count on memcpy existing on Mac OS X and being well-tuned. */
+#if defined(__MACOSX__)
+#define SDL_memcpy      memcpy
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(i386)
+#define SDL_memcpy(dst, src, len)					  \
+do {									  \
+	int u0, u1, u2;						  	  \
+	__asm__ __volatile__ (						  \
+		"cld\n\t"						  \
+		"rep ; movsl\n\t"					  \
+		"testb $2,%b4\n\t"					  \
+		"je 1f\n\t"						  \
+		"movsw\n"						  \
+		"1:\ttestb $1,%b4\n\t"					  \
+		"je 2f\n\t"						  \
+		"movsb\n"						  \
+		"2:"							  \
+		: "=&c" (u0), "=&D" (u1), "=&S" (u2)			  \
+		: "0" (SDL_static_cast(unsigned, len)/4), "q" (len), "1" (dst),"2" (src) \
+		: "memory" );						  \
+} while(0)
+#endif
+#ifndef SDL_memcpy
+#ifdef HAVE_MEMCPY
+#define SDL_memcpy      memcpy
+#elif defined(HAVE_BCOPY)
+#define SDL_memcpy(d, s, n)	bcopy((s), (d), (n))
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_memcpy(void *dst, const void *src,
+                                         size_t len);
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* We can count on memcpy existing on Mac OS X and being well-tuned. */
+#if defined(__MACOSX__)
+#define SDL_memcpy4(dst, src, len)	SDL_memcpy((dst), (src), (len) << 2)
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(i386)
+#define SDL_memcpy4(dst, src, len)				\
+do {								\
+	int ecx, edi, esi;					\
+	__asm__ __volatile__ (					\
+		"cld\n\t"					\
+		"rep ; movsl"					\
+		: "=&c" (ecx), "=&D" (edi), "=&S" (esi)		\
+		: "0" (SDL_static_cast(unsigned, len)), "1" (dst), "2" (src)	\
+		: "memory" );					\
+} while(0)
+#endif
+#ifndef SDL_memcpy4
+#define SDL_memcpy4(dst, src, len)	SDL_memcpy((dst), (src), (len) << 2)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MEMMOVE
+#define SDL_memmove     memmove
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_memmove(void *dst, const void *src,
+                                          size_t len);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MEMCMP
+#define SDL_memcmp      memcmp
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2,
+                                       size_t len);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRLEN
+#define SDL_strlen      strlen
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_strlen(const char *string);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WCSLEN
+#define SDL_wcslen      wcslen
+#else
+#if !defined(wchar_t) && defined(__NINTENDODS__)
+#define wchar_t short           /* TODO: figure out why libnds doesn't have this */
+#endif
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_wcslen(const wchar_t * string);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WCSLCPY
+#define SDL_wcslcpy      wcslcpy
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_wcslcpy(wchar_t *dst, const wchar_t *src, size_t maxlen);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WCSLCAT
+#define SDL_wcslcat      wcslcat
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_wcslcat(wchar_t *dst, const wchar_t *src, size_t maxlen);
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRLCPY
+#define SDL_strlcpy     strlcpy
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_strlcpy(char *dst, const char *src,
+                                           size_t maxlen);
+#endif
+
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_utf8strlcpy(char *dst, const char *src,
+                                            size_t dst_bytes);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRLCAT
+#define SDL_strlcat    strlcat
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_strlcat(char *dst, const char *src,
+                                           size_t maxlen);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRDUP
+#define SDL_strdup     strdup
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_strdup(const char *string);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE__STRREV
+#define SDL_strrev      _strrev
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_strrev(char *string);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE__STRUPR
+#define SDL_strupr      _strupr
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_strupr(char *string);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE__STRLWR
+#define SDL_strlwr      _strlwr
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_strlwr(char *string);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRCHR
+#define SDL_strchr      strchr
+#elif defined(HAVE_INDEX)
+#define SDL_strchr      index
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_strchr(const char *string, int c);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRRCHR
+#define SDL_strrchr     strrchr
+#elif defined(HAVE_RINDEX)
+#define SDL_strrchr     rindex
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_strrchr(const char *string, int c);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRSTR
+#define SDL_strstr      strstr
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_strstr(const char *haystack,
+                                         const char *needle);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ITOA
+#define SDL_itoa        itoa
+#else
+#define SDL_itoa(value, string, radix)	SDL_ltoa((long)value, string, radix)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE__LTOA
+#define SDL_ltoa        _ltoa
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_ltoa(long value, char *string, int radix);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE__UITOA
+#define SDL_uitoa       _uitoa
+#else
+#define SDL_uitoa(value, string, radix)	SDL_ultoa((long)value, string, radix)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE__ULTOA
+#define SDL_ultoa       _ultoa
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_ultoa(unsigned long value, char *string,
+                                        int radix);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRTOL
+#define SDL_strtol      strtol
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC long SDLCALL SDL_strtol(const char *string, char **endp,
+                                        int base);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRTOUL
+#define SDL_strtoul      strtoul
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC unsigned long SDLCALL SDL_strtoul(const char *string,
+                                                  char **endp, int base);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE__I64TOA
+#define SDL_lltoa       _i64toa
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_lltoa(Sint64 value, char *string,
+                                        int radix);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE__UI64TOA
+#define SDL_ulltoa      _ui64toa
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_ulltoa(Uint64 value, char *string,
+                                         int radix);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRTOLL
+#define SDL_strtoll     strtoll
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC Sint64 SDLCALL SDL_strtoll(const char *string, char **endp,
+                                           int base);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRTOULL
+#define SDL_strtoull     strtoull
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC Uint64 SDLCALL SDL_strtoull(const char *string, char **endp,
+                                            int base);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRTOD
+#define SDL_strtod      strtod
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_strtod(const char *string, char **endp);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ATOI
+#define SDL_atoi        atoi
+#else
+#define SDL_atoi(X)     SDL_strtol(X, NULL, 0)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ATOF
+#define SDL_atof        atof
+#else
+#define SDL_atof(X)     SDL_strtod(X, NULL)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRCMP
+#define SDL_strcmp      strcmp
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_strcmp(const char *str1, const char *str2);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRNCMP
+#define SDL_strncmp     strncmp
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_strncmp(const char *str1, const char *str2,
+                                        size_t maxlen);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRCASECMP
+#define SDL_strcasecmp  strcasecmp
+#elif defined(HAVE__STRICMP)
+#define SDL_strcasecmp  _stricmp
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_strcasecmp(const char *str1,
+                                           const char *str2);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRNCASECMP
+#define SDL_strncasecmp strncasecmp
+#elif defined(HAVE__STRNICMP)
+#define SDL_strncasecmp _strnicmp
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_strncasecmp(const char *str1,
+                                            const char *str2, size_t maxlen);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SSCANF
+#define SDL_sscanf      sscanf
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_sscanf(const char *text, const char *fmt,
+                                       ...);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SNPRINTF
+#define SDL_snprintf    snprintf
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_snprintf(char *text, size_t maxlen,
+                                         const char *fmt, ...);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_VSNPRINTF
+#define SDL_vsnprintf   vsnprintf
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_vsnprintf(char *text, size_t maxlen,
+                                          const char *fmt, va_list ap);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_M_PI
+#define M_PI    3.14159265358979323846264338327950288   /* pi */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ATAN
+#define SDL_atan        atan
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_atan(double x);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ATAN2
+#define SDL_atan2       atan2
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_atan2(double y, double x);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CEIL
+#define SDL_ceil        ceil
+#else
+#define SDL_ceil(x)     ((double)(int)((x)+0.5))
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_COPYSIGN
+#define SDL_copysign    copysign
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_copysign(double x, double y);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_COS
+#define SDL_cos         cos
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_cos(double x);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_COSF
+#define SDL_cosf        cosf
+#else
+#define SDL_cosf(x) (float)SDL_cos((double)x)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FABS
+#define SDL_fabs        fabs
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_fabs(double x);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FLOOR
+#define SDL_floor       floor
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_floor(double x);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LOG
+#define SDL_log         log
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_log(double x);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_POW
+#define SDL_pow         pow
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_pow(double x, double y);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SCALBN
+#define SDL_scalbn      scalbn
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_scalbn(double x, int n);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SIN
+#define SDL_sin         sin
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_sin(double x);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SINF
+#define SDL_sinf        sinf
+#else
+#define SDL_sinf(x) (float)SDL_sin((double)x)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SQRT
+#define SDL_sqrt        sqrt
+#else
+extern DECLSPEC double SDLCALL SDL_sqrt(double x);
+#endif
+
+/* The SDL implementation of iconv() returns these error codes */
+#define SDL_ICONV_ERROR		(size_t)-1
+#define SDL_ICONV_E2BIG		(size_t)-2
+#define SDL_ICONV_EILSEQ	(size_t)-3
+#define SDL_ICONV_EINVAL	(size_t)-4
+
+#if defined(HAVE_ICONV) && defined(HAVE_ICONV_H)
+#define SDL_iconv_t     iconv_t
+#define SDL_iconv_open  iconv_open
+#define SDL_iconv_close iconv_close
+#else
+typedef struct _SDL_iconv_t *SDL_iconv_t;
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_iconv_t SDLCALL SDL_iconv_open(const char *tocode,
+                                                   const char *fromcode);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_iconv_close(SDL_iconv_t cd);
+#endif
+extern DECLSPEC size_t SDLCALL SDL_iconv(SDL_iconv_t cd, const char **inbuf,
+                                         size_t * inbytesleft, char **outbuf,
+                                         size_t * outbytesleft);
+/**
+ *  This function converts a string between encodings in one pass, returning a
+ *  string that must be freed with SDL_free() or NULL on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC char *SDLCALL SDL_iconv_string(const char *tocode,
+                                               const char *fromcode,
+                                               const char *inbuf,
+                                               size_t inbytesleft);
+#define SDL_iconv_utf8_locale(S)	SDL_iconv_string("", "UTF-8", S, SDL_strlen(S)+1)
+#define SDL_iconv_utf8_ucs2(S)		(Uint16 *)SDL_iconv_string("UCS-2", "UTF-8", S, SDL_strlen(S)+1)
+#define SDL_iconv_utf8_ucs4(S)		(Uint32 *)SDL_iconv_string("UCS-4", "UTF-8", S, SDL_strlen(S)+1)
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_stdinc_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_surface.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_surface.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77b58258
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_surface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_surface.h
+ *  
+ *  Header file for ::SDL_surface definition and management functions.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_surface_h
+#define _SDL_surface_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_pixels.h"
+#include "SDL_rect.h"
+#include "SDL_blendmode.h"
+#include "SDL_rwops.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \name Surface flags
+ *  
+ *  These are the currently supported flags for the ::SDL_surface.
+ *  
+ *  \internal
+ *  Used internally (read-only).
+ */
+/*@{*/
+#define SDL_PREALLOC        0x00000001  /**< Surface uses preallocated memory */
+#define SDL_RLEACCEL        0x00000002  /**< Surface is RLE encoded */
+#define SDL_DONTFREE        0x00000004  /**< Surface is referenced internally */
+/*@}*//*Surface flags*/
+
+/**
+ *  Evaluates to true if the surface needs to be locked before access.
+ */
+#define SDL_MUSTLOCK(S)	(((S)->flags & SDL_RLEACCEL) != 0)
+
+/**
+ * \brief A collection of pixels used in software blitting.
+ *
+ * \note  This structure should be treated as read-only, except for \c pixels,
+ *        which, if not NULL, contains the raw pixel data for the surface.
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_Surface
+{
+    Uint32 flags;               /**< Read-only */
+    SDL_PixelFormat *format;    /**< Read-only */
+    int w, h;                   /**< Read-only */
+    int pitch;                  /**< Read-only */
+    void *pixels;               /**< Read-write */
+
+    /** Application data associated with the surface */
+    void *userdata;             /**< Read-write */
+
+    /** information needed for surfaces requiring locks */
+    int locked;                 /**< Read-only */
+    void *lock_data;            /**< Read-only */
+
+    /** clipping information */
+    SDL_Rect clip_rect;         /**< Read-only */
+
+    /** info for fast blit mapping to other surfaces */
+    struct SDL_BlitMap *map;    /**< Private */
+
+    /** Reference count -- used when freeing surface */
+    int refcount;               /**< Read-mostly */
+} SDL_Surface;
+
+/**
+ * \brief The type of function used for surface blitting functions.
+ */
+typedef int (*SDL_blit) (struct SDL_Surface * src, SDL_Rect * srcrect,
+                         struct SDL_Surface * dst, SDL_Rect * dstrect);
+
+/**
+ *  Allocate and free an RGB surface.
+ *  
+ *  If the depth is 4 or 8 bits, an empty palette is allocated for the surface.
+ *  If the depth is greater than 8 bits, the pixel format is set using the
+ *  flags '[RGB]mask'.
+ *  
+ *  If the function runs out of memory, it will return NULL.
+ *  
+ *  \param flags The \c flags are obsolete and should be set to 0.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface *SDLCALL SDL_CreateRGBSurface
+    (Uint32 flags, int width, int height, int depth,
+     Uint32 Rmask, Uint32 Gmask, Uint32 Bmask, Uint32 Amask);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface *SDLCALL SDL_CreateRGBSurfaceFrom(void *pixels,
+                                                              int width,
+                                                              int height,
+                                                              int depth,
+                                                              int pitch,
+                                                              Uint32 Rmask,
+                                                              Uint32 Gmask,
+                                                              Uint32 Bmask,
+                                                              Uint32 Amask);
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_FreeSurface(SDL_Surface * surface);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the palette used by a surface.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0, or -1 if the surface format doesn't use a palette.
+ *  
+ *  \note A single palette can be shared with many surfaces.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetSurfacePalette(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                                  SDL_Palette * palette);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Sets up a surface for directly accessing the pixels.
+ *  
+ *  Between calls to SDL_LockSurface() / SDL_UnlockSurface(), you can write
+ *  to and read from \c surface->pixels, using the pixel format stored in 
+ *  \c surface->format.  Once you are done accessing the surface, you should 
+ *  use SDL_UnlockSurface() to release it.
+ *  
+ *  Not all surfaces require locking.  If SDL_MUSTLOCK(surface) evaluates
+ *  to 0, then you can read and write to the surface at any time, and the
+ *  pixel format of the surface will not change.
+ *  
+ *  No operating system or library calls should be made between lock/unlock
+ *  pairs, as critical system locks may be held during this time.
+ *  
+ *  SDL_LockSurface() returns 0, or -1 if the surface couldn't be locked.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_UnlockSurface()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_LockSurface(SDL_Surface * surface);
+/** \sa SDL_LockSurface() */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_UnlockSurface(SDL_Surface * surface);
+
+/**
+ *  Load a surface from a seekable SDL data stream (memory or file).
+ *  
+ *  If \c freesrc is non-zero, the stream will be closed after being read.
+ *  
+ *  The new surface should be freed with SDL_FreeSurface().
+ *  
+ *  \return the new surface, or NULL if there was an error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface *SDLCALL SDL_LoadBMP_RW(SDL_RWops * src,
+                                                    int freesrc);
+
+/**
+ *  Load a surface from a file.
+ *  
+ *  Convenience macro.
+ */
+#define SDL_LoadBMP(file)	SDL_LoadBMP_RW(SDL_RWFromFile(file, "rb"), 1)
+
+/**
+ *  Save a surface to a seekable SDL data stream (memory or file).
+ *  
+ *  If \c freedst is non-zero, the stream will be closed after being written.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 if successful or -1 if there was an error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SaveBMP_RW
+    (SDL_Surface * surface, SDL_RWops * dst, int freedst);
+
+/** 
+ *  Save a surface to a file.
+ *  
+ *  Convenience macro.
+ */
+#define SDL_SaveBMP(surface, file) \
+		SDL_SaveBMP_RW(surface, SDL_RWFromFile(file, "wb"), 1)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Sets the RLE acceleration hint for a surface.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the surface is not valid
+ *  
+ *  \note If RLE is enabled, colorkey and alpha blending blits are much faster,
+ *        but the surface must be locked before directly accessing the pixels.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetSurfaceRLE(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                              int flag);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Sets the color key (transparent pixel) in a blittable surface.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface The surface to update
+ *  \param flag Non-zero to enable colorkey and 0 to disable colorkey 
+ *  \param key The transparent pixel in the native surface format
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the surface is not valid
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetColorKey(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                            int flag, Uint32 key);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Gets the color key (transparent pixel) in a blittable surface.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface The surface to update
+ *  \param key A pointer filled in with the transparent pixel in the native 
+ *             surface format
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the surface is not valid or colorkey is not 
+ *          enabled.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetColorKey(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                            Uint32 * key);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set an additional color value used in blit operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface The surface to update.
+ *  \param r The red color value multiplied into blit operations.
+ *  \param g The green color value multiplied into blit operations.
+ *  \param b The blue color value multiplied into blit operations.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the surface is not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetSurfaceColorMod()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetSurfaceColorMod(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                                   Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b);
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the additional color value used in blit operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface The surface to query.
+ *  \param r A pointer filled in with the current red color value.
+ *  \param g A pointer filled in with the current green color value.
+ *  \param b A pointer filled in with the current blue color value.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the surface is not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetSurfaceColorMod()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetSurfaceColorMod(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                                   Uint8 * r, Uint8 * g,
+                                                   Uint8 * b);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set an additional alpha value used in blit operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface The surface to update.
+ *  \param alpha The alpha value multiplied into blit operations.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the surface is not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetSurfaceAlphaMod()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetSurfaceAlphaMod(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                                   Uint8 alpha);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the additional alpha value used in blit operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface The surface to query.
+ *  \param alpha A pointer filled in with the current alpha value.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the surface is not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetSurfaceAlphaMod()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetSurfaceAlphaMod(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                                   Uint8 * alpha);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the blend mode used for blit operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface The surface to update.
+ *  \param blendMode ::SDL_BlendMode to use for blit blending.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the parameters are not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetSurfaceBlendMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetSurfaceBlendMode(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                                    SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the blend mode used for blit operations.
+ *  
+ *  \param surface   The surface to query.
+ *  \param blendMode A pointer filled in with the current blend mode.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the surface is not valid.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetSurfaceBlendMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetSurfaceBlendMode(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                                    SDL_BlendMode *blendMode);
+
+/**
+ *  Sets the clipping rectangle for the destination surface in a blit.
+ *  
+ *  If the clip rectangle is NULL, clipping will be disabled.
+ *  
+ *  If the clip rectangle doesn't intersect the surface, the function will
+ *  return SDL_FALSE and blits will be completely clipped.  Otherwise the
+ *  function returns SDL_TRUE and blits to the surface will be clipped to
+ *  the intersection of the surface area and the clipping rectangle.
+ *  
+ *  Note that blits are automatically clipped to the edges of the source
+ *  and destination surfaces.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_SetClipRect(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                                 const SDL_Rect * rect);
+
+/**
+ *  Gets the clipping rectangle for the destination surface in a blit.
+ *  
+ *  \c rect must be a pointer to a valid rectangle which will be filled
+ *  with the correct values.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GetClipRect(SDL_Surface * surface,
+                                             SDL_Rect * rect);
+
+/**
+ *  Creates a new surface of the specified format, and then copies and maps 
+ *  the given surface to it so the blit of the converted surface will be as 
+ *  fast as possible.  If this function fails, it returns NULL.
+ *  
+ *  The \c flags parameter is passed to SDL_CreateRGBSurface() and has those 
+ *  semantics.  You can also pass ::SDL_RLEACCEL in the flags parameter and
+ *  SDL will try to RLE accelerate colorkey and alpha blits in the resulting
+ *  surface.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface *SDLCALL SDL_ConvertSurface
+    (SDL_Surface * src, SDL_PixelFormat * fmt, Uint32 flags);
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface *SDLCALL SDL_ConvertSurfaceFormat
+    (SDL_Surface * src, Uint32 pixel_format, Uint32 flags);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Copy a block of pixels of one format to another format
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_ConvertPixels(int width, int height,
+                                              Uint32 src_format,
+                                              const void * src, int src_pitch,
+                                              Uint32 dst_format,
+                                              void * dst, int dst_pitch);
+
+/**
+ *  Performs a fast fill of the given rectangle with \c color.
+ *  
+ *  If \c rect is NULL, the whole surface will be filled with \c color.
+ *  
+ *  The color should be a pixel of the format used by the surface, and 
+ *  can be generated by the SDL_MapRGB() function.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_FillRect
+    (SDL_Surface * dst, const SDL_Rect * rect, Uint32 color);
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_FillRects
+    (SDL_Surface * dst, const SDL_Rect * rects, int count, Uint32 color);
+
+/**
+ *  Performs a fast blit from the source surface to the destination surface.
+ *  
+ *  This assumes that the source and destination rectangles are
+ *  the same size.  If either \c srcrect or \c dstrect are NULL, the entire
+ *  surface (\c src or \c dst) is copied.  The final blit rectangles are saved
+ *  in \c srcrect and \c dstrect after all clipping is performed.
+ *  
+ *  \return If the blit is successful, it returns 0, otherwise it returns -1.
+ *
+ *  The blit function should not be called on a locked surface.
+ *
+ *  The blit semantics for surfaces with and without alpha and colorkey
+ *  are defined as follows:
+ *  \verbatim
+    RGBA->RGB:
+      SDL_SRCALPHA set:
+        alpha-blend (using alpha-channel).
+        SDL_SRCCOLORKEY ignored.
+      SDL_SRCALPHA not set:
+        copy RGB.
+        if SDL_SRCCOLORKEY set, only copy the pixels matching the
+        RGB values of the source colour key, ignoring alpha in the
+        comparison.
+   
+    RGB->RGBA:
+      SDL_SRCALPHA set:
+        alpha-blend (using the source per-surface alpha value);
+        set destination alpha to opaque.
+      SDL_SRCALPHA not set:
+        copy RGB, set destination alpha to source per-surface alpha value.
+      both:
+        if SDL_SRCCOLORKEY set, only copy the pixels matching the
+        source colour key.
+   
+    RGBA->RGBA:
+      SDL_SRCALPHA set:
+        alpha-blend (using the source alpha channel) the RGB values;
+        leave destination alpha untouched. [Note: is this correct?]
+        SDL_SRCCOLORKEY ignored.
+      SDL_SRCALPHA not set:
+        copy all of RGBA to the destination.
+        if SDL_SRCCOLORKEY set, only copy the pixels matching the
+        RGB values of the source colour key, ignoring alpha in the
+       comparison.
+   
+    RGB->RGB: 
+      SDL_SRCALPHA set:
+        alpha-blend (using the source per-surface alpha value).
+      SDL_SRCALPHA not set:
+        copy RGB.
+      both:
+        if SDL_SRCCOLORKEY set, only copy the pixels matching the
+        source colour key.
+    \endverbatim
+ *  
+ *  You should call SDL_BlitSurface() unless you know exactly how SDL
+ *  blitting works internally and how to use the other blit functions.
+ */
+#define SDL_BlitSurface SDL_UpperBlit
+
+/**
+ *  This is the public blit function, SDL_BlitSurface(), and it performs
+ *  rectangle validation and clipping before passing it to SDL_LowerBlit()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_UpperBlit
+    (SDL_Surface * src, const SDL_Rect * srcrect,
+     SDL_Surface * dst, SDL_Rect * dstrect);
+
+/**
+ *  This is a semi-private blit function and it performs low-level surface
+ *  blitting only.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_LowerBlit
+    (SDL_Surface * src, SDL_Rect * srcrect,
+     SDL_Surface * dst, SDL_Rect * dstrect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Perform a fast, low quality, stretch blit between two surfaces of the
+ *         same pixel format.
+ *  
+ *  \note This function uses a static buffer, and is not thread-safe.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SoftStretch(SDL_Surface * src,
+                                            const SDL_Rect * srcrect,
+                                            SDL_Surface * dst,
+                                            const SDL_Rect * dstrect);
+
+#define SDL_BlitScaled SDL_UpperBlitScaled
+
+/**
+ *  This is the public scaled blit function, SDL_BlitScaled(), and it performs
+ *  rectangle validation and clipping before passing it to SDL_LowerBlitScaled()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_UpperBlitScaled
+    (SDL_Surface * src, const SDL_Rect * srcrect,
+    SDL_Surface * dst, SDL_Rect * dstrect);
+
+/**
+ *  This is a semi-private blit function and it performs low-level surface
+ *  scaled blitting only.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_LowerBlitScaled
+    (SDL_Surface * src, SDL_Rect * srcrect,
+    SDL_Surface * dst, SDL_Rect * dstrect);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_surface_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_syswm.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_syswm.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..677e398b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_syswm.h
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_syswm.h
+ *  
+ *  Include file for SDL custom system window manager hooks.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_syswm_h
+#define _SDL_syswm_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+#include "SDL_version.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_syswm.h
+ *  
+ *  Your application has access to a special type of event ::SDL_SYSWMEVENT,
+ *  which contains window-manager specific information and arrives whenever
+ *  an unhandled window event occurs.  This event is ignored by default, but
+ *  you can enable it with SDL_EventState().
+ */
+#ifdef SDL_PROTOTYPES_ONLY
+struct SDL_SysWMinfo;
+#else
+
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_WINDOWS)
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+/* This is the structure for custom window manager events */
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11)
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+/* conflicts with Quickdraw.h */
+#define Cursor X11Cursor
+#endif
+
+#include <X11/Xlib.h>
+#include <X11/Xatom.h>
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+/* matches the re-define above */
+#undef Cursor
+#endif
+
+#endif /* defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11) */
+
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DIRECTFB)
+#include <directfb.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_COCOA)
+#ifdef __OBJC__
+#include <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
+#else
+typedef struct _NSWindow NSWindow;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_UIKIT)
+#ifdef __OBJC__
+#include <UIKit/UIKit.h>
+#else
+typedef struct _UIWindow UIWindow;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/** 
+ *  These are the various supported windowing subsystems
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_SYSWM_UNKNOWN,
+    SDL_SYSWM_WINDOWS,
+    SDL_SYSWM_X11,
+    SDL_SYSWM_DIRECTFB,
+    SDL_SYSWM_COCOA,
+    SDL_SYSWM_UIKIT,
+} SDL_SYSWM_TYPE;
+
+/**
+ *  The custom event structure.
+ */
+struct SDL_SysWMmsg
+{
+    SDL_version version;
+    SDL_SYSWM_TYPE subsystem;
+    union
+    {
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_WINDOWS)
+        struct {
+            HWND hwnd;                  /**< The window for the message */
+            UINT msg;                   /**< The type of message */
+            WPARAM wParam;              /**< WORD message parameter */
+            LPARAM lParam;              /**< LONG message parameter */
+        } win;
+#endif
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11)
+        struct {
+            XEvent event;
+        } x11;
+#endif
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DIRECTFB)
+        struct {
+            DFBEvent event;
+        } dfb;
+#endif
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_COCOA)
+        struct
+        {
+            /* No Cocoa window events yet */
+        } cocoa;
+#endif
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_UIKIT)
+        struct
+        {
+            /* No UIKit window events yet */
+        } uikit;
+#endif
+        /* Can't have an empty union */
+        int dummy;
+    } msg;
+};
+
+/**
+ *  The custom window manager information structure.
+ *
+ *  When this structure is returned, it holds information about which
+ *  low level system it is using, and will be one of SDL_SYSWM_TYPE.
+ */
+struct SDL_SysWMinfo
+{
+    SDL_version version;
+    SDL_SYSWM_TYPE subsystem;
+    union
+    {
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_WINDOWS)
+        struct
+        {
+            HWND window;                /**< The window handle */
+        } win;
+#endif
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_X11)
+        struct
+        {
+            Display *display;           /**< The X11 display */
+            Window window;              /**< The X11 window */
+        } x11;
+#endif
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_DIRECTFB)
+        struct
+        {
+            IDirectFB *dfb;             /**< The directfb main interface */
+            IDirectFBWindow *window;    /**< The directfb window handle */
+            IDirectFBSurface *surface;  /**< The directfb client surface */
+        } dfb;
+#endif
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_COCOA)
+        struct
+        {
+            NSWindow *window;           /* The Cocoa window */
+        } cocoa;
+#endif
+#if defined(SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_UIKIT)
+        struct
+        {
+            UIWindow *window;           /* The UIKit window */
+        } uikit;
+#endif
+        /* Can't have an empty union */
+        int dummy;
+    } info;
+};
+
+#endif /* SDL_PROTOTYPES_ONLY */
+
+typedef struct SDL_SysWMinfo SDL_SysWMinfo;
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+/**
+ *  \brief This function allows access to driver-dependent window information.
+ *  
+ *  \param window The window about which information is being requested
+ *  \param info This structure must be initialized with the SDL version, and is 
+ *              then filled in with information about the given window.
+ *  
+ *  \return SDL_TRUE if the function is implemented and the version member of 
+ *          the \c info struct is valid, SDL_FALSE otherwise.
+ *  
+ *  You typically use this function like this:
+ *  \code
+ *  SDL_SysWMinfo info;
+ *  SDL_VERSION(&info.version);
+ *  if ( SDL_GetWindowWMInfo(&info) ) { ... }
+ *  \endcode
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowWMInfo(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                     SDL_SysWMinfo * info);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_syswm_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_thread.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_thread.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c771a399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_thread.h
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_thread_h
+#define _SDL_thread_h
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_thread.h
+ *  
+ *  Header for the SDL thread management routines.
+ */
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+
+/* Thread synchronization primitives */
+#include "SDL_mutex.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/* The SDL thread structure, defined in SDL_thread.c */
+struct SDL_Thread;
+typedef struct SDL_Thread SDL_Thread;
+
+/* The SDL thread ID */
+typedef unsigned long SDL_threadID;
+
+/* The SDL thread priority
+ *
+ * Note: On many systems you require special privileges to set high priority.
+ */
+typedef enum {
+    SDL_THREAD_PRIORITY_LOW,
+    SDL_THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL,
+    SDL_THREAD_PRIORITY_HIGH
+} SDL_ThreadPriority;
+
+/* The function passed to SDL_CreateThread()
+   It is passed a void* user context parameter and returns an int.
+ */
+typedef int (SDLCALL * SDL_ThreadFunction) (void *data);
+
+#if defined(__WIN32__) && !defined(HAVE_LIBC)
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_thread.h
+ *  
+ *  We compile SDL into a DLL. This means, that it's the DLL which
+ *  creates a new thread for the calling process with the SDL_CreateThread()
+ *  API. There is a problem with this, that only the RTL of the SDL.DLL will
+ *  be initialized for those threads, and not the RTL of the calling 
+ *  application!
+ *  
+ *  To solve this, we make a little hack here.
+ *  
+ *  We'll always use the caller's _beginthread() and _endthread() APIs to
+ *  start a new thread. This way, if it's the SDL.DLL which uses this API,
+ *  then the RTL of SDL.DLL will be used to create the new thread, and if it's
+ *  the application, then the RTL of the application will be used.
+ *  
+ *  So, in short:
+ *  Always use the _beginthread() and _endthread() of the calling runtime 
+ *  library!
+ */
+#define SDL_PASSED_BEGINTHREAD_ENDTHREAD
+#ifndef _WIN32_WCE
+#include <process.h>            /* This has _beginthread() and _endthread() defined! */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+typedef unsigned long (__cdecl * pfnSDL_CurrentBeginThread) (void *, unsigned,
+                                                             unsigned
+                                                             (__stdcall *
+                                                              func) (void *),
+                                                             void *arg,
+                                                             unsigned,
+                                                             unsigned
+                                                             *threadID);
+typedef void (__cdecl * pfnSDL_CurrentEndThread) (unsigned code);
+#else
+typedef uintptr_t(__cdecl * pfnSDL_CurrentBeginThread) (void *, unsigned,
+                                                        unsigned (__stdcall *
+                                                                  func) (void
+                                                                         *),
+                                                        void *arg, unsigned,
+                                                        unsigned *threadID);
+typedef void (__cdecl * pfnSDL_CurrentEndThread) (unsigned code);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  Create a thread.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Thread *SDLCALL
+SDL_CreateThread(SDL_ThreadFunction fn, void *data,
+                 pfnSDL_CurrentBeginThread pfnBeginThread,
+                 pfnSDL_CurrentEndThread pfnEndThread);
+
+#if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
+
+/**
+ *  Create a thread.
+ */
+#define SDL_CreateThread(fn, data) SDL_CreateThread(fn, data, NULL, NULL)
+
+#else
+
+/**
+ *  Create a thread.
+ */
+#define SDL_CreateThread(fn, data) SDL_CreateThread(fn, data, _beginthreadex, _endthreadex)
+
+#endif
+#else
+
+/**
+ *  Create a thread.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Thread *SDLCALL
+SDL_CreateThread(SDL_ThreadFunction fn, void *data);
+
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  Get the thread identifier for the current thread.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_threadID SDLCALL SDL_ThreadID(void);
+
+/**
+ *  Get the thread identifier for the specified thread.
+ *  
+ *  Equivalent to SDL_ThreadID() if the specified thread is NULL.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_threadID SDLCALL SDL_GetThreadID(SDL_Thread * thread);
+
+/**
+ *  Set the priority for the current thread
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetThreadPriority(SDL_ThreadPriority priority);
+
+/**
+ *  Wait for a thread to finish.
+ *  
+ *  The return code for the thread function is placed in the area
+ *  pointed to by \c status, if \c status is not NULL.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_WaitThread(SDL_Thread * thread, int *status);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_thread_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_timer.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_timer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb1abaec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_timer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SDL_timer_h
+#define _SDL_timer_h
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_timer.h
+ *  
+ *  Header for the SDL time management routines.
+ */
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * \brief Get the number of milliseconds since the SDL library initialization.
+ *  
+ * \note This value wraps if the program runs for more than ~49 days.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_GetTicks(void);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Get the current value of the high resolution counter
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint64 SDLCALL SDL_GetPerformanceCounter(void);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Get the count per second of the high resolution counter
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint64 SDLCALL SDL_GetPerformanceFrequency(void);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Wait a specified number of milliseconds before returning.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_Delay(Uint32 ms);
+
+/**
+ *  Function prototype for the timer callback function.
+ *  
+ *  The callback function is passed the current timer interval and returns
+ *  the next timer interval.  If the returned value is the same as the one
+ *  passed in, the periodic alarm continues, otherwise a new alarm is
+ *  scheduled.  If the callback returns 0, the periodic alarm is cancelled.
+ */
+typedef Uint32 (SDLCALL * SDL_TimerCallback) (Uint32 interval, void *param);
+
+/**
+ * Definition of the timer ID type.
+ */
+typedef int SDL_TimerID;
+
+/**
+ * \brief Add a new timer to the pool of timers already running.
+ *
+ * \return A timer ID, or NULL when an error occurs.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_TimerID SDLCALL SDL_AddTimer(Uint32 interval,
+                                                 SDL_TimerCallback callback,
+                                                 void *param);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Remove a timer knowing its ID.
+ *
+ * \return A boolean value indicating success or failure.
+ *
+ * \warning It is not safe to remove a timer multiple times.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_RemoveTimer(SDL_TimerID t);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_timer_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_touch.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_touch.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..587efcbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_touch.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_touch.h
+ *  
+ *  Include file for SDL touch event handling.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_touch_h
+#define _SDL_touch_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_error.h"
+#include "SDL_video.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+
+typedef Sint64 SDL_TouchID;
+typedef Sint64 SDL_FingerID;
+
+
+struct SDL_Finger {
+  SDL_FingerID id;
+  Uint16 x;
+  Uint16 y;
+  Uint16 pressure;
+  Uint16 xdelta;
+  Uint16 ydelta;
+  Uint16 last_x, last_y,last_pressure;  /* the last reported coordinates */
+  SDL_bool down;
+};
+
+typedef struct SDL_Touch SDL_Touch;
+typedef struct SDL_Finger SDL_Finger;
+
+
+struct SDL_Touch {
+  
+  /* Free the touch when it's time */
+  void (*FreeTouch) (SDL_Touch * touch);
+  
+  /* data common for tablets */
+  float pressure_max, pressure_min;
+  float x_max,x_min;
+  float y_max,y_min;
+  Uint16 xres,yres,pressureres;
+  float native_xres,native_yres,native_pressureres;
+  float tilt;                   /* for future use */
+  float rotation;               /* for future use */
+  
+  /* Data common to all touch */
+  SDL_TouchID id;
+  SDL_Window *focus;
+  
+  char *name;
+  Uint8 buttonstate;
+  SDL_bool relative_mode;
+  SDL_bool flush_motion;
+
+  int num_fingers;
+  int max_fingers;
+  SDL_Finger** fingers;
+    
+  void *driverdata;
+};
+
+
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the touch object at the given id.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+  extern DECLSPEC SDL_Touch* SDLCALL SDL_GetTouch(SDL_TouchID id);
+
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the finger object of the given touch, at the given id.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+  extern 
+  DECLSPEC SDL_Finger* SDLCALL SDL_GetFinger(SDL_Touch *touch, SDL_FingerID id);
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_mouse_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_types.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b1217e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_types.h
+ *  
+ *  \deprecated
+ */
+
+/* DEPRECATED */
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_version.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_version.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d7ce28f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_version.h
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_version.h
+ *  
+ *  This header defines the current SDL version.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_version_h
+#define _SDL_version_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Information the version of SDL in use.
+ *  
+ *  Represents the library's version as three levels: major revision
+ *  (increments with massive changes, additions, and enhancements),
+ *  minor revision (increments with backwards-compatible changes to the
+ *  major revision), and patchlevel (increments with fixes to the minor
+ *  revision).
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_VERSION
+ *  \sa SDL_GetVersion
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_version
+{
+    Uint8 major;        /**< major version */
+    Uint8 minor;        /**< minor version */
+    Uint8 patch;        /**< update version */
+} SDL_version;
+
+/* Printable format: "%d.%d.%d", MAJOR, MINOR, PATCHLEVEL
+*/
+#define SDL_MAJOR_VERSION	1
+#define SDL_MINOR_VERSION	3
+#define SDL_PATCHLEVEL		0
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Macro to determine SDL version program was compiled against.
+ *  
+ *  This macro fills in a SDL_version structure with the version of the
+ *  library you compiled against. This is determined by what header the
+ *  compiler uses. Note that if you dynamically linked the library, you might
+ *  have a slightly newer or older version at runtime. That version can be
+ *  determined with SDL_GetVersion(), which, unlike SDL_VERSION(),
+ *  is not a macro.
+ *  
+ *  \param x A pointer to a SDL_version struct to initialize.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_version
+ *  \sa SDL_GetVersion
+ */
+#define SDL_VERSION(x)							\
+{									\
+	(x)->major = SDL_MAJOR_VERSION;					\
+	(x)->minor = SDL_MINOR_VERSION;					\
+	(x)->patch = SDL_PATCHLEVEL;					\
+}
+
+/**
+ *  This macro turns the version numbers into a numeric value:
+ *  \verbatim
+    (1,2,3) -> (1203)
+    \endverbatim
+ *  
+ *  This assumes that there will never be more than 100 patchlevels.
+ */
+#define SDL_VERSIONNUM(X, Y, Z)						\
+	((X)*1000 + (Y)*100 + (Z))
+
+/**
+ *  This is the version number macro for the current SDL version.
+ */
+#define SDL_COMPILEDVERSION \
+	SDL_VERSIONNUM(SDL_MAJOR_VERSION, SDL_MINOR_VERSION, SDL_PATCHLEVEL)
+
+/**
+ *  This macro will evaluate to true if compiled with SDL at least X.Y.Z.
+ */
+#define SDL_VERSION_ATLEAST(X, Y, Z) \
+	(SDL_COMPILEDVERSION >= SDL_VERSIONNUM(X, Y, Z))
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the version of SDL that is linked against your program.
+ *
+ *  If you are linking to SDL dynamically, then it is possible that the
+ *  current version will be different than the version you compiled against.
+ *  This function returns the current version, while SDL_VERSION() is a
+ *  macro that tells you what version you compiled with.
+ *  
+ *  \code
+ *  SDL_version compiled;
+ *  SDL_version linked;
+ *  
+ *  SDL_VERSION(&compiled);
+ *  SDL_GetVersion(&linked);
+ *  printf("We compiled against SDL version %d.%d.%d ...\n",
+ *         compiled.major, compiled.minor, compiled.patch);
+ *  printf("But we linked against SDL version %d.%d.%d.\n",
+ *         linked.major, linked.minor, linked.patch);
+ *  \endcode
+ *  
+ *  This function may be called safely at any time, even before SDL_Init().
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_VERSION
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GetVersion(SDL_version * ver);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the code revision of SDL that is linked against your program.
+ *
+ *  Returns an arbitrary string (a hash value) uniquely identifying the
+ *  exact revision of the SDL library in use, and is only useful in comparing
+ *  against other revisions. It is NOT an incrementing number.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetRevision(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the revision number of SDL that is linked against your program.
+ *
+ *  Returns a number uniquely identifying the exact revision of the SDL
+ *  library in use. It is an incrementing number based on commits to
+ *  hg.libsdl.org.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetRevisionNumber(void);
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_version_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/SDL_video.h b/system/include/SDL/SDL_video.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fcdc7788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/SDL_video.h
@@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file SDL_video.h
+ *  
+ *  Header file for SDL video functions.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SDL_video_h
+#define _SDL_video_h
+
+#include "SDL_stdinc.h"
+#include "SDL_pixels.h"
+#include "SDL_rect.h"
+#include "SDL_surface.h"
+
+#include "begin_code.h"
+/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+extern "C" {
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  \brief  The structure that defines a display mode
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetNumDisplayModes()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetDisplayMode()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetDesktopDisplayMode()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetCurrentDisplayMode()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetClosestDisplayMode()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowDisplayMode()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowDisplayMode()
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+    Uint32 format;              /**< pixel format */
+    int w;                      /**< width */
+    int h;                      /**< height */
+    int refresh_rate;           /**< refresh rate (or zero for unspecified) */
+    void *driverdata;           /**< driver-specific data, initialize to 0 */
+} SDL_DisplayMode;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The type used to identify a window
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateWindow()
+ *  \sa SDL_CreateWindowFrom()
+ *  \sa SDL_DestroyWindow()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowData()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowFlags()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowGrab()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowPosition()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowSize()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowTitle()
+ *  \sa SDL_HideWindow()
+ *  \sa SDL_MaximizeWindow()
+ *  \sa SDL_MinimizeWindow()
+ *  \sa SDL_RaiseWindow()
+ *  \sa SDL_RestoreWindow()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowData()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowFullscreen()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowGrab()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowIcon()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowPosition()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowSize()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowTitle()
+ *  \sa SDL_ShowWindow()
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_Window SDL_Window;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief The flags on a window
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowFlags()
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN = 0x00000001,         /**< fullscreen window */
+    SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL = 0x00000002,             /**< window usable with OpenGL context */
+    SDL_WINDOW_SHOWN = 0x00000004,              /**< window is visible */
+    SDL_WINDOW_HIDDEN = 0x00000008,             /**< window is not visible */
+    SDL_WINDOW_BORDERLESS = 0x00000010,         /**< no window decoration */
+    SDL_WINDOW_RESIZABLE = 0x00000020,          /**< window can be resized */
+    SDL_WINDOW_MINIMIZED = 0x00000040,          /**< window is minimized */
+    SDL_WINDOW_MAXIMIZED = 0x00000080,          /**< window is maximized */
+    SDL_WINDOW_INPUT_GRABBED = 0x00000100,      /**< window has grabbed input focus */
+    SDL_WINDOW_INPUT_FOCUS = 0x00000200,        /**< window has input focus */
+    SDL_WINDOW_MOUSE_FOCUS = 0x00000400,        /**< window has mouse focus */
+    SDL_WINDOW_FOREIGN = 0x00000800             /**< window not created by SDL */
+} SDL_WindowFlags;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Used to indicate that you don't care what the window position is.
+ */
+#define SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED_MASK    0x1FFF0000
+#define SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED_DISPLAY(X)  (SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED_MASK|(X))
+#define SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED         SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED_DISPLAY(0)
+#define SDL_WINDOWPOS_ISUNDEFINED(X)    \
+            (((X)&0xFFFF0000) == SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED_MASK)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Used to indicate that the window position should be centered.
+ */
+#define SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED_MASK    0x2FFF0000
+#define SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED_DISPLAY(X)  (SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED_MASK|(X))
+#define SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED         SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED_DISPLAY(0)
+#define SDL_WINDOWPOS_ISCENTERED(X)    \
+            (((X)&0xFFFF0000) == SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED_MASK)
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Event subtype for window events
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_NONE,           /**< Never used */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_SHOWN,          /**< Window has been shown */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_HIDDEN,         /**< Window has been hidden */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_EXPOSED,        /**< Window has been exposed and should be 
+                                         redrawn */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_MOVED,          /**< Window has been moved to data1, data2 
+                                     */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_RESIZED,        /**< Window has been resized to data1xdata2 */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_SIZE_CHANGED,   /**< The window size has changed, either as a result of an API call or through the system or user changing the window size. */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_MINIMIZED,      /**< Window has been minimized */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_MAXIMIZED,      /**< Window has been maximized */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_RESTORED,       /**< Window has been restored to normal size
+                                         and position */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_ENTER,          /**< Window has gained mouse focus */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_LEAVE,          /**< Window has lost mouse focus */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_FOCUS_GAINED,   /**< Window has gained keyboard focus */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_FOCUS_LOST,     /**< Window has lost keyboard focus */
+    SDL_WINDOWEVENT_CLOSE           /**< The window manager requests that the 
+                                         window be closed */
+} SDL_WindowEventID;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief An opaque handle to an OpenGL context.
+ */
+typedef void *SDL_GLContext;
+
+/**
+ *  \brief OpenGL configuration attributes
+ */
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_GL_RED_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_GREEN_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_BLUE_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_ALPHA_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_BUFFER_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_DOUBLEBUFFER,
+    SDL_GL_DEPTH_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_STENCIL_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_ACCUM_RED_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_ACCUM_GREEN_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_ACCUM_BLUE_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_ACCUM_ALPHA_SIZE,
+    SDL_GL_STEREO,
+    SDL_GL_MULTISAMPLEBUFFERS,
+    SDL_GL_MULTISAMPLESAMPLES,
+    SDL_GL_ACCELERATED_VISUAL,
+    SDL_GL_RETAINED_BACKING,
+    SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION,
+    SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION
+} SDL_GLattr;
+
+
+/* Function prototypes */
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the number of video drivers compiled into SDL
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetVideoDriver()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetNumVideoDrivers(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the name of a built in video driver.
+ *  
+ *  \note The video drivers are presented in the order in which they are
+ *        normally checked during initialization.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetNumVideoDrivers()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetVideoDriver(int index);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Initialize the video subsystem, optionally specifying a video driver.
+ *  
+ *  \param driver_name Initialize a specific driver by name, or NULL for the 
+ *                     default video driver.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, -1 on error
+ *  
+ *  This function initializes the video subsystem; setting up a connection
+ *  to the window manager, etc, and determines the available display modes
+ *  and pixel formats, but does not initialize a window or graphics mode.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_VideoQuit()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_VideoInit(const char *driver_name);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Shuts down the video subsystem.
+ *  
+ *  This function closes all windows, and restores the original video mode.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_VideoInit()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_VideoQuit(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Returns the name of the currently initialized video driver.
+ *  
+ *  \return The name of the current video driver or NULL if no driver
+ *          has been initialized
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetNumVideoDrivers()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetVideoDriver()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetCurrentVideoDriver(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Returns the number of available video displays.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetDisplayBounds()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetNumVideoDisplays(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the desktop area represented by a display, with the primary
+ *         display located at 0,0
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the index is out of range.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetNumVideoDisplays()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetDisplayBounds(int displayIndex, SDL_Rect * rect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Returns the number of available display modes.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetDisplayMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetNumDisplayModes(int displayIndex);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Fill in information about a specific display mode.
+ *  
+ *  \note The display modes are sorted in this priority:
+ *        \li bits per pixel -> more colors to fewer colors
+ *        \li width -> largest to smallest
+ *        \li height -> largest to smallest
+ *        \li refresh rate -> highest to lowest
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetNumDisplayModes()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetDisplayMode(int displayIndex, int modeIndex,
+                                               SDL_DisplayMode * mode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Fill in information about the desktop display mode.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetDesktopDisplayMode(int displayIndex, SDL_DisplayMode * mode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Fill in information about the current display mode.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetCurrentDisplayMode(int displayIndex, SDL_DisplayMode * mode);
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the closest match to the requested display mode.
+ *  
+ *  \param mode The desired display mode
+ *  \param closest A pointer to a display mode to be filled in with the closest 
+ *                 match of the available display modes.
+ *  
+ *  \return The passed in value \c closest, or NULL if no matching video mode 
+ *          was available.
+ *  
+ *  The available display modes are scanned, and \c closest is filled in with the
+ *  closest mode matching the requested mode and returned.  The mode format and 
+ *  refresh_rate default to the desktop mode if they are 0.  The modes are 
+ *  scanned with size being first priority, format being second priority, and 
+ *  finally checking the refresh_rate.  If all the available modes are too 
+ *  small, then NULL is returned.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetNumDisplayModes()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetDisplayMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_DisplayMode * SDLCALL SDL_GetClosestDisplayMode(int displayIndex, const SDL_DisplayMode * mode, SDL_DisplayMode * closest);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the display index associated with a window.
+ *  
+ *  \return the display index of the display containing the center of the
+ *          window, or -1 on error.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowDisplay(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the display mode used when a fullscreen window is visible.
+ *
+ *  By default the window's dimensions and the desktop format and refresh rate
+ *  are used.
+ *  
+ *  \param mode The mode to use, or NULL for the default mode.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if setting the display mode failed.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowDisplayMode()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowFullscreen()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowDisplayMode(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                     const SDL_DisplayMode
+                                                         * mode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Fill in information about the display mode used when a fullscreen
+ *         window is visible.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowDisplayMode()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowFullscreen()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowDisplayMode(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                     SDL_DisplayMode * mode);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the pixel format associated with the window.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowPixelFormat(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create a window with the specified position, dimensions, and flags.
+ *  
+ *  \param title The title of the window, in UTF-8 encoding.
+ *  \param x     The x position of the window, ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, or 
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED.
+ *  \param y     The y position of the window, ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, or 
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED.
+ *  \param w     The width of the window.
+ *  \param h     The height of the window.
+ *  \param flags The flags for the window, a mask of any of the following: 
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN, ::SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL, 
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOW_SHOWN,      ::SDL_WINDOW_BORDERLESS, 
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOW_RESIZABLE,  ::SDL_WINDOW_MAXIMIZED, 
+ *               ::SDL_WINDOW_MINIMIZED,  ::SDL_WINDOW_INPUT_GRABBED.
+ *  
+ *  \return The id of the window created, or zero if window creation failed.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_DestroyWindow()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Window * SDLCALL SDL_CreateWindow(const char *title,
+                                                      int x, int y, int w,
+                                                      int h, Uint32 flags);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create an SDL window from an existing native window.
+ *  
+ *  \param data A pointer to driver-dependent window creation data
+ *  
+ *  \return The id of the window created, or zero if window creation failed.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_DestroyWindow()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Window * SDLCALL SDL_CreateWindowFrom(const void *data);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the numeric ID of a window, for logging purposes.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowID(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get a window from a stored ID, or NULL if it doesn't exist.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Window * SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowFromID(Uint32 id);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the window flags.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC Uint32 SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowFlags(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the title of a window, in UTF-8 format.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowTitle()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowTitle(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                const char *title);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the title of a window, in UTF-8 format.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowTitle()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowTitle(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the icon for a window.
+ *  
+ *  \param icon The icon for the window.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowIcon(SDL_Window * window,
+                                               SDL_Surface * icon);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Associate an arbitrary named pointer with a window.
+ *  
+ *  \param window   The window to associate with the pointer.
+ *  \param name     The name of the pointer.
+ *  \param userdata The associated pointer.
+ *
+ *  \return The previous value associated with 'name'
+ *
+ *  \note The name is case-sensitive.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowData()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void* SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowData(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                const char *name,
+                                                void *userdata);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Retrieve the data pointer associated with a window.
+ *  
+ *  \param window   The window to query.
+ *  \param name     The name of the pointer.
+ *
+ *  \return The value associated with 'name'
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowData()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowData(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                const char *name);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the position of a window.
+ *  
+ *  \param window   The window to reposition.
+ *  \param x        The x coordinate of the window, ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, or
+                    ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED.
+ *  \param y        The y coordinate of the window, ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_CENTERED, or
+                    ::SDL_WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED.
+ *  
+ *  \note The window coordinate origin is the upper left of the display.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowPosition()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowPosition(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                   int x, int y);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the position of a window.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowPosition()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowPosition(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                   int *x, int *y);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the size of a window's client area.
+ *  
+ *  \note You can't change the size of a fullscreen window, it automatically
+ *        matches the size of the display mode.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowSize()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowSize(SDL_Window * window, int w,
+                                               int h);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the size of a window's client area.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowSize()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowSize(SDL_Window * window, int *w,
+                                               int *h);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Show a window.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_HideWindow()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_ShowWindow(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Hide a window.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_ShowWindow()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_HideWindow(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Raise a window above other windows and set the input focus.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_RaiseWindow(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Make a window as large as possible.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_RestoreWindow()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_MaximizeWindow(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Minimize a window to an iconic representation.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_RestoreWindow()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_MinimizeWindow(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Restore the size and position of a minimized or maximized window.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_MaximizeWindow()
+ *  \sa SDL_MinimizeWindow()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_RestoreWindow(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set a window's fullscreen state.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if setting the display mode failed.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowDisplayMode()
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowDisplayMode()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowFullscreen(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                    SDL_bool fullscreen);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the SDL surface associated with the window.
+ *
+ *  \return The window's framebuffer surface, or NULL on error. 
+ *
+ *  A new surface will be created with the optimal format for the window,
+ *  if necessary. This surface will be freed when the window is destroyed.
+ *
+ *  \note You may not combine this with 3D or the rendering API on this window.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_UpdateWindowSurface()
+ *  \sa SDL_UpdateWindowSurfaceRects()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_Surface * SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowSurface(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Copy the window surface to the screen.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowSurface()
+ *  \sa SDL_UpdateWindowSurfaceRects()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_UpdateWindowSurface(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Copy a number of rectangles on the window surface to the screen.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowSurface()
+ *  \sa SDL_UpdateWindowSurfaceRect()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_UpdateWindowSurfaceRects(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                         SDL_Rect * rects,
+                                                         int numrects);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set a window's input grab mode.
+ *  
+ *  \param grabbed This is SDL_TRUE to grab input, and SDL_FALSE to release input.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowGrab()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowGrab(SDL_Window * window,
+                                               SDL_bool grabbed);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get a window's input grab mode.
+ *  
+ *  \return This returns SDL_TRUE if input is grabbed, and SDL_FALSE otherwise.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowGrab()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowGrab(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the brightness (gamma correction) for a window.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if setting the brightness isn't supported.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowBrightness()
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowGammaRamp()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowBrightness(SDL_Window * window, float brightness);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the brightness (gamma correction) for a window.
+ *  
+ *  \return The last brightness value passed to SDL_SetWindowBrightness()
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowBrightness()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC float SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowBrightness(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the gamma ramp for a window.
+ *  
+ *  \param red The translation table for the red channel, or NULL.
+ *  \param green The translation table for the green channel, or NULL.
+ *  \param blue The translation table for the blue channel, or NULL.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if gamma ramps are unsupported.
+ *  
+ *  Set the gamma translation table for the red, green, and blue channels
+ *  of the video hardware.  Each table is an array of 256 16-bit quantities,
+ *  representing a mapping between the input and output for that channel.
+ *  The input is the index into the array, and the output is the 16-bit
+ *  gamma value at that index, scaled to the output color precision.
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_GetWindowGammaRamp()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetWindowGammaRamp(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                   const Uint16 * red,
+                                                   const Uint16 * green,
+                                                   const Uint16 * blue);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the gamma ramp for a window.
+ *  
+ *  \param red   A pointer to a 256 element array of 16-bit quantities to hold 
+ *               the translation table for the red channel, or NULL.
+ *  \param green A pointer to a 256 element array of 16-bit quantities to hold 
+ *               the translation table for the green channel, or NULL.
+ *  \param blue  A pointer to a 256 element array of 16-bit quantities to hold 
+ *               the translation table for the blue channel, or NULL.
+ *   
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if gamma ramps are unsupported.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_SetWindowGammaRamp()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GetWindowGammaRamp(SDL_Window * window,
+                                                   Uint16 * red,
+                                                   Uint16 * green,
+                                                   Uint16 * blue);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Destroy a window.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DestroyWindow(SDL_Window * window);
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Returns whether the screensaver is currently enabled (default on).
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_EnableScreenSaver()
+ *  \sa SDL_DisableScreenSaver()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_IsScreenSaverEnabled(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Allow the screen to be blanked by a screensaver
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_IsScreenSaverEnabled()
+ *  \sa SDL_DisableScreenSaver()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_EnableScreenSaver(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Prevent the screen from being blanked by a screensaver
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_IsScreenSaverEnabled()
+ *  \sa SDL_EnableScreenSaver()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DisableScreenSaver(void);
+
+
+/**
+ *  \name OpenGL support functions
+ */
+/*@{*/
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Dynamically load an OpenGL library.
+ *  
+ *  \param path The platform dependent OpenGL library name, or NULL to open the 
+ *              default OpenGL library.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if the library couldn't be loaded.
+ *  
+ *  This should be done after initializing the video driver, but before
+ *  creating any OpenGL windows.  If no OpenGL library is loaded, the default
+ *  library will be loaded upon creation of the first OpenGL window.
+ *  
+ *  \note If you do this, you need to retrieve all of the GL functions used in
+ *        your program from the dynamic library using SDL_GL_GetProcAddress().
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GL_GetProcAddress()
+ *  \sa SDL_GL_UnloadLibrary()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GL_LoadLibrary(const char *path);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the address of an OpenGL function.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void *SDLCALL SDL_GL_GetProcAddress(const char *proc);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Unload the OpenGL library previously loaded by SDL_GL_LoadLibrary().
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GL_LoadLibrary()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GL_UnloadLibrary(void);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Return true if an OpenGL extension is supported for the current 
+ *         context.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_bool SDLCALL SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported(const char
+                                                           *extension);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set an OpenGL window attribute before window creation.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GLattr attr, int value);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the actual value for an attribute from the current context.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GLattr attr, int *value);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Create an OpenGL context for use with an OpenGL window, and make it 
+ *         current.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GL_DeleteContext()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC SDL_GLContext SDLCALL SDL_GL_CreateContext(SDL_Window *
+                                                           window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set up an OpenGL context for rendering into an OpenGL window.
+ *  
+ *  \note The context must have been created with a compatible window.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GL_MakeCurrent(SDL_Window * window,
+                                               SDL_GLContext context);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Set the swap interval for the current OpenGL context.
+ *  
+ *  \param interval 0 for immediate updates, 1 for updates synchronized with the
+ *                  vertical retrace.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 if setting the swap interval is not supported.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GL_GetSwapInterval()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(int interval);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Get the swap interval for the current OpenGL context.
+ *  
+ *  \return 0 if there is no vertical retrace synchronization, 1 if the buffer 
+ *          swap is synchronized with the vertical retrace, and -1 if getting 
+ *          the swap interval is not supported.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_GL_GetSwapInterval(void);
+
+/**
+ * \brief Swap the OpenGL buffers for a window, if double-buffering is 
+ *        supported.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GL_SwapWindow(SDL_Window * window);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Delete an OpenGL context.
+ *  
+ *  \sa SDL_GL_CreateContext()
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_GL_DeleteContext(SDL_GLContext context);
+
+/*@}*//*OpenGL support functions*/
+
+
+/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+}
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+#endif
+#include "close_code.h"
+
+#endif /* _SDL_video_h */
+
+/* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/begin_code.h b/system/include/SDL/begin_code.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..851fd920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/begin_code.h
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file begin_code.h
+ *
+ *  This file sets things up for C dynamic library function definitions,
+ *  static inlined functions, and structures aligned at 4-byte alignment.
+ *  If you don't like ugly C preprocessor code, don't look at this file. :)
+ */
+
+/* This shouldn't be nested -- included it around code only. */
+#ifdef _begin_code_h
+#error Nested inclusion of begin_code.h
+#endif
+#define _begin_code_h
+
+/* Some compilers use a special export keyword */
+#ifndef DECLSPEC
+# if defined(__BEOS__) || defined(__HAIKU__)
+#  if defined(__GNUC__)
+#   define DECLSPEC	__declspec(dllexport)
+#  else
+#   define DECLSPEC	__declspec(export)
+#  endif
+# elif defined(__WIN32__)
+#  ifdef __BORLANDC__
+#   ifdef BUILD_SDL
+#    define DECLSPEC
+#   else
+#    define DECLSPEC	__declspec(dllimport)
+#   endif
+#  else
+#   define DECLSPEC	__declspec(dllexport)
+#  endif
+# else
+#  if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 4
+#   define DECLSPEC	__attribute__ ((visibility("default")))
+#  else
+#   define DECLSPEC
+#  endif
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/* By default SDL uses the C calling convention */
+#ifndef SDLCALL
+#if defined(__WIN32__) && !defined(__GNUC__)
+#define SDLCALL __cdecl
+#else
+#define SDLCALL
+#endif
+#endif /* SDLCALL */
+
+/* Removed DECLSPEC on Symbian OS because SDL cannot be a DLL in EPOC */
+#ifdef __SYMBIAN32__
+#undef DECLSPEC
+#define DECLSPEC
+#endif /* __SYMBIAN32__ */
+
+/* Force structure packing at 4 byte alignment.
+   This is necessary if the header is included in code which has structure
+   packing set to an alternate value, say for loading structures from disk.
+   The packing is reset to the previous value in close_code.h
+ */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MWERKS__) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(disable: 4103)
+#endif
+#ifdef __BORLANDC__
+#pragma nopackwarning
+#endif
+#pragma pack(push,4)
+#endif /* Compiler needs structure packing set */
+
+/* Set up compiler-specific options for inlining functions */
+#ifndef SDL_INLINE_OKAY
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define SDL_INLINE_OKAY
+#else
+/* Add any special compiler-specific cases here */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__) || \
+    defined(__DMC__) || defined(__SC__) || \
+    defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(__LCC__) || \
+    defined(__DECC)
+#ifndef __inline__
+#define __inline__	__inline
+#endif
+#define SDL_INLINE_OKAY
+#else
+#if !defined(__MRC__) && !defined(_SGI_SOURCE)
+#ifndef __inline__
+#define __inline__ inline
+#endif
+#define SDL_INLINE_OKAY
+#endif /* Not a funky compiler */
+#endif /* Visual C++ */
+#endif /* GNU C */
+#endif /* SDL_INLINE_OKAY */
+
+/* If inlining isn't supported, remove "__inline__", turning static
+   inlined functions into static functions (resulting in code bloat
+   in all files which include the offending header files)
+*/
+#ifndef SDL_INLINE_OKAY
+#define __inline__
+#endif
+
+/* Apparently this is needed by several Windows compilers */
+#if !defined(__MACH__)
+#ifndef NULL
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#define NULL 0
+#else
+#define NULL ((void *)0)
+#endif
+#endif /* NULL */
+#endif /* ! Mac OS X - breaks precompiled headers */
diff --git a/system/include/SDL/close_code.h b/system/include/SDL/close_code.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ecf255f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/SDL/close_code.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+  Simple DirectMedia Layer
+  Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+/**
+ *  \file close_code.h
+ *  
+ *  This file reverses the effects of begin_code.h and should be included
+ *  after you finish any function and structure declarations in your headers
+ */
+
+#undef _begin_code_h
+
+/* Reset structure packing at previous byte alignment */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MWERKS__) || defined(__WATCOMC__)  || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#ifdef __BORLANDC__
+#pragma nopackwarning
+#endif
+#pragma pack(pop)
+#endif /* Compiler needs structure packing set */
diff --git a/system/include/bsd/float.h b/system/include/bsd/float.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33e1b9d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/bsd/float.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*	$OpenBSD: float.h,v 1.9 2011/08/29 13:13:21 kettenis Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: float.h,v 1.8 1995/06/20 20:45:37 jtc Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1989 Regents of the University of California.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)float.h	7.1 (Berkeley) 5/8/90
+ */
+
+#ifndef _MACHINE_FLOAT_H_
+#define _MACHINE_FLOAT_H_
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+int __flt_rounds(void);
+__END_DECLS
+
+#define FLT_RADIX	2		/* b */
+#define FLT_ROUNDS	__flt_rounds()
+#if __ISO_C_VISIBLE >= 1999
+#define FLT_EVAL_METHOD	2		/* long double */
+#endif
+
+#define FLT_MANT_DIG	24		/* p */
+#define FLT_EPSILON	1.19209290E-07F	/* b**(1-p) */
+#define FLT_DIG		6		/* floor((p-1)*log10(b))+(b == 10) */
+#define FLT_MIN_EXP	(-125)		/* emin */
+#define FLT_MIN		1.17549435E-38F	/* b**(emin-1) */
+#define FLT_MIN_10_EXP	(-37)		/* ceil(log10(b**(emin-1))) */
+#define FLT_MAX_EXP	128		/* emax */
+#define FLT_MAX		3.40282347E+38F	/* (1-b**(-p))*b**emax */
+#define FLT_MAX_10_EXP	38		/* floor(log10((1-b**(-p))*b**emax)) */
+
+#define DBL_MANT_DIG	53
+#define DBL_EPSILON	2.2204460492503131E-16
+#define DBL_DIG		15
+#define DBL_MIN_EXP	(-1021)
+#define DBL_MIN		2.2250738585072014E-308
+#define DBL_MIN_10_EXP	(-307)
+#define DBL_MAX_EXP	1024
+#define DBL_MAX		1.7976931348623157E+308
+#define DBL_MAX_10_EXP	308
+
+#define LDBL_MANT_DIG	64
+#define LDBL_EPSILON	1.08420217248550443401e-19L
+#define LDBL_DIG	18
+#define LDBL_MIN_EXP	(-16381)
+#define LDBL_MIN	3.36210314311209350626e-4932L
+#define LDBL_MIN_10_EXP	(-4931)
+#define LDBL_MAX_EXP	16384
+#define LDBL_MAX	1.18973149535723176502e+4932L
+#define LDBL_MAX_10_EXP	4932
+
+#if __ISO_C_VISIBLE >= 1999
+#define DECIMAL_DIG	21
+#endif
+
+#endif	/* _MACHINE_FLOAT_H_ */
+
diff --git a/system/include/bsd/readme.txt b/system/include/bsd/readme.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5a40cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/bsd/readme.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+The contents of this directory are from FreeBSD or OpenBSD (see details in each file).
+
diff --git a/system/include/bsd/sys/mman.h b/system/include/bsd/sys/mman.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d99d7711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/bsd/sys/mman.h
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)mman.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/9/95
+ * $FreeBSD: src/sys/sys/mman.h,v 1.29.2.1 2001/08/25 07:25:43 dillon Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_MMAN_H_
+#define _SYS_MMAN_H_
+
+/* XXX Emscripten #include <sys/_posix.h> */
+
+/*
+ * Inheritance for minherit()
+ */
+#define INHERIT_SHARE  0
+#define INHERIT_COPY   1
+#define INHERIT_NONE   2
+
+/*
+ * Protections are chosen from these bits, or-ed together
+ */
+#define	PROT_NONE	0x00	/* no permissions */
+#define	PROT_READ	0x01	/* pages can be read */
+#define	PROT_WRITE	0x02	/* pages can be written */
+#define	PROT_EXEC	0x04	/* pages can be executed */
+
+/*
+ * Flags contain sharing type and options.
+ * Sharing types; choose one.
+ */
+#define	MAP_SHARED	0x0001		/* share changes */
+#define	MAP_PRIVATE	0x0002		/* changes are private */
+#define	MAP_COPY	MAP_PRIVATE	/* Obsolete */
+
+/*
+ * Other flags
+ */
+#define	MAP_FIXED	 0x0010	/* map addr must be exactly as requested */
+#define	MAP_RENAME	 0x0020	/* Sun: rename private pages to file */
+#define	MAP_NORESERVE	 0x0040	/* Sun: don't reserve needed swap area */
+#define	MAP_INHERIT	 0x0080	/* region is retained after exec */
+#define	MAP_NOEXTEND	 0x0100	/* for MAP_FILE, don't change file size */
+#define	MAP_HASSEMAPHORE 0x0200	/* region may contain semaphores */
+#define	MAP_STACK	 0x0400	/* region grows down, like a stack */
+#define	MAP_NOSYNC	 0x0800 /* page to but do not sync underlying file */
+
+/*
+ * Extended flags
+ */
+#define	MAP_NOCORE	 0x00020000 /* dont include these pages in a coredump */
+
+#ifdef _P1003_1B_VISIBLE
+/*
+ * Process memory locking
+ */
+#define MCL_CURRENT	0x0001	/* Lock only current memory */
+#define MCL_FUTURE	0x0002	/* Lock all future memory as well */
+
+#endif /* _P1003_1B_VISIBLE */
+
+/*
+ * Error return from mmap()
+ */
+#define MAP_FAILED	((void *)-1)
+
+/*
+ * msync() flags
+ */
+#define	MS_SYNC		0x0000	/* msync synchronously */
+#define MS_ASYNC	0x0001	/* return immediately */
+#define MS_INVALIDATE	0x0002	/* invalidate all cached data */
+
+
+/*
+ * Mapping type
+ */
+#define	MAP_FILE	0x0000	/* map from file (default) */
+#define	MAP_ANON	0x1000	/* allocated from memory, swap space */
+
+/*
+ * Advice to madvise
+ */
+#define	MADV_NORMAL	0	/* no further special treatment */
+#define	MADV_RANDOM	1	/* expect random page references */
+#define	MADV_SEQUENTIAL	2	/* expect sequential page references */
+#define	MADV_WILLNEED	3	/* will need these pages */
+#define	MADV_DONTNEED	4	/* dont need these pages */
+#define	MADV_FREE	5	/* dont need these pages, and junk contents */
+#define	MADV_NOSYNC	6	/* try to avoid flushes to physical media */
+#define	MADV_AUTOSYNC	7	/* revert to default flushing strategy */
+#define	MADV_NOCORE	8	/* do not include these pages in a core file */
+#define	MADV_CORE	9	/* revert to including pages in a core file */
+
+/*
+ * Return bits from mincore
+ */
+#define	MINCORE_INCORE	 	 0x1 /* Page is incore */
+#define	MINCORE_REFERENCED	 0x2 /* Page has been referenced by us */
+#define	MINCORE_MODIFIED	 0x4 /* Page has been modified by us */
+#define	MINCORE_REFERENCED_OTHER 0x8 /* Page has been referenced */
+#define	MINCORE_MODIFIED_OTHER	0x10 /* Page has been modified */
+
+#ifndef _KERNEL
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+#ifdef _P1003_1B_VISIBLE
+int	mlockall __P((int));
+int	munlockall __P((void));
+int	shm_open __P((const char *, int, mode_t));
+int	shm_unlink __P((const char *));
+#endif /* _P1003_1B_VISIBLE */
+int	mlock __P((const void *, size_t));
+#ifndef _MMAP_DECLARED
+#define	_MMAP_DECLARED
+void *	mmap __P((void *, size_t, int, int, int, off_t));
+#endif
+int	mprotect __P((const void *, size_t, int));
+int	msync __P((void *, size_t, int));
+int	munlock __P((const void *, size_t));
+int	munmap __P((void *, size_t));
+#ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE
+int	madvise __P((void *, size_t, int));
+int	mincore __P((const void *, size_t, char *));
+int	minherit __P((void *, size_t, int));
+#endif
+
+/* XXX Emscripten */
+void *mremap(void *old_address, size_t old_size , size_t new_size, unsigned long flags);
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif /* !_KERNEL */
+
+#endif
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/system/include/bsd/sys/utsname.h b/system/include/bsd/sys/utsname.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..136d46b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/bsd/sys/utsname.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1994
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Chuck Karish of Mindcraft, Inc.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)utsname.h	8.1 (Berkeley) 1/4/94
+ * $FreeBSD: src/sys/sys/utsname.h,v 1.7 1999/12/29 04:24:49 peter Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef	_SYS_UTSNAME_H
+#define	_SYS_UTSNAME_H
+
+#define SYS_NMLN	32
+
+struct utsname {
+	char	sysname[SYS_NMLN];	/* Name of this OS. */
+	char	nodename[SYS_NMLN];	/* Name of this network node. */
+	char	release[SYS_NMLN];	/* Release level. */
+	char	version[SYS_NMLN];	/* Version level. */
+	char	machine[SYS_NMLN];	/* Hardware type. */
+};
+
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+
+#ifndef _KERNEL
+#ifdef __STDC__
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+int	uname __P((struct utsname *));
+__END_DECLS
+#else
+extern int uname();
+#endif
+#else
+extern struct utsname utsname;
+#endif	/* _KERNEL */
+
+#endif	/* !_SYS_UTSNAME_H */
+
diff --git a/system/include/dlfcn.h b/system/include/dlfcn.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34a85289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/dlfcn.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#define RTLD_LAZY   1
+#define RTLD_NOW    2
+#define RTLD_GLOBAL 4
+#define RTLD_LOCAL  8
+
+void  *dlopen(const char *, int);
+void  *dlsym(void *, const char *);
+int    dlclose(void *);
+char  *dlerror(void);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
diff --git a/src/include/emscripten.h b/system/include/emscripten.h
index b06f3781..5f3689c9 100644
--- a/src/include/emscripten.h
+++ b/system/include/emscripten.h
@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@
  * http://emscripten.org
  */
 
-#undef __i386__
-#undef __x86_64__
-
 // Interface to the underlying JS engine. This function will
 // eval() the given script.
 extern void emscripten_run_script(const char *script);
diff --git a/system/include/gfx/png.h b/system/include/gfx/png.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8131940f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/gfx/png.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3798 @@
+/* png.h - header file for PNG reference library
+ *
+ * libpng version 1.2.46 - July 9, 2011
+ * Copyright (c) 1998-2011 Glenn Randers-Pehrson
+ * (Version 0.96 Copyright (c) 1996, 1997 Andreas Dilger)
+ * (Version 0.88 Copyright (c) 1995, 1996 Guy Eric Schalnat, Group 42, Inc.)
+ *
+ * This code is released under the libpng license (See LICENSE, below)
+ *
+ * Authors and maintainers:
+ *  libpng versions 0.71, May 1995, through 0.88, January 1996: Guy Schalnat
+ *  libpng versions 0.89c, June 1996, through 0.96, May 1997: Andreas Dilger
+ *  libpng versions 0.97, January 1998, through 1.2.46 - July 9, 2011: Glenn
+ *  See also "Contributing Authors", below.
+ *
+ * Note about libpng version numbers:
+ *
+ *    Due to various miscommunications, unforeseen code incompatibilities
+ *    and occasional factors outside the authors' control, version numbering
+ *    on the library has not always been consistent and straightforward.
+ *    The following table summarizes matters since version 0.89c, which was
+ *    the first widely used release:
+ *
+ *    source                 png.h  png.h  shared-lib
+ *    version                string   int  version
+ *    -------                ------ -----  ----------
+ *    0.89c "1.0 beta 3"     0.89      89  1.0.89
+ *    0.90  "1.0 beta 4"     0.90      90  0.90  [should have been 2.0.90]
+ *    0.95  "1.0 beta 5"     0.95      95  0.95  [should have been 2.0.95]
+ *    0.96  "1.0 beta 6"     0.96      96  0.96  [should have been 2.0.96]
+ *    0.97b "1.00.97 beta 7" 1.00.97   97  1.0.1 [should have been 2.0.97]
+ *    0.97c                  0.97      97  2.0.97
+ *    0.98                   0.98      98  2.0.98
+ *    0.99                   0.99      98  2.0.99
+ *    0.99a-m                0.99      99  2.0.99
+ *    1.00                   1.00     100  2.1.0 [100 should be 10000]
+ *    1.0.0      (from here on, the   100  2.1.0 [100 should be 10000]
+ *    1.0.1       png.h string is   10001  2.1.0
+ *    1.0.1a-e    identical to the  10002  from here on, the shared library
+ *    1.0.2       source version)   10002  is 2.V where V is the source code
+ *    1.0.2a-b                      10003  version, except as noted.
+ *    1.0.3                         10003
+ *    1.0.3a-d                      10004
+ *    1.0.4                         10004
+ *    1.0.4a-f                      10005
+ *    1.0.5 (+ 2 patches)           10005
+ *    1.0.5a-d                      10006
+ *    1.0.5e-r                      10100 (not source compatible)
+ *    1.0.5s-v                      10006 (not binary compatible)
+ *    1.0.6 (+ 3 patches)           10006 (still binary incompatible)
+ *    1.0.6d-f                      10007 (still binary incompatible)
+ *    1.0.6g                        10007
+ *    1.0.6h                        10007  10.6h (testing xy.z so-numbering)
+ *    1.0.6i                        10007  10.6i
+ *    1.0.6j                        10007  2.1.0.6j (incompatible with 1.0.0)
+ *    1.0.7beta11-14        DLLNUM  10007  2.1.0.7beta11-14 (binary compatible)
+ *    1.0.7beta15-18           1    10007  2.1.0.7beta15-18 (binary compatible)
+ *    1.0.7rc1-2               1    10007  2.1.0.7rc1-2 (binary compatible)
+ *    1.0.7                    1    10007  (still compatible)
+ *    1.0.8beta1-4             1    10008  2.1.0.8beta1-4
+ *    1.0.8rc1                 1    10008  2.1.0.8rc1
+ *    1.0.8                    1    10008  2.1.0.8
+ *    1.0.9beta1-6             1    10009  2.1.0.9beta1-6
+ *    1.0.9rc1                 1    10009  2.1.0.9rc1
+ *    1.0.9beta7-10            1    10009  2.1.0.9beta7-10
+ *    1.0.9rc2                 1    10009  2.1.0.9rc2
+ *    1.0.9                    1    10009  2.1.0.9
+ *    1.0.10beta1              1    10010  2.1.0.10beta1
+ *    1.0.10rc1                1    10010  2.1.0.10rc1
+ *    1.0.10                   1    10010  2.1.0.10
+ *    1.0.11beta1-3            1    10011  2.1.0.11beta1-3
+ *    1.0.11rc1                1    10011  2.1.0.11rc1
+ *    1.0.11                   1    10011  2.1.0.11
+ *    1.0.12beta1-2            2    10012  2.1.0.12beta1-2
+ *    1.0.12rc1                2    10012  2.1.0.12rc1
+ *    1.0.12                   2    10012  2.1.0.12
+ *    1.1.0a-f                 -    10100  2.1.1.0a-f (branch abandoned)
+ *    1.2.0beta1-2             2    10200  2.1.2.0beta1-2
+ *    1.2.0beta3-5             3    10200  3.1.2.0beta3-5
+ *    1.2.0rc1                 3    10200  3.1.2.0rc1
+ *    1.2.0                    3    10200  3.1.2.0
+ *    1.2.1beta1-4             3    10201  3.1.2.1beta1-4
+ *    1.2.1rc1-2               3    10201  3.1.2.1rc1-2
+ *    1.2.1                    3    10201  3.1.2.1
+ *    1.2.2beta1-6            12    10202  12.so.0.1.2.2beta1-6
+ *    1.0.13beta1             10    10013  10.so.0.1.0.13beta1
+ *    1.0.13rc1               10    10013  10.so.0.1.0.13rc1
+ *    1.2.2rc1                12    10202  12.so.0.1.2.2rc1
+ *    1.0.13                  10    10013  10.so.0.1.0.13
+ *    1.2.2                   12    10202  12.so.0.1.2.2
+ *    1.2.3rc1-6              12    10203  12.so.0.1.2.3rc1-6
+ *    1.2.3                   12    10203  12.so.0.1.2.3
+ *    1.2.4beta1-3            13    10204  12.so.0.1.2.4beta1-3
+ *    1.0.14rc1               13    10014  10.so.0.1.0.14rc1
+ *    1.2.4rc1                13    10204  12.so.0.1.2.4rc1
+ *    1.0.14                  10    10014  10.so.0.1.0.14
+ *    1.2.4                   13    10204  12.so.0.1.2.4
+ *    1.2.5beta1-2            13    10205  12.so.0.1.2.5beta1-2
+ *    1.0.15rc1-3             10    10015  10.so.0.1.0.15rc1-3
+ *    1.2.5rc1-3              13    10205  12.so.0.1.2.5rc1-3
+ *    1.0.15                  10    10015  10.so.0.1.0.15
+ *    1.2.5                   13    10205  12.so.0.1.2.5
+ *    1.2.6beta1-4            13    10206  12.so.0.1.2.6beta1-4
+ *    1.0.16                  10    10016  10.so.0.1.0.16
+ *    1.2.6                   13    10206  12.so.0.1.2.6
+ *    1.2.7beta1-2            13    10207  12.so.0.1.2.7beta1-2
+ *    1.0.17rc1               10    10017  10.so.0.1.0.17rc1
+ *    1.2.7rc1                13    10207  12.so.0.1.2.7rc1
+ *    1.0.17                  10    10017  10.so.0.1.0.17
+ *    1.2.7                   13    10207  12.so.0.1.2.7
+ *    1.2.8beta1-5            13    10208  12.so.0.1.2.8beta1-5
+ *    1.0.18rc1-5             10    10018  10.so.0.1.0.18rc1-5
+ *    1.2.8rc1-5              13    10208  12.so.0.1.2.8rc1-5
+ *    1.0.18                  10    10018  10.so.0.1.0.18
+ *    1.2.8                   13    10208  12.so.0.1.2.8
+ *    1.2.9beta1-3            13    10209  12.so.0.1.2.9beta1-3
+ *    1.2.9beta4-11           13    10209  12.so.0.9[.0]
+ *    1.2.9rc1                13    10209  12.so.0.9[.0]
+ *    1.2.9                   13    10209  12.so.0.9[.0]
+ *    1.2.10beta1-8           13    10210  12.so.0.10[.0]
+ *    1.2.10rc1-3             13    10210  12.so.0.10[.0]
+ *    1.2.10                  13    10210  12.so.0.10[.0]
+ *    1.2.11beta1-4           13    10211  12.so.0.11[.0]
+ *    1.0.19rc1-5             10    10019  10.so.0.19[.0]
+ *    1.2.11rc1-5             13    10211  12.so.0.11[.0]
+ *    1.0.19                  10    10019  10.so.0.19[.0]
+ *    1.2.11                  13    10211  12.so.0.11[.0]
+ *    1.0.20                  10    10020  10.so.0.20[.0]
+ *    1.2.12                  13    10212  12.so.0.12[.0]
+ *    1.2.13beta1             13    10213  12.so.0.13[.0]
+ *    1.0.21                  10    10021  10.so.0.21[.0]
+ *    1.2.13                  13    10213  12.so.0.13[.0]
+ *    1.2.14beta1-2           13    10214  12.so.0.14[.0]
+ *    1.0.22rc1               10    10022  10.so.0.22[.0]
+ *    1.2.14rc1               13    10214  12.so.0.14[.0]
+ *    1.0.22                  10    10022  10.so.0.22[.0]
+ *    1.2.14                  13    10214  12.so.0.14[.0]
+ *    1.2.15beta1-6           13    10215  12.so.0.15[.0]
+ *    1.0.23rc1-5             10    10023  10.so.0.23[.0]
+ *    1.2.15rc1-5             13    10215  12.so.0.15[.0]
+ *    1.0.23                  10    10023  10.so.0.23[.0]
+ *    1.2.15                  13    10215  12.so.0.15[.0]
+ *    1.2.16beta1-2           13    10216  12.so.0.16[.0]
+ *    1.2.16rc1               13    10216  12.so.0.16[.0]
+ *    1.0.24                  10    10024  10.so.0.24[.0]
+ *    1.2.16                  13    10216  12.so.0.16[.0]
+ *    1.2.17beta1-2           13    10217  12.so.0.17[.0]
+ *    1.0.25rc1               10    10025  10.so.0.25[.0]
+ *    1.2.17rc1-3             13    10217  12.so.0.17[.0]
+ *    1.0.25                  10    10025  10.so.0.25[.0]
+ *    1.2.17                  13    10217  12.so.0.17[.0]
+ *    1.0.26                  10    10026  10.so.0.26[.0]
+ *    1.2.18                  13    10218  12.so.0.18[.0]
+ *    1.2.19beta1-31          13    10219  12.so.0.19[.0]
+ *    1.0.27rc1-6             10    10027  10.so.0.27[.0]
+ *    1.2.19rc1-6             13    10219  12.so.0.19[.0]
+ *    1.0.27                  10    10027  10.so.0.27[.0]
+ *    1.2.19                  13    10219  12.so.0.19[.0]
+ *    1.2.20beta01-04         13    10220  12.so.0.20[.0]
+ *    1.0.28rc1-6             10    10028  10.so.0.28[.0]
+ *    1.2.20rc1-6             13    10220  12.so.0.20[.0]
+ *    1.0.28                  10    10028  10.so.0.28[.0]
+ *    1.2.20                  13    10220  12.so.0.20[.0]
+ *    1.2.21beta1-2           13    10221  12.so.0.21[.0]
+ *    1.2.21rc1-3             13    10221  12.so.0.21[.0]
+ *    1.0.29                  10    10029  10.so.0.29[.0]
+ *    1.2.21                  13    10221  12.so.0.21[.0]
+ *    1.2.22beta1-4           13    10222  12.so.0.22[.0]
+ *    1.0.30rc1               10    10030  10.so.0.30[.0]
+ *    1.2.22rc1               13    10222  12.so.0.22[.0]
+ *    1.0.30                  10    10030  10.so.0.30[.0]
+ *    1.2.22                  13    10222  12.so.0.22[.0]
+ *    1.2.23beta01-05         13    10223  12.so.0.23[.0]
+ *    1.2.23rc01              13    10223  12.so.0.23[.0]
+ *    1.2.23                  13    10223  12.so.0.23[.0]
+ *    1.2.24beta01-02         13    10224  12.so.0.24[.0]
+ *    1.2.24rc01              13    10224  12.so.0.24[.0]
+ *    1.2.24                  13    10224  12.so.0.24[.0]
+ *    1.2.25beta01-06         13    10225  12.so.0.25[.0]
+ *    1.2.25rc01-02           13    10225  12.so.0.25[.0]
+ *    1.0.31                  10    10031  10.so.0.31[.0]
+ *    1.2.25                  13    10225  12.so.0.25[.0]
+ *    1.2.26beta01-06         13    10226  12.so.0.26[.0]
+ *    1.2.26rc01              13    10226  12.so.0.26[.0]
+ *    1.2.26                  13    10226  12.so.0.26[.0]
+ *    1.0.32                  10    10032  10.so.0.32[.0]
+ *    1.2.27beta01-06         13    10227  12.so.0.27[.0]
+ *    1.2.27rc01              13    10227  12.so.0.27[.0]
+ *    1.0.33                  10    10033  10.so.0.33[.0]
+ *    1.2.27                  13    10227  12.so.0.27[.0]
+ *    1.0.34                  10    10034  10.so.0.34[.0]
+ *    1.2.28                  13    10228  12.so.0.28[.0]
+ *    1.2.29beta01-03         13    10229  12.so.0.29[.0]
+ *    1.2.29rc01              13    10229  12.so.0.29[.0]
+ *    1.0.35                  10    10035  10.so.0.35[.0]
+ *    1.2.29                  13    10229  12.so.0.29[.0]
+ *    1.0.37                  10    10037  10.so.0.37[.0]
+ *    1.2.30beta01-04         13    10230  12.so.0.30[.0]
+ *    1.0.38rc01-08           10    10038  10.so.0.38[.0]
+ *    1.2.30rc01-08           13    10230  12.so.0.30[.0]
+ *    1.0.38                  10    10038  10.so.0.38[.0]
+ *    1.2.30                  13    10230  12.so.0.30[.0]
+ *    1.0.39rc01-03           10    10039  10.so.0.39[.0]
+ *    1.2.31rc01-03           13    10231  12.so.0.31[.0]
+ *    1.0.39                  10    10039  10.so.0.39[.0]
+ *    1.2.31                  13    10231  12.so.0.31[.0]
+ *    1.2.32beta01-02         13    10232  12.so.0.32[.0]
+ *    1.0.40rc01              10    10040  10.so.0.40[.0]
+ *    1.2.32rc01              13    10232  12.so.0.32[.0]
+ *    1.0.40                  10    10040  10.so.0.40[.0]
+ *    1.2.32                  13    10232  12.so.0.32[.0]
+ *    1.2.33beta01-02         13    10233  12.so.0.33[.0]
+ *    1.2.33rc01-02           13    10233  12.so.0.33[.0]
+ *    1.0.41rc01              10    10041  10.so.0.41[.0]
+ *    1.2.33                  13    10233  12.so.0.33[.0]
+ *    1.0.41                  10    10041  10.so.0.41[.0]
+ *    1.2.34beta01-07         13    10234  12.so.0.34[.0]
+ *    1.0.42rc01              10    10042  10.so.0.42[.0]
+ *    1.2.34rc01              13    10234  12.so.0.34[.0]
+ *    1.0.42                  10    10042  10.so.0.42[.0]
+ *    1.2.34                  13    10234  12.so.0.34[.0]
+ *    1.2.35beta01-03         13    10235  12.so.0.35[.0]
+ *    1.0.43rc01-02           10    10043  10.so.0.43[.0]
+ *    1.2.35rc01-02           13    10235  12.so.0.35[.0]
+ *    1.0.43                  10    10043  10.so.0.43[.0]
+ *    1.2.35                  13    10235  12.so.0.35[.0]
+ *    1.2.36beta01-05         13    10236  12.so.0.36[.0]
+ *    1.2.36rc01              13    10236  12.so.0.36[.0]
+ *    1.0.44                  10    10044  10.so.0.44[.0]
+ *    1.2.36                  13    10236  12.so.0.36[.0]
+ *    1.2.37beta01-03         13    10237  12.so.0.37[.0]
+ *    1.2.37rc01              13    10237  12.so.0.37[.0]
+ *    1.2.37                  13    10237  12.so.0.37[.0]
+ *    1.0.45                  10    10045  12.so.0.45[.0]
+ *    1.0.46                  10    10046  10.so.0.46[.0]
+ *    1.2.38beta01            13    10238  12.so.0.38[.0]
+ *    1.2.38rc01-03           13    10238  12.so.0.38[.0]
+ *    1.0.47                  10    10047  10.so.0.47[.0]
+ *    1.2.38                  13    10238  12.so.0.38[.0]
+ *    1.2.39beta01-05         13    10239  12.so.0.39[.0]
+ *    1.2.39rc01              13    10239  12.so.0.39[.0]
+ *    1.0.48                  10    10048  10.so.0.48[.0]
+ *    1.2.39                  13    10239  12.so.0.39[.0]
+ *    1.2.40beta01            13    10240  12.so.0.40[.0]
+ *    1.2.40rc01              13    10240  12.so.0.40[.0]
+ *    1.0.49                  10    10049  10.so.0.49[.0]
+ *    1.2.40                  13    10240  12.so.0.40[.0]
+ *    1.2.41beta01-18         13    10241  12.so.0.41[.0]
+ *    1.0.51rc01              10    10051  10.so.0.51[.0]
+ *    1.2.41rc01-03           13    10241  12.so.0.41[.0]
+ *    1.0.51                  10    10051  10.so.0.51[.0]
+ *    1.2.41                  13    10241  12.so.0.41[.0]
+ *    1.2.42beta01-02         13    10242  12.so.0.42[.0]
+ *    1.2.42rc01-05           13    10242  12.so.0.42[.0]
+ *    1.0.52                  10    10052  10.so.0.52[.0]
+ *    1.2.42                  13    10242  12.so.0.42[.0]
+ *    1.2.43beta01-05         13    10243  12.so.0.43[.0]
+ *    1.0.53rc01-02           10    10053  10.so.0.53[.0]
+ *    1.2.43rc01-02           13    10243  12.so.0.43[.0]
+ *    1.0.53                  10    10053  10.so.0.53[.0]
+ *    1.2.43                  13    10243  12.so.0.43[.0]
+ *    1.2.44beta01-03         13    10244  12.so.0.44[.0]
+ *    1.2.44rc01-03           13    10244  12.so.0.44[.0]
+ *    1.2.44                  13    10244  12.so.0.44[.0]
+ *    1.2.45beta01-03         13    10245  12.so.0.45[.0]
+ *    1.0.55rc01              10    10055  10.so.0.55[.0]
+ *    1.2.45rc01              13    10245  12.so.0.45[.0]
+ *    1.0.55                  10    10055  10.so.0.55[.0]
+ *    1.2.45                  13    10245  12.so.0.45[.0]
+ *    1.2.46rc01-02           13    10246  12.so.0.46[.0]
+ *    1.0.56                  10    10056  10.so.0.56[.0]
+ *    1.2.46                  13    10246  12.so.0.46[.0]
+ *
+ *    Henceforth the source version will match the shared-library major
+ *    and minor numbers; the shared-library major version number will be
+ *    used for changes in backward compatibility, as it is intended.  The
+ *    PNG_LIBPNG_VER macro, which is not used within libpng but is available
+ *    for applications, is an unsigned integer of the form xyyzz corresponding
+ *    to the source version x.y.z (leading zeros in y and z).  Beta versions
+ *    were given the previous public release number plus a letter, until
+ *    version 1.0.6j; from then on they were given the upcoming public
+ *    release number plus "betaNN" or "rcNN".
+ *
+ *    Binary incompatibility exists only when applications make direct access
+ *    to the info_ptr or png_ptr members through png.h, and the compiled
+ *    application is loaded with a different version of the library.
+ *
+ *    DLLNUM will change each time there are forward or backward changes
+ *    in binary compatibility (e.g., when a new feature is added).
+ *
+ * See libpng.txt or libpng.3 for more information.  The PNG specification
+ * is available as a W3C Recommendation and as an ISO Specification,
+ * <http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/
+ */
+
+/*
+ * COPYRIGHT NOTICE, DISCLAIMER, and LICENSE:
+ *
+ * If you modify libpng you may insert additional notices immediately following
+ * this sentence.
+ *
+ * This code is released under the libpng license.
+ *
+ * libpng versions 1.2.6, August 15, 2004, through 1.2.46, July 9, 2011, are
+ * Copyright (c) 2004, 2006-2011 Glenn Randers-Pehrson, and are
+ * distributed according to the same disclaimer and license as libpng-1.2.5
+ * with the following individual added to the list of Contributing Authors:
+ *
+ *    Cosmin Truta
+ *
+ * libpng versions 1.0.7, July 1, 2000, through 1.2.5, October 3, 2002, are
+ * Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Glenn Randers-Pehrson, and are
+ * distributed according to the same disclaimer and license as libpng-1.0.6
+ * with the following individuals added to the list of Contributing Authors:
+ *
+ *    Simon-Pierre Cadieux
+ *    Eric S. Raymond
+ *    Gilles Vollant
+ *
+ * and with the following additions to the disclaimer:
+ *
+ *    There is no warranty against interference with your enjoyment of the
+ *    library or against infringement.  There is no warranty that our
+ *    efforts or the library will fulfill any of your particular purposes
+ *    or needs.  This library is provided with all faults, and the entire
+ *    risk of satisfactory quality, performance, accuracy, and effort is with
+ *    the user.
+ *
+ * libpng versions 0.97, January 1998, through 1.0.6, March 20, 2000, are
+ * Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Glenn Randers-Pehrson, and are
+ * distributed according to the same disclaimer and license as libpng-0.96,
+ * with the following individuals added to the list of Contributing Authors:
+ *
+ *    Tom Lane
+ *    Glenn Randers-Pehrson
+ *    Willem van Schaik
+ *
+ * libpng versions 0.89, June 1996, through 0.96, May 1997, are
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 1997 Andreas Dilger
+ * Distributed according to the same disclaimer and license as libpng-0.88,
+ * with the following individuals added to the list of Contributing Authors:
+ *
+ *    John Bowler
+ *    Kevin Bracey
+ *    Sam Bushell
+ *    Magnus Holmgren
+ *    Greg Roelofs
+ *    Tom Tanner
+ *
+ * libpng versions 0.5, May 1995, through 0.88, January 1996, are
+ * Copyright (c) 1995, 1996 Guy Eric Schalnat, Group 42, Inc.
+ *
+ * For the purposes of this copyright and license, "Contributing Authors"
+ * is defined as the following set of individuals:
+ *
+ *    Andreas Dilger
+ *    Dave Martindale
+ *    Guy Eric Schalnat
+ *    Paul Schmidt
+ *    Tim Wegner
+ *
+ * The PNG Reference Library is supplied "AS IS".  The Contributing Authors
+ * and Group 42, Inc. disclaim all warranties, expressed or implied,
+ * including, without limitation, the warranties of merchantability and of
+ * fitness for any purpose.  The Contributing Authors and Group 42, Inc.
+ * assume no liability for direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary,
+ * or consequential damages, which may result from the use of the PNG
+ * Reference Library, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
+ * source code, or portions hereof, for any purpose, without fee, subject
+ * to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ * 1. The origin of this source code must not be misrepresented.
+ *
+ * 2. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such and
+ * must not be misrepresented as being the original source.
+ *
+ * 3. This Copyright notice may not be removed or altered from
+ *    any source or altered source distribution.
+ *
+ * The Contributing Authors and Group 42, Inc. specifically permit, without
+ * fee, and encourage the use of this source code as a component to
+ * supporting the PNG file format in commercial products.  If you use this
+ * source code in a product, acknowledgment is not required but would be
+ * appreciated.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * A "png_get_copyright" function is available, for convenient use in "about"
+ * boxes and the like:
+ *
+ * printf("%s",png_get_copyright(NULL));
+ *
+ * Also, the PNG logo (in PNG format, of course) is supplied in the
+ * files "pngbar.png" and "pngbar.jpg (88x31) and "pngnow.png" (98x31).
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Libpng is OSI Certified Open Source Software.  OSI Certified is a
+ * certification mark of the Open Source Initiative.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * The contributing authors would like to thank all those who helped
+ * with testing, bug fixes, and patience.  This wouldn't have been
+ * possible without all of you.
+ *
+ * Thanks to Frank J. T. Wojcik for helping with the documentation.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Y2K compliance in libpng:
+ * =========================
+ *
+ *    July 9, 2011
+ *
+ *    Since the PNG Development group is an ad-hoc body, we can't make
+ *    an official declaration.
+ *
+ *    This is your unofficial assurance that libpng from version 0.71 and
+ *    upward through 1.2.46 are Y2K compliant.  It is my belief that earlier
+ *    versions were also Y2K compliant.
+ *
+ *    Libpng only has three year fields.  One is a 2-byte unsigned integer
+ *    that will hold years up to 65535.  The other two hold the date in text
+ *    format, and will hold years up to 9999.
+ *
+ *    The integer is
+ *        "png_uint_16 year" in png_time_struct.
+ *
+ *    The strings are
+ *        "png_charp time_buffer" in png_struct and
+ *        "near_time_buffer", which is a local character string in png.c.
+ *
+ *    There are seven time-related functions:
+ *        png.c: png_convert_to_rfc_1123() in png.c
+ *          (formerly png_convert_to_rfc_1152() in error)
+ *        png_convert_from_struct_tm() in pngwrite.c, called in pngwrite.c
+ *        png_convert_from_time_t() in pngwrite.c
+ *        png_get_tIME() in pngget.c
+ *        png_handle_tIME() in pngrutil.c, called in pngread.c
+ *        png_set_tIME() in pngset.c
+ *        png_write_tIME() in pngwutil.c, called in pngwrite.c
+ *
+ *    All handle dates properly in a Y2K environment.  The
+ *    png_convert_from_time_t() function calls gmtime() to convert from system
+ *    clock time, which returns (year - 1900), which we properly convert to
+ *    the full 4-digit year.  There is a possibility that applications using
+ *    libpng are not passing 4-digit years into the png_convert_to_rfc_1123()
+ *    function, or that they are incorrectly passing only a 2-digit year
+ *    instead of "year - 1900" into the png_convert_from_struct_tm() function,
+ *    but this is not under our control.  The libpng documentation has always
+ *    stated that it works with 4-digit years, and the APIs have been
+ *    documented as such.
+ *
+ *    The tIME chunk itself is also Y2K compliant.  It uses a 2-byte unsigned
+ *    integer to hold the year, and can hold years as large as 65535.
+ *
+ *    zlib, upon which libpng depends, is also Y2K compliant.  It contains
+ *    no date-related code.
+ *
+ *       Glenn Randers-Pehrson
+ *       libpng maintainer
+ *       PNG Development Group
+ */
+
+#ifndef PNG_H
+#define PNG_H
+
+/* This is not the place to learn how to use libpng.  The file libpng.txt
+ * describes how to use libpng, and the file example.c summarizes it
+ * with some code on which to build.  This file is useful for looking
+ * at the actual function definitions and structure components.
+ */
+
+/* Version information for png.h - this should match the version in png.c */
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING "1.2.46"
+#define PNG_HEADER_VERSION_STRING \
+   " libpng version 1.2.46 - July 9, 2011\n"
+
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_VER_SONUM   0
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_VER_DLLNUM  13
+
+/* These should match the first 3 components of PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING: */
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MAJOR   1
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MINOR   2
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_VER_RELEASE 46
+/* This should match the numeric part of the final component of
+ * PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING, omitting any leading zero:
+ */
+
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_VER_BUILD  0
+
+/* Release Status */
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_ALPHA    1
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_BETA     2
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_RC       3
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_STABLE   4
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_RELEASE_STATUS_MASK 7
+
+/* Release-Specific Flags */
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_PATCH    8 /* Can be OR'ed with
+                                       PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_STABLE only */
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_PRIVATE 16 /* Cannot be OR'ed with
+                                       PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_SPECIAL */
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_SPECIAL 32 /* Cannot be OR'ed with
+                                       PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_PRIVATE */
+
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_BASE_TYPE PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_STABLE
+
+/* Careful here.  At one time, Guy wanted to use 082, but that would be octal.
+ * We must not include leading zeros.
+ * Versions 0.7 through 1.0.0 were in the range 0 to 100 here (only
+ * version 1.0.0 was mis-numbered 100 instead of 10000).  From
+ * version 1.0.1 it's    xxyyzz, where x=major, y=minor, z=release
+ */
+#define PNG_LIBPNG_VER 10246 /* 1.2.46 */
+
+#ifndef PNG_VERSION_INFO_ONLY
+/* Include the compression library's header */
+#include "zlib.h"
+#endif
+
+/* Include all user configurable info, including optional assembler routines */
+#include "pngconf.h"
+
+/*
+ * Added at libpng-1.2.8 */
+/* Ref MSDN: Private as priority over Special
+ * VS_FF_PRIVATEBUILD File *was not* built using standard release
+ * procedures. If this value is given, the StringFileInfo block must
+ * contain a PrivateBuild string.
+ *
+ * VS_FF_SPECIALBUILD File *was* built by the original company using
+ * standard release procedures but is a variation of the standard
+ * file of the same version number. If this value is given, the
+ * StringFileInfo block must contain a SpecialBuild string.
+ */
+
+#ifdef PNG_USER_PRIVATEBUILD
+#  define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_TYPE \
+          (PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_BASE_TYPE | PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_PRIVATE)
+#else
+#  ifdef PNG_LIBPNG_SPECIALBUILD
+#    define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_TYPE \
+            (PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_BASE_TYPE | PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_SPECIAL)
+#  else
+#    define PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_TYPE (PNG_LIBPNG_BUILD_BASE_TYPE)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_VERSION_INFO_ONLY
+
+/* Inhibit C++ name-mangling for libpng functions but not for system calls. */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+/* This file is arranged in several sections.  The first section contains
+ * structure and type definitions.  The second section contains the external
+ * library functions, while the third has the internal library functions,
+ * which applications aren't expected to use directly.
+ */
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_TYPECAST_NULL
+#define int_p_NULL                (int *)NULL
+#define png_bytep_NULL            (png_bytep)NULL
+#define png_bytepp_NULL           (png_bytepp)NULL
+#define png_doublep_NULL          (png_doublep)NULL
+#define png_error_ptr_NULL        (png_error_ptr)NULL
+#define png_flush_ptr_NULL        (png_flush_ptr)NULL
+#define png_free_ptr_NULL         (png_free_ptr)NULL
+#define png_infopp_NULL           (png_infopp)NULL
+#define png_malloc_ptr_NULL       (png_malloc_ptr)NULL
+#define png_read_status_ptr_NULL  (png_read_status_ptr)NULL
+#define png_rw_ptr_NULL           (png_rw_ptr)NULL
+#define png_structp_NULL          (png_structp)NULL
+#define png_uint_16p_NULL         (png_uint_16p)NULL
+#define png_voidp_NULL            (png_voidp)NULL
+#define png_write_status_ptr_NULL (png_write_status_ptr)NULL
+#else
+#define int_p_NULL                NULL
+#define png_bytep_NULL            NULL
+#define png_bytepp_NULL           NULL
+#define png_doublep_NULL          NULL
+#define png_error_ptr_NULL        NULL
+#define png_flush_ptr_NULL        NULL
+#define png_free_ptr_NULL         NULL
+#define png_infopp_NULL           NULL
+#define png_malloc_ptr_NULL       NULL
+#define png_read_status_ptr_NULL  NULL
+#define png_rw_ptr_NULL           NULL
+#define png_structp_NULL          NULL
+#define png_uint_16p_NULL         NULL
+#define png_voidp_NULL            NULL
+#define png_write_status_ptr_NULL NULL
+#endif
+
+/* Variables declared in png.c - only it needs to define PNG_NO_EXTERN */
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_EXTERN) || defined(PNG_ALWAYS_EXTERN)
+/* Version information for C files, stored in png.c.  This had better match
+ * the version above.
+ */
+#ifdef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (PNG_CONST char) png_libpng_ver[18];
+  /* Need room for 99.99.99beta99z */
+#else
+#define png_libpng_ver png_get_header_ver(NULL)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+/* This was removed in version 1.0.5c */
+/* Structures to facilitate easy interlacing.  See png.c for more details */
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (PNG_CONST int FARDATA) png_pass_start[7];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (PNG_CONST int FARDATA) png_pass_inc[7];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (PNG_CONST int FARDATA) png_pass_ystart[7];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (PNG_CONST int FARDATA) png_pass_yinc[7];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (PNG_CONST int FARDATA) png_pass_mask[7];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (PNG_CONST int FARDATA) png_pass_dsp_mask[7];
+/* This isn't currently used.  If you need it, see png.c for more details.
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (PNG_CONST int FARDATA) png_pass_height[7];
+*/
+#endif
+
+#endif /* PNG_NO_EXTERN */
+
+/* Three color definitions.  The order of the red, green, and blue, (and the
+ * exact size) is not important, although the size of the fields need to
+ * be png_byte or png_uint_16 (as defined below).
+ */
+typedef struct png_color_struct
+{
+   png_byte red;
+   png_byte green;
+   png_byte blue;
+} png_color;
+typedef png_color FAR * png_colorp;
+typedef png_color FAR * FAR * png_colorpp;
+
+typedef struct png_color_16_struct
+{
+   png_byte index;    /* used for palette files */
+   png_uint_16 red;   /* for use in red green blue files */
+   png_uint_16 green;
+   png_uint_16 blue;
+   png_uint_16 gray;  /* for use in grayscale files */
+} png_color_16;
+typedef png_color_16 FAR * png_color_16p;
+typedef png_color_16 FAR * FAR * png_color_16pp;
+
+typedef struct png_color_8_struct
+{
+   png_byte red;   /* for use in red green blue files */
+   png_byte green;
+   png_byte blue;
+   png_byte gray;  /* for use in grayscale files */
+   png_byte alpha; /* for alpha channel files */
+} png_color_8;
+typedef png_color_8 FAR * png_color_8p;
+typedef png_color_8 FAR * FAR * png_color_8pp;
+
+/*
+ * The following two structures are used for the in-core representation
+ * of sPLT chunks.
+ */
+typedef struct png_sPLT_entry_struct
+{
+   png_uint_16 red;
+   png_uint_16 green;
+   png_uint_16 blue;
+   png_uint_16 alpha;
+   png_uint_16 frequency;
+} png_sPLT_entry;
+typedef png_sPLT_entry FAR * png_sPLT_entryp;
+typedef png_sPLT_entry FAR * FAR * png_sPLT_entrypp;
+
+/*  When the depth of the sPLT palette is 8 bits, the color and alpha samples
+ *  occupy the LSB of their respective members, and the MSB of each member
+ *  is zero-filled.  The frequency member always occupies the full 16 bits.
+ */
+
+typedef struct png_sPLT_struct
+{
+   png_charp name;           /* palette name */
+   png_byte depth;           /* depth of palette samples */
+   png_sPLT_entryp entries;  /* palette entries */
+   png_int_32 nentries;      /* number of palette entries */
+} png_sPLT_t;
+typedef png_sPLT_t FAR * png_sPLT_tp;
+typedef png_sPLT_t FAR * FAR * png_sPLT_tpp;
+
+#ifdef PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+/* png_text holds the contents of a text/ztxt/itxt chunk in a PNG file,
+ * and whether that contents is compressed or not.  The "key" field
+ * points to a regular zero-terminated C string.  The "text", "lang", and
+ * "lang_key" fields can be regular C strings, empty strings, or NULL pointers.
+ * However, the * structure returned by png_get_text() will always contain
+ * regular zero-terminated C strings (possibly empty), never NULL pointers,
+ * so they can be safely used in printf() and other string-handling functions.
+ */
+typedef struct png_text_struct
+{
+   int  compression;       /* compression value:
+                             -1: tEXt, none
+                              0: zTXt, deflate
+                              1: iTXt, none
+                              2: iTXt, deflate  */
+   png_charp key;          /* keyword, 1-79 character description of "text" */
+   png_charp text;         /* comment, may be an empty string (ie "")
+                              or a NULL pointer */
+   png_size_t text_length; /* length of the text string */
+#ifdef PNG_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+   png_size_t itxt_length; /* length of the itxt string */
+   png_charp lang;         /* language code, 0-79 characters
+                              or a NULL pointer */
+   png_charp lang_key;     /* keyword translated UTF-8 string, 0 or more
+                              chars or a NULL pointer */
+#endif
+} png_text;
+typedef png_text FAR * png_textp;
+typedef png_text FAR * FAR * png_textpp;
+#endif
+
+/* Supported compression types for text in PNG files (tEXt, and zTXt).
+ * The values of the PNG_TEXT_COMPRESSION_ defines should NOT be changed.
+ */
+#define PNG_TEXT_COMPRESSION_NONE_WR -3
+#define PNG_TEXT_COMPRESSION_zTXt_WR -2
+#define PNG_TEXT_COMPRESSION_NONE    -1
+#define PNG_TEXT_COMPRESSION_zTXt     0
+#define PNG_ITXT_COMPRESSION_NONE     1
+#define PNG_ITXT_COMPRESSION_zTXt     2
+#define PNG_TEXT_COMPRESSION_LAST     3  /* Not a valid value */
+
+/* png_time is a way to hold the time in an machine independent way.
+ * Two conversions are provided, both from time_t and struct tm.  There
+ * is no portable way to convert to either of these structures, as far
+ * as I know.  If you know of a portable way, send it to me.  As a side
+ * note - PNG has always been Year 2000 compliant!
+ */
+typedef struct png_time_struct
+{
+   png_uint_16 year; /* full year, as in, 1995 */
+   png_byte month;   /* month of year, 1 - 12 */
+   png_byte day;     /* day of month, 1 - 31 */
+   png_byte hour;    /* hour of day, 0 - 23 */
+   png_byte minute;  /* minute of hour, 0 - 59 */
+   png_byte second;  /* second of minute, 0 - 60 (for leap seconds) */
+} png_time;
+typedef png_time FAR * png_timep;
+typedef png_time FAR * FAR * png_timepp;
+
+#if defined(PNG_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED) || \
+ defined(PNG_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN_SUPPORTED)
+/* png_unknown_chunk is a structure to hold queued chunks for which there is
+ * no specific support.  The idea is that we can use this to queue
+ * up private chunks for output even though the library doesn't actually
+ * know about their semantics.
+ */
+#define PNG_CHUNK_NAME_LENGTH 5
+typedef struct png_unknown_chunk_t
+{
+    png_byte name[PNG_CHUNK_NAME_LENGTH];
+    png_byte *data;
+    png_size_t size;
+
+    /* libpng-using applications should NOT directly modify this byte. */
+    png_byte location; /* mode of operation at read time */
+}
+png_unknown_chunk;
+typedef png_unknown_chunk FAR * png_unknown_chunkp;
+typedef png_unknown_chunk FAR * FAR * png_unknown_chunkpp;
+#endif
+
+/* png_info is a structure that holds the information in a PNG file so
+ * that the application can find out the characteristics of the image.
+ * If you are reading the file, this structure will tell you what is
+ * in the PNG file.  If you are writing the file, fill in the information
+ * you want to put into the PNG file, then call png_write_info().
+ * The names chosen should be very close to the PNG specification, so
+ * consult that document for information about the meaning of each field.
+ *
+ * With libpng < 0.95, it was only possible to directly set and read the
+ * the values in the png_info_struct, which meant that the contents and
+ * order of the values had to remain fixed.  With libpng 0.95 and later,
+ * however, there are now functions that abstract the contents of
+ * png_info_struct from the application, so this makes it easier to use
+ * libpng with dynamic libraries, and even makes it possible to use
+ * libraries that don't have all of the libpng ancillary chunk-handing
+ * functionality.
+ *
+ * In any case, the order of the parameters in png_info_struct should NOT
+ * be changed for as long as possible to keep compatibility with applications
+ * that use the old direct-access method with png_info_struct.
+ *
+ * The following members may have allocated storage attached that should be
+ * cleaned up before the structure is discarded: palette, trans, text,
+ * pcal_purpose, pcal_units, pcal_params, hist, iccp_name, iccp_profile,
+ * splt_palettes, scal_unit, row_pointers, and unknowns.   By default, these
+ * are automatically freed when the info structure is deallocated, if they were
+ * allocated internally by libpng.  This behavior can be changed by means
+ * of the png_data_freer() function.
+ *
+ * More allocation details: all the chunk-reading functions that
+ * change these members go through the corresponding png_set_*
+ * functions.  A function to clear these members is available: see
+ * png_free_data().  The png_set_* functions do not depend on being
+ * able to point info structure members to any of the storage they are
+ * passed (they make their own copies), EXCEPT that the png_set_text
+ * functions use the same storage passed to them in the text_ptr or
+ * itxt_ptr structure argument, and the png_set_rows and png_set_unknowns
+ * functions do not make their own copies.
+ */
+typedef struct png_info_struct
+{
+   /* The following are necessary for every PNG file */
+   png_uint_32 width PNG_DEPSTRUCT;       /* width of image in pixels (from IHDR) */
+   png_uint_32 height PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* height of image in pixels (from IHDR) */
+   png_uint_32 valid PNG_DEPSTRUCT;       /* valid chunk data (see PNG_INFO_ below) */
+   png_uint_32 rowbytes PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* bytes needed to hold an untransformed row */
+   png_colorp palette PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* array of color values (valid & PNG_INFO_PLTE) */
+   png_uint_16 num_palette PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* number of color entries in "palette" (PLTE) */
+   png_uint_16 num_trans PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* number of transparent palette color (tRNS) */
+   png_byte bit_depth PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 bits/channel (from IHDR) */
+   png_byte color_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* see PNG_COLOR_TYPE_ below (from IHDR) */
+   /* The following three should have been named *_method not *_type */
+   png_byte compression_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* must be PNG_COMPRESSION_TYPE_BASE (IHDR) */
+   png_byte filter_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* must be PNG_FILTER_TYPE_BASE (from IHDR) */
+   png_byte interlace_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* One of PNG_INTERLACE_NONE, PNG_INTERLACE_ADAM7 */
+
+   /* The following is informational only on read, and not used on writes. */
+   png_byte channels PNG_DEPSTRUCT;       /* number of data channels per pixel (1, 2, 3, 4) */
+   png_byte pixel_depth PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* number of bits per pixel */
+   png_byte spare_byte PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* to align the data, and for future use */
+   png_byte signature[8] PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* magic bytes read by libpng from start of file */
+
+   /* The rest of the data is optional.  If you are reading, check the
+    * valid field to see if the information in these are valid.  If you
+    * are writing, set the valid field to those chunks you want written,
+    * and initialize the appropriate fields below.
+    */
+
+#if defined(PNG_gAMA_SUPPORTED) && defined(PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED)
+   /* The gAMA chunk describes the gamma characteristics of the system
+    * on which the image was created, normally in the range [1.0, 2.5].
+    * Data is valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_gAMA) is non-zero.
+    */
+   float gamma PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* gamma value of image, if (valid & PNG_INFO_gAMA) */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+    /* GR-P, 0.96a */
+    /* Data valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_sRGB) non-zero. */
+   png_byte srgb_intent PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* sRGB rendering intent [0, 1, 2, or 3] */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+   /* The tEXt, and zTXt chunks contain human-readable textual data in
+    * uncompressed, compressed, and optionally compressed forms, respectively.
+    * The data in "text" is an array of pointers to uncompressed,
+    * null-terminated C strings. Each chunk has a keyword that describes the
+    * textual data contained in that chunk.  Keywords are not required to be
+    * unique, and the text string may be empty.  Any number of text chunks may
+    * be in an image.
+    */
+   int num_text PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* number of comments read/to write */
+   int max_text PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* current size of text array */
+   png_textp text PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* array of comments read/to write */
+#endif /* PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef PNG_tIME_SUPPORTED
+   /* The tIME chunk holds the last time the displayed image data was
+    * modified.  See the png_time struct for the contents of this struct.
+    */
+   png_time mod_time PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+   /* The sBIT chunk specifies the number of significant high-order bits
+    * in the pixel data.  Values are in the range [1, bit_depth], and are
+    * only specified for the channels in the pixel data.  The contents of
+    * the low-order bits is not specified.  Data is valid if
+    * (valid & PNG_INFO_sBIT) is non-zero.
+    */
+   png_color_8 sig_bit PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* significant bits in color channels */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_tRNS_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_READ_EXPAND_SUPPORTED) || \
+defined(PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED)
+   /* The tRNS chunk supplies transparency data for paletted images and
+    * other image types that don't need a full alpha channel.  There are
+    * "num_trans" transparency values for a paletted image, stored in the
+    * same order as the palette colors, starting from index 0.  Values
+    * for the data are in the range [0, 255], ranging from fully transparent
+    * to fully opaque, respectively.  For non-paletted images, there is a
+    * single color specified that should be treated as fully transparent.
+    * Data is valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_tRNS) is non-zero.
+    */
+   png_bytep trans PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* transparent values for paletted image */
+   png_color_16 trans_values PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* transparent color for non-palette image */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_bKGD_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED)
+   /* The bKGD chunk gives the suggested image background color if the
+    * display program does not have its own background color and the image
+    * is needs to composited onto a background before display.  The colors
+    * in "background" are normally in the same color space/depth as the
+    * pixel data.  Data is valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_bKGD) is non-zero.
+    */
+   png_color_16 background PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+   /* The oFFs chunk gives the offset in "offset_unit_type" units rightwards
+    * and downwards from the top-left corner of the display, page, or other
+    * application-specific co-ordinate space.  See the PNG_OFFSET_ defines
+    * below for the unit types.  Valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_oFFs) non-zero.
+    */
+   png_int_32 x_offset PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* x offset on page */
+   png_int_32 y_offset PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* y offset on page */
+   png_byte offset_unit_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* offset units type */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+   /* The pHYs chunk gives the physical pixel density of the image for
+    * display or printing in "phys_unit_type" units (see PNG_RESOLUTION_
+    * defines below).  Data is valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_pHYs) is non-zero.
+    */
+   png_uint_32 x_pixels_per_unit PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* horizontal pixel density */
+   png_uint_32 y_pixels_per_unit PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* vertical pixel density */
+   png_byte phys_unit_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* resolution type (see PNG_RESOLUTION_ below) */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_hIST_SUPPORTED
+   /* The hIST chunk contains the relative frequency or importance of the
+    * various palette entries, so that a viewer can intelligently select a
+    * reduced-color palette, if required.  Data is an array of "num_palette"
+    * values in the range [0,65535]. Data valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_hIST)
+    * is non-zero.
+    */
+   png_uint_16p hist PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+   /* The cHRM chunk describes the CIE color characteristics of the monitor
+    * on which the PNG was created.  This data allows the viewer to do gamut
+    * mapping of the input image to ensure that the viewer sees the same
+    * colors in the image as the creator.  Values are in the range
+    * [0.0, 0.8].  Data valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_cHRM) non-zero.
+    */
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+   float x_white PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   float y_white PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   float x_red PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   float y_red PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   float x_green PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   float y_green PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   float x_blue PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   float y_blue PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+   /* The pCAL chunk describes a transformation between the stored pixel
+    * values and original physical data values used to create the image.
+    * The integer range [0, 2^bit_depth - 1] maps to the floating-point
+    * range given by [pcal_X0, pcal_X1], and are further transformed by a
+    * (possibly non-linear) transformation function given by "pcal_type"
+    * and "pcal_params" into "pcal_units".  Please see the PNG_EQUATION_
+    * defines below, and the PNG-Group's PNG extensions document for a
+    * complete description of the transformations and how they should be
+    * implemented, and for a description of the ASCII parameter strings.
+    * Data values are valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_pCAL) non-zero.
+    */
+   png_charp pcal_purpose PNG_DEPSTRUCT;  /* pCAL chunk description string */
+   png_int_32 pcal_X0 PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* minimum value */
+   png_int_32 pcal_X1 PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* maximum value */
+   png_charp pcal_units PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* Latin-1 string giving physical units */
+   png_charpp pcal_params PNG_DEPSTRUCT;  /* ASCII strings containing parameter values */
+   png_byte pcal_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* equation type (see PNG_EQUATION_ below) */
+   png_byte pcal_nparams PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* number of parameters given in pcal_params */
+#endif
+
+/* New members added in libpng-1.0.6 */
+#ifdef PNG_FREE_ME_SUPPORTED
+   png_uint_32 free_me PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* flags items libpng is responsible for freeing */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED) || \
+ defined(PNG_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN_SUPPORTED)
+   /* Storage for unknown chunks that the library doesn't recognize. */
+   png_unknown_chunkp unknown_chunks PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_size_t unknown_chunks_num PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+   /* iCCP chunk data. */
+   png_charp iccp_name PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* profile name */
+   png_charp iccp_profile PNG_DEPSTRUCT;  /* International Color Consortium profile data */
+                            /* Note to maintainer: should be png_bytep */
+   png_uint_32 iccp_proflen PNG_DEPSTRUCT;  /* ICC profile data length */
+   png_byte iccp_compression PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* Always zero */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+   /* Data on sPLT chunks (there may be more than one). */
+   png_sPLT_tp splt_palettes PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_uint_32 splt_palettes_num PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+   /* The sCAL chunk describes the actual physical dimensions of the
+    * subject matter of the graphic.  The chunk contains a unit specification
+    * a byte value, and two ASCII strings representing floating-point
+    * values.  The values are width and height corresponsing to one pixel
+    * in the image.  This external representation is converted to double
+    * here.  Data values are valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_sCAL) is non-zero.
+    */
+   png_byte scal_unit PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* unit of physical scale */
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+   double scal_pixel_width PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* width of one pixel */
+   double scal_pixel_height PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* height of one pixel */
+#endif
+#ifdef PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+   png_charp scal_s_width PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* string containing height */
+   png_charp scal_s_height PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* string containing width */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_INFO_IMAGE_SUPPORTED
+   /* Memory has been allocated if (valid & PNG_ALLOCATED_INFO_ROWS) non-zero */
+   /* Data valid if (valid & PNG_INFO_IDAT) non-zero */
+   png_bytepp row_pointers PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* the image bits */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED) && defined(PNG_gAMA_SUPPORTED)
+   png_fixed_point int_gamma PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* gamma of image, if (valid & PNG_INFO_gAMA) */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_cHRM_SUPPORTED) && defined(PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED)
+   png_fixed_point int_x_white PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_fixed_point int_y_white PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_fixed_point int_x_red PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_fixed_point int_y_red PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_fixed_point int_x_green PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_fixed_point int_y_green PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_fixed_point int_x_blue PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_fixed_point int_y_blue PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+} png_info;
+
+typedef png_info FAR * png_infop;
+typedef png_info FAR * FAR * png_infopp;
+
+/* Maximum positive integer used in PNG is (2^31)-1 */
+#define PNG_UINT_31_MAX ((png_uint_32)0x7fffffffL)
+#define PNG_UINT_32_MAX ((png_uint_32)(-1))
+#define PNG_SIZE_MAX ((png_size_t)(-1))
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+/* PNG_MAX_UINT is deprecated; use PNG_UINT_31_MAX instead. */
+#define PNG_MAX_UINT PNG_UINT_31_MAX
+#endif
+
+/* These describe the color_type field in png_info. */
+/* color type masks */
+#define PNG_COLOR_MASK_PALETTE    1
+#define PNG_COLOR_MASK_COLOR      2
+#define PNG_COLOR_MASK_ALPHA      4
+
+/* color types.  Note that not all combinations are legal */
+#define PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY 0
+#define PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE  (PNG_COLOR_MASK_COLOR | PNG_COLOR_MASK_PALETTE)
+#define PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB        (PNG_COLOR_MASK_COLOR)
+#define PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB_ALPHA  (PNG_COLOR_MASK_COLOR | PNG_COLOR_MASK_ALPHA)
+#define PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY_ALPHA (PNG_COLOR_MASK_ALPHA)
+/* aliases */
+#define PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGBA  PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB_ALPHA
+#define PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GA  PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY_ALPHA
+
+/* This is for compression type. PNG 1.0-1.2 only define the single type. */
+#define PNG_COMPRESSION_TYPE_BASE 0 /* Deflate method 8, 32K window */
+#define PNG_COMPRESSION_TYPE_DEFAULT PNG_COMPRESSION_TYPE_BASE
+
+/* This is for filter type. PNG 1.0-1.2 only define the single type. */
+#define PNG_FILTER_TYPE_BASE      0 /* Single row per-byte filtering */
+#define PNG_INTRAPIXEL_DIFFERENCING 64 /* Used only in MNG datastreams */
+#define PNG_FILTER_TYPE_DEFAULT   PNG_FILTER_TYPE_BASE
+
+/* These are for the interlacing type.  These values should NOT be changed. */
+#define PNG_INTERLACE_NONE        0 /* Non-interlaced image */
+#define PNG_INTERLACE_ADAM7       1 /* Adam7 interlacing */
+#define PNG_INTERLACE_LAST        2 /* Not a valid value */
+
+/* These are for the oFFs chunk.  These values should NOT be changed. */
+#define PNG_OFFSET_PIXEL          0 /* Offset in pixels */
+#define PNG_OFFSET_MICROMETER     1 /* Offset in micrometers (1/10^6 meter) */
+#define PNG_OFFSET_LAST           2 /* Not a valid value */
+
+/* These are for the pCAL chunk.  These values should NOT be changed. */
+#define PNG_EQUATION_LINEAR       0 /* Linear transformation */
+#define PNG_EQUATION_BASE_E       1 /* Exponential base e transform */
+#define PNG_EQUATION_ARBITRARY    2 /* Arbitrary base exponential transform */
+#define PNG_EQUATION_HYPERBOLIC   3 /* Hyperbolic sine transformation */
+#define PNG_EQUATION_LAST         4 /* Not a valid value */
+
+/* These are for the sCAL chunk.  These values should NOT be changed. */
+#define PNG_SCALE_UNKNOWN         0 /* unknown unit (image scale) */
+#define PNG_SCALE_METER           1 /* meters per pixel */
+#define PNG_SCALE_RADIAN          2 /* radians per pixel */
+#define PNG_SCALE_LAST            3 /* Not a valid value */
+
+/* These are for the pHYs chunk.  These values should NOT be changed. */
+#define PNG_RESOLUTION_UNKNOWN    0 /* pixels/unknown unit (aspect ratio) */
+#define PNG_RESOLUTION_METER      1 /* pixels/meter */
+#define PNG_RESOLUTION_LAST       2 /* Not a valid value */
+
+/* These are for the sRGB chunk.  These values should NOT be changed. */
+#define PNG_sRGB_INTENT_PERCEPTUAL 0
+#define PNG_sRGB_INTENT_RELATIVE   1
+#define PNG_sRGB_INTENT_SATURATION 2
+#define PNG_sRGB_INTENT_ABSOLUTE   3
+#define PNG_sRGB_INTENT_LAST       4 /* Not a valid value */
+
+/* This is for text chunks */
+#define PNG_KEYWORD_MAX_LENGTH     79
+
+/* Maximum number of entries in PLTE/sPLT/tRNS arrays */
+#define PNG_MAX_PALETTE_LENGTH    256
+
+/* These determine if an ancillary chunk's data has been successfully read
+ * from the PNG header, or if the application has filled in the corresponding
+ * data in the info_struct to be written into the output file.  The values
+ * of the PNG_INFO_<chunk> defines should NOT be changed.
+ */
+#define PNG_INFO_gAMA 0x0001
+#define PNG_INFO_sBIT 0x0002
+#define PNG_INFO_cHRM 0x0004
+#define PNG_INFO_PLTE 0x0008
+#define PNG_INFO_tRNS 0x0010
+#define PNG_INFO_bKGD 0x0020
+#define PNG_INFO_hIST 0x0040
+#define PNG_INFO_pHYs 0x0080
+#define PNG_INFO_oFFs 0x0100
+#define PNG_INFO_tIME 0x0200
+#define PNG_INFO_pCAL 0x0400
+#define PNG_INFO_sRGB 0x0800   /* GR-P, 0.96a */
+#define PNG_INFO_iCCP 0x1000   /* ESR, 1.0.6 */
+#define PNG_INFO_sPLT 0x2000   /* ESR, 1.0.6 */
+#define PNG_INFO_sCAL 0x4000   /* ESR, 1.0.6 */
+#define PNG_INFO_IDAT 0x8000L  /* ESR, 1.0.6 */
+
+/* This is used for the transformation routines, as some of them
+ * change these values for the row.  It also should enable using
+ * the routines for other purposes.
+ */
+typedef struct png_row_info_struct
+{
+   png_uint_32 width; /* width of row */
+   png_uint_32 rowbytes; /* number of bytes in row */
+   png_byte color_type; /* color type of row */
+   png_byte bit_depth; /* bit depth of row */
+   png_byte channels; /* number of channels (1, 2, 3, or 4) */
+   png_byte pixel_depth; /* bits per pixel (depth * channels) */
+} png_row_info;
+
+typedef png_row_info FAR * png_row_infop;
+typedef png_row_info FAR * FAR * png_row_infopp;
+
+/* These are the function types for the I/O functions and for the functions
+ * that allow the user to override the default I/O functions with his or her
+ * own.  The png_error_ptr type should match that of user-supplied warning
+ * and error functions, while the png_rw_ptr type should match that of the
+ * user read/write data functions.
+ */
+typedef struct png_struct_def png_struct;
+typedef png_struct FAR * png_structp;
+
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_error_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_const_charp));
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_rw_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_bytep, png_size_t));
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_flush_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp));
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_read_status_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_uint_32,
+   int));
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_write_status_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_uint_32,
+   int));
+
+#ifdef PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_progressive_info_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_infop));
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_progressive_end_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_infop));
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_progressive_row_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_bytep,
+   png_uint_32, int));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_LEGACY_SUPPORTED)
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_user_transform_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp,
+    png_row_infop, png_bytep));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_USER_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+typedef int (PNGAPI *png_user_chunk_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_unknown_chunkp));
+#endif
+#ifdef PNG_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+typedef void (PNGAPI *png_unknown_chunk_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp));
+#endif
+
+/* Transform masks for the high-level interface */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY       0x0000    /* read and write */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_STRIP_16       0x0001    /* read only */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_STRIP_ALPHA    0x0002    /* read only */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_PACKING        0x0004    /* read and write */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_PACKSWAP       0x0008    /* read and write */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_EXPAND         0x0010    /* read only */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_INVERT_MONO    0x0020    /* read and write */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_SHIFT          0x0040    /* read and write */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_BGR            0x0080    /* read and write */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_SWAP_ALPHA     0x0100    /* read and write */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_SWAP_ENDIAN    0x0200    /* read and write */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_INVERT_ALPHA   0x0400    /* read and write */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_STRIP_FILLER   0x0800    /* write only, deprecated */
+/* Added to libpng-1.2.34 */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_STRIP_FILLER_BEFORE 0x0800  /* write only */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_STRIP_FILLER_AFTER  0x1000  /* write only */
+/* Added to libpng-1.2.41 */
+#define PNG_TRANSFORM_GRAY_TO_RGB   0x2000      /* read only */
+
+/* Flags for MNG supported features */
+#define PNG_FLAG_MNG_EMPTY_PLTE     0x01
+#define PNG_FLAG_MNG_FILTER_64      0x04
+#define PNG_ALL_MNG_FEATURES        0x05
+
+typedef png_voidp (*png_malloc_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_size_t));
+typedef void (*png_free_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp, png_voidp));
+
+/* The structure that holds the information to read and write PNG files.
+ * The only people who need to care about what is inside of this are the
+ * people who will be modifying the library for their own special needs.
+ * It should NOT be accessed directly by an application, except to store
+ * the jmp_buf.
+ */
+
+struct png_struct_def
+{
+#ifdef PNG_SETJMP_SUPPORTED
+   jmp_buf jmpbuf;            /* used in png_error */
+#endif
+   png_error_ptr error_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* function for printing errors and aborting */
+   png_error_ptr warning_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT;  /* function for printing warnings */
+   png_voidp error_ptr PNG_DEPSTRUCT;       /* user supplied struct for error functions */
+   png_rw_ptr write_data_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT;  /* function for writing output data */
+   png_rw_ptr read_data_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* function for reading input data */
+   png_voidp io_ptr PNG_DEPSTRUCT;          /* ptr to application struct for I/O functions */
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED
+   png_user_transform_ptr read_user_transform_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* user read transform */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED
+   png_user_transform_ptr write_user_transform_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* user write transform */
+#endif
+
+/* These were added in libpng-1.0.2 */
+#ifdef PNG_USER_TRANSFORM_PTR_SUPPORTED
+#if defined(PNG_READ_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED)
+   png_voidp user_transform_ptr PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* user supplied struct for user transform */
+   png_byte user_transform_depth PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* bit depth of user transformed pixels */
+   png_byte user_transform_channels PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* channels in user transformed pixels */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+   png_uint_32 mode PNG_DEPSTRUCT;          /* tells us where we are in the PNG file */
+   png_uint_32 flags PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* flags indicating various things to libpng */
+   png_uint_32 transformations PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* which transformations to perform */
+
+   z_stream zstream PNG_DEPSTRUCT;          /* pointer to decompression structure (below) */
+   png_bytep zbuf PNG_DEPSTRUCT;            /* buffer for zlib */
+   png_size_t zbuf_size PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* size of zbuf */
+   int zlib_level PNG_DEPSTRUCT;            /* holds zlib compression level */
+   int zlib_method PNG_DEPSTRUCT;           /* holds zlib compression method */
+   int zlib_window_bits PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* holds zlib compression window bits */
+   int zlib_mem_level PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* holds zlib compression memory level */
+   int zlib_strategy PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* holds zlib compression strategy */
+
+   png_uint_32 width PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* width of image in pixels */
+   png_uint_32 height PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* height of image in pixels */
+   png_uint_32 num_rows PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* number of rows in current pass */
+   png_uint_32 usr_width PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* width of row at start of write */
+   png_uint_32 rowbytes PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* size of row in bytes */
+#if 0 /* Replaced with the following in libpng-1.2.43 */
+   png_size_t irowbytes PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+/* Added in libpng-1.2.43 */
+#ifdef PNG_USER_LIMITS_SUPPORTED
+   /* Added in libpng-1.4.0: Total number of sPLT, text, and unknown
+    * chunks that can be stored (0 means unlimited).
+    */
+   png_uint_32 user_chunk_cache_max PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+   png_uint_32 iwidth PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* width of current interlaced row in pixels */
+   png_uint_32 row_number PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* current row in interlace pass */
+   png_bytep prev_row PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* buffer to save previous (unfiltered) row */
+   png_bytep row_buf PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* buffer to save current (unfiltered) row */
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_FILTER
+   png_bytep sub_row PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* buffer to save "sub" row when filtering */
+   png_bytep up_row PNG_DEPSTRUCT;          /* buffer to save "up" row when filtering */
+   png_bytep avg_row PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* buffer to save "avg" row when filtering */
+   png_bytep paeth_row PNG_DEPSTRUCT;       /* buffer to save "Paeth" row when filtering */
+#endif
+   png_row_info row_info PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* used for transformation routines */
+
+   png_uint_32 idat_size PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* current IDAT size for read */
+   png_uint_32 crc PNG_DEPSTRUCT;           /* current chunk CRC value */
+   png_colorp palette PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* palette from the input file */
+   png_uint_16 num_palette PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* number of color entries in palette */
+   png_uint_16 num_trans PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* number of transparency values */
+   png_byte chunk_name[5] PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* null-terminated name of current chunk */
+   png_byte compression PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* file compression type (always 0) */
+   png_byte filter PNG_DEPSTRUCT;           /* file filter type (always 0) */
+   png_byte interlaced PNG_DEPSTRUCT;       /* PNG_INTERLACE_NONE, PNG_INTERLACE_ADAM7 */
+   png_byte pass PNG_DEPSTRUCT;             /* current interlace pass (0 - 6) */
+   png_byte do_filter PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* row filter flags (see PNG_FILTER_ below ) */
+   png_byte color_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT;       /* color type of file */
+   png_byte bit_depth PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* bit depth of file */
+   png_byte usr_bit_depth PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* bit depth of users row */
+   png_byte pixel_depth PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* number of bits per pixel */
+   png_byte channels PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* number of channels in file */
+   png_byte usr_channels PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* channels at start of write */
+   png_byte sig_bytes PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* magic bytes read/written from start of file */
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_FILLER_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_FILLER_SUPPORTED)
+#ifdef PNG_LEGACY_SUPPORTED
+   png_byte filler PNG_DEPSTRUCT;           /* filler byte for pixel expansion */
+#else
+   png_uint_16 filler PNG_DEPSTRUCT;           /* filler bytes for pixel expansion */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+   png_byte background_gamma_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#  ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+   float background_gamma PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#  endif
+   png_color_16 background PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* background color in screen gamma space */
+#ifdef PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED
+   png_color_16 background_1 PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* background normalized to gamma 1.0 */
+#endif
+#endif /* PNG_bKGD_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_FLUSH_SUPPORTED
+   png_flush_ptr output_flush_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* Function for flushing output */
+   png_uint_32 flush_dist PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* how many rows apart to flush, 0 - no flush */
+   png_uint_32 flush_rows PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* number of rows written since last flush */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED)
+   int gamma_shift PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* number of "insignificant" bits 16-bit gamma */
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+   float gamma PNG_DEPSTRUCT;          /* file gamma value */
+   float screen_gamma PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* screen gamma value (display_exponent) */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED)
+   png_bytep gamma_table PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* gamma table for 8-bit depth files */
+   png_bytep gamma_from_1 PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* converts from 1.0 to screen */
+   png_bytep gamma_to_1 PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* converts from file to 1.0 */
+   png_uint_16pp gamma_16_table PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* gamma table for 16-bit depth files */
+   png_uint_16pp gamma_16_from_1 PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* converts from 1.0 to screen */
+   png_uint_16pp gamma_16_to_1 PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* converts from file to 1.0 */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_sBIT_SUPPORTED)
+   png_color_8 sig_bit PNG_DEPSTRUCT;       /* significant bits in each available channel */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_SHIFT_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_SHIFT_SUPPORTED)
+   png_color_8 shift PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* shift for significant bit tranformation */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_tRNS_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED) \
+ || defined(PNG_READ_EXPAND_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED)
+   png_bytep trans PNG_DEPSTRUCT;           /* transparency values for paletted files */
+   png_color_16 trans_values PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* transparency values for non-paletted files */
+#endif
+
+   png_read_status_ptr read_row_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* called after each row is decoded */
+   png_write_status_ptr write_row_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* called after each row is encoded */
+#ifdef PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED
+   png_progressive_info_ptr info_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* called after header data fully read */
+   png_progressive_row_ptr row_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* called after each prog. row is decoded */
+   png_progressive_end_ptr end_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* called after image is complete */
+   png_bytep save_buffer_ptr PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* current location in save_buffer */
+   png_bytep save_buffer PNG_DEPSTRUCT;            /* buffer for previously read data */
+   png_bytep current_buffer_ptr PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* current location in current_buffer */
+   png_bytep current_buffer PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* buffer for recently used data */
+   png_uint_32 push_length PNG_DEPSTRUCT;          /* size of current input chunk */
+   png_uint_32 skip_length PNG_DEPSTRUCT;          /* bytes to skip in input data */
+   png_size_t save_buffer_size PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* amount of data now in save_buffer */
+   png_size_t save_buffer_max PNG_DEPSTRUCT;       /* total size of save_buffer */
+   png_size_t buffer_size PNG_DEPSTRUCT;           /* total amount of available input data */
+   png_size_t current_buffer_size PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* amount of data now in current_buffer */
+   int process_mode PNG_DEPSTRUCT;                 /* what push library is currently doing */
+   int cur_palette PNG_DEPSTRUCT;                  /* current push library palette index */
+
+#  ifdef PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+     png_size_t current_text_size PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* current size of text input data */
+     png_size_t current_text_left PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* how much text left to read in input */
+     png_charp current_text PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* current text chunk buffer */
+     png_charp current_text_ptr PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* current location in current_text */
+#  endif /* PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED */
+#endif /* PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED */
+
+#if defined(__TURBOC__) && !defined(_Windows) && !defined(__FLAT__)
+/* for the Borland special 64K segment handler */
+   png_bytepp offset_table_ptr PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_bytep offset_table PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_uint_16 offset_table_number PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_uint_16 offset_table_count PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_uint_16 offset_table_count_free PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_DITHER_SUPPORTED
+   png_bytep palette_lookup PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* lookup table for dithering */
+   png_bytep dither_index PNG_DEPSTRUCT;           /* index translation for palette files */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_DITHER_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_hIST_SUPPORTED)
+   png_uint_16p hist PNG_DEPSTRUCT;                /* histogram */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_WEIGHTED_FILTER_SUPPORTED
+   png_byte heuristic_method PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* heuristic for row filter selection */
+   png_byte num_prev_filters PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* number of weights for previous rows */
+   png_bytep prev_filters PNG_DEPSTRUCT;           /* filter type(s) of previous row(s) */
+   png_uint_16p filter_weights PNG_DEPSTRUCT;      /* weight(s) for previous line(s) */
+   png_uint_16p inv_filter_weights PNG_DEPSTRUCT;  /* 1/weight(s) for previous line(s) */
+   png_uint_16p filter_costs PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* relative filter calculation cost */
+   png_uint_16p inv_filter_costs PNG_DEPSTRUCT;    /* 1/relative filter calculation cost */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_TIME_RFC1123_SUPPORTED
+   png_charp time_buffer PNG_DEPSTRUCT;            /* String to hold RFC 1123 time text */
+#endif
+
+/* New members added in libpng-1.0.6 */
+
+#ifdef PNG_FREE_ME_SUPPORTED
+   png_uint_32 free_me PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* flags items libpng is responsible for freeing */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_USER_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+   png_voidp user_chunk_ptr PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_user_chunk_ptr read_user_chunk_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT; /* user read chunk handler */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN_SUPPORTED
+   int num_chunk_list PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_bytep chunk_list PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+/* New members added in libpng-1.0.3 */
+#ifdef PNG_READ_RGB_TO_GRAY_SUPPORTED
+   png_byte rgb_to_gray_status PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   /* These were changed from png_byte in libpng-1.0.6 */
+   png_uint_16 rgb_to_gray_red_coeff PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_uint_16 rgb_to_gray_green_coeff PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_uint_16 rgb_to_gray_blue_coeff PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+/* New member added in libpng-1.0.4 (renamed in 1.0.9) */
+#if defined(PNG_MNG_FEATURES_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_READ_EMPTY_PLTE_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_EMPTY_PLTE_SUPPORTED)
+/* Changed from png_byte to png_uint_32 at version 1.2.0 */
+#ifdef PNG_1_0_X
+   png_byte mng_features_permitted PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#else
+   png_uint_32 mng_features_permitted PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif /* PNG_1_0_X */
+#endif
+
+/* New member added in libpng-1.0.7 */
+#if defined(PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED)
+   png_fixed_point int_gamma PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+/* New member added in libpng-1.0.9, ifdef'ed out in 1.0.12, enabled in 1.2.0 */
+#ifdef PNG_MNG_FEATURES_SUPPORTED
+   png_byte filter_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_1_0_X
+/* New member added in libpng-1.0.10, ifdef'ed out in 1.2.0 */
+   png_uint_32 row_buf_size PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+/* New members added in libpng-1.2.0 */
+#ifdef PNG_ASSEMBLER_CODE_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+#    ifdef PNG_MMX_CODE_SUPPORTED
+   png_byte     mmx_bitdepth_threshold PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_uint_32  mmx_rowbytes_threshold PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#    endif
+   png_uint_32  asm_flags PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* New members added in libpng-1.0.2 but first enabled by default in 1.2.0 */
+#ifdef PNG_USER_MEM_SUPPORTED
+   png_voidp mem_ptr PNG_DEPSTRUCT;            /* user supplied struct for mem functions */
+   png_malloc_ptr malloc_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT;     /* function for allocating memory */
+   png_free_ptr free_fn PNG_DEPSTRUCT;         /* function for freeing memory */
+#endif
+
+/* New member added in libpng-1.0.13 and 1.2.0 */
+   png_bytep big_row_buf PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* buffer to save current (unfiltered) row */
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_DITHER_SUPPORTED
+/* The following three members were added at version 1.0.14 and 1.2.4 */
+   png_bytep dither_sort PNG_DEPSTRUCT;        /* working sort array */
+   png_bytep index_to_palette PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* where the original index currently is */
+                                 /* in the palette */
+   png_bytep palette_to_index PNG_DEPSTRUCT;   /* which original index points to this */
+                                 /* palette color */
+#endif
+
+/* New members added in libpng-1.0.16 and 1.2.6 */
+   png_byte compression_type PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+
+#ifdef PNG_USER_LIMITS_SUPPORTED
+   png_uint_32 user_width_max PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+   png_uint_32 user_height_max PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+/* New member added in libpng-1.0.25 and 1.2.17 */
+#ifdef PNG_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+   /* Storage for unknown chunk that the library doesn't recognize. */
+   png_unknown_chunk unknown_chunk PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+#endif
+
+/* New members added in libpng-1.2.26 */
+  png_uint_32 old_big_row_buf_size PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+  png_uint_32 old_prev_row_size PNG_DEPSTRUCT;
+
+/* New member added in libpng-1.2.30 */
+  png_charp chunkdata PNG_DEPSTRUCT;  /* buffer for reading chunk data */
+
+
+};
+
+
+/* This triggers a compiler error in png.c, if png.c and png.h
+ * do not agree upon the version number.
+ */
+typedef png_structp version_1_2_46;
+
+typedef png_struct FAR * FAR * png_structpp;
+
+/* Here are the function definitions most commonly used.  This is not
+ * the place to find out how to use libpng.  See libpng.txt for the
+ * full explanation, see example.c for the summary.  This just provides
+ * a simple one line description of the use of each function.
+ */
+
+/* Returns the version number of the library */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_access_version_number) PNGARG((void));
+
+/* Tell lib we have already handled the first <num_bytes> magic bytes.
+ * Handling more than 8 bytes from the beginning of the file is an error.
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_sig_bytes) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int num_bytes));
+
+/* Check sig[start] through sig[start + num_to_check - 1] to see if it's a
+ * PNG file.  Returns zero if the supplied bytes match the 8-byte PNG
+ * signature, and non-zero otherwise.  Having num_to_check == 0 or
+ * start > 7 will always fail (ie return non-zero).
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(int,png_sig_cmp) PNGARG((png_bytep sig, png_size_t start,
+   png_size_t num_to_check));
+
+/* Simple signature checking function.  This is the same as calling
+ * png_check_sig(sig, n) := !png_sig_cmp(sig, 0, n).
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(int,png_check_sig) PNGARG((png_bytep sig, int num)) PNG_DEPRECATED;
+
+/* Allocate and initialize png_ptr struct for reading, and any other memory. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_structp,png_create_read_struct)
+   PNGARG((png_const_charp user_png_ver, png_voidp error_ptr,
+   png_error_ptr error_fn, png_error_ptr warn_fn)) PNG_ALLOCATED;
+
+/* Allocate and initialize png_ptr struct for writing, and any other memory */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_structp,png_create_write_struct)
+   PNGARG((png_const_charp user_png_ver, png_voidp error_ptr,
+   png_error_ptr error_fn, png_error_ptr warn_fn)) PNG_ALLOCATED;
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_compression_buffer_size)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_compression_buffer_size)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_uint_32 size));
+#endif
+
+/* Reset the compression stream */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(int,png_reset_zstream) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* New functions added in libpng-1.0.2 (not enabled by default until 1.2.0) */
+#ifdef PNG_USER_MEM_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_structp,png_create_read_struct_2)
+   PNGARG((png_const_charp user_png_ver, png_voidp error_ptr,
+   png_error_ptr error_fn, png_error_ptr warn_fn, png_voidp mem_ptr,
+   png_malloc_ptr malloc_fn, png_free_ptr free_fn)) PNG_ALLOCATED;
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_structp,png_create_write_struct_2)
+   PNGARG((png_const_charp user_png_ver, png_voidp error_ptr,
+   png_error_ptr error_fn, png_error_ptr warn_fn, png_voidp mem_ptr,
+   png_malloc_ptr malloc_fn, png_free_ptr free_fn)) PNG_ALLOCATED;
+#endif
+
+/* Write a PNG chunk - size, type, (optional) data, CRC. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_chunk) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep chunk_name, png_bytep data, png_size_t length));
+
+/* Write the start of a PNG chunk - length and chunk name. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_chunk_start) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep chunk_name, png_uint_32 length));
+
+/* Write the data of a PNG chunk started with png_write_chunk_start(). */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_chunk_data) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep data, png_size_t length));
+
+/* Finish a chunk started with png_write_chunk_start() (includes CRC). */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_chunk_end) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* Allocate and initialize the info structure */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_infop,png_create_info_struct)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_ALLOCATED;
+
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+/* Initialize the info structure (old interface - DEPRECATED) */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_info_init) PNGARG((png_infop info_ptr))
+    PNG_DEPRECATED;
+#undef png_info_init
+#define png_info_init(info_ptr) png_info_init_3(&info_ptr,\
+    png_sizeof(png_info));
+#endif
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_info_init_3) PNGARG((png_infopp info_ptr,
+    png_size_t png_info_struct_size));
+
+/* Writes all the PNG information before the image. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_info_before_PLTE) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_info) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr));
+
+#ifdef PNG_SEQUENTIAL_READ_SUPPORTED
+/* Read the information before the actual image data. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_info) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_TIME_RFC1123_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_charp,png_convert_to_rfc1123)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_timep ptime));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_CONVERT_tIME_SUPPORTED
+/* Convert from a struct tm to png_time */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_convert_from_struct_tm) PNGARG((png_timep ptime,
+   struct tm FAR * ttime));
+
+/* Convert from time_t to png_time.  Uses gmtime() */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_convert_from_time_t) PNGARG((png_timep ptime,
+   time_t ttime));
+#endif /* PNG_CONVERT_tIME_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_EXPAND_SUPPORTED
+/* Expand data to 24-bit RGB, or 8-bit grayscale, with alpha if available. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_expand) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_expand_gray_1_2_4_to_8) PNGARG((png_structp
+  png_ptr));
+#endif
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_palette_to_rgb) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_tRNS_to_alpha) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+/* Deprecated */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_gray_1_2_4_to_8) PNGARG((png_structp
+    png_ptr)) PNG_DEPRECATED;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_BGR_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_BGR_SUPPORTED)
+/* Use blue, green, red order for pixels. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_bgr) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_GRAY_TO_RGB_SUPPORTED
+/* Expand the grayscale to 24-bit RGB if necessary. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_gray_to_rgb) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_RGB_TO_GRAY_SUPPORTED
+/* Reduce RGB to grayscale. */
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_rgb_to_gray) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int error_action, double red, double green ));
+#endif
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_rgb_to_gray_fixed) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int error_action, png_fixed_point red, png_fixed_point green ));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_byte,png_get_rgb_to_gray_status) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_build_grayscale_palette) PNGARG((int bit_depth,
+   png_colorp palette));
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_STRIP_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_strip_alpha) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_SWAP_ALPHA_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_SWAP_ALPHA_SUPPORTED)
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_swap_alpha) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_INVERT_ALPHA_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_INVERT_ALPHA_SUPPORTED)
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_invert_alpha) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_FILLER_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_FILLER_SUPPORTED)
+/* Add a filler byte to 8-bit Gray or 24-bit RGB images. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_filler) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 filler, int flags));
+/* The values of the PNG_FILLER_ defines should NOT be changed */
+#define PNG_FILLER_BEFORE 0
+#define PNG_FILLER_AFTER 1
+/* Add an alpha byte to 8-bit Gray or 24-bit RGB images. */
+#ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_add_alpha) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 filler, int flags));
+#endif
+#endif /* PNG_READ_FILLER_SUPPORTED || PNG_WRITE_FILLER_SUPPORTED */
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_SWAP_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_SWAP_SUPPORTED)
+/* Swap bytes in 16-bit depth files. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_swap) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_PACK_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_PACK_SUPPORTED)
+/* Use 1 byte per pixel in 1, 2, or 4-bit depth files. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_packing) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_PACKSWAP_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_PACKSWAP_SUPPORTED)
+/* Swap packing order of pixels in bytes. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_packswap) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_SHIFT_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_SHIFT_SUPPORTED)
+/* Converts files to legal bit depths. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_shift) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_color_8p true_bits));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_INTERLACING_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_INTERLACING_SUPPORTED)
+/* Have the code handle the interlacing.  Returns the number of passes. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(int,png_set_interlace_handling) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_INVERT_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_INVERT_SUPPORTED)
+/* Invert monochrome files */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_invert_mono) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED
+/* Handle alpha and tRNS by replacing with a background color. */
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_background) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_color_16p background_color, int background_gamma_code,
+   int need_expand, double background_gamma));
+#endif
+#define PNG_BACKGROUND_GAMMA_UNKNOWN 0
+#define PNG_BACKGROUND_GAMMA_SCREEN  1
+#define PNG_BACKGROUND_GAMMA_FILE    2
+#define PNG_BACKGROUND_GAMMA_UNIQUE  3
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_16_TO_8_SUPPORTED
+/* Strip the second byte of information from a 16-bit depth file. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_strip_16) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_DITHER_SUPPORTED
+/* Turn on dithering, and reduce the palette to the number of colors available. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_dither) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_colorp palette, int num_palette, int maximum_colors,
+   png_uint_16p histogram, int full_dither));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED
+/* Handle gamma correction. Screen_gamma=(display_exponent) */
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_gamma) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   double screen_gamma, double default_file_gamma));
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+#if defined(PNG_READ_EMPTY_PLTE_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_EMPTY_PLTE_SUPPORTED)
+/* Permit or disallow empty PLTE (0: not permitted, 1: permitted) */
+/* Deprecated and will be removed.  Use png_permit_mng_features() instead. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_permit_empty_plte) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int empty_plte_permitted)) PNG_DEPRECATED;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_FLUSH_SUPPORTED
+/* Set how many lines between output flushes - 0 for no flushing */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_flush) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, int nrows));
+/* Flush the current PNG output buffer */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_flush) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+/* Optional update palette with requested transformations */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_start_read_image) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* Optional call to update the users info structure */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_update_info) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr));
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_SEQUENTIAL_READ_SUPPORTED
+/* Read one or more rows of image data. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_rows) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytepp row, png_bytepp display_row, png_uint_32 num_rows));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_SEQUENTIAL_READ_SUPPORTED
+/* Read a row of data. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_row) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep row,
+   png_bytep display_row));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_SEQUENTIAL_READ_SUPPORTED
+/* Read the whole image into memory at once. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_image) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytepp image));
+#endif
+
+/* Write a row of image data */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_row) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep row));
+
+/* Write a few rows of image data */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_rows) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytepp row, png_uint_32 num_rows));
+
+/* Write the image data */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_image) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytepp image));
+
+/* Writes the end of the PNG file. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_end) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr));
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_SEQUENTIAL_READ_SUPPORTED
+/* Read the end of the PNG file. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_end) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr));
+#endif
+
+/* Free any memory associated with the png_info_struct */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_destroy_info_struct) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infopp info_ptr_ptr));
+
+/* Free any memory associated with the png_struct and the png_info_structs */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_destroy_read_struct) PNGARG((png_structpp
+   png_ptr_ptr, png_infopp info_ptr_ptr, png_infopp end_info_ptr_ptr));
+
+/* Free all memory used by the read (old method - NOT DLL EXPORTED) */
+/* Debian note: exporting as it is required by legacy applications */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_destroy) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_infop end_info_ptr));
+
+/* Free any memory associated with the png_struct and the png_info_structs */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_destroy_write_struct)
+   PNGARG((png_structpp png_ptr_ptr, png_infopp info_ptr_ptr));
+
+/* Free any memory used in png_ptr struct (old method - NOT DLL EXPORTED) */
+/* Debian note: exporting as it is required by legacy applications */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_destroy) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* Set the libpng method of handling chunk CRC errors */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_crc_action) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int crit_action, int ancil_action));
+
+/* Values for png_set_crc_action() to say how to handle CRC errors in
+ * ancillary and critical chunks, and whether to use the data contained
+ * therein.  Note that it is impossible to "discard" data in a critical
+ * chunk.  For versions prior to 0.90, the action was always error/quit,
+ * whereas in version 0.90 and later, the action for CRC errors in ancillary
+ * chunks is warn/discard.  These values should NOT be changed.
+ *
+ *      value                       action:critical     action:ancillary
+ */
+#define PNG_CRC_DEFAULT       0  /* error/quit          warn/discard data */
+#define PNG_CRC_ERROR_QUIT    1  /* error/quit          error/quit        */
+#define PNG_CRC_WARN_DISCARD  2  /* (INVALID)           warn/discard data */
+#define PNG_CRC_WARN_USE      3  /* warn/use data       warn/use data     */
+#define PNG_CRC_QUIET_USE     4  /* quiet/use data      quiet/use data    */
+#define PNG_CRC_NO_CHANGE     5  /* use current value   use current value */
+
+/* These functions give the user control over the scan-line filtering in
+ * libpng and the compression methods used by zlib.  These functions are
+ * mainly useful for testing, as the defaults should work with most users.
+ * Those users who are tight on memory or want faster performance at the
+ * expense of compression can modify them.  See the compression library
+ * header file (zlib.h) for an explination of the compression functions.
+ */
+
+/* Set the filtering method(s) used by libpng.  Currently, the only valid
+ * value for "method" is 0.
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_filter) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, int method,
+   int filters));
+
+/* Flags for png_set_filter() to say which filters to use.  The flags
+ * are chosen so that they don't conflict with real filter types
+ * below, in case they are supplied instead of the #defined constants.
+ * These values should NOT be changed.
+ */
+#define PNG_NO_FILTERS     0x00
+#define PNG_FILTER_NONE    0x08
+#define PNG_FILTER_SUB     0x10
+#define PNG_FILTER_UP      0x20
+#define PNG_FILTER_AVG     0x40
+#define PNG_FILTER_PAETH   0x80
+#define PNG_ALL_FILTERS (PNG_FILTER_NONE | PNG_FILTER_SUB | PNG_FILTER_UP | \
+                         PNG_FILTER_AVG | PNG_FILTER_PAETH)
+
+/* Filter values (not flags) - used in pngwrite.c, pngwutil.c for now.
+ * These defines should NOT be changed.
+ */
+#define PNG_FILTER_VALUE_NONE  0
+#define PNG_FILTER_VALUE_SUB   1
+#define PNG_FILTER_VALUE_UP    2
+#define PNG_FILTER_VALUE_AVG   3
+#define PNG_FILTER_VALUE_PAETH 4
+#define PNG_FILTER_VALUE_LAST  5
+
+#if defined(PNG_WRITE_WEIGHTED_FILTER_SUPPORTED) /* EXPERIMENTAL */
+/* The "heuristic_method" is given by one of the PNG_FILTER_HEURISTIC_
+ * defines, either the default (minimum-sum-of-absolute-differences), or
+ * the experimental method (weighted-minimum-sum-of-absolute-differences).
+ *
+ * Weights are factors >= 1.0, indicating how important it is to keep the
+ * filter type consistent between rows.  Larger numbers mean the current
+ * filter is that many times as likely to be the same as the "num_weights"
+ * previous filters.  This is cumulative for each previous row with a weight.
+ * There needs to be "num_weights" values in "filter_weights", or it can be
+ * NULL if the weights aren't being specified.  Weights have no influence on
+ * the selection of the first row filter.  Well chosen weights can (in theory)
+ * improve the compression for a given image.
+ *
+ * Costs are factors >= 1.0 indicating the relative decoding costs of a
+ * filter type.  Higher costs indicate more decoding expense, and are
+ * therefore less likely to be selected over a filter with lower computational
+ * costs.  There needs to be a value in "filter_costs" for each valid filter
+ * type (given by PNG_FILTER_VALUE_LAST), or it can be NULL if you aren't
+ * setting the costs.  Costs try to improve the speed of decompression without
+ * unduly increasing the compressed image size.
+ *
+ * A negative weight or cost indicates the default value is to be used, and
+ * values in the range [0.0, 1.0) indicate the value is to remain unchanged.
+ * The default values for both weights and costs are currently 1.0, but may
+ * change if good general weighting/cost heuristics can be found.  If both
+ * the weights and costs are set to 1.0, this degenerates the WEIGHTED method
+ * to the UNWEIGHTED method, but with added encoding time/computation.
+ */
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_filter_heuristics) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int heuristic_method, int num_weights, png_doublep filter_weights,
+   png_doublep filter_costs));
+#endif
+#endif /*  PNG_WRITE_WEIGHTED_FILTER_SUPPORTED */
+
+/* Heuristic used for row filter selection.  These defines should NOT be
+ * changed.
+ */
+#define PNG_FILTER_HEURISTIC_DEFAULT    0  /* Currently "UNWEIGHTED" */
+#define PNG_FILTER_HEURISTIC_UNWEIGHTED 1  /* Used by libpng < 0.95 */
+#define PNG_FILTER_HEURISTIC_WEIGHTED   2  /* Experimental feature */
+#define PNG_FILTER_HEURISTIC_LAST       3  /* Not a valid value */
+
+/* Set the library compression level.  Currently, valid values range from
+ * 0 - 9, corresponding directly to the zlib compression levels 0 - 9
+ * (0 - no compression, 9 - "maximal" compression).  Note that tests have
+ * shown that zlib compression levels 3-6 usually perform as well as level 9
+ * for PNG images, and do considerably fewer caclulations.  In the future,
+ * these values may not correspond directly to the zlib compression levels.
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_compression_level) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int level));
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_compression_mem_level)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, int mem_level));
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_compression_strategy)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, int strategy));
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_compression_window_bits)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, int window_bits));
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_compression_method) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int method));
+
+/* These next functions are called for input/output, memory, and error
+ * handling.  They are in the file pngrio.c, pngwio.c, and pngerror.c,
+ * and call standard C I/O routines such as fread(), fwrite(), and
+ * fprintf().  These functions can be made to use other I/O routines
+ * at run time for those applications that need to handle I/O in a
+ * different manner by calling png_set_???_fn().  See libpng.txt for
+ * more information.
+ */
+
+#ifdef PNG_STDIO_SUPPORTED
+/* Initialize the input/output for the PNG file to the default functions. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_init_io) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_FILE_p fp));
+#endif
+
+/* Replace the (error and abort), and warning functions with user
+ * supplied functions.  If no messages are to be printed you must still
+ * write and use replacement functions. The replacement error_fn should
+ * still do a longjmp to the last setjmp location if you are using this
+ * method of error handling.  If error_fn or warning_fn is NULL, the
+ * default function will be used.
+ */
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_error_fn) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_voidp error_ptr, png_error_ptr error_fn, png_error_ptr warning_fn));
+
+/* Return the user pointer associated with the error functions */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_get_error_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* Replace the default data output functions with a user supplied one(s).
+ * If buffered output is not used, then output_flush_fn can be set to NULL.
+ * If PNG_WRITE_FLUSH_SUPPORTED is not defined at libpng compile time
+ * output_flush_fn will be ignored (and thus can be NULL).
+ * It is probably a mistake to use NULL for output_flush_fn if
+ * write_data_fn is not also NULL unless you have built libpng with
+ * PNG_WRITE_FLUSH_SUPPORTED undefined, because in this case libpng's
+ * default flush function, which uses the standard *FILE structure, will
+ * be used.
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_write_fn) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_voidp io_ptr, png_rw_ptr write_data_fn, png_flush_ptr output_flush_fn));
+
+/* Replace the default data input function with a user supplied one. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_read_fn) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_voidp io_ptr, png_rw_ptr read_data_fn));
+
+/* Return the user pointer associated with the I/O functions */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_get_io_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_read_status_fn) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_read_status_ptr read_row_fn));
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_write_status_fn) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_write_status_ptr write_row_fn));
+
+#ifdef PNG_USER_MEM_SUPPORTED
+/* Replace the default memory allocation functions with user supplied one(s). */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_mem_fn) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_voidp mem_ptr, png_malloc_ptr malloc_fn, png_free_ptr free_fn));
+/* Return the user pointer associated with the memory functions */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_get_mem_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_LEGACY_SUPPORTED)
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_read_user_transform_fn) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr, png_user_transform_ptr read_user_transform_fn));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_WRITE_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_LEGACY_SUPPORTED)
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_write_user_transform_fn) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr, png_user_transform_ptr write_user_transform_fn));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_LEGACY_SUPPORTED)
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_user_transform_info) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr, png_voidp user_transform_ptr, int user_transform_depth,
+   int user_transform_channels));
+/* Return the user pointer associated with the user transform functions */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_get_user_transform_ptr)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_USER_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_read_user_chunk_fn) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_voidp user_chunk_ptr, png_user_chunk_ptr read_user_chunk_fn));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_get_user_chunk_ptr) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED
+/* Sets the function callbacks for the push reader, and a pointer to a
+ * user-defined structure available to the callback functions.
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_progressive_read_fn) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_voidp progressive_ptr,
+   png_progressive_info_ptr info_fn, png_progressive_row_ptr row_fn,
+   png_progressive_end_ptr end_fn));
+
+/* Returns the user pointer associated with the push read functions */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_get_progressive_ptr)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* Function to be called when data becomes available */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_process_data) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_bytep buffer, png_size_t buffer_size));
+
+/* Function that combines rows.  Not very much different than the
+ * png_combine_row() call.  Is this even used?????
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_progressive_combine_row) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep old_row, png_bytep new_row));
+#endif /* PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED */
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_malloc) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 size)) PNG_ALLOCATED;
+
+#ifdef PNG_1_0_X
+#  define png_malloc_warn png_malloc
+#else
+/* Added at libpng version 1.2.4 */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_malloc_warn) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 size)) PNG_ALLOCATED;
+#endif
+
+/* Frees a pointer allocated by png_malloc() */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_free) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_voidp ptr));
+
+#ifdef PNG_1_0_X
+/* Function to allocate memory for zlib. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(voidpf,png_zalloc) PNGARG((voidpf png_ptr, uInt items,
+   uInt size));
+
+/* Function to free memory for zlib */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_zfree) PNGARG((voidpf png_ptr, voidpf ptr));
+#endif
+
+/* Free data that was allocated internally */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_free_data) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 free_me, int num));
+#ifdef PNG_FREE_ME_SUPPORTED
+/* Reassign responsibility for freeing existing data, whether allocated
+ * by libpng or by the application
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_data_freer) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, int freer, png_uint_32 mask));
+#endif
+/* Assignments for png_data_freer */
+#define PNG_DESTROY_WILL_FREE_DATA 1
+#define PNG_SET_WILL_FREE_DATA 1
+#define PNG_USER_WILL_FREE_DATA 2
+/* Flags for png_ptr->free_me and info_ptr->free_me */
+#define PNG_FREE_HIST 0x0008
+#define PNG_FREE_ICCP 0x0010
+#define PNG_FREE_SPLT 0x0020
+#define PNG_FREE_ROWS 0x0040
+#define PNG_FREE_PCAL 0x0080
+#define PNG_FREE_SCAL 0x0100
+#define PNG_FREE_UNKN 0x0200
+#define PNG_FREE_LIST 0x0400
+#define PNG_FREE_PLTE 0x1000
+#define PNG_FREE_TRNS 0x2000
+#define PNG_FREE_TEXT 0x4000
+#define PNG_FREE_ALL  0x7fff
+#define PNG_FREE_MUL  0x4220 /* PNG_FREE_SPLT|PNG_FREE_TEXT|PNG_FREE_UNKN */
+
+#ifdef PNG_USER_MEM_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_malloc_default) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 size)) PNG_ALLOCATED;
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_free_default) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_voidp ptr));
+#endif
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_memcpy_check) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_voidp s1, png_voidp s2, png_uint_32 size)) PNG_DEPRECATED;
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_voidp,png_memset_check) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_voidp s1, int value, png_uint_32 size)) PNG_DEPRECATED;
+
+#if defined(USE_FAR_KEYWORD)  /* memory model conversion function */
+extern void *png_far_to_near PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,png_voidp ptr,
+   int check));
+#endif /* USE_FAR_KEYWORD */
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_ERROR_TEXT
+/* Fatal error in PNG image of libpng - can't continue */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_error) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_const_charp error_message)) PNG_NORETURN;
+
+/* The same, but the chunk name is prepended to the error string. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_chunk_error) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_const_charp error_message)) PNG_NORETURN;
+#else
+/* Fatal error in PNG image of libpng - can't continue */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_err) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_NORETURN;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WARNINGS
+/* Non-fatal error in libpng.  Can continue, but may have a problem. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_warning) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_const_charp warning_message));
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_SUPPORTED
+/* Non-fatal error in libpng, chunk name is prepended to message. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_chunk_warning) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_const_charp warning_message));
+#endif /* PNG_READ_SUPPORTED */
+#endif /* PNG_NO_WARNINGS */
+
+/* The png_set_<chunk> functions are for storing values in the png_info_struct.
+ * Similarly, the png_get_<chunk> calls are used to read values from the
+ * png_info_struct, either storing the parameters in the passed variables, or
+ * setting pointers into the png_info_struct where the data is stored.  The
+ * png_get_<chunk> functions return a non-zero value if the data was available
+ * in info_ptr, or return zero and do not change any of the parameters if the
+ * data was not available.
+ *
+ * These functions should be used instead of directly accessing png_info
+ * to avoid problems with future changes in the size and internal layout of
+ * png_info_struct.
+ */
+/* Returns "flag" if chunk data is valid in info_ptr. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_valid) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 flag));
+
+/* Returns number of bytes needed to hold a transformed row. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_rowbytes) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr));
+
+#ifdef PNG_INFO_IMAGE_SUPPORTED
+/* Returns row_pointers, which is an array of pointers to scanlines that was
+ * returned from png_read_png().
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_bytepp,png_get_rows) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr));
+/* Set row_pointers, which is an array of pointers to scanlines for use
+ * by png_write_png().
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_rows) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_bytepp row_pointers));
+#endif
+
+/* Returns number of color channels in image. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_byte,png_get_channels) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr));
+
+#ifdef PNG_EASY_ACCESS_SUPPORTED
+/* Returns image width in pixels. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32, png_get_image_width) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+
+/* Returns image height in pixels. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32, png_get_image_height) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+
+/* Returns image bit_depth. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_byte, png_get_bit_depth) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+
+/* Returns image color_type. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_byte, png_get_color_type) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+
+/* Returns image filter_type. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_byte, png_get_filter_type) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+
+/* Returns image interlace_type. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_byte, png_get_interlace_type) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+
+/* Returns image compression_type. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_byte, png_get_compression_type) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+
+/* Returns image resolution in pixels per meter, from pHYs chunk data. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32, png_get_pixels_per_meter) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32, png_get_x_pixels_per_meter) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32, png_get_y_pixels_per_meter) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+
+/* Returns pixel aspect ratio, computed from pHYs chunk data.  */
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(float, png_get_pixel_aspect_ratio) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+#endif
+
+/* Returns image x, y offset in pixels or microns, from oFFs chunk data. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_int_32, png_get_x_offset_pixels) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_int_32, png_get_y_offset_pixels) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_int_32, png_get_x_offset_microns) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_int_32, png_get_y_offset_microns) PNGARG((png_structp
+png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr));
+
+#endif /* PNG_EASY_ACCESS_SUPPORTED */
+
+/* Returns pointer to signature string read from PNG header */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_bytep,png_get_signature) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr));
+
+#ifdef PNG_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_bKGD) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_color_16p *background));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_bKGD) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_color_16p background));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_cHRM) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, double *white_x, double *white_y, double *red_x,
+   double *red_y, double *green_x, double *green_y, double *blue_x,
+   double *blue_y));
+#endif
+#ifdef PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_cHRM_fixed) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_fixed_point *int_white_x, png_fixed_point
+   *int_white_y, png_fixed_point *int_red_x, png_fixed_point *int_red_y,
+   png_fixed_point *int_green_x, png_fixed_point *int_green_y, png_fixed_point
+   *int_blue_x, png_fixed_point *int_blue_y));
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_cHRM) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, double white_x, double white_y, double red_x,
+   double red_y, double green_x, double green_y, double blue_x, double blue_y));
+#endif
+#ifdef PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_cHRM_fixed) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_fixed_point int_white_x, png_fixed_point int_white_y,
+   png_fixed_point int_red_x, png_fixed_point int_red_y, png_fixed_point
+   int_green_x, png_fixed_point int_green_y, png_fixed_point int_blue_x,
+   png_fixed_point int_blue_y));
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_gAMA_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_gAMA) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, double *file_gamma));
+#endif
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_gAMA_fixed) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_fixed_point *int_file_gamma));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_gAMA_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_gAMA) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, double file_gamma));
+#endif
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_gAMA_fixed) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_fixed_point int_file_gamma));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_hIST_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_hIST) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_16p *hist));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_hIST_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_hIST) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_16p hist));
+#endif
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_IHDR) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 *width, png_uint_32 *height,
+   int *bit_depth, int *color_type, int *interlace_method,
+   int *compression_method, int *filter_method));
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_IHDR) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 width, png_uint_32 height, int bit_depth,
+   int color_type, int interlace_method, int compression_method,
+   int filter_method));
+
+#ifdef PNG_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_oFFs) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_int_32 *offset_x, png_int_32 *offset_y,
+   int *unit_type));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_oFFs) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_int_32 offset_x, png_int_32 offset_y,
+   int unit_type));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_pCAL) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_charp *purpose, png_int_32 *X0, png_int_32 *X1,
+   int *type, int *nparams, png_charp *units, png_charpp *params));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_pCAL) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_charp purpose, png_int_32 X0, png_int_32 X1,
+   int type, int nparams, png_charp units, png_charpp params));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_pHYs) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 *res_x, png_uint_32 *res_y, int *unit_type));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_pHYs) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 res_x, png_uint_32 res_y, int unit_type));
+#endif
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_PLTE) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_colorp *palette, int *num_palette));
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_PLTE) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_colorp palette, int num_palette));
+
+#ifdef PNG_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_sBIT) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_color_8p *sig_bit));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_sBIT) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_color_8p sig_bit));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_sRGB) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, int *intent));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_sRGB) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, int intent));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_sRGB_gAMA_and_cHRM) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, int intent));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_iCCP) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_charpp name, int *compression_type,
+   png_charpp profile, png_uint_32 *proflen));
+   /* Note to maintainer: profile should be png_bytepp */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_iCCP) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_charp name, int compression_type,
+   png_charp profile, png_uint_32 proflen));
+   /* Note to maintainer: profile should be png_bytep */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_sPLT) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_sPLT_tpp entries));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_sPLT) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_sPLT_tp entries, int nentries));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+/* png_get_text also returns the number of text chunks in *num_text */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_text) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_textp *text_ptr, int *num_text));
+#endif
+
+/*
+ *  Note while png_set_text() will accept a structure whose text,
+ *  language, and  translated keywords are NULL pointers, the structure
+ *  returned by png_get_text will always contain regular
+ *  zero-terminated C strings.  They might be empty strings but
+ *  they will never be NULL pointers.
+ */
+
+#ifdef PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_text) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_textp text_ptr, int num_text));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_tIME_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_tIME) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_timep *mod_time));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_tIME_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_tIME) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_timep mod_time));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_tRNS) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_bytep *trans, int *num_trans,
+   png_color_16p *trans_values));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_tRNS) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_bytep trans, int num_trans,
+   png_color_16p trans_values));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_sCAL) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, int *unit, double *width, double *height));
+#else
+#ifdef PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_sCAL_s) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, int *unit, png_charpp swidth, png_charpp sheight));
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif /* PNG_sCAL_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef PNG_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_sCAL) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, int unit, double width, double height));
+#else
+#ifdef PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_sCAL_s) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, int unit, png_charp swidth, png_charp sheight));
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif /* PNG_sCAL_SUPPORTED || PNG_WRITE_sCAL_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef PNG_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN_SUPPORTED
+/* Provide a list of chunks and how they are to be handled, if the built-in
+   handling or default unknown chunk handling is not desired.  Any chunks not
+   listed will be handled in the default manner.  The IHDR and IEND chunks
+   must not be listed.
+      keep = 0: follow default behaviour
+           = 1: do not keep
+           = 2: keep only if safe-to-copy
+           = 3: keep even if unsafe-to-copy
+*/
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void, png_set_keep_unknown_chunks) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr, int keep, png_bytep chunk_list, int num_chunks));
+PNG_EXPORT(int,png_handle_as_unknown) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep
+   chunk_name));
+#endif
+#ifdef PNG_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void, png_set_unknown_chunks) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_unknown_chunkp unknowns, int num_unknowns));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void, png_set_unknown_chunk_location)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr, int chunk, int location));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_unknown_chunks) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr, png_unknown_chunkpp entries));
+#endif
+
+/* Png_free_data() will turn off the "valid" flag for anything it frees.
+ * If you need to turn it off for a chunk that your application has freed,
+ * you can use png_set_invalid(png_ptr, info_ptr, PNG_INFO_CHNK);
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void, png_set_invalid) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, int mask));
+
+#ifdef PNG_INFO_IMAGE_SUPPORTED
+/* The "params" pointer is currently not used and is for future expansion. */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void, png_read_png) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+                        png_infop info_ptr,
+                        int transforms,
+                        png_voidp params));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void, png_write_png) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+                        png_infop info_ptr,
+                        int transforms,
+                        png_voidp params));
+#endif
+
+/* Define PNG_DEBUG at compile time for debugging information.  Higher
+ * numbers for PNG_DEBUG mean more debugging information.  This has
+ * only been added since version 0.95 so it is not implemented throughout
+ * libpng yet, but more support will be added as needed.
+ */
+#ifdef PNG_DEBUG
+#if (PNG_DEBUG > 0)
+#if !defined(PNG_DEBUG_FILE) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+#include <crtdbg.h>
+#if (PNG_DEBUG > 1)
+#ifndef _DEBUG
+#  define _DEBUG
+#endif
+#ifndef png_debug
+#define png_debug(l,m)  _RPT0(_CRT_WARN,m PNG_STRING_NEWLINE)
+#endif
+#ifndef png_debug1
+#define png_debug1(l,m,p1)  _RPT1(_CRT_WARN,m PNG_STRING_NEWLINE,p1)
+#endif
+#ifndef png_debug2
+#define png_debug2(l,m,p1,p2) _RPT2(_CRT_WARN,m PNG_STRING_NEWLINE,p1,p2)
+#endif
+#endif
+#else /* PNG_DEBUG_FILE || !_MSC_VER */
+#ifndef PNG_DEBUG_FILE
+#define PNG_DEBUG_FILE stderr
+#endif /* PNG_DEBUG_FILE */
+
+#if (PNG_DEBUG > 1)
+/* Note: ["%s"m PNG_STRING_NEWLINE] probably does not work on non-ISO
+ * compilers.
+ */
+#  ifdef __STDC__
+#    ifndef png_debug
+#      define png_debug(l,m) \
+       { \
+       int num_tabs=l; \
+       fprintf(PNG_DEBUG_FILE,"%s"m PNG_STRING_NEWLINE,(num_tabs==1 ? "\t" : \
+         (num_tabs==2 ? "\t\t":(num_tabs>2 ? "\t\t\t":"")))); \
+       }
+#    endif
+#    ifndef png_debug1
+#      define png_debug1(l,m,p1) \
+       { \
+       int num_tabs=l; \
+       fprintf(PNG_DEBUG_FILE,"%s"m PNG_STRING_NEWLINE,(num_tabs==1 ? "\t" : \
+         (num_tabs==2 ? "\t\t":(num_tabs>2 ? "\t\t\t":""))),p1); \
+       }
+#    endif
+#    ifndef png_debug2
+#      define png_debug2(l,m,p1,p2) \
+       { \
+       int num_tabs=l; \
+       fprintf(PNG_DEBUG_FILE,"%s"m PNG_STRING_NEWLINE,(num_tabs==1 ? "\t" : \
+         (num_tabs==2 ? "\t\t":(num_tabs>2 ? "\t\t\t":""))),p1,p2); \
+       }
+#    endif
+#  else /* __STDC __ */
+#    ifndef png_debug
+#      define png_debug(l,m) \
+       { \
+       int num_tabs=l; \
+       char format[256]; \
+       snprintf(format,256,"%s%s%s",(num_tabs==1 ? "\t" : \
+         (num_tabs==2 ? "\t\t":(num_tabs>2 ? "\t\t\t":""))), \
+         m,PNG_STRING_NEWLINE); \
+       fprintf(PNG_DEBUG_FILE,format); \
+       }
+#    endif
+#    ifndef png_debug1
+#      define png_debug1(l,m,p1) \
+       { \
+       int num_tabs=l; \
+       char format[256]; \
+       snprintf(format,256,"%s%s%s",(num_tabs==1 ? "\t" : \
+         (num_tabs==2 ? "\t\t":(num_tabs>2 ? "\t\t\t":""))), \
+         m,PNG_STRING_NEWLINE); \
+       fprintf(PNG_DEBUG_FILE,format,p1); \
+       }
+#    endif
+#    ifndef png_debug2
+#      define png_debug2(l,m,p1,p2) \
+       { \
+       int num_tabs=l; \
+       char format[256]; \
+       snprintf(format,256,"%s%s%s",(num_tabs==1 ? "\t" : \
+         (num_tabs==2 ? "\t\t":(num_tabs>2 ? "\t\t\t":""))), \
+         m,PNG_STRING_NEWLINE); \
+       fprintf(PNG_DEBUG_FILE,format,p1,p2); \
+       }
+#    endif
+#  endif /* __STDC __ */
+#endif /* (PNG_DEBUG > 1) */
+
+#endif /* _MSC_VER */
+#endif /* (PNG_DEBUG > 0) */
+#endif /* PNG_DEBUG */
+#ifndef png_debug
+#define png_debug(l, m)
+#endif
+#ifndef png_debug1
+#define png_debug1(l, m, p1)
+#endif
+#ifndef png_debug2
+#define png_debug2(l, m, p1, p2)
+#endif
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_charp,png_get_copyright) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_charp,png_get_header_ver) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_charp,png_get_header_version) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_charp,png_get_libpng_ver) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+#ifdef PNG_MNG_FEATURES_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_permit_mng_features) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr, png_uint_32 mng_features_permitted));
+#endif
+
+/* For use in png_set_keep_unknown, added to version 1.2.6 */
+#define PNG_HANDLE_CHUNK_AS_DEFAULT   0
+#define PNG_HANDLE_CHUNK_NEVER        1
+#define PNG_HANDLE_CHUNK_IF_SAFE      2
+#define PNG_HANDLE_CHUNK_ALWAYS       3
+
+/* Added to version 1.2.0 */
+#ifdef PNG_ASSEMBLER_CODE_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_MMX_CODE_SUPPORTED
+#define PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_SUPPORT_COMPILED  0x01  /* not user-settable */
+#define PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_SUPPORT_IN_CPU    0x02  /* not user-settable */
+#define PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_COMBINE_ROW  0x04
+#define PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_INTERLACE    0x08
+#define PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_FILTER_SUB   0x10
+#define PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_FILTER_UP    0x20
+#define PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_FILTER_AVG   0x40
+#define PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_FILTER_PAETH 0x80
+#define PNG_ASM_FLAGS_INITIALIZED          0x80000000  /* not user-settable */
+
+#define PNG_MMX_READ_FLAGS ( PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_COMBINE_ROW  \
+                           | PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_INTERLACE    \
+                           | PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_FILTER_SUB   \
+                           | PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_FILTER_UP    \
+                           | PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_FILTER_AVG   \
+                           | PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_READ_FILTER_PAETH )
+#define PNG_MMX_WRITE_FLAGS ( 0 )
+
+#define PNG_MMX_FLAGS ( PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_SUPPORT_COMPILED \
+                      | PNG_ASM_FLAG_MMX_SUPPORT_IN_CPU   \
+                      | PNG_MMX_READ_FLAGS                \
+                      | PNG_MMX_WRITE_FLAGS )
+
+#define PNG_SELECT_READ   1
+#define PNG_SELECT_WRITE  2
+#endif /* PNG_MMX_CODE_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+/* pngget.c */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_mmx_flagmask)
+   PNGARG((int flag_select, int *compilerID));
+
+/* pngget.c */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_asm_flagmask)
+   PNGARG((int flag_select));
+
+/* pngget.c */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_asm_flags)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* pngget.c */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_byte,png_get_mmx_bitdepth_threshold)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* pngget.c */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_mmx_rowbytes_threshold)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* pngset.c */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_asm_flags)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_uint_32 asm_flags));
+
+/* pngset.c */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_mmx_thresholds)
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_byte mmx_bitdepth_threshold,
+   png_uint_32 mmx_rowbytes_threshold));
+
+#endif /* PNG_1_0_X */
+
+#ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+/* png.c, pnggccrd.c, or pngvcrd.c */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(int,png_mmx_support) PNGARG((void));
+#endif /* PNG_1_0_X */
+#endif /* PNG_ASSEMBLER_CODE_SUPPORTED */
+
+/* Strip the prepended error numbers ("#nnn ") from error and warning
+ * messages before passing them to the error or warning handler.
+ */
+#ifdef PNG_ERROR_NUMBERS_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_strip_error_numbers) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr, png_uint_32 strip_mode));
+#endif
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.2.6 */
+#ifdef PNG_SET_USER_LIMITS_SUPPORTED
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_set_user_limits) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr, png_uint_32 user_width_max, png_uint_32 user_height_max));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_user_width_max) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_user_height_max) PNGARG((png_structp
+   png_ptr));
+#endif
+/* Maintainer: Put new public prototypes here ^, in libpng.3, and in
+ * project defs
+ */
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_COMPOSITE_NODIV_SUPPORTED
+/* With these routines we avoid an integer divide, which will be slower on
+ * most machines.  However, it does take more operations than the corresponding
+ * divide method, so it may be slower on a few RISC systems.  There are two
+ * shifts (by 8 or 16 bits) and an addition, versus a single integer divide.
+ *
+ * Note that the rounding factors are NOT supposed to be the same!  128 and
+ * 32768 are correct for the NODIV code; 127 and 32767 are correct for the
+ * standard method.
+ *
+ * [Optimized code by Greg Roelofs and Mark Adler...blame us for bugs. :-) ]
+ */
+
+ /* fg and bg should be in `gamma 1.0' space; alpha is the opacity          */
+
+#  define png_composite(composite, fg, alpha, bg)                            \
+     { png_uint_16 temp = (png_uint_16)((png_uint_16)(fg) * (png_uint_16)(alpha) \
+                        +        (png_uint_16)(bg)*(png_uint_16)(255 -       \
+                        (png_uint_16)(alpha)) + (png_uint_16)128);           \
+       (composite) = (png_byte)((temp + (temp >> 8)) >> 8); }
+
+#  define png_composite_16(composite, fg, alpha, bg)                         \
+     { png_uint_32 temp = (png_uint_32)((png_uint_32)(fg) * (png_uint_32)(alpha) \
+                        + (png_uint_32)(bg)*(png_uint_32)(65535L -           \
+                        (png_uint_32)(alpha)) + (png_uint_32)32768L);        \
+       (composite) = (png_uint_16)((temp + (temp >> 16)) >> 16); }
+
+#else  /* Standard method using integer division */
+
+#  define png_composite(composite, fg, alpha, bg)                            \
+     (composite) = (png_byte)(((png_uint_16)(fg) * (png_uint_16)(alpha) +    \
+       (png_uint_16)(bg) * (png_uint_16)(255 - (png_uint_16)(alpha)) +       \
+       (png_uint_16)127) / 255)
+
+#  define png_composite_16(composite, fg, alpha, bg)                         \
+     (composite) = (png_uint_16)(((png_uint_32)(fg) * (png_uint_32)(alpha) + \
+       (png_uint_32)(bg)*(png_uint_32)(65535L - (png_uint_32)(alpha)) +      \
+       (png_uint_32)32767) / (png_uint_32)65535L)
+
+#endif /* PNG_READ_COMPOSITE_NODIV_SUPPORTED */
+
+/* Inline macros to do direct reads of bytes from the input buffer.  These
+ * require that you are using an architecture that uses PNG byte ordering
+ * (MSB first) and supports unaligned data storage.  I think that PowerPC
+ * in big-endian mode and 680x0 are the only ones that will support this.
+ * The x86 line of processors definitely do not.  The png_get_int_32()
+ * routine also assumes we are using two's complement format for negative
+ * values, which is almost certainly true.
+ */
+#ifdef PNG_READ_BIG_ENDIAN_SUPPORTED
+#  define png_get_uint_32(buf) ( *((png_uint_32p) (buf)))
+#  define png_get_uint_16(buf) ( *((png_uint_16p) (buf)))
+#  define png_get_int_32(buf)  ( *((png_int_32p)  (buf)))
+#else
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_uint_32) PNGARG((png_bytep buf));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_16,png_get_uint_16) PNGARG((png_bytep buf));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_int_32,png_get_int_32) PNGARG((png_bytep buf));
+#endif /* !PNG_READ_BIG_ENDIAN_SUPPORTED */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(png_uint_32,png_get_uint_31)
+  PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep buf));
+/* No png_get_int_16 -- may be added if there's a real need for it. */
+
+/* Place a 32-bit number into a buffer in PNG byte order (big-endian).
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_save_uint_32)
+   PNGARG((png_bytep buf, png_uint_32 i));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_save_int_32)
+   PNGARG((png_bytep buf, png_int_32 i));
+
+/* Place a 16-bit number into a buffer in PNG byte order.
+ * The parameter is declared unsigned int, not png_uint_16,
+ * just to avoid potential problems on pre-ANSI C compilers.
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_save_uint_16)
+   PNGARG((png_bytep buf, unsigned int i));
+/* No png_save_int_16 -- may be added if there's a real need for it. */
+
+/* ************************************************************************* */
+
+/* These next functions are used internally in the code.  They generally
+ * shouldn't be used unless you are writing code to add or replace some
+ * functionality in libpng.  More information about most functions can
+ * be found in the files where the functions are located.
+ */
+
+
+/* Various modes of operation, that are visible to applications because
+ * they are used for unknown chunk location.
+ */
+#define PNG_HAVE_IHDR               0x01
+#define PNG_HAVE_PLTE               0x02
+#define PNG_HAVE_IDAT               0x04
+#define PNG_AFTER_IDAT              0x08 /* Have complete zlib datastream */
+#define PNG_HAVE_IEND               0x10
+
+#ifdef PNG_INTERNAL
+
+/* More modes of operation.  Note that after an init, mode is set to
+ * zero automatically when the structure is created.
+ */
+#define PNG_HAVE_gAMA               0x20
+#define PNG_HAVE_cHRM               0x40
+#define PNG_HAVE_sRGB               0x80
+#define PNG_HAVE_CHUNK_HEADER      0x100
+#define PNG_WROTE_tIME             0x200
+#define PNG_WROTE_INFO_BEFORE_PLTE 0x400
+#define PNG_BACKGROUND_IS_GRAY     0x800
+#define PNG_HAVE_PNG_SIGNATURE    0x1000
+#define PNG_HAVE_CHUNK_AFTER_IDAT 0x2000 /* Have another chunk after IDAT */
+
+/* Flags for the transformations the PNG library does on the image data */
+#define PNG_BGR                0x0001
+#define PNG_INTERLACE          0x0002
+#define PNG_PACK               0x0004
+#define PNG_SHIFT              0x0008
+#define PNG_SWAP_BYTES         0x0010
+#define PNG_INVERT_MONO        0x0020
+#define PNG_DITHER             0x0040
+#define PNG_BACKGROUND         0x0080
+#define PNG_BACKGROUND_EXPAND  0x0100
+                          /*   0x0200 unused */
+#define PNG_16_TO_8            0x0400
+#define PNG_RGBA               0x0800
+#define PNG_EXPAND             0x1000
+#define PNG_GAMMA              0x2000
+#define PNG_GRAY_TO_RGB        0x4000
+#define PNG_FILLER             0x8000L
+#define PNG_PACKSWAP          0x10000L
+#define PNG_SWAP_ALPHA        0x20000L
+#define PNG_STRIP_ALPHA       0x40000L
+#define PNG_INVERT_ALPHA      0x80000L
+#define PNG_USER_TRANSFORM   0x100000L
+#define PNG_RGB_TO_GRAY_ERR  0x200000L
+#define PNG_RGB_TO_GRAY_WARN 0x400000L
+#define PNG_RGB_TO_GRAY      0x600000L  /* two bits, RGB_TO_GRAY_ERR|WARN */
+                       /*    0x800000L     Unused */
+#define PNG_ADD_ALPHA       0x1000000L  /* Added to libpng-1.2.7 */
+#define PNG_EXPAND_tRNS     0x2000000L  /* Added to libpng-1.2.9 */
+#define PNG_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA 0x4000000L  /* Added to libpng-1.2.41 */
+                                          /* by volker */
+                       /*   0x8000000L  unused */
+                       /*  0x10000000L  unused */
+                       /*  0x20000000L  unused */
+                       /*  0x40000000L  unused */
+
+/* Flags for png_create_struct */
+#define PNG_STRUCT_PNG   0x0001
+#define PNG_STRUCT_INFO  0x0002
+
+/* Scaling factor for filter heuristic weighting calculations */
+#define PNG_WEIGHT_SHIFT 8
+#define PNG_WEIGHT_FACTOR (1<<(PNG_WEIGHT_SHIFT))
+#define PNG_COST_SHIFT 3
+#define PNG_COST_FACTOR (1<<(PNG_COST_SHIFT))
+
+/* Flags for the png_ptr->flags rather than declaring a byte for each one */
+#define PNG_FLAG_ZLIB_CUSTOM_STRATEGY     0x0001
+#define PNG_FLAG_ZLIB_CUSTOM_LEVEL        0x0002
+#define PNG_FLAG_ZLIB_CUSTOM_MEM_LEVEL    0x0004
+#define PNG_FLAG_ZLIB_CUSTOM_WINDOW_BITS  0x0008
+#define PNG_FLAG_ZLIB_CUSTOM_METHOD       0x0010
+#define PNG_FLAG_ZLIB_FINISHED            0x0020
+#define PNG_FLAG_ROW_INIT                 0x0040
+#define PNG_FLAG_FILLER_AFTER             0x0080
+#define PNG_FLAG_CRC_ANCILLARY_USE        0x0100
+#define PNG_FLAG_CRC_ANCILLARY_NOWARN     0x0200
+#define PNG_FLAG_CRC_CRITICAL_USE         0x0400
+#define PNG_FLAG_CRC_CRITICAL_IGNORE      0x0800
+#define PNG_FLAG_FREE_PLTE                0x1000
+#define PNG_FLAG_FREE_TRNS                0x2000
+#define PNG_FLAG_FREE_HIST                0x4000
+#define PNG_FLAG_KEEP_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS      0x8000L
+#define PNG_FLAG_KEEP_UNSAFE_CHUNKS       0x10000L
+#define PNG_FLAG_LIBRARY_MISMATCH         0x20000L
+#define PNG_FLAG_STRIP_ERROR_NUMBERS      0x40000L
+#define PNG_FLAG_STRIP_ERROR_TEXT         0x80000L
+#define PNG_FLAG_MALLOC_NULL_MEM_OK       0x100000L
+#define PNG_FLAG_ADD_ALPHA                0x200000L  /* Added to libpng-1.2.8 */
+#define PNG_FLAG_STRIP_ALPHA              0x400000L  /* Added to libpng-1.2.8 */
+                                  /*      0x800000L  unused */
+                                  /*     0x1000000L  unused */
+                                  /*     0x2000000L  unused */
+                                  /*     0x4000000L  unused */
+                                  /*     0x8000000L  unused */
+                                  /*    0x10000000L  unused */
+                                  /*    0x20000000L  unused */
+                                  /*    0x40000000L  unused */
+
+#define PNG_FLAG_CRC_ANCILLARY_MASK (PNG_FLAG_CRC_ANCILLARY_USE | \
+                                     PNG_FLAG_CRC_ANCILLARY_NOWARN)
+
+#define PNG_FLAG_CRC_CRITICAL_MASK  (PNG_FLAG_CRC_CRITICAL_USE | \
+                                     PNG_FLAG_CRC_CRITICAL_IGNORE)
+
+#define PNG_FLAG_CRC_MASK           (PNG_FLAG_CRC_ANCILLARY_MASK | \
+                                     PNG_FLAG_CRC_CRITICAL_MASK)
+
+/* Save typing and make code easier to understand */
+
+#define PNG_COLOR_DIST(c1, c2) (abs((int)((c1).red) - (int)((c2).red)) + \
+   abs((int)((c1).green) - (int)((c2).green)) + \
+   abs((int)((c1).blue) - (int)((c2).blue)))
+
+/* Added to libpng-1.2.6 JB */
+#define PNG_ROWBYTES(pixel_bits, width) \
+    ((pixel_bits) >= 8 ? \
+    ((width) * (((png_uint_32)(pixel_bits)) >> 3)) : \
+    (( ((width) * ((png_uint_32)(pixel_bits))) + 7) >> 3) )
+
+/* PNG_OUT_OF_RANGE returns true if value is outside the range
+ * ideal-delta..ideal+delta.  Each argument is evaluated twice.
+ * "ideal" and "delta" should be constants, normally simple
+ * integers, "value" a variable. Added to libpng-1.2.6 JB
+ */
+#define PNG_OUT_OF_RANGE(value, ideal, delta) \
+        ( (value) < (ideal)-(delta) || (value) > (ideal)+(delta) )
+
+/* Variables declared in png.c - only it needs to define PNG_NO_EXTERN */
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_EXTERN) || defined(PNG_ALWAYS_EXTERN)
+/* Place to hold the signature string for a PNG file. */
+#ifdef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+   PNG_EXPORT_VAR (PNG_CONST png_byte FARDATA) png_sig[8];
+#else
+#endif
+#endif /* PNG_NO_EXTERN */
+
+/* Constant strings for known chunk types.  If you need to add a chunk,
+ * define the name here, and add an invocation of the macro in png.c and
+ * wherever it's needed.
+ */
+#define PNG_IHDR png_byte png_IHDR[5] = { 73,  72,  68,  82, '\0'}
+#define PNG_IDAT png_byte png_IDAT[5] = { 73,  68,  65,  84, '\0'}
+#define PNG_IEND png_byte png_IEND[5] = { 73,  69,  78,  68, '\0'}
+#define PNG_PLTE png_byte png_PLTE[5] = { 80,  76,  84,  69, '\0'}
+#define PNG_bKGD png_byte png_bKGD[5] = { 98,  75,  71,  68, '\0'}
+#define PNG_cHRM png_byte png_cHRM[5] = { 99,  72,  82,  77, '\0'}
+#define PNG_gAMA png_byte png_gAMA[5] = {103,  65,  77,  65, '\0'}
+#define PNG_hIST png_byte png_hIST[5] = {104,  73,  83,  84, '\0'}
+#define PNG_iCCP png_byte png_iCCP[5] = {105,  67,  67,  80, '\0'}
+#define PNG_iTXt png_byte png_iTXt[5] = {105,  84,  88, 116, '\0'}
+#define PNG_oFFs png_byte png_oFFs[5] = {111,  70,  70, 115, '\0'}
+#define PNG_pCAL png_byte png_pCAL[5] = {112,  67,  65,  76, '\0'}
+#define PNG_sCAL png_byte png_sCAL[5] = {115,  67,  65,  76, '\0'}
+#define PNG_pHYs png_byte png_pHYs[5] = {112,  72,  89, 115, '\0'}
+#define PNG_sBIT png_byte png_sBIT[5] = {115,  66,  73,  84, '\0'}
+#define PNG_sPLT png_byte png_sPLT[5] = {115,  80,  76,  84, '\0'}
+#define PNG_sRGB png_byte png_sRGB[5] = {115,  82,  71,  66, '\0'}
+#define PNG_tEXt png_byte png_tEXt[5] = {116,  69,  88, 116, '\0'}
+#define PNG_tIME png_byte png_tIME[5] = {116,  73,  77,  69, '\0'}
+#define PNG_tRNS png_byte png_tRNS[5] = {116,  82,  78,  83, '\0'}
+#define PNG_zTXt png_byte png_zTXt[5] = {122,  84,  88, 116, '\0'}
+
+#ifdef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_IHDR[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_IDAT[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_IEND[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_PLTE[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_bKGD[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_cHRM[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_gAMA[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_hIST[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_iCCP[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_iTXt[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_oFFs[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_pCAL[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_sCAL[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_pHYs[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_sBIT[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_sPLT[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_sRGB[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_tEXt[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_tIME[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_tRNS[5];
+PNG_EXPORT_VAR (png_byte FARDATA) png_zTXt[5];
+#endif /* PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS */
+
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+/* Initialize png_ptr struct for reading, and allocate any other memory.
+ * (old interface - DEPRECATED - use png_create_read_struct instead).
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_init) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr))
+    PNG_DEPRECATED;
+#undef png_read_init
+#define png_read_init(png_ptr) png_read_init_3(&png_ptr, \
+    PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING,  png_sizeof(png_struct));
+#endif
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_init_3) PNGARG((png_structpp ptr_ptr,
+    png_const_charp user_png_ver, png_size_t png_struct_size));
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_read_init_2) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+    png_const_charp user_png_ver, png_size_t png_struct_size, png_size_t
+    png_info_size));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+/* Initialize png_ptr struct for writing, and allocate any other memory.
+ * (old interface - DEPRECATED - use png_create_write_struct instead).
+ */
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_init) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr))
+    PNG_DEPRECATED;
+#undef png_write_init
+#define png_write_init(png_ptr) png_write_init_3(&png_ptr, \
+    PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING, png_sizeof(png_struct));
+#endif
+
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_init_3) PNGARG((png_structpp ptr_ptr,
+    png_const_charp user_png_ver, png_size_t png_struct_size));
+extern PNG_EXPORT(void,png_write_init_2) PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+    png_const_charp user_png_ver, png_size_t png_struct_size, png_size_t
+    png_info_size));
+
+/* Allocate memory for an internal libpng struct */
+PNG_EXTERN png_voidp png_create_struct PNGARG((int type)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Free memory from internal libpng struct */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_destroy_struct PNGARG((png_voidp struct_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+PNG_EXTERN png_voidp png_create_struct_2 PNGARG((int type, png_malloc_ptr
+  malloc_fn, png_voidp mem_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_destroy_struct_2 PNGARG((png_voidp struct_ptr,
+   png_free_ptr free_fn, png_voidp mem_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Free any memory that info_ptr points to and reset struct. */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_info_destroy PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+/* Function to allocate memory for zlib. */
+PNG_EXTERN voidpf png_zalloc PNGARG((voidpf png_ptr, uInt items,
+   uInt size)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Function to free memory for zlib */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_zfree PNGARG((voidpf png_ptr, voidpf ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#ifdef PNG_SIZE_T
+/* Function to convert a sizeof an item to png_sizeof item */
+   PNG_EXTERN png_size_t PNGAPI png_convert_size PNGARG((size_t size))
+      PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+/* Next four functions are used internally as callbacks.  PNGAPI is required
+ * but not PNG_EXPORT.  PNGAPI added at libpng version 1.2.3.
+ */
+
+PNG_EXTERN void PNGAPI png_default_read_data PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep data, png_size_t length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#ifdef PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void PNGAPI png_push_fill_buffer PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep buffer, png_size_t length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+PNG_EXTERN void PNGAPI png_default_write_data PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep data, png_size_t length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_FLUSH_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_STDIO_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void PNGAPI png_default_flush PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr))
+   PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#endif
+#else /* PNG_1_0_X */
+#ifdef PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_fill_buffer PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep buffer, png_size_t length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#endif /* PNG_1_0_X */
+
+/* Reset the CRC variable */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_reset_crc PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Write the "data" buffer to whatever output you are using. */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_data PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep data,
+   png_size_t length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Read data from whatever input you are using into the "data" buffer */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_read_data PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep data,
+   png_size_t length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Read bytes into buf, and update png_ptr->crc */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_crc_read PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep buf,
+   png_size_t length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Decompress data in a chunk that uses compression */
+#if defined(PNG_zTXt_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_iTXt_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_iCCP_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_sPLT_SUPPORTED)
+PNG_EXTERN void png_decompress_chunk PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int comp_type, png_size_t chunklength,
+   png_size_t prefix_length, png_size_t *data_length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+/* Read "skip" bytes, read the file crc, and (optionally) verify png_ptr->crc */
+PNG_EXTERN int png_crc_finish PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_uint_32 skip)
+   PNG_PRIVATE);
+
+/* Read the CRC from the file and compare it to the libpng calculated CRC */
+PNG_EXTERN int png_crc_error PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Calculate the CRC over a section of data.  Note that we are only
+ * passing a maximum of 64K on systems that have this as a memory limit,
+ * since this is the maximum buffer size we can specify.
+ */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_calculate_crc PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep ptr,
+   png_size_t length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_FLUSH_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_flush PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+/* Simple function to write the signature */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_sig PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Write various chunks */
+
+/* Write the IHDR chunk, and update the png_struct with the necessary
+ * information.
+ */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_IHDR PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_uint_32 width,
+   png_uint_32 height,
+   int bit_depth, int color_type, int compression_method, int filter_method,
+   int interlace_method)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_PLTE PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_colorp palette,
+   png_uint_32 num_pal)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_IDAT PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep data,
+   png_size_t length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_IEND PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_gAMA_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_gAMA PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, double file_gamma))
+    PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#ifdef PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_gAMA_fixed PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+    png_fixed_point file_gamma)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_sBIT PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_color_8p sbit,
+   int color_type)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_cHRM PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   double white_x, double white_y,
+   double red_x, double red_y, double green_x, double green_y,
+   double blue_x, double blue_y)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#ifdef PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_cHRM_fixed PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_fixed_point int_white_x, png_fixed_point int_white_y,
+   png_fixed_point int_red_x, png_fixed_point int_red_y, png_fixed_point
+   int_green_x, png_fixed_point int_green_y, png_fixed_point int_blue_x,
+   png_fixed_point int_blue_y)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_sRGB PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int intent)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_iCCP PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_charp name, int compression_type,
+   png_charp profile, int proflen)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+   /* Note to maintainer: profile should be png_bytep */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_sPLT PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_sPLT_tp palette)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_tRNS PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep trans,
+   png_color_16p values, int number, int color_type)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_bKGD PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_color_16p values, int color_type)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_hIST_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_hIST PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_uint_16p hist,
+   int num_hist)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_WRITE_TEXT_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_pCAL_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_iCCP_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_sPLT_SUPPORTED)
+PNG_EXTERN png_size_t png_check_keyword PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_charp key, png_charpp new_key)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_tEXt_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_tEXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_charp key,
+   png_charp text, png_size_t text_len)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_zTXt_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_zTXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_charp key,
+   png_charp text, png_size_t text_len, int compression)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_iTXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int compression, png_charp key, png_charp lang, png_charp lang_key,
+   png_charp text)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED  /* Added at version 1.0.14 and 1.2.4 */
+PNG_EXTERN int png_set_text_2 PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_textp text_ptr, int num_text)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_oFFs PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_int_32 x_offset, png_int_32 y_offset, int unit_type)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_pCAL PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_charp purpose,
+   png_int_32 X0, png_int_32 X1, int type, int nparams,
+   png_charp units, png_charpp params)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_pHYs PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 x_pixels_per_unit, png_uint_32 y_pixels_per_unit,
+   int unit_type)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_tIME_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_tIME PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_timep mod_time)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+#if defined(PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_STDIO)
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_sCAL PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int unit, double width, double height)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#else
+#ifdef PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_sCAL_s PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   int unit, png_charp width, png_charp height)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* Called when finished processing a row of data */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_finish_row PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Internal use only.   Called before first row of data */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_start_row PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_build_gamma_table PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+/* Combine a row of data, dealing with alpha, etc. if requested */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_combine_row PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep row,
+   int mask)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_INTERLACING_SUPPORTED
+/* Expand an interlaced row */
+/* OLD pre-1.0.9 interface:
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_read_interlace PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row, int pass, png_uint_32 transformations)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+ */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_read_interlace PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+/* GRR TO DO (2.0 or whenever):  simplify other internal calling interfaces */
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_INTERLACING_SUPPORTED
+/* Grab pixels out of a row for an interlaced pass */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_write_interlace PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row, int pass)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+/* Unfilter a row */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_read_filter_row PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_row_infop row_info, png_bytep row, png_bytep prev_row,
+   int filter)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Choose the best filter to use and filter the row data */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_find_filter PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_row_infop row_info)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Write out the filtered row. */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_write_filtered_row PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep filtered_row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+/* Finish a row while reading, dealing with interlacing passes, etc. */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_read_finish_row PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr));
+
+/* Initialize the row buffers, etc. */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_read_start_row PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+/* Optional call to update the users info structure */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_read_transform_info PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* These are the functions that do the transformations */
+#ifdef PNG_READ_FILLER_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_read_filler PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row, png_uint_32 filler, png_uint_32 flags)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_SWAP_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_read_swap_alpha PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_SWAP_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_write_swap_alpha PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_INVERT_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_read_invert_alpha PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_INVERT_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_write_invert_alpha PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_WRITE_FILLER_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_READ_STRIP_ALPHA_SUPPORTED)
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_strip_filler PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row, png_uint_32 flags)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_SWAP_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_SWAP_SUPPORTED)
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_swap PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+    png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_PACKSWAP_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_PACKSWAP_SUPPORTED)
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_packswap PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+    png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_RGB_TO_GRAY_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN int png_do_rgb_to_gray PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_row_infop
+   row_info, png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_GRAY_TO_RGB_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_gray_to_rgb PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_PACK_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_unpack PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+    png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_SHIFT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_unshift PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info, png_bytep row,
+   png_color_8p sig_bits)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_INVERT_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_INVERT_SUPPORTED)
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_invert PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+    png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_16_TO_8_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_chop PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+    png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_DITHER_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_dither PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row, png_bytep palette_lookup,
+    png_bytep dither_lookup)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#  ifdef PNG_CORRECT_PALETTE_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_correct_palette PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_colorp palette, int num_palette)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_BGR_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_BGR_SUPPORTED)
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_bgr PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+    png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_PACK_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_pack PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row, png_uint_32 bit_depth)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_SHIFT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_shift PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info, png_bytep row,
+   png_color_8p bit_depth)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_background PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info, png_bytep row,
+   png_color_16p trans_values, png_color_16p background,
+   png_color_16p background_1,
+   png_bytep gamma_table, png_bytep gamma_from_1, png_bytep gamma_to_1,
+   png_uint_16pp gamma_16, png_uint_16pp gamma_16_from_1,
+   png_uint_16pp gamma_16_to_1, int gamma_shift)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#else
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_background PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info, png_bytep row,
+   png_color_16p trans_values, png_color_16p background)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_gamma PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info, png_bytep row,
+   png_bytep gamma_table, png_uint_16pp gamma_16_table,
+   int gamma_shift)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_EXPAND_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_expand_palette PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row, png_colorp palette, png_bytep trans,
+   int num_trans)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_expand PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row, png_color_16p trans_value)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+/* The following decodes the appropriate chunks, and does error correction,
+ * then calls the appropriate callback for the chunk if it is valid.
+ */
+
+/* Decode the IHDR chunk */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_IHDR PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_PLTE PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length));
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_IEND PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length));
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_bKGD PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_cHRM PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_gAMA_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_gAMA PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_hIST_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_hIST PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+extern void png_handle_iCCP PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length));
+#endif /* PNG_READ_iCCP_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_iTXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_oFFs PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_pCAL PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_pHYs PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_sBIT PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_sCAL PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+extern void png_handle_sPLT PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif /* PNG_READ_sPLT_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_sRGB PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_tEXt_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_tEXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_tIME_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_tIME PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_tRNS PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_zTXt_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_zTXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+PNG_EXTERN void png_handle_unknown PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+PNG_EXTERN void png_check_chunk_name PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep chunk_name)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Handle the transformations for reading and writing */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_read_transformations
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_write_transformations
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+PNG_EXTERN void png_init_read_transformations
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+#ifdef PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_read_chunk PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_read_sig PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_check_crc PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_crc_skip PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_crc_finish PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_save_buffer PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_restore_buffer PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep buffer, png_size_t buffer_length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_read_IDAT PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_process_IDAT_data PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep buffer, png_size_t buffer_length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_process_row PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_handle_unknown PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_have_info PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_have_end PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_have_row PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_read_end PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_process_some_data PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_read_push_finish_row
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#ifdef PNG_READ_tEXt_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_handle_tEXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_read_tEXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#ifdef PNG_READ_zTXt_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_handle_zTXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_read_zTXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#ifdef PNG_READ_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_handle_iTXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 length)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_push_read_iTXt PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_infop info_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#endif /* PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef PNG_MNG_FEATURES_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_read_intrapixel PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+PNG_EXTERN void png_do_write_intrapixel PNGARG((png_row_infop row_info,
+   png_bytep row)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_ASSEMBLER_CODE_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_MMX_CODE_SUPPORTED
+/* png.c */ /* PRIVATE */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_init_mmx_flags PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+/* The following six functions will be exported in libpng-1.4.0. */
+#if defined(PNG_INCH_CONVERSIONS) && defined(PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED)
+PNG_EXTERN png_uint_32 png_get_pixels_per_inch PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr));
+
+PNG_EXTERN png_uint_32 png_get_x_pixels_per_inch PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr));
+
+PNG_EXTERN png_uint_32 png_get_y_pixels_per_inch PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr));
+
+PNG_EXTERN float png_get_x_offset_inches PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr));
+
+PNG_EXTERN float png_get_y_offset_inches PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr));
+
+#ifdef PNG_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN png_uint_32 png_get_pHYs_dpi PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+png_infop info_ptr, png_uint_32 *res_x, png_uint_32 *res_y, int *unit_type));
+#endif /* PNG_pHYs_SUPPORTED */
+#endif  /* PNG_INCH_CONVERSIONS && PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED */
+
+/* Read the chunk header (length + type name) */
+PNG_EXTERN png_uint_32 png_read_chunk_header
+   PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Added at libpng version 1.2.34 */
+#ifdef PNG_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+PNG_EXTERN int png_check_cHRM_fixed PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_fixed_point int_white_x, png_fixed_point int_white_y,
+   png_fixed_point int_red_x, png_fixed_point int_red_y, png_fixed_point
+   int_green_x, png_fixed_point int_green_y, png_fixed_point int_blue_x,
+   png_fixed_point int_blue_y)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_CHECK_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+/* Added at libpng version 1.2.34 */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_64bit_product PNGARG((long v1, long v2,
+   unsigned long *hi_product, unsigned long *lo_product)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* Added at libpng version 1.2.41 */
+PNG_EXTERN void png_check_IHDR PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 width, png_uint_32 height, int bit_depth,
+   int color_type, int interlace_type, int compression_type,
+   int filter_type)) PNG_PRIVATE;
+
+/* Added at libpng version 1.2.41 */
+PNG_EXTERN png_voidp png_calloc PNGARG((png_structp png_ptr,
+   png_uint_32 size));
+
+/* Maintainer: Put new private prototypes here ^ and in libpngpf.3 */
+
+#endif /* PNG_INTERNAL */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* PNG_VERSION_INFO_ONLY */
+/* Do not put anything past this line */
+#endif /* PNG_H */
diff --git a/system/include/gfx/pngconf.h b/system/include/gfx/pngconf.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57293c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/gfx/pngconf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1665 @@
+
+/* pngconf.h - machine configurable file for libpng
+ *
+ * libpng version 1.2.46 - July 9, 2011
+ * Copyright (c) 1998-2011 Glenn Randers-Pehrson
+ * (Version 0.96 Copyright (c) 1996, 1997 Andreas Dilger)
+ * (Version 0.88 Copyright (c) 1995, 1996 Guy Eric Schalnat, Group 42, Inc.)
+ *
+ * This code is released under the libpng license.
+ * For conditions of distribution and use, see the disclaimer
+ * and license in png.h
+ */
+
+/* Any machine specific code is near the front of this file, so if you
+ * are configuring libpng for a machine, you may want to read the section
+ * starting here down to where it starts to typedef png_color, png_text,
+ * and png_info.
+ */
+
+#ifndef PNGCONF_H
+#define PNGCONF_H
+
+#define PNG_1_2_X
+
+/*
+ * PNG_USER_CONFIG has to be defined on the compiler command line. This
+ * includes the resource compiler for Windows DLL configurations.
+ */
+#ifdef PNG_USER_CONFIG
+#  ifndef PNG_USER_PRIVATEBUILD
+#    define PNG_USER_PRIVATEBUILD
+#  endif
+#include "pngusr.h"
+#endif
+
+/* PNG_CONFIGURE_LIBPNG is set by the "configure" script. */
+#ifdef PNG_CONFIGURE_LIBPNG
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#include "config.h"
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Added at libpng-1.2.8
+ *
+ * If you create a private DLL you need to define in "pngusr.h" the followings:
+ * #define PNG_USER_PRIVATEBUILD <Describes by whom and why this version of
+ *        the DLL was built>
+ *  e.g. #define PNG_USER_PRIVATEBUILD "Build by MyCompany for xyz reasons."
+ * #define PNG_USER_DLLFNAME_POSTFIX <two-letter postfix that serve to
+ *        distinguish your DLL from those of the official release. These
+ *        correspond to the trailing letters that come after the version
+ *        number and must match your private DLL name>
+ *  e.g. // private DLL "libpng13gx.dll"
+ *       #define PNG_USER_DLLFNAME_POSTFIX "gx"
+ *
+ * The following macros are also at your disposal if you want to complete the
+ * DLL VERSIONINFO structure.
+ * - PNG_USER_VERSIONINFO_COMMENTS
+ * - PNG_USER_VERSIONINFO_COMPANYNAME
+ * - PNG_USER_VERSIONINFO_LEGALTRADEMARKS
+ */
+
+#ifdef __STDC__
+#ifdef SPECIALBUILD
+#  pragma message("PNG_LIBPNG_SPECIALBUILD (and deprecated SPECIALBUILD)\
+ are now LIBPNG reserved macros. Use PNG_USER_PRIVATEBUILD instead.")
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PRIVATEBUILD
+# pragma message("PRIVATEBUILD is deprecated.\
+ Use PNG_USER_PRIVATEBUILD instead.")
+# define PNG_USER_PRIVATEBUILD PRIVATEBUILD
+#endif
+#endif /* __STDC__ */
+
+#ifndef PNG_VERSION_INFO_ONLY
+
+/* End of material added to libpng-1.2.8 */
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.2.19, removed at libpng-1.2.20 because it caused trouble
+   Restored at libpng-1.2.21 */
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_WARN_UNINITIALIZED_ROW) && \
+    !defined(PNG_WARN_UNINITIALIZED_ROW)
+#  define PNG_WARN_UNINITIALIZED_ROW 1
+#endif
+/* End of material added at libpng-1.2.19/1.2.21 */
+
+/* This is the size of the compression buffer, and thus the size of
+ * an IDAT chunk.  Make this whatever size you feel is best for your
+ * machine.  One of these will be allocated per png_struct.  When this
+ * is full, it writes the data to the disk, and does some other
+ * calculations.  Making this an extremely small size will slow
+ * the library down, but you may want to experiment to determine
+ * where it becomes significant, if you are concerned with memory
+ * usage.  Note that zlib allocates at least 32Kb also.  For readers,
+ * this describes the size of the buffer available to read the data in.
+ * Unless this gets smaller than the size of a row (compressed),
+ * it should not make much difference how big this is.
+ */
+
+#ifndef PNG_ZBUF_SIZE
+#  define PNG_ZBUF_SIZE 8192
+#endif
+
+/* Enable if you want a write-only libpng */
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_READ_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+/* Enable if you want a read-only libpng */
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_WRITE_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+/* Enabled in 1.2.41. */
+#ifdef PNG_ALLOW_BENIGN_ERRORS
+#  define png_benign_error png_warning
+#  define png_chunk_benign_error png_chunk_warning
+#else
+#  ifndef PNG_BENIGN_ERRORS_SUPPORTED
+#    define png_benign_error png_error
+#    define png_chunk_benign_error png_chunk_error
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* Added in libpng-1.2.41 */
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_WARNINGS) && !defined(PNG_WARNINGS_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_WARNINGS_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_ERROR_TEXT) && !defined(PNG_ERROR_TEXT_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_ERROR_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_CHECK_cHRM) && !defined(PNG_CHECK_cHRM_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_CHECK_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+/* Enabled by default in 1.2.0.  You can disable this if you don't need to
+ * support PNGs that are embedded in MNG datastreams
+ */
+#if !defined(PNG_1_0_X) && !defined(PNG_NO_MNG_FEATURES)
+#  ifndef PNG_MNG_FEATURES_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_MNG_FEATURES_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* If you are running on a machine where you cannot allocate more
+ * than 64K of memory at once, uncomment this.  While libpng will not
+ * normally need that much memory in a chunk (unless you load up a very
+ * large file), zlib needs to know how big of a chunk it can use, and
+ * libpng thus makes sure to check any memory allocation to verify it
+ * will fit into memory.
+#define PNG_MAX_MALLOC_64K
+ */
+#if defined(MAXSEG_64K) && !defined(PNG_MAX_MALLOC_64K)
+#  define PNG_MAX_MALLOC_64K
+#endif
+
+/* Special munging to support doing things the 'cygwin' way:
+ * 'Normal' png-on-win32 defines/defaults:
+ *   PNG_BUILD_DLL -- building dll
+ *   PNG_USE_DLL   -- building an application, linking to dll
+ *   (no define)   -- building static library, or building an
+ *                    application and linking to the static lib
+ * 'Cygwin' defines/defaults:
+ *   PNG_BUILD_DLL -- (ignored) building the dll
+ *   (no define)   -- (ignored) building an application, linking to the dll
+ *   PNG_STATIC    -- (ignored) building the static lib, or building an
+ *                    application that links to the static lib.
+ *   ALL_STATIC    -- (ignored) building various static libs, or building an
+ *                    application that links to the static libs.
+ * Thus,
+ * a cygwin user should define either PNG_BUILD_DLL or PNG_STATIC, and
+ * this bit of #ifdefs will define the 'correct' config variables based on
+ * that. If a cygwin user *wants* to define 'PNG_USE_DLL' that's okay, but
+ * unnecessary.
+ *
+ * Also, the precedence order is:
+ *   ALL_STATIC (since we can't #undef something outside our namespace)
+ *   PNG_BUILD_DLL
+ *   PNG_STATIC
+ *   (nothing) == PNG_USE_DLL
+ *
+ * CYGWIN (2002-01-20): The preceding is now obsolete. With the advent
+ *   of auto-import in binutils, we no longer need to worry about
+ *   __declspec(dllexport) / __declspec(dllimport) and friends.  Therefore,
+ *   we don't need to worry about PNG_STATIC or ALL_STATIC when it comes
+ *   to __declspec() stuff.  However, we DO need to worry about
+ *   PNG_BUILD_DLL and PNG_STATIC because those change some defaults
+ *   such as CONSOLE_IO and whether GLOBAL_ARRAYS are allowed.
+ */
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#  ifdef ALL_STATIC
+#    ifdef PNG_BUILD_DLL
+#      undef PNG_BUILD_DLL
+#    endif
+#    ifdef PNG_USE_DLL
+#      undef PNG_USE_DLL
+#    endif
+#    ifdef PNG_DLL
+#      undef PNG_DLL
+#    endif
+#    ifndef PNG_STATIC
+#      define PNG_STATIC
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    ifdef PNG_BUILD_DLL
+#      ifdef PNG_STATIC
+#        undef PNG_STATIC
+#      endif
+#      ifdef PNG_USE_DLL
+#        undef PNG_USE_DLL
+#      endif
+#      ifndef PNG_DLL
+#        define PNG_DLL
+#      endif
+#    else
+#      ifdef PNG_STATIC
+#        ifdef PNG_USE_DLL
+#          undef PNG_USE_DLL
+#        endif
+#        ifdef PNG_DLL
+#          undef PNG_DLL
+#        endif
+#      else
+#        ifndef PNG_USE_DLL
+#          define PNG_USE_DLL
+#        endif
+#        ifndef PNG_DLL
+#          define PNG_DLL
+#        endif
+#      endif
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* This protects us against compilers that run on a windowing system
+ * and thus don't have or would rather us not use the stdio types:
+ * stdin, stdout, and stderr.  The only one currently used is stderr
+ * in png_error() and png_warning().  #defining PNG_NO_CONSOLE_IO will
+ * prevent these from being compiled and used. #defining PNG_NO_STDIO
+ * will also prevent these, plus will prevent the entire set of stdio
+ * macros and functions (FILE *, printf, etc.) from being compiled and used,
+ * unless (PNG_DEBUG > 0) has been #defined.
+ *
+ * #define PNG_NO_CONSOLE_IO
+ * #define PNG_NO_STDIO
+ */
+
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_STDIO) && !defined(PNG_STDIO_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_STDIO_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32_WCE
+#  include <windows.h>
+   /* Console I/O functions are not supported on WindowsCE */
+#  define PNG_NO_CONSOLE_IO
+   /* abort() may not be supported on some/all Windows CE platforms */
+#  define PNG_ABORT() exit(-1)
+#  ifdef PNG_DEBUG
+#    undef PNG_DEBUG
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_BUILD_DLL
+#  ifndef PNG_CONSOLE_IO_SUPPORTED
+#    ifndef PNG_NO_CONSOLE_IO
+#      define PNG_NO_CONSOLE_IO
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#  ifdef PNG_NO_STDIO
+#    ifndef PNG_NO_CONSOLE_IO
+#      define PNG_NO_CONSOLE_IO
+#    endif
+#    ifdef PNG_DEBUG
+#      if (PNG_DEBUG > 0)
+#        include <stdio.h>
+#      endif
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    ifndef _WIN32_WCE
+/* "stdio.h" functions are not supported on WindowsCE */
+#      include <stdio.h>
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#if !(defined PNG_NO_CONSOLE_IO) && !defined(PNG_CONSOLE_IO_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_CONSOLE_IO_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+/* This macro protects us against machines that don't have function
+ * prototypes (ie K&R style headers).  If your compiler does not handle
+ * function prototypes, define this macro and use the included ansi2knr.
+ * I've always been able to use _NO_PROTO as the indicator, but you may
+ * need to drag the empty declaration out in front of here, or change the
+ * ifdef to suit your own needs.
+ */
+#ifndef PNGARG
+
+#ifdef OF /* zlib prototype munger */
+#  define PNGARG(arglist) OF(arglist)
+#else
+
+#ifdef _NO_PROTO
+#  define PNGARG(arglist) ()
+#  ifndef PNG_TYPECAST_NULL
+#     define PNG_TYPECAST_NULL
+#  endif
+#else
+#  define PNGARG(arglist) arglist
+#endif /* _NO_PROTO */
+
+
+#endif /* OF */
+
+#endif /* PNGARG */
+
+/* Try to determine if we are compiling on a Mac.  Note that testing for
+ * just __MWERKS__ is not good enough, because the Codewarrior is now used
+ * on non-Mac platforms.
+ */
+#ifndef MACOS
+#  if (defined(__MWERKS__) && defined(macintosh)) || defined(applec) || \
+      defined(THINK_C) || defined(__SC__) || defined(TARGET_OS_MAC)
+#    define MACOS
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* enough people need this for various reasons to include it here */
+#if !defined(MACOS) && !defined(RISCOS) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
+#  include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(PNG_SETJMP_NOT_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_SETJMP_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_SETJMP_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_SETJMP_SUPPORTED
+/* This is an attempt to force a single setjmp behaviour on Linux.  If
+ * the X config stuff didn't define _BSD_SOURCE we wouldn't need this.
+ *
+ * You can bypass this test if you know that your application uses exactly
+ * the same setjmp.h that was included when libpng was built.  Only define
+ * PNG_SKIP_SETJMP_CHECK while building your application, prior to the
+ * application's '#include "png.h"'. Don't define PNG_SKIP_SETJMP_CHECK
+ * while building a separate libpng library for general use.
+ */
+
+#  ifndef PNG_SKIP_SETJMP_CHECK
+#    ifdef __linux__
+#      ifdef _BSD_SOURCE
+#        define PNG_SAVE_BSD_SOURCE
+#        undef _BSD_SOURCE
+#      endif
+#      ifdef _SETJMP_H
+       /* If you encounter a compiler error here, see the explanation
+        * near the end of INSTALL.
+        */
+           __pngconf.h__ in libpng already includes setjmp.h;
+           __dont__ include it again.;
+#      endif
+#    endif /* __linux__ */
+#  endif /* PNG_SKIP_SETJMP_CHECK */
+
+   /* include setjmp.h for error handling */
+#  include <setjmp.h>
+
+#  ifdef __linux__
+#    ifdef PNG_SAVE_BSD_SOURCE
+#      ifndef _BSD_SOURCE
+#        define _BSD_SOURCE
+#      endif
+#      undef PNG_SAVE_BSD_SOURCE
+#    endif
+#  endif /* __linux__ */
+#endif /* PNG_SETJMP_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef BSD
+#  include <strings.h>
+#else
+#  include <string.h>
+#endif
+
+/* Other defines for things like memory and the like can go here.  */
+#ifdef PNG_INTERNAL
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/* The functions exported by PNG_EXTERN are PNG_INTERNAL functions, which
+ * aren't usually used outside the library (as far as I know), so it is
+ * debatable if they should be exported at all.  In the future, when it is
+ * possible to have run-time registry of chunk-handling functions, some of
+ * these will be made available again.
+#define PNG_EXTERN extern
+ */
+#define PNG_EXTERN
+
+/* Other defines specific to compilers can go here.  Try to keep
+ * them inside an appropriate ifdef/endif pair for portability.
+ */
+
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+#  ifdef MACOS
+     /* We need to check that <math.h> hasn't already been included earlier
+      * as it seems it doesn't agree with <fp.h>, yet we should really use
+      * <fp.h> if possible.
+      */
+#    if !defined(__MATH_H__) && !defined(__MATH_H) && !defined(__cmath__)
+#      include <fp.h>
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    include <math.h>
+#  endif
+#  if defined(_AMIGA) && defined(__SASC) && defined(_M68881)
+     /* Amiga SAS/C: We must include builtin FPU functions when compiling using
+      * MATH=68881
+      */
+#    include <m68881.h>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* Codewarrior on NT has linking problems without this. */
+#if (defined(__MWERKS__) && defined(WIN32)) || defined(__STDC__)
+#  define PNG_ALWAYS_EXTERN
+#endif
+
+/* This provides the non-ANSI (far) memory allocation routines. */
+#if defined(__TURBOC__) && defined(__MSDOS__)
+#  include <mem.h>
+#  include <alloc.h>
+#endif
+
+/* I have no idea why is this necessary... */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (defined(WIN32) || defined(_Windows) || \
+    defined(_WINDOWS) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__))
+#  include <malloc.h>
+#endif
+
+/* This controls how fine the dithering gets.  As this allocates
+ * a largish chunk of memory (32K), those who are not as concerned
+ * with dithering quality can decrease some or all of these.
+ */
+#ifndef PNG_DITHER_RED_BITS
+#  define PNG_DITHER_RED_BITS 5
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_DITHER_GREEN_BITS
+#  define PNG_DITHER_GREEN_BITS 5
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_DITHER_BLUE_BITS
+#  define PNG_DITHER_BLUE_BITS 5
+#endif
+
+/* This controls how fine the gamma correction becomes when you
+ * are only interested in 8 bits anyway.  Increasing this value
+ * results in more memory being used, and more pow() functions
+ * being called to fill in the gamma tables.  Don't set this value
+ * less then 8, and even that may not work (I haven't tested it).
+ */
+
+#ifndef PNG_MAX_GAMMA_8
+#  define PNG_MAX_GAMMA_8 11
+#endif
+
+/* This controls how much a difference in gamma we can tolerate before
+ * we actually start doing gamma conversion.
+ */
+#ifndef PNG_GAMMA_THRESHOLD
+#  define PNG_GAMMA_THRESHOLD 0.05
+#endif
+
+#endif /* PNG_INTERNAL */
+
+/* The following uses const char * instead of char * for error
+ * and warning message functions, so some compilers won't complain.
+ * If you do not want to use const, define PNG_NO_CONST here.
+ */
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_CONST
+#  define PNG_CONST const
+#else
+#  define PNG_CONST
+#endif
+
+/* The following defines give you the ability to remove code from the
+ * library that you will not be using.  I wish I could figure out how to
+ * automate this, but I can't do that without making it seriously hard
+ * on the users.  So if you are not using an ability, change the #define
+ * to and #undef, and that part of the library will not be compiled.  If
+ * your linker can't find a function, you may want to make sure the
+ * ability is defined here.  Some of these depend upon some others being
+ * defined.  I haven't figured out all the interactions here, so you may
+ * have to experiment awhile to get everything to compile.  If you are
+ * creating or using a shared library, you probably shouldn't touch this,
+ * as it will affect the size of the structures, and this will cause bad
+ * things to happen if the library and/or application ever change.
+ */
+
+/* Any features you will not be using can be undef'ed here */
+
+/* GR-P, 0.96a: Set "*TRANSFORMS_SUPPORTED as default but allow user
+ * to turn it off with "*TRANSFORMS_NOT_SUPPORTED" or *PNG_NO_*_TRANSFORMS
+ * on the compile line, then pick and choose which ones to define without
+ * having to edit this file. It is safe to use the *TRANSFORMS_NOT_SUPPORTED
+ * if you only want to have a png-compliant reader/writer but don't need
+ * any of the extra transformations.  This saves about 80 kbytes in a
+ * typical installation of the library. (PNG_NO_* form added in version
+ * 1.0.1c, for consistency)
+ */
+
+/* The size of the png_text structure changed in libpng-1.0.6 when
+ * iTXt support was added.  iTXt support was turned off by default through
+ * libpng-1.2.x, to support old apps that malloc the png_text structure
+ * instead of calling png_set_text() and letting libpng malloc it.  It
+ * will be turned on by default in libpng-1.4.0.
+ */
+
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_NO_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_iTXt
+#    define PNG_NO_READ_iTXt
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_iTXt
+#    define PNG_NO_WRITE_iTXt
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_iTXt_SUPPORTED)
+#  if !defined(PNG_READ_iTXt_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_READ_iTXt)
+#    define PNG_READ_iTXt
+#  endif
+#  if !defined(PNG_WRITE_iTXt_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_WRITE_iTXt)
+#    define PNG_WRITE_iTXt
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* The following support, added after version 1.0.0, can be turned off here en
+ * masse by defining PNG_LEGACY_SUPPORTED in case you need binary compatibility
+ * with old applications that require the length of png_struct and png_info
+ * to remain unchanged.
+ */
+
+#ifdef PNG_LEGACY_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_NO_FREE_ME
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS
+#  define PNG_NO_WRITE_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS
+#  define PNG_NO_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_USER_CHUNKS
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_iCCP
+#  define PNG_NO_WRITE_iCCP
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_iTXt
+#  define PNG_NO_WRITE_iTXt
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_sCAL
+#  define PNG_NO_WRITE_sCAL
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_sPLT
+#  define PNG_NO_WRITE_sPLT
+#  define PNG_NO_INFO_IMAGE
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_RGB_TO_GRAY
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_USER_TRANSFORM
+#  define PNG_NO_WRITE_USER_TRANSFORM
+#  define PNG_NO_USER_MEM
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_EMPTY_PLTE
+#  define PNG_NO_MNG_FEATURES
+#  define PNG_NO_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+/* Ignore attempt to turn off both floating and fixed point support */
+#if !defined(PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED) || \
+    !defined(PNG_NO_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_FIXED_POINT_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_FREE_ME
+#  define PNG_FREE_ME_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_SUPPORTED
+
+#if !defined(PNG_READ_TRANSFORMS_NOT_SUPPORTED) && \
+      !defined(PNG_NO_READ_TRANSFORMS)
+#  define PNG_READ_TRANSFORMS_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_TRANSFORMS_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_EXPAND
+#    define PNG_READ_EXPAND_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_SHIFT
+#    define PNG_READ_SHIFT_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_PACK
+#    define PNG_READ_PACK_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_BGR
+#    define PNG_READ_BGR_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_SWAP
+#    define PNG_READ_SWAP_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_PACKSWAP
+#    define PNG_READ_PACKSWAP_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_INVERT
+#    define PNG_READ_INVERT_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_DITHER
+#    define PNG_READ_DITHER_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_BACKGROUND
+#    define PNG_READ_BACKGROUND_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_16_TO_8
+#    define PNG_READ_16_TO_8_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_FILLER
+#    define PNG_READ_FILLER_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_GAMMA
+#    define PNG_READ_GAMMA_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_GRAY_TO_RGB
+#    define PNG_READ_GRAY_TO_RGB_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_SWAP_ALPHA
+#    define PNG_READ_SWAP_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_INVERT_ALPHA
+#    define PNG_READ_INVERT_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_STRIP_ALPHA
+#    define PNG_READ_STRIP_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_USER_TRANSFORM
+#    define PNG_READ_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_RGB_TO_GRAY
+#    define PNG_READ_RGB_TO_GRAY_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif /* PNG_READ_TRANSFORMS_SUPPORTED */
+
+/* PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_NOT_SUPPORTED is deprecated. */
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_PROGRESSIVE_READ) && \
+ !defined(PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_NOT_SUPPORTED)  /* if you don't do progressive */
+#  define PNG_PROGRESSIVE_READ_SUPPORTED     /* reading.  This is not talking */
+#endif                               /* about interlacing capability!  You'll */
+            /* still have interlacing unless you change the following define: */
+#define PNG_READ_INTERLACING_SUPPORTED /* required for PNG-compliant decoders */
+
+/* PNG_NO_SEQUENTIAL_READ_SUPPORTED is deprecated. */
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_SEQUENTIAL_READ) && \
+    !defined(PNG_SEQUENTIAL_READ_SUPPORTED) && \
+    !defined(PNG_NO_SEQUENTIAL_READ_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_SEQUENTIAL_READ_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#define PNG_READ_INTERLACING_SUPPORTED /* required in PNG-compliant decoders */
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_COMPOSITE_NODIV
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_READ_COMPOSITED_NODIV  /* libpng-1.0.x misspelling */
+#    define PNG_READ_COMPOSITE_NODIV_SUPPORTED  /* well tested on Intel, SGI */
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+/* Deprecated, will be removed from version 2.0.0.
+   Use PNG_MNG_FEATURES_SUPPORTED instead. */
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_EMPTY_PLTE
+#  define PNG_READ_EMPTY_PLTE_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* PNG_READ_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_SUPPORTED
+
+# if !defined(PNG_WRITE_TRANSFORMS_NOT_SUPPORTED) && \
+    !defined(PNG_NO_WRITE_TRANSFORMS)
+#  define PNG_WRITE_TRANSFORMS_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_TRANSFORMS_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_SHIFT
+#    define PNG_WRITE_SHIFT_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_PACK
+#    define PNG_WRITE_PACK_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_BGR
+#    define PNG_WRITE_BGR_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_SWAP
+#    define PNG_WRITE_SWAP_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_PACKSWAP
+#    define PNG_WRITE_PACKSWAP_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_INVERT
+#    define PNG_WRITE_INVERT_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_FILLER
+#    define PNG_WRITE_FILLER_SUPPORTED   /* same as WRITE_STRIP_ALPHA */
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_SWAP_ALPHA
+#    define PNG_WRITE_SWAP_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_INVERT_ALPHA
+#    define PNG_WRITE_INVERT_ALPHA_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_USER_TRANSFORM
+#    define PNG_WRITE_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif /* PNG_WRITE_TRANSFORMS_SUPPORTED */
+
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_WRITE_INTERLACING_SUPPORTED) && \
+    !defined(PNG_WRITE_INTERLACING_SUPPORTED)
+#define PNG_WRITE_INTERLACING_SUPPORTED  /* not required for PNG-compliant
+                                            encoders, but can cause trouble
+                                            if left undefined */
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_WRITE_WEIGHTED_FILTER) && \
+    !defined(PNG_WRITE_WEIGHTED_FILTER) && \
+     defined(PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_WRITE_WEIGHTED_FILTER_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_FLUSH
+#  define PNG_WRITE_FLUSH_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined (PNG_1_2_X)
+/* Deprecated, see PNG_MNG_FEATURES_SUPPORTED, above */
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_EMPTY_PLTE
+#  define PNG_WRITE_EMPTY_PLTE_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* PNG_WRITE_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_ERROR_NUMBERS
+#    define PNG_ERROR_NUMBERS_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif /* PNG_1_0_X */
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_USER_TRANSFORM_SUPPORTED)
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_USER_TRANSFORM_PTR
+#    define PNG_USER_TRANSFORM_PTR_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_STDIO
+#  define PNG_TIME_RFC1123_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+/* This adds extra functions in pngget.c for accessing data from the
+ * info pointer (added in version 0.99)
+ * png_get_image_width()
+ * png_get_image_height()
+ * png_get_bit_depth()
+ * png_get_color_type()
+ * png_get_compression_type()
+ * png_get_filter_type()
+ * png_get_interlace_type()
+ * png_get_pixel_aspect_ratio()
+ * png_get_pixels_per_meter()
+ * png_get_x_offset_pixels()
+ * png_get_y_offset_pixels()
+ * png_get_x_offset_microns()
+ * png_get_y_offset_microns()
+ */
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_EASY_ACCESS) && !defined(PNG_EASY_ACCESS_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_EASY_ACCESS_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+/* PNG_ASSEMBLER_CODE was enabled by default in version 1.2.0
+ * and removed from version 1.2.20.  The following will be removed
+ * from libpng-1.4.0
+*/
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_OPTIMIZED_CODE)
+#  ifndef PNG_OPTIMIZED_CODE_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_OPTIMIZED_CODE_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_ASSEMBLER_CODE)
+#  ifndef PNG_ASSEMBLER_CODE_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_ASSEMBLER_CODE_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__) && (__GNUC__ < 4)
+     /* work around 64-bit gcc compiler bugs in gcc-3.x */
+#    if !defined(PNG_MMX_CODE_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_MMX_CODE)
+#      define PNG_NO_MMX_CODE
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef __APPLE__
+#    if !defined(PNG_MMX_CODE_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_MMX_CODE)
+#      define PNG_NO_MMX_CODE
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#  if (defined(__MWERKS__) && ((__MWERKS__ < 0x0900) || macintosh))
+#    if !defined(PNG_MMX_CODE_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_MMX_CODE)
+#      define PNG_NO_MMX_CODE
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(PNG_MMX_CODE_SUPPORTED) && !defined(PNG_NO_MMX_CODE)
+#    define PNG_MMX_CODE_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+
+#endif
+/* end of obsolete code to be removed from libpng-1.4.0 */
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.2.0 */
+#ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_USER_MEM) && !defined(PNG_USER_MEM_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_USER_MEM_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#endif /* PNG_1_0_X */
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.2.6 */
+#ifndef PNG_1_0_X
+#  ifndef PNG_SET_USER_LIMITS_SUPPORTED
+#    ifndef PNG_NO_SET_USER_LIMITS
+#      define PNG_SET_USER_LIMITS_SUPPORTED
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif /* PNG_1_0_X */
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.0.53 and 1.2.43 */
+#ifndef PNG_USER_LIMITS_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_USER_LIMITS
+#    define PNG_USER_LIMITS_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.0.16 and 1.2.6.  To accept all valid PNGS no matter
+ * how large, set these limits to 0x7fffffffL
+ */
+#ifndef PNG_USER_WIDTH_MAX
+#  define PNG_USER_WIDTH_MAX 1000000L
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_USER_HEIGHT_MAX
+#  define PNG_USER_HEIGHT_MAX 1000000L
+#endif
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.2.43.  To accept all valid PNGs no matter
+ * how large, set these two limits to 0.
+ */
+#ifndef PNG_USER_CHUNK_CACHE_MAX
+#  define PNG_USER_CHUNK_CACHE_MAX 0
+#endif
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.2.43 */
+#ifndef PNG_USER_CHUNK_MALLOC_MAX
+#  define PNG_USER_CHUNK_MALLOC_MAX 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_LITERAL_SHARP
+#  define PNG_LITERAL_SHARP 0x23
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_LITERAL_LEFT_SQUARE_BRACKET
+#  define PNG_LITERAL_LEFT_SQUARE_BRACKET 0x5b
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_LITERAL_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET
+#  define PNG_LITERAL_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET 0x5d
+#endif
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.2.34 */
+#ifndef PNG_STRING_NEWLINE
+#define PNG_STRING_NEWLINE "\n"
+#endif
+
+/* These are currently experimental features, define them if you want */
+
+/* very little testing */
+/*
+#ifdef PNG_READ_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_READ_16_TO_8_ACCURATE_SCALE_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_READ_16_TO_8_ACCURATE_SCALE_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+*/
+
+/* This is only for PowerPC big-endian and 680x0 systems */
+/* some testing */
+/*
+#ifndef PNG_READ_BIG_ENDIAN_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_READ_BIG_ENDIAN_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+*/
+
+/* Buggy compilers (e.g., gcc 2.7.2.2) need this */
+/*
+#define PNG_NO_POINTER_INDEXING
+*/
+
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_POINTER_INDEXING) && \
+    !defined(PNG_POINTER_INDEXING_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_POINTER_INDEXING_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+/* These functions are turned off by default, as they will be phased out. */
+/*
+#define  PNG_USELESS_TESTS_SUPPORTED
+#define  PNG_CORRECT_PALETTE_SUPPORTED
+*/
+
+/* Any chunks you are not interested in, you can undef here.  The
+ * ones that allocate memory may be expecially important (hIST,
+ * tEXt, zTXt, tRNS, pCAL).  Others will just save time and make png_info
+ * a bit smaller.
+ */
+
+#if defined(PNG_READ_SUPPORTED) && \
+    !defined(PNG_READ_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS_NOT_SUPPORTED) && \
+    !defined(PNG_NO_READ_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS)
+#  define PNG_READ_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_WRITE_SUPPORTED) && \
+    !defined(PNG_WRITE_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS_NOT_SUPPORTED) && \
+    !defined(PNG_NO_WRITE_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS)
+#  define PNG_WRITE_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_READ_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+
+#ifdef PNG_NO_READ_TEXT
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_iTXt
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_tEXt
+#  define PNG_NO_READ_zTXt
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_bKGD
+#  define PNG_READ_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_cHRM
+#  define PNG_READ_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_gAMA
+#  define PNG_READ_gAMA_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_gAMA_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_hIST
+#  define PNG_READ_hIST_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_hIST_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_iCCP
+#  define PNG_READ_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_iTXt
+#  ifndef PNG_READ_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_READ_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_oFFs
+#  define PNG_READ_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_pCAL
+#  define PNG_READ_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_sCAL
+#  define PNG_READ_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_pHYs
+#  define PNG_READ_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_sBIT
+#  define PNG_READ_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_sPLT
+#  define PNG_READ_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_sRGB
+#  define PNG_READ_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_tEXt
+#  define PNG_READ_tEXt_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_tEXt_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_tIME
+#  define PNG_READ_tIME_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_tIME_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_tRNS
+#  define PNG_READ_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_zTXt
+#  define PNG_READ_zTXt_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_zTXt_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_OPT_PLTE
+#  define PNG_READ_OPT_PLTE_SUPPORTED /* only affects support of the */
+#endif                      /* optional PLTE chunk in RGB and RGBA images */
+#if defined(PNG_READ_iTXt_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_READ_tEXt_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_READ_zTXt_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_READ_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#endif /* PNG_READ_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED */
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_READ_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS
+#  define PNG_READ_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_READ_USER_CHUNKS) && \
+     defined(PNG_READ_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_READ_USER_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#  define PNG_USER_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#  ifdef PNG_NO_READ_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS
+#    undef PNG_NO_READ_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS
+#  endif
+#  ifdef PNG_NO_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN
+#    undef PNG_NO_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN
+#  ifndef PNG_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_SUPPORTED
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+
+#ifdef PNG_NO_WRITE_TEXT
+#  define PNG_NO_WRITE_iTXt
+#  define PNG_NO_WRITE_tEXt
+#  define PNG_NO_WRITE_zTXt
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_bKGD
+#  define PNG_WRITE_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_bKGD_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_cHRM
+#  define PNG_WRITE_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_cHRM_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_gAMA
+#  define PNG_WRITE_gAMA_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_gAMA_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_gAMA_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_hIST
+#  define PNG_WRITE_hIST_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_hIST_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_hIST_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_iCCP
+#  define PNG_WRITE_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_iCCP_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_iTXt
+#  ifndef PNG_WRITE_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_WRITE_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#  ifndef PNG_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_iTXt_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_oFFs
+#  define PNG_WRITE_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_oFFs_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_pCAL
+#  define PNG_WRITE_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_pCAL_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_sCAL
+#  define PNG_WRITE_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_sCAL_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_pHYs
+#  define PNG_WRITE_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_pHYs_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_sBIT
+#  define PNG_WRITE_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_sBIT_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_sPLT
+#  define PNG_WRITE_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_sPLT_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_sRGB
+#  define PNG_WRITE_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_sRGB_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_tEXt
+#  define PNG_WRITE_tEXt_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_tEXt_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_tEXt_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_tIME
+#  define PNG_WRITE_tIME_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_tIME_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_tIME_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_tRNS
+#  define PNG_WRITE_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_tRNS_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_zTXt
+#  define PNG_WRITE_zTXt_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_zTXt_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_zTXt_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#if defined(PNG_WRITE_iTXt_SUPPORTED) || defined(PNG_WRITE_tEXt_SUPPORTED) || \
+    defined(PNG_WRITE_zTXt_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_WRITE_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_TEXT_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_WRITE_tIME_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_CONVERT_tIME
+#    ifndef _WIN32_WCE
+/*   The "tm" structure is not supported on WindowsCE */
+#      ifndef PNG_CONVERT_tIME_SUPPORTED
+#        define PNG_CONVERT_tIME_SUPPORTED
+#      endif
+#   endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* PNG_WRITE_ANCILLARY_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED */
+
+#if !defined(PNG_NO_WRITE_FILTER) && !defined(PNG_WRITE_FILTER_SUPPORTED)
+#  define PNG_WRITE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_WRITE_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS
+#  define PNG_WRITE_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#  ifndef PNG_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_UNKNOWN_CHUNKS_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN
+#  ifndef PNG_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_HANDLE_AS_UNKNOWN_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+#endif /* PNG_WRITE_SUPPORTED */
+
+/* Turn this off to disable png_read_png() and
+ * png_write_png() and leave the row_pointers member
+ * out of the info structure.
+ */
+#ifndef PNG_NO_INFO_IMAGE
+#  define PNG_INFO_IMAGE_SUPPORTED
+#endif
+
+/* Need the time information for converting tIME chunks */
+#ifdef PNG_CONVERT_tIME_SUPPORTED
+     /* "time.h" functions are not supported on WindowsCE */
+#    include <time.h>
+#endif
+
+/* Some typedefs to get us started.  These should be safe on most of the
+ * common platforms.  The typedefs should be at least as large as the
+ * numbers suggest (a png_uint_32 must be at least 32 bits long), but they
+ * don't have to be exactly that size.  Some compilers dislike passing
+ * unsigned shorts as function parameters, so you may be better off using
+ * unsigned int for png_uint_16.  Likewise, for 64-bit systems, you may
+ * want to have unsigned int for png_uint_32 instead of unsigned long.
+ */
+
+typedef unsigned long png_uint_32;
+typedef long png_int_32;
+typedef unsigned short png_uint_16;
+typedef short png_int_16;
+typedef unsigned char png_byte;
+
+/* This is usually size_t.  It is typedef'ed just in case you need it to
+   change (I'm not sure if you will or not, so I thought I'd be safe) */
+#ifdef PNG_SIZE_T
+   typedef PNG_SIZE_T png_size_t;
+#  define png_sizeof(x) png_convert_size(sizeof(x))
+#else
+   typedef size_t png_size_t;
+#  define png_sizeof(x) sizeof(x)
+#endif
+
+/* The following is needed for medium model support.  It cannot be in the
+ * PNG_INTERNAL section.  Needs modification for other compilers besides
+ * MSC.  Model independent support declares all arrays and pointers to be
+ * large using the far keyword.  The zlib version used must also support
+ * model independent data.  As of version zlib 1.0.4, the necessary changes
+ * have been made in zlib.  The USE_FAR_KEYWORD define triggers other
+ * changes that are needed. (Tim Wegner)
+ */
+
+/* Separate compiler dependencies (problem here is that zlib.h always
+   defines FAR. (SJT) */
+#ifdef __BORLANDC__
+#  if defined(__LARGE__) || defined(__HUGE__) || defined(__COMPACT__)
+#    define LDATA 1
+#  else
+#    define LDATA 0
+#  endif
+   /* GRR:  why is Cygwin in here?  Cygwin is not Borland C... */
+#  if !defined(__WIN32__) && !defined(__FLAT__) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#    define PNG_MAX_MALLOC_64K
+#    if (LDATA != 1)
+#      ifndef FAR
+#        define FAR __far
+#      endif
+#      define USE_FAR_KEYWORD
+#    endif   /* LDATA != 1 */
+     /* Possibly useful for moving data out of default segment.
+      * Uncomment it if you want. Could also define FARDATA as
+      * const if your compiler supports it. (SJT)
+#    define FARDATA FAR
+      */
+#  endif  /* __WIN32__, __FLAT__, __CYGWIN__ */
+#endif   /* __BORLANDC__ */
+
+
+/* Suggest testing for specific compiler first before testing for
+ * FAR.  The Watcom compiler defines both __MEDIUM__ and M_I86MM,
+ * making reliance oncertain keywords suspect. (SJT)
+ */
+
+/* MSC Medium model */
+#ifdef FAR
+#  ifdef M_I86MM
+#    define USE_FAR_KEYWORD
+#    define FARDATA FAR
+#    include <dos.h>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* SJT: default case */
+#ifndef FAR
+#  define FAR
+#endif
+
+/* At this point FAR is always defined */
+#ifndef FARDATA
+#  define FARDATA
+#endif
+
+/* Typedef for floating-point numbers that are converted
+   to fixed-point with a multiple of 100,000, e.g., int_gamma */
+typedef png_int_32 png_fixed_point;
+
+/* Add typedefs for pointers */
+typedef void            FAR * png_voidp;
+typedef png_byte        FAR * png_bytep;
+typedef png_uint_32     FAR * png_uint_32p;
+typedef png_int_32      FAR * png_int_32p;
+typedef png_uint_16     FAR * png_uint_16p;
+typedef png_int_16      FAR * png_int_16p;
+typedef PNG_CONST char  FAR * png_const_charp;
+typedef char            FAR * png_charp;
+typedef png_fixed_point FAR * png_fixed_point_p;
+
+#ifndef PNG_NO_STDIO
+#ifdef _WIN32_WCE
+typedef HANDLE                png_FILE_p;
+#else
+typedef FILE                * png_FILE_p;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+typedef double          FAR * png_doublep;
+#endif
+
+/* Pointers to pointers; i.e. arrays */
+typedef png_byte        FAR * FAR * png_bytepp;
+typedef png_uint_32     FAR * FAR * png_uint_32pp;
+typedef png_int_32      FAR * FAR * png_int_32pp;
+typedef png_uint_16     FAR * FAR * png_uint_16pp;
+typedef png_int_16      FAR * FAR * png_int_16pp;
+typedef PNG_CONST char  FAR * FAR * png_const_charpp;
+typedef char            FAR * FAR * png_charpp;
+typedef png_fixed_point FAR * FAR * png_fixed_point_pp;
+#ifdef PNG_FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORTED
+typedef double          FAR * FAR * png_doublepp;
+#endif
+
+/* Pointers to pointers to pointers; i.e., pointer to array */
+typedef char            FAR * FAR * FAR * png_charppp;
+
+#if defined(PNG_1_0_X) || defined(PNG_1_2_X)
+/* SPC -  Is this stuff deprecated? */
+/* It'll be removed as of libpng-1.4.0 - GR-P */
+/* libpng typedefs for types in zlib. If zlib changes
+ * or another compression library is used, then change these.
+ * Eliminates need to change all the source files.
+ */
+typedef charf *         png_zcharp;
+typedef charf * FAR *   png_zcharpp;
+typedef z_stream FAR *  png_zstreamp;
+#endif /* (PNG_1_0_X) || defined(PNG_1_2_X) */
+
+/*
+ * Define PNG_BUILD_DLL if the module being built is a Windows
+ * LIBPNG DLL.
+ *
+ * Define PNG_USE_DLL if you want to *link* to the Windows LIBPNG DLL.
+ * It is equivalent to Microsoft predefined macro _DLL that is
+ * automatically defined when you compile using the share
+ * version of the CRT (C Run-Time library)
+ *
+ * The cygwin mods make this behavior a little different:
+ * Define PNG_BUILD_DLL if you are building a dll for use with cygwin
+ * Define PNG_STATIC if you are building a static library for use with cygwin,
+ *   -or- if you are building an application that you want to link to the
+ *   static library.
+ * PNG_USE_DLL is defined by default (no user action needed) unless one of
+ *   the other flags is defined.
+ */
+
+#if !defined(PNG_DLL) && (defined(PNG_BUILD_DLL) || defined(PNG_USE_DLL))
+#  define PNG_DLL
+#endif
+/* If CYGWIN, then disallow GLOBAL ARRAYS unless building a static lib.
+ * When building a static lib, default to no GLOBAL ARRAYS, but allow
+ * command-line override
+ */
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#  ifndef PNG_STATIC
+#    ifdef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+#      undef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+#    endif
+#    ifndef PNG_USE_LOCAL_ARRAYS
+#      define PNG_USE_LOCAL_ARRAYS
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    if defined(PNG_USE_LOCAL_ARRAYS) || defined(PNG_NO_GLOBAL_ARRAYS)
+#      ifdef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+#        undef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+#      endif
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#  if !defined(PNG_USE_LOCAL_ARRAYS) && !defined(PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS)
+#    define PNG_USE_LOCAL_ARRAYS
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* Do not use global arrays (helps with building DLL's)
+ * They are no longer used in libpng itself, since version 1.0.5c,
+ * but might be required for some pre-1.0.5c applications.
+ */
+#if !defined(PNG_USE_LOCAL_ARRAYS) && !defined(PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS)
+#  if defined(PNG_NO_GLOBAL_ARRAYS) || \
+      (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(PNG_DLL)) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define PNG_USE_LOCAL_ARRAYS
+#  else
+#    define PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#  undef PNGAPI
+#  define PNGAPI __cdecl
+#  undef PNG_IMPEXP
+#  define PNG_IMPEXP
+#endif
+
+/* If you define PNGAPI, e.g., with compiler option "-DPNGAPI=__stdcall",
+ * you may get warnings regarding the linkage of png_zalloc and png_zfree.
+ * Don't ignore those warnings; you must also reset the default calling
+ * convention in your compiler to match your PNGAPI, and you must build
+ * zlib and your applications the same way you build libpng.
+ */
+
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(PNG_MODULEDEF)
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_MODULEDEF
+#    define PNG_NO_MODULEDEF
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(PNG_IMPEXP) && defined(PNG_BUILD_DLL) && !defined(PNG_NO_MODULEDEF)
+#  define PNG_IMPEXP
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNG_DLL) || defined(_DLL) || defined(__DLL__ ) || \
+    (( defined(_Windows) || defined(_WINDOWS) || \
+       defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__) ))
+
+#  ifndef PNGAPI
+#     if defined(__GNUC__) || (defined (_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 800))
+#        define PNGAPI __cdecl
+#     else
+#        define PNGAPI _cdecl
+#     endif
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(PNG_IMPEXP) && (!defined(PNG_DLL) || \
+       0 /* WINCOMPILER_WITH_NO_SUPPORT_FOR_DECLIMPEXP */)
+#     define PNG_IMPEXP
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef PNG_IMPEXP
+
+#     define PNG_EXPORT_TYPE1(type,symbol)  PNG_IMPEXP type PNGAPI symbol
+#     define PNG_EXPORT_TYPE2(type,symbol)  type PNG_IMPEXP PNGAPI symbol
+
+      /* Borland/Microsoft */
+#     if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#        if (_MSC_VER >= 800) || (__BORLANDC__ >= 0x500)
+#           define PNG_EXPORT PNG_EXPORT_TYPE1
+#        else
+#           define PNG_EXPORT PNG_EXPORT_TYPE2
+#           ifdef PNG_BUILD_DLL
+#              define PNG_IMPEXP __export
+#           else
+#              define PNG_IMPEXP /*__import */ /* doesn't exist AFAIK in
+                                                 VC++ */
+#           endif                             /* Exists in Borland C++ for
+                                                 C++ classes (== huge) */
+#        endif
+#     endif
+
+#     ifndef PNG_IMPEXP
+#        ifdef PNG_BUILD_DLL
+#           define PNG_IMPEXP __declspec(dllexport)
+#        else
+#           define PNG_IMPEXP __declspec(dllimport)
+#        endif
+#     endif
+#  endif  /* PNG_IMPEXP */
+#else /* !(DLL || non-cygwin WINDOWS) */
+#   if (defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)) && defined(__OS2__)
+#      ifndef PNGAPI
+#         define PNGAPI _System
+#      endif
+#   else
+#      if 0 /* ... other platforms, with other meanings */
+#      endif
+#   endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNGAPI
+#  define PNGAPI
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_IMPEXP
+#  define PNG_IMPEXP
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_BUILDSYMS
+#  ifndef PNG_EXPORT
+#    define PNG_EXPORT(type,symbol) PNG_FUNCTION_EXPORT symbol END
+#  endif
+#  ifdef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+#    ifndef PNG_EXPORT_VAR
+#      define PNG_EXPORT_VAR(type) PNG_DATA_EXPORT
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PNG_EXPORT
+#  define PNG_EXPORT(type,symbol) PNG_IMPEXP type PNGAPI symbol
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_USE_GLOBAL_ARRAYS
+#  ifndef PNG_EXPORT_VAR
+#    define PNG_EXPORT_VAR(type) extern PNG_IMPEXP type
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_PEDANTIC_WARNINGS
+#  ifndef PNG_PEDANTIC_WARNINGS_SUPPORTED
+#    define PNG_PEDANTIC_WARNINGS_SUPPORTED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_PEDANTIC_WARNINGS_SUPPORTED
+/* Support for compiler specific function attributes.  These are used
+ * so that where compiler support is available incorrect use of API
+ * functions in png.h will generate compiler warnings.  Added at libpng
+ * version 1.2.41.
+ */
+#  ifdef __GNUC__
+#    ifndef PNG_USE_RESULT
+#      define PNG_USE_RESULT __attribute__((__warn_unused_result__))
+#    endif
+#    ifndef PNG_NORETURN
+#      define PNG_NORETURN   __attribute__((__noreturn__))
+#    endif
+#    ifndef PNG_ALLOCATED
+#      define PNG_ALLOCATED  __attribute__((__malloc__))
+#    endif
+
+    /* This specifically protects structure members that should only be
+     * accessed from within the library, therefore should be empty during
+     * a library build.
+     */
+#    ifndef PNG_DEPRECATED
+#      define PNG_DEPRECATED __attribute__((__deprecated__))
+#    endif
+#    ifndef PNG_DEPSTRUCT
+#      define PNG_DEPSTRUCT  __attribute__((__deprecated__))
+#    endif
+#    ifndef PNG_PRIVATE
+#      if 0 /* Doesn't work so we use deprecated instead*/
+#        define PNG_PRIVATE \
+          __attribute__((warning("This function is not exported by libpng.")))
+#      else
+#        define PNG_PRIVATE \
+          __attribute__((__deprecated__))
+#      endif
+#    endif /* PNG_PRIVATE */
+#  endif /* __GNUC__ */
+#endif /* PNG_PEDANTIC_WARNINGS */
+
+#ifndef PNG_DEPRECATED
+#  define PNG_DEPRECATED  /* Use of this function is deprecated */
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_USE_RESULT
+#  define PNG_USE_RESULT  /* The result of this function must be checked */
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_NORETURN
+#  define PNG_NORETURN    /* This function does not return */
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_ALLOCATED
+#  define PNG_ALLOCATED   /* The result of the function is new memory */
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_DEPSTRUCT
+#  define PNG_DEPSTRUCT   /* Access to this struct member is deprecated */
+#endif
+#ifndef PNG_PRIVATE
+#  define PNG_PRIVATE     /* This is a private libpng function */
+#endif
+
+/* User may want to use these so they are not in PNG_INTERNAL. Any library
+ * functions that are passed far data must be model independent.
+ */
+
+#ifndef PNG_ABORT
+#  define PNG_ABORT() abort()
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNG_SETJMP_SUPPORTED
+#  define png_jmpbuf(png_ptr) ((png_ptr)->jmpbuf)
+#else
+#  define png_jmpbuf(png_ptr) \
+   (LIBPNG_WAS_COMPILED_WITH__PNG_SETJMP_NOT_SUPPORTED)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_FAR_KEYWORD  /* memory model independent fns */
+/* Use this to make far-to-near assignments */
+#  define CHECK   1
+#  define NOCHECK 0
+#  define CVT_PTR(ptr) (png_far_to_near(png_ptr,ptr,CHECK))
+#  define CVT_PTR_NOCHECK(ptr) (png_far_to_near(png_ptr,ptr,NOCHECK))
+#  define png_snprintf _fsnprintf   /* Added to v 1.2.19 */
+#  define png_strlen  _fstrlen
+#  define png_memcmp  _fmemcmp    /* SJT: added */
+#  define png_memcpy  _fmemcpy
+#  define png_memset  _fmemset
+#else /* Use the usual functions */
+#  define CVT_PTR(ptr)         (ptr)
+#  define CVT_PTR_NOCHECK(ptr) (ptr)
+#  ifndef PNG_NO_SNPRINTF
+#    ifdef _MSC_VER
+#      define png_snprintf _snprintf   /* Added to v 1.2.19 */
+#      define png_snprintf2 _snprintf
+#      define png_snprintf6 _snprintf
+#    else
+#      define png_snprintf snprintf   /* Added to v 1.2.19 */
+#      define png_snprintf2 snprintf
+#      define png_snprintf6 snprintf
+#    endif
+#  else
+     /* You don't have or don't want to use snprintf().  Caution: Using
+      * sprintf instead of snprintf exposes your application to accidental
+      * or malevolent buffer overflows.  If you don't have snprintf()
+      * as a general rule you should provide one (you can get one from
+      * Portable OpenSSH).
+      */
+#    define png_snprintf(s1,n,fmt,x1) sprintf(s1,fmt,x1)
+#    define png_snprintf2(s1,n,fmt,x1,x2) sprintf(s1,fmt,x1,x2)
+#    define png_snprintf6(s1,n,fmt,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6) \
+        sprintf(s1,fmt,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6)
+#  endif
+#  define png_strlen  strlen
+#  define png_memcmp  memcmp      /* SJT: added */
+#  define png_memcpy  memcpy
+#  define png_memset  memset
+#endif
+/* End of memory model independent support */
+
+/* Just a little check that someone hasn't tried to define something
+ * contradictory.
+ */
+#if (PNG_ZBUF_SIZE > 65536L) && defined(PNG_MAX_MALLOC_64K)
+#  undef PNG_ZBUF_SIZE
+#  define PNG_ZBUF_SIZE 65536L
+#endif
+
+/* Added at libpng-1.2.8 */
+#endif /* PNG_VERSION_INFO_ONLY */
+
+#endif /* PNGCONF_H */
diff --git a/system/include/gfx/tiff.h b/system/include/gfx/tiff.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d4ab9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/gfx/tiff.h
@@ -0,0 +1,654 @@
+/* $Id: tiff.h,v 1.43.2.1 2010-06-08 18:50:43 bfriesen Exp $ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1988-1997 Sam Leffler
+ * Copyright (c) 1991-1997 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and 
+ * its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided
+ * that (i) the above copyright notices and this permission notice appear in
+ * all copies of the software and related documentation, and (ii) the names of
+ * Sam Leffler and Silicon Graphics may not be used in any advertising or
+ * publicity relating to the software without the specific, prior written
+ * permission of Sam Leffler and Silicon Graphics.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS-IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, 
+ * EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY 
+ * WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  
+ * 
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM LEFFLER OR SILICON GRAPHICS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND,
+ * OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
+ * WHETHER OR NOT ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE, AND ON ANY THEORY OF 
+ * LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE 
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _TIFF_
+#define	_TIFF_
+
+#include "tiffconf.h"
+
+/*
+ * Tag Image File Format (TIFF)
+ *
+ * Based on Rev 6.0 from:
+ *    Developer's Desk
+ *    Aldus Corporation
+ *    411 First Ave. South
+ *    Suite 200
+ *    Seattle, WA  98104
+ *    206-622-5500
+ *    
+ *    (http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/TIFF6.pdf)
+ *
+ * For Big TIFF design notes see the following link
+ *    http://www.remotesensing.org/libtiff/bigtiffdesign.html
+ */
+#define	TIFF_VERSION	        42
+#define TIFF_BIGTIFF_VERSION    43
+
+#define	TIFF_BIGENDIAN		0x4d4d
+#define	TIFF_LITTLEENDIAN	0x4949
+#define	MDI_LITTLEENDIAN        0x5045
+#define	MDI_BIGENDIAN           0x4550
+/*
+ * Intrinsic data types required by the file format:
+ *
+ * 8-bit quantities	int8/uint8
+ * 16-bit quantities	int16/uint16
+ * 32-bit quantities	int32/uint32
+ * strings		unsigned char*
+ */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_INT8
+typedef	signed char int8;	/* NB: non-ANSI compilers may not grok */
+#endif
+typedef	unsigned char uint8;
+#ifndef HAVE_INT16
+typedef	short int16;
+#endif
+typedef	unsigned short uint16;	/* sizeof (uint16) must == 2 */
+#if SIZEOF_INT == 4
+#ifndef HAVE_INT32
+typedef	int int32;
+#endif
+typedef	unsigned int uint32;	/* sizeof (uint32) must == 4 */
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG == 4
+#ifndef HAVE_INT32
+typedef	long int32;
+#endif
+typedef	unsigned long uint32;	/* sizeof (uint32) must == 4 */
+#endif
+
+/* For TIFFReassignTagToIgnore */
+enum TIFFIgnoreSense /* IGNORE tag table */
+{
+	TIS_STORE,
+	TIS_EXTRACT,
+	TIS_EMPTY
+};
+
+/*
+ * TIFF header.
+ */
+typedef	struct {
+	uint16	tiff_magic;	/* magic number (defines byte order) */
+#define TIFF_MAGIC_SIZE		2
+	uint16	tiff_version;	/* TIFF version number */
+#define TIFF_VERSION_SIZE	2
+	uint32	tiff_diroff;	/* byte offset to first directory */
+#define TIFF_DIROFFSET_SIZE	4
+} TIFFHeader;
+
+
+/*
+ * TIFF Image File Directories are comprised of a table of field
+ * descriptors of the form shown below.  The table is sorted in
+ * ascending order by tag.  The values associated with each entry are
+ * disjoint and may appear anywhere in the file (so long as they are
+ * placed on a word boundary).
+ *
+ * If the value is 4 bytes or less, then it is placed in the offset
+ * field to save space.  If the value is less than 4 bytes, it is
+ * left-justified in the offset field.
+ */
+typedef	struct {
+	uint16		tdir_tag;	/* see below */
+	uint16		tdir_type;	/* data type; see below */
+	uint32		tdir_count;	/* number of items; length in spec */
+	uint32		tdir_offset;	/* byte offset to field data */
+} TIFFDirEntry;
+
+/*
+ * NB: In the comments below,
+ *  - items marked with a + are obsoleted by revision 5.0,
+ *  - items marked with a ! are introduced in revision 6.0.
+ *  - items marked with a % are introduced post revision 6.0.
+ *  - items marked with a $ are obsoleted by revision 6.0.
+ *  - items marked with a & are introduced by Adobe DNG specification.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Tag data type information.
+ *
+ * Note: RATIONALs are the ratio of two 32-bit integer values.
+ */
+typedef	enum {
+	TIFF_NOTYPE	= 0,	/* placeholder */
+	TIFF_BYTE	= 1,	/* 8-bit unsigned integer */
+	TIFF_ASCII	= 2,	/* 8-bit bytes w/ last byte null */
+	TIFF_SHORT	= 3,	/* 16-bit unsigned integer */
+	TIFF_LONG	= 4,	/* 32-bit unsigned integer */
+	TIFF_RATIONAL	= 5,	/* 64-bit unsigned fraction */
+	TIFF_SBYTE	= 6,	/* !8-bit signed integer */
+	TIFF_UNDEFINED	= 7,	/* !8-bit untyped data */
+	TIFF_SSHORT	= 8,	/* !16-bit signed integer */
+	TIFF_SLONG	= 9,	/* !32-bit signed integer */
+	TIFF_SRATIONAL	= 10,	/* !64-bit signed fraction */
+	TIFF_FLOAT	= 11,	/* !32-bit IEEE floating point */
+	TIFF_DOUBLE	= 12,	/* !64-bit IEEE floating point */
+	TIFF_IFD	= 13	/* %32-bit unsigned integer (offset) */
+} TIFFDataType;
+
+/*
+ * TIFF Tag Definitions.
+ */
+#define	TIFFTAG_SUBFILETYPE		254	/* subfile data descriptor */
+#define	    FILETYPE_REDUCEDIMAGE	0x1	/* reduced resolution version */
+#define	    FILETYPE_PAGE		0x2	/* one page of many */
+#define	    FILETYPE_MASK		0x4	/* transparency mask */
+#define	TIFFTAG_OSUBFILETYPE		255	/* +kind of data in subfile */
+#define	    OFILETYPE_IMAGE		1	/* full resolution image data */
+#define	    OFILETYPE_REDUCEDIMAGE	2	/* reduced size image data */
+#define	    OFILETYPE_PAGE		3	/* one page of many */
+#define	TIFFTAG_IMAGEWIDTH		256	/* image width in pixels */
+#define	TIFFTAG_IMAGELENGTH		257	/* image height in pixels */
+#define	TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE		258	/* bits per channel (sample) */
+#define	TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION		259	/* data compression technique */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_NONE		1	/* dump mode */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_CCITTRLE	2	/* CCITT modified Huffman RLE */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3	3	/* CCITT Group 3 fax encoding */
+#define     COMPRESSION_CCITT_T4        3       /* CCITT T.4 (TIFF 6 name) */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4	4	/* CCITT Group 4 fax encoding */
+#define     COMPRESSION_CCITT_T6        4       /* CCITT T.6 (TIFF 6 name) */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_LZW		5       /* Lempel-Ziv  & Welch */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_OJPEG		6	/* !6.0 JPEG */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_JPEG		7	/* %JPEG DCT compression */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_NEXT		32766	/* NeXT 2-bit RLE */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_CCITTRLEW	32771	/* #1 w/ word alignment */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_PACKBITS	32773	/* Macintosh RLE */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_THUNDERSCAN	32809	/* ThunderScan RLE */
+/* codes 32895-32898 are reserved for ANSI IT8 TIFF/IT <dkelly@apago.com) */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_IT8CTPAD	32895   /* IT8 CT w/padding */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_IT8LW		32896   /* IT8 Linework RLE */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_IT8MP		32897   /* IT8 Monochrome picture */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_IT8BL		32898   /* IT8 Binary line art */
+/* compression codes 32908-32911 are reserved for Pixar */
+#define     COMPRESSION_PIXARFILM	32908   /* Pixar companded 10bit LZW */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_PIXARLOG	32909   /* Pixar companded 11bit ZIP */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_DEFLATE		32946	/* Deflate compression */
+#define     COMPRESSION_ADOBE_DEFLATE   8       /* Deflate compression,
+						   as recognized by Adobe */
+/* compression code 32947 is reserved for Oceana Matrix <dev@oceana.com> */
+#define     COMPRESSION_DCS             32947   /* Kodak DCS encoding */
+#define	    COMPRESSION_JBIG		34661	/* ISO JBIG */
+#define     COMPRESSION_SGILOG		34676	/* SGI Log Luminance RLE */
+#define     COMPRESSION_SGILOG24	34677	/* SGI Log 24-bit packed */
+#define     COMPRESSION_JP2000          34712   /* Leadtools JPEG2000 */
+#define	TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC		262	/* photometric interpretation */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE	0	/* min value is white */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK	1	/* min value is black */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_RGB		2	/* RGB color model */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE		3	/* color map indexed */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_MASK		4	/* $holdout mask */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_SEPARATED	5	/* !color separations */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_YCBCR		6	/* !CCIR 601 */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_CIELAB		8	/* !1976 CIE L*a*b* */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_ICCLAB		9	/* ICC L*a*b* [Adobe TIFF Technote 4] */
+#define	    PHOTOMETRIC_ITULAB		10	/* ITU L*a*b* */
+#define     PHOTOMETRIC_LOGL		32844	/* CIE Log2(L) */
+#define     PHOTOMETRIC_LOGLUV		32845	/* CIE Log2(L) (u',v') */
+#define	TIFFTAG_THRESHHOLDING		263	/* +thresholding used on data */
+#define	    THRESHHOLD_BILEVEL		1	/* b&w art scan */
+#define	    THRESHHOLD_HALFTONE		2	/* or dithered scan */
+#define	    THRESHHOLD_ERRORDIFFUSE	3	/* usually floyd-steinberg */
+#define	TIFFTAG_CELLWIDTH		264	/* +dithering matrix width */
+#define	TIFFTAG_CELLLENGTH		265	/* +dithering matrix height */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FILLORDER		266	/* data order within a byte */
+#define	    FILLORDER_MSB2LSB		1	/* most significant -> least */
+#define	    FILLORDER_LSB2MSB		2	/* least significant -> most */
+#define	TIFFTAG_DOCUMENTNAME		269	/* name of doc. image is from */
+#define	TIFFTAG_IMAGEDESCRIPTION	270	/* info about image */
+#define	TIFFTAG_MAKE			271	/* scanner manufacturer name */
+#define	TIFFTAG_MODEL			272	/* scanner model name/number */
+#define	TIFFTAG_STRIPOFFSETS		273	/* offsets to data strips */
+#define	TIFFTAG_ORIENTATION		274	/* +image orientation */
+#define	    ORIENTATION_TOPLEFT		1	/* row 0 top, col 0 lhs */
+#define	    ORIENTATION_TOPRIGHT	2	/* row 0 top, col 0 rhs */
+#define	    ORIENTATION_BOTRIGHT	3	/* row 0 bottom, col 0 rhs */
+#define	    ORIENTATION_BOTLEFT		4	/* row 0 bottom, col 0 lhs */
+#define	    ORIENTATION_LEFTTOP		5	/* row 0 lhs, col 0 top */
+#define	    ORIENTATION_RIGHTTOP	6	/* row 0 rhs, col 0 top */
+#define	    ORIENTATION_RIGHTBOT	7	/* row 0 rhs, col 0 bottom */
+#define	    ORIENTATION_LEFTBOT		8	/* row 0 lhs, col 0 bottom */
+#define	TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL		277	/* samples per pixel */
+#define	TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP		278	/* rows per strip of data */
+#define	TIFFTAG_STRIPBYTECOUNTS		279	/* bytes counts for strips */
+#define	TIFFTAG_MINSAMPLEVALUE		280	/* +minimum sample value */
+#define	TIFFTAG_MAXSAMPLEVALUE		281	/* +maximum sample value */
+#define	TIFFTAG_XRESOLUTION		282	/* pixels/resolution in x */
+#define	TIFFTAG_YRESOLUTION		283	/* pixels/resolution in y */
+#define	TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG		284	/* storage organization */
+#define	    PLANARCONFIG_CONTIG		1	/* single image plane */
+#define	    PLANARCONFIG_SEPARATE	2	/* separate planes of data */
+#define	TIFFTAG_PAGENAME		285	/* page name image is from */
+#define	TIFFTAG_XPOSITION		286	/* x page offset of image lhs */
+#define	TIFFTAG_YPOSITION		287	/* y page offset of image lhs */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FREEOFFSETS		288	/* +byte offset to free block */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FREEBYTECOUNTS		289	/* +sizes of free blocks */
+#define	TIFFTAG_GRAYRESPONSEUNIT	290	/* $gray scale curve accuracy */
+#define	    GRAYRESPONSEUNIT_10S	1	/* tenths of a unit */
+#define	    GRAYRESPONSEUNIT_100S	2	/* hundredths of a unit */
+#define	    GRAYRESPONSEUNIT_1000S	3	/* thousandths of a unit */
+#define	    GRAYRESPONSEUNIT_10000S	4	/* ten-thousandths of a unit */
+#define	    GRAYRESPONSEUNIT_100000S	5	/* hundred-thousandths */
+#define	TIFFTAG_GRAYRESPONSECURVE	291	/* $gray scale response curve */
+#define	TIFFTAG_GROUP3OPTIONS		292	/* 32 flag bits */
+#define	TIFFTAG_T4OPTIONS		292	/* TIFF 6.0 proper name alias */
+#define	    GROUP3OPT_2DENCODING	0x1	/* 2-dimensional coding */
+#define	    GROUP3OPT_UNCOMPRESSED	0x2	/* data not compressed */
+#define	    GROUP3OPT_FILLBITS		0x4	/* fill to byte boundary */
+#define	TIFFTAG_GROUP4OPTIONS		293	/* 32 flag bits */
+#define TIFFTAG_T6OPTIONS               293     /* TIFF 6.0 proper name */
+#define	    GROUP4OPT_UNCOMPRESSED	0x2	/* data not compressed */
+#define	TIFFTAG_RESOLUTIONUNIT		296	/* units of resolutions */
+#define	    RESUNIT_NONE		1	/* no meaningful units */
+#define	    RESUNIT_INCH		2	/* english */
+#define	    RESUNIT_CENTIMETER		3	/* metric */
+#define	TIFFTAG_PAGENUMBER		297	/* page numbers of multi-page */
+#define	TIFFTAG_COLORRESPONSEUNIT	300	/* $color curve accuracy */
+#define	    COLORRESPONSEUNIT_10S	1	/* tenths of a unit */
+#define	    COLORRESPONSEUNIT_100S	2	/* hundredths of a unit */
+#define	    COLORRESPONSEUNIT_1000S	3	/* thousandths of a unit */
+#define	    COLORRESPONSEUNIT_10000S	4	/* ten-thousandths of a unit */
+#define	    COLORRESPONSEUNIT_100000S	5	/* hundred-thousandths */
+#define	TIFFTAG_TRANSFERFUNCTION	301	/* !colorimetry info */
+#define	TIFFTAG_SOFTWARE		305	/* name & release */
+#define	TIFFTAG_DATETIME		306	/* creation date and time */
+#define	TIFFTAG_ARTIST			315	/* creator of image */
+#define	TIFFTAG_HOSTCOMPUTER		316	/* machine where created */
+#define	TIFFTAG_PREDICTOR		317	/* prediction scheme w/ LZW */
+#define     PREDICTOR_NONE		1	/* no prediction scheme used */
+#define     PREDICTOR_HORIZONTAL	2	/* horizontal differencing */
+#define     PREDICTOR_FLOATINGPOINT	3	/* floating point predictor */
+#define	TIFFTAG_WHITEPOINT		318	/* image white point */
+#define	TIFFTAG_PRIMARYCHROMATICITIES	319	/* !primary chromaticities */
+#define	TIFFTAG_COLORMAP		320	/* RGB map for pallette image */
+#define	TIFFTAG_HALFTONEHINTS		321	/* !highlight+shadow info */
+#define	TIFFTAG_TILEWIDTH		322	/* !tile width in pixels */
+#define	TIFFTAG_TILELENGTH		323	/* !tile height in pixels */
+#define TIFFTAG_TILEOFFSETS		324	/* !offsets to data tiles */
+#define TIFFTAG_TILEBYTECOUNTS		325	/* !byte counts for tiles */
+#define	TIFFTAG_BADFAXLINES		326	/* lines w/ wrong pixel count */
+#define	TIFFTAG_CLEANFAXDATA		327	/* regenerated line info */
+#define	    CLEANFAXDATA_CLEAN		0	/* no errors detected */
+#define	    CLEANFAXDATA_REGENERATED	1	/* receiver regenerated lines */
+#define	    CLEANFAXDATA_UNCLEAN	2	/* uncorrected errors exist */
+#define	TIFFTAG_CONSECUTIVEBADFAXLINES	328	/* max consecutive bad lines */
+#define	TIFFTAG_SUBIFD			330	/* subimage descriptors */
+#define	TIFFTAG_INKSET			332	/* !inks in separated image */
+#define	    INKSET_CMYK			1	/* !cyan-magenta-yellow-black color */
+#define	    INKSET_MULTIINK		2	/* !multi-ink or hi-fi color */
+#define	TIFFTAG_INKNAMES		333	/* !ascii names of inks */
+#define	TIFFTAG_NUMBEROFINKS		334	/* !number of inks */
+#define	TIFFTAG_DOTRANGE		336	/* !0% and 100% dot codes */
+#define	TIFFTAG_TARGETPRINTER		337	/* !separation target */
+#define	TIFFTAG_EXTRASAMPLES		338	/* !info about extra samples */
+#define	    EXTRASAMPLE_UNSPECIFIED	0	/* !unspecified data */
+#define	    EXTRASAMPLE_ASSOCALPHA	1	/* !associated alpha data */
+#define	    EXTRASAMPLE_UNASSALPHA	2	/* !unassociated alpha data */
+#define	TIFFTAG_SAMPLEFORMAT		339	/* !data sample format */
+#define	    SAMPLEFORMAT_UINT		1	/* !unsigned integer data */
+#define	    SAMPLEFORMAT_INT		2	/* !signed integer data */
+#define	    SAMPLEFORMAT_IEEEFP		3	/* !IEEE floating point data */
+#define	    SAMPLEFORMAT_VOID		4	/* !untyped data */
+#define	    SAMPLEFORMAT_COMPLEXINT	5	/* !complex signed int */
+#define	    SAMPLEFORMAT_COMPLEXIEEEFP	6	/* !complex ieee floating */
+#define	TIFFTAG_SMINSAMPLEVALUE		340	/* !variable MinSampleValue */
+#define	TIFFTAG_SMAXSAMPLEVALUE		341	/* !variable MaxSampleValue */
+#define	TIFFTAG_CLIPPATH		343	/* %ClipPath
+						   [Adobe TIFF technote 2] */
+#define	TIFFTAG_XCLIPPATHUNITS		344	/* %XClipPathUnits
+						   [Adobe TIFF technote 2] */
+#define	TIFFTAG_YCLIPPATHUNITS		345	/* %YClipPathUnits
+						   [Adobe TIFF technote 2] */
+#define	TIFFTAG_INDEXED			346	/* %Indexed
+						   [Adobe TIFF Technote 3] */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGTABLES		347	/* %JPEG table stream */
+#define	TIFFTAG_OPIPROXY		351	/* %OPI Proxy [Adobe TIFF technote] */
+/*
+ * Tags 512-521 are obsoleted by Technical Note #2 which specifies a
+ * revised JPEG-in-TIFF scheme.
+ */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGPROC		512	/* !JPEG processing algorithm */
+#define	    JPEGPROC_BASELINE		1	/* !baseline sequential */
+#define	    JPEGPROC_LOSSLESS		14	/* !Huffman coded lossless */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGIFOFFSET		513	/* !pointer to SOI marker */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGIFBYTECOUNT		514	/* !JFIF stream length */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGRESTARTINTERVAL	515	/* !restart interval length */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGLOSSLESSPREDICTORS	517	/* !lossless proc predictor */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGPOINTTRANSFORM	518	/* !lossless point transform */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGQTABLES		519	/* !Q matrice offsets */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGDCTABLES		520	/* !DCT table offsets */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGACTABLES		521	/* !AC coefficient offsets */
+#define	TIFFTAG_YCBCRCOEFFICIENTS	529	/* !RGB -> YCbCr transform */
+#define	TIFFTAG_YCBCRSUBSAMPLING	530	/* !YCbCr subsampling factors */
+#define	TIFFTAG_YCBCRPOSITIONING	531	/* !subsample positioning */
+#define	    YCBCRPOSITION_CENTERED	1	/* !as in PostScript Level 2 */
+#define	    YCBCRPOSITION_COSITED	2	/* !as in CCIR 601-1 */
+#define	TIFFTAG_REFERENCEBLACKWHITE	532	/* !colorimetry info */
+#define	TIFFTAG_XMLPACKET		700	/* %XML packet
+						   [Adobe XMP Specification,
+						   January 2004 */
+#define TIFFTAG_OPIIMAGEID		32781	/* %OPI ImageID
+						   [Adobe TIFF technote] */
+/* tags 32952-32956 are private tags registered to Island Graphics */
+#define TIFFTAG_REFPTS			32953	/* image reference points */
+#define TIFFTAG_REGIONTACKPOINT		32954	/* region-xform tack point */
+#define TIFFTAG_REGIONWARPCORNERS	32955	/* warp quadrilateral */
+#define TIFFTAG_REGIONAFFINE		32956	/* affine transformation mat */
+/* tags 32995-32999 are private tags registered to SGI */
+#define	TIFFTAG_MATTEING		32995	/* $use ExtraSamples */
+#define	TIFFTAG_DATATYPE		32996	/* $use SampleFormat */
+#define	TIFFTAG_IMAGEDEPTH		32997	/* z depth of image */
+#define	TIFFTAG_TILEDEPTH		32998	/* z depth/data tile */
+/* tags 33300-33309 are private tags registered to Pixar */
+/*
+ * TIFFTAG_PIXAR_IMAGEFULLWIDTH and TIFFTAG_PIXAR_IMAGEFULLLENGTH
+ * are set when an image has been cropped out of a larger image.  
+ * They reflect the size of the original uncropped image.
+ * The TIFFTAG_XPOSITION and TIFFTAG_YPOSITION can be used
+ * to determine the position of the smaller image in the larger one.
+ */
+#define TIFFTAG_PIXAR_IMAGEFULLWIDTH    33300   /* full image size in x */
+#define TIFFTAG_PIXAR_IMAGEFULLLENGTH   33301   /* full image size in y */
+ /* Tags 33302-33306 are used to identify special image modes and data
+  * used by Pixar's texture formats.
+  */
+#define TIFFTAG_PIXAR_TEXTUREFORMAT	33302	/* texture map format */
+#define TIFFTAG_PIXAR_WRAPMODES		33303	/* s & t wrap modes */
+#define TIFFTAG_PIXAR_FOVCOT		33304	/* cotan(fov) for env. maps */
+#define TIFFTAG_PIXAR_MATRIX_WORLDTOSCREEN 33305
+#define TIFFTAG_PIXAR_MATRIX_WORLDTOCAMERA 33306
+/* tag 33405 is a private tag registered to Eastman Kodak */
+#define TIFFTAG_WRITERSERIALNUMBER      33405   /* device serial number */
+/* tag 33432 is listed in the 6.0 spec w/ unknown ownership */
+#define	TIFFTAG_COPYRIGHT		33432	/* copyright string */
+/* IPTC TAG from RichTIFF specifications */
+#define TIFFTAG_RICHTIFFIPTC		33723
+/* 34016-34029 are reserved for ANSI IT8 TIFF/IT <dkelly@apago.com) */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8SITE			34016	/* site name */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8COLORSEQUENCE	34017	/* color seq. [RGB,CMYK,etc] */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8HEADER		34018	/* DDES Header */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8RASTERPADDING	34019	/* raster scanline padding */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8BITSPERRUNLENGTH	34020	/* # of bits in short run */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8BITSPEREXTENDEDRUNLENGTH 34021/* # of bits in long run */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8COLORTABLE		34022	/* LW colortable */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8IMAGECOLORINDICATOR	34023	/* BP/BL image color switch */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8BKGCOLORINDICATOR	34024	/* BP/BL bg color switch */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8IMAGECOLORVALUE	34025	/* BP/BL image color value */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8BKGCOLORVALUE	34026	/* BP/BL bg color value */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8PIXELINTENSITYRANGE	34027	/* MP pixel intensity value */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8TRANSPARENCYINDICATOR 34028	/* HC transparency switch */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8COLORCHARACTERIZATION 34029	/* color character. table */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8HCUSAGE		34030	/* HC usage indicator */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8TRAPINDICATOR	34031	/* Trapping indicator
+						   (untrapped=0, trapped=1) */
+#define TIFFTAG_IT8CMYKEQUIVALENT	34032	/* CMYK color equivalents */
+/* tags 34232-34236 are private tags registered to Texas Instruments */
+#define TIFFTAG_FRAMECOUNT              34232   /* Sequence Frame Count */
+/* tag 34377 is private tag registered to Adobe for PhotoShop */
+#define TIFFTAG_PHOTOSHOP		34377 
+/* tags 34665, 34853 and 40965 are documented in EXIF specification */
+#define TIFFTAG_EXIFIFD			34665	/* Pointer to EXIF private directory */
+/* tag 34750 is a private tag registered to Adobe? */
+#define TIFFTAG_ICCPROFILE		34675	/* ICC profile data */
+/* tag 34750 is a private tag registered to Pixel Magic */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JBIGOPTIONS		34750	/* JBIG options */
+#define TIFFTAG_GPSIFD			34853	/* Pointer to GPS private directory */
+/* tags 34908-34914 are private tags registered to SGI */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FAXRECVPARAMS		34908	/* encoded Class 2 ses. parms */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FAXSUBADDRESS		34909	/* received SubAddr string */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FAXRECVTIME		34910	/* receive time (secs) */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FAXDCS			34911	/* encoded fax ses. params, Table 2/T.30 */
+/* tags 37439-37443 are registered to SGI <gregl@sgi.com> */
+#define TIFFTAG_STONITS			37439	/* Sample value to Nits */
+/* tag 34929 is a private tag registered to FedEx */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FEDEX_EDR		34929	/* unknown use */
+#define TIFFTAG_INTEROPERABILITYIFD	40965	/* Pointer to Interoperability private directory */
+/* Adobe Digital Negative (DNG) format tags */
+#define TIFFTAG_DNGVERSION		50706	/* &DNG version number */
+#define TIFFTAG_DNGBACKWARDVERSION	50707	/* &DNG compatibility version */
+#define TIFFTAG_UNIQUECAMERAMODEL	50708	/* &name for the camera model */
+#define TIFFTAG_LOCALIZEDCAMERAMODEL	50709	/* &localized camera model
+						   name */
+#define TIFFTAG_CFAPLANECOLOR		50710	/* &CFAPattern->LinearRaw space
+						   mapping */
+#define TIFFTAG_CFALAYOUT		50711	/* &spatial layout of the CFA */
+#define TIFFTAG_LINEARIZATIONTABLE	50712	/* &lookup table description */
+#define TIFFTAG_BLACKLEVELREPEATDIM	50713	/* &repeat pattern size for
+						   the BlackLevel tag */
+#define TIFFTAG_BLACKLEVEL		50714	/* &zero light encoding level */
+#define TIFFTAG_BLACKLEVELDELTAH	50715	/* &zero light encoding level
+						   differences (columns) */
+#define TIFFTAG_BLACKLEVELDELTAV	50716	/* &zero light encoding level
+						   differences (rows) */
+#define TIFFTAG_WHITELEVEL		50717	/* &fully saturated encoding
+						   level */
+#define TIFFTAG_DEFAULTSCALE		50718	/* &default scale factors */
+#define TIFFTAG_DEFAULTCROPORIGIN	50719	/* &origin of the final image
+						   area */
+#define TIFFTAG_DEFAULTCROPSIZE		50720	/* &size of the final image 
+						   area */
+#define TIFFTAG_COLORMATRIX1		50721	/* &XYZ->reference color space
+						   transformation matrix 1 */
+#define TIFFTAG_COLORMATRIX2		50722	/* &XYZ->reference color space
+						   transformation matrix 2 */
+#define TIFFTAG_CAMERACALIBRATION1	50723	/* &calibration matrix 1 */
+#define TIFFTAG_CAMERACALIBRATION2	50724	/* &calibration matrix 2 */
+#define TIFFTAG_REDUCTIONMATRIX1	50725	/* &dimensionality reduction
+						   matrix 1 */
+#define TIFFTAG_REDUCTIONMATRIX2	50726	/* &dimensionality reduction
+						   matrix 2 */
+#define TIFFTAG_ANALOGBALANCE		50727	/* &gain applied the stored raw
+						   values*/
+#define TIFFTAG_ASSHOTNEUTRAL		50728	/* &selected white balance in
+						   linear reference space */
+#define TIFFTAG_ASSHOTWHITEXY		50729	/* &selected white balance in
+						   x-y chromaticity
+						   coordinates */
+#define TIFFTAG_BASELINEEXPOSURE	50730	/* &how much to move the zero
+						   point */
+#define TIFFTAG_BASELINENOISE		50731	/* &relative noise level */
+#define TIFFTAG_BASELINESHARPNESS	50732	/* &relative amount of
+						   sharpening */
+#define TIFFTAG_BAYERGREENSPLIT		50733	/* &how closely the values of
+						   the green pixels in the
+						   blue/green rows track the
+						   values of the green pixels
+						   in the red/green rows */
+#define TIFFTAG_LINEARRESPONSELIMIT	50734	/* &non-linear encoding range */
+#define TIFFTAG_CAMERASERIALNUMBER	50735	/* &camera's serial number */
+#define TIFFTAG_LENSINFO		50736	/* info about the lens */
+#define TIFFTAG_CHROMABLURRADIUS	50737	/* &chroma blur radius */
+#define TIFFTAG_ANTIALIASSTRENGTH	50738	/* &relative strength of the
+						   camera's anti-alias filter */
+#define TIFFTAG_SHADOWSCALE		50739	/* &used by Adobe Camera Raw */
+#define TIFFTAG_DNGPRIVATEDATA		50740	/* &manufacturer's private data */
+#define TIFFTAG_MAKERNOTESAFETY		50741	/* &whether the EXIF MakerNote
+						   tag is safe to preserve
+						   along with the rest of the
+						   EXIF data */
+#define	TIFFTAG_CALIBRATIONILLUMINANT1	50778	/* &illuminant 1 */
+#define TIFFTAG_CALIBRATIONILLUMINANT2	50779	/* &illuminant 2 */
+#define TIFFTAG_BESTQUALITYSCALE	50780	/* &best quality multiplier */
+#define TIFFTAG_RAWDATAUNIQUEID		50781	/* &unique identifier for
+						   the raw image data */
+#define TIFFTAG_ORIGINALRAWFILENAME	50827	/* &file name of the original
+						   raw file */
+#define TIFFTAG_ORIGINALRAWFILEDATA	50828	/* &contents of the original
+						   raw file */
+#define TIFFTAG_ACTIVEAREA		50829	/* &active (non-masked) pixels
+						   of the sensor */
+#define TIFFTAG_MASKEDAREAS		50830	/* &list of coordinates
+						   of fully masked pixels */
+#define TIFFTAG_ASSHOTICCPROFILE	50831	/* &these two tags used to */
+#define TIFFTAG_ASSHOTPREPROFILEMATRIX	50832	/* map cameras's color space
+						   into ICC profile space */
+#define TIFFTAG_CURRENTICCPROFILE	50833	/* & */
+#define TIFFTAG_CURRENTPREPROFILEMATRIX	50834	/* & */
+/* tag 65535 is an undefined tag used by Eastman Kodak */
+#define TIFFTAG_DCSHUESHIFTVALUES       65535   /* hue shift correction data */
+
+/*
+ * The following are ``pseudo tags'' that can be used to control
+ * codec-specific functionality.  These tags are not written to file.
+ * Note that these values start at 0xffff+1 so that they'll never
+ * collide with Aldus-assigned tags.
+ *
+ * If you want your private pseudo tags ``registered'' (i.e. added to
+ * this file), please post a bug report via the tracking system at
+ * http://www.remotesensing.org/libtiff/bugs.html with the appropriate
+ * C definitions to add.
+ */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FAXMODE			65536	/* Group 3/4 format control */
+#define	    FAXMODE_CLASSIC	0x0000		/* default, include RTC */
+#define	    FAXMODE_NORTC	0x0001		/* no RTC at end of data */
+#define	    FAXMODE_NOEOL	0x0002		/* no EOL code at end of row */
+#define	    FAXMODE_BYTEALIGN	0x0004		/* byte align row */
+#define	    FAXMODE_WORDALIGN	0x0008		/* word align row */
+#define	    FAXMODE_CLASSF	FAXMODE_NORTC	/* TIFF Class F */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGQUALITY		65537	/* Compression quality level */
+/* Note: quality level is on the IJG 0-100 scale.  Default value is 75 */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGCOLORMODE		65538	/* Auto RGB<=>YCbCr convert? */
+#define	    JPEGCOLORMODE_RAW	0x0000		/* no conversion (default) */
+#define	    JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB	0x0001		/* do auto conversion */
+#define	TIFFTAG_JPEGTABLESMODE		65539	/* What to put in JPEGTables */
+#define	    JPEGTABLESMODE_QUANT 0x0001		/* include quantization tbls */
+#define	    JPEGTABLESMODE_HUFF	0x0002		/* include Huffman tbls */
+/* Note: default is JPEGTABLESMODE_QUANT | JPEGTABLESMODE_HUFF */
+#define	TIFFTAG_FAXFILLFUNC		65540	/* G3/G4 fill function */
+#define	TIFFTAG_PIXARLOGDATAFMT		65549	/* PixarLogCodec I/O data sz */
+#define	    PIXARLOGDATAFMT_8BIT	0	/* regular u_char samples */
+#define	    PIXARLOGDATAFMT_8BITABGR	1	/* ABGR-order u_chars */
+#define	    PIXARLOGDATAFMT_11BITLOG	2	/* 11-bit log-encoded (raw) */
+#define	    PIXARLOGDATAFMT_12BITPICIO	3	/* as per PICIO (1.0==2048) */
+#define	    PIXARLOGDATAFMT_16BIT	4	/* signed short samples */
+#define	    PIXARLOGDATAFMT_FLOAT	5	/* IEEE float samples */
+/* 65550-65556 are allocated to Oceana Matrix <dev@oceana.com> */
+#define TIFFTAG_DCSIMAGERTYPE           65550   /* imager model & filter */
+#define     DCSIMAGERMODEL_M3           0       /* M3 chip (1280 x 1024) */
+#define     DCSIMAGERMODEL_M5           1       /* M5 chip (1536 x 1024) */
+#define     DCSIMAGERMODEL_M6           2       /* M6 chip (3072 x 2048) */
+#define     DCSIMAGERFILTER_IR          0       /* infrared filter */
+#define     DCSIMAGERFILTER_MONO        1       /* monochrome filter */
+#define     DCSIMAGERFILTER_CFA         2       /* color filter array */
+#define     DCSIMAGERFILTER_OTHER       3       /* other filter */
+#define TIFFTAG_DCSINTERPMODE           65551   /* interpolation mode */
+#define     DCSINTERPMODE_NORMAL        0x0     /* whole image, default */
+#define     DCSINTERPMODE_PREVIEW       0x1     /* preview of image (384x256) */
+#define TIFFTAG_DCSBALANCEARRAY         65552   /* color balance values */
+#define TIFFTAG_DCSCORRECTMATRIX        65553   /* color correction values */
+#define TIFFTAG_DCSGAMMA                65554   /* gamma value */
+#define TIFFTAG_DCSTOESHOULDERPTS       65555   /* toe & shoulder points */
+#define TIFFTAG_DCSCALIBRATIONFD        65556   /* calibration file desc */
+/* Note: quality level is on the ZLIB 1-9 scale. Default value is -1 */
+#define	TIFFTAG_ZIPQUALITY		65557	/* compression quality level */
+#define	TIFFTAG_PIXARLOGQUALITY		65558	/* PixarLog uses same scale */
+/* 65559 is allocated to Oceana Matrix <dev@oceana.com> */
+#define TIFFTAG_DCSCLIPRECTANGLE	65559	/* area of image to acquire */
+#define TIFFTAG_SGILOGDATAFMT		65560	/* SGILog user data format */
+#define     SGILOGDATAFMT_FLOAT		0	/* IEEE float samples */
+#define     SGILOGDATAFMT_16BIT		1	/* 16-bit samples */
+#define     SGILOGDATAFMT_RAW		2	/* uninterpreted data */
+#define     SGILOGDATAFMT_8BIT		3	/* 8-bit RGB monitor values */
+#define TIFFTAG_SGILOGENCODE		65561 /* SGILog data encoding control*/
+#define     SGILOGENCODE_NODITHER	0     /* do not dither encoded values*/
+#define     SGILOGENCODE_RANDITHER	1     /* randomly dither encd values */
+
+/*
+ * EXIF tags
+ */
+#define EXIFTAG_EXPOSURETIME		33434	/* Exposure time */
+#define EXIFTAG_FNUMBER			33437	/* F number */
+#define EXIFTAG_EXPOSUREPROGRAM		34850	/* Exposure program */
+#define EXIFTAG_SPECTRALSENSITIVITY	34852	/* Spectral sensitivity */
+#define EXIFTAG_ISOSPEEDRATINGS		34855	/* ISO speed rating */
+#define EXIFTAG_OECF			34856	/* Optoelectric conversion
+						   factor */
+#define EXIFTAG_EXIFVERSION		36864	/* Exif version */
+#define EXIFTAG_DATETIMEORIGINAL	36867	/* Date and time of original
+						   data generation */
+#define EXIFTAG_DATETIMEDIGITIZED	36868	/* Date and time of digital
+						   data generation */
+#define EXIFTAG_COMPONENTSCONFIGURATION	37121	/* Meaning of each component */
+#define EXIFTAG_COMPRESSEDBITSPERPIXEL	37122	/* Image compression mode */
+#define EXIFTAG_SHUTTERSPEEDVALUE	37377	/* Shutter speed */
+#define EXIFTAG_APERTUREVALUE		37378	/* Aperture */
+#define EXIFTAG_BRIGHTNESSVALUE		37379	/* Brightness */
+#define EXIFTAG_EXPOSUREBIASVALUE	37380	/* Exposure bias */
+#define EXIFTAG_MAXAPERTUREVALUE	37381	/* Maximum lens aperture */
+#define EXIFTAG_SUBJECTDISTANCE		37382	/* Subject distance */
+#define EXIFTAG_METERINGMODE		37383	/* Metering mode */
+#define EXIFTAG_LIGHTSOURCE		37384	/* Light source */
+#define EXIFTAG_FLASH			37385	/* Flash */
+#define EXIFTAG_FOCALLENGTH		37386	/* Lens focal length */
+#define EXIFTAG_SUBJECTAREA		37396	/* Subject area */
+#define EXIFTAG_MAKERNOTE		37500	/* Manufacturer notes */
+#define EXIFTAG_USERCOMMENT		37510	/* User comments */
+#define EXIFTAG_SUBSECTIME		37520	/* DateTime subseconds */
+#define EXIFTAG_SUBSECTIMEORIGINAL	37521	/* DateTimeOriginal subseconds */
+#define EXIFTAG_SUBSECTIMEDIGITIZED	37522	/* DateTimeDigitized subseconds */
+#define EXIFTAG_FLASHPIXVERSION		40960	/* Supported Flashpix version */
+#define EXIFTAG_COLORSPACE		40961	/* Color space information */
+#define EXIFTAG_PIXELXDIMENSION		40962	/* Valid image width */
+#define EXIFTAG_PIXELYDIMENSION		40963	/* Valid image height */
+#define EXIFTAG_RELATEDSOUNDFILE	40964	/* Related audio file */
+#define EXIFTAG_FLASHENERGY		41483	/* Flash energy */
+#define EXIFTAG_SPATIALFREQUENCYRESPONSE 41484	/* Spatial frequency response */
+#define EXIFTAG_FOCALPLANEXRESOLUTION	41486	/* Focal plane X resolution */
+#define EXIFTAG_FOCALPLANEYRESOLUTION	41487	/* Focal plane Y resolution */
+#define EXIFTAG_FOCALPLANERESOLUTIONUNIT 41488	/* Focal plane resolution unit */
+#define EXIFTAG_SUBJECTLOCATION		41492	/* Subject location */
+#define EXIFTAG_EXPOSUREINDEX		41493	/* Exposure index */
+#define EXIFTAG_SENSINGMETHOD		41495	/* Sensing method */
+#define EXIFTAG_FILESOURCE		41728	/* File source */
+#define EXIFTAG_SCENETYPE		41729	/* Scene type */
+#define EXIFTAG_CFAPATTERN		41730	/* CFA pattern */
+#define EXIFTAG_CUSTOMRENDERED		41985	/* Custom image processing */
+#define EXIFTAG_EXPOSUREMODE		41986	/* Exposure mode */
+#define EXIFTAG_WHITEBALANCE		41987	/* White balance */
+#define EXIFTAG_DIGITALZOOMRATIO	41988	/* Digital zoom ratio */
+#define EXIFTAG_FOCALLENGTHIN35MMFILM	41989	/* Focal length in 35 mm film */
+#define EXIFTAG_SCENECAPTURETYPE	41990	/* Scene capture type */
+#define EXIFTAG_GAINCONTROL		41991	/* Gain control */
+#define EXIFTAG_CONTRAST		41992	/* Contrast */
+#define EXIFTAG_SATURATION		41993	/* Saturation */
+#define EXIFTAG_SHARPNESS		41994	/* Sharpness */
+#define EXIFTAG_DEVICESETTINGDESCRIPTION 41995	/* Device settings description */
+#define EXIFTAG_SUBJECTDISTANCERANGE	41996	/* Subject distance range */
+#define EXIFTAG_GAINCONTROL		41991	/* Gain control */
+#define EXIFTAG_GAINCONTROL		41991	/* Gain control */
+#define EXIFTAG_IMAGEUNIQUEID		42016	/* Unique image ID */
+
+#endif /* _TIFF_ */
+
+/* vim: set ts=8 sts=8 sw=8 noet: */
+/*
+ * Local Variables:
+ * mode: c
+ * c-basic-offset: 8
+ * fill-column: 78
+ * End:
+ */
diff --git a/system/include/gfx/tiffconf.h b/system/include/gfx/tiffconf.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebe94c02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/gfx/tiffconf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/* libtiff/tiffconf.h.  Generated from tiffconf.h.in by configure.  */
+/*
+  Configuration defines for installed libtiff.
+  This file maintained for backward compatibility. Do not use definitions
+  from this file in your programs.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _TIFFCONF_
+#define _TIFFCONF_
+
+/* Define to 1 if the system has the type `int16'. */
+/* #undef HAVE_INT16 */
+
+/* Define to 1 if the system has the type `int32'. */
+/* #undef HAVE_INT32 */
+
+/* Define to 1 if the system has the type `int8'. */
+/* #undef HAVE_INT8 */
+
+/* The size of a `int', as computed by sizeof. */
+#define SIZEOF_INT 4
+
+/* The size of a `long', as computed by sizeof. */
+#define SIZEOF_LONG 4
+
+/* Compatibility stuff. */
+
+/* Define as 0 or 1 according to the floating point format suported by the
+   machine */
+#define HAVE_IEEEFP 1
+
+/* Set the native cpu bit order (FILLORDER_LSB2MSB or FILLORDER_MSB2LSB) */
+#define HOST_FILLORDER FILLORDER_LSB2MSB
+
+/* Native cpu byte order: 1 if big-endian (Motorola) or 0 if little-endian
+   (Intel) */
+#define HOST_BIGENDIAN 0
+
+/* Support CCITT Group 3 & 4 algorithms */
+#define CCITT_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support JPEG compression (requires IJG JPEG library) */
+#define JPEG_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support JBIG compression (requires JBIG-KIT library) */
+/* #undef JBIG_SUPPORT */
+
+/* Support LogLuv high dynamic range encoding */
+#define LOGLUV_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support LZW algorithm */
+#define LZW_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support NeXT 2-bit RLE algorithm */
+#define NEXT_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support Old JPEG compresson (read contrib/ojpeg/README first! Compilation
+   fails with unpatched IJG JPEG library) */
+#define OJPEG_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support Macintosh PackBits algorithm */
+#define PACKBITS_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support Pixar log-format algorithm (requires Zlib) */
+#define PIXARLOG_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support ThunderScan 4-bit RLE algorithm */
+#define THUNDER_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support Deflate compression */
+#define ZIP_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Support strip chopping (whether or not to convert single-strip uncompressed
+   images to mutiple strips of ~8Kb to reduce memory usage) */
+#define STRIPCHOP_DEFAULT TIFF_STRIPCHOP
+
+/* Enable SubIFD tag (330) support */
+#define SUBIFD_SUPPORT 1
+
+/* Treat extra sample as alpha (default enabled). The RGBA interface will
+   treat a fourth sample with no EXTRASAMPLE_ value as being ASSOCALPHA. Many
+   packages produce RGBA files but don't mark the alpha properly. */
+#define DEFAULT_EXTRASAMPLE_AS_ALPHA 1
+
+/* Pick up YCbCr subsampling info from the JPEG data stream to support files
+   lacking the tag (default enabled). */
+#define CHECK_JPEG_YCBCR_SUBSAMPLING 1
+
+/* Support MS MDI magic number files as TIFF */
+#define MDI_SUPPORT 1
+
+/*
+ * Feature support definitions.
+ * XXX: These macros are obsoleted. Don't use them in your apps!
+ * Macros stays here for backward compatibility and should be always defined.
+ */
+#define COLORIMETRY_SUPPORT
+#define YCBCR_SUPPORT
+#define CMYK_SUPPORT
+#define ICC_SUPPORT
+#define PHOTOSHOP_SUPPORT
+#define IPTC_SUPPORT
+
+#endif /* _TIFFCONF_ */
diff --git a/system/include/gfx/tiffio.h b/system/include/gfx/tiffio.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06ec25c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/gfx/tiffio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+/* $Id: tiffio.h,v 1.56.2.4 2010-06-08 18:50:43 bfriesen Exp $ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1988-1997 Sam Leffler
+ * Copyright (c) 1991-1997 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and 
+ * its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided
+ * that (i) the above copyright notices and this permission notice appear in
+ * all copies of the software and related documentation, and (ii) the names of
+ * Sam Leffler and Silicon Graphics may not be used in any advertising or
+ * publicity relating to the software without the specific, prior written
+ * permission of Sam Leffler and Silicon Graphics.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS-IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, 
+ * EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY 
+ * WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  
+ * 
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM LEFFLER OR SILICON GRAPHICS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND,
+ * OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
+ * WHETHER OR NOT ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE, AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+ * LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _TIFFIO_
+#define	_TIFFIO_
+
+/*
+ * TIFF I/O Library Definitions.
+ */
+#include "tiff.h"
+#include "tiffvers.h"
+
+/*
+ * TIFF is defined as an incomplete type to hide the
+ * library's internal data structures from clients.
+ */
+typedef	struct tiff TIFF;
+
+/*
+ * The following typedefs define the intrinsic size of
+ * data types used in the *exported* interfaces.  These
+ * definitions depend on the proper definition of types
+ * in tiff.h.  Note also that the varargs interface used
+ * to pass tag types and values uses the types defined in
+ * tiff.h directly.
+ *
+ * NB: ttag_t is unsigned int and not unsigned short because
+ *     ANSI C requires that the type before the ellipsis be a
+ *     promoted type (i.e. one of int, unsigned int, pointer,
+ *     or double) and because we defined pseudo-tags that are
+ *     outside the range of legal Aldus-assigned tags.
+ * NB: tsize_t is int32 and not uint32 because some functions
+ *     return -1.
+ * NB: toff_t is not off_t for many reasons; TIFFs max out at
+ *     32-bit file offsets being the most important, and to ensure
+ *     that it is unsigned, rather than signed.
+ */
+typedef uint32 ttag_t;          /* directory tag */
+typedef uint16 tdir_t;          /* directory index */
+typedef uint16 tsample_t;       /* sample number */
+typedef uint32 tstrile_t;       /* strip or tile number */
+typedef tstrile_t tstrip_t;     /* strip number */
+typedef tstrile_t ttile_t;      /* tile number */
+typedef int32 tsize_t;          /* i/o size in bytes */
+typedef void* tdata_t;          /* image data ref */
+typedef uint32 toff_t;          /* file offset */
+
+#if !defined(__WIN32__) && (defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32))
+#define __WIN32__
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * On windows you should define USE_WIN32_FILEIO if you are using tif_win32.c
+ * or AVOID_WIN32_FILEIO if you are using something else (like tif_unix.c).
+ *
+ * By default tif_unix.c is assumed.
+ */
+
+#if defined(_WINDOWS) || defined(__WIN32__) || defined(_Windows)
+#  if !defined(__CYGWIN) && !defined(AVOID_WIN32_FILEIO) && !defined(USE_WIN32_FILEIO)
+#    define AVOID_WIN32_FILEIO
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(USE_WIN32_FILEIO)
+# define VC_EXTRALEAN
+# include <windows.h>
+# ifdef __WIN32__
+DECLARE_HANDLE(thandle_t);	/* Win32 file handle */
+# else
+typedef	HFILE thandle_t;	/* client data handle */
+# endif /* __WIN32__ */
+#else
+typedef	void* thandle_t;	/* client data handle */
+#endif /* USE_WIN32_FILEIO */
+
+/*
+ * Flags to pass to TIFFPrintDirectory to control
+ * printing of data structures that are potentially
+ * very large.   Bit-or these flags to enable printing
+ * multiple items.
+ */
+#define	TIFFPRINT_NONE		0x0		/* no extra info */
+#define	TIFFPRINT_STRIPS	0x1		/* strips/tiles info */
+#define	TIFFPRINT_CURVES	0x2		/* color/gray response curves */
+#define	TIFFPRINT_COLORMAP	0x4		/* colormap */
+#define	TIFFPRINT_JPEGQTABLES	0x100		/* JPEG Q matrices */
+#define	TIFFPRINT_JPEGACTABLES	0x200		/* JPEG AC tables */
+#define	TIFFPRINT_JPEGDCTABLES	0x200		/* JPEG DC tables */
+
+/* 
+ * Colour conversion stuff
+ */
+
+/* reference white */
+#define D65_X0 (95.0470F)
+#define D65_Y0 (100.0F)
+#define D65_Z0 (108.8827F)
+
+#define D50_X0 (96.4250F)
+#define D50_Y0 (100.0F)
+#define D50_Z0 (82.4680F)
+
+/* Structure for holding information about a display device. */
+
+typedef	unsigned char TIFFRGBValue;		/* 8-bit samples */
+
+typedef struct {
+	float d_mat[3][3]; 		/* XYZ -> luminance matrix */
+	float d_YCR;			/* Light o/p for reference white */
+	float d_YCG;
+	float d_YCB;
+	uint32 d_Vrwr;			/* Pixel values for ref. white */
+	uint32 d_Vrwg;
+	uint32 d_Vrwb;
+	float d_Y0R;			/* Residual light for black pixel */
+	float d_Y0G;
+	float d_Y0B;
+	float d_gammaR;			/* Gamma values for the three guns */
+	float d_gammaG;
+	float d_gammaB;
+} TIFFDisplay;
+
+typedef struct {				/* YCbCr->RGB support */
+	TIFFRGBValue* clamptab;			/* range clamping table */
+	int*	Cr_r_tab;
+	int*	Cb_b_tab;
+	int32*	Cr_g_tab;
+	int32*	Cb_g_tab;
+        int32*  Y_tab;
+} TIFFYCbCrToRGB;
+
+typedef struct {				/* CIE Lab 1976->RGB support */
+	int	range;				/* Size of conversion table */
+#define CIELABTORGB_TABLE_RANGE 1500
+	float	rstep, gstep, bstep;
+	float	X0, Y0, Z0;			/* Reference white point */
+	TIFFDisplay display;
+	float	Yr2r[CIELABTORGB_TABLE_RANGE + 1];  /* Conversion of Yr to r */
+	float	Yg2g[CIELABTORGB_TABLE_RANGE + 1];  /* Conversion of Yg to g */
+	float	Yb2b[CIELABTORGB_TABLE_RANGE + 1];  /* Conversion of Yb to b */
+} TIFFCIELabToRGB;
+
+/*
+ * RGBA-style image support.
+ */
+typedef struct _TIFFRGBAImage TIFFRGBAImage;
+/*
+ * The image reading and conversion routines invoke
+ * ``put routines'' to copy/image/whatever tiles of
+ * raw image data.  A default set of routines are 
+ * provided to convert/copy raw image data to 8-bit
+ * packed ABGR format rasters.  Applications can supply
+ * alternate routines that unpack the data into a
+ * different format or, for example, unpack the data
+ * and draw the unpacked raster on the display.
+ */
+typedef void (*tileContigRoutine)
+    (TIFFRGBAImage*, uint32*, uint32, uint32, uint32, uint32, int32, int32,
+	unsigned char*);
+typedef void (*tileSeparateRoutine)
+    (TIFFRGBAImage*, uint32*, uint32, uint32, uint32, uint32, int32, int32,
+	unsigned char*, unsigned char*, unsigned char*, unsigned char*);
+/*
+ * RGBA-reader state.
+ */
+struct _TIFFRGBAImage {
+	TIFF* tif;                              /* image handle */
+	int stoponerr;                          /* stop on read error */
+	int isContig;                           /* data is packed/separate */
+	int alpha;                              /* type of alpha data present */
+	uint32 width;                           /* image width */
+	uint32 height;                          /* image height */
+	uint16 bitspersample;                   /* image bits/sample */
+	uint16 samplesperpixel;                 /* image samples/pixel */
+	uint16 orientation;                     /* image orientation */
+	uint16 req_orientation;                 /* requested orientation */
+	uint16 photometric;                     /* image photometric interp */
+	uint16* redcmap;                        /* colormap pallete */
+	uint16* greencmap;
+	uint16* bluecmap;
+	/* get image data routine */
+	int (*get)(TIFFRGBAImage*, uint32*, uint32, uint32);
+	/* put decoded strip/tile */
+	union {
+	    void (*any)(TIFFRGBAImage*);
+	    tileContigRoutine contig;
+	    tileSeparateRoutine separate;
+	} put;
+	TIFFRGBValue* Map;                      /* sample mapping array */
+	uint32** BWmap;                         /* black&white map */
+	uint32** PALmap;                        /* palette image map */
+	TIFFYCbCrToRGB* ycbcr;                  /* YCbCr conversion state */
+	TIFFCIELabToRGB* cielab;                /* CIE L*a*b conversion state */
+
+	int row_offset;
+	int col_offset;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Macros for extracting components from the
+ * packed ABGR form returned by TIFFReadRGBAImage.
+ */
+#define	TIFFGetR(abgr)	((abgr) & 0xff)
+#define	TIFFGetG(abgr)	(((abgr) >> 8) & 0xff)
+#define	TIFFGetB(abgr)	(((abgr) >> 16) & 0xff)
+#define	TIFFGetA(abgr)	(((abgr) >> 24) & 0xff)
+
+/*
+ * A CODEC is a software package that implements decoding,
+ * encoding, or decoding+encoding of a compression algorithm.
+ * The library provides a collection of builtin codecs.
+ * More codecs may be registered through calls to the library
+ * and/or the builtin implementations may be overridden.
+ */
+typedef	int (*TIFFInitMethod)(TIFF*, int);
+typedef struct {
+	char*		name;
+	uint16		scheme;
+	TIFFInitMethod	init;
+} TIFFCodec;
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+/* share internal LogLuv conversion routines? */
+#ifndef LOGLUV_PUBLIC
+#define LOGLUV_PUBLIC		1
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__attribute__)
+#  define __attribute__(x) /*nothing*/
+#endif
+
+#if defined(c_plusplus) || defined(__cplusplus)
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+typedef	void (*TIFFErrorHandler)(const char*, const char*, va_list);
+typedef	void (*TIFFErrorHandlerExt)(thandle_t, const char*, const char*, va_list);
+typedef	tsize_t (*TIFFReadWriteProc)(thandle_t, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+typedef	toff_t (*TIFFSeekProc)(thandle_t, toff_t, int);
+typedef	int (*TIFFCloseProc)(thandle_t);
+typedef	toff_t (*TIFFSizeProc)(thandle_t);
+typedef	int (*TIFFMapFileProc)(thandle_t, tdata_t*, toff_t*);
+typedef	void (*TIFFUnmapFileProc)(thandle_t, tdata_t, toff_t);
+typedef	void (*TIFFExtendProc)(TIFF*); 
+
+extern	const char* TIFFGetVersion(void);
+
+extern	const TIFFCodec* TIFFFindCODEC(uint16);
+extern	TIFFCodec* TIFFRegisterCODEC(uint16, const char*, TIFFInitMethod);
+extern	void TIFFUnRegisterCODEC(TIFFCodec*);
+extern  int TIFFIsCODECConfigured(uint16);
+extern	TIFFCodec* TIFFGetConfiguredCODECs(void);
+
+/*
+ * Auxiliary functions.
+ */
+
+extern	tdata_t _TIFFmalloc(tsize_t);
+extern	tdata_t _TIFFrealloc(tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	void _TIFFmemset(tdata_t, int, tsize_t);
+extern	void _TIFFmemcpy(tdata_t, const tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	int _TIFFmemcmp(const tdata_t, const tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	void _TIFFfree(tdata_t);
+
+/*
+** Stuff, related to tag handling and creating custom tags.
+*/
+extern  int  TIFFGetTagListCount( TIFF * );
+extern  ttag_t TIFFGetTagListEntry( TIFF *, int tag_index );
+    
+#define	TIFF_ANY	TIFF_NOTYPE	/* for field descriptor searching */
+#define	TIFF_VARIABLE	-1		/* marker for variable length tags */
+#define	TIFF_SPP	-2		/* marker for SamplesPerPixel tags */
+#define	TIFF_VARIABLE2	-3		/* marker for uint32 var-length tags */
+
+#define FIELD_CUSTOM    65    
+
+typedef	struct {
+	ttag_t	field_tag;		/* field's tag */
+	short	field_readcount;	/* read count/TIFF_VARIABLE/TIFF_SPP */
+	short	field_writecount;	/* write count/TIFF_VARIABLE */
+	TIFFDataType field_type;	/* type of associated data */
+        unsigned short field_bit;	/* bit in fieldsset bit vector */
+	unsigned char field_oktochange;	/* if true, can change while writing */
+	unsigned char field_passcount;	/* if true, pass dir count on set */
+	char	*field_name;		/* ASCII name */
+} TIFFFieldInfo;
+
+typedef struct _TIFFTagValue {
+    const TIFFFieldInfo  *info;
+    int             count;
+    void           *value;
+} TIFFTagValue;
+
+extern	void TIFFMergeFieldInfo(TIFF*, const TIFFFieldInfo[], int);
+extern	const TIFFFieldInfo* TIFFFindFieldInfo(TIFF*, ttag_t, TIFFDataType);
+extern  const TIFFFieldInfo* TIFFFindFieldInfoByName(TIFF* , const char *,
+						     TIFFDataType);
+extern	const TIFFFieldInfo* TIFFFieldWithTag(TIFF*, ttag_t);
+extern	const TIFFFieldInfo* TIFFFieldWithName(TIFF*, const char *);
+
+typedef	int (*TIFFVSetMethod)(TIFF*, ttag_t, va_list);
+typedef	int (*TIFFVGetMethod)(TIFF*, ttag_t, va_list);
+typedef	void (*TIFFPrintMethod)(TIFF*, FILE*, long);
+    
+typedef struct {
+    TIFFVSetMethod	vsetfield;	/* tag set routine */
+    TIFFVGetMethod	vgetfield;	/* tag get routine */
+    TIFFPrintMethod	printdir;	/* directory print routine */
+} TIFFTagMethods;
+        
+extern  TIFFTagMethods *TIFFAccessTagMethods( TIFF * );
+extern  void *TIFFGetClientInfo( TIFF *, const char * );
+extern  void TIFFSetClientInfo( TIFF *, void *, const char * );
+
+extern	void TIFFCleanup(TIFF*);
+extern	void TIFFClose(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFFlush(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFFlushData(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFGetField(TIFF*, ttag_t, ...);
+extern	int TIFFVGetField(TIFF*, ttag_t, va_list);
+extern	int TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(TIFF*, ttag_t, ...);
+extern	int TIFFVGetFieldDefaulted(TIFF*, ttag_t, va_list);
+extern	int TIFFReadDirectory(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFReadCustomDirectory(TIFF*, toff_t, const TIFFFieldInfo[],
+				    size_t);
+extern	int TIFFReadEXIFDirectory(TIFF*, toff_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFScanlineSize(TIFF*);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFOldScanlineSize(TIFF*);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFNewScanlineSize(TIFF*);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFRasterScanlineSize(TIFF*);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFStripSize(TIFF*);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFRawStripSize(TIFF*, tstrip_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFVStripSize(TIFF*, uint32);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFTileRowSize(TIFF*);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFTileSize(TIFF*);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFVTileSize(TIFF*, uint32);
+extern	uint32 TIFFDefaultStripSize(TIFF*, uint32);
+extern	void TIFFDefaultTileSize(TIFF*, uint32*, uint32*);
+extern	int TIFFFileno(TIFF*);
+extern  int TIFFSetFileno(TIFF*, int);
+extern  thandle_t TIFFClientdata(TIFF*);
+extern  thandle_t TIFFSetClientdata(TIFF*, thandle_t);
+extern	int TIFFGetMode(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFSetMode(TIFF*, int);
+extern	int TIFFIsTiled(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFIsByteSwapped(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFIsUpSampled(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFIsMSB2LSB(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFIsBigEndian(TIFF*);
+extern	TIFFReadWriteProc TIFFGetReadProc(TIFF*);
+extern	TIFFReadWriteProc TIFFGetWriteProc(TIFF*);
+extern	TIFFSeekProc TIFFGetSeekProc(TIFF*);
+extern	TIFFCloseProc TIFFGetCloseProc(TIFF*);
+extern	TIFFSizeProc TIFFGetSizeProc(TIFF*);
+extern	TIFFMapFileProc TIFFGetMapFileProc(TIFF*);
+extern	TIFFUnmapFileProc TIFFGetUnmapFileProc(TIFF*);
+extern	uint32 TIFFCurrentRow(TIFF*);
+extern	tdir_t TIFFCurrentDirectory(TIFF*);
+extern	tdir_t TIFFNumberOfDirectories(TIFF*);
+extern	uint32 TIFFCurrentDirOffset(TIFF*);
+extern	tstrip_t TIFFCurrentStrip(TIFF*);
+extern	ttile_t TIFFCurrentTile(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFReadBufferSetup(TIFF*, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	int TIFFWriteBufferSetup(TIFF*, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	int TIFFSetupStrips(TIFF *);
+extern  int TIFFWriteCheck(TIFF*, int, const char *);
+extern	void TIFFFreeDirectory(TIFF*);
+extern  int TIFFCreateDirectory(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFLastDirectory(TIFF*);
+extern	int TIFFSetDirectory(TIFF*, tdir_t);
+extern	int TIFFSetSubDirectory(TIFF*, uint32);
+extern	int TIFFUnlinkDirectory(TIFF*, tdir_t);
+extern	int TIFFSetField(TIFF*, ttag_t, ...);
+extern	int TIFFVSetField(TIFF*, ttag_t, va_list);
+extern	int TIFFWriteDirectory(TIFF *);
+extern	int TIFFCheckpointDirectory(TIFF *);
+extern	int TIFFRewriteDirectory(TIFF *);
+extern	int TIFFReassignTagToIgnore(enum TIFFIgnoreSense, int);
+
+#if defined(c_plusplus) || defined(__cplusplus)
+extern	void TIFFPrintDirectory(TIFF*, FILE*, long = 0);
+extern	int TIFFReadScanline(TIFF*, tdata_t, uint32, tsample_t = 0);
+extern	int TIFFWriteScanline(TIFF*, tdata_t, uint32, tsample_t = 0);
+extern	int TIFFReadRGBAImage(TIFF*, uint32, uint32, uint32*, int = 0);
+extern	int TIFFReadRGBAImageOriented(TIFF*, uint32, uint32, uint32*,
+				      int = ORIENTATION_BOTLEFT, int = 0);
+#else
+extern	void TIFFPrintDirectory(TIFF*, FILE*, long);
+extern	int TIFFReadScanline(TIFF*, tdata_t, uint32, tsample_t);
+extern	int TIFFWriteScanline(TIFF*, tdata_t, uint32, tsample_t);
+extern	int TIFFReadRGBAImage(TIFF*, uint32, uint32, uint32*, int);
+extern	int TIFFReadRGBAImageOriented(TIFF*, uint32, uint32, uint32*, int, int);
+#endif
+
+extern	int TIFFReadRGBAStrip(TIFF*, tstrip_t, uint32 * );
+extern	int TIFFReadRGBATile(TIFF*, uint32, uint32, uint32 * );
+extern	int TIFFRGBAImageOK(TIFF*, char [1024]);
+extern	int TIFFRGBAImageBegin(TIFFRGBAImage*, TIFF*, int, char [1024]);
+extern	int TIFFRGBAImageGet(TIFFRGBAImage*, uint32*, uint32, uint32);
+extern	void TIFFRGBAImageEnd(TIFFRGBAImage*);
+extern	TIFF* TIFFOpen(const char*, const char*);
+# ifdef __WIN32__
+extern	TIFF* TIFFOpenW(const wchar_t*, const char*);
+# endif /* __WIN32__ */
+extern	TIFF* TIFFFdOpen(int, const char*, const char*);
+extern	TIFF* TIFFClientOpen(const char*, const char*,
+	    thandle_t,
+	    TIFFReadWriteProc, TIFFReadWriteProc,
+	    TIFFSeekProc, TIFFCloseProc,
+	    TIFFSizeProc,
+	    TIFFMapFileProc, TIFFUnmapFileProc);
+extern	const char* TIFFFileName(TIFF*);
+extern	const char* TIFFSetFileName(TIFF*, const char *);
+extern void TIFFError(const char*, const char*, ...) __attribute__((format (printf,2,3)));
+extern void TIFFErrorExt(thandle_t, const char*, const char*, ...) __attribute__((format (printf,3,4)));
+extern void TIFFWarning(const char*, const char*, ...) __attribute__((format (printf,2,3)));
+extern void TIFFWarningExt(thandle_t, const char*, const char*, ...) __attribute__((format (printf,3,4)));
+extern	TIFFErrorHandler TIFFSetErrorHandler(TIFFErrorHandler);
+extern	TIFFErrorHandlerExt TIFFSetErrorHandlerExt(TIFFErrorHandlerExt);
+extern	TIFFErrorHandler TIFFSetWarningHandler(TIFFErrorHandler);
+extern	TIFFErrorHandlerExt TIFFSetWarningHandlerExt(TIFFErrorHandlerExt);
+extern	TIFFExtendProc TIFFSetTagExtender(TIFFExtendProc);
+extern	ttile_t TIFFComputeTile(TIFF*, uint32, uint32, uint32, tsample_t);
+extern	int TIFFCheckTile(TIFF*, uint32, uint32, uint32, tsample_t);
+extern	ttile_t TIFFNumberOfTiles(TIFF*);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFReadTile(TIFF*,
+	    tdata_t, uint32, uint32, uint32, tsample_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFWriteTile(TIFF*,
+	    tdata_t, uint32, uint32, uint32, tsample_t);
+extern	tstrip_t TIFFComputeStrip(TIFF*, uint32, tsample_t);
+extern	tstrip_t TIFFNumberOfStrips(TIFF*);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFReadEncodedStrip(TIFF*, tstrip_t, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFReadRawStrip(TIFF*, tstrip_t, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFReadEncodedTile(TIFF*, ttile_t, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFReadRawTile(TIFF*, ttile_t, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFWriteEncodedStrip(TIFF*, tstrip_t, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFWriteRawStrip(TIFF*, tstrip_t, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFWriteEncodedTile(TIFF*, ttile_t, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	tsize_t TIFFWriteRawTile(TIFF*, ttile_t, tdata_t, tsize_t);
+extern	int TIFFDataWidth(TIFFDataType);    /* table of tag datatype widths */
+extern	void TIFFSetWriteOffset(TIFF*, toff_t);
+extern	void TIFFSwabShort(uint16*);
+extern	void TIFFSwabLong(uint32*);
+extern	void TIFFSwabDouble(double*);
+extern	void TIFFSwabArrayOfShort(uint16*, unsigned long);
+extern	void TIFFSwabArrayOfTriples(uint8*, unsigned long);
+extern	void TIFFSwabArrayOfLong(uint32*, unsigned long);
+extern	void TIFFSwabArrayOfDouble(double*, unsigned long);
+extern	void TIFFReverseBits(unsigned char *, unsigned long);
+extern	const unsigned char* TIFFGetBitRevTable(int);
+
+#ifdef LOGLUV_PUBLIC
+#define U_NEU		0.210526316
+#define V_NEU		0.473684211
+#define UVSCALE		410.
+extern	double LogL16toY(int);
+extern	double LogL10toY(int);
+extern	void XYZtoRGB24(float*, uint8*);
+extern	int uv_decode(double*, double*, int);
+extern	void LogLuv24toXYZ(uint32, float*);
+extern	void LogLuv32toXYZ(uint32, float*);
+#if defined(c_plusplus) || defined(__cplusplus)
+extern	int LogL16fromY(double, int = SGILOGENCODE_NODITHER);
+extern	int LogL10fromY(double, int = SGILOGENCODE_NODITHER);
+extern	int uv_encode(double, double, int = SGILOGENCODE_NODITHER);
+extern	uint32 LogLuv24fromXYZ(float*, int = SGILOGENCODE_NODITHER);
+extern	uint32 LogLuv32fromXYZ(float*, int = SGILOGENCODE_NODITHER);
+#else
+extern	int LogL16fromY(double, int);
+extern	int LogL10fromY(double, int);
+extern	int uv_encode(double, double, int);
+extern	uint32 LogLuv24fromXYZ(float*, int);
+extern	uint32 LogLuv32fromXYZ(float*, int);
+#endif
+#endif /* LOGLUV_PUBLIC */
+    
+extern int TIFFCIELabToRGBInit(TIFFCIELabToRGB*, TIFFDisplay *, float*);
+extern void TIFFCIELabToXYZ(TIFFCIELabToRGB *, uint32, int32, int32,
+			    float *, float *, float *);
+extern void TIFFXYZToRGB(TIFFCIELabToRGB *, float, float, float,
+			 uint32 *, uint32 *, uint32 *);
+
+extern int TIFFYCbCrToRGBInit(TIFFYCbCrToRGB*, float*, float*);
+extern void TIFFYCbCrtoRGB(TIFFYCbCrToRGB *, uint32, int32, int32,
+			   uint32 *, uint32 *, uint32 *);
+
+#if defined(c_plusplus) || defined(__cplusplus)
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _TIFFIO_ */
+
+/* vim: set ts=8 sts=8 sw=8 noet: */
+/*
+ * Local Variables:
+ * mode: c
+ * c-basic-offset: 8
+ * fill-column: 78
+ * End:
+ */
diff --git a/system/include/gfx/tiffvers.h b/system/include/gfx/tiffvers.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..314a22a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/gfx/tiffvers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#define TIFFLIB_VERSION_STR "LIBTIFF, Version 3.9.4\nCopyright (c) 1988-1996 Sam Leffler\nCopyright (c) 1991-1996 Silicon Graphics, Inc."
+/*
+ * This define can be used in code that requires
+ * compilation-related definitions specific to a
+ * version or versions of the library.  Runtime
+ * version checking should be done based on the
+ * string returned by TIFFGetVersion.
+ */
+#define TIFFLIB_VERSION 20100615
diff --git a/system/include/libc/_ansi.h b/system/include/libc/_ansi.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e584ec38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/_ansi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/* Provide support for both ANSI and non-ANSI environments.  */
+
+/* Some ANSI environments are "broken" in the sense that __STDC__ cannot be
+   relied upon to have it's intended meaning.  Therefore we must use our own
+   concoction: _HAVE_STDC.  Always use _HAVE_STDC instead of __STDC__ in newlib
+   sources!
+
+   To get a strict ANSI C environment, define macro __STRICT_ANSI__.  This will
+   "comment out" the non-ANSI parts of the ANSI header files (non-ANSI header
+   files aren't affected).  */
+
+#ifndef	_ANSIDECL_H_
+#define	_ANSIDECL_H_
+
+#include <newlib.h>
+#include <sys/config.h>
+
+/* First try to figure out whether we really are in an ANSI C environment.  */
+/* FIXME: This probably needs some work.  Perhaps sys/config.h can be
+   prevailed upon to give us a clue.  */
+
+#ifdef __STDC__
+#define _HAVE_STDC
+#endif
+
+/*  ISO C++.  */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#if !(defined(_BEGIN_STD_C) && defined(_END_STD_C))
+#ifdef _HAVE_STD_CXX
+#define _BEGIN_STD_C namespace std { extern "C" {
+#define _END_STD_C  } }
+#else
+#define _BEGIN_STD_C extern "C" {
+#define _END_STD_C  }
+#endif
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && \
+  ( (__GNUC__ >= 4) || \
+    ( (__GNUC__ >= 3) && defined(__GNUC_MINOR__) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3) ) )
+#define _NOTHROW __attribute__ ((nothrow))
+#else
+#define _NOTHROW throw()
+#endif
+#endif
+#else
+#define _BEGIN_STD_C
+#define _END_STD_C
+#define _NOTHROW
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _HAVE_STDC
+#define	_PTR		void *
+#define	_AND		,
+#define	_NOARGS		void
+#define	_CONST		const
+#define	_VOLATILE	volatile
+#define	_SIGNED		signed
+#define	_DOTS		, ...
+#define _VOID void
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#define	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(name, proto)	__cdecl name proto _NOTHROW
+#define	_EXFUN(name, proto)		__cdecl name proto
+#define	_EXPARM(name, proto)		(* __cdecl name) proto
+#define	_EXFNPTR(name, proto)		(__cdecl * name) proto
+#else
+#define	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(name, proto)	name proto _NOTHROW
+#define	_EXFUN(name, proto)		name proto
+#define _EXPARM(name, proto)		(* name) proto
+#define _EXFNPTR(name, proto)		(* name) proto
+#endif
+#define	_DEFUN(name, arglist, args)	name(args)
+#define	_DEFUN_VOID(name)		name(_NOARGS)
+#define _CAST_VOID (void)
+#ifndef _LONG_DOUBLE
+#define _LONG_DOUBLE long double
+#endif
+#ifndef _LONG_LONG_TYPE
+#define _LONG_LONG_TYPE long long
+#endif
+#ifndef _PARAMS
+#define _PARAMS(paramlist)		paramlist
+#endif
+#else	
+#define	_PTR		char *
+#define	_AND		;
+#define	_NOARGS
+#define	_CONST
+#define	_VOLATILE
+#define	_SIGNED
+#define	_DOTS
+#define _VOID void
+#define	_EXFUN(name, proto)		name()
+#define	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(name, proto)	name()
+#define	_DEFUN(name, arglist, args)	name arglist args;
+#define	_DEFUN_VOID(name)		name()
+#define _CAST_VOID
+#define _LONG_DOUBLE double
+#define _LONG_LONG_TYPE long
+#ifndef _PARAMS
+#define _PARAMS(paramlist)		()
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* Support gcc's __attribute__ facility.  */
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define _ATTRIBUTE(attrs) __attribute__ (attrs)
+#else
+#define _ATTRIBUTE(attrs)
+#endif
+
+/*  The traditional meaning of 'extern inline' for GCC is not
+  to emit the function body unless the address is explicitly
+  taken.  However this behaviour is changing to match the C99
+  standard, which uses 'extern inline' to indicate that the
+  function body *must* be emitted.  If we are using GCC, but do
+  not have the new behaviour, we need to use extern inline; if
+  we are using a new GCC with the C99-compatible behaviour, or
+  a non-GCC compiler (which we will have to hope is C99, since
+  there is no other way to achieve the effect of omitting the
+  function if it isn't referenced) we just use plain 'inline',
+  which c99 defines to mean more-or-less the same as the Gnu C
+  'extern inline'.  */
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__)
+/* We're using GCC, but without the new C99-compatible behaviour.  */
+#define _ELIDABLE_INLINE extern __inline__ _ATTRIBUTE ((__always_inline__))
+#else
+/* We're using GCC in C99 mode, or an unknown compiler which 
+  we just have to hope obeys the C99 semantics of inline.  */
+#define _ELIDABLE_INLINE __inline__
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _ANSIDECL_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/_syslist.h b/system/include/libc/_syslist.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..271644ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/_syslist.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/* internal use only -- mapping of "system calls" for libraries that lose
+   and only provide C names, so that we end up in violation of ANSI */
+#ifndef __SYSLIST_H
+#define __SYSLIST_H
+
+#ifdef MISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES
+#define _close close
+#define _execve execve
+#define _fcntl fcntl
+#define _fork fork
+#define _fstat fstat
+#define _getpid getpid
+#define _gettimeofday gettimeofday
+#define _isatty isatty
+#define _kill kill
+#define _link link
+#define _lseek lseek
+#define _mkdir mkdir
+#define _open open
+#define _read read
+#define _sbrk sbrk
+#define _stat stat
+#define _times times
+#define _unlink unlink
+#define _wait wait
+#define _write write
+#endif /* MISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES */
+
+#if defined MISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES || !defined HAVE_OPENDIR
+/* If the system call interface is missing opendir, readdir, and
+   closedir, there is an implementation of these functions in
+   libc/posix that is implemented using open, getdents, and close. 
+   Note, these functions are currently not in the libc/syscalls
+   directory.  */
+#define _opendir opendir
+#define _readdir readdir
+#define _closedir closedir
+#endif /* MISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES || !HAVE_OPENDIR */
+
+#endif /* !__SYSLIST_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/alloca.h b/system/include/libc/alloca.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ea0fd9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/alloca.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/* libc/include/alloca.h - Allocate memory on stack */
+
+/* Written 2000 by Werner Almesberger */
+/* Rearranged for general inclusion by stdlib.h.
+   2001, Corinna Vinschen <vinschen@redhat.com> */
+
+#ifndef _NEWLIB_ALLOCA_H
+#define _NEWLIB_ALLOCA_H
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+#undef alloca
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define alloca(size) __builtin_alloca(size)
+#else
+void * _EXFUN(alloca,(size_t));
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/ar.h b/system/include/libc/ar.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac2e4ca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/ar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: ar.h,v 1.4 1994/10/26 00:55:43 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
+ * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
+ * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
+ * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
+ * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Hugh Smith at The University of Guelph.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)ar.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
+ */
+
+#ifndef _AR_H_
+#define	_AR_H_
+
+/* Pre-4BSD archives had these magic numbers in them. */
+#define	OARMAG1	0177555
+#define	OARMAG2	0177545
+
+#define	ARMAG		"!<arch>\n"	/* ar "magic number" */
+#define	SARMAG		8		/* strlen(ARMAG); */
+
+#define	AR_EFMT1	"#1/"		/* extended format #1 */
+
+struct ar_hdr {
+	char ar_name[16];		/* name */
+	char ar_date[12];		/* modification time */
+	char ar_uid[6];			/* user id */
+	char ar_gid[6];			/* group id */
+	char ar_mode[8];		/* octal file permissions */
+	char ar_size[10];		/* size in bytes */
+#define	ARFMAG	"`\n"
+	char ar_fmag[2];		/* consistency check */
+};
+
+#endif /* !_AR_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/argz.h b/system/include/libc/argz.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02c9adbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/argz.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2002 by  Red Hat, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
+ * is freely granted, provided that this notice is preserved.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _ARGZ_H_
+#define _ARGZ_H_
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+/* The newlib implementation of these functions assumes that sizeof(char) == 1. */
+error_t argz_create (char *const argv[], char **argz, size_t *argz_len);
+error_t argz_create_sep (const char *string, int sep, char **argz, size_t *argz_len);
+size_t argz_count (const char *argz, size_t argz_len);
+void argz_extract (char *argz, size_t argz_len, char **argv);
+void argz_stringify (char *argz, size_t argz_len, int sep);
+error_t argz_add (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *str);
+error_t argz_add_sep (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *str, int sep);
+error_t argz_append (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *buf, size_t buf_len);
+error_t argz_delete (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, char *entry);
+error_t argz_insert (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, char *before, const char *entry);
+char * argz_next (char *argz, size_t argz_len, const char *entry);
+error_t argz_replace (char **argz, size_t *argz_len, const char *str, const char *with, unsigned *replace_count);
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _ARGZ_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/assert.h b/system/include/libc/assert.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6035227f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/assert.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+	assert.h
+*/
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+
+#undef assert
+
+#ifdef NDEBUG           /* required by ANSI standard */
+# define assert(__e) ((void)0)
+#else
+# define assert(__e) ((__e) ? (void)0 : __assert_func (__FILE__, __LINE__, \
+						       __ASSERT_FUNC, #__e))
+
+# ifndef __ASSERT_FUNC
+  /* Use g++'s demangled names in C++.  */
+#  if defined __cplusplus && defined __GNUC__
+#   define __ASSERT_FUNC __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
+
+  /* C99 requires the use of __func__.  */
+#  elif __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+#   define __ASSERT_FUNC __func__
+
+  /* Older versions of gcc don't have __func__ but can use __FUNCTION__.  */
+#  elif __GNUC__ >= 2
+#   define __ASSERT_FUNC __FUNCTION__
+
+  /* failed to detect __func__ support.  */
+#  else
+#   define __ASSERT_FUNC ((char *) 0)
+#  endif
+# endif /* !__ASSERT_FUNC */
+#endif /* !NDEBUG */
+
+void _EXFUN(__assert, (const char *, int, const char *));
+/*	    _ATTRIBUTE ((__noreturn__))); */
+void _EXFUN(__assert_func, (const char *, int, const char *, const char *));
+/*	    _ATTRIBUTE ((__noreturn__))); */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/complex.h b/system/include/libc/complex.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5ce5f87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/complex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/* $NetBSD: complex.h,v 1.3 2010/09/15 16:11:30 christos Exp $ */
+
+/*
+ * Written by Matthias Drochner.
+ * Public domain.
+ */
+
+#ifndef	_COMPLEX_H
+#define	_COMPLEX_H
+
+#define complex _Complex
+#define _Complex_I 1.0fi
+#define I _Complex_I
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+/* 7.3.5 Trigonometric functions */
+/* 7.3.5.1 The cacos functions */
+double complex cacos(double complex);
+float complex cacosf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.5.2 The casin functions */
+double complex casin(double complex);
+float complex casinf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.5.1 The catan functions */
+double complex catan(double complex);
+float complex catanf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.5.1 The ccos functions */
+double complex ccos(double complex);
+float complex ccosf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.5.1 The csin functions */
+double complex csin(double complex);
+float complex csinf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.5.1 The ctan functions */
+double complex ctan(double complex);
+float complex ctanf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.6 Hyperbolic functions */
+/* 7.3.6.1 The cacosh functions */
+double complex cacosh(double complex);
+float complex cacoshf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.6.2 The casinh functions */
+double complex casinh(double complex);
+float complex casinhf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.6.3 The catanh functions */
+double complex catanh(double complex);
+float complex catanhf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.6.4 The ccosh functions */
+double complex ccosh(double complex);
+float complex ccoshf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.6.5 The csinh functions */
+double complex csinh(double complex);
+float complex csinhf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.6.6 The ctanh functions */
+double complex ctanh(double complex);
+float complex ctanhf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions */
+/* 7.3.7.1 The cexp functions */
+double complex cexp(double complex);
+float complex cexpf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.7.2 The clog functions */
+double complex clog(double complex);
+float complex clogf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.8 Power and absolute-value functions */
+/* 7.3.8.1 The cabs functions */
+/*#ifndef __LIBM0_SOURCE__
+/* avoid conflict with historical cabs(struct complex) */
+/* double cabs(double complex) __RENAME(__c99_cabs);
+   float cabsf(float complex) __RENAME(__c99_cabsf);
+   #endif
+*/
+double cabs(double complex) ;
+float cabsf(float complex) ;
+
+/* 7.3.8.2 The cpow functions */
+double complex cpow(double complex, double complex);
+float complex cpowf(float complex, float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.8.3 The csqrt functions */
+double complex csqrt(double complex);
+float complex csqrtf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.9 Manipulation functions */
+/* 7.3.9.1 The carg functions */ 
+double carg(double complex);
+float cargf(float complex);
+
+/* 7.3.9.2 The cimag functions */
+double cimag(double complex);
+float cimagf(float complex);
+/*long double cimagl(long double complex); */
+
+/* 7.3.9.3 The conj functions */
+double complex conj(double complex);
+float complex conjf(float complex);
+/*long double complex conjl(long double complex); */
+
+/* 7.3.9.4 The cproj functions */
+double complex cproj(double complex);
+float complex cprojf(float complex);
+/*long double complex cprojl(long double complex); */
+
+/* 7.3.9.5 The creal functions */
+double creal(double complex);
+float crealf(float complex);
+/*long double creall(long double complex); */
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif	/* ! _COMPLEX_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/ctype.h b/system/include/libc/ctype.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6df2e7c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/ctype.h
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+#ifndef _CTYPE_H_
+#define _CTYPE_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+int _EXFUN(isalnum, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(isalpha, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(iscntrl, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(isdigit, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(isgraph, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(islower, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(isprint, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(ispunct, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(isspace, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(isupper, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(isxdigit,(int __c));
+int _EXFUN(tolower, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(toupper, (int __c));
+
+#if !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__) || defined(__cplusplus) || __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+int _EXFUN(isblank, (int __c));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+int _EXFUN(isascii, (int __c));
+int _EXFUN(toascii, (int __c));
+#define _tolower(__c) ((unsigned char)(__c) - 'A' + 'a')
+#define _toupper(__c) ((unsigned char)(__c) - 'a' + 'A')
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _MB_CAPABLE
+_CONST
+#endif
+extern	__IMPORT char	*__ctype_ptr__;
+
+#ifndef __cplusplus
+
+/* XXX Emscripten - these confuse libc++. moved to inside ifndef __cplusplus, and added CTYPE_ */
+#define	CTYPE__U	01
+#define	CTYPE__L	02
+#define	CTYPE__N	04
+#define	CTYPE__S	010
+#define CTYPE__P	020
+#define CTYPE__C	040
+#define CTYPE__X	0100
+#define	CTYPE__B	0200
+
+/* These macros are intentionally written in a manner that will trigger
+   a gcc -Wall warning if the user mistakenly passes a 'char' instead
+   of an int containing an 'unsigned char'.  Note that the sizeof will
+   always be 1, which is what we want for mapping EOF to __ctype_ptr__[0];
+   the use of a raw index inside the sizeof triggers the gcc warning if
+   __c was of type char, and sizeof masks side effects of the extra __c.
+   Meanwhile, the real index to __ctype_ptr__+1 must be cast to int,
+   since isalpha(0x100000001LL) must equal isalpha(1), rather than being
+   an out-of-bounds reference on a 64-bit machine.  */
+#define __ctype_lookup(__c) ((__ctype_ptr__+sizeof(""[__c]))[(int)(__c)])
+
+#define	isalpha(__c)	(__ctype_lookup(__c)&(CTYPE__U|CTYPE__L))
+#define	isupper(__c)	((__ctype_lookup(__c)&(CTYPE__U|CTYPE__L))==CTYPE__U)
+#define	islower(__c)	((__ctype_lookup(__c)&(CTYPE__U|CTYPE__L))==CTYPE__L)
+#define	isdigit(__c)	(__ctype_lookup(__c)&CTYPE__N)
+#define	isxdigit(__c)	(__ctype_lookup(__c)&(CTYPE__X|CTYPE__N))
+#define	isspace(__c)	(__ctype_lookup(__c)&CTYPE__S)
+#define ispunct(__c)	(__ctype_lookup(__c)&CTYPE__P)
+#define isalnum(__c)	(__ctype_lookup(__c)&(CTYPE__U|CTYPE__L|CTYPE__N))
+#define isprint(__c)	(__ctype_lookup(__c)&(CTYPE__P|CTYPE__U|CTYPE__L|CTYPE__N|CTYPE__B))
+#define	isgraph(__c)	(__ctype_lookup(__c)&(CTYPE__P|CTYPE__U|CTYPE__L|CTYPE__N))
+#define iscntrl(__c)	(__ctype_lookup(__c)&CTYPE__C)
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && \
+    (!defined(__STRICT_ANSI__) || __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
+#define isblank(__c) \
+  __extension__ ({ __typeof__ (__c) __x = (__c);		\
+        (__ctype_lookup(__x)&_B) || (int) (__x) == '\t';})
+#endif
+
+
+/* Non-gcc versions will get the library versions, and will be
+   slightly slower.  These macros are not NLS-aware so they are
+   disabled if the system supports the extended character sets. */
+# if defined(__GNUC__)
+#  if !defined (_MB_EXTENDED_CHARSETS_ISO) && !defined (_MB_EXTENDED_CHARSETS_WINDOWS)
+#   define toupper(__c) \
+  __extension__ ({ __typeof__ (__c) __x = (__c);	\
+      islower (__x) ? (int) __x - 'a' + 'A' : (int) __x;})
+#   define tolower(__c) \
+  __extension__ ({ __typeof__ (__c) __x = (__c);	\
+      isupper (__x) ? (int) __x - 'A' + 'a' : (int) __x;})
+#  else /* _MB_EXTENDED_CHARSETS* */
+/* Allow a gcc warning if the user passed 'char', but defer to the
+   function.  */
+#   define toupper(__c) \
+  __extension__ ({ __typeof__ (__c) __x = (__c);	\
+      (void) __ctype_ptr__[__x]; (toupper) (__x);})
+#   define tolower(__c) \
+  __extension__ ({ __typeof__ (__c) __x = (__c);	\
+      (void) __ctype_ptr__[__x]; (tolower) (__x);})
+#  endif /* _MB_EXTENDED_CHARSETS* */
+# endif /* __GNUC__ */
+#endif /* !__cplusplus */
+
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+#define isascii(__c)	((unsigned)(__c)<=0177)
+#define toascii(__c)	((__c)&0177)
+#endif
+
+/* For C++ backward-compatibility only.  */
+extern	__IMPORT _CONST char	_ctype_[];
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2000, 2005, 2008 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
+ * 
+ * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
+ * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
+ * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
+ * compliance with the License. Please obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this
+ * file.
+ * 
+ * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
+ * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+ * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * 
+ * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
+ */
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
+ * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
+ * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
+ * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
+ * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Paul Borman at Krystal Technologies.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)ctype.h	8.4 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
+ */
+
+#define	_CTYPE_A	0x00000100L		/* Alpha */
+#define	_CTYPE_C	0x00000200L		/* Control */
+#define	_CTYPE_D	0x00000400L		/* Digit */
+#define	_CTYPE_G	0x00000800L		/* Graph */
+#define	_CTYPE_L	0x00001000L		/* Lower */
+#define	_CTYPE_P	0x00002000L		/* Punct */
+#define	_CTYPE_S	0x00004000L		/* Space */
+#define	_CTYPE_U	0x00008000L		/* Upper */
+#define	_CTYPE_X	0x00010000L		/* X digit */
+#define	_CTYPE_B	0x00020000L		/* Blank */
+#define	_CTYPE_R	0x00040000L		/* Print */
+#define	_CTYPE_I	0x00080000L		/* Ideogram */
+#define	_CTYPE_T	0x00100000L		/* Special */
+#define	_CTYPE_Q	0x00200000L		/* Phonogram */
+#define	_CTYPE_SW0	0x20000000L		/* 0 width character */
+#define	_CTYPE_SW1	0x40000000L		/* 1 width character */
+#define	_CTYPE_SW2	0x80000000L		/* 2 width character */
+#define	_CTYPE_SW3	0xc0000000L		/* 3 width character */
+#define	_CTYPE_SWM	0xe0000000L		/* Mask for screen width data */
+#define	_CTYPE_SWS	30			/* Bits to shift to get width */
+
+#endif /* _CTYPE_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/dirent.h b/system/include/libc/dirent.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97700f30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/dirent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#ifndef _DIRENT_H_
+#define _DIRENT_H_
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MAXNAMLEN) && !defined(_POSIX_SOURCE)
+#define MAXNAMLEN 1024
+#endif
+
+#include <sys/dirent.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /*_DIRENT_H_*/
diff --git a/system/include/libc/endian.h b/system/include/libc/endian.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2ccbebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/endian.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+#include "machine/endian.h"
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/envlock.h b/system/include/libc/envlock.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9bb6a813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/envlock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/* envlock.h -- header file for env routines.  */
+
+#ifndef _INCLUDE_ENVLOCK_H_
+#define _INCLUDE_ENVLOCK_H_
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+#define ENV_LOCK __env_lock(reent_ptr)
+#define ENV_UNLOCK __env_unlock(reent_ptr)
+
+void _EXFUN(__env_lock,(struct _reent *reent));
+void _EXFUN(__env_unlock,(struct _reent *reent));
+
+#endif /* _INCLUDE_ENVLOCK_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/envz.h b/system/include/libc/envz.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6a31c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/envz.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2002 by  Red Hat, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
+ * is freely granted, provided that this notice is preserved.
+ */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+/* The newlib implementation of these functions assumes that sizeof(char) == 1. */
+char * envz_entry (const char *envz, size_t envz_len, const char *name);
+char * envz_get (const char *envz, size_t envz_len, const char *name);
+error_t envz_add (char **envz, size_t *envz_len, const char *name, const char *value);
+error_t envz_merge (char **envz, size_t *envz_len, const char *envz2, size_t envz2_len, int override);
+void envz_remove(char **envz, size_t *envz_len, const char *name);
+void envz_strip (char **envz, size_t *envz_len);
diff --git a/system/include/libc/errno.h b/system/include/libc/errno.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7cc2ca86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/errno.h
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifndef __ERRNO_H__
+#define __ERRNO_H__
+
+#ifndef __error_t_defined
+typedef int error_t;
+#define __error_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#include <sys/errno.h>
+
+#endif /* !__ERRNO_H__ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/fastmath.h b/system/include/libc/fastmath.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95eea5f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/fastmath.h
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#ifndef _FASTMATH_H_
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+#define _FASTMATH_H_
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <machine/fastmath.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _FASTMATH_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/fcntl.h b/system/include/libc/fcntl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86a91677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/fcntl.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include <sys/fcntl.h>
diff --git a/system/include/libc/fnmatch.h b/system/include/libc/fnmatch.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06311fc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/fnmatch.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1992, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ * $FreeBSD: src/include/fnmatch.h,v 1.10 2002/03/23 17:24:53 imp Exp $
+ *	@(#)fnmatch.h	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/2/93
+ */
+
+#ifndef	_FNMATCH_H_
+#define	_FNMATCH_H_
+
+#define	FNM_NOMATCH	1	/* Match failed. */
+
+#define	FNM_NOESCAPE	0x01	/* Disable backslash escaping. */
+#define	FNM_PATHNAME	0x02	/* Slash must be matched by slash. */
+#define	FNM_PERIOD	0x04	/* Period must be matched by period. */
+
+#if defined(_GNU_SOURCE) || !defined(_ANSI_SOURCE) && !defined(_POSIX_SOURCE)
+#define	FNM_LEADING_DIR	0x08	/* Ignore /<tail> after Imatch. */
+#define	FNM_CASEFOLD	0x10	/* Case insensitive search. */
+#define	FNM_IGNORECASE	FNM_CASEFOLD
+#define	FNM_FILE_NAME	FNM_PATHNAME
+#endif
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+int	 fnmatch(const char *, const char *, int);
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif /* !_FNMATCH_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/getopt.h b/system/include/libc/getopt.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd21deb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/getopt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+/****************************************************************************
+
+getopt.h - Read command line options
+
+AUTHOR: Gregory Pietsch
+CREATED Thu Jan 09 22:37:00 1997
+
+DESCRIPTION:
+
+The getopt() function parses the command line arguments.  Its arguments argc
+and argv are the argument count and array as passed to the main() function
+on program invocation.  The argument optstring is a list of available option
+characters.  If such a character is followed by a colon (`:'), the option
+takes an argument, which is placed in optarg.  If such a character is
+followed by two colons, the option takes an optional argument, which is
+placed in optarg.  If the option does not take an argument, optarg is NULL.
+
+The external variable optind is the index of the next array element of argv
+to be processed; it communicates from one call to the next which element to
+process.
+
+The getopt_long() function works like getopt() except that it also accepts
+long options started by two dashes `--'.  If these take values, it is either
+in the form
+
+--arg=value
+
+ or
+
+--arg value
+
+It takes the additional arguments longopts which is a pointer to the first
+element of an array of type GETOPT_LONG_OPTION_T, defined below.  The last
+element of the array has to be filled with NULL for the name field.
+
+The longind pointer points to the index of the current long option relative
+to longopts if it is non-NULL.
+
+The getopt() function returns the option character if the option was found
+successfully, `:' if there was a missing parameter for one of the options,
+`?' for an unknown option character, and EOF for the end of the option list.
+
+The getopt_long() function's return value is described below.
+
+The function getopt_long_only() is identical to getopt_long(), except that a
+plus sign `+' can introduce long options as well as `--'.
+
+Describe how to deal with options that follow non-option ARGV-elements.
+
+If the caller did not specify anything, the default is REQUIRE_ORDER if the
+environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is defined, PERMUTE otherwise.
+
+REQUIRE_ORDER means don't recognize them as options; stop option processing
+when the first non-option is seen.  This is what Unix does.  This mode of
+operation is selected by either setting the environment variable
+POSIXLY_CORRECT, or using `+' as the first character of the optstring
+parameter.
+
+PERMUTE is the default.  We permute the contents of ARGV as we scan, so that
+eventually all the non-options are at the end.  This allows options to be
+given in any order, even with programs that were not written to expect this.
+
+RETURN_IN_ORDER is an option available to programs that were written to
+expect options and other ARGV-elements in any order and that care about the
+ordering of the two.  We describe each non-option ARGV-element as if it were
+the argument of an option with character code 1.  Using `-' as the first
+character of the optstring parameter selects this mode of operation.
+
+The special argument `--' forces an end of option-scanning regardless of the
+value of `ordering'.  In the case of RETURN_IN_ORDER, only `--' can cause
+getopt() and friends to return EOF with optind != argc.
+
+COPYRIGHT NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER:
+
+Copyright (C) 1997 Gregory Pietsch
+
+This file and the accompanying getopt.c implementation file are hereby 
+placed in the public domain without restrictions.  Just give the author 
+credit, don't claim you wrote it or prevent anyone else from using it.
+
+Gregory Pietsch's current e-mail address:
+gpietsch@comcast.net
+****************************************************************************/
+
+/* This is a glibc-extension header file. */
+
+#ifndef GETOPT_H
+#define GETOPT_H
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+
+/* include files needed by this include file */
+
+#define no_argument		0
+#define required_argument	1
+#define optional_argument	2
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+
+#endif				/* __cplusplus */
+
+/* types defined by this include file */
+  struct option
+  {
+    char *name;			/* the name of the long option */
+    int has_arg;		/* one of the above macros */
+    int *flag;			/* determines if getopt_long() returns a
+				 * value for a long option; if it is
+				 * non-NULL, 0 is returned as a function
+				 * value and the value of val is stored in
+				 * the area pointed to by flag.  Otherwise,
+				 * val is returned. */
+    int val;			/* determines the value to return if flag is
+				 * NULL. */
+
+  };
+
+  /* XXX Emscripten */
+  #define NO_ARG  0
+  #define REQ_ARG 1
+  #define OPT_ARG 2
+  typedef struct option option_t;
+
+/* While getopt.h is a glibc extension, the following are newlib extensions.
+ * They are optionally included via the __need_getopt_newlib flag.  */
+
+#ifdef __need_getopt_newlib
+
+  /* macros defined by this include file */
+  #define NO_ARG          	no_argument
+  #define REQUIRED_ARG    	required_argument
+  #define OPTIONAL_ARG    	optional_argument
+
+  /* The GETOPT_DATA_INITIALIZER macro is used to initialize a statically-
+     allocated variable of type struct getopt_data.  */
+  #define GETOPT_DATA_INITIALIZER	{0,0,0,0,0}
+
+  /* These #defines are to make accessing the reentrant functions easier.  */
+  #define getopt_r		__getopt_r
+  #define getopt_long_r		__getopt_long_r
+  #define getopt_long_only_r	__getopt_long_only_r
+
+  /* The getopt_data structure is for reentrancy. Its members are similar to
+     the externally-defined variables.  */
+  typedef struct getopt_data
+  {
+    char *optarg;
+    int optind, opterr, optopt, optwhere;
+  } getopt_data;
+
+#endif /* __need_getopt_newlib */
+
+  /* externally-defined variables */
+  extern char *optarg;
+  extern int optind;
+  extern int opterr;
+  extern int optopt;
+
+  /* function prototypes */
+  int _EXFUN (getopt,
+	      (int __argc, char *const __argv[], const char *__optstring));
+
+  int _EXFUN (getopt_long,
+	      (int __argc, char *const __argv[], const char *__shortopts,
+	       const struct option * __longopts, int *__longind));
+
+  int _EXFUN (getopt_long_only,
+	      (int __argc, char *const __argv[], const char *__shortopts,
+	       const struct option * __longopts, int *__longind));
+
+#ifdef __need_getopt_newlib
+  int _EXFUN (__getopt_r,
+	      (int __argc, char *const __argv[], const char *__optstring,
+	       struct getopt_data * __data));
+
+  int _EXFUN (__getopt_long_r,
+	      (int __argc, char *const __argv[], const char *__shortopts,
+	       const struct option * __longopts, int *__longind,
+	       struct getopt_data * __data));
+
+  int _EXFUN (__getopt_long_only_r,
+	      (int __argc, char *const __argv[], const char *__shortopts,
+	       const struct option * __longopts, int *__longind,
+	       struct getopt_data * __data));
+#endif /* __need_getopt_newlib */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+};
+
+#endif /* __cplusplus  */
+
+#endif /* GETOPT_H */
+
+/* END OF FILE getopt.h */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/glob.h b/system/include/libc/glob.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7351350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/glob.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Guido van Rossum.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)glob.h	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/2/93
+ * $FreeBSD: src/include/glob.h,v 1.6 2002/03/23 17:24:53 imp Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _GLOB_H_
+#define	_GLOB_H_
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+struct stat;
+typedef struct {
+	int gl_pathc;		/* Count of total paths so far. */
+	int gl_matchc;		/* Count of paths matching pattern. */
+	int gl_offs;		/* Reserved at beginning of gl_pathv. */
+	int gl_flags;		/* Copy of flags parameter to glob. */
+	char **gl_pathv;	/* List of paths matching pattern. */
+				/* Copy of errfunc parameter to glob. */
+	int (*gl_errfunc)(const char *, int);
+
+	/*
+	 * Alternate filesystem access methods for glob; replacement
+	 * versions of closedir(3), readdir(3), opendir(3), stat(2)
+	 * and lstat(2).
+	 */
+	void (*gl_closedir)(void *);
+	struct dirent *(*gl_readdir)(void *);
+	void *(*gl_opendir)(const char *);
+	int (*gl_lstat)(const char *, struct stat *);
+	int (*gl_stat)(const char *, struct stat *);
+} glob_t;
+
+#define	GLOB_APPEND	0x0001	/* Append to output from previous call. */
+#define	GLOB_DOOFFS	0x0002	/* Use gl_offs. */
+#define	GLOB_ERR	0x0004	/* Return on error. */
+#define	GLOB_MARK	0x0008	/* Append / to matching directories. */
+#define	GLOB_NOCHECK	0x0010	/* Return pattern itself if nothing matches. */
+#define	GLOB_NOSORT	0x0020	/* Don't sort. */
+
+#define	GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC	0x0040	/* Use alternately specified directory funcs. */
+#define	GLOB_BRACE	0x0080	/* Expand braces ala csh. */
+#define	GLOB_MAGCHAR	0x0100	/* Pattern had globbing characters. */
+#define	GLOB_NOMAGIC	0x0200	/* GLOB_NOCHECK without magic chars (csh). */
+#define	GLOB_QUOTE	0x0400	/* Quote special chars with \. */
+#define	GLOB_TILDE	0x0800	/* Expand tilde names from the passwd file. */
+#define	GLOB_LIMIT	0x1000	/* limit number of returned paths */
+
+/* backwards compatibility, this is the old name for this option */
+#define GLOB_MAXPATH	GLOB_LIMIT
+
+#define	GLOB_NOSPACE	(-1)	/* Malloc call failed. */
+#define	GLOB_ABEND	(-2)	/* Unignored error. */
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+int	glob(const char *, int, int (*)(const char *, int), glob_t *);
+void	globfree(glob_t *);
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif /* !_GLOB_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/grp.h b/system/include/libc/grp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1273e395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/grp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: grp.h,v 1.7 1995/04/29 05:30:40 cgd Exp $	*/
+
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
+ * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
+ * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
+ * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
+ * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)grp.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
+ */
+
+#ifndef _GRP_H_
+#define	_GRP_H_
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#include <cygwin/grp.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_POSIX_SOURCE) && !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE)
+#define	_PATH_GROUP		"/etc/group"
+#endif
+
+struct group {
+	char	*gr_name;		/* group name */
+	char	*gr_passwd;		/* group password */
+	gid_t	gr_gid;			/* group id */
+	char	**gr_mem;		/* group members */
+};
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __INSIDE_CYGWIN__
+struct group	*getgrgid (gid_t);
+struct group	*getgrnam (const char *);
+int		 getgrnam_r (const char *, struct group *,
+			char *, size_t, struct group **);
+int		 getgrgid_r (gid_t, struct group *,
+			char *, size_t, struct group **);
+#ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE
+struct group	*getgrent (void);
+void		 setgrent (void);
+void		 endgrent (void);
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+void		 setgrfile (const char *);
+#endif /* !__CYGWIN__ */
+#ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+char		*group_from_gid (gid_t, int);
+int		 setgroupent (int);
+#endif /* !__CYGWIN__ */
+int		 initgroups (const char *, gid_t);
+#endif /* !_XOPEN_SOURCE */
+#endif /* !_POSIX_SOURCE */
+#endif /* !__INSIDE_CYGWIN__ */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !_GRP_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/iconv.h b/system/include/libc/iconv.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4a283af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/iconv.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2004, Artem B. Bityuckiy, SoftMine Corporation.
+ * Rights transferred to Franklin Electronic Publishers.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+#ifndef _ICONV_H_
+#define _ICONV_H_
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <reent.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/_types.h>
+
+/* iconv_t: charset conversion descriptor type */
+typedef _iconv_t iconv_t;
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+iconv_t
+_EXFUN(iconv_open, (_CONST char *, _CONST char *));
+
+size_t
+_EXFUN(iconv, (iconv_t, char **, size_t *, char **, size_t *));
+
+int
+_EXFUN(iconv_close, (iconv_t));
+#endif
+
+iconv_t
+_EXFUN(_iconv_open_r, (struct _reent *, _CONST char *, _CONST char *));
+
+size_t
+_EXFUN(_iconv_r, (struct _reent *, iconv_t, _CONST char **,
+                  size_t *, char **, size_t *));
+
+int
+_EXFUN(_iconv_close_r, (struct _reent *, iconv_t));
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* #ifndef _ICONV_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/ieeefp.h b/system/include/libc/ieeefp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b06fb78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/ieeefp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+#ifndef _IEEE_FP_H_
+#define _IEEE_FP_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+
+#include <machine/ieeefp.h>
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+/* FIXME FIXME FIXME:
+   Neither of __ieee_{float,double}_shape_tape seem to be used anywhere
+   except in libm/test.  If that is the case, please delete these from here.
+   If that is not the case, please insert documentation here describing why
+   they're needed.  */
+
+#ifdef __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+
+typedef union 
+{
+  double value;
+  struct 
+  {
+    unsigned int sign : 1;
+    unsigned int exponent: 11;
+    unsigned int fraction0:4;
+    unsigned int fraction1:16;
+    unsigned int fraction2:16;
+    unsigned int fraction3:16;
+    
+  } number;
+  struct 
+  {
+    unsigned int sign : 1;
+    unsigned int exponent: 11;
+    unsigned int quiet:1;
+    unsigned int function0:3;
+    unsigned int function1:16;
+    unsigned int function2:16;
+    unsigned int function3:16;
+  } nan;
+  struct 
+  {
+    unsigned long msw;
+    unsigned long lsw;
+  } parts;
+    long aslong[2];
+} __ieee_double_shape_type;
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+
+typedef union 
+{
+  double value;
+  struct 
+  {
+#ifdef __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+    unsigned int fraction3:16;
+    unsigned int fraction2:16;
+    unsigned int fraction1:16;
+    unsigned int fraction0: 4;
+#else
+    unsigned int fraction1:32;
+    unsigned int fraction0:20;
+#endif
+    unsigned int exponent :11;
+    unsigned int sign     : 1;
+  } number;
+  struct 
+  {
+#ifdef __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+    unsigned int function3:16;
+    unsigned int function2:16;
+    unsigned int function1:16;
+    unsigned int function0:3;
+#else
+    unsigned int function1:32;
+    unsigned int function0:19;
+#endif
+    unsigned int quiet:1;
+    unsigned int exponent: 11;
+    unsigned int sign : 1;
+  } nan;
+  struct 
+  {
+    unsigned long lsw;
+    unsigned long msw;
+  } parts;
+
+  long aslong[2];
+
+} __ieee_double_shape_type;
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+
+typedef union
+{
+  float value;
+  struct 
+  {
+    unsigned int sign : 1;
+    unsigned int exponent: 8;
+    unsigned int fraction0: 7;
+    unsigned int fraction1: 16;
+  } number;
+  struct 
+  {
+    unsigned int sign:1;
+    unsigned int exponent:8;
+    unsigned int quiet:1;
+    unsigned int function0:6;
+    unsigned int function1:16;
+  } nan;
+  long p1;
+  
+} __ieee_float_shape_type;
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+
+typedef union
+{
+  float value;
+  struct 
+  {
+    unsigned int fraction0: 7;
+    unsigned int fraction1: 16;
+    unsigned int exponent: 8;
+    unsigned int sign : 1;
+  } number;
+  struct 
+  {
+    unsigned int function1:16;
+    unsigned int function0:6;
+    unsigned int quiet:1;
+    unsigned int exponent:8;
+    unsigned int sign:1;
+  } nan;
+  long p1;
+  
+} __ieee_float_shape_type;
+
+#endif
+
+
+
+
+
+/* FLOATING ROUNDING */
+
+typedef int fp_rnd;
+#define FP_RN 0 	/* Round to nearest 		*/
+#define FP_RM 1		/* Round down 			*/
+#define FP_RP 2		/* Round up 			*/
+#define FP_RZ 3		/* Round to zero (trunate) 	*/
+
+fp_rnd _EXFUN(fpgetround,(void));
+fp_rnd _EXFUN(fpsetround, (fp_rnd));
+
+/* EXCEPTIONS */
+
+typedef int fp_except;
+#define FP_X_INV 0x10	/* Invalid operation 		*/
+#define FP_X_DX  0x80	/* Divide by zero		*/
+#define FP_X_OFL 0x04	/* Overflow exception		*/
+#define FP_X_UFL 0x02	/* Underflow exception		*/
+#define FP_X_IMP 0x01	/* imprecise exception		*/
+
+fp_except _EXFUN(fpgetmask,(void));
+fp_except _EXFUN(fpsetmask,(fp_except));
+fp_except _EXFUN(fpgetsticky,(void));
+fp_except _EXFUN(fpsetsticky, (fp_except));
+
+/* INTEGER ROUNDING */
+
+typedef int fp_rdi;
+#define FP_RDI_TOZ 0	/* Round to Zero 		*/
+#define FP_RDI_RD  1	/* Follow float mode		*/
+
+fp_rdi _EXFUN(fpgetroundtoi,(void));
+fp_rdi _EXFUN(fpsetroundtoi,(fp_rdi));
+
+#undef isnan
+#undef isinf
+
+int _EXFUN(isnan, (double));
+int _EXFUN(isinf, (double));
+int _EXFUN(finite, (double));
+
+
+
+int _EXFUN(isnanf, (float));
+int _EXFUN(isinff, (float));
+int _EXFUN(finitef, (float));
+
+#define __IEEE_DBL_EXPBIAS 1023
+#define __IEEE_FLT_EXPBIAS 127
+
+#define __IEEE_DBL_EXPLEN 11
+#define __IEEE_FLT_EXPLEN 8
+
+
+#define __IEEE_DBL_FRACLEN (64 - (__IEEE_DBL_EXPLEN + 1))
+#define __IEEE_FLT_FRACLEN (32 - (__IEEE_FLT_EXPLEN + 1))
+
+#define __IEEE_DBL_MAXPOWTWO	((double)(1L << 32 - 2) * (1L << (32-11) - 32 + 1))
+#define __IEEE_FLT_MAXPOWTWO	((float)(1L << (32-8) - 1))
+
+#define __IEEE_DBL_NAN_EXP 0x7ff
+#define __IEEE_FLT_NAN_EXP 0xff
+
+#ifndef __ieeefp_isnanf
+#define __ieeefp_isnanf(x) (((*(long *)&(x) & 0x7f800000L)==0x7f800000L) && \
+			    ((*(long *)&(x) & 0x007fffffL)!=0000000000L))
+#endif
+#define isnanf(x)	__ieeefp_isnanf(x)
+
+#ifndef __ieeefp_isinff
+#define __ieeefp_isinff(x) (((*(long *)&(x) & 0x7f800000L)==0x7f800000L) && \
+			    ((*(long *)&(x) & 0x007fffffL)==0000000000L))
+#endif
+#define isinff(x)	__ieeefp_isinff(x)
+
+#ifndef __ieeefp_finitef
+#define __ieeefp_finitef(x) (((*(long *)&(x) & 0x7f800000L)!=0x7f800000L))
+#endif
+#define finitef(x)	__ieeefp_finitef(x)
+
+#ifdef _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#undef __IEEE_DBL_EXPBIAS
+#define __IEEE_DBL_EXPBIAS __IEEE_FLT_EXPBIAS
+
+#undef __IEEE_DBL_EXPLEN
+#define __IEEE_DBL_EXPLEN __IEEE_FLT_EXPLEN
+
+#undef __IEEE_DBL_FRACLEN
+#define __IEEE_DBL_FRACLEN __IEEE_FLT_FRACLEN
+
+#undef __IEEE_DBL_MAXPOWTWO
+#define __IEEE_DBL_MAXPOWTWO __IEEE_FLT_MAXPOWTWO
+
+#undef __IEEE_DBL_NAN_EXP
+#define __IEEE_DBL_NAN_EXP __IEEE_FLT_NAN_EXP
+
+#undef __ieee_double_shape_type
+#define __ieee_double_shape_type __ieee_float_shape_type
+
+#endif /* _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS */
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _IEEE_FP_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/inttypes.h b/system/include/libc/inttypes.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02bef1ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/inttypes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2004, 2005 by
+ * Ralf Corsepius, Ulm/Germany. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
+ * is freely granted, provided that this notice is preserved.
+ */
+
+/**
+ *  @file  inttypes.h
+ */
+
+#ifndef _INTTYPES_H
+#define _INTTYPES_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#define __need_wchar_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define __STRINGIFY(a) #a
+
+/* 8-bit types */
+#define __PRI8(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#define __SCN8(x) __STRINGIFY(hh##x)
+
+
+#define PRId8		__PRI8(d)
+#define PRIi8		__PRI8(i)
+#define PRIo8		__PRI8(o)
+#define PRIu8		__PRI8(u)
+#define PRIx8		__PRI8(x)
+#define PRIX8		__PRI8(X)
+
+#define SCNd8		__SCN8(d)
+#define SCNi8		__SCN8(i)
+#define SCNo8		__SCN8(o)
+#define SCNu8		__SCN8(u)
+#define SCNx8		__SCN8(x)
+
+
+#define PRIdLEAST8	__PRI8(d)
+#define PRIiLEAST8	__PRI8(i)
+#define PRIoLEAST8	__PRI8(o)
+#define PRIuLEAST8	__PRI8(u)
+#define PRIxLEAST8	__PRI8(x)
+#define PRIXLEAST8	__PRI8(X)
+
+#define SCNdLEAST8	__SCN8(d)
+#define SCNiLEAST8	__SCN8(i)
+#define SCNoLEAST8	__SCN8(o)
+#define SCNuLEAST8	__SCN8(u)
+#define SCNxLEAST8	__SCN8(x)
+
+
+#define PRIdFAST8	__PRI8(d)
+#define PRIiFAST8	__PRI8(i)
+#define PRIoFAST8	__PRI8(o)
+#define PRIuFAST8	__PRI8(u)
+#define PRIxFAST8	__PRI8(x)
+#define PRIXFAST8	__PRI8(X)
+
+#define SCNdFAST8	__SCN8(d)
+#define SCNiFAST8	__SCN8(i)
+#define SCNoFAST8	__SCN8(o)
+#define SCNuFAST8	__SCN8(u)
+#define SCNxFAST8	__SCN8(x)
+
+/* 16-bit types */
+#define __PRI16(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#define __SCN16(x) __STRINGIFY(h##x)
+
+
+#define PRId16		__PRI16(d)
+#define PRIi16		__PRI16(i)
+#define PRIo16		__PRI16(o)
+#define PRIu16		__PRI16(u)
+#define PRIx16		__PRI16(x)
+#define PRIX16		__PRI16(X)
+
+#define SCNd16		__SCN16(d)
+#define SCNi16		__SCN16(i)
+#define SCNo16		__SCN16(o)
+#define SCNu16		__SCN16(u)
+#define SCNx16		__SCN16(x)
+
+
+#define PRIdLEAST16	__PRI16(d)
+#define PRIiLEAST16	__PRI16(i)
+#define PRIoLEAST16	__PRI16(o)
+#define PRIuLEAST16	__PRI16(u)
+#define PRIxLEAST16	__PRI16(x)
+#define PRIXLEAST16	__PRI16(X)
+
+#define SCNdLEAST16	__SCN16(d)
+#define SCNiLEAST16	__SCN16(i)
+#define SCNoLEAST16	__SCN16(o)
+#define SCNuLEAST16	__SCN16(u)
+#define SCNxLEAST16	__SCN16(x)
+
+
+#define PRIdFAST16	__PRI16(d)
+#define PRIiFAST16	__PRI16(i)
+#define PRIoFAST16	__PRI16(o)
+#define PRIuFAST16	__PRI16(u)
+#define PRIxFAST16	__PRI16(x)
+#define PRIXFAST16	__PRI16(X)
+
+#define SCNdFAST16	__SCN16(d)
+#define SCNiFAST16	__SCN16(i)
+#define SCNoFAST16	__SCN16(o)
+#define SCNuFAST16	__SCN16(u)
+#define SCNxFAST16	__SCN16(x)
+
+/* 32-bit types */
+#if __have_long32
+#define __PRI32(x) __STRINGIFY(l##x)
+#define __SCN32(x) __STRINGIFY(l##x)
+#else
+#define __PRI32(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#define __SCN32(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#endif
+
+#define PRId32		__PRI32(d)
+#define PRIi32		__PRI32(i)
+#define PRIo32		__PRI32(o)
+#define PRIu32		__PRI32(u)
+#define PRIx32		__PRI32(x)
+#define PRIX32		__PRI32(X)
+
+#define SCNd32		__SCN32(d)
+#define SCNi32		__SCN32(i)
+#define SCNo32		__SCN32(o)
+#define SCNu32		__SCN32(u)
+#define SCNx32		__SCN32(x)
+
+
+#define PRIdLEAST32	__PRI32(d)
+#define PRIiLEAST32	__PRI32(i)
+#define PRIoLEAST32	__PRI32(o)
+#define PRIuLEAST32	__PRI32(u)
+#define PRIxLEAST32	__PRI32(x)
+#define PRIXLEAST32	__PRI32(X)
+
+#define SCNdLEAST32	__SCN32(d)
+#define SCNiLEAST32	__SCN32(i)
+#define SCNoLEAST32	__SCN32(o)
+#define SCNuLEAST32	__SCN32(u)
+#define SCNxLEAST32	__SCN32(x)
+
+
+#define PRIdFAST32	__PRI32(d)
+#define PRIiFAST32	__PRI32(i)
+#define PRIoFAST32	__PRI32(o)
+#define PRIuFAST32	__PRI32(u)
+#define PRIxFAST32	__PRI32(x)
+#define PRIXFAST32	__PRI32(X)
+
+#define SCNdFAST32	__SCN32(d)
+#define SCNiFAST32	__SCN32(i)
+#define SCNoFAST32	__SCN32(o)
+#define SCNuFAST32	__SCN32(u)
+#define SCNxFAST32	__SCN32(x)
+
+
+/* 64-bit types */
+#if __have_long64
+#define __PRI64(x) __STRINGIFY(l##x)
+#define __SCN64(x) __STRINGIFY(l##x)
+#elif __have_longlong64
+#define __PRI64(x) __STRINGIFY(ll##x)
+#define __SCN64(x) __STRINGIFY(ll##x)
+#else
+#define __PRI64(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#define __SCN64(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#endif
+
+#define PRId64		__PRI64(d)
+#define PRIi64		__PRI64(i)
+#define PRIo64		__PRI64(o)
+#define PRIu64		__PRI64(u)
+#define PRIx64		__PRI64(x)
+#define PRIX64		__PRI64(X)
+
+#define SCNd64		__SCN64(d)
+#define SCNi64		__SCN64(i)
+#define SCNo64		__SCN64(o)
+#define SCNu64		__SCN64(u)
+#define SCNx64		__SCN64(x)
+
+#if __int64_t_defined
+#define PRIdLEAST64	__PRI64(d)
+#define PRIiLEAST64	__PRI64(i)
+#define PRIoLEAST64	__PRI64(o)
+#define PRIuLEAST64	__PRI64(u)
+#define PRIxLEAST64	__PRI64(x)
+#define PRIXLEAST64	__PRI64(X)
+
+#define SCNdLEAST64	__SCN64(d)
+#define SCNiLEAST64	__SCN64(i)
+#define SCNoLEAST64	__SCN64(o)
+#define SCNuLEAST64	__SCN64(u)
+#define SCNxLEAST64	__SCN64(x)
+
+
+#define PRIdFAST64	__PRI64(d)
+#define PRIiFAST64	__PRI64(i)
+#define PRIoFAST64	__PRI64(o)
+#define PRIuFAST64	__PRI64(u)
+#define PRIxFAST64	__PRI64(x)
+#define PRIXFAST64	__PRI64(X)
+
+#define SCNdFAST64	__SCN64(d)
+#define SCNiFAST64	__SCN64(i)
+#define SCNoFAST64	__SCN64(o)
+#define SCNuFAST64	__SCN64(u)
+#define SCNxFAST64	__SCN64(x)
+#endif
+
+/* max-bit types */
+#if __have_long64
+#define __PRIMAX(x) __STRINGIFY(l##x)
+#define __SCNMAX(x) __STRINGIFY(l##x)
+#elif __have_longlong64
+#define __PRIMAX(x) __STRINGIFY(ll##x)
+#define __SCNMAX(x) __STRINGIFY(ll##x)
+#else
+#define __PRIMAX(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#define __SCNMAX(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#endif
+
+#define PRIdMAX		__PRIMAX(d)
+#define PRIiMAX		__PRIMAX(i)
+#define PRIoMAX		__PRIMAX(o)
+#define PRIuMAX		__PRIMAX(u)
+#define PRIxMAX		__PRIMAX(x)
+#define PRIXMAX		__PRIMAX(X)
+
+#define SCNdMAX		__SCNMAX(d)
+#define SCNiMAX		__SCNMAX(i)
+#define SCNoMAX		__SCNMAX(o)
+#define SCNuMAX		__SCNMAX(u)
+#define SCNxMAX		__SCNMAX(x)
+
+/* ptr types */
+#if __have_long64
+#define __PRIPTR(x) __STRINGIFY(l##x)
+#define __SCNPTR(x) __STRINGIFY(l##x)
+#elif __have_longlong64
+#define __PRIPTR(x) __STRINGIFY(ll##x)
+#define __SCNPTR(x) __STRINGIFY(ll##x)
+#else
+#define __PRIPTR(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#define __SCNPTR(x) __STRINGIFY(x)
+#endif
+
+#define PRIdPTR		__PRIPTR(d)
+#define PRIiPTR		__PRIPTR(i)
+#define PRIoPTR		__PRIPTR(o)
+#define PRIuPTR		__PRIPTR(u)
+#define PRIxPTR		__PRIPTR(x)
+#define PRIXPTR		__PRIPTR(X)
+
+#define SCNdPTR		__SCNPTR(d)
+#define SCNiPTR		__SCNPTR(i)
+#define SCNoPTR		__SCNPTR(o)
+#define SCNuPTR		__SCNPTR(u)
+#define SCNxPTR		__SCNPTR(x)
+
+
+typedef struct {
+  intmax_t	quot;
+  intmax_t	rem;
+} imaxdiv_t;
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+extern intmax_t  imaxabs(intmax_t j);
+extern imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t numer, intmax_t denomer);
+extern intmax_t  strtoimax(const char *__restrict, char **__restrict, int);
+extern uintmax_t strtoumax(const char *__restrict, char **__restrict, int);
+extern intmax_t  wcstoimax(const wchar_t *__restrict, wchar_t **__restrict, int);
+extern uintmax_t wcstoumax(const wchar_t *__restrict, wchar_t **__restrict, int);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/langinfo.h b/system/include/libc/langinfo.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23bddb96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/langinfo.h
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2001 Alexey Zelkin <phantom@FreeBSD.org>
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ * $FreeBSD: src/include/langinfo.h,v 1.5 2002/03/23 17:24:53 imp Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LANGINFO_H_
+#define	_LANGINFO_H_
+
+#include <newlib.h>
+#include <sys/config.h>
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+typedef int nl_item;
+
+enum __nl_item
+{
+  /* POSIX and BSD defined items have to stick to the original values
+     to maintain backward compatibility. */
+  _NL_CTYPE_CODESET_NAME = 0,	/* codeset name */
+#define CODESET _NL_CTYPE_CODESET_NAME
+  D_T_FMT = 1,			/* string for formatting date and time */
+#define D_T_FMT D_T_FMT
+  D_FMT = 2,			/* date format string */
+#define D_FMT D_FMT
+  T_FMT = 3,			/* time format string */
+#define T_FMT T_FMT
+  T_FMT_AMPM = 4,			/* a.m. or p.m. time formatting string */
+#define T_FMT_AMPM T_FMT_AMPM
+  AM_STR = 5,			/* Ante Meridian affix */
+#define AM_STR AM_STR
+  PM_STR = 6,			/* Post Meridian affix */
+#define PM_STR PM_STR
+
+/* week day names */
+  DAY_1 = 7,
+#define DAY_1 DAY_1
+  DAY_2 = 8,
+#define DAY_2 DAY_2
+  DAY_3 = 9,
+#define DAY_3 DAY_3
+  DAY_4 = 10,
+#define DAY_4 DAY_4
+  DAY_5 = 11,
+#define DAY_5 DAY_5
+  DAY_6 = 12,
+#define DAY_6 DAY_6
+  DAY_7 = 13,
+#define DAY_7 DAY_7
+
+/* abbreviated week day names */
+  ABDAY_1 = 14,
+#define ABDAY_1 ABDAY_1
+  ABDAY_2 = 15,
+#define ABDAY_2 ABDAY_2
+  ABDAY_3 = 16,
+#define ABDAY_3 ABDAY_3
+  ABDAY_4 = 17,
+#define ABDAY_4 ABDAY_4
+  ABDAY_5 = 18,
+#define ABDAY_5 ABDAY_5
+  ABDAY_6 = 19,
+#define ABDAY_6 ABDAY_6
+  ABDAY_7 = 20,
+#define ABDAY_7 ABDAY_7
+
+/* month names */
+  MON_1 = 21,
+#define MON_1 MON_1
+  MON_2 = 22,
+#define MON_2 MON_2
+  MON_3 = 23,
+#define MON_3 MON_3
+  MON_4 = 24,
+#define MON_4 MON_4
+  MON_5 = 25,
+#define MON_5 MON_5
+  MON_6 = 26,
+#define MON_6 MON_6
+  MON_7 = 27,
+#define MON_7 MON_7
+  MON_8 = 28,
+#define MON_8 MON_8
+  MON_9 = 29,
+#define MON_9 MON_9
+  MON_10 = 30,
+#define MON_10 MON_10
+  MON_11 = 31,
+#define MON_11 MON_11
+  MON_12 = 32,
+#define MON_12 MON_12
+
+/* abbreviated month names */
+  ABMON_1 = 33,
+#define ABMON_1 ABMON_1
+  ABMON_2 = 34,
+#define ABMON_2 ABMON_2
+  ABMON_3 = 35,
+#define ABMON_3 ABMON_3
+  ABMON_4 = 36,
+#define ABMON_4 ABMON_4
+  ABMON_5 = 37,
+#define ABMON_5 ABMON_5
+  ABMON_6 = 38,
+#define ABMON_6 ABMON_6
+  ABMON_7 = 39,
+#define ABMON_7 ABMON_7
+  ABMON_8 = 40,
+#define ABMON_8 ABMON_8
+  ABMON_9 = 41,
+#define ABMON_9 ABMON_9
+  ABMON_10 = 42,
+#define ABMON_10 ABMON_10
+  ABMON_11 = 43,
+#define ABMON_11 ABMON_11
+  ABMON_12 = 44,
+#define ABMON_12 ABMON_12
+
+  ERA = 45,				/* era description segments */
+#define ERA ERA
+  ERA_D_FMT = 46,			/* era date format string */
+#define ERA_D_FMT ERA_D_FMT
+  ERA_D_T_FMT = 47,			/* era date and time format string */
+#define ERA_D_T_FMT ERA_D_T_FMT
+  ERA_T_FMT = 48,			/* era time format string */
+#define ERA_T_FMT ERA_T_FMT
+  ALT_DIGITS = 49,			/* alternative symbols for digits */
+#define ALT_DIGITS ALT_DIGITS
+
+  RADIXCHAR = 50,			/* radix char */
+#define RADIXCHAR RADIXCHAR
+  THOUSEP = 51,			/* separator for thousands */
+#define THOUSEP THOUSEP
+
+  YESEXPR = 52,			/* affirmative response expression */
+#define YESEXPR YESEXPR
+  NOEXPR = 53,			/* negative response expression */
+#define NOEXPR NOEXPR
+  YESSTR = 54,			/* affirmative response for yes/no queries */
+#define YESSTR YESSTR
+  NOSTR = 55,			/* negative response for yes/no queries */
+#define NOSTR NOSTR
+
+  CRNCYSTR = 56,			/* currency symbol */
+#define CRNCYSTR CRNCYSTR
+
+  D_MD_ORDER = 57,			/* month/day order (BSD extension) */
+#define D_MD_ORDER D_MD_ORDER
+
+  _NL_TIME_DATE_FMT = 84,	/* date fmt used by date(1) (GNU extension) */
+#define _DATE_FMT _NL_TIME_DATE_FMT
+
+#ifdef __HAVE_LOCALE_INFO__
+  _NL_CTYPE_MB_CUR_MAX = 85,
+  _NL_MESSAGES_CODESET = 86,
+
+#ifdef __HAVE_LOCALE_INFO_EXTENDED__
+
+  /* NOTE:
+  
+     Always maintain the order and position of existing entries!
+     Always append new entry to the list, prior to the definition
+     of _NL_LOCALE_EXTENDED_LAST_ENTRY. */
+
+  _NL_LOCALE_EXTENDED_FIRST_ENTRY,
+
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS0_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS1_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS2_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS3_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS4_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS5_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS6_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS7_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS8_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS9_MB,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS0_WC,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS1_WC,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS2_WC,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS3_WC,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS4_WC,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS5_WC,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS6_WC,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS7_WC,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS8_WC,
+  _NL_CTYPE_OUTDIGITS9_WC,
+
+  _NL_TIME_CODESET,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_1,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_2,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_3,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_4,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_5,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_6,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_7,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_8,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_9,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_10,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_11,
+  _NL_TIME_WMON_12,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_1,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_2,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_3,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_4,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_5,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_6,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_7,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_8,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_9,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_10,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_11,
+  _NL_TIME_WMONTH_12,
+  _NL_TIME_WWDAY_1,
+  _NL_TIME_WWDAY_2,
+  _NL_TIME_WWDAY_3,
+  _NL_TIME_WWDAY_4,
+  _NL_TIME_WWDAY_5,
+  _NL_TIME_WWDAY_6,
+  _NL_TIME_WWDAY_7,
+  _NL_TIME_WWEEKDAY_1,
+  _NL_TIME_WWEEKDAY_2,
+  _NL_TIME_WWEEKDAY_3,
+  _NL_TIME_WWEEKDAY_4,
+  _NL_TIME_WWEEKDAY_5,
+  _NL_TIME_WWEEKDAY_6,
+  _NL_TIME_WWEEKDAY_7,
+  _NL_TIME_WT_FMT,
+  _NL_TIME_WD_FMT,
+  _NL_TIME_WD_T_FMT,
+  _NL_TIME_WAM_STR,
+  _NL_TIME_WPM_STR,
+  _NL_TIME_WDATE_FMT,
+  _NL_TIME_WT_FMT_AMPM,
+  _NL_TIME_WERA,
+  _NL_TIME_WERA_D_FMT,
+  _NL_TIME_WERA_D_T_FMT,
+  _NL_TIME_WERA_T_FMT,
+  _NL_TIME_WALT_DIGITS,
+
+  _NL_NUMERIC_CODESET,
+  _NL_NUMERIC_GROUPING,
+  _NL_NUMERIC_DECIMAL_POINT_WC,
+  _NL_NUMERIC_THOUSANDS_SEP_WC,
+
+  _NL_MONETARY_INT_CURR_SYMBOL,
+  _NL_MONETARY_CURRENCY_SYMBOL,
+  _NL_MONETARY_MON_DECIMAL_POINT,
+  _NL_MONETARY_MON_THOUSANDS_SEP,
+  _NL_MONETARY_MON_GROUPING,
+  _NL_MONETARY_POSITIVE_SIGN,
+  _NL_MONETARY_NEGATIVE_SIGN,
+  _NL_MONETARY_INT_FRAC_DIGITS,
+  _NL_MONETARY_FRAC_DIGITS,
+  _NL_MONETARY_P_CS_PRECEDES,
+  _NL_MONETARY_P_SEP_BY_SPACE,
+  _NL_MONETARY_N_CS_PRECEDES,
+  _NL_MONETARY_N_SEP_BY_SPACE,
+  _NL_MONETARY_P_SIGN_POSN,
+  _NL_MONETARY_N_SIGN_POSN,
+  _NL_MONETARY_INT_P_CS_PRECEDES,
+  _NL_MONETARY_INT_P_SEP_BY_SPACE,
+  _NL_MONETARY_INT_N_CS_PRECEDES,
+  _NL_MONETARY_INT_N_SEP_BY_SPACE,
+  _NL_MONETARY_INT_P_SIGN_POSN,
+  _NL_MONETARY_INT_N_SIGN_POSN,
+  _NL_MONETARY_CODESET,
+  _NL_MONETARY_WINT_CURR_SYMBOL,
+  _NL_MONETARY_WCURRENCY_SYMBOL,
+  _NL_MONETARY_WMON_DECIMAL_POINT,
+  _NL_MONETARY_WMON_THOUSANDS_SEP,
+  _NL_MONETARY_WPOSITIVE_SIGN,
+  _NL_MONETARY_WNEGATIVE_SIGN,
+
+  _NL_MESSAGES_WYESEXPR,
+  _NL_MESSAGES_WNOEXPR,
+  _NL_MESSAGES_WYESSTR,
+  _NL_MESSAGES_WNOSTR,
+
+  _NL_COLLATE_CODESET,
+
+  /* This MUST be the last entry since it's used to check for an array
+     index in nl_langinfo(). */
+  _NL_LOCALE_EXTENDED_LAST_ENTRY
+
+#endif /* __HAVE_LOCALE_INFO_EXTENDED__ */
+#endif /* __HAVE_LOCALE_INFO__ */
+
+};
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+char	*nl_langinfo(nl_item);
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif /* !_LANGINFO_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/libgen.h b/system/include/libc/libgen.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abfab0e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/libgen.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * libgen.h - defined by XPG4
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBGEN_H_
+#define _LIBGEN_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+char      *_EXFUN(basename,     (char *));
+char      *_EXFUN(dirname,     (char *));
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _LIBGEN_H_ */
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/limits.h b/system/include/libc/limits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93362b88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/limits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+#ifndef _LIBC_LIMITS_H_
+# define _LIBC_LIMITS_H_	1
+
+#include <newlib.h>
+
+# ifdef _MB_LEN_MAX
+#  define MB_LEN_MAX	_MB_LEN_MAX
+# else
+#  define MB_LEN_MAX    1
+# endif
+
+/* Maximum number of positional arguments, if _WANT_IO_POS_ARGS.  */
+# ifndef NL_ARGMAX
+#  define NL_ARGMAX 32
+# endif
+
+/* if do not have #include_next support, then we
+   have to define the limits here. */
+# if 1 /* XXX Emscripten: force this !defined __GNUC__ || __GNUC__ < 2  */
+
+#  ifndef _LIMITS_H
+#   define _LIMITS_H	1
+
+#   include <sys/config.h>
+
+/* Number of bits in a `char'.  */
+#   undef CHAR_BIT
+#   define CHAR_BIT 8
+
+/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed char' can hold.  */
+#   undef SCHAR_MIN
+#   define SCHAR_MIN (-128)
+#   undef SCHAR_MAX
+#   define SCHAR_MAX 127
+
+/* Maximum value an `unsigned char' can hold.  (Minimum is 0).  */
+#   undef UCHAR_MAX
+#   define UCHAR_MAX 255
+
+/* Minimum and maximum values a `char' can hold.  */
+#   ifdef __CHAR_UNSIGNED__
+#    undef CHAR_MIN
+#    define CHAR_MIN 0
+#    undef CHAR_MAX
+#    define CHAR_MAX 255
+#   else
+#    undef CHAR_MIN
+#    define CHAR_MIN (-128)
+#    undef CHAR_MAX
+#    define CHAR_MAX 127
+#   endif
+
+/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed short int' can hold.  */
+#   undef SHRT_MIN
+/* For the sake of 16 bit hosts, we may not use -32768 */
+#   define SHRT_MIN (-32767-1)
+#   undef SHRT_MAX
+#   define SHRT_MAX 32767
+
+/* Maximum value an `unsigned short int' can hold.  (Minimum is 0).  */
+#   undef USHRT_MAX
+#   define USHRT_MAX 65535
+
+/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed int' can hold.  */
+#   ifndef __INT_MAX__
+#    define __INT_MAX__ 2147483647
+#   endif
+#   undef INT_MIN
+#   define INT_MIN (-INT_MAX-1)
+#   undef INT_MAX
+#   define INT_MAX __INT_MAX__
+
+/* Maximum value an `unsigned int' can hold.  (Minimum is 0).  */
+#   undef UINT_MAX
+#   define UINT_MAX (INT_MAX * 2U + 1)
+
+/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed long int' can hold.
+   (Same as `int').  */
+#   ifndef __LONG_MAX__
+#    if defined (__alpha__) || (defined (__sparc__) && defined(__arch64__)) || defined (__sparcv9)
+#     define __LONG_MAX__ 9223372036854775807L
+#    else
+#     define __LONG_MAX__ 2147483647L
+#    endif /* __alpha__ || sparc64 */
+#   endif
+#   undef LONG_MIN
+#   define LONG_MIN (-LONG_MAX-1)
+#   undef LONG_MAX
+#   define LONG_MAX __LONG_MAX__
+
+/* Maximum value an `unsigned long int' can hold.  (Minimum is 0).  */
+#   undef ULONG_MAX
+#   define ULONG_MAX (LONG_MAX * 2UL + 1)
+
+#   ifndef __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+#    define __LONG_LONG_MAX__ 9223372036854775807LL
+#   endif
+
+#   if defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed long long int' can hold.  */
+#    undef LLONG_MIN
+#    define LLONG_MIN (-LLONG_MAX-1)
+#    undef LLONG_MAX
+#    define LLONG_MAX __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+
+/* Maximum value an `unsigned long long int' can hold.  (Minimum is 0).  */
+#    undef ULLONG_MAX
+#    define ULLONG_MAX (LLONG_MAX * 2ULL + 1)
+#   endif
+
+#  if defined (__GNU_LIBRARY__) ? defined (__USE_GNU) : !defined (__STRICT_ANSI__)
+/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed long long int' can hold.  */
+#    undef LONG_LONG_MIN
+#    define LONG_LONG_MIN (-LONG_LONG_MAX-1)
+#    undef LONG_LONG_MAX
+#    define LONG_LONG_MAX __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+
+/* Maximum value an `unsigned long long int' can hold.  (Minimum is 0).  */
+#    undef ULONG_LONG_MAX
+#    define ULONG_LONG_MAX (LONG_LONG_MAX * 2ULL + 1)
+#   endif
+
+#  endif /* _LIMITS_H  */
+# endif	 /* GCC 2.  */
+
+#endif	 /* !_LIBC_LIMITS_H_ */
+
+#if defined __GNUC__ && !defined _GCC_LIMITS_H_
+/* `_GCC_LIMITS_H_' is what GCC's file defines.  */
+/* XXX Emscripten # include_next <limits.h> */
+#endif /* __GNUC__ && !_GCC_LIMITS_H_ */
+
+#ifndef _POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX
+/* The maximum number of repeated occurrences of a regular expression
+ *    permitted when using the interval notation `\{M,N\}'.  */
+#define _POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX              255
+#endif /* _POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX  */
+
+#ifndef ARG_MAX
+#define ARG_MAX		4096
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PATH_MAX
+#define PATH_MAX	4096
+#endif
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/locale.h b/system/include/libc/locale.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..532faaa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/locale.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+	locale.h
+	Values appropriate for the formatting of monetary and other
+	numberic quantities.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _LOCALE_H_
+#define _LOCALE_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL    0
+#endif
+
+#define LC_ALL	    0
+#define LC_COLLATE  1
+#define LC_CTYPE    2
+#define LC_MONETARY 3
+#define LC_NUMERIC  4
+#define LC_TIME     5
+#define LC_MESSAGES 6
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+struct lconv
+{
+  char *decimal_point;
+  char *thousands_sep;
+  char *grouping;
+  char *int_curr_symbol;
+  char *currency_symbol;
+  char *mon_decimal_point;
+  char *mon_thousands_sep;
+  char *mon_grouping;
+  char *positive_sign;
+  char *negative_sign;
+  char int_frac_digits;
+  char frac_digits;
+  char p_cs_precedes;
+  char p_sep_by_space;
+  char n_cs_precedes;
+  char n_sep_by_space;
+  char p_sign_posn;
+  char n_sign_posn;
+  char int_n_cs_precedes;
+  char int_n_sep_by_space;
+  char int_n_sign_posn;
+  char int_p_cs_precedes;
+  char int_p_sep_by_space;
+  char int_p_sign_posn;
+};
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+char *_EXFUN(setlocale,(int category, const char *locale));
+struct lconv *_EXFUN(localeconv,(void));
+#endif
+
+struct _reent;
+char *_EXFUN(_setlocale_r,(struct _reent *, int category, const char *locale));
+struct lconv *_EXFUN(_localeconv_r,(struct _reent *));
+
+/* XXX Emscripten */
+typedef void* locale_t;
+locale_t newlocale(int category_mask, const char *locale, locale_t base);
+void freelocale(locale_t locobj);
+locale_t uselocale(locale_t newloc);
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _LOCALE_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/_default_types.h b/system/include/libc/machine/_default_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a5fc8d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/_default_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*
+ *  $Id: _default_types.h,v 1.2 2008/06/11 22:14:54 jjohnstn Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _MACHINE__DEFAULT_TYPES_H
+#define _MACHINE__DEFAULT_TYPES_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Guess on types by examining *_MIN / *_MAX defines.
+ */
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ >= 4) || (__GNUC__ >= 3 ) \
+  && defined(__GNUC_MINOR__) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 2 ))
+/* GCC >= 3.3.0 has __<val>__ implicitly defined. */
+#define __EXP(x) __##x##__
+#else
+/* Fall back to POSIX versions from <limits.h> */
+#define __EXP(x) x
+#include <limits.h>
+#endif
+
+#if __EXP(SCHAR_MAX) == 0x7f
+typedef signed char __int8_t ;
+typedef unsigned char __uint8_t ;
+#define ___int8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if __EXP(INT_MAX) == 0x7fff
+typedef signed int __int16_t;
+typedef unsigned int __uint16_t;
+#define ___int16_t_defined 1
+#elif __EXP(SHRT_MAX) == 0x7fff
+typedef signed short __int16_t;
+typedef unsigned short __uint16_t;
+#define ___int16_t_defined 1
+#elif __EXP(SCHAR_MAX) == 0x7fff
+typedef signed char __int16_t;
+typedef unsigned char __uint16_t;
+#define ___int16_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if ___int16_t_defined
+typedef __int16_t __int_least16_t;
+typedef __uint16_t __uint_least16_t;
+#define ___int_least16_t_defined 1
+
+#if !___int8_t_defined
+typedef __int16_t __int_least8_t;
+typedef __uint16_t __uint_least8_t;
+#define ___int_least8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __EXP(INT_MAX) == 0x7fffffffL
+typedef signed int __int32_t;
+typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;
+#define ___int32_t_defined 1
+#elif __EXP(LONG_MAX) == 0x7fffffffL
+typedef signed long __int32_t;
+typedef unsigned long __uint32_t;
+#define ___int32_t_defined 1
+#elif __EXP(SHRT_MAX) == 0x7fffffffL
+typedef signed short __int32_t;
+typedef unsigned short __uint32_t;
+#define ___int32_t_defined 1
+#elif __EXP(SCHAR_MAX) == 0x7fffffffL
+typedef signed char __int32_t;
+typedef unsigned char __uint32_t;
+#define ___int32_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if ___int32_t_defined
+typedef __int32_t __int_least32_t;
+typedef __uint32_t __uint_least32_t;
+#define ___int_least32_t_defined 1
+
+#if !___int8_t_defined
+typedef __int32_t __int_least8_t;
+typedef __uint32_t __uint_least8_t;
+#define ___int_least8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#if !___int16_t_defined
+typedef __int32_t __int_least16_t;
+typedef __uint32_t __uint_least16_t;
+#define ___int_least16_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __EXP(LONG_MAX) > 0x7fffffff
+typedef signed long __int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long __uint64_t;
+#define ___int64_t_defined 1
+
+/* GCC has __LONG_LONG_MAX__ */
+#elif  defined(__LONG_LONG_MAX__) && (__LONG_LONG_MAX__ > 0x7fffffff)
+typedef signed long long __int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long __uint64_t;
+#define ___int64_t_defined 1
+
+/* POSIX mandates LLONG_MAX in <limits.h> */
+#elif  defined(LLONG_MAX) && (LLONG_MAX > 0x7fffffff)
+typedef signed long long __int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long __uint64_t;
+#define ___int64_t_defined 1
+
+#elif  __EXP(INT_MAX) > 0x7fffffff
+typedef signed int __int64_t;
+typedef unsigned int __uint64_t;
+#define ___int64_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#undef __EXP
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _MACHINE__DEFAULT_TYPES_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/_types.h b/system/include/libc/machine/_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18f96d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/*
+ *  $Id: _types.h,v 1.3 2007/09/07 21:16:25 jjohnstn Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _MACHINE__TYPES_H
+#define _MACHINE__TYPES_H
+#include <machine/_default_types.h>
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/ansi.h b/system/include/libc/machine/ansi.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..737b6d06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/ansi.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/* dummy header file to support BSD compiler */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/endian.h b/system/include/libc/machine/endian.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07ebc8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/endian.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef __MACHINE_ENDIAN_H__
+
+#include <sys/config.h>
+
+#ifndef BIG_ENDIAN
+#define BIG_ENDIAN 4321
+#endif
+#ifndef LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define LITTLE_ENDIAN 1234
+#endif
+
+#ifndef BYTE_ORDER
+#if defined(__IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN) || defined(__IEEE_BYTES_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+#define BYTE_ORDER LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define BYTE_ORDER BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* __MACHINE_ENDIAN_H__ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/fastmath.h b/system/include/libc/machine/fastmath.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b13befa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/fastmath.h
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#ifdef __sysvnecv70_target
+double EXFUN(fast_sin,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_cos,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_tan,(double));
+
+double EXFUN(fast_asin,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_acos,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_atan,(double));
+
+double EXFUN(fast_sinh,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_cosh,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_tanh,(double));
+
+double EXFUN(fast_asinh,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_acosh,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_atanh,(double));
+
+double EXFUN(fast_abs,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_sqrt,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_exp2,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_exp10,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_expe,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_log10,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_log2,(double));
+double EXFUN(fast_loge,(double));
+
+
+#define	sin(x)		fast_sin(x)
+#define	cos(x)		fast_cos(x)
+#define	tan(x)		fast_tan(x)
+#define	asin(x)		fast_asin(x)
+#define	acos(x)		fast_acos(x)
+#define	atan(x)		fast_atan(x)
+#define	sinh(x)		fast_sinh(x)
+#define	cosh(x)		fast_cosh(x)
+#define	tanh(x)		fast_tanh(x)
+#define	asinh(x)	fast_asinh(x)
+#define	acosh(x)	fast_acosh(x)
+#define	atanh(x)	fast_atanh(x)
+#define	abs(x)		fast_abs(x)
+#define	sqrt(x)		fast_sqrt(x)
+#define	exp2(x)		fast_exp2(x)
+#define	exp10(x)	fast_exp10(x)
+#define	expe(x)		fast_expe(x)
+#define	log10(x)	fast_log10(x)
+#define	log2(x)		fast_log2(x)
+#define	loge(x)		fast_loge(x)
+
+#ifdef _HAVE_STDC
+/* These functions are in assembler, they really do take floats. This
+   can only be used with a real ANSI compiler */
+
+float EXFUN(fast_sinf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_cosf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_tanf,(float));
+
+float EXFUN(fast_asinf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_acosf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_atanf,(float));
+
+float EXFUN(fast_sinhf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_coshf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_tanhf,(float));
+
+float EXFUN(fast_asinhf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_acoshf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_atanhf,(float));
+
+float EXFUN(fast_absf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_sqrtf,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_exp2f,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_exp10f,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_expef,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_log10f,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_log2f,(float));
+float EXFUN(fast_logef,(float));
+#define	sinf(x)		fast_sinf(x)
+#define	cosf(x)		fast_cosf(x)
+#define	tanf(x)		fast_tanf(x)
+#define	asinf(x)	fast_asinf(x)
+#define	acosf(x)	fast_acosf(x)
+#define	atanf(x)	fast_atanf(x)
+#define	sinhf(x)	fast_sinhf(x)
+#define	coshf(x)	fast_coshf(x)
+#define	tanhf(x)	fast_tanhf(x)
+#define	asinhf(x)	fast_asinhf(x)
+#define	acoshf(x)	fast_acoshf(x)
+#define	atanhf(x)	fast_atanhf(x)
+#define	absf(x)		fast_absf(x)
+#define	sqrtf(x)	fast_sqrtf(x)
+#define	exp2f(x)	fast_exp2f(x)
+#define	exp10f(x)	fast_exp10f(x)
+#define	expef(x)	fast_expef(x)
+#define	log10f(x)	fast_log10f(x)
+#define	log2f(x)	fast_log2f(x)
+#define	logef(x)	fast_logef(x)
+#endif
+/* Override the functions defined in math.h */
+#endif /* __sysvnecv70_target */
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/ieeefp.h b/system/include/libc/machine/ieeefp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd3fca97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/ieeefp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+#ifndef __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#ifndef __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+
+/* This file can define macros to choose variations of the IEEE float
+   format:
+
+   _FLT_LARGEST_EXPONENT_IS_NORMAL
+
+	Defined if the float format uses the largest exponent for finite
+	numbers rather than NaN and infinity representations.  Such a
+	format cannot represent NaNs or infinities at all, but it's FLT_MAX
+	is twice the IEEE value.
+
+   _FLT_NO_DENORMALS
+
+	Defined if the float format does not support IEEE denormals.  Every
+	float with a zero exponent is taken to be a zero representation.
+ 
+   ??? At the moment, there are no equivalent macros above for doubles and
+   the macros are not fully supported by --enable-newlib-hw-fp.
+
+   __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+
+        Defined if the float format is big endian.  This is mutually exclusive
+        with __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN.
+
+   __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+ 
+        Defined if the float format is little endian.  This is mutually exclusive
+        with __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN.
+
+   Note that one of __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN or __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN must be specified for a
+   platform or error will occur.
+
+   __IEEE_BYTES_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+
+        This flag is used in conjunction with __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN to describe a situation 
+	whereby multiple words of an IEEE floating point are in big endian order, but the
+	words themselves are little endian with respect to the bytes.
+
+   _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS 
+
+        This is used on platforms that support double by using the 32-bit IEEE
+        float type.
+
+   _FLOAT_ARG
+
+        This represents what type a float arg is passed as.  It is used when the type is
+        not promoted to double.
+	
+*/
+
+#if (defined(__arm__) || defined(__thumb__)) && !defined(__MAVERICK__)
+/* ARM traditionally used big-endian words; and within those words the
+   byte ordering was big or little endian depending upon the target.
+   Modern floating-point formats are naturally ordered; in this case
+   __VFP_FP__ will be defined, even if soft-float.  */
+#ifdef __VFP_FP__
+# ifdef __ARMEL__
+#  define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+# else
+#  define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+# endif
+#else
+# define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+# ifdef __ARMEL__
+#  define __IEEE_BYTES_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+# endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __hppa__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __SPU__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+
+#define isfinite(__y) \
+	(__extension__ ({int __cy; \
+		(sizeof (__y) == sizeof (float))  ? (1) : \
+		(__cy = fpclassify(__y)) != FP_INFINITE && __cy != FP_NAN;}))
+
+#define isinf(__x) ((sizeof (__x) == sizeof (float))  ?  (0) : __isinfd(__x))
+#define isnan(__x) ((sizeof (__x) == sizeof (float))  ?  (0) : __isnand(__x))
+
+/*
+ * Macros for use in ieeefp.h. We can't just define the real ones here
+ * (like those above) as we have name space issues when this is *not*
+ * included via generic the ieeefp.h.
+ */
+#define __ieeefp_isnanf(x)	0
+#define __ieeefp_isinff(x)	0
+#define __ieeefp_finitef(x)	1
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __sparc__
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN_DATA__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__m68k__) || defined(__mc68000__)
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__mc68hc11__) || defined(__mc68hc12__) || defined(__mc68hc1x__)
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#ifdef __HAVE_SHORT_DOUBLE__
+# define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined (__H8300__) || defined (__H8300H__) || defined (__H8300S__) || defined (__H8500__) || defined (__H8300SX__)
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#define _FLOAT_ARG float
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+
+#if defined (__xc16x__) || defined (__xc16xL__) || defined (__xc16xS__)
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define _FLOAT_ARG float
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef __sh__
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#if defined(__SH2E__) || defined(__SH3E__) || defined(__SH4_SINGLE_ONLY__) || defined(__SH2A_SINGLE_ONLY__)
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _AM29K
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __i386__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __i960__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __lm32__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __M32R__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_C4x) || defined(_C3x)
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __TMS320C6X__
+#ifdef _BIG_ENDIAN
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __TIC80__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __MIPSEL__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#ifdef __MIPSEB__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __MMIX__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __D30V__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+/* necv70 was __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN. */
+
+#ifdef __W65__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__Z8001__) || defined(__Z8002__)
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __m88k__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mn10300__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mn10200__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __v800
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __v850
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __D10V__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#if __DOUBLE__ == 32
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __PPC__
+#if (defined(_BIG_ENDIAN) && _BIG_ENDIAN) || (defined(_AIX) && _AIX)
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#else
+#if (defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && _LITTLE_ENDIAN) || (defined(__sun__) && __sun__) || (defined(_WIN32) && _WIN32)
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __xstormy16__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __arc__
+#ifdef __big_endian__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __CRX__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __fr30__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mcore__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mt__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __frv__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __moxie__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __ia64__
+#ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __AVR__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__or32__) || defined(__or1k__) || defined(__or16__)
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __IP2K__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __iq2000__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __MAVERICK__
+#ifdef __ARMEL__
+#  define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#else  /* must be __ARMEB__ */
+#  define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif /* __ARMEL__ */
+#endif /* __MAVERICK__ */
+
+#ifdef __m32c__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __CRIS__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __BFIN__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mep__
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __MICROBLAZE__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __RX__
+
+#ifdef __RX_BIG_ENDIAN__
+#define __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#else
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __RX_64BIT_DOUBLES__
+#define _DOUBLE_IS_32BITS
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __RX_16BIT_INTS__
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+#if (defined(__CR16__) || defined(__CR16C__) ||defined(__CR16CP__))
+#define __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS	/* 16 Bit INT */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#ifndef __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+/* XXX Emscripten #error Endianess not declared!! */
+#endif /* not __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN */
+#endif /* not __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN */
+
+#endif /* not __IEEE_LITTLE_ENDIAN */
+#endif /* not __IEEE_BIG_ENDIAN */
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/malloc.h b/system/include/libc/machine/malloc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fdada9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/malloc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef	_MACHMALLOC_H_
+#define	_MACHMALLOC_H_
+
+/* place holder so platforms may add malloc.h extensions */
+
+#endif	/* _MACHMALLOC_H_ */
+
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/param.h b/system/include/libc/machine/param.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bdf8bf70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/param.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/* Place holder for machine-specific param.h.  */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/setjmp-dj.h b/system/include/libc/machine/setjmp-dj.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9eb6bcf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/setjmp-dj.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 1991 DJ Delorie
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms is permitted
+ * provided that the above copyright notice and following paragraph are
+ * duplicated in all such forms.
+ *
+ * This file is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+ * warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ */
+
+/* Modified to use SETJMP_DJ_H rather than SETJMP_H to avoid
+   conflicting with setjmp.h.  Ian Taylor, Cygnus support, April,
+   1993.  */
+
+#ifndef _SETJMP_DJ_H_
+#define _SETJMP_DJ_H_
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+typedef struct {
+  unsigned long eax;
+  unsigned long ebx;
+  unsigned long ecx;
+  unsigned long edx;
+  unsigned long esi;
+  unsigned long edi;
+  unsigned long ebp;
+  unsigned long esp;
+  unsigned long eip;
+} jmp_buf[1];
+
+extern int setjmp(jmp_buf);
+extern void longjmp(jmp_buf, int);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/setjmp.h b/system/include/libc/machine/setjmp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3f9bda3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/setjmp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+#if defined(__arm__) || defined(__thumb__)
+/*
+ * All callee preserved registers:
+ * v1 - v7, fp, ip, sp, lr, f4, f5, f6, f7
+ */
+#define _JBLEN 23
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__AVR__)
+#define _JBLEN 24
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __sparc__
+/*
+ * onsstack,sigmask,sp,pc,npc,psr,g1,o0,wbcnt (sigcontext).
+ * All else recovered by under/over(flow) handling.
+ */
+#define	_JBLEN	13
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __BFIN__
+#define _JBLEN  40
+#endif
+
+/* necv70 was 9 as well. */
+
+#if defined(__m68k__) || defined(__mc68000__)
+/*
+ * onsstack,sigmask,sp,pc,psl,d2-d7,a2-a6,
+ * fp2-fp7	for 68881.
+ * All else recovered by under/over(flow) handling.
+ */
+#define	_JBLEN	34
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__mc68hc11__) || defined(__mc68hc12__) || defined(__mc68hc1x__)
+/*
+ * D, X, Y are not saved.
+ * Only take into account the pseudo soft registers (max 32).
+ */
+#define _JBLEN  32
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__Z8001__) || defined(__Z8002__)
+/* 16 regs + pc */
+#define _JBLEN 20
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _AM29K
+/*
+ * onsstack,sigmask,sp,pc,npc,psr,g1,o0,wbcnt (sigcontext).
+ * All else recovered by under/over(flow) handling.
+ */
+#define	_JBLEN	9
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined (_JBLEN)
+#define _JBLEN (13 * 4)
+#elif defined (__i386__)
+#if defined(__unix__) || defined(__rtems__)
+# define _JBLEN	9
+#else
+#include "setjmp-dj.h"
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+#define _JBTYPE long long
+#define _JBLEN  8
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __i960__
+#define _JBLEN 35
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __M32R__
+/* Only 8 words are currently needed.  10 gives us some slop if we need
+   to expand.  */
+#define _JBLEN 10
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mips__
+#ifdef __mips64
+#define _JBTYPE long long
+#endif
+#ifdef __mips_soft_float
+#define _JBLEN 11
+#else
+#define _JBLEN 23
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __m88000__
+#define _JBLEN 21
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __H8300__
+#define _JBLEN 5
+#define _JBTYPE int
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __H8300H__
+/* same as H8/300 but registers are twice as big */
+#define _JBLEN 5
+#define _JBTYPE long
+#endif
+
+#if defined (__H8300S__) || defined (__H8300SX__)
+/* same as H8/300 but registers are twice as big */
+#define _JBLEN 5
+#define _JBTYPE long
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __H8500__
+#define _JBLEN 4
+#endif
+
+#ifdef  __sh__
+#if __SH5__
+#define _JBLEN 50
+#define _JBTYPE long long
+#else
+#define _JBLEN 20
+#endif /* __SH5__ */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef  __v800
+#define _JBLEN 28
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __PPC__
+#ifdef __ALTIVEC__
+#define _JBLEN 64
+#else
+#define _JBLEN 32
+#endif
+#define _JBTYPE double
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __MICROBLAZE__
+#define _JBLEN  20
+#define _JBTYPE unsigned int
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __hppa__
+/* %r30, %r2-%r18, %r27, pad, %fr12-%fr15.
+   Note space exists for the FP registers, but they are not
+   saved.  */
+#define _JBLEN 28
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__mn10300__) || defined(__mn10200__)
+#ifdef __AM33_2__
+#define _JBLEN 26
+#else
+/* A guess */
+#define _JBLEN 10
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __v850
+/* I think our setjmp is saving 15 regs at the moment.  Gives us one word
+   slop if we need to expand.  */
+#define _JBLEN 16
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_C4x)
+#define _JBLEN 10
+#endif
+#if defined(_C3x)
+#define _JBLEN 9
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __TMS320C6X__
+#define _JBLEN 13
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __TIC80__
+#define _JBLEN 13
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __D10V__
+#define _JBLEN 8
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __D30V__
+#define _JBLEN ((64 /* GPR */ + (2*2) /* ACs */ + 18 /* CRs */) / 2)
+#define _JBTYPE double
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __frv__
+#define _JBLEN (68/2)  /* room for 68 32-bit regs */
+#define _JBTYPE double
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __moxie__
+#define _JBLEN 16
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __CRX__
+#define _JBLEN 9
+#endif
+
+#if (defined(__CR16__) || defined(__CR16C__) ||defined(__CR16CP__))
+/* r6, r7, r8, r9, r10, r11, r12 (r12L, r12H), 
+ * r13 (r13L, r13H), ra(raL, raH), sp(spL, spH) */
+#define _JBLEN 14
+#define _JBTYPE unsigned short
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __fr30__
+#define _JBLEN 10
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __iq2000__
+#define _JBLEN 32
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mcore__
+#define _JBLEN 16
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __MMIX__
+/* Using a layout compatible with GCC's built-in.  */
+#define _JBLEN 5
+#define _JBTYPE unsigned long
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mt__
+#define _JBLEN 16
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __SPU__
+#define _JBLEN 50 
+#define _JBTYPE __vector signed int
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __xstormy16__
+/* 4 GPRs plus SP plus PC. */
+#define _JBLEN 8
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mep__
+/* 16 GPRs, pc, hi, lo */
+#define _JBLEN 19
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __CRIS__
+#define _JBLEN 18
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __lm32__
+#define _JBLEN 19
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __m32c__
+#if defined(__r8c_cpu__) || defined(__m16c_cpu__)
+#define _JBLEN (22/2)
+#else
+#define _JBLEN (34/2)
+#endif
+#define _JBTYPE unsigned short
+#endif /* __m32c__ */
+
+#ifdef __RX__
+#define _JBLEN 0x44
+#endif
+
+#ifdef EMSCRIPTEN /* Not that this can actually work... */
+#define _JBLEN 20
+#define _JBTYPE unsigned short
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _JBLEN
+#ifdef _JBTYPE
+typedef	_JBTYPE jmp_buf[_JBLEN];
+#else
+typedef	int jmp_buf[_JBLEN];
+#endif
+#endif
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__)
+#include <signal.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* POSIX sigsetjmp/siglongjmp macros */
+#ifdef _JBTYPE
+typedef _JBTYPE sigjmp_buf[_JBLEN+1+(sizeof (sigset_t)/sizeof (_JBTYPE))];
+#else
+typedef int sigjmp_buf[_JBLEN+1+(sizeof (sigset_t)/sizeof (int))];
+#endif
+
+#define _SAVEMASK	_JBLEN
+#define _SIGMASK	(_JBLEN+1)
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+# define _CYGWIN_WORKING_SIGSETJMP
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _POSIX_THREADS
+#define __SIGMASK_FUNC pthread_sigmask
+#else
+#define __SIGMASK_FUNC sigprocmask
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+
+#define sigsetjmp(env, savemask) \
+            __extension__ \
+            ({ \
+              sigjmp_buf *_sjbuf = &(env); \
+              ((*_sjbuf)[_SAVEMASK] = savemask,\
+              __SIGMASK_FUNC (SIG_SETMASK, 0, (sigset_t *)((*_sjbuf) + _SIGMASK)),\
+              setjmp (*_sjbuf)); \
+            })
+
+#define siglongjmp(env, val) \
+            __extension__ \
+            ({ \
+              sigjmp_buf *_sjbuf = &(env); \
+              ((((*_sjbuf)[_SAVEMASK]) ? \
+               __SIGMASK_FUNC (SIG_SETMASK, (sigset_t *)((*_sjbuf) + _SIGMASK), 0)\
+               : 0), \
+               longjmp (*_sjbuf, val)); \
+            })
+
+#else /* !__GNUC__ */
+
+#define sigsetjmp(env, savemask) ((env)[_SAVEMASK] = savemask,\
+               __SIGMASK_FUNC (SIG_SETMASK, 0, (sigset_t *) ((env) + _SIGMASK)),\
+               setjmp (env))
+
+#define siglongjmp(env, val) ((((env)[_SAVEMASK])?\
+               __SIGMASK_FUNC (SIG_SETMASK, (sigset_t *) ((env) + _SIGMASK), 0):0),\
+               longjmp (env, val))
+
+#endif
+
+/* POSIX _setjmp/_longjmp, maintained for XSI compatibility.  These
+   are equivalent to sigsetjmp/siglongjmp when not saving the signal mask.
+   New applications should use sigsetjmp/siglongjmp instead. */
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+extern void _longjmp(jmp_buf, int);
+extern int _setjmp(jmp_buf);
+#else
+#define _setjmp(env)		sigsetjmp ((env), 0)
+#define _longjmp(env, val)	siglongjmp ((env), (val))
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* __CYGWIN__ or __rtems__ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/stdlib.h b/system/include/libc/machine/stdlib.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa3f3a13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/stdlib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef	_MACHSTDLIB_H_
+#define	_MACHSTDLIB_H_
+
+/* place holder so platforms may add stdlib.h extensions */
+
+#endif	/* _MACHSTDLIB_H_ */
+
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/termios.h b/system/include/libc/machine/termios.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41fd4593
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/termios.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#define __MAX_BAUD  B4000000
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/time.h b/system/include/libc/machine/time.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54de2700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/time.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef	_MACHTIME_H_
+#define	_MACHTIME_H_
+
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+/* XXX Emscripten #define _CLOCKS_PER_SEC_  sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) */
+#else  /* !__rtems__ */
+#if defined(__arm__) || defined(__thumb__)
+/* XXX Emscripten #define _CLOCKS_PER_SEC_ 100 */
+#endif
+#endif /* !__rtems__ */
+
+#ifdef __SPU__
+#include <sys/types.h>
+int nanosleep (const struct timespec *, struct timespec *);
+#endif
+
+#endif	/* _MACHTIME_H_ */
+
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/machine/types.h b/system/include/libc/machine/types.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40a75faa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/machine/types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#ifndef	_MACHTYPES_H_
+#define	_MACHTYPES_H_
+
+/*
+ *  The following section is RTEMS specific and is needed to more
+ *  closely match the types defined in the BSD machine/types.h.
+ *  This is needed to let the RTEMS/BSD TCP/IP stack compile.
+ */
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+#include <machine/_types.h>
+#endif
+
+#define	_CLOCK_T_	unsigned long		/* clock() */
+#define	_TIME_T_	long			/* time() */
+#define _CLOCKID_T_ 	unsigned long
+#define _TIMER_T_   	unsigned long
+
+#ifndef _HAVE_SYSTYPES
+typedef long int __off_t;
+typedef int __pid_t;
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+__extension__ typedef long long int __loff_t;
+#else
+typedef long int __loff_t;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif	/* _MACHTYPES_H_ */
+
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/malloc.h b/system/include/libc/malloc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c46357c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/malloc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+/* malloc.h -- header file for memory routines.  */
+
+#ifndef _INCLUDE_MALLOC_H_
+#define _INCLUDE_MALLOC_H_
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+#define __need_size_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+/* include any machine-specific extensions */
+#include <machine/malloc.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* This version of struct mallinfo must match the one in
+   libc/stdlib/mallocr.c.  */
+
+struct mallinfo {
+  int arena;    /* total space allocated from system */
+  int ordblks;  /* number of non-inuse chunks */
+  int smblks;   /* unused -- always zero */
+  int hblks;    /* number of mmapped regions */
+  int hblkhd;   /* total space in mmapped regions */
+  int usmblks;  /* unused -- always zero */
+  int fsmblks;  /* unused -- always zero */
+  int uordblks; /* total allocated space */
+  int fordblks; /* total non-inuse space */
+  int keepcost; /* top-most, releasable (via malloc_trim) space */
+};	
+
+/* The routines.  */
+
+extern _PTR malloc _PARAMS ((size_t));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _malloc_r
+#define _malloc_r(r, s) malloc (s)
+#else
+extern _PTR _malloc_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, size_t));
+#endif
+
+extern _VOID free _PARAMS ((_PTR));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _free_r
+#define _free_r(r, p) free (p)
+#else
+extern _VOID _free_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, _PTR));
+#endif
+
+extern _PTR realloc _PARAMS ((_PTR, size_t));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _realloc_r
+#define _realloc_r(r, p, s) realloc (p, s)
+#else
+extern _PTR _realloc_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, _PTR, size_t));
+#endif
+
+extern _PTR calloc _PARAMS ((size_t, size_t));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _calloc_r
+#define _calloc_r(r, s1, s2) calloc (s1, s2);
+#else
+extern _PTR _calloc_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, size_t, size_t));
+#endif
+
+extern _PTR memalign _PARAMS ((size_t, size_t));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _memalign_r
+#define _memalign_r(r, s1, s2) memalign (s1, s2);
+#else
+extern _PTR _memalign_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, size_t, size_t));
+#endif
+
+extern struct mallinfo mallinfo _PARAMS ((void));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _mallinfo_r
+#define _mallinfo_r(r) mallinfo ()
+#else
+extern struct mallinfo _mallinfo_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *));
+#endif
+
+extern void malloc_stats _PARAMS ((void));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _malloc_stats_r
+#define _malloc_stats_r(r) malloc_stats ()
+#else
+extern void _malloc_stats_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *));
+#endif
+
+extern int mallopt _PARAMS ((int, int));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _mallopt_r
+#define _mallopt_r(i1, i2) mallopt (i1, i2)
+#else
+extern int _mallopt_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int, int));
+#endif
+
+extern size_t malloc_usable_size _PARAMS ((_PTR));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _malloc_usable_size_r
+#define _malloc_usable_size_r(r, p) malloc_usable_size (p)
+#else
+extern size_t _malloc_usable_size_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, _PTR));
+#endif
+
+/* These aren't too useful on an embedded system, but we define them
+   anyhow.  */
+
+extern _PTR valloc _PARAMS ((size_t));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _valloc_r
+#define _valloc_r(r, s) valloc (s)
+#else
+extern _PTR _valloc_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, size_t));
+#endif
+
+extern _PTR pvalloc _PARAMS ((size_t));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _pvalloc_r
+#define _pvalloc_r(r, s) pvalloc (s)
+#else
+extern _PTR _pvalloc_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, size_t));
+#endif
+
+extern int malloc_trim _PARAMS ((size_t));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _malloc_trim_r
+#define _malloc_trim_r(r, s) malloc_trim (s)
+#else
+extern int _malloc_trim_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, size_t));
+#endif
+
+/* A compatibility routine for an earlier version of the allocator.  */
+
+extern _VOID mstats _PARAMS ((char *));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#undef _mstats_r
+#define _mstats_r(r, p) mstats (p)
+#else
+extern _VOID _mstats_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, char *));
+#endif
+
+/* SVID2/XPG mallopt options */
+
+#define M_MXFAST  1    /* UNUSED in this malloc */
+#define M_NLBLKS  2    /* UNUSED in this malloc */
+#define M_GRAIN   3    /* UNUSED in this malloc */
+#define M_KEEP    4    /* UNUSED in this malloc */
+
+/* mallopt options that actually do something */
+  
+#define M_TRIM_THRESHOLD    -1
+#define M_TOP_PAD           -2
+#define M_MMAP_THRESHOLD    -3 
+#define M_MMAP_MAX          -4
+
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+/* Some systems provide this, so do too for compatibility.  */
+extern void cfree _PARAMS ((_PTR));
+#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _INCLUDE_MALLOC_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/math.h b/system/include/libc/math.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d963c6c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/math.h
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+#ifndef  _MATH_H_
+
+#define  _MATH_H_
+
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+#include <machine/ieeefp.h>
+#include "_ansi.h"
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+/* __dmath, __fmath, and __ldmath are only here for backwards compatibility
+ * in case any code used them.  They are no longer used by Newlib, itself,
+ * other than legacy.  */
+union __dmath
+{
+  double d;
+  __ULong i[2];
+};
+
+union __fmath
+{
+  float f;
+  __ULong i[1];
+};
+
+#if defined(_HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE)
+union __ldmath
+{
+  long double ld;
+  __ULong i[4];
+};
+#endif
+
+/* Natural log of 2 */
+#define _M_LN2        0.693147180559945309417
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && \
+  ( (__GNUC__ >= 4) || \
+    ( (__GNUC__ >= 3) && defined(__GNUC_MINOR__) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3) ) )
+
+ /* gcc >= 3.3 implicitly defines builtins for HUGE_VALx values.  */
+
+# ifndef HUGE_VAL
+#  define HUGE_VAL (__builtin_huge_val())
+# endif
+
+# ifndef HUGE_VALF
+#  define HUGE_VALF (__builtin_huge_valf())
+# endif
+
+# ifndef HUGE_VALL
+#  define HUGE_VALL (__builtin_huge_vall())
+# endif
+
+# ifndef INFINITY
+#  define INFINITY (__builtin_inff())
+# endif
+
+# ifndef NAN
+#  define NAN (__builtin_nanf(""))
+# endif
+
+#else /* !gcc >= 3.3  */
+
+ /*      No builtins.  Use fixed defines instead.  (All 3 HUGE plus the INFINITY
+  * and NAN macros are required to be constant expressions.  Using a variable--
+  * even a static const--does not meet this requirement, as it cannot be
+  * evaluated at translation time.)
+  *      The infinities are done using numbers that are far in excess of
+  * something that would be expected to be encountered in a floating-point
+  * implementation.  (A more certain way uses values from float.h, but that is
+  * avoided because system includes are not supposed to include each other.)
+  *      This method might produce warnings from some compilers.  (It does in
+  * newer GCCs, but not for ones that would hit this #else.)  If this happens,
+  * please report details to the Newlib mailing list.  */
+
+ #ifndef HUGE_VAL
+  #define HUGE_VAL (1.0e999999999)
+ #endif
+
+ #ifndef HUGE_VALF
+  #define HUGE_VALF (1.0e999999999F)
+ #endif
+
+ #if !defined(HUGE_VALL)  &&  defined(_HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE)
+  #define HUGE_VALL (1.0e999999999L)
+ #endif
+
+ #if !defined(INFINITY)
+  #define INFINITY (HUGE_VALF)
+ #endif
+
+ #if !defined(NAN)
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)  &&  defined(__cplusplus)
+    /* Exception:  older g++ versions warn about the divide by 0 used in the
+     * normal case (even though older gccs do not).  This trick suppresses the
+     * warning, but causes errors for plain gcc, so is only used in the one
+     * special case.  */
+    static const union { __ULong __i[1]; float __d; } __Nanf = {0x7FC00000};
+    #define NAN (__Nanf.__d)
+  #else
+    #define NAN (0.0F/0.0F)
+  #endif
+ #endif
+
+#endif /* !gcc >= 3.3  */
+
+/* Reentrant ANSI C functions.  */
+
+#ifndef __math_68881
+extern double atan _PARAMS((double));
+extern double cos _PARAMS((double));
+extern double sin _PARAMS((double));
+extern double tan _PARAMS((double));
+extern double tanh _PARAMS((double));
+extern double frexp _PARAMS((double, int *));
+extern double modf _PARAMS((double, double *));
+extern double ceil _PARAMS((double));
+extern double fabs _PARAMS((double));
+extern double floor _PARAMS((double));
+#endif /* ! defined (__math_68881) */
+
+/* Non reentrant ANSI C functions.  */
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+#ifndef __math_68881
+extern double acos _PARAMS((double));
+extern double asin _PARAMS((double));
+extern double atan2 _PARAMS((double, double));
+extern double cosh _PARAMS((double));
+extern double sinh _PARAMS((double));
+extern double exp _PARAMS((double));
+extern double ldexp _PARAMS((double, int));
+extern double log _PARAMS((double));
+extern double log10 _PARAMS((double));
+extern double pow _PARAMS((double, double));
+extern double sqrt _PARAMS((double));
+extern double fmod _PARAMS((double, double));
+#endif /* ! defined (__math_68881) */
+#endif /* ! defined (_REENT_ONLY) */
+
+#if !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__) || defined(__cplusplus) || __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+
+/* ISO C99 types and macros. */
+
+#ifndef FLT_EVAL_METHOD
+#define FLT_EVAL_METHOD 0
+typedef float float_t;
+typedef double double_t;
+#endif /* FLT_EVAL_METHOD */
+
+#define FP_NAN         0
+#define FP_INFINITE    1
+#define FP_ZERO        2
+#define FP_SUBNORMAL   3
+#define FP_NORMAL      4
+
+#ifndef FP_ILOGB0
+# define FP_ILOGB0 (-INT_MAX)
+#endif
+#ifndef FP_ILOGBNAN
+# define FP_ILOGBNAN INT_MAX
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MATH_ERRNO
+# define MATH_ERRNO 1
+#endif
+#ifndef MATH_ERREXCEPT
+# define MATH_ERREXCEPT 2
+#endif
+#ifndef math_errhandling
+# define math_errhandling MATH_ERRNO
+#endif
+
+extern int __isinff (float x);
+extern int __isinfd (double x);
+extern int __isnanf (float x);
+extern int __isnand (double x);
+extern int __fpclassifyf (float x);
+extern int __fpclassifyd (double x);
+extern int __signbitf (float x);
+extern int __signbitd (double x);
+
+#define fpclassify(__x) \
+	((sizeof(__x) == sizeof(float))  ? __fpclassifyf(__x) : \
+	__fpclassifyd(__x))
+
+#ifndef isfinite
+  #define isfinite(__y) \
+          (__extension__ ({int __cy = fpclassify(__y); \
+                           __cy != FP_INFINITE && __cy != FP_NAN;}))
+#endif
+
+/* Note: isinf and isnan were once functions in newlib that took double
+ *       arguments.  C99 specifies that these names are reserved for macros
+ *       supporting multiple floating point types.  Thus, they are
+ *       now defined as macros.  Implementations of the old functions
+ *       taking double arguments still exist for compatibility purposes
+ *       (prototypes for them are in <ieeefp.h>).  */
+#ifndef isinf
+  #define isinf(y) (fpclassify(y) == FP_INFINITE)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef isnan
+  #define isnan(y) (fpclassify(y) == FP_NAN)
+#endif
+
+#define isnormal(y) (fpclassify(y) == FP_NORMAL)
+#define signbit(__x) \
+	((sizeof(__x) == sizeof(float))  ?  __signbitf(__x) : \
+		__signbitd(__x))
+
+#define isgreater(x,y) \
+          (__extension__ ({__typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y); \
+                           !isunordered(__x,__y) && (__x > __y);}))
+#define isgreaterequal(x,y) \
+          (__extension__ ({__typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y); \
+                           !isunordered(__x,__y) && (__x >= __y);}))
+#define isless(x,y) \
+          (__extension__ ({__typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y); \
+                           !isunordered(__x,__y) && (__x < __y);}))
+#define islessequal(x,y) \
+          (__extension__ ({__typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y); \
+                           !isunordered(__x,__y) && (__x <= __y);}))
+#define islessgreater(x,y) \
+          (__extension__ ({__typeof__(x) __x = (x); __typeof__(y) __y = (y); \
+                           !isunordered(__x,__y) && (__x < __y || __x > __y);}))
+
+#define isunordered(a,b) \
+          (__extension__ ({__typeof__(a) __a = (a); __typeof__(b) __b = (b); \
+                           fpclassify(__a) == FP_NAN || fpclassify(__b) == FP_NAN;}))
+
+/* Non ANSI double precision functions.  */
+
+/* XXX Emscripten extern double infinity _PARAMS((void)); */
+extern double nan _PARAMS((const char *));
+extern int finite _PARAMS((double));
+extern double copysign _PARAMS((double, double));
+extern double logb _PARAMS((double));
+extern int ilogb _PARAMS((double));
+
+extern double asinh _PARAMS((double));
+extern double cbrt _PARAMS((double));
+extern double nextafter _PARAMS((double, double));
+extern double rint _PARAMS((double));
+extern double scalbn _PARAMS((double, int));
+
+extern double exp2 _PARAMS((double));
+extern double scalbln _PARAMS((double, long int));
+extern double tgamma _PARAMS((double));
+extern double nearbyint _PARAMS((double));
+extern long int lrint _PARAMS((double));
+extern _LONG_LONG_TYPE int llrint _PARAMS((double));
+extern double round _PARAMS((double));
+extern long int lround _PARAMS((double));
+extern long long int llround _PARAMS((double));
+extern double trunc _PARAMS((double));
+extern double remquo _PARAMS((double, double, int *));
+extern double fdim _PARAMS((double, double));
+extern double fmax _PARAMS((double, double));
+extern double fmin _PARAMS((double, double));
+extern double fma _PARAMS((double, double, double));
+
+#ifndef __math_68881
+extern double log1p _PARAMS((double));
+extern double expm1 _PARAMS((double));
+#endif /* ! defined (__math_68881) */
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+extern double acosh _PARAMS((double));
+extern double atanh _PARAMS((double));
+extern double remainder _PARAMS((double, double));
+extern double gamma _PARAMS((double));
+extern double lgamma _PARAMS((double));
+extern double erf _PARAMS((double));
+extern double erfc _PARAMS((double));
+extern double log2 _PARAMS((double));
+#if !defined(__cplusplus)
+#define log2(x) (log (x) / _M_LN2)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __math_68881
+extern double hypot _PARAMS((double, double));
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ! defined (_REENT_ONLY) */
+
+/* Single precision versions of ANSI functions.  */
+
+extern float atanf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float cosf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float sinf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float tanf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float tanhf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float frexpf _PARAMS((float, int *));
+extern float modff _PARAMS((float, float *));
+extern float ceilf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float fabsf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float floorf _PARAMS((float));
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+extern float acosf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float asinf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float atan2f _PARAMS((float, float));
+extern float coshf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float sinhf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float expf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float ldexpf _PARAMS((float, int));
+extern float logf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float log10f _PARAMS((float));
+extern float powf _PARAMS((float, float));
+extern float sqrtf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float fmodf _PARAMS((float, float));
+#endif /* ! defined (_REENT_ONLY) */
+
+/* Other single precision functions.  */
+
+extern float exp2f _PARAMS((float));
+extern float scalblnf _PARAMS((float, long int));
+extern float tgammaf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float nearbyintf _PARAMS((float));
+extern long int lrintf _PARAMS((float));
+extern _LONG_LONG_TYPE llrintf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float roundf _PARAMS((float));
+extern long int lroundf _PARAMS((float));
+extern long long int llroundf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float truncf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float remquof _PARAMS((float, float, int *));
+extern float fdimf _PARAMS((float, float));
+extern float fmaxf _PARAMS((float, float));
+extern float fminf _PARAMS((float, float));
+extern float fmaf _PARAMS((float, float, float));
+
+extern float infinityf _PARAMS((void));
+extern float nanf _PARAMS((const char *));
+extern int finitef _PARAMS((float));
+extern float copysignf _PARAMS((float, float));
+extern float logbf _PARAMS((float));
+extern int ilogbf _PARAMS((float));
+
+extern float asinhf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float cbrtf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float nextafterf _PARAMS((float, float));
+extern float rintf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float scalbnf _PARAMS((float, int));
+extern float log1pf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float expm1f _PARAMS((float));
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+extern float acoshf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float atanhf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float remainderf _PARAMS((float, float));
+extern float gammaf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float lgammaf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float erff _PARAMS((float));
+extern float erfcf _PARAMS((float));
+extern float log2f _PARAMS((float));
+#if !defined(__cplusplus)
+#define log2f(x) (logf (x) / (float_t) _M_LN2)
+#endif
+extern float hypotf _PARAMS((float, float));
+#endif /* ! defined (_REENT_ONLY) */
+
+/* On platforms where long double equals double.  */
+#if defined(_LDBL_EQ_DBL) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+/* Reentrant ANSI C functions.  */
+#ifndef __math_68881
+extern long double atanl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double cosl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double sinl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double tanl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double tanhl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double frexpl _PARAMS((long double value, int *));
+extern long double modfl _PARAMS((long double, long double *));
+extern long double ceill _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double fabsl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double floorl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double log1pl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double expm1l _PARAMS((long double));
+#endif /* ! defined (__math_68881) */
+/* Non reentrant ANSI C functions.  */
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+#ifndef __math_68881
+
+extern long double acosl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double asinl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double atan2l _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+extern long double coshl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double sinhl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double expl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double ldexpl _PARAMS((long double, int));
+extern long double logl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double log10l _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double powl _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+extern long double sqrtl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double fmodl _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+extern long double hypotl _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+#endif /* ! defined (__math_68881) */
+#endif /* ! defined (_REENT_ONLY) */
+extern long double copysignl _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+extern long double nanl _PARAMS((const char *));
+extern int ilogbl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double asinhl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double cbrtl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double nextafterl _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+extern long double rintl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double scalbnl _PARAMS((long double, int));
+extern long double exp2l _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double scalblnl _PARAMS((long double, long));
+extern long double tgammal _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double nearbyintl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long int lrintl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long long int llrintl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double roundl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long lroundl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern _LONG_LONG_TYPE int llroundl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double truncl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double remquol _PARAMS((long double, long double, int *));
+extern long double fdiml _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+extern long double fmaxl _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+extern long double fminl _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+extern long double fmal _PARAMS((long double, long double, long double));
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+extern long double acoshl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double atanhl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double remainderl _PARAMS((long double, long double));
+extern long double lgammal _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double erfl _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double erfcl _PARAMS((long double));
+
+/* XXX Emscripten: 5 more */
+extern long double log2l _PARAMS((long double));
+extern long double logbl _PARAMS((long double));
+double nexttoward(double x, long double y);
+float nexttowardf(float x, long double y);
+long double nexttowardl(long double x, long double y);
+
+#endif /* ! defined (_REENT_ONLY) */
+#else /* !_LDBL_EQ_DBL */
+#ifdef __i386__
+/* Other long double precision functions.  */
+extern _LONG_DOUBLE rintl _PARAMS((_LONG_DOUBLE));
+extern long int lrintl _PARAMS((_LONG_DOUBLE));
+extern _LONG_LONG_TYPE llrintl _PARAMS((_LONG_DOUBLE));
+#endif /* __i386__ */
+#endif /* !_LDBL_EQ_DBL */
+
+#endif /* !defined (__STRICT_ANSI__) || defined(__cplusplus) || __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L */
+
+#if !defined (__STRICT_ANSI__) || defined(__cplusplus)
+
+extern double drem _PARAMS((double, double));
+extern void sincos _PARAMS((double, double *, double *));
+extern double gamma_r _PARAMS((double, int *));
+extern double lgamma_r _PARAMS((double, int *));
+
+extern double y0 _PARAMS((double));
+extern double y1 _PARAMS((double));
+extern double yn _PARAMS((int, double));
+extern double j0 _PARAMS((double));
+extern double j1 _PARAMS((double));
+extern double jn _PARAMS((int, double));
+
+extern float dremf _PARAMS((float, float));
+extern void sincosf _PARAMS((float, float *, float *));
+extern float gammaf_r _PARAMS((float, int *));
+extern float lgammaf_r _PARAMS((float, int *));
+
+extern float y0f _PARAMS((float));
+extern float y1f _PARAMS((float));
+extern float ynf _PARAMS((int, float));
+extern float j0f _PARAMS((float));
+extern float j1f _PARAMS((float));
+extern float jnf _PARAMS((int, float));
+
+/* GNU extensions */
+# ifndef exp10
+extern double exp10 _PARAMS((double));
+# endif
+# ifndef pow10
+extern double pow10 _PARAMS((double));
+# endif
+# ifndef exp10f
+extern float exp10f _PARAMS((float));
+# endif
+# ifndef pow10f
+extern float pow10f _PARAMS((float));
+# endif
+
+#endif /* !defined (__STRICT_ANSI__) || defined(__cplusplus) */
+
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+
+/* The gamma functions use a global variable, signgam.  */
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+#define signgam (*__signgam())
+extern int *__signgam _PARAMS((void));
+#endif /* ! defined (_REENT_ONLY) */
+
+#define __signgam_r(ptr) _REENT_SIGNGAM(ptr)
+
+/* The exception structure passed to the matherr routine.  */
+/* We have a problem when using C++ since `exception' is a reserved
+   name in C++.  */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+struct __exception
+#else
+struct exception
+#endif
+{
+  int type;
+  char *name;
+  double arg1;
+  double arg2;
+  double retval;
+  int err;
+};
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern int matherr _PARAMS((struct __exception *e));
+#else
+extern int matherr _PARAMS((struct exception *e));
+#endif
+
+/* Values for the type field of struct exception.  */
+
+#define DOMAIN 1
+#define SING 2
+#define OVERFLOW 3
+#define UNDERFLOW 4
+#define TLOSS 5
+#define PLOSS 6
+
+/* Useful constants.  */
+
+#define MAXFLOAT	3.40282347e+38F
+
+#define M_E		2.7182818284590452354
+#define M_LOG2E		1.4426950408889634074
+#define M_LOG10E	0.43429448190325182765
+#define M_LN2		_M_LN2
+#define M_LN10		2.30258509299404568402
+#define M_PI		3.14159265358979323846
+#define M_TWOPI         (M_PI * 2.0)
+#define M_PI_2		1.57079632679489661923
+#define M_PI_4		0.78539816339744830962
+#define M_3PI_4		2.3561944901923448370E0
+#define M_SQRTPI        1.77245385090551602792981
+#define M_1_PI		0.31830988618379067154
+#define M_2_PI		0.63661977236758134308
+#define M_2_SQRTPI	1.12837916709551257390
+#define M_SQRT2		1.41421356237309504880
+#define M_SQRT1_2	0.70710678118654752440
+#define M_LN2LO         1.9082149292705877000E-10
+#define M_LN2HI         6.9314718036912381649E-1
+#define M_SQRT3	1.73205080756887719000
+#define M_IVLN10        0.43429448190325182765 /* 1 / log(10) */
+#define M_LOG2_E        _M_LN2
+#define M_INVLN2        1.4426950408889633870E0  /* 1 / log(2) */
+
+/* Global control over fdlibm error handling.  */
+
+enum __fdlibm_version
+{
+  __fdlibm_ieee = -1,
+  __fdlibm_svid,
+  __fdlibm_xopen,
+  __fdlibm_posix
+};
+
+#define _LIB_VERSION_TYPE enum __fdlibm_version
+#define _LIB_VERSION __fdlib_version
+
+extern __IMPORT _LIB_VERSION_TYPE _LIB_VERSION;
+
+#define _IEEE_  __fdlibm_ieee
+#define _SVID_  __fdlibm_svid
+#define _XOPEN_ __fdlibm_xopen
+#define _POSIX_ __fdlibm_posix
+
+#endif /* ! defined (__STRICT_ANSI__) */
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#ifdef __FAST_MATH__
+#include <machine/fastmath.h>
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _MATH_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/newlib.h b/system/include/libc/newlib.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4fffb16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/newlib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/* dummy file for external tools to use.  Real file is created by
+   newlib configuration. */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/paths.h b/system/include/libc/paths.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36cf78a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/paths.h
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#ifndef	_PATHS_H_
+#define _PATHS_H_
+
+#define _PATH_DEV	"/dev/"
+#define _PATH_BSHELL    "/bin/sh"
+
+#endif /* _PATHS_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/process.h b/system/include/libc/process.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a73564a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/process.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/* process.h.  This file comes with MSDOS and WIN32 systems.  */
+
+#ifndef __PROCESS_H_
+#define __PROCESS_H_
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+int execl(const char *path, const char *argv0, ...);
+int execle(const char *path, const char *argv0, ... /*, char * const *envp */);
+int execlp(const char *path, const char *argv0, ...);
+int execlpe(const char *path, const char *argv0, ... /*, char * const *envp */);
+
+int execv(const char *path, char * const *argv);
+int execve(const char *path, char * const *argv, char * const *envp);
+int execvp(const char *path, char * const *argv);
+int execvpe(const char *path, char * const *argv, char * const *envp);
+
+int spawnl(int mode, const char *path, const char *argv0, ...);
+int spawnle(int mode, const char *path, const char *argv0, ... /*, char * const *envp */);
+int spawnlp(int mode, const char *path, const char *argv0, ...);
+int spawnlpe(int mode, const char *path, const char *argv0, ... /*, char * const *envp */);
+
+int spawnv(int mode, const char *path, const char * const *argv);
+int spawnve(int mode, const char *path, const char * const *argv, const char * const *envp);
+int spawnvp(int mode, const char *path, const char * const *argv);
+int spawnvpe(int mode, const char *path, const char * const *argv, const char * const *envp);
+
+int cwait(int *, int, int);
+
+#define _P_WAIT		1
+#define _P_NOWAIT	2	/* always generates error */
+#define _P_OVERLAY	3
+#define _P_NOWAITO	4
+#define _P_DETACH	5
+
+#define WAIT_CHILD 1
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/pthread.h b/system/include/libc/pthread.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f845937
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/pthread.h
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+/*  pthread.h
+ *
+ *  Written by Joel Sherrill <joel@OARcorp.com>.
+ *
+ *  COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2010.
+ *  On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+ *
+ *  Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ *  purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice
+ *  is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy
+ *  or modification of this software.
+ *
+ *  THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+ *  WARRANTY.  IN PARTICULAR,  THE AUTHOR MAKES NO REPRESENTATION
+ *  OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY OF THIS
+ *  SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ *
+ *  $Id: pthread.h,v 1.9 2010/12/08 14:44:06 corinna Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef __PTHREAD_h
+#define __PTHREAD_h
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREADS) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <sys/sched.h>
+
+/* Register Fork Handlers */
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_atfork,(void (*prepare)(void), void (*parent)(void),
+                   void (*child)(void)));
+          
+/* Mutex Initialization Attributes, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 81 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_init, (pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_destroy, (pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_getpshared,
+		(_CONST pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr, int  *__pshared));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_setpshared,
+		(pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr, int __pshared));
+
+#if defined(_UNIX98_THREAD_MUTEX_ATTRIBUTES)
+
+/* Single UNIX Specification 2 Mutex Attributes types */
+
+int _EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_gettype,
+		(_CONST pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr, int *__kind));
+int _EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_settype,
+		(pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr, int __kind));
+
+#endif
+
+/* Initializing and Destroying a Mutex, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 87 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutex_init,
+	(pthread_mutex_t *__mutex, _CONST pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutex_destroy, (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex));
+
+/* This is used to statically initialize a pthread_mutex_t. Example:
+  
+    pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+ */
+
+#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER  ((pthread_mutex_t) 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
+/*  Locking and Unlocking a Mutex, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 93
+    NOTE: P1003.4b/D8 adds pthread_mutex_timedlock(), p. 29 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutex_lock, (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutex_trylock, (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutex_unlock, (pthread_mutex_t *__mutex));
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_TIMEOUTS)
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutex_timedlock,
+	(pthread_mutex_t *__mutex, _CONST struct timespec *__timeout));
+
+#endif /* _POSIX_TIMEOUTS */
+
+/* Condition Variable Initialization Attributes, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 96 */
+ 
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_condattr_init, (pthread_condattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_condattr_destroy, (pthread_condattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_condattr_getpshared,
+		(_CONST pthread_condattr_t *__attr, int *__pshared));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_condattr_setpshared,
+		(pthread_condattr_t *__attr, int __pshared));
+ 
+/* Initializing and Destroying a Condition Variable, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 87 */
+ 
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_cond_init,
+	(pthread_cond_t *__cond, _CONST pthread_condattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_cond_destroy, (pthread_cond_t *__mutex));
+ 
+/* This is used to statically initialize a pthread_cond_t. Example:
+  
+    pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
+ */
+ 
+#define PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER  ((pthread_mutex_t) 0xFFFFFFFF)
+ 
+/* Broadcasting and Signaling a Condition, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 101 */
+ 
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_cond_signal, (pthread_cond_t *__cond));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_cond_broadcast, (pthread_cond_t *__cond));
+ 
+/* Waiting on a Condition, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 105 */
+ 
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_cond_wait,
+	(pthread_cond_t *__cond, pthread_mutex_t *__mutex));
+ 
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_cond_timedwait,
+		(pthread_cond_t *__cond, pthread_mutex_t *__mutex,
+		_CONST struct timespec *__abstime));
+ 
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING)
+
+/* Thread Creation Scheduling Attributes, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 120 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_setscope,
+		(pthread_attr_t *__attr, int __contentionscope));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_getscope,
+	(_CONST pthread_attr_t *__attr, int *__contentionscope));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_setinheritsched,
+	(pthread_attr_t *__attr, int __inheritsched));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_getinheritsched,
+	(_CONST pthread_attr_t *__attr, int *__inheritsched));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_setschedpolicy,
+	(pthread_attr_t *__attr, int __policy));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_getschedpolicy,
+	(_CONST pthread_attr_t *__attr, int *__policy));
+
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING) */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_setschedparam,
+	(pthread_attr_t *__attr, _CONST struct sched_param *__param));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_getschedparam,
+	(_CONST pthread_attr_t *__attr, struct sched_param *__param));
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING)
+
+/* Dynamic Thread Scheduling Parameters Access, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 124 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_getschedparam,
+	(pthread_t __pthread, int *__policy, struct sched_param *__param));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_setschedparam,
+	(pthread_t __pthread, int __policy, struct sched_param *__param));
+
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING) */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT) || defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT)
+
+/* Mutex Initialization Scheduling Attributes, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 128 */
+ 
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol,
+	(pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr, int __protocol));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol,
+	(_CONST pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr, int *__protocol));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling,
+	(pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr, int __prioceiling));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling,
+	(_CONST pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr, int *__prioceiling));
+
+#endif /* _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT || _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT)
+
+/* Change the Priority Ceiling of a Mutex, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 131 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutex_setprioceiling,
+	(pthread_mutex_t *__mutex, int __prioceiling, int *__old_ceiling));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_mutex_getprioceiling,
+	(pthread_mutex_t *__mutex, int *__prioceiling));
+
+#endif /* _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT */
+
+/* Thread Creation Attributes, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p, 140 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_init, (pthread_attr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_destroy, (pthread_attr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_setstack, (pthread_attr_t *attr,
+	void *__stackaddr, size_t __stacksize));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_getstack, (_CONST pthread_attr_t *attr,
+	void **__stackaddr, size_t *__stacksize));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_getstacksize,
+	(_CONST pthread_attr_t *__attr, size_t *__stacksize));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_setstacksize,
+	(pthread_attr_t *__attr, size_t __stacksize));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_getstackaddr,
+	(_CONST pthread_attr_t *__attr, void **__stackaddr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_setstackaddr,
+	(pthread_attr_t  *__attr, void *__stackaddr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_getdetachstate,
+	(_CONST pthread_attr_t *__attr, int *__detachstate));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_setdetachstate,
+	(pthread_attr_t *__attr, int __detachstate));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_getguardsize,
+	(_CONST pthread_attr_t *__attr, size_t *__guardsize));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_attr_setguardsize,
+	(pthread_attr_t *__attr, size_t __guardsize));
+
+/* Thread Creation, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 144 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_create,
+	(pthread_t *__pthread, _CONST pthread_attr_t  *__attr,
+	void *(*__start_routine)( void * ), void *__arg));
+
+/* Wait for Thread Termination, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 147 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_join, (pthread_t __pthread, void **__value_ptr));
+
+/* Detaching a Thread, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 149 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_detach, (pthread_t __pthread));
+
+/* Thread Termination, p1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 150 */
+
+void	_EXFUN(pthread_exit, (void *__value_ptr));
+
+/* Get Calling Thread's ID, p1003.1c/Draft 10, p. XXX */
+
+pthread_t	_EXFUN(pthread_self, (void));
+
+/* Compare Thread IDs, p1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 153 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_equal, (pthread_t __t1, pthread_t __t2));
+
+/* Dynamic Package Initialization */
+
+/* This is used to statically initialize a pthread_once_t. Example:
+  
+    pthread_once_t once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
+  
+    NOTE:  This is named inconsistently -- it should be INITIALIZER.  */
+ 
+#define PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT  { 1, 0 }  /* is initialized and not run */
+ 
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_once,
+	(pthread_once_t *__once_control, void (*__init_routine)(void)));
+
+/* Thread-Specific Data Key Create, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 163 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_key_create,
+	(pthread_key_t *__key, void (*__destructor)( void * )));
+
+/* Thread-Specific Data Management, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 165 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_setspecific,
+	(pthread_key_t __key, _CONST void *__value));
+void *	_EXFUN(pthread_getspecific, (pthread_key_t __key));
+
+/* Thread-Specific Data Key Deletion, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 167 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_key_delete, (pthread_key_t __key));
+
+/* Execution of a Thread, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 181 */
+
+#define PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE  0
+#define PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE 1
+
+#define PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED 0
+#define PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS 1
+
+#define PTHREAD_CANCELED ((void *) -1)
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_cancel, (pthread_t __pthread));
+
+/* Setting Cancelability State, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 183 */
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_setcancelstate, (int __state, int *__oldstate));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_setcanceltype, (int __type, int *__oldtype));
+void 	_EXFUN(pthread_testcancel, (void));
+
+/* Establishing Cancellation Handlers, P1003.1c/Draft 10, p. 184 */
+
+void 	_EXFUN(pthread_cleanup_push,
+	(void (*__routine)( void * ), void *__arg));
+void 	_EXFUN(pthread_cleanup_pop, (int __execute));
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME)
+ 
+/* Accessing a Thread CPU-time Clock, P1003.4b/D8, p. 58 */
+ 
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_getcpuclockid,
+	(pthread_t __pthread_id, clockid_t *__clock_id));
+ 
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME) */
+
+
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_THREADS) */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_BARRIERS)
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_barrierattr_init, (pthread_barrierattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_barrierattr_destroy, (pthread_barrierattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_barrierattr_getpshared,
+	(_CONST pthread_barrierattr_t *__attr, int *__pshared));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_barrierattr_setpshared,
+	(pthread_barrierattr_t *__attr, int __pshared));
+
+#define PTHREAD_BARRIER_SERIAL_THREAD -1
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_barrier_init,
+	(pthread_barrier_t *__barrier,
+	_CONST pthread_barrierattr_t *__attr, unsigned __count));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_barrier_destroy, (pthread_barrier_t *__barrier));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_barrier_wait,(pthread_barrier_t *__barrier));
+
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_BARRIERS) */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS)
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_spin_init,
+	(pthread_spinlock_t *__spinlock, int __pshared));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_spin_destroy, (pthread_spinlock_t *__spinlock));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_spin_lock, (pthread_spinlock_t *__spinlock));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_spin_trylock, (pthread_spinlock_t *__spinlock));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_spin_unlock, (pthread_spinlock_t *__spinlock));
+
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS) */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS)
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlockattr_init, (pthread_rwlockattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlockattr_destroy, (pthread_rwlockattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared,
+	(_CONST pthread_rwlockattr_t *__attr, int *__pshared));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared,
+	(pthread_rwlockattr_t *__attr, int __pshared));
+
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlock_init,
+	(pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock, _CONST pthread_rwlockattr_t *__attr));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlock_destroy, (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlock_rdlock,(pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock,(pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock,
+        (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock, _CONST struct timespec *__abstime));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlock_unlock,(pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlock_wrlock,(pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlock_trywrlock,(pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock));
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock,
+        (pthread_rwlock_t *__rwlock, _CONST struct timespec *__abstime));
+
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS) */
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+/* end of include file */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/pwd.h b/system/include/libc/pwd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1526abfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/pwd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1989 The Regents of the University of California.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)pwd.h	5.13 (Berkeley) 5/28/91
+ */
+
+#ifndef _PWD_H_
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+#define	_PWD_H_
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE
+#define	_PATH_PASSWD		"/etc/passwd"
+
+#define	_PASSWORD_LEN		128	/* max length, not counting NULL */
+#endif
+
+struct passwd {
+	char	*pw_name;		/* user name */
+	char	*pw_passwd;		/* encrypted password */
+	uid_t	pw_uid;			/* user uid */
+	gid_t	pw_gid;			/* user gid */
+	char	*pw_comment;		/* comment */
+	char	*pw_gecos;		/* Honeywell login info */
+	char	*pw_dir;		/* home directory */
+	char	*pw_shell;		/* default shell */
+};
+
+#ifndef __INSIDE_CYGWIN__
+struct passwd	*getpwuid (uid_t);
+struct passwd	*getpwnam (const char *);
+int 		 getpwnam_r (const char *, struct passwd *,
+			char *, size_t , struct passwd **);
+int		 getpwuid_r (uid_t, struct passwd *, char *,
+			size_t, struct passwd **);
+#ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE
+struct passwd	*getpwent (void);
+void		 setpwent (void);
+void		 endpwent (void);
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _PWD_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/readme.txt b/system/include/libc/readme.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c2820f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/readme.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+stddef.h, stdarg.h - from Clang (svn pre-3.0)
+Everything else - from Newlib (1.19)
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/reent.h b/system/include/libc/reent.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4617c0d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/reent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+/* This header file provides the reentrancy.  */
+
+/* The reentrant system calls here serve two purposes:
+
+   1) Provide reentrant versions of the system calls the ANSI C library
+      requires.
+   2) Provide these system calls in a namespace clean way.
+
+   It is intended that *all* system calls that the ANSI C library needs
+   be declared here.  It documents them all in one place.  All library access
+   to the system is via some form of these functions.
+
+   The target may provide the needed syscalls by any of the following:
+
+   1) Define the reentrant versions of the syscalls directly.
+      (eg: _open_r, _close_r, etc.).  Please keep the namespace clean.
+      When you do this, set "syscall_dir" to "syscalls" and add
+      -DREENTRANT_SYSCALLS_PROVIDED to newlib_cflags in configure.host.
+
+   2) Define namespace clean versions of the system calls by prefixing
+      them with '_' (eg: _open, _close, etc.).  Technically, there won't be
+      true reentrancy at the syscall level, but the library will be namespace
+      clean.
+      When you do this, set "syscall_dir" to "syscalls" in configure.host.
+
+   3) Define or otherwise provide the regular versions of the syscalls
+      (eg: open, close, etc.).  The library won't be reentrant nor namespace
+      clean, but at least it will work.
+      When you do this, add -DMISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES to newlib_cflags in
+      configure.host.
+
+   4) Define or otherwise provide the regular versions of the syscalls,
+      and do not supply functional interfaces for any of the reentrant
+      calls. With this method, the reentrant syscalls are redefined to
+      directly call the regular system call without the reentrancy argument.
+      When you do this, specify both -DREENTRANT_SYSCALLS_PROVIDED and 
+      -DMISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES via newlib_cflags in configure.host and do
+      not specify "syscall_dir".
+
+   Stubs of the reentrant versions of the syscalls exist in the libc/reent
+   source directory and are provided if REENTRANT_SYSCALLS_PROVIDED isn't 
+   defined.  These stubs call the native system calls: _open, _close, etc. 
+   if MISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES is *not* defined, otherwise they call the
+   non-underscored versions: open, close, etc. when MISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES
+   *is* defined.
+
+   By default, newlib functions call the reentrant syscalls internally,
+   passing a reentrancy structure as an argument.  This reentrancy structure
+   contains data that is thread-specific.  For example, the errno value is
+   kept in the reentrancy structure.  If multiple threads exist, each will
+   keep a separate errno value which is intuitive since the application flow
+   cannot check for failure reliably otherwise.
+
+   The reentrant syscalls are either provided by the platform, by the 
+   libc/reent stubs, or in the case of both MISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES and 
+   REENTRANT_SYSCALLS_PROVIDED being defined, the calls are redefined to
+   simply call the regular syscalls with no reentrancy struct argument.
+
+   A single-threaded application does not need to worry about the reentrancy
+   structure.  It is used internally.  
+
+   A multi-threaded application needs either to manually manage reentrancy 
+   structures or use dynamic reentrancy.
+   
+   Manually managing reentrancy structures entails calling special reentrant
+   versions of newlib functions that have an additional reentrancy argument.
+   For example, _printf_r.  By convention, the first argument is the
+   reentrancy structure.  By default, the normal version of the function
+   uses the default reentrancy structure: _REENT.  The reentrancy structure
+   is passed internally, eventually to the reentrant syscalls themselves.
+   How the structures are stored and accessed in this model is up to the
+   application.
+
+   Dynamic reentrancy is specified by the __DYNAMIC_REENT__ flag.  This
+   flag denotes setting up a macro to replace _REENT with a function call
+   to __getreent().  This function needs to be implemented by the platform
+   and it is meant to return the reentrancy structure for the current
+   thread.  When the regular C functions (e.g. printf) go to call internal
+   routines with the default _REENT structure, they end up calling with 
+   the reentrancy structure for the thread.  Thus, application code does not
+   need to call the _r routines nor worry about reentrancy structures.  */
+
+/* WARNING: All identifiers here must begin with an underscore.  This file is
+   included by stdio.h and others and we therefore must only use identifiers
+   in the namespace allotted to us.  */
+
+#ifndef _REENT_H_
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+#define _REENT_H_
+
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+#include <sys/_types.h>
+#include <machine/types.h>
+
+#define __need_size_t
+#define __need_ptrdiff_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+/* FIXME: not namespace clean */
+struct stat;
+struct tms;
+struct timeval;
+struct timezone;
+
+#if defined(REENTRANT_SYSCALLS_PROVIDED) && defined(MISSING_SYSCALL_NAMES)
+
+#define _close_r(__reent, __fd)                   close(__fd)
+#define _execve_r(__reent, __f, __arg, __env)     execve(__f, __arg, __env)
+#define _fcntl_r(__reent, __fd, __cmd, __arg)     fcntl(__fd, __cmd, __arg)
+#define _fork_r(__reent)                          fork()
+#define _fstat_r(__reent, __fdes, __stat)         fstat(__fdes, __stat)
+#define _getpid_r(__reent)                        getpid()
+#define _isatty_r(__reent, __desc)                isatty(__desc)
+#define _kill_r(__reent, __pid, __signal)         kill(__pid, __signal)
+#define _link_r(__reent, __oldpath, __newpath)    link(__oldpath, __newpath)
+#define _lseek_r(__reent, __fdes, __off, __w)     lseek(__fdes, __off, __w)
+#define _mkdir_r(__reent, __path, __m)		  mkdir(__path, __m)
+#define _open_r(__reent, __path, __flag, __m)     open(__path, __flag, __m)
+#define _read_r(__reent, __fd, __buff, __cnt)     read(__fd, __buff, __cnt)
+#define _rename_r(__reent, __old, __new)	  rename(__old, __new)
+#define _sbrk_r(__reent, __incr)                  sbrk(__incr)
+#define _stat_r(__reent, __path, __buff)          stat(__path, __buff)
+#define _times_r(__reent, __time)                 times(__time)
+#define _unlink_r(__reent, __path)                unlink(__path)
+#define _wait_r(__reent, __status)                wait(__status)
+#define _write_r(__reent, __fd, __buff, __cnt)    write(__fd, __buff, __cnt)
+#define _gettimeofday_r(__reent, __tp, __tzp)     gettimeofday(__tp, __tzp)
+
+#ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+#define _lseek64_r(__reent, __fd, __off, __w)     lseek64(__fd, __off, __w)
+#define _fstat64_r(__reent, __fd, __buff)         fstat64(__fd, __buff)
+#define _open64_r(__reent, __path, __flag, __m)   open64(__path, __flag, __m)
+#endif
+
+#else
+/* Reentrant versions of system calls.  */
+
+extern int _close_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int));
+extern int _execve_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, const char *, char *const *, char *const *));
+extern int _fcntl_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int, int, int));
+extern int _fork_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *));
+extern int _fstat_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int, struct stat *));
+extern int _getpid_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *));
+extern int _isatty_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int));
+extern int _kill_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int, int));
+extern int _link_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, const char *, const char *));
+extern _off_t _lseek_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int, _off_t, int));
+extern int _mkdir_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, const char *, int));
+extern int _open_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, const char *, int, int));
+extern _ssize_t _read_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int, void *, size_t));
+extern int _rename_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, const char *, const char *));
+extern void *_sbrk_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, ptrdiff_t));
+extern int _stat_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, const char *, struct stat *));
+extern _CLOCK_T_ _times_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, struct tms *));
+extern int _unlink_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, const char *));
+extern int _wait_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int *));
+extern _ssize_t _write_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int, const void *, size_t));
+
+/* This one is not guaranteed to be available on all targets.  */
+extern int _gettimeofday_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, struct timeval *__tp, void *__tzp));
+
+#ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) && defined(_COMPILING_NEWLIB)
+#define stat64 __stat64
+#endif
+
+struct stat64;
+
+extern _off64_t _lseek64_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int, _off64_t, int));
+extern int _fstat64_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, int, struct stat64 *));
+extern int _open64_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, const char *, int, int));
+extern int _stat64_r _PARAMS ((struct _reent *, const char *, struct stat64 *));
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _REENT_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/regdef.h b/system/include/libc/regdef.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8cf144b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/regdef.h
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/* regdef.h -- define register names.  */
+
+/* This is a standard include file for MIPS targets.  Other target
+   probably don't define it, and attempts to include this file will
+   fail.  */
+
+#include <machine/regdef.h>
diff --git a/system/include/libc/regex.h b/system/include/libc/regex.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ac78f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/regex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 1992 Henry Spencer.
+ * Copyright (c) 1992, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Henry Spencer of the University of Toronto.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)regex.h	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/3/94
+ * $FreeBSD: src/include/regex.h,v 1.4 2002/03/23 17:24:53 imp Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _REGEX_H_
+#define	_REGEX_H_
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+/* types */
+typedef off_t regoff_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+	int re_magic;
+	size_t re_nsub;		/* number of parenthesized subexpressions */
+	__const char *re_endp;	/* end pointer for REG_PEND */
+	struct re_guts *re_g;	/* none of your business :-) */
+} regex_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+	regoff_t rm_so;		/* start of match */
+	regoff_t rm_eo;		/* end of match */
+} regmatch_t;
+
+/* regcomp() flags */
+#define	REG_BASIC	0000
+#define	REG_EXTENDED	0001
+#define	REG_ICASE	0002
+#define	REG_NOSUB	0004
+#define	REG_NEWLINE	0010
+#define	REG_NOSPEC	0020
+#define	REG_PEND	0040
+#define	REG_DUMP	0200
+
+/* regerror() flags */
+#define	REG_NOMATCH	 1
+#define	REG_BADPAT	 2
+#define	REG_ECOLLATE	 3
+#define	REG_ECTYPE	 4
+#define	REG_EESCAPE	 5
+#define	REG_ESUBREG	 6
+#define	REG_EBRACK	 7
+#define	REG_EPAREN	 8
+#define	REG_EBRACE	 9
+#define	REG_BADBR	10
+#define	REG_ERANGE	11
+#define	REG_ESPACE	12
+#define	REG_BADRPT	13
+#define	REG_EMPTY	14
+#define	REG_ASSERT	15
+#define	REG_INVARG	16
+#define	REG_ATOI	255	/* convert name to number (!) */
+#define	REG_ITOA	0400	/* convert number to name (!) */
+
+/* regexec() flags */
+#define	REG_NOTBOL	00001
+#define	REG_NOTEOL	00002
+#define	REG_STARTEND	00004
+#define	REG_TRACE	00400	/* tracing of execution */
+#define	REG_LARGE	01000	/* force large representation */
+#define	REG_BACKR	02000	/* force use of backref code */
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+int	regcomp(regex_t *, const char *, int);
+size_t	regerror(int, const regex_t *, char *, size_t);
+int	regexec(const regex_t *, const char *, size_t, regmatch_t [], int);
+void	regfree(regex_t *);
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif /* !_REGEX_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sched.h b/system/include/libc/sched.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13586878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sched.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ *  Written by Joel Sherrill <joel@OARcorp.com>.
+ *
+ *  COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2010.
+ *  On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+ *
+ *  Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ *  purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice
+ *  is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy
+ *  or modification of this software.
+ *
+ *  THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+ *  WARRANTY.  IN PARTICULAR,  THE AUTHOR MAKES NO REPRESENTATION
+ *  OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY OF THIS
+ *  SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ *
+ *  $Id: sched.h,v 1.2 2010/04/01 18:33:33 jjohnstn Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SCHED_H_
+#define _SCHED_H_
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/sched.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING)
+/*
+ *  XBD 13 - Set Scheduling Parameters, P1003.1b-2008, p. 1803
+ */
+int sched_setparam(
+  pid_t                     __pid,
+  const struct sched_param *__param
+);
+
+/*
+ *  XBD 13 - Set Scheduling Parameters, P1003.1b-2008, p. 1800
+ */
+int sched_getparam(
+  pid_t                     __pid,
+  struct sched_param       *__param
+);
+
+/*
+ *  XBD 13 - Set Scheduling Policy and Scheduling Parameters,
+ *         P1003.1b-2008, p. 1805
+ */
+int sched_setscheduler(
+  pid_t                     __pid,
+  int                       __policy,
+  const struct sched_param *__param
+);
+
+/*
+ *  XBD 13 - Get Scheduling Policy, P1003.1b-2008, p. 1801
+ */
+int sched_getscheduler(
+  pid_t                     __pid
+);
+
+/*
+ *  XBD 13 - Get Scheduling Parameter Limits, P1003.1b-2008, p. 1799
+ */
+int sched_get_priority_max(
+  int __policy
+);
+
+int sched_get_priority_min(
+  int  __policy
+);
+
+/*
+ *  XBD 13 - Get Scheduling Parameter Limits, P1003.1b-2008, p. 1802
+ */
+int sched_rr_get_interval(
+  pid_t             __pid,
+  struct timespec  *__interval
+);
+#endif /* _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREADS) || defined(_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+
+/*
+ *  XBD 13 - Yield Processor, P1003.1b-2008, p. 1807
+ */
+int sched_yield( void );
+
+#endif /* _POSIX_THREADS or _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _SCHED_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/search.h b/system/include/libc/search.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c78ce184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/search.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: search.h,v 1.12 1999/02/22 10:34:28 christos Exp $	*/
+/* $FreeBSD: src/include/search.h,v 1.4 2002/03/23 17:24:53 imp Exp $ */
+
+/*
+ * Written by J.T. Conklin <jtc@netbsd.org>
+ * Public domain.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SEARCH_H_
+#define _SEARCH_H_
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+#include <machine/ansi.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+typedef struct entry {
+	char *key;
+	void *data;
+} ENTRY;
+
+typedef enum {
+	FIND, ENTER
+} ACTION;
+
+typedef enum {
+	preorder,
+	postorder,
+	endorder,
+	leaf
+} VISIT;
+
+#ifdef _SEARCH_PRIVATE
+typedef struct node {
+	char         *key;
+	struct node  *llink, *rlink;
+} node_t;
+#endif
+
+struct hsearch_data
+{
+  struct internal_head *htable;
+  size_t htablesize;
+};
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+int	 hcreate(size_t);
+void	 hdestroy(void);
+ENTRY	*hsearch(ENTRY, ACTION);
+int	 hcreate_r(size_t, struct hsearch_data *);
+void	 hdestroy_r(struct hsearch_data *);
+int	hsearch_r(ENTRY, ACTION, ENTRY **, struct hsearch_data *);
+void	*tdelete(const void *, void **, int (*)(const void *, const void *));
+void	tdestroy (void *, void (*)(void *));
+void	*tfind(const void *, void **, int (*)(const void *, const void *));
+void	*tsearch(const void *, void **, int (*)(const void *, const void *));
+void      twalk(const void *, void (*)(const void *, VISIT, int));
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif /* !_SEARCH_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/setjmp.h b/system/include/libc/setjmp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c958d904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/setjmp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+	setjmp.h
+	stubs for future use.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SETJMP_H_
+#define _SETJMP_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+#include <machine/setjmp.h>
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+void	_EXFUN(longjmp,(jmp_buf __jmpb, int __retval));
+int	_EXFUN(setjmp,(jmp_buf __jmpb));
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _SETJMP_H_ */
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/signal.h b/system/include/libc/signal.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0030474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/signal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#ifndef _SIGNAL_H_
+#define _SIGNAL_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+#include <sys/signal.h>
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+typedef int	sig_atomic_t;		/* Atomic entity type (ANSI) */
+#ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE
+typedef _sig_func_ptr sighandler_t;	/* glibc naming */
+#endif /* !_POSIX_SOURCE */
+
+#define SIG_DFL ((_sig_func_ptr)0)	/* Default action */
+#define SIG_IGN ((_sig_func_ptr)1)	/* Ignore action */
+#define SIG_ERR ((_sig_func_ptr)-1)	/* Error return */
+
+struct _reent;
+
+_sig_func_ptr _EXFUN(_signal_r, (struct _reent *, int, _sig_func_ptr));
+int	_EXFUN(_raise_r, (struct _reent *, int));
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+_sig_func_ptr _EXFUN(signal, (int, _sig_func_ptr));
+int	_EXFUN(raise, (int));
+#endif
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _SIGNAL_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/stdarg.h b/system/include/libc/stdarg.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2957bf05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/stdarg.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*===---- stdarg.h - Variable argument handling ----------------------------===
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008 Eli Friedman
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ *===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===
+ */
+
+#ifndef __STDARG_H
+#define __STDARG_H
+
+#ifndef _VA_LIST
+typedef __builtin_va_list va_list;
+#define _VA_LIST
+#endif
+#define va_start(ap, param) __builtin_va_start(ap, param)
+#define va_end(ap)          __builtin_va_end(ap)
+#define va_arg(ap, type)    __builtin_va_arg(ap, type)
+
+/* GCC always defines __va_copy, but does not define va_copy unless in c99 mode
+ * or -ansi is not specified, since it was not part of C90.
+ */
+#define __va_copy(d,s) __builtin_va_copy(d,s)
+
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199900L || __cplusplus >= 201103L || !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+#define va_copy(dest, src)  __builtin_va_copy(dest, src)
+#endif
+
+/* Hack required to make standard headers work, at least on Ubuntu */
+#define __GNUC_VA_LIST 1
+typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;
+
+#endif /* __STDARG_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/stddef.h b/system/include/libc/stddef.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e87ee89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/stddef.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*===---- stddef.h - Basic type definitions --------------------------------===
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008 Eli Friedman
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ *===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===
+ */
+
+#ifndef __STDDEF_H
+#define __STDDEF_H
+
+#ifndef _PTRDIFF_T
+#define _PTRDIFF_T
+typedef __typeof__(((int*)0)-((int*)0)) ptrdiff_t;
+#endif
+#ifndef _SIZE_T
+#define _SIZE_T
+typedef __typeof__(sizeof(int)) size_t;
+#endif
+#ifndef __cplusplus
+#ifndef _WCHAR_T
+#define _WCHAR_T
+typedef __WCHAR_TYPE__ wchar_t;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#undef NULL
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#undef __null  // VC++ hack.
+#define NULL __null
+#else
+#define NULL ((void*)0)
+#endif
+
+#define offsetof(t, d) __builtin_offsetof(t, d)
+
+#endif /* __STDDEF_H */
+
+/* Some C libraries expect to see a wint_t here. Others (notably MinGW) will use
+__WINT_TYPE__ directly; accommodate both by requiring __need_wint_t */
+#if defined(__need_wint_t)
+#if !defined(_WINT_T)
+#define _WINT_T
+typedef __WINT_TYPE__ wint_t;
+#endif /* _WINT_T */
+#undef __need_wint_t
+#endif /* __need_wint_t */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/stdint.h b/system/include/libc/stdint.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6cea665
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/stdint.h
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2004, 2005 by
+ * Ralf Corsepius, Ulm/Germany. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
+ * is freely granted, provided that this notice is preserved.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _STDINT_H
+#define _STDINT_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && \
+  ( (__GNUC__ >= 4) || \
+    ( (__GNUC__ >= 3) && defined(__GNUC_MINOR__) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 2) ) )
+/* gcc > 3.2 implicitly defines the values we are interested */
+#define __STDINT_EXP(x) __##x##__
+#else
+#define __STDINT_EXP(x) x
+#include <limits.h>
+#endif
+
+/* Check if "long long" is 64bit wide */
+/* Modern GCCs provide __LONG_LONG_MAX__, SUSv3 wants LLONG_MAX */
+#if ( defined(__LONG_LONG_MAX__) && (__LONG_LONG_MAX__ > 0x7fffffff) ) \
+  || ( defined(LLONG_MAX) && (LLONG_MAX > 0x7fffffff) )
+#define __have_longlong64 1
+#endif
+
+/* Check if "long" is 64bit or 32bit wide */
+#if __STDINT_EXP(LONG_MAX) > 0x7fffffff
+#define __have_long64 1
+#elif __STDINT_EXP(LONG_MAX) == 0x7fffffff && !defined(__SPU__) && !defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+#define __have_long32 1
+#endif
+
+#if __STDINT_EXP(SCHAR_MAX) == 0x7f
+typedef signed char int8_t ;
+typedef unsigned char uint8_t ;
+#define __int8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if __int8_t_defined
+typedef signed char int_least8_t;
+typedef unsigned char uint_least8_t;
+#define __int_least8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if __STDINT_EXP(SHRT_MAX) == 0x7fff
+typedef signed short int16_t;
+typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
+#define __int16_t_defined 1
+#elif __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) == 0x7fff
+typedef signed int int16_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint16_t;
+#define __int16_t_defined 1
+#elif __STDINT_EXP(SCHAR_MAX) == 0x7fff
+typedef signed char int16_t;
+typedef unsigned char uint16_t;
+#define __int16_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if __int16_t_defined
+typedef int16_t   	int_least16_t;
+typedef uint16_t 	uint_least16_t;
+#define __int_least16_t_defined 1
+
+#if !__int_least8_t_defined
+typedef int16_t	   	int_least8_t;
+typedef uint16_t  	uint_least8_t;
+#define __int_least8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __have_long32
+typedef signed long int32_t;
+typedef unsigned long uint32_t;
+#define __int32_t_defined 1
+#elif __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) == 0x7fffffffL
+typedef signed int int32_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
+#define __int32_t_defined 1
+#elif __STDINT_EXP(SHRT_MAX) == 0x7fffffffL
+typedef signed short int32_t;
+typedef unsigned short uint32_t;
+#define __int32_t_defined 1
+#elif __STDINT_EXP(SCHAR_MAX) == 0x7fffffffL
+typedef signed char int32_t;
+typedef unsigned char uint32_t;
+#define __int32_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if __int32_t_defined
+typedef int32_t   	int_least32_t;
+typedef uint32_t 	uint_least32_t;
+#define __int_least32_t_defined 1
+
+#if !__int_least8_t_defined
+typedef int32_t	   	int_least8_t;
+typedef uint32_t  	uint_least8_t;
+#define __int_least8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if !__int_least16_t_defined
+typedef int32_t	   	int_least16_t;
+typedef uint32_t  	uint_least16_t;
+#define __int_least16_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __have_long64
+typedef signed long int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long uint64_t;
+#define __int64_t_defined 1
+#elif __have_longlong64
+typedef signed long long int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
+#define __int64_t_defined 1
+#elif  __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) > 0x7fffffff
+typedef signed int int64_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint64_t;
+#define __int64_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if __int64_t_defined
+typedef int64_t   	int_least64_t;
+typedef uint64_t 	uint_least64_t;
+#define __int_least64_t_defined 1
+
+#if !__int_least8_t_defined
+typedef int64_t	   	int_least8_t;
+typedef uint64_t  	uint_least8_t;
+#define __int_least8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if !__int_least16_t_defined
+typedef int64_t	   	int_least16_t;
+typedef uint64_t  	uint_least16_t;
+#define __int_least16_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if !__int_least32_t_defined
+typedef int64_t	   	int_least32_t;
+typedef uint64_t  	uint_least32_t;
+#define __int_least32_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Fastest minimum-width integer types
+ *
+ * Assume int to be the fastest type for all types with a width 
+ * less than __INT_MAX__ rsp. INT_MAX
+ */
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) >= 0x7f
+  typedef signed int int_fast8_t;
+  typedef unsigned int uint_fast8_t;
+#define __int_fast8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) >= 0x7fff
+  typedef signed int int_fast16_t;
+  typedef unsigned int uint_fast16_t;
+#define __int_fast16_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) >= 0x7fffffff
+  typedef signed int int_fast32_t;
+  typedef unsigned int uint_fast32_t;
+#define __int_fast32_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) > 0x7fffffff
+  typedef signed int int_fast64_t;
+  typedef unsigned int uint_fast64_t;
+#define __int_fast64_t_defined 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Fall back to [u]int_least<N>_t for [u]int_fast<N>_t types
+ * not having been defined, yet.
+ * Leave undefined, if [u]int_least<N>_t should not be available.
+ */
+#if !__int_fast8_t_defined
+#if __int_least8_t_defined
+  typedef int_least8_t int_fast8_t;
+  typedef uint_least8_t uint_fast8_t;
+#define __int_fast8_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !__int_fast16_t_defined
+#if __int_least16_t_defined
+  typedef int_least16_t int_fast16_t;
+  typedef uint_least16_t uint_fast16_t;
+#define __int_fast16_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !__int_fast32_t_defined
+#if __int_least32_t_defined
+  typedef int_least32_t int_fast32_t;
+  typedef uint_least32_t uint_fast32_t;
+#define __int_fast32_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !__int_fast64_t_defined
+#if __int_least64_t_defined
+  typedef int_least64_t int_fast64_t;
+  typedef uint_least64_t uint_fast64_t;
+#define __int_fast64_t_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* Greatest-width integer types */
+/* Modern GCCs provide __INTMAX_TYPE__ */
+#if defined(__INTMAX_TYPE__)
+  typedef __INTMAX_TYPE__ intmax_t;
+#elif __have_longlong64
+  typedef signed long long intmax_t;
+#else
+  typedef signed long intmax_t;
+#endif
+
+/* Modern GCCs provide __UINTMAX_TYPE__ */
+#if defined(__UINTMAX_TYPE__)
+  typedef __UINTMAX_TYPE__ uintmax_t;
+#elif __have_longlong64
+  typedef unsigned long long uintmax_t;
+#else
+  typedef unsigned long uintmax_t;
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * GCC doesn't provide an appropriate macro for [u]intptr_t
+ * For now, use __PTRDIFF_TYPE__
+ */
+#if defined(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)
+typedef signed __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ intptr_t;
+typedef unsigned __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ uintptr_t;
+#define INTPTR_MAX PTRDIFF_MAX
+#define INTPTR_MIN PTRDIFF_MIN
+#ifdef __UINTPTR_MAX__
+#define UINTPTR_MAX __UINTPTR_MAX__
+#else
+#define UINTPTR_MAX (2UL * PTRDIFF_MAX + 1)
+#endif
+#else
+/*
+ * Fallback to hardcoded values, 
+ * should be valid on cpu's with 32bit int/32bit void*
+ */
+typedef signed long intptr_t;
+typedef unsigned long uintptr_t;
+#define INTPTR_MAX __STDINT_EXP(LONG_MAX)
+#define INTPTR_MIN (-__STDINT_EXP(LONG_MAX) - 1)
+#define UINTPTR_MAX (__STDINT_EXP(LONG_MAX) * 2UL + 1)
+#endif
+
+/* Limits of Specified-Width Integer Types */
+
+#if __int8_t_defined
+#define INT8_MIN 	-128
+#define INT8_MAX 	 127
+#define UINT8_MAX 	 255
+#endif
+
+#if __int_least8_t_defined
+#define INT_LEAST8_MIN 	-128
+#define INT_LEAST8_MAX 	 127
+#define UINT_LEAST8_MAX	 255
+#else
+#error required type int_least8_t missing
+#endif
+
+#if __int16_t_defined
+#define INT16_MIN 	-32768
+#define INT16_MAX 	 32767
+#define UINT16_MAX 	 65535
+#endif
+
+#if __int_least16_t_defined
+#define INT_LEAST16_MIN	-32768
+#define INT_LEAST16_MAX	 32767
+#define UINT_LEAST16_MAX 65535
+#else
+#error required type int_least16_t missing
+#endif
+
+#if __int32_t_defined
+#if __have_long32
+#define INT32_MIN 	 (-2147483647L-1)
+#define INT32_MAX 	 2147483647L
+#define UINT32_MAX       4294967295UL
+#else
+#define INT32_MIN 	 (-2147483647-1)
+#define INT32_MAX 	 2147483647
+#define UINT32_MAX       4294967295U
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __int_least32_t_defined
+#if __have_long32
+#define INT_LEAST32_MIN  (-2147483647L-1)
+#define INT_LEAST32_MAX  2147483647L
+#define UINT_LEAST32_MAX 4294967295UL
+#else
+#define INT_LEAST32_MIN  (-2147483647-1)
+#define INT_LEAST32_MAX  2147483647
+#define UINT_LEAST32_MAX 4294967295U
+#endif
+#else
+#error required type int_least32_t missing
+#endif
+
+#if __int64_t_defined
+#if __have_long64
+#define INT64_MIN 	(-9223372036854775807L-1L)
+#define INT64_MAX 	 9223372036854775807L
+#define UINT64_MAX 	18446744073709551615U
+#elif __have_longlong64
+#define INT64_MIN 	(-9223372036854775807LL-1LL)
+#define INT64_MAX 	 9223372036854775807LL
+#define UINT64_MAX 	18446744073709551615ULL
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __int_least64_t_defined
+#if __have_long64
+#define INT_LEAST64_MIN  (-9223372036854775807L-1L)
+#define INT_LEAST64_MAX  9223372036854775807L
+#define UINT_LEAST64_MAX 18446744073709551615U
+#elif __have_longlong64
+#define INT_LEAST64_MIN  (-9223372036854775807LL-1LL)
+#define INT_LEAST64_MAX  9223372036854775807LL
+#define UINT_LEAST64_MAX 18446744073709551615ULL
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __int_fast8_t_defined
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) >= 0x7f
+#define INT_FAST8_MIN	(-__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)-1)
+#define INT_FAST8_MAX	__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)
+#define UINT_FAST8_MAX	(__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)*2U+1U)
+#else
+#define INT_FAST8_MIN	INT_LEAST8_MIN
+#define INT_FAST8_MAX	INT_LEAST8_MAX
+#define UINT_FAST8_MAX	UINT_LEAST8_MAX
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __int_fast16_t_defined
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) >= 0x7fff
+#define INT_FAST16_MIN	(-__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)-1)
+#define INT_FAST16_MAX	__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)
+#define UINT_FAST16_MAX	(__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)*2U+1U)
+#else
+#define INT_FAST16_MIN	INT_LEAST16_MIN
+#define INT_FAST16_MAX	INT_LEAST16_MAX
+#define UINT_FAST16_MAX	UINT_LEAST16_MAX
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __int_fast32_t_defined
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) >= 0x7fffffff
+#define INT_FAST32_MIN	(-__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)-1)
+#define INT_FAST32_MAX	__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)
+#define UINT_FAST32_MAX	(__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)*2U+1U)
+#else
+#define INT_FAST32_MIN	INT_LEAST32_MIN
+#define INT_FAST32_MAX	INT_LEAST32_MAX
+#define UINT_FAST32_MAX	UINT_LEAST32_MAX
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __int_fast64_t_defined
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) > 0x7fffffff
+#define INT_FAST64_MIN	(-__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)-1)
+#define INT_FAST64_MAX	__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)
+#define UINT_FAST64_MAX	(__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)*2U+1U)
+#else
+#define INT_FAST64_MIN	INT_LEAST64_MIN
+#define INT_FAST64_MAX	INT_LEAST64_MAX
+#define UINT_FAST64_MAX	UINT_LEAST64_MAX
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __INTMAX_MAX__
+#define INTMAX_MAX __INTMAX_MAX__
+#define INTMAX_MIN (-INTMAX_MAX - 1)
+#elif defined(__INTMAX_TYPE__)
+/* All relevant GCC versions prefer long to long long for intmax_t.  */
+#define INTMAX_MAX INT64_MAX
+#define INTMAX_MIN INT64_MIN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __UINTMAX_MAX__
+#define UINTMAX_MAX __UINTMAX_MAX__
+#elif defined(__UINTMAX_TYPE__)
+/* All relevant GCC versions prefer long to long long for intmax_t.  */
+#define UINTMAX_MAX UINT64_MAX
+#endif
+
+/* This must match size_t in stddef.h, currently long unsigned int */
+#ifdef __SIZE_MAX__
+#define SIZE_MAX __SIZE_MAX__
+#else
+#define SIZE_MAX (__STDINT_EXP(LONG_MAX) * 2UL + 1)
+#endif
+
+/* This must match sig_atomic_t in <signal.h> (currently int) */
+#define SIG_ATOMIC_MIN (-__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) - 1)
+#define SIG_ATOMIC_MAX __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX)
+
+/* This must match ptrdiff_t  in <stddef.h> (currently long int) */
+#ifdef __PTRDIFF_MAX__
+#define PTRDIFF_MAX __PTRDIFF_MAX__
+#else
+#define PTRDIFF_MAX __STDINT_EXP(LONG_MAX)
+#endif
+#define PTRDIFF_MIN (-PTRDIFF_MAX - 1)
+
+#ifdef __WCHAR_MAX__
+#define WCHAR_MAX __WCHAR_MAX__
+#endif
+#ifdef __WCHAR_MIN__
+#define WCHAR_MIN __WCHAR_MIN__
+#endif
+
+/* wint_t is unsigned int on almost all GCC targets.  */
+#ifdef __WINT_MAX__
+#define WINT_MAX __WINT_MAX__
+#else
+#define WINT_MAX (__STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) * 2U + 1U)
+#endif
+#ifdef __WINT_MIN__
+#define WINT_MIN __WINT_MIN__
+#else
+#define WINT_MIN 0U
+#endif
+
+/** Macros for minimum-width integer constant expressions */
+#define INT8_C(x)	x
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) > 0x7f
+#define UINT8_C(x)	x
+#else
+#define UINT8_C(x)	x##U
+#endif
+
+#define INT16_C(x)	x
+#if __STDINT_EXP(INT_MAX) > 0x7fff
+#define UINT16_C(x)	x
+#else
+#define UINT16_C(x)	x##U
+#endif
+
+#if __have_long32
+#define INT32_C(x)	x##L
+#define UINT32_C(x)	x##UL
+#else
+#define INT32_C(x)	x
+#define UINT32_C(x)	x##U
+#endif
+
+#if __int64_t_defined
+#if __have_long64
+#define INT64_C(x)	x##L
+#define UINT64_C(x)	x##UL
+#else
+#define INT64_C(x)	x##LL
+#define UINT64_C(x)	x##ULL
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/** Macros for greatest-width integer constant expression */
+#if __have_long64
+#define INTMAX_C(x)	x##L
+#define UINTMAX_C(x)	x##UL
+#else
+#define INTMAX_C(x)	x##LL
+#define UINTMAX_C(x)	x##ULL
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _STDINT_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/stdio.h b/system/include/libc/stdio.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb4501c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/stdio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,685 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
+ * provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
+ * duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
+ * advertising materials, and other materials related to such
+ * distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
+ * by the University of California, Berkeley.  The name of the
+ * University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
+ * from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)stdio.h	5.3 (Berkeley) 3/15/86
+ */
+
+/*
+ * NB: to fit things in six character monocase externals, the
+ * stdio code uses the prefix `__s' for stdio objects, typically
+ * followed by a three-character attempt at a mnemonic.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _STDIO_H_
+#define	_STDIO_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+
+#define	_FSTDIO			/* ``function stdio'' */
+
+#define __need_size_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define __need___va_list
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+/*
+ * <sys/reent.h> defines __FILE, _fpos_t.
+ * They must be defined there because struct _reent needs them (and we don't
+ * want reent.h to include this file.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+typedef __FILE FILE;
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+typedef _fpos64_t fpos_t;
+#else
+typedef _fpos_t fpos_t;
+#ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+typedef _fpos64_t fpos64_t;
+#endif
+#endif /* !__CYGWIN__ */
+
+#include <sys/stdio.h>
+
+#define	__SLBF	0x0001		/* line buffered */
+#define	__SNBF	0x0002		/* unbuffered */
+#define	__SRD	0x0004		/* OK to read */
+#define	__SWR	0x0008		/* OK to write */
+	/* RD and WR are never simultaneously asserted */
+#define	__SRW	0x0010		/* open for reading & writing */
+#define	__SEOF	0x0020		/* found EOF */
+#define	__SERR	0x0040		/* found error */
+#define	__SMBF	0x0080		/* _buf is from malloc */
+#define	__SAPP	0x0100		/* fdopen()ed in append mode - so must  write to end */
+#define	__SSTR	0x0200		/* this is an sprintf/snprintf string */
+#define	__SOPT	0x0400		/* do fseek() optimisation */
+#define	__SNPT	0x0800		/* do not do fseek() optimisation */
+#define	__SOFF	0x1000		/* set iff _offset is in fact correct */
+#define	__SORD	0x2000		/* true => stream orientation (byte/wide) decided */
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#  define __SCLE  0x4000        /* convert line endings CR/LF <-> NL */
+#endif
+#define	__SL64	0x8000		/* is 64-bit offset large file */
+
+/* _flags2 flags */
+#define	__SWID	0x2000		/* true => stream orientation wide, false => byte, only valid if __SORD in _flags is true */
+
+/*
+ * The following three definitions are for ANSI C, which took them
+ * from System V, which stupidly took internal interface macros and
+ * made them official arguments to setvbuf(), without renaming them.
+ * Hence, these ugly _IOxxx names are *supposed* to appear in user code.
+ *
+ * Although these happen to match their counterparts above, the
+ * implementation does not rely on that (so these could be renumbered).
+ */
+#define	_IOFBF	0		/* setvbuf should set fully buffered */
+#define	_IOLBF	1		/* setvbuf should set line buffered */
+#define	_IONBF	2		/* setvbuf should set unbuffered */
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define	NULL	0
+#endif
+
+#define	EOF	(-1)
+
+#ifdef __BUFSIZ__
+#define	BUFSIZ		__BUFSIZ__
+#else
+#define	BUFSIZ		1024
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __FOPEN_MAX__
+#define FOPEN_MAX	__FOPEN_MAX__
+#else
+#define	FOPEN_MAX	20
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __FILENAME_MAX__
+#define FILENAME_MAX    __FILENAME_MAX__
+#else
+#define	FILENAME_MAX	1024
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __L_tmpnam__
+#define L_tmpnam	__L_tmpnam__
+#else
+#define	L_tmpnam	FILENAME_MAX
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+#define P_tmpdir        "/tmp"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SEEK_SET
+#define	SEEK_SET	0	/* set file offset to offset */
+#endif
+#ifndef SEEK_CUR
+#define	SEEK_CUR	1	/* set file offset to current plus offset */
+#endif
+#ifndef SEEK_END
+#define	SEEK_END	2	/* set file offset to EOF plus offset */
+#endif
+
+#define	TMP_MAX		26
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+#define	stdin	(_REENT->_stdin)
+#define	stdout	(_REENT->_stdout)
+#define	stderr	(_REENT->_stderr)
+#else /* _REENT_ONLY */
+#define	stdin	(_impure_ptr->_stdin)
+#define	stdout	(_impure_ptr->_stdout)
+#define	stderr	(_impure_ptr->_stderr)
+#endif /* _REENT_ONLY */
+
+#define _stdin_r(x)	((x)->_stdin)
+#define _stdout_r(x)	((x)->_stdout)
+#define _stderr_r(x)	((x)->_stderr)
+
+/*
+ * Functions defined in ANSI C standard.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __VALIST
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define __VALIST __gnuc_va_list
+#else
+#define __VALIST char*
+#endif
+#endif
+
+FILE *	_EXFUN(tmpfile, (void));
+char *	_EXFUN(tmpnam, (char *));
+int	_EXFUN(fclose, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(fflush, (FILE *));
+FILE *	_EXFUN(freopen, (const char *, const char *, FILE *));
+void	_EXFUN(setbuf, (FILE *, char *));
+int	_EXFUN(setvbuf, (FILE *, char *, int, size_t));
+int	_EXFUN(fprintf, (FILE *, const char *, ...));
+/* XXX Emscripten_ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(fscanf, (FILE *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(printf, (const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 1, 2)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(scanf, (const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 2)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(sscanf, (const char *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vfprintf, (FILE *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vprintf, (const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 1, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vsprintf, (char *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(fgetc, (FILE *));
+char *  _EXFUN(fgets, (char *, int, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(fputc, (int, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(fputs, (const char *, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(getc, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(getchar, (void));
+char *  _EXFUN(gets, (char *));
+int	_EXFUN(putc, (int, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(putchar, (int));
+int	_EXFUN(puts, (const char *));
+int	_EXFUN(ungetc, (int, FILE *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(fread, (_PTR, size_t _size, size_t _n, FILE *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(fwrite, (const _PTR , size_t _size, size_t _n, FILE *));
+#ifdef _COMPILING_NEWLIB
+int	_EXFUN(fgetpos, (FILE *, _fpos_t *));
+#else
+int	_EXFUN(fgetpos, (FILE *, fpos_t *));
+#endif
+int	_EXFUN(fseek, (FILE *, long, int));
+#ifdef _COMPILING_NEWLIB
+int	_EXFUN(fsetpos, (FILE *, const _fpos_t *));
+#else
+int	_EXFUN(fsetpos, (FILE *, const fpos_t *));
+#endif
+long	_EXFUN(ftell, ( FILE *));
+void	_EXFUN(rewind, (FILE *));
+void	_EXFUN(clearerr, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(feof, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(ferror, (FILE *));
+void    _EXFUN(perror, (const char *));
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+FILE *	_EXFUN(fopen, (const char *_name, const char *_type));
+int	_EXFUN(sprintf, (char *, const char *, ...));
+/* XXX EMSCRIPTEN _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(remove, (const char *));
+int	_EXFUN(rename, (const char *, const char *));
+#endif
+#if !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__) || defined(__USE_XOPEN2K)
+#ifdef _COMPILING_NEWLIB
+int	_EXFUN(fseeko, (FILE *, _off_t, int));
+_off_t	_EXFUN(ftello, ( FILE *));
+#else
+int	_EXFUN(fseeko, (FILE *, off_t, int));
+off_t	_EXFUN(ftello, ( FILE *));
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__) || (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+int	_EXFUN(asiprintf, (char **, const char *, ...));
+/* XXX EMSCRIPTEN _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(asniprintf, (char *, size_t *, const char *, ...));
+/*                _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(asnprintf, (char *, size_t *, const char *, ...));
+/*                _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(asprintf, (char **, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+#ifndef diprintf
+int	_EXFUN(diprintf, (int, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+#endif
+int	_EXFUN(fcloseall, (_VOID));
+int	_EXFUN(fiprintf, (FILE *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(fiscanf, (FILE *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(iprintf, (const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 1, 2)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(iscanf, (const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 2)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(siprintf, (char *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(siscanf, (const char *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(snprintf, (char *, size_t, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(sniprintf, (char *, size_t, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(tempnam, (const char *, const char *));
+int	_EXFUN(vasiprintf, (char **, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(vasniprintf, (char *, size_t *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(vasnprintf, (char *, size_t *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vasprintf, (char **, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vdiprintf, (int, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vfiprintf, (FILE *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vfiscanf, (FILE *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vfscanf, (FILE *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(viprintf, (const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 1, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(viscanf, (const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vscanf, (const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vsiprintf, (char *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vsiscanf, (const char *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vsniprintf, (char *, size_t, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vsnprintf, (char *, size_t, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(vsscanf, (const char *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)))); */
+#endif /* !_REENT_ONLY */
+#endif /* !__STRICT_ANSI__ */
+
+/*
+ * Routines in POSIX 1003.1:2001.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+FILE *	_EXFUN(fdopen, (int, const char *));
+#endif
+int	_EXFUN(fileno, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(getw, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(pclose, (FILE *));
+FILE *  _EXFUN(popen, (const char *, const char *));
+int	_EXFUN(putw, (int, FILE *));
+void    _EXFUN(setbuffer, (FILE *, char *, int));
+int	_EXFUN(setlinebuf, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(getc_unlocked, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(getchar_unlocked, (void));
+void	_EXFUN(flockfile, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(ftrylockfile, (FILE *));
+void	_EXFUN(funlockfile, (FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(putc_unlocked, (int, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(putchar_unlocked, (int));
+#endif /* ! __STRICT_ANSI__ */
+
+/*
+ * Routines in POSIX 1003.1:200x.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+# ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+#  ifndef dprintf
+int	_EXFUN(dprintf, (int, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+#  endif
+FILE *	_EXFUN(fmemopen, (void *, size_t, const char *));
+/* getdelim - see __getdelim for now */
+/* getline - see __getline for now */
+FILE *	_EXFUN(open_memstream, (char **, size_t *));
+#if defined (__CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(renameat, (int, const char *, int, const char *));
+#endif
+int	_EXFUN(vdprintf, (int, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Recursive versions of the above.
+ */
+
+int	_EXFUN(_asiprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char **, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(_asniprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, size_t *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 4, 5)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(_asnprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, size_t *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 4, 5)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_asprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char **, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_diprintf_r, (struct _reent *, int, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_dprintf_r, (struct _reent *, int, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_fclose_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_fcloseall_r, (struct _reent *));
+FILE *	_EXFUN(_fdopen_r, (struct _reent *, int, const char *));
+int	_EXFUN(_fflush_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_fgetc_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+char *  _EXFUN(_fgets_r, (struct _reent *, char *, int, FILE *));
+#ifdef _COMPILING_NEWLIB
+int	_EXFUN(_fgetpos_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, _fpos_t *));
+int	_EXFUN(_fsetpos_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const _fpos_t *));
+#else
+int	_EXFUN(_fgetpos_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, fpos_t *));
+int	_EXFUN(_fsetpos_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const fpos_t *));
+#endif
+int	_EXFUN(_fiprintf_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_fiscanf_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 3, 4)))); */
+FILE *	_EXFUN(_fmemopen_r, (struct _reent *, void *, size_t, const char *));
+FILE *	_EXFUN(_fopen_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, const char *));
+FILE *	_EXFUN(_freopen_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, const char *, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_fprintf_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_fpurge_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_fputc_r, (struct _reent *, int, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_fputs_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, FILE *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_fread_r, (struct _reent *, _PTR, size_t _size, size_t _n, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_fscanf_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_fseek_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, long, int));
+int	_EXFUN(_fseeko_r,(struct _reent *, FILE *, _off_t, int));
+long	_EXFUN(_ftell_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+_off_t	_EXFUN(_ftello_r,(struct _reent *, FILE *));
+void	_EXFUN(_rewind_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_fwrite_r, (struct _reent *, const _PTR , size_t _size, size_t _n, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_getc_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_getc_unlocked_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_getchar_r, (struct _reent *));
+int	_EXFUN(_getchar_unlocked_r, (struct _reent *));
+char *	_EXFUN(_gets_r, (struct _reent *, char *));
+int	_EXFUN(_iprintf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_iscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 3)))); */
+FILE *	_EXFUN(_open_memstream_r, (struct _reent *, char **, size_t *));
+void	_EXFUN(_perror_r, (struct _reent *, const char *));
+int	_EXFUN(_printf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_putc_r, (struct _reent *, int, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_putc_unlocked_r, (struct _reent *, int, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_putchar_unlocked_r, (struct _reent *, int));
+int	_EXFUN(_putchar_r, (struct _reent *, int));
+int	_EXFUN(_puts_r, (struct _reent *, const char *));
+int	_EXFUN(_remove_r, (struct _reent *, const char *));
+int	_EXFUN(_rename_r, (struct _reent *,
+			   const char *_old, const char *_new));
+int	_EXFUN(_scanf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 3)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_siprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_siscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_sniprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, size_t, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 4, 5)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_snprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, size_t, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 4, 5)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_sprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_sscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, const char *, ...));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 3, 4)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(_tempnam_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, const char *));
+FILE *	_EXFUN(_tmpfile_r, (struct _reent *));
+char *	_EXFUN(_tmpnam_r, (struct _reent *, char *));
+int	_EXFUN(_ungetc_r, (struct _reent *, int, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(_vasiprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char **, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(_vasniprintf_r, (struct _reent*, char *, size_t *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 4, 0)))); */
+char *	_EXFUN(_vasnprintf_r, (struct _reent*, char *, size_t *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 4, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vasprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char **, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vdiprintf_r, (struct _reent *, int, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vdprintf_r, (struct _reent *, int, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vfiprintf_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vfiscanf_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vfprintf_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vfscanf_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_viprintf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_viscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vprintf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vsiprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vsiscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vsniprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, size_t, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 4, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vsnprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, size_t, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 4, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vsprintf_r, (struct _reent *, char *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)))); */
+int	_EXFUN(_vsscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const char *, const char *, __VALIST));
+/*               _ATTRIBUTE ((__format__ (__scanf__, 3, 0)))); */
+
+/* Other extensions.  */
+
+int	_EXFUN(fpurge, (FILE *));
+ssize_t _EXFUN(__getdelim, (char **, size_t *, int, FILE *));
+ssize_t _EXFUN(__getline, (char **, size_t *, FILE *));
+
+#ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+#if !defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(_COMPILING_NEWLIB)
+FILE *	_EXFUN(fdopen64, (int, const char *));
+FILE *  _EXFUN(fopen64, (const char *, const char *));
+FILE *  _EXFUN(freopen64, (_CONST char *, _CONST char *, FILE *));
+_off64_t _EXFUN(ftello64, (FILE *));
+_off64_t _EXFUN(fseeko64, (FILE *, _off64_t, int));
+int     _EXFUN(fgetpos64, (FILE *, _fpos64_t *));
+int     _EXFUN(fsetpos64, (FILE *, const _fpos64_t *));
+FILE *  _EXFUN(tmpfile64, (void));
+
+FILE *	_EXFUN(_fdopen64_r, (struct _reent *, int, const char *));
+FILE *  _EXFUN(_fopen64_r, (struct _reent *,const char *, const char *));
+FILE *  _EXFUN(_freopen64_r, (struct _reent *, _CONST char *, _CONST char *, FILE *));
+_off64_t _EXFUN(_ftello64_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+_off64_t _EXFUN(_fseeko64_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, _off64_t, int));
+int     _EXFUN(_fgetpos64_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, _fpos64_t *));
+int     _EXFUN(_fsetpos64_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *, const _fpos64_t *));
+FILE *  _EXFUN(_tmpfile64_r, (struct _reent *));
+#endif /* !__CYGWIN__ */
+#endif /* __LARGE64_FILES */
+
+/*
+ * Routines internal to the implementation.
+ */
+
+int	_EXFUN(__srget_r, (struct _reent *, FILE *));
+int	_EXFUN(__swbuf_r, (struct _reent *, int, FILE *));
+
+/*
+ * Stdio function-access interface.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+# ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+FILE	*_EXFUN(funopen,(const _PTR __cookie,
+		int (*__readfn)(_PTR __c, char *__buf, int __n),
+		int (*__writefn)(_PTR __c, const char *__buf, int __n),
+		_fpos64_t (*__seekfn)(_PTR __c, _fpos64_t __off, int __whence),
+		int (*__closefn)(_PTR __c)));
+FILE	*_EXFUN(_funopen_r,(struct _reent *, const _PTR __cookie,
+		int (*__readfn)(_PTR __c, char *__buf, int __n),
+		int (*__writefn)(_PTR __c, const char *__buf, int __n),
+		_fpos64_t (*__seekfn)(_PTR __c, _fpos64_t __off, int __whence),
+		int (*__closefn)(_PTR __c)));
+# else
+FILE	*_EXFUN(funopen,(const _PTR __cookie,
+		int (*__readfn)(_PTR __cookie, char *__buf, int __n),
+		int (*__writefn)(_PTR __cookie, const char *__buf, int __n),
+		fpos_t (*__seekfn)(_PTR __cookie, fpos_t __off, int __whence),
+		int (*__closefn)(_PTR __cookie)));
+FILE	*_EXFUN(_funopen_r,(struct _reent *, const _PTR __cookie,
+		int (*__readfn)(_PTR __cookie, char *__buf, int __n),
+		int (*__writefn)(_PTR __cookie, const char *__buf, int __n),
+		fpos_t (*__seekfn)(_PTR __cookie, fpos_t __off, int __whence),
+		int (*__closefn)(_PTR __cookie)));
+# endif /* !__LARGE64_FILES */
+
+# define	fropen(__cookie, __fn) funopen(__cookie, __fn, (int (*)())0, \
+					       (fpos_t (*)())0, (int (*)())0)
+# define	fwopen(__cookie, __fn) funopen(__cookie, (int (*)())0, __fn, \
+					       (fpos_t (*)())0, (int (*)())0)
+
+typedef ssize_t cookie_read_function_t(void *__cookie, char *__buf, size_t __n);
+typedef ssize_t cookie_write_function_t(void *__cookie, const char *__buf,
+					size_t __n);
+# ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+typedef int cookie_seek_function_t(void *__cookie, _off64_t *__off,
+				   int __whence);
+# else
+typedef int cookie_seek_function_t(void *__cookie, off_t *__off, int __whence);
+# endif /* !__LARGE64_FILES */
+typedef int cookie_close_function_t(void *__cookie);
+typedef struct
+{
+  /* These four struct member names are dictated by Linux; hopefully,
+     they don't conflict with any macros.  */
+  cookie_read_function_t  *read;
+  cookie_write_function_t *write;
+  cookie_seek_function_t  *seek;
+  cookie_close_function_t *close;
+} cookie_io_functions_t;
+FILE *_EXFUN(fopencookie,(void *__cookie,
+		const char *__mode, cookie_io_functions_t __functions));
+FILE *_EXFUN(_fopencookie_r,(struct _reent *, void *__cookie,
+		const char *__mode, cookie_io_functions_t __functions));
+#endif /* ! __STRICT_ANSI__ */
+
+#ifndef __CUSTOM_FILE_IO__
+/*
+ * The __sfoo macros are here so that we can 
+ * define function versions in the C library.
+ */
+#define       __sgetc_raw_r(__ptr, __f) (--(__f)->_r < 0 ? __srget_r(__ptr, __f) : (int)(*(__f)->_p++))
+
+#ifdef __SCLE
+/*  For a platform with CR/LF, additional logic is required by
+  __sgetc_r which would otherwise simply be a macro; therefore we
+  use an inlined function.  The function is only meant to be inlined
+  in place as used and the function body should never be emitted.  
+
+  There are two possible means to this end when compiling with GCC,
+  one when compiling with a standard C99 compiler, and for other
+  compilers we're just stuck.  At the moment, this issue only
+  affects the Cygwin target, so we'll most likely be using GCC. */
+
+_ELIDABLE_INLINE int __sgetc_r(struct _reent *__ptr, FILE *__p);
+
+_ELIDABLE_INLINE int __sgetc_r(struct _reent *__ptr, FILE *__p)
+  {
+    int __c = __sgetc_raw_r(__ptr, __p);
+    if ((__p->_flags & __SCLE) && (__c == '\r'))
+      {
+      int __c2 = __sgetc_raw_r(__ptr, __p);
+      if (__c2 == '\n')
+        __c = __c2;
+      else
+        ungetc(__c2, __p);
+      }
+    return __c;
+  }
+#else
+#define __sgetc_r(__ptr, __p) __sgetc_raw_r(__ptr, __p)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _never /* __GNUC__ */
+/* If this inline is actually used, then systems using coff debugging
+   info get hopelessly confused.  21sept93 rich@cygnus.com.  */
+_ELIDABLE_INLINE int __sputc_r(struct _reent *_ptr, int _c, FILE *_p) {
+	if (--_p->_w >= 0 || (_p->_w >= _p->_lbfsize && (char)_c != '\n'))
+		return (*_p->_p++ = _c);
+	else
+		return (__swbuf_r(_ptr, _c, _p));
+}
+#else
+/*
+ * This has been tuned to generate reasonable code on the vax using pcc
+ */
+#define       __sputc_raw_r(__ptr, __c, __p) \
+	(--(__p)->_w < 0 ? \
+		(__p)->_w >= (__p)->_lbfsize ? \
+			(*(__p)->_p = (__c)), *(__p)->_p != '\n' ? \
+				(int)*(__p)->_p++ : \
+				__swbuf_r(__ptr, '\n', __p) : \
+			__swbuf_r(__ptr, (int)(__c), __p) : \
+		(*(__p)->_p = (__c), (int)*(__p)->_p++))
+#ifdef __SCLE
+#define __sputc_r(__ptr, __c, __p) \
+        ((((__p)->_flags & __SCLE) && ((__c) == '\n')) \
+          ? __sputc_raw_r(__ptr, '\r', (__p)) : 0 , \
+        __sputc_raw_r((__ptr), (__c), (__p)))
+#else
+#define __sputc_r(__ptr, __c, __p) __sputc_raw_r(__ptr, __c, __p)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#define	__sfeof(p)	(((p)->_flags & __SEOF) != 0)
+#define	__sferror(p)	(((p)->_flags & __SERR) != 0)
+#define	__sclearerr(p)	((void)((p)->_flags &= ~(__SERR|__SEOF)))
+#define	__sfileno(p)	((p)->_file)
+
+#ifndef _REENT_SMALL
+#define	feof(p)		__sfeof(p)
+#define	ferror(p)	__sferror(p)
+#define	clearerr(p)	__sclearerr(p)
+#endif
+
+#if 0 /*ndef __STRICT_ANSI__ - FIXME: must initialize stdio first, use fn */
+#define	fileno(p)	__sfileno(p)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+#ifndef lint
+#define	getc(fp)	__sgetc_r(_REENT, fp)
+#define putc(x, fp)	__sputc_r(_REENT, x, fp)
+#endif /* lint */
+#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
+
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+/* fast always-buffered version, true iff error */
+#define	fast_putc(x,p) (--(p)->_w < 0 ? \
+	__swbuf_r(_REENT, (int)(x), p) == EOF : (*(p)->_p = (x), (p)->_p++, 0))
+
+#define	L_cuserid	9		/* posix says it goes in stdio.h :( */
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#define L_ctermid       16
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !__CUSTOM_FILE_IO__ */
+
+#define	getchar()	getc(stdin)
+#define	putchar(x)	putc(x, stdout)
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _STDIO_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/stdlib.h b/system/include/libc/stdlib.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5de59ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/stdlib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+/*
+ * stdlib.h
+ *
+ * Definitions for common types, variables, and functions.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _STDLIB_H_
+#define _STDLIB_H_
+
+#include <machine/ieeefp.h>
+#include "_ansi.h"
+
+#define __need_size_t
+#define __need_wchar_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+#include <machine/stdlib.h>
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+#include <alloca.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#include <cygwin/stdlib.h>
+#endif
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+typedef struct 
+{
+  int quot; /* quotient */
+  int rem; /* remainder */
+} div_t;
+
+typedef struct 
+{
+  long quot; /* quotient */
+  long rem; /* remainder */
+} ldiv_t;
+
+#if !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+typedef struct
+{
+  long long int quot; /* quotient */
+  long long int rem; /* remainder */
+} lldiv_t;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL 0
+#endif
+
+#define EXIT_FAILURE 1
+#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+
+#define RAND_MAX __RAND_MAX
+
+int	_EXFUN(__locale_mb_cur_max,(_VOID));
+
+#define MB_CUR_MAX __locale_mb_cur_max()
+
+_VOID	_EXFUN(abort,(_VOID)); /* _ATTRIBUTE ((noreturn))); */
+int	_EXFUN(abs,(int));
+int	_EXFUN(atexit,(_VOID (*__func)(_VOID)));
+double	_EXFUN(atof,(const char *__nptr));
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+float	_EXFUN(atoff,(const char *__nptr));
+#endif
+int	_EXFUN(atoi,(const char *__nptr));
+int	_EXFUN(_atoi_r,(struct _reent *, const char *__nptr));
+long	_EXFUN(atol,(const char *__nptr));
+long	_EXFUN(_atol_r,(struct _reent *, const char *__nptr));
+_PTR	_EXFUN(bsearch,(const _PTR __key,
+		       const _PTR __base,
+		       size_t __nmemb,
+		       size_t __size,
+		       int _EXFNPTR(_compar,(const _PTR, const _PTR))));
+_PTR	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(calloc,(size_t __nmemb, size_t __size));
+div_t	_EXFUN(div,(int __numer, int __denom));
+_VOID	_EXFUN(exit,(int __status)); /* _ATTRIBUTE ((noreturn))); */
+_VOID	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(free,(_PTR));
+char *  _EXFUN(getenv,(const char *__string));
+char *	_EXFUN(_getenv_r,(struct _reent *, const char *__string));
+char *	_EXFUN(_findenv,(_CONST char *, int *));
+char *	_EXFUN(_findenv_r,(struct _reent *, _CONST char *, int *));
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+extern char *suboptarg;			/* getsubopt(3) external variable */
+int	_EXFUN(getsubopt,(char **, char * const *, char **));
+#endif
+long	_EXFUN(labs,(long));
+ldiv_t	_EXFUN(ldiv,(long __numer, long __denom));
+_PTR	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(malloc,(size_t __size));
+int	_EXFUN(mblen,(const char *, size_t));
+int	_EXFUN(_mblen_r,(struct _reent *, const char *, size_t, _mbstate_t *));
+int	_EXFUN(mbtowc,(wchar_t *, const char *, size_t));
+int	_EXFUN(_mbtowc_r,(struct _reent *, wchar_t *, const char *, size_t, _mbstate_t *));
+int	_EXFUN(wctomb,(char *, wchar_t));
+int	_EXFUN(_wctomb_r,(struct _reent *, char *, wchar_t, _mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(mbstowcs,(wchar_t *, const char *, size_t));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_mbstowcs_r,(struct _reent *, wchar_t *, const char *, size_t, _mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcstombs,(char *, const wchar_t *, size_t));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_wcstombs_r,(struct _reent *, char *, const wchar_t *, size_t, _mbstate_t *));
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+char *	_EXFUN(mkdtemp,(char *));
+int	_EXFUN(mkostemp,(char *, int));
+int	_EXFUN(mkostemps,(char *, int, int));
+int	_EXFUN(mkstemp,(char *));
+int	_EXFUN(mkstemps,(char *, int));
+char *	_EXFUN(mktemp,(char *)); /* _ATTRIBUTE ((__warning__ ("the use of `mktemp' is dangerous; use `mkstemp' instead")))); */
+#endif
+char *	_EXFUN(_mkdtemp_r, (struct _reent *, char *));
+int	_EXFUN(_mkostemp_r, (struct _reent *, char *, int));
+int	_EXFUN(_mkostemps_r, (struct _reent *, char *, int, int));
+int	_EXFUN(_mkstemp_r, (struct _reent *, char *));
+int	_EXFUN(_mkstemps_r, (struct _reent *, char *, int));
+char *	_EXFUN(_mktemp_r, (struct _reent *, char *)); /* _ATTRIBUTE ((__warning__ ("the use of `mktemp' is dangerous; use `mkstemp' instead")))); */
+#endif
+_VOID	_EXFUN(qsort,(_PTR __base, size_t __nmemb, size_t __size, int(*_compar)(const _PTR, const _PTR)));
+int	_EXFUN(rand,(_VOID));
+_PTR	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(realloc,(_PTR __r, size_t __size));
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+_PTR	_EXFUN(reallocf,(_PTR __r, size_t __size));
+#endif
+_VOID	_EXFUN(srand,(unsigned __seed));
+double	_EXFUN(strtod,(const char *__n, char **__end_PTR));
+double	_EXFUN(_strtod_r,(struct _reent *,const char *__n, char **__end_PTR));
+float	_EXFUN(strtof,(const char *__n, char **__end_PTR));
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+/* the following strtodf interface is deprecated...use strtof instead */
+# ifndef strtodf 
+#  define strtodf strtof
+# endif
+#endif
+long	_EXFUN(strtol,(const char *__n, char **__end_PTR, int __base));
+long	_EXFUN(_strtol_r,(struct _reent *,const char *__n, char **__end_PTR, int __base));
+unsigned long _EXFUN(strtoul,(const char *__n, char **__end_PTR, int __base));
+unsigned long _EXFUN(_strtoul_r,(struct _reent *,const char *__n, char **__end_PTR, int __base));
+
+int	_EXFUN(system,(const char *__string));
+
+#if !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+long    _EXFUN(a64l,(const char *__input));
+char *  _EXFUN(l64a,(long __input));
+char *  _EXFUN(_l64a_r,(struct _reent *,long __input));
+int	_EXFUN(on_exit,(_VOID (*__func)(int, _PTR),_PTR __arg));
+_VOID	_EXFUN(_Exit,(int __status)); /* _ATTRIBUTE ((noreturn))); */
+int	_EXFUN(putenv,(char *__string));
+int	_EXFUN(_putenv_r,(struct _reent *, char *__string));
+_PTR	_EXFUN(_reallocf_r,(struct _reent *, _PTR, size_t));
+int	_EXFUN(setenv,(const char *__string, const char *__value, int __overwrite));
+int	_EXFUN(_setenv_r,(struct _reent *, const char *__string, const char *__value, int __overwrite));
+
+char *	_EXFUN(gcvt,(double,int,char *));
+char *	_EXFUN(gcvtf,(float,int,char *));
+char *	_EXFUN(fcvt,(double,int,int *,int *));
+char *	_EXFUN(fcvtf,(float,int,int *,int *));
+char *	_EXFUN(ecvt,(double,int,int *,int *));
+char *	_EXFUN(ecvtbuf,(double, int, int*, int*, char *));
+char *	_EXFUN(fcvtbuf,(double, int, int*, int*, char *));
+char *	_EXFUN(ecvtf,(float,int,int *,int *));
+char *	_EXFUN(dtoa,(double, int, int, int *, int*, char**));
+int	_EXFUN(rand_r,(unsigned *__seed));
+
+double _EXFUN(drand48,(_VOID));
+double _EXFUN(_drand48_r,(struct _reent *));
+double _EXFUN(erand48,(unsigned short [3]));
+double _EXFUN(_erand48_r,(struct _reent *, unsigned short [3]));
+long   _EXFUN(jrand48,(unsigned short [3]));
+long   _EXFUN(_jrand48_r,(struct _reent *, unsigned short [3]));
+_VOID  _EXFUN(lcong48,(unsigned short [7]));
+_VOID  _EXFUN(_lcong48_r,(struct _reent *, unsigned short [7]));
+long   _EXFUN(lrand48,(_VOID));
+long   _EXFUN(_lrand48_r,(struct _reent *));
+long   _EXFUN(mrand48,(_VOID));
+long   _EXFUN(_mrand48_r,(struct _reent *));
+long   _EXFUN(nrand48,(unsigned short [3]));
+long   _EXFUN(_nrand48_r,(struct _reent *, unsigned short [3]));
+unsigned short *
+       _EXFUN(seed48,(unsigned short [3]));
+unsigned short *
+       _EXFUN(_seed48_r,(struct _reent *, unsigned short [3]));
+_VOID  _EXFUN(srand48,(long));
+_VOID  _EXFUN(_srand48_r,(struct _reent *, long));
+long long _EXFUN(atoll,(const char *__nptr));
+long long _EXFUN(_atoll_r,(struct _reent *, const char *__nptr));
+long long _EXFUN(llabs,(long long));
+lldiv_t	_EXFUN(lldiv,(long long __numer, long long __denom));
+
+long long _EXFUN(strtoll,(const char *__n, char **__end_PTR, int __base));
+long long _EXFUN(_strtoll_r,(struct _reent *, const char *__n, char **__end_PTR, int __base));
+unsigned long long _EXFUN(strtoull,(const char *__n, char **__end_PTR, int __base));
+unsigned long long _EXFUN(_strtoull_r,(struct _reent *, const char *__n, char **__end_PTR, int __base));
+
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+_VOID	_EXFUN(cfree,(_PTR));
+int	_EXFUN(unsetenv,(const char *__string));
+int	_EXFUN(_unsetenv_r,(struct _reent *, const char *__string));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__rtems__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+int _EXFUN(posix_memalign,(void **, size_t, size_t));
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ! __STRICT_ANSI__ */
+
+char *	_EXFUN(_dtoa_r,(struct _reent *, double, int, int, int *, int*, char**));
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+_PTR	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(_malloc_r,(struct _reent *, size_t));
+_PTR	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(_calloc_r,(struct _reent *, size_t, size_t));
+_VOID	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(_free_r,(struct _reent *, _PTR));
+_PTR	_EXFUN_NOTHROW(_realloc_r,(struct _reent *, _PTR, size_t));
+_VOID	_EXFUN(_mstats_r,(struct _reent *, char *));
+#endif
+int	_EXFUN(_system_r,(struct _reent *, const char *));
+
+_VOID	_EXFUN(__eprintf,(const char *, const char *, unsigned int, const char *));
+
+/* On platforms where long double equals double.  */
+#if defined(_LDBL_EQ_DBL) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+extern long double strtold (const char *, char **);
+extern long double wcstold (const wchar_t *, wchar_t **);
+#endif /* _LDBL_EQ_DBL */
+
+int getloadavg(double loadavg[], int nelem); /* XXX Emscripten */
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _STDLIB_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/string.h b/system/include/libc/string.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..146d602c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/string.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/*
+ * string.h
+ *
+ * Definitions for memory and string functions.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _STRING_H_
+#define	_STRING_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+#define __need_size_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL 0
+#endif
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+_PTR 	 _EXFUN(memchr,(const _PTR, int, size_t));
+int 	 _EXFUN(memcmp,(const _PTR, const _PTR, size_t));
+_PTR 	 _EXFUN(memcpy,(_PTR, const _PTR, size_t));
+_PTR	 _EXFUN(memmove,(_PTR, const _PTR, size_t));
+_PTR	 _EXFUN(memset,(_PTR, int, size_t));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strcat,(char *, const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strchr,(const char *, int));
+int	 _EXFUN(strcmp,(const char *, const char *));
+int	 _EXFUN(strcoll,(const char *, const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strcpy,(char *, const char *));
+size_t	 _EXFUN(strcspn,(const char *, const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strerror,(int));
+size_t	 _EXFUN(strlen,(const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strncat,(char *, const char *, size_t));
+int	 _EXFUN(strncmp,(const char *, const char *, size_t));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strncpy,(char *, const char *, size_t));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strpbrk,(const char *, const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strrchr,(const char *, int));
+size_t	 _EXFUN(strspn,(const char *, const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strstr,(const char *, const char *));
+
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || !defined(_REENT_ONLY)
+char 	*_EXFUN(strtok,(char *, const char *));
+#endif
+
+size_t	 _EXFUN(strxfrm,(char *, const char *, size_t));
+
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+char 	*_EXFUN(strtok_r,(char *, const char *, char **));
+
+int	 _EXFUN(bcmp,(const void *, const void *, size_t));
+void	 _EXFUN(bcopy,(const void *, void *, size_t));
+void	 _EXFUN(bzero,(void *, size_t));
+int	 _EXFUN(ffs,(int));
+char 	*_EXFUN(index,(const char *, int));
+_PTR	 _EXFUN(memccpy,(_PTR, const _PTR, int, size_t));
+_PTR	 _EXFUN(mempcpy,(_PTR, const _PTR, size_t));
+_PTR	 _EXFUN(memmem, (const _PTR, size_t, const _PTR, size_t));
+char 	*_EXFUN(rindex,(const char *, int));
+char 	*_EXFUN(stpcpy,(char *, const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(stpncpy,(char *, const char *, size_t));
+int	 _EXFUN(strcasecmp,(const char *, const char *));
+char	*_EXFUN(strcasestr,(const char *, const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strdup,(const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(_strdup_r,(struct _reent *, const char *));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strndup,(const char *, size_t));
+char 	*_EXFUN(_strndup_r,(struct _reent *, const char *, size_t));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strerror_r,(int, char *, size_t));
+size_t	 _EXFUN(strlcat,(char *, const char *, size_t));
+size_t	 _EXFUN(strlcpy,(char *, const char *, size_t));
+int	 _EXFUN(strncasecmp,(const char *, const char *, size_t));
+size_t	 _EXFUN(strnlen,(const char *, size_t));
+char 	*_EXFUN(strsep,(char **, const char *));
+char	*_EXFUN(strlwr,(char *));
+char	*_EXFUN(strupr,(char *));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#ifndef DEFS_H	/* Kludge to work around problem compiling in gdb */
+char  *_EXFUN(strsignal, (int __signo));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(strtosigno, (const char *__name));
+#endif
+
+/* These function names are used on Windows and perhaps other systems.  */
+#ifndef strcmpi
+#define strcmpi strcasecmp
+#endif
+#ifndef stricmp
+#define stricmp strcasecmp
+#endif
+#ifndef strncmpi
+#define strncmpi strncasecmp
+#endif
+#ifndef strnicmp
+#define strnicmp strncasecmp
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ! __STRICT_ANSI__ */
+
+#include <sys/string.h>
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _STRING_H_ */
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/strings.h b/system/include/libc/strings.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..131d81d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/strings.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * strings.h
+ *
+ * Definitions for string operations.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _STRINGS_H_
+#define _STRINGS_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+#include <sys/types.h> /* for size_t */
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+#if !defined __STRICT_ANSI__ && _POSIX_VERSION < 200809L
+/* 
+ * Marked LEGACY in Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6/IEEE Std 1003.1-2004
+ * Removed from Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7/IEEE Std 1003.1-2008
+ */
+int	 _EXFUN(bcmp,(const void *, const void *, size_t));
+void	 _EXFUN(bcopy,(const void *, void *, size_t));
+void	 _EXFUN(bzero,(void *, size_t));
+char 	*_EXFUN(index,(const char *, int));
+char 	*_EXFUN(rindex,(const char *, int));
+#endif /* ! __STRICT_ANSI__ */
+
+int	 _EXFUN(ffs,(int));
+int	 _EXFUN(strcasecmp,(const char *, const char *));
+int	 _EXFUN(strncasecmp,(const char *, const char *, size_t));
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _STRINGS_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/_default_fcntl.h b/system/include/libc/sys/_default_fcntl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bc4fcfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/_default_fcntl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+
+#ifndef	_SYS__DEFAULT_FCNTL_H_
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+#define	_SYS__DEFAULT_FCNTL_H_
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#define	_FOPEN		(-1)	/* from sys/file.h, kernel use only */
+#define	_FREAD		0x0001	/* read enabled */
+#define	_FWRITE		0x0002	/* write enabled */
+#define	_FAPPEND	0x0008	/* append (writes guaranteed at the end) */
+#define	_FMARK		0x0010	/* internal; mark during gc() */
+#define	_FDEFER		0x0020	/* internal; defer for next gc pass */
+#define	_FASYNC		0x0040	/* signal pgrp when data ready */
+#define	_FSHLOCK	0x0080	/* BSD flock() shared lock present */
+#define	_FEXLOCK	0x0100	/* BSD flock() exclusive lock present */
+#define	_FCREAT		0x0200	/* open with file create */
+#define	_FTRUNC		0x0400	/* open with truncation */
+#define	_FEXCL		0x0800	/* error on open if file exists */
+#define	_FNBIO		0x1000	/* non blocking I/O (sys5 style) */
+#define	_FSYNC		0x2000	/* do all writes synchronously */
+#define	_FNONBLOCK	0x4000	/* non blocking I/O (POSIX style) */
+#define	_FNDELAY	_FNONBLOCK	/* non blocking I/O (4.2 style) */
+#define	_FNOCTTY	0x8000	/* don't assign a ctty on this open */
+
+#define	O_ACCMODE	(O_RDONLY|O_WRONLY|O_RDWR)
+
+/*
+ * Flag values for open(2) and fcntl(2)
+ * The kernel adds 1 to the open modes to turn it into some
+ * combination of FREAD and FWRITE.
+ */
+#define	O_RDONLY	0		/* +1 == FREAD */
+#define	O_WRONLY	1		/* +1 == FWRITE */
+#define	O_RDWR		2		/* +1 == FREAD|FWRITE */
+#define	O_APPEND	_FAPPEND
+#define	O_CREAT		_FCREAT
+#define	O_TRUNC		_FTRUNC
+#define	O_EXCL		_FEXCL
+#define O_SYNC		_FSYNC
+/*	O_NDELAY	_FNDELAY 	set in include/fcntl.h */
+/*	O_NDELAY	_FNBIO 		set in include/fcntl.h */
+#define	O_NONBLOCK	_FNONBLOCK
+#define	O_NOCTTY	_FNOCTTY
+/* For machines which care - */
+#if defined (_WIN32) || defined (__CYGWIN__)
+#define _FBINARY        0x10000
+#define _FTEXT          0x20000
+#define _FNOINHERIT	0x40000
+
+#define O_BINARY	_FBINARY
+#define O_TEXT		_FTEXT
+#define O_NOINHERIT	_FNOINHERIT
+/* O_CLOEXEC is the Linux equivalent to O_NOINHERIT */
+#define O_CLOEXEC	_FNOINHERIT
+
+/* The windows header files define versions with a leading underscore.  */
+#define _O_RDONLY	O_RDONLY
+#define _O_WRONLY	O_WRONLY
+#define _O_RDWR		O_RDWR
+#define _O_APPEND	O_APPEND
+#define _O_CREAT	O_CREAT
+#define _O_TRUNC	O_TRUNC
+#define _O_EXCL		O_EXCL
+#define _O_TEXT		O_TEXT
+#define _O_BINARY	O_BINARY
+#define _O_RAW		O_BINARY
+#define _O_NOINHERIT	O_NOINHERIT
+#endif
+
+#ifndef	_POSIX_SOURCE
+
+/*
+ * Flags that work for fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, FXXXX)
+ */
+#define	FAPPEND		_FAPPEND
+#define	FSYNC		_FSYNC
+#define	FASYNC		_FASYNC
+#define	FNBIO		_FNBIO
+#define	FNONBIO		_FNONBLOCK	/* XXX fix to be NONBLOCK everywhere */
+#define	FNDELAY		_FNDELAY
+
+/*
+ * Flags that are disallowed for fcntl's (FCNTLCANT);
+ * used for opens, internal state, or locking.
+ */
+#define	FREAD		_FREAD
+#define	FWRITE		_FWRITE
+#define	FMARK		_FMARK
+#define	FDEFER		_FDEFER
+#define	FSHLOCK		_FSHLOCK
+#define	FEXLOCK		_FEXLOCK
+
+/*
+ * The rest of the flags, used only for opens
+ */
+#define	FOPEN		_FOPEN
+#define	FCREAT		_FCREAT
+#define	FTRUNC		_FTRUNC
+#define	FEXCL		_FEXCL
+#define	FNOCTTY		_FNOCTTY
+
+#endif	/* !_POSIX_SOURCE */
+
+/* XXX close on exec request; must match UF_EXCLOSE in user.h */
+#define	FD_CLOEXEC	1	/* posix */
+
+/* fcntl(2) requests */
+#define	F_DUPFD		0	/* Duplicate fildes */
+#define	F_GETFD		1	/* Get fildes flags (close on exec) */
+#define	F_SETFD		2	/* Set fildes flags (close on exec) */
+#define	F_GETFL		3	/* Get file flags */
+#define	F_SETFL		4	/* Set file flags */
+#ifndef	_POSIX_SOURCE
+#define	F_GETOWN 	5	/* Get owner - for ASYNC */
+#define	F_SETOWN 	6	/* Set owner - for ASYNC */
+#endif	/* !_POSIX_SOURCE */
+#define	F_GETLK  	7	/* Get record-locking information */
+#define	F_SETLK  	8	/* Set or Clear a record-lock (Non-Blocking) */
+#define	F_SETLKW 	9	/* Set or Clear a record-lock (Blocking) */
+#ifndef	_POSIX_SOURCE
+#define	F_RGETLK 	10	/* Test a remote lock to see if it is blocked */
+#define	F_RSETLK 	11	/* Set or unlock a remote lock */
+#define	F_CNVT 		12	/* Convert a fhandle to an open fd */
+#define	F_RSETLKW 	13	/* Set or Clear remote record-lock(Blocking) */
+#endif	/* !_POSIX_SOURCE */
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#define	F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC	14	/* As F_DUPFD, but set close-on-exec flag */
+#endif
+
+/* XXX Emscripten: 3 more not really needed ones */
+#define F_GETLK64 20
+#define F_SETLK64 21
+#define F_SETLKW64 22
+
+
+/* fcntl(2) flags (l_type field of flock structure) */
+#define	F_RDLCK		1	/* read lock */
+#define	F_WRLCK		2	/* write lock */
+#define	F_UNLCK		3	/* remove lock(s) */
+#ifndef	_POSIX_SOURCE
+#define	F_UNLKSYS	4	/* remove remote locks for a given system */
+#endif	/* !_POSIX_SOURCE */
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+/* Special descriptor value to denote the cwd in calls to openat(2) etc. */
+#define AT_FDCWD -2
+
+/* Flag values for faccessat2) et al. */
+#define AT_EACCESS              1
+#define AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW     2
+#define AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW       4
+#define AT_REMOVEDIR            8
+#endif
+
+/*#include <sys/stdtypes.h>*/
+
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+/* file segment locking set data type - information passed to system by user */
+struct flock {
+	short	l_type;		/* F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or F_UNLCK */
+	short	l_whence;	/* flag to choose starting offset */
+	long	l_start;	/* relative offset, in bytes */
+	long	l_len;		/* length, in bytes; 0 means lock to EOF */
+	short	l_pid;		/* returned with F_GETLK */
+	short	l_xxx;		/* reserved for future use */
+};
+#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
+
+#ifndef	_POSIX_SOURCE
+/* extended file segment locking set data type */
+struct eflock {
+	short	l_type;		/* F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or F_UNLCK */
+	short	l_whence;	/* flag to choose starting offset */
+	long	l_start;	/* relative offset, in bytes */
+	long	l_len;		/* length, in bytes; 0 means lock to EOF */
+	short	l_pid;		/* returned with F_GETLK */
+	short	l_xxx;		/* reserved for future use */
+	long	l_rpid;		/* Remote process id wanting this lock */
+	long	l_rsys;		/* Remote system id wanting this lock */
+};
+#endif	/* !_POSIX_SOURCE */
+
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>		/* sigh. for the mode bits for open/creat */
+
+extern int open _PARAMS ((const char *, int, ...));
+extern int creat _PARAMS ((const char *, mode_t));
+extern int fcntl _PARAMS ((int, int, ...));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#include <sys/time.h>
+extern int futimesat _PARAMS ((int, const char *, const struct timeval *));
+extern int openat _PARAMS ((int, const char *, int, ...));
+#endif
+
+/* Provide _<systemcall> prototypes for functions provided by some versions
+   of newlib.  */
+#ifdef _COMPILING_NEWLIB
+extern int _open _PARAMS ((const char *, int, ...));
+extern int _fcntl _PARAMS ((int, int, ...));
+#ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+extern int _open64 _PARAMS ((const char *, int, ...));
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* XXX Emscripten */
+#define POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED 135
+int posix_fadvise(int fd, off_t offset, off_t len, int advice);
+int posix_fallocate(int fd, off_t offset, off_t len);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif	/* !_SYS__DEFAULT_FCNTL_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/_types.h b/system/include/libc/sys/_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44f0db87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/* ANSI C namespace clean utility typedefs */
+
+/* This file defines various typedefs needed by the system calls that support
+   the C library.  Basically, they're just the POSIX versions with an '_'
+   prepended.  This file lives in the `sys' directory so targets can provide
+   their own if desired (or they can put target dependant conditionals here).
+*/
+
+#ifndef	_SYS__TYPES_H
+#define _SYS__TYPES_H
+
+#include <machine/_types.h>
+#include <sys/lock.h>
+
+#ifndef __off_t_defined
+typedef long _off_t;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+/* device numbers are 32-bit major and and 32-bit minor */
+typedef unsigned long long __dev_t;
+#else
+#ifndef __dev_t_defined
+typedef unsigned long long __dev_t; /* XXX Emscripten */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __uid_t_defined
+typedef unsigned __uid_t; /* XXX Emscripten */
+#endif
+#ifndef __gid_t_defined
+typedef unsigned __gid_t; /* XXX Emscripten */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __off64_t_defined
+__extension__ typedef long long _off64_t;
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * We need fpos_t for the following, but it doesn't have a leading "_",
+ * so we use _fpos_t instead.
+ */
+#ifndef __fpos_t_defined
+typedef long _fpos_t;		/* XXX must match off_t in <sys/types.h> */
+				/* (and must be `long' for now) */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+#ifndef __fpos64_t_defined
+typedef _off64_t _fpos64_t;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __ssize_t_defined
+#if defined(__INT_MAX__) && __INT_MAX__ == 2147483647
+typedef int _ssize_t;
+#else
+typedef long _ssize_t;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#define __need_wint_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#ifndef __mbstate_t_defined
+/* Conversion state information.  */
+typedef struct
+{
+  int __count;
+  union
+  {
+    wint_t __wch;
+    unsigned char __wchb[4];
+  } __value;		/* Value so far.  */
+} _mbstate_t;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __flock_t_defined
+typedef _LOCK_RECURSIVE_T _flock_t;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __iconv_t_defined
+/* Iconv descriptor type */
+typedef void *_iconv_t;
+#endif
+
+#endif	/* _SYS__TYPES_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/cdefs.h b/system/include/libc/sys/cdefs.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0b6a27b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/cdefs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/* libc/sys/linux/sys/cdefs.h - Helper macros for K&R vs. ANSI C compat. */
+
+/* Written 2000 by Werner Almesberger */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Berkeley Software Design, Inc.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)cdefs.h	8.8 (Berkeley) 1/9/95
+ * $FreeBSD: src/sys/sys/cdefs.h,v 1.54 2002/05/11 03:58:24 alfred Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_CDEFS_H
+#define _SYS_CDEFS_H
+
+#define __FBSDID(x) /* nothing */
+/*
+ * Note: the goal here is not compatibility to K&R C. Since we know that we
+ * have GCC which understands ANSI C perfectly well, we make use of this.
+ */
+
+#define __P(args)	args
+#define __PMT(args)	args
+#define __const		const
+#define __signed	signed
+#define __volatile	volatile
+#define __DOTS    	, ...
+#define __THROW
+
+#define __ptr_t void *
+#define __long_double_t  long double
+
+#define __attribute_malloc__
+#define __attribute_pure__
+#define __attribute_format_strfmon__(a,b)
+#define __flexarr      [0]
+
+#ifdef  __cplusplus
+# define __BEGIN_DECLS  extern "C" {
+# define __END_DECLS    }
+#else
+# define __BEGIN_DECLS
+# define __END_DECLS
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __BOUNDED_POINTERS__
+# define __bounded      /* nothing */
+# define __unbounded    /* nothing */
+# define __ptrvalue     /* nothing */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define	__strong_reference(sym,aliassym)	\
+	extern __typeof (sym) aliassym __attribute__ ((__alias__ (#sym)));
+#ifdef __ELF__
+#ifdef __STDC__
+#define	__weak_reference(sym,alias)	\
+	__asm__(".weak " #alias);	\
+	__asm__(".equ "  #alias ", " #sym)
+#define	__warn_references(sym,msg)	\
+	__asm__(".section .gnu.warning." #sym);	\
+	__asm__(".asciz \"" msg "\"");	\
+	__asm__(".previous")
+#else
+#define	__weak_reference(sym,alias)	\
+	__asm__(".weak alias");		\
+	__asm__(".equ alias, sym")
+#define	__warn_references(sym,msg)	\
+	__asm__(".section .gnu.warning.sym"); \
+	__asm__(".asciz \"msg\"");	\
+	__asm__(".previous")
+#endif	/* __STDC__ */
+#else	/* !__ELF__ */
+#ifdef __STDC__
+#define	__weak_reference(sym,alias)	\
+	__asm__(".stabs \"_" #alias "\",11,0,0,0");	\
+	__asm__(".stabs \"_" #sym "\",1,0,0,0")
+#define	__warn_references(sym,msg)	\
+	__asm__(".stabs \"" msg "\",30,0,0,0");		\
+	__asm__(".stabs \"_" #sym "\",1,0,0,0")
+#else
+#define	__weak_reference(sym,alias)	\
+	__asm__(".stabs \"_/**/alias\",11,0,0,0");	\
+	__asm__(".stabs \"_/**/sym\",1,0,0,0")
+#define	__warn_references(sym,msg)	\
+	__asm__(".stabs msg,30,0,0,0");			\
+	__asm__(".stabs \"_/**/sym\",1,0,0,0")
+#endif	/* __STDC__ */
+#endif	/* __ELF__ */
+#endif	/* __GNUC__ */
+
+#endif /* _SYS_CDEFS_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/config.h b/system/include/libc/sys/config.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49c81f91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#ifndef __SYS_CONFIG_H__
+#define __SYS_CONFIG_H__
+
+#include <machine/ieeefp.h>  /* floating point macros */
+#include <sys/features.h>	/* POSIX defs */
+
+/* exceptions first */
+#if defined(__H8500__) || defined(__W65__)
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+/* ???  This conditional is true for the h8500 and the w65, defining H8300
+   in those cases probably isn't the right thing to do.  */
+#define H8300 1
+#endif
+
+/* 16 bit integer machines */
+#if defined(__Z8001__) || defined(__Z8002__) || defined(__H8500__) || defined(__W65__) || defined (__mn10200__) || defined (__AVR__)
+
+#undef INT_MAX
+#undef UINT_MAX
+#define INT_MAX 32767
+#define UINT_MAX 65535
+#endif
+
+#if defined (__H8300__) || defined (__H8300H__) || defined(__H8300S__) || defined (__H8300SX__)
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#define H8300 1
+#undef INT_MAX
+#undef UINT_MAX
+#define INT_MAX __INT_MAX__
+#define UINT_MAX (__INT_MAX__ * 2U + 1)
+#endif
+
+#if (defined(__CR16__) || defined(__CR16C__) ||defined(__CR16CP__))
+#ifndef __INT32__
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS      
+#undef INT_MAX
+#undef UINT_MAX
+#define INT_MAX 32767
+#define UINT_MAX (__INT_MAX__ * 2U + 1)
+#else /* INT32 */
+#undef INT_MAX
+#undef UINT_MAX
+#define INT_MAX 2147483647
+#define UINT_MAX (__INT_MAX__ * 2U + 1)
+#endif /* INT32 */
+
+#endif /* CR16C */
+
+#if defined (__xc16x__) || defined (__xc16xL__) || defined (__xc16xS__)
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __W65__
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__D10V__)
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#undef INT_MAX
+#undef UINT_MAX
+#define INT_MAX __INT_MAX__
+#define UINT_MAX (__INT_MAX__ * 2U + 1)
+#define _POINTER_INT short
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__mc68hc11__) || defined(__mc68hc12__) || defined(__mc68hc1x__)
+#undef INT_MAX
+#undef UINT_MAX
+#define INT_MAX __INT_MAX__
+#define UINT_MAX (__INT_MAX__ * 2U + 1)
+#define _POINTER_INT short
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ___AM29K__
+#define _FLOAT_RET double
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __i386__
+#ifndef __unix__
+/* in other words, go32 */
+#define _FLOAT_RET double
+#endif
+#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__RDOS__)
+/* we want the reentrancy structure to be returned by a function */
+#define __DYNAMIC_REENT__
+#define HAVE_GETDATE
+#define _HAVE_SYSTYPES
+#define _READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _ssize_t
+#define __LARGE64_FILES 1
+/* we use some glibc header files so turn on glibc large file feature */
+#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __mn10200__
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __AVR__
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#define _POINTER_INT short
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __v850
+#define __ATTRIBUTE_IMPURE_PTR__ __attribute__((__sda__))
+#endif
+
+/* For the PowerPC eabi, force the _impure_ptr to be in .sdata */
+#if defined(__PPC__)
+#if defined(_CALL_SYSV)
+#define __ATTRIBUTE_IMPURE_PTR__ __attribute__((__section__(".sdata")))
+#endif
+#ifdef __SPE__
+#define _LONG_DOUBLE double
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* Configure small REENT structure for Xilinx MicroBlaze platforms */
+#if defined (__MICROBLAZE__)
+#ifndef _REENT_SMALL
+#define _REENT_SMALL
+#endif
+/* Xilinx XMK uses Unix98 mutex */
+#ifdef __XMK__
+#define _UNIX98_THREAD_MUTEX_ATTRIBUTES
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__mips__) && !defined(__rtems__)
+#define __ATTRIBUTE_IMPURE_PTR__ __attribute__((__section__(".sdata")))
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __xstormy16__
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#undef INT_MAX
+#undef UINT_MAX
+#define INT_MAX __INT_MAX__
+#define UINT_MAX (__INT_MAX__ * 2U + 1)
+#define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT 8
+#define _POINTER_INT short
+#define __BUFSIZ__ 16
+#define _REENT_SMALL
+#endif
+#ifdef __m32c__
+#define __SMALL_BITFIELDS
+#undef INT_MAX
+#undef UINT_MAX
+#define INT_MAX __INT_MAX__
+#define UINT_MAX (__INT_MAX__ * 2U + 1)
+#define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT 8
+#if defined(__r8c_cpu__) || defined(__m16c_cpu__)
+#define _POINTER_INT short
+#else
+#define _POINTER_INT long
+#endif
+#define __BUFSIZ__ 16
+#define _REENT_SMALL
+#endif /* __m32c__ */
+
+#ifdef __SPU__
+#define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT 16
+#define __CUSTOM_FILE_IO__
+#endif
+
+/* This block should be kept in sync with GCC's limits.h.  The point
+   of having these definitions here is to not include limits.h, which
+   would pollute the user namespace, while still using types of the
+   the correct widths when deciding how to define __int32_t and
+   __int64_t.  */
+#ifndef __INT_MAX__
+# ifdef INT_MAX
+#  define __INT_MAX__ INT_MAX
+# else
+#  define __INT_MAX__ 2147483647
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __LONG_MAX__
+# ifdef LONG_MAX
+#  define __LONG_MAX__ LONG_MAX
+# else
+#  if defined (__alpha__) || (defined (__sparc__) && defined(__arch64__)) \
+      || defined (__sparcv9)
+#   define __LONG_MAX__ 9223372036854775807L
+#  else
+#   define __LONG_MAX__ 2147483647L
+#  endif /* __alpha__ || sparc64 */
+# endif
+#endif
+/* End of block that should be kept in sync with GCC's limits.h.  */
+
+#ifndef _POINTER_INT
+#define _POINTER_INT long
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __frv__
+#define __ATTRIBUTE_IMPURE_PTR__ __attribute__((__section__(".sdata")))
+#endif
+#undef __RAND_MAX
+#if __INT_MAX__ == 32767
+#define __RAND_MAX 32767
+#else
+#define __RAND_MAX 0x7fffffff
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#include <cygwin/config.h>
+#if !defined (__STRICT_ANSI__) || (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
+#define __USE_XOPEN2K 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+#define __FILENAME_MAX__ 255
+#define _READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _ssize_t
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __EXPORT
+#define __EXPORT
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __IMPORT
+#define __IMPORT
+#endif
+
+/* Define return type of read/write routines.  In POSIX, the return type
+   for read()/write() is "ssize_t" but legacy newlib code has been using
+   "int" for some time.  If not specified, "int" is defaulted.  */
+#ifndef _READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE
+#define _READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE int
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __WCHAR_MAX__
+#if __INT_MAX__ == 32767 || defined (_WIN32)
+#define __WCHAR_MAX__ 0xffffu
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* See if small reent asked for at configuration time and
+   is not chosen by the platform by default.  */
+#ifdef _WANT_REENT_SMALL
+#ifndef _REENT_SMALL
+#define _REENT_SMALL
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* If _MB_EXTENDED_CHARSETS_ALL is set, we want all of the extended
+   charsets.  The extended charsets add a few functions and a couple
+   of tables of a few K each. */
+#ifdef _MB_EXTENDED_CHARSETS_ALL
+#define _MB_EXTENDED_CHARSETS_ISO 1
+#define _MB_EXTENDED_CHARSETS_WINDOWS 1
+#endif
+
+#endif /* __SYS_CONFIG_H__ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/custom_file.h b/system/include/libc/sys/custom_file.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96314fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/custom_file.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#error System-specific custom_file.h is missing.
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/dir.h b/system/include/libc/sys/dir.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..220150dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/dir.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+/* BSD predecessor of POSIX.1 <dirent.h> and struct dirent */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_DIR_H_
+#define _SYS_DIR_H_
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+#define direct dirent
+
+#endif /*_SYS_DIR_H_*/
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/dirent.h b/system/include/libc/sys/dirent.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edcc5746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/dirent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/* <dirent.h> includes <sys/dirent.h>, which is this file.  On a
+   system which supports <dirent.h>, this file is overridden by
+   dirent.h in the libc/sys/.../sys directory.  On a system which does
+   not support <dirent.h>, we will get this file which uses #error to force
+   an error.  */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* XXX Emscripten */
+struct dirent {
+  ino_t d_ino;
+  char  d_name[MAXNAMLEN];
+  int   d_off;
+  int   d_reclen;
+  char  d_type;
+};
+
+#define DIR struct dirent
+
+DIR  *opendir(const char *);
+void  seekdir(DIR *, long);
+long  telldir(DIR *);
+DIR  *readdir(DIR *);
+int   closedir(DIR *dirp);
+void  rewinddir(DIR *dirp);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/errno.h b/system/include/libc/sys/errno.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac45fbc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/errno.h
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+/* errno is not a global variable, because that would make using it
+   non-reentrant.  Instead, its address is returned by the function
+   __errno.  */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_ERRNO_H_
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+#define _SYS_ERRNO_H_
+
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+#define errno (*__errno())
+extern int *__errno _PARAMS ((void));
+#endif
+
+/* Please don't use these variables directly.
+   Use strerror instead. */
+extern __IMPORT _CONST char * _CONST _sys_errlist[];
+extern __IMPORT int _sys_nerr;
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+extern __IMPORT const char * const sys_errlist[];
+extern __IMPORT int sys_nerr;
+#endif
+
+#define __errno_r(ptr) ((ptr)->_errno)
+
+#define	EPERM 1		/* Not super-user */
+#define	ENOENT 2	/* No such file or directory */
+#define	ESRCH 3		/* No such process */
+#define	EINTR 4		/* Interrupted system call */
+#define	EIO 5		/* I/O error */
+#define	ENXIO 6		/* No such device or address */
+#define	E2BIG 7		/* Arg list too long */
+#define	ENOEXEC 8	/* Exec format error */
+#define	EBADF 9		/* Bad file number */
+#define	ECHILD 10	/* No children */
+#define	EAGAIN 11	/* No more processes */
+#define	ENOMEM 12	/* Not enough core */
+#define	EACCES 13	/* Permission denied */
+#define	EFAULT 14	/* Bad address */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define	ENOTBLK 15	/* Block device required */
+#endif
+#define	EBUSY 16	/* Mount device busy */
+#define	EEXIST 17	/* File exists */
+#define	EXDEV 18	/* Cross-device link */
+#define	ENODEV 19	/* No such device */
+#define	ENOTDIR 20	/* Not a directory */
+#define	EISDIR 21	/* Is a directory */
+#define	EINVAL 22	/* Invalid argument */
+#define	ENFILE 23	/* Too many open files in system */
+#define	EMFILE 24	/* Too many open files */
+#define	ENOTTY 25	/* Not a typewriter */
+#define	ETXTBSY 26	/* Text file busy */
+#define	EFBIG 27	/* File too large */
+#define	ENOSPC 28	/* No space left on device */
+#define	ESPIPE 29	/* Illegal seek */
+#define	EROFS 30	/* Read only file system */
+#define	EMLINK 31	/* Too many links */
+#define	EPIPE 32	/* Broken pipe */
+#define	EDOM 33		/* Math arg out of domain of func */
+#define	ERANGE 34	/* Math result not representable */
+#define	ENOMSG 35	/* No message of desired type */
+#define	EIDRM 36	/* Identifier removed */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define	ECHRNG 37	/* Channel number out of range */
+#define	EL2NSYNC 38	/* Level 2 not synchronized */
+#define	EL3HLT 39	/* Level 3 halted */
+#define	EL3RST 40	/* Level 3 reset */
+#define	ELNRNG 41	/* Link number out of range */
+#define	EUNATCH 42	/* Protocol driver not attached */
+#define	ENOCSI 43	/* No CSI structure available */
+#define	EL2HLT 44	/* Level 2 halted */
+#endif
+#define	EDEADLK 45	/* Deadlock condition */
+#define	ENOLCK 46	/* No record locks available */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define EBADE 50	/* Invalid exchange */
+#define EBADR 51	/* Invalid request descriptor */
+#define EXFULL 52	/* Exchange full */
+#define ENOANO 53	/* No anode */
+#define EBADRQC 54	/* Invalid request code */
+#define EBADSLT 55	/* Invalid slot */
+#define EDEADLOCK 56	/* File locking deadlock error */
+#define EBFONT 57	/* Bad font file fmt */
+#endif
+#define ENOSTR 60	/* Device not a stream */
+#define ENODATA 61	/* No data (for no delay io) */
+#define ETIME 62	/* Timer expired */
+#define ENOSR 63	/* Out of streams resources */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define ENONET 64	/* Machine is not on the network */
+#define ENOPKG 65	/* Package not installed */
+#define EREMOTE 66	/* The object is remote */
+#endif
+#define ENOLINK 67	/* The link has been severed */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define EADV 68		/* Advertise error */
+#define ESRMNT 69	/* Srmount error */
+#define	ECOMM 70	/* Communication error on send */
+#endif
+#define EPROTO 71	/* Protocol error */
+#define	EMULTIHOP 74	/* Multihop attempted */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define	ELBIN 75	/* Inode is remote (not really error) */
+#define	EDOTDOT 76	/* Cross mount point (not really error) */
+#endif
+#define EBADMSG 77	/* Trying to read unreadable message */
+#define EFTYPE 79	/* Inappropriate file type or format */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define ENOTUNIQ 80	/* Given log. name not unique */
+#define EBADFD 81	/* f.d. invalid for this operation */
+#define EREMCHG 82	/* Remote address changed */
+#define ELIBACC 83	/* Can't access a needed shared lib */
+#define ELIBBAD 84	/* Accessing a corrupted shared lib */
+#define ELIBSCN 85	/* .lib section in a.out corrupted */
+#define ELIBMAX 86	/* Attempting to link in too many libs */
+#define ELIBEXEC 87	/* Attempting to exec a shared library */
+#endif
+#define ENOSYS 88	/* Function not implemented */
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#define ENMFILE 89      /* No more files */
+#endif
+#define ENOTEMPTY 90	/* Directory not empty */
+#define ENAMETOOLONG 91	/* File or path name too long */
+#define ELOOP 92	/* Too many symbolic links */
+#define EOPNOTSUPP 95	/* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */
+#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */
+#define ECONNRESET 104  /* Connection reset by peer */
+#define ENOBUFS 105	/* No buffer space available */
+#define EAFNOSUPPORT 106 /* Address family not supported by protocol family */
+#define EPROTOTYPE 107	/* Protocol wrong type for socket */
+#define ENOTSOCK 108	/* Socket operation on non-socket */
+#define ENOPROTOOPT 109	/* Protocol not available */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define ESHUTDOWN 110	/* Can't send after socket shutdown */
+#endif
+#define ECONNREFUSED 111	/* Connection refused */
+#define EADDRINUSE 112		/* Address already in use */
+#define ECONNABORTED 113	/* Connection aborted */
+#define ENETUNREACH 114		/* Network is unreachable */
+#define ENETDOWN 115		/* Network interface is not configured */
+#define ETIMEDOUT 116		/* Connection timed out */
+#define EHOSTDOWN 117		/* Host is down */
+#define EHOSTUNREACH 118	/* Host is unreachable */
+#define EINPROGRESS 119		/* Connection already in progress */
+#define EALREADY 120		/* Socket already connected */
+#define EDESTADDRREQ 121	/* Destination address required */
+#define EMSGSIZE 122		/* Message too long */
+#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 123	/* Unknown protocol */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 124	/* Socket type not supported */
+#endif
+#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 125	/* Address not available */
+#define ENETRESET 126
+#define EISCONN 127		/* Socket is already connected */
+#define ENOTCONN 128		/* Socket is not connected */
+#define ETOOMANYREFS 129
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define EPROCLIM 130
+#define EUSERS 131
+#endif
+#define EDQUOT 132
+#define ESTALE 133
+#define ENOTSUP 134		/* Not supported */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define ENOMEDIUM 135   /* No medium (in tape drive) */
+#endif
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#define ENOSHARE 136    /* No such host or network path */
+#define ECASECLASH 137  /* Filename exists with different case */
+#endif
+#define EILSEQ 138
+#define EOVERFLOW 139	/* Value too large for defined data type */
+#define ECANCELED 140	/* Operation canceled */
+#define ENOTRECOVERABLE 141	/* State not recoverable */
+#define EOWNERDEAD 142	/* Previous owner died */
+#ifdef __LINUX_ERRNO_EXTENSIONS__
+#define ESTRPIPE 143	/* Streams pipe error */
+#endif
+#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN	/* Operation would block */
+
+#define __ELASTERROR 2000	/* Users can add values starting here */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _SYS_ERRNO_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/fcntl.h b/system/include/libc/sys/fcntl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be85f40c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/fcntl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#ifndef _SYS_FCNTL_H_
+#define _SYS_FCNTL_H_
+#include <sys/_default_fcntl.h>
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/features.h b/system/include/libc/sys/features.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9faf2b89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/features.h
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+/*
+ *  Written by Joel Sherrill <joel@OARcorp.com>.
+ *
+ *  COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2000.
+ *
+ *  On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+ *
+ *  Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ *  purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice
+ *  is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy
+ *  or modification of this software.
+ *
+ *  THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+ *  WARRANTY.  IN PARTICULAR,  THE AUTHOR MAKES NO REPRESENTATION
+ *  OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY OF THIS
+ *  SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ *
+ *  $Id: features.h,v 1.22 2010/08/09 08:29:22 corinna Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_FEATURES_H
+#define _SYS_FEATURES_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* RTEMS adheres to POSIX -- 1003.1b with some features from annexes.  */
+
+#ifdef __rtems__
+#define _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL     		1
+#define _POSIX_SAVED_IDS       		1
+#define _POSIX_VERSION			199309L
+#define _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO		1
+#define _POSIX_FSYNC			1
+#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES		1
+#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK			1
+#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE		1
+#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION	1
+#define _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING		1
+#define _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK		200112L
+#define _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO		1
+#define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING	1
+#define _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS		1
+#define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES		1
+/* #define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS	1 */
+#define _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO		1
+#define _POSIX_TIMERS			1
+#define _POSIX_BARRIERS                 200112L
+#define _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS      200112L
+#define _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS               200112L
+
+
+/* In P1003.1b but defined by drafts at least as early as P1003.1c/D10  */
+#define _POSIX_THREADS				1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR		1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE		1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING	1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT		1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT		1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED		1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS		1
+
+/* P1003.4b/D8 defines the constants below this comment. */
+#define _POSIX_SPAWN				1
+#define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS				1
+#define _POSIX_CPUTIME				1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME			1
+#define _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER			1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER		1
+#define _POSIX_DEVICE_CONTROL			1
+#define _POSIX_DEVCTL_DIRECTION			1
+#define _POSIX_INTERRUPT_CONTROL		1
+#define _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO			1
+
+/* UNIX98 added some new pthread mutex attributes */
+#define _UNIX98_THREAD_MUTEX_ATTRIBUTES         1
+
+#endif
+
+/* XMK loosely adheres to POSIX -- 1003.1 */
+#ifdef __XMK__
+#define _POSIX_THREADS				1
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING	1
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef __svr4__
+# define _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL     1
+# define _POSIX_SAVED_IDS       1
+# define _POSIX_VERSION 199009L
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+
+#if !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__) || defined(__cplusplus) || __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+#define _POSIX_VERSION				200112L
+#define _POSIX2_VERSION				200112L
+#define _XOPEN_VERSION				   600
+
+#define _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO			200112L
+/* #define _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO		    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_BARRIERS			    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED			     1
+/* #define _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION		    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_CPUTIME			    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_FSYNC				200112L
+#define _POSIX_IPV6				200112L
+#define _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL			     1
+#define _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES			200112L
+/* #define _POSIX_MEMLOCK			    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE			200112L
+#define _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION		200112L
+#define _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING			200112L
+#define _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK			200112L
+#define _POSIX_NO_TRUNC				     1
+/* #define _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO		    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING		200112L
+#define _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS			200112L
+#define _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS		200112L
+#define _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS			200112L
+#define _POSIX_REGEXP				     1
+#define _POSIX_SAVED_IDS			     1
+#define _POSIX_SEMAPHORES			200112L
+#define _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS		200112L 
+#define _POSIX_SHELL				     1
+/* #define _POSIX_SPAWN				    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS			    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER		    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO			200112L
+/* #define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR		    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE		200112L
+/* #define _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME		    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT		    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT		    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING	200112L
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED		200112L
+#define _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS		200112L
+/* #define _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER	    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_THREADS				200112L
+/* #define _POSIX_TIMEOUTS			    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_TIMERS				     1
+/* #define _POSIX_TRACE				    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER		    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT			    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_TRACE_LOG			    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS		    -1 */
+#define _POSIX_VDISABLE				   '\0'
+#define _POSIX2_C_BIND				200112L
+#define _POSIX2_C_DEV				200112L
+#define _POSIX2_CHAR_TERM			200112L
+/* #define _POSIX2_FORT_DEV			    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX2_FORT_RUN			    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF			    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX2_PBS				    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX2_PBS_ACCOUNTING		    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX2_PBS_CHECKPOINT		    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX2_PBS_LOCATE			    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX2_PBS_MESSAGE			    -1 */
+/* #define _POSIX2_PBS_TRACK			    -1 */
+#define _POSIX2_SW_DEV				200112L
+#define _POSIX2_UPE				200112L
+#define _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32			    -1
+#define _XBS5_ILP32_OFF32			_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32
+#define _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG			     1
+#define _XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG			_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG
+#define _POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64			    -1
+#define _XBS5_LP64_OFF64			_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64
+#define _POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG			    -1
+#define _XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG			_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG
+#define _XOPEN_CRYPT				     1
+#define _XOPEN_ENH_I18N				     1
+/* #define _XOPEN_LEGACY			    -1 */
+/* #define _XOPEN_REALTIME			    -1 */
+/* #define _XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS		    -1 */
+#define _XOPEN_SHM				     1
+/* #define _XOPEN_STREAMS			    -1 */
+/* #define _XOPEN_UNIX				    -1 */
+
+#endif /* !__STRICT_ANSI__ || __cplusplus || __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L */
+#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
+
+/* Per the permission given in POSIX.1-2008 section 2.2.1, define
+ * _POSIX_C_SOURCE if _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined and _POSIX_C_SOURCE is not.
+ * (_XOPEN_SOURCE indicates that XSI extensions are desired by an application.)
+ * This permission is first granted in 2008, but use it for older ones, also.
+ * Allow for _XOPEN_SOURCE to be empty (from the earliest form of it, before it
+ * was required to have specific values).
+ */
+#if !defined(_POSIX_C_SOURCE)  &&  defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE) 
+  #if (_XOPEN_SOURCE - 0) == 700	/* POSIX.1-2008 */
+    #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE       200809L
+   #elif (_XOPEN_SOURCE - 0) == 600	/* POSIX.1-2001 or 2004 */
+    #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE       200112L
+   #elif (_XOPEN_SOURCE - 0) == 500	/* POSIX.1-1995 */
+    #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE       199506L
+   #elif (_XOPEN_SOURCE - 0) < 500	/* really old */
+    #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE       2
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _SYS_FEATURES_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/file.h b/system/include/libc/sys/file.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58d4fac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/file.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+
+#include <sys/fcntl.h>
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/iconvnls.h b/system/include/libc/sys/iconvnls.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09ea1831
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/iconvnls.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2004, Artem B. Bityuckiy.
+ * Rights transferred to Franklin Electronic Publishers.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Funtions, macros, etc implimented in iconv library but used by other
+ * NLS-related subsystems too.
+ */
+#ifndef __SYS_ICONVNLS_H__
+#define __SYS_ICONVNLS_H__
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <reent.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+#include <iconv.h>
+
+/* Iconv data path environment variable name */
+#define NLS_ENVVAR_NAME  "NLSPATH"
+/* Default NLSPATH value */
+#define ICONV_DEFAULT_NLSPATH "/usr/locale"
+/* Direction markers */
+#define ICONV_NLS_FROM 0
+#define ICONV_NLS_TO   1
+
+_VOID
+_EXFUN(_iconv_nls_get_state, (iconv_t cd, mbstate_t *ps, int direction));
+
+int
+_EXFUN(_iconv_nls_set_state, (iconv_t cd, mbstate_t *ps, int direction));
+
+int
+_EXFUN(_iconv_nls_is_stateful, (iconv_t cd, int direction));
+
+int
+_EXFUN(_iconv_nls_get_mb_cur_max, (iconv_t cd, int direction));
+
+size_t
+_EXFUN(_iconv_nls_conv, (struct _reent *rptr, iconv_t cd,
+                        _CONST char **inbuf, size_t *inbytesleft,
+                        char **outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft));
+
+_CONST char *
+_EXFUN(_iconv_nls_construct_filename, (struct _reent *rptr, _CONST char *file,
+                                      _CONST char *dir, _CONST char *ext));
+
+
+int
+_EXFUN(_iconv_nls_open, (struct _reent *rptr, _CONST char *encoding,
+                        iconv_t *towc, iconv_t *fromwc, int flag));
+
+char *
+_EXFUN(_iconv_resolve_encoding_name, (struct _reent *rptr, _CONST char *ca));
+
+#endif /* __SYS_ICONVNLS_H__ */
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/lock.h b/system/include/libc/sys/lock.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9075e35c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/lock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef __SYS_LOCK_H__
+#define __SYS_LOCK_H__
+
+/* dummy lock routines for single-threaded aps */
+
+typedef int _LOCK_T;
+typedef int _LOCK_RECURSIVE_T;
+ 
+#include <_ansi.h>
+
+#define __LOCK_INIT(class,lock) static int lock = 0;
+#define __LOCK_INIT_RECURSIVE(class,lock) static int lock = 0;
+#define __lock_init(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+#define __lock_init_recursive(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+#define __lock_close(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+#define __lock_close_recursive(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+#define __lock_acquire(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+#define __lock_acquire_recursive(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+#define __lock_try_acquire(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+#define __lock_try_acquire_recursive(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+#define __lock_release(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+#define __lock_release_recursive(lock) (_CAST_VOID 0)
+
+#endif /* __SYS_LOCK_H__ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/param.h b/system/include/libc/sys/param.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e8762a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/param.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/* This is a dummy <sys/param.h> file, not customized for any
+   particular system.  If there is a param.h in libc/sys/SYSDIR/sys,
+   it will override this one.  */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_PARAM_H
+# define _SYS_PARAM_H
+
+#include <sys/config.h>
+#include <machine/endian.h>
+#include <machine/param.h>
+
+#ifndef HZ
+# define HZ (60)
+#endif
+#ifndef NOFILE
+# define NOFILE	(60)
+#endif
+#ifndef PATHSIZE
+# define PATHSIZE (1024)
+#endif
+
+#define MAX(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/queue.h b/system/include/libc/sys/queue.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af637ca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/queue.h
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)queue.h	8.5 (Berkeley) 8/20/94
+ * $FreeBSD: src/sys/sys/queue.h,v 1.48 2002/04/17 14:00:37 tmm Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_QUEUE_H_
+#define	_SYS_QUEUE_H_
+
+#include <machine/ansi.h>	/* for __offsetof */
+
+/*
+ * This file defines four types of data structures: singly-linked lists,
+ * singly-linked tail queues, lists and tail queues.
+ *
+ * A singly-linked list is headed by a single forward pointer. The elements
+ * are singly linked for minimum space and pointer manipulation overhead at
+ * the expense of O(n) removal for arbitrary elements. New elements can be
+ * added to the list after an existing element or at the head of the list.
+ * Elements being removed from the head of the list should use the explicit
+ * macro for this purpose for optimum efficiency. A singly-linked list may
+ * only be traversed in the forward direction.  Singly-linked lists are ideal
+ * for applications with large datasets and few or no removals or for
+ * implementing a LIFO queue.
+ *
+ * A singly-linked tail queue is headed by a pair of pointers, one to the
+ * head of the list and the other to the tail of the list. The elements are
+ * singly linked for minimum space and pointer manipulation overhead at the
+ * expense of O(n) removal for arbitrary elements. New elements can be added
+ * to the list after an existing element, at the head of the list, or at the
+ * end of the list. Elements being removed from the head of the tail queue
+ * should use the explicit macro for this purpose for optimum efficiency.
+ * A singly-linked tail queue may only be traversed in the forward direction.
+ * Singly-linked tail queues are ideal for applications with large datasets
+ * and few or no removals or for implementing a FIFO queue.
+ *
+ * A list is headed by a single forward pointer (or an array of forward
+ * pointers for a hash table header). The elements are doubly linked
+ * so that an arbitrary element can be removed without a need to
+ * traverse the list. New elements can be added to the list before
+ * or after an existing element or at the head of the list. A list
+ * may only be traversed in the forward direction.
+ *
+ * A tail queue is headed by a pair of pointers, one to the head of the
+ * list and the other to the tail of the list. The elements are doubly
+ * linked so that an arbitrary element can be removed without a need to
+ * traverse the list. New elements can be added to the list before or
+ * after an existing element, at the head of the list, or at the end of
+ * the list. A tail queue may be traversed in either direction.
+ *
+ * For details on the use of these macros, see the queue(3) manual page.
+ *
+ *
+ *			SLIST	LIST	STAILQ	TAILQ
+ * _HEAD		+	+	+	+
+ * _HEAD_INITIALIZER	+	+	+	+
+ * _ENTRY		+	+	+	+
+ * _INIT		+	+	+	+
+ * _EMPTY		+	+	+	+
+ * _FIRST		+	+	+	+
+ * _NEXT		+	+	+	+
+ * _PREV		-	-	-	+
+ * _LAST		-	-	+	+
+ * _FOREACH		+	+	+	+
+ * _FOREACH_REVERSE	-	-	-	+
+ * _INSERT_HEAD		+	+	+	+
+ * _INSERT_BEFORE	-	+	-	+
+ * _INSERT_AFTER	+	+	+	+
+ * _INSERT_TAIL		-	-	+	+
+ * _CONCAT		-	-	+	+
+ * _REMOVE_HEAD		+	-	+	-
+ * _REMOVE		+	+	+	+
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Singly-linked List declarations.
+ */
+#define	SLIST_HEAD(name, type)						\
+struct name {								\
+	struct type *slh_first;	/* first element */			\
+}
+
+#define	SLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(head)					\
+	{ NULL }
+ 
+#define	SLIST_ENTRY(type)						\
+struct {								\
+	struct type *sle_next;	/* next element */			\
+}
+ 
+/*
+ * Singly-linked List functions.
+ */
+#define	SLIST_EMPTY(head)	((head)->slh_first == NULL)
+
+#define	SLIST_FIRST(head)	((head)->slh_first)
+
+#define	SLIST_FOREACH(var, head, field)					\
+	for ((var) = SLIST_FIRST((head));				\
+	    (var);							\
+	    (var) = SLIST_NEXT((var), field))
+
+#define	SLIST_INIT(head) do {						\
+	SLIST_FIRST((head)) = NULL;					\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	SLIST_INSERT_AFTER(slistelm, elm, field) do {			\
+	SLIST_NEXT((elm), field) = SLIST_NEXT((slistelm), field);	\
+	SLIST_NEXT((slistelm), field) = (elm);				\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(head, elm, field) do {			\
+	SLIST_NEXT((elm), field) = SLIST_FIRST((head));			\
+	SLIST_FIRST((head)) = (elm);					\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	SLIST_NEXT(elm, field)	((elm)->field.sle_next)
+
+#define	SLIST_REMOVE(head, elm, type, field) do {			\
+	if (SLIST_FIRST((head)) == (elm)) {				\
+		SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD((head), field);			\
+	}								\
+	else {								\
+		struct type *curelm = SLIST_FIRST((head));		\
+		while (SLIST_NEXT(curelm, field) != (elm))		\
+			curelm = SLIST_NEXT(curelm, field);		\
+		SLIST_NEXT(curelm, field) =				\
+		    SLIST_NEXT(SLIST_NEXT(curelm, field), field);	\
+	}								\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD(head, field) do {				\
+	SLIST_FIRST((head)) = SLIST_NEXT(SLIST_FIRST((head)), field);	\
+} while (0)
+
+/*
+ * Singly-linked Tail queue declarations.
+ */
+#define	STAILQ_HEAD(name, type)						\
+struct name {								\
+	struct type *stqh_first;/* first element */			\
+	struct type **stqh_last;/* addr of last next element */		\
+}
+
+#define	STAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(head)					\
+	{ NULL, &(head).stqh_first }
+
+#define	STAILQ_ENTRY(type)						\
+struct {								\
+	struct type *stqe_next;	/* next element */			\
+}
+
+/*
+ * Singly-linked Tail queue functions.
+ */
+#define	STAILQ_CONCAT(head1, head2) do {				\
+	if (!STAILQ_EMPTY((head2))) {					\
+		*(head1)->stqh_last = (head2)->stqh_first;		\
+		(head1)->stqh_last = (head2)->stqh_last;		\
+		STAILQ_INIT((head2));					\
+	}								\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	STAILQ_EMPTY(head)	((head)->stqh_first == NULL)
+
+#define	STAILQ_FIRST(head)	((head)->stqh_first)
+
+#define	STAILQ_FOREACH(var, head, field)				\
+	for((var) = STAILQ_FIRST((head));				\
+	   (var);							\
+	   (var) = STAILQ_NEXT((var), field))
+
+#define	STAILQ_INIT(head) do {						\
+	STAILQ_FIRST((head)) = NULL;					\
+	(head)->stqh_last = &STAILQ_FIRST((head));			\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	STAILQ_INSERT_AFTER(head, tqelm, elm, field) do {		\
+	if ((STAILQ_NEXT((elm), field) = STAILQ_NEXT((tqelm), field)) == NULL)\
+		(head)->stqh_last = &STAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);		\
+	STAILQ_NEXT((tqelm), field) = (elm);				\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	STAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(head, elm, field) do {			\
+	if ((STAILQ_NEXT((elm), field) = STAILQ_FIRST((head))) == NULL)	\
+		(head)->stqh_last = &STAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);		\
+	STAILQ_FIRST((head)) = (elm);					\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	STAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(head, elm, field) do {			\
+	STAILQ_NEXT((elm), field) = NULL;				\
+	*(head)->stqh_last = (elm);					\
+	(head)->stqh_last = &STAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);			\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	STAILQ_LAST(head, type, field)					\
+	(STAILQ_EMPTY((head)) ?						\
+		NULL :							\
+	        ((struct type *)					\
+		((char *)((head)->stqh_last) - __offsetof(struct type, field))))
+
+#define	STAILQ_NEXT(elm, field)	((elm)->field.stqe_next)
+
+#define	STAILQ_REMOVE(head, elm, type, field) do {			\
+	if (STAILQ_FIRST((head)) == (elm)) {				\
+		STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD((head), field);			\
+	}								\
+	else {								\
+		struct type *curelm = STAILQ_FIRST((head));		\
+		while (STAILQ_NEXT(curelm, field) != (elm))		\
+			curelm = STAILQ_NEXT(curelm, field);		\
+		if ((STAILQ_NEXT(curelm, field) =			\
+		     STAILQ_NEXT(STAILQ_NEXT(curelm, field), field)) == NULL)\
+			(head)->stqh_last = &STAILQ_NEXT((curelm), field);\
+	}								\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD(head, field) do {				\
+	if ((STAILQ_FIRST((head)) =					\
+	     STAILQ_NEXT(STAILQ_FIRST((head)), field)) == NULL)		\
+		(head)->stqh_last = &STAILQ_FIRST((head));		\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD_UNTIL(head, elm, field) do {			\
+	if ((STAILQ_FIRST((head)) = STAILQ_NEXT((elm), field)) == NULL)	\
+		(head)->stqh_last = &STAILQ_FIRST((head));		\
+} while (0)
+
+/*
+ * List declarations.
+ */
+#define	LIST_HEAD(name, type)						\
+struct name {								\
+	struct type *lh_first;	/* first element */			\
+}
+
+#define	LIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(head)					\
+	{ NULL }
+
+#define	LIST_ENTRY(type)						\
+struct {								\
+	struct type *le_next;	/* next element */			\
+	struct type **le_prev;	/* address of previous next element */	\
+}
+
+/*
+ * List functions.
+ */
+
+#define	LIST_EMPTY(head)	((head)->lh_first == NULL)
+
+#define	LIST_FIRST(head)	((head)->lh_first)
+
+#define	LIST_FOREACH(var, head, field)					\
+	for ((var) = LIST_FIRST((head));				\
+	    (var);							\
+	    (var) = LIST_NEXT((var), field))
+
+#define	LIST_INIT(head) do {						\
+	LIST_FIRST((head)) = NULL;					\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	LIST_INSERT_AFTER(listelm, elm, field) do {			\
+	if ((LIST_NEXT((elm), field) = LIST_NEXT((listelm), field)) != NULL)\
+		LIST_NEXT((listelm), field)->field.le_prev =		\
+		    &LIST_NEXT((elm), field);				\
+	LIST_NEXT((listelm), field) = (elm);				\
+	(elm)->field.le_prev = &LIST_NEXT((listelm), field);		\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	LIST_INSERT_BEFORE(listelm, elm, field) do {			\
+	(elm)->field.le_prev = (listelm)->field.le_prev;		\
+	LIST_NEXT((elm), field) = (listelm);				\
+	*(listelm)->field.le_prev = (elm);				\
+	(listelm)->field.le_prev = &LIST_NEXT((elm), field);		\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	LIST_INSERT_HEAD(head, elm, field) do {				\
+	if ((LIST_NEXT((elm), field) = LIST_FIRST((head))) != NULL)	\
+		LIST_FIRST((head))->field.le_prev = &LIST_NEXT((elm), field);\
+	LIST_FIRST((head)) = (elm);					\
+	(elm)->field.le_prev = &LIST_FIRST((head));			\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	LIST_NEXT(elm, field)	((elm)->field.le_next)
+
+#define	LIST_REMOVE(elm, field) do {					\
+	if (LIST_NEXT((elm), field) != NULL)				\
+		LIST_NEXT((elm), field)->field.le_prev = 		\
+		    (elm)->field.le_prev;				\
+	*(elm)->field.le_prev = LIST_NEXT((elm), field);		\
+} while (0)
+
+/*
+ * Tail queue declarations.
+ */
+#define	TAILQ_HEAD(name, type)						\
+struct name {								\
+	struct type *tqh_first;	/* first element */			\
+	struct type **tqh_last;	/* addr of last next element */		\
+}
+
+#define	TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(head)					\
+	{ NULL, &(head).tqh_first }
+
+#define	TAILQ_ENTRY(type)						\
+struct {								\
+	struct type *tqe_next;	/* next element */			\
+	struct type **tqe_prev;	/* address of previous next element */	\
+}
+
+/*
+ * Tail queue functions.
+ */
+#define	TAILQ_CONCAT(head1, head2, field) do {				\
+	if (!TAILQ_EMPTY(head2)) {					\
+		*(head1)->tqh_last = (head2)->tqh_first;		\
+		(head2)->tqh_first->field.tqe_prev = (head1)->tqh_last;	\
+		(head1)->tqh_last = (head2)->tqh_last;			\
+		TAILQ_INIT((head2));					\
+	}								\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	TAILQ_EMPTY(head)	((head)->tqh_first == NULL)
+
+#define	TAILQ_FIRST(head)	((head)->tqh_first)
+
+#define	TAILQ_FOREACH(var, head, field)					\
+	for ((var) = TAILQ_FIRST((head));				\
+	    (var);							\
+	    (var) = TAILQ_NEXT((var), field))
+
+#define	TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(var, head, headname, field)		\
+	for ((var) = TAILQ_LAST((head), headname);			\
+	    (var);							\
+	    (var) = TAILQ_PREV((var), headname, field))
+
+#define	TAILQ_INIT(head) do {						\
+	TAILQ_FIRST((head)) = NULL;					\
+	(head)->tqh_last = &TAILQ_FIRST((head));			\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	TAILQ_INSERT_AFTER(head, listelm, elm, field) do {		\
+	if ((TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field) = TAILQ_NEXT((listelm), field)) != NULL)\
+		TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field)->field.tqe_prev = 		\
+		    &TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);				\
+	else								\
+		(head)->tqh_last = &TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);		\
+	TAILQ_NEXT((listelm), field) = (elm);				\
+	(elm)->field.tqe_prev = &TAILQ_NEXT((listelm), field);		\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	TAILQ_INSERT_BEFORE(listelm, elm, field) do {			\
+	(elm)->field.tqe_prev = (listelm)->field.tqe_prev;		\
+	TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field) = (listelm);				\
+	*(listelm)->field.tqe_prev = (elm);				\
+	(listelm)->field.tqe_prev = &TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);		\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(head, elm, field) do {			\
+	if ((TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field) = TAILQ_FIRST((head))) != NULL)	\
+		TAILQ_FIRST((head))->field.tqe_prev =			\
+		    &TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);				\
+	else								\
+		(head)->tqh_last = &TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);		\
+	TAILQ_FIRST((head)) = (elm);					\
+	(elm)->field.tqe_prev = &TAILQ_FIRST((head));			\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(head, elm, field) do {			\
+	TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field) = NULL;				\
+	(elm)->field.tqe_prev = (head)->tqh_last;			\
+	*(head)->tqh_last = (elm);					\
+	(head)->tqh_last = &TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);			\
+} while (0)
+
+#define	TAILQ_LAST(head, headname)					\
+	(*(((struct headname *)((head)->tqh_last))->tqh_last))
+
+#define	TAILQ_NEXT(elm, field) ((elm)->field.tqe_next)
+
+#define	TAILQ_PREV(elm, headname, field)				\
+	(*(((struct headname *)((elm)->field.tqe_prev))->tqh_last))
+
+#define	TAILQ_REMOVE(head, elm, field) do {				\
+	if ((TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field)) != NULL)				\
+		TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field)->field.tqe_prev = 		\
+		    (elm)->field.tqe_prev;				\
+	else								\
+		(head)->tqh_last = (elm)->field.tqe_prev;		\
+	*(elm)->field.tqe_prev = TAILQ_NEXT((elm), field);		\
+} while (0)
+
+
+#ifdef _KERNEL
+
+/*
+ * XXX insque() and remque() are an old way of handling certain queues.
+ * They bogusly assumes that all queue heads look alike.
+ */
+
+struct quehead {
+	struct quehead *qh_link;
+	struct quehead *qh_rlink;
+};
+
+#ifdef	__GNUC__
+
+static __inline void
+insque(void *a, void *b)
+{
+	struct quehead *element = (struct quehead *)a,
+		 *head = (struct quehead *)b;
+
+	element->qh_link = head->qh_link;
+	element->qh_rlink = head;
+	head->qh_link = element;
+	element->qh_link->qh_rlink = element;
+}
+
+static __inline void
+remque(void *a)
+{
+	struct quehead *element = (struct quehead *)a;
+
+	element->qh_link->qh_rlink = element->qh_rlink;
+	element->qh_rlink->qh_link = element->qh_link;
+	element->qh_rlink = 0;
+}
+
+#else /* !__GNUC__ */
+
+void	insque(void *a, void *b);
+void	remque(void *a);
+
+#endif /* __GNUC__ */
+
+#endif /* _KERNEL */
+
+#endif /* !_SYS_QUEUE_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/reent.h b/system/include/libc/sys/reent.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8518964f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/reent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+/* This header file provides the reentrancy.  */
+
+/* WARNING: All identifiers here must begin with an underscore.  This file is
+   included by stdio.h and others and we therefore must only use identifiers
+   in the namespace allotted to us.  */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_REENT_H_
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+#define _SYS_REENT_H_
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <sys/_types.h>
+
+#define _NULL 0
+
+#ifndef __Long
+#if __LONG_MAX__ == 2147483647L
+#define __Long long
+typedef unsigned __Long __ULong;
+#elif __INT_MAX__ == 2147483647
+#define __Long int
+typedef unsigned __Long __ULong;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined( __Long)
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __Long
+#define __Long __int32_t
+typedef __uint32_t __ULong;
+#endif
+
+struct _reent;
+
+/*
+ * If _REENT_SMALL is defined, we make struct _reent as small as possible,
+ * by having nearly everything possible allocated at first use.
+ */
+
+struct _Bigint
+{
+  struct _Bigint *_next;
+  int _k, _maxwds, _sign, _wds;
+  __ULong _x[1];
+};
+
+/* needed by reentrant structure */
+struct __tm
+{
+  int   __tm_sec;
+  int   __tm_min;
+  int   __tm_hour;
+  int   __tm_mday;
+  int   __tm_mon;
+  int   __tm_year;
+  int   __tm_wday;
+  int   __tm_yday;
+  int   __tm_isdst;
+};
+
+/*
+ * atexit() support.
+ */
+
+#define	_ATEXIT_SIZE 32	/* must be at least 32 to guarantee ANSI conformance */
+
+struct _on_exit_args {
+	void *  _fnargs[_ATEXIT_SIZE];	        /* user fn args */
+	void *	_dso_handle[_ATEXIT_SIZE];
+	/* Bitmask is set if user function takes arguments.  */
+	__ULong _fntypes;           	        /* type of exit routine -
+				   Must have at least _ATEXIT_SIZE bits */
+	/* Bitmask is set if function was registered via __cxa_atexit.  */
+	__ULong _is_cxa;
+};
+
+#ifdef _REENT_SMALL
+struct _atexit {
+	struct	_atexit *_next;			/* next in list */
+	int	_ind;				/* next index in this table */
+	void	(*_fns[_ATEXIT_SIZE])(void);	/* the table itself */
+        struct _on_exit_args * _on_exit_args_ptr;
+};
+#else
+struct _atexit {
+	struct	_atexit *_next;			/* next in list */
+	int	_ind;				/* next index in this table */
+	/* Some entries may already have been called, and will be NULL.  */
+	void	(*_fns[_ATEXIT_SIZE])(void);	/* the table itself */
+        struct _on_exit_args _on_exit_args;
+};
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Stdio buffers.
+ *
+ * This and __FILE are defined here because we need them for struct _reent,
+ * but we don't want stdio.h included when stdlib.h is.
+ */
+
+struct __sbuf {
+	unsigned char *_base;
+	int	_size;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Stdio state variables.
+ *
+ * The following always hold:
+ *
+ *	if (_flags&(__SLBF|__SWR)) == (__SLBF|__SWR),
+ *		_lbfsize is -_bf._size, else _lbfsize is 0
+ *	if _flags&__SRD, _w is 0
+ *	if _flags&__SWR, _r is 0
+ *
+ * This ensures that the getc and putc macros (or inline functions) never
+ * try to write or read from a file that is in `read' or `write' mode.
+ * (Moreover, they can, and do, automatically switch from read mode to
+ * write mode, and back, on "r+" and "w+" files.)
+ *
+ * _lbfsize is used only to make the inline line-buffered output stream
+ * code as compact as possible.
+ *
+ * _ub, _up, and _ur are used when ungetc() pushes back more characters
+ * than fit in the current _bf, or when ungetc() pushes back a character
+ * that does not match the previous one in _bf.  When this happens,
+ * _ub._base becomes non-nil (i.e., a stream has ungetc() data iff
+ * _ub._base!=NULL) and _up and _ur save the current values of _p and _r.
+ */
+
+#ifdef _REENT_SMALL
+/*
+ * struct __sFILE_fake is the start of a struct __sFILE, with only the
+ * minimal fields allocated.  In __sinit() we really allocate the 3
+ * standard streams, etc., and point away from this fake.
+ */
+struct __sFILE_fake {
+  unsigned char *_p;	/* current position in (some) buffer */
+  int	_r;		/* read space left for getc() */
+  int	_w;		/* write space left for putc() */
+  short	_flags;		/* flags, below; this FILE is free if 0 */
+  short	_file;		/* fileno, if Unix descriptor, else -1 */
+  struct __sbuf _bf;	/* the buffer (at least 1 byte, if !NULL) */
+  int	_lbfsize;	/* 0 or -_bf._size, for inline putc */
+
+  struct _reent *_data;
+};
+
+/* Following is needed both in libc/stdio and libc/stdlib so we put it
+ * here instead of libc/stdio/local.h where it was previously. */
+
+extern _VOID   _EXFUN(__sinit,(struct _reent *));
+
+# define _REENT_SMALL_CHECK_INIT(ptr)		\
+  do						\
+    {						\
+      if ((ptr) && !(ptr)->__sdidinit)		\
+	__sinit (ptr);				\
+    }						\
+  while (0)
+#else
+# define _REENT_SMALL_CHECK_INIT(ptr) /* nothing */
+#endif
+
+struct __sFILE {
+  unsigned char *_p;	/* current position in (some) buffer */
+  int	_r;		/* read space left for getc() */
+  int	_w;		/* write space left for putc() */
+  short	_flags;		/* flags, below; this FILE is free if 0 */
+  short	_file;		/* fileno, if Unix descriptor, else -1 */
+  struct __sbuf _bf;	/* the buffer (at least 1 byte, if !NULL) */
+  int	_lbfsize;	/* 0 or -_bf._size, for inline putc */
+
+#ifdef _REENT_SMALL
+  struct _reent *_data;
+#endif
+
+  /* operations */
+  _PTR	_cookie;	/* cookie passed to io functions */
+
+  _READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _EXFNPTR(_read, (struct _reent *, _PTR,
+					   char *, int));
+  _READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _EXFNPTR(_write, (struct _reent *, _PTR,
+					    const char *, int));
+  _fpos_t _EXFNPTR(_seek, (struct _reent *, _PTR, _fpos_t, int));
+  int _EXFNPTR(_close, (struct _reent *, _PTR));
+
+  /* separate buffer for long sequences of ungetc() */
+  struct __sbuf _ub;	/* ungetc buffer */
+  unsigned char *_up;	/* saved _p when _p is doing ungetc data */
+  int	_ur;		/* saved _r when _r is counting ungetc data */
+
+  /* tricks to meet minimum requirements even when malloc() fails */
+  unsigned char _ubuf[3];	/* guarantee an ungetc() buffer */
+  unsigned char _nbuf[1];	/* guarantee a getc() buffer */
+
+  /* separate buffer for fgetline() when line crosses buffer boundary */
+  struct __sbuf _lb;	/* buffer for fgetline() */
+
+  /* Unix stdio files get aligned to block boundaries on fseek() */
+  int	_blksize;	/* stat.st_blksize (may be != _bf._size) */
+  int	_offset;	/* current lseek offset */
+
+#ifndef _REENT_SMALL
+  struct _reent *_data;	/* Here for binary compatibility? Remove? */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __SINGLE_THREAD__
+  _flock_t _lock;	/* for thread-safety locking */
+#endif
+  _mbstate_t _mbstate;	/* for wide char stdio functions. */
+  int   _flags2;        /* for future use */
+};
+
+#ifdef __CUSTOM_FILE_IO__
+
+/* Get custom _FILE definition.  */
+#include <sys/custom_file.h>
+
+#else /* !__CUSTOM_FILE_IO__ */
+#ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+struct __sFILE64 {
+  unsigned char *_p;	/* current position in (some) buffer */
+  int	_r;		/* read space left for getc() */
+  int	_w;		/* write space left for putc() */
+  short	_flags;		/* flags, below; this FILE is free if 0 */
+  short	_file;		/* fileno, if Unix descriptor, else -1 */
+  struct __sbuf _bf;	/* the buffer (at least 1 byte, if !NULL) */
+  int	_lbfsize;	/* 0 or -_bf._size, for inline putc */
+
+  struct _reent *_data;
+
+  /* operations */
+  _PTR	_cookie;	/* cookie passed to io functions */
+
+  _READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _EXFNPTR(_read, (struct _reent *, _PTR,
+					   char *, int));
+  _READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _EXFNPTR(_write, (struct _reent *, _PTR,
+					    const char *, int));
+  _fpos_t _EXFNPTR(_seek, (struct _reent *, _PTR, _fpos_t, int));
+  int _EXFNPTR(_close, (struct _reent *, _PTR));
+
+  /* separate buffer for long sequences of ungetc() */
+  struct __sbuf _ub;	/* ungetc buffer */
+  unsigned char *_up;	/* saved _p when _p is doing ungetc data */
+  int	_ur;		/* saved _r when _r is counting ungetc data */
+
+  /* tricks to meet minimum requirements even when malloc() fails */
+  unsigned char _ubuf[3];	/* guarantee an ungetc() buffer */
+  unsigned char _nbuf[1];	/* guarantee a getc() buffer */
+
+  /* separate buffer for fgetline() when line crosses buffer boundary */
+  struct __sbuf _lb;	/* buffer for fgetline() */
+
+  /* Unix stdio files get aligned to block boundaries on fseek() */
+  int	_blksize;	/* stat.st_blksize (may be != _bf._size) */
+  int   _flags2;        /* for future use */
+
+  _off64_t _offset;     /* current lseek offset */
+  _fpos64_t _EXFNPTR(_seek64, (struct _reent *, _PTR, _fpos64_t, int));
+
+#ifndef __SINGLE_THREAD__
+  _flock_t _lock;	/* for thread-safety locking */
+#endif
+  _mbstate_t _mbstate;	/* for wide char stdio functions. */
+};
+typedef struct __sFILE64 __FILE;
+#else
+typedef struct __sFILE   __FILE;
+#endif /* __LARGE64_FILES */
+#endif /* !__CUSTOM_FILE_IO__ */
+
+struct _glue
+{
+  struct _glue *_next;
+  int _niobs;
+  __FILE *_iobs;
+};
+
+/*
+ * rand48 family support
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1993 Martin Birgmeier
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * You may redistribute unmodified or modified versions of this source
+ * code provided that the above copyright notice and this and the
+ * following conditions are retained.
+ *
+ * This software is provided ``as is'', and comes with no warranties
+ * of any kind. I shall in no event be liable for anything that happens
+ * to anyone/anything when using this software.
+ */
+#define        _RAND48_SEED_0  (0x330e)
+#define        _RAND48_SEED_1  (0xabcd)
+#define        _RAND48_SEED_2  (0x1234)
+#define        _RAND48_MULT_0  (0xe66d)
+#define        _RAND48_MULT_1  (0xdeec)
+#define        _RAND48_MULT_2  (0x0005)
+#define        _RAND48_ADD     (0x000b)
+struct _rand48 {
+  unsigned short _seed[3];
+  unsigned short _mult[3];
+  unsigned short _add;
+#ifdef _REENT_SMALL
+  /* Put this in here as well, for good luck.  */
+  __extension__ unsigned long long _rand_next;
+#endif
+};
+
+/* How big the some arrays are.  */
+#define _REENT_EMERGENCY_SIZE 25
+#define _REENT_ASCTIME_SIZE 26
+#define _REENT_SIGNAL_SIZE 24
+
+/*
+ * struct _reent
+ *
+ * This structure contains *all* globals needed by the library.
+ * It's raison d'etre is to facilitate threads by making all library routines
+ * reentrant.  IE: All state information is contained here.
+ */
+
+#ifdef _REENT_SMALL
+
+struct _mprec
+{
+  /* used by mprec routines */
+  struct _Bigint *_result;
+  int _result_k;
+  struct _Bigint *_p5s;
+  struct _Bigint **_freelist;
+};
+
+
+struct _misc_reent
+{
+  /* miscellaneous reentrant data */
+  char *_strtok_last;
+  _mbstate_t _mblen_state;
+  _mbstate_t _wctomb_state;
+  _mbstate_t _mbtowc_state;
+  char _l64a_buf[8];
+  int _getdate_err;
+  _mbstate_t _mbrlen_state;
+  _mbstate_t _mbrtowc_state;
+  _mbstate_t _mbsrtowcs_state;
+  _mbstate_t _wcrtomb_state;
+  _mbstate_t _wcsrtombs_state;
+};
+
+/* This version of _reent is layed our with "int"s in pairs, to help
+ * ports with 16-bit int's but 32-bit pointers, align nicely.  */
+struct _reent
+{
+  /* As an exception to the above put _errno first for binary
+     compatibility with non _REENT_SMALL targets.  */
+  int _errno;			/* local copy of errno */
+
+  /* FILE is a big struct and may change over time.  To try to achieve binary
+     compatibility with future versions, put stdin,stdout,stderr here.
+     These are pointers into member __sf defined below.  */
+  __FILE *_stdin, *_stdout, *_stderr;	/* XXX */
+
+  int  _inc;			/* used by tmpnam */
+
+  char *_emergency;
+
+  int __sdidinit;		/* 1 means stdio has been init'd */
+
+  int _current_category;	/* unused */
+  _CONST char *_current_locale;	/* unused */
+
+  struct _mprec *_mp;
+
+  void _EXFNPTR(__cleanup, (struct _reent *));
+
+  int _gamma_signgam;
+
+  /* used by some fp conversion routines */
+  int _cvtlen;			/* should be size_t */
+  char *_cvtbuf;
+
+  struct _rand48 *_r48;
+  struct __tm *_localtime_buf;
+  char *_asctime_buf;
+
+  /* signal info */
+  void (**(_sig_func))(int);
+
+  /* atexit stuff */
+  struct _atexit *_atexit;
+  struct _atexit _atexit0;
+
+  struct _glue __sglue;			/* root of glue chain */
+  __FILE *__sf;			        /* file descriptors */
+  struct _misc_reent *_misc;            /* strtok, multibyte states */
+  char *_signal_buf;                    /* strsignal */
+};
+
+extern const struct __sFILE_fake __sf_fake_stdin;
+extern const struct __sFILE_fake __sf_fake_stdout;
+extern const struct __sFILE_fake __sf_fake_stderr;
+
+# define _REENT_INIT(var) \
+  { 0, \
+    (__FILE *)&__sf_fake_stdin, \
+    (__FILE *)&__sf_fake_stdout, \
+    (__FILE *)&__sf_fake_stderr, \
+    0, \
+    _NULL, \
+    0, \
+    0, \
+    "C", \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL, \
+    0, \
+    0, \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL, \
+    {_NULL, 0, {_NULL}, _NULL}, \
+    {_NULL, 0, _NULL}, \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL \
+  }
+
+#define _REENT_INIT_PTR(var) \
+  { (var)->_stdin = (__FILE *)&__sf_fake_stdin; \
+    (var)->_stdout = (__FILE *)&__sf_fake_stdout; \
+    (var)->_stderr = (__FILE *)&__sf_fake_stderr; \
+    (var)->_errno = 0; \
+    (var)->_inc = 0; \
+    (var)->_emergency = _NULL; \
+    (var)->__sdidinit = 0; \
+    (var)->_current_category = 0; \
+    (var)->_current_locale = "C"; \
+    (var)->_mp = _NULL; \
+    (var)->__cleanup = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_gamma_signgam = 0; \
+    (var)->_cvtlen = 0; \
+    (var)->_cvtbuf = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_r48 = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_localtime_buf = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_asctime_buf = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_sig_func = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_atexit = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_atexit0._next = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_atexit0._ind = 0; \
+    (var)->_atexit0._fns[0] = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_atexit0._on_exit_args_ptr = _NULL; \
+    (var)->__sglue._next = _NULL; \
+    (var)->__sglue._niobs = 0; \
+    (var)->__sglue._iobs = _NULL; \
+    (var)->__sf = 0; \
+    (var)->_misc = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_signal_buf = _NULL; \
+  }
+
+/* Only built the assert() calls if we are built with debugging.  */
+#if DEBUG
+#include <assert.h>
+#define __reent_assert(x) assert(x)
+#else
+#define __reent_assert(x) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __CUSTOM_FILE_IO__
+#error Custom FILE I/O and _REENT_SMALL not currently supported.
+#endif
+
+/* Generic _REENT check macro.  */
+#define _REENT_CHECK(var, what, type, size, init) do { \
+  struct _reent *_r = (var); \
+  if (_r->what == NULL) { \
+    _r->what = (type)malloc(size); \
+    __reent_assert(_r->what); \
+    init; \
+  } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define _REENT_CHECK_TM(var) \
+  _REENT_CHECK(var, _localtime_buf, struct __tm *, sizeof *((var)->_localtime_buf), \
+    /* nothing */)
+
+#define _REENT_CHECK_ASCTIME_BUF(var) \
+  _REENT_CHECK(var, _asctime_buf, char *, _REENT_ASCTIME_SIZE, \
+    memset((var)->_asctime_buf, 0, _REENT_ASCTIME_SIZE))
+
+/* Handle the dynamically allocated rand48 structure. */
+#define _REENT_INIT_RAND48(var) do { \
+  struct _reent *_r = (var); \
+  _r->_r48->_seed[0] = _RAND48_SEED_0; \
+  _r->_r48->_seed[1] = _RAND48_SEED_1; \
+  _r->_r48->_seed[2] = _RAND48_SEED_2; \
+  _r->_r48->_mult[0] = _RAND48_MULT_0; \
+  _r->_r48->_mult[1] = _RAND48_MULT_1; \
+  _r->_r48->_mult[2] = _RAND48_MULT_2; \
+  _r->_r48->_add = _RAND48_ADD; \
+  _r->_r48->_rand_next = 1; \
+} while (0)
+#define _REENT_CHECK_RAND48(var) \
+  _REENT_CHECK(var, _r48, struct _rand48 *, sizeof *((var)->_r48), _REENT_INIT_RAND48((var)))
+
+#define _REENT_INIT_MP(var) do { \
+  struct _reent *_r = (var); \
+  _r->_mp->_result_k = 0; \
+  _r->_mp->_result = _r->_mp->_p5s = _NULL; \
+  _r->_mp->_freelist = _NULL; \
+} while (0)
+#define _REENT_CHECK_MP(var) \
+  _REENT_CHECK(var, _mp, struct _mprec *, sizeof *((var)->_mp), _REENT_INIT_MP(var))
+
+#define _REENT_CHECK_EMERGENCY(var) \
+  _REENT_CHECK(var, _emergency, char *, _REENT_EMERGENCY_SIZE, /* nothing */)
+
+#define _REENT_INIT_MISC(var) do { \
+  struct _reent *_r = (var); \
+  _r->_misc->_strtok_last = _NULL; \
+  _r->_misc->_mblen_state.__count = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_mblen_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_wctomb_state.__count = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_wctomb_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_mbtowc_state.__count = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_mbtowc_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_mbrlen_state.__count = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_mbrlen_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_mbrtowc_state.__count = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_mbrtowc_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_mbsrtowcs_state.__count = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_mbsrtowcs_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_wcrtomb_state.__count = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_wcrtomb_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_wcsrtombs_state.__count = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_wcsrtombs_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+  _r->_misc->_l64a_buf[0] = '\0'; \
+  _r->_misc->_getdate_err = 0; \
+} while (0)
+#define _REENT_CHECK_MISC(var) \
+  _REENT_CHECK(var, _misc, struct _misc_reent *, sizeof *((var)->_misc), _REENT_INIT_MISC(var))
+
+#define _REENT_CHECK_SIGNAL_BUF(var) \
+  _REENT_CHECK(var, _signal_buf, char *, _REENT_SIGNAL_SIZE, /* nothing */)
+
+#define _REENT_SIGNGAM(ptr)	((ptr)->_gamma_signgam)
+#define _REENT_RAND_NEXT(ptr)	((ptr)->_r48->_rand_next)
+#define _REENT_RAND48_SEED(ptr)	((ptr)->_r48->_seed)
+#define _REENT_RAND48_MULT(ptr)	((ptr)->_r48->_mult)
+#define _REENT_RAND48_ADD(ptr)	((ptr)->_r48->_add)
+#define _REENT_MP_RESULT(ptr)	((ptr)->_mp->_result)
+#define _REENT_MP_RESULT_K(ptr)	((ptr)->_mp->_result_k)
+#define _REENT_MP_P5S(ptr)	((ptr)->_mp->_p5s)
+#define _REENT_MP_FREELIST(ptr)	((ptr)->_mp->_freelist)
+#define _REENT_ASCTIME_BUF(ptr)	((ptr)->_asctime_buf)
+#define _REENT_TM(ptr)		((ptr)->_localtime_buf)
+#define _REENT_EMERGENCY(ptr)	((ptr)->_emergency)
+#define _REENT_STRTOK_LAST(ptr)	((ptr)->_misc->_strtok_last)
+#define _REENT_MBLEN_STATE(ptr)	((ptr)->_misc->_mblen_state)
+#define _REENT_MBTOWC_STATE(ptr)((ptr)->_misc->_mbtowc_state)
+#define _REENT_WCTOMB_STATE(ptr)((ptr)->_misc->_wctomb_state)
+#define _REENT_MBRLEN_STATE(ptr) ((ptr)->_misc->_mbrlen_state)
+#define _REENT_MBRTOWC_STATE(ptr) ((ptr)->_misc->_mbrtowc_state)
+#define _REENT_MBSRTOWCS_STATE(ptr) ((ptr)->_misc->_mbsrtowcs_state)
+#define _REENT_WCRTOMB_STATE(ptr) ((ptr)->_misc->_wcrtomb_state)
+#define _REENT_WCSRTOMBS_STATE(ptr) ((ptr)->_misc->_wcsrtombs_state)
+#define _REENT_L64A_BUF(ptr)    ((ptr)->_misc->_l64a_buf)
+#define _REENT_GETDATE_ERR_P(ptr) (&((ptr)->_misc->_getdate_err))
+#define _REENT_SIGNAL_BUF(ptr)  ((ptr)->_signal_buf)
+
+#else /* !_REENT_SMALL */
+
+struct _reent
+{
+  int _errno;			/* local copy of errno */
+
+  /* FILE is a big struct and may change over time.  To try to achieve binary
+     compatibility with future versions, put stdin,stdout,stderr here.
+     These are pointers into member __sf defined below.  */
+  __FILE *_stdin, *_stdout, *_stderr;
+
+  int  _inc;			/* used by tmpnam */
+  char _emergency[_REENT_EMERGENCY_SIZE];
+
+  int _current_category;	/* used by setlocale */
+  _CONST char *_current_locale;
+
+  int __sdidinit;		/* 1 means stdio has been init'd */
+
+  void _EXFNPTR(__cleanup, (struct _reent *));
+
+  /* used by mprec routines */
+  struct _Bigint *_result;
+  int _result_k;
+  struct _Bigint *_p5s;
+  struct _Bigint **_freelist;
+
+  /* used by some fp conversion routines */
+  int _cvtlen;			/* should be size_t */
+  char *_cvtbuf;
+
+  union
+    {
+      struct
+        {
+          unsigned int _unused_rand;
+          char * _strtok_last;
+          char _asctime_buf[_REENT_ASCTIME_SIZE];
+          struct __tm _localtime_buf;
+          int _gamma_signgam;
+          __extension__ unsigned long long _rand_next;
+          struct _rand48 _r48;
+          _mbstate_t _mblen_state;
+          _mbstate_t _mbtowc_state;
+          _mbstate_t _wctomb_state;
+          char _l64a_buf[8];
+          char _signal_buf[_REENT_SIGNAL_SIZE];
+          int _getdate_err;
+          _mbstate_t _mbrlen_state;
+          _mbstate_t _mbrtowc_state;
+          _mbstate_t _mbsrtowcs_state;
+          _mbstate_t _wcrtomb_state;
+          _mbstate_t _wcsrtombs_state;
+	  int _h_errno;
+        } _reent;
+  /* Two next two fields were once used by malloc.  They are no longer
+     used. They are used to preserve the space used before so as to
+     allow addition of new reent fields and keep binary compatibility.   */
+      struct
+        {
+#define _N_LISTS 30
+          unsigned char * _nextf[_N_LISTS];
+          unsigned int _nmalloc[_N_LISTS];
+        } _unused;
+    } _new;
+
+  /* atexit stuff */
+  struct _atexit *_atexit;	/* points to head of LIFO stack */
+  struct _atexit _atexit0;	/* one guaranteed table, required by ANSI */
+
+  /* signal info */
+  void (**(_sig_func))(int);
+
+  /* These are here last so that __FILE can grow without changing the offsets
+     of the above members (on the off chance that future binary compatibility
+     would be broken otherwise).  */
+  struct _glue __sglue;		/* root of glue chain */
+  __FILE __sf[3];  		/* first three file descriptors */
+};
+
+#define _REENT_INIT(var) \
+  { 0, \
+    &(var).__sf[0], \
+    &(var).__sf[1], \
+    &(var).__sf[2], \
+    0, \
+    "", \
+    0, \
+    "C", \
+    0, \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL, \
+    0, \
+    _NULL, \
+    _NULL, \
+    0, \
+    _NULL, \
+    { \
+      { \
+        0, \
+        _NULL, \
+        "", \
+        {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, \
+        0, \
+        1, \
+        { \
+          {_RAND48_SEED_0, _RAND48_SEED_1, _RAND48_SEED_2}, \
+          {_RAND48_MULT_0, _RAND48_MULT_1, _RAND48_MULT_2}, \
+          _RAND48_ADD \
+        }, \
+        {0, {0}}, \
+        {0, {0}}, \
+        {0, {0}}, \
+        "", \
+        "", \
+        0, \
+        {0, {0}}, \
+        {0, {0}}, \
+        {0, {0}}, \
+        {0, {0}}, \
+        {0, {0}} \
+      } \
+    }, \
+    _NULL, \
+    {_NULL, 0, {_NULL}, {{_NULL}, {_NULL}, 0, 0}}, \
+    _NULL, \
+    {_NULL, 0, _NULL} \
+  }
+
+#define _REENT_INIT_PTR(var) \
+  { (var)->_errno = 0; \
+    (var)->_stdin = &(var)->__sf[0]; \
+    (var)->_stdout = &(var)->__sf[1]; \
+    (var)->_stderr = &(var)->__sf[2]; \
+    (var)->_inc = 0; \
+    memset(&(var)->_emergency, 0, sizeof((var)->_emergency)); \
+    (var)->_current_category = 0; \
+    (var)->_current_locale = "C"; \
+    (var)->__sdidinit = 0; \
+    (var)->__cleanup = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_result = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_result_k = 0; \
+    (var)->_p5s = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_freelist = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_cvtlen = 0; \
+    (var)->_cvtbuf = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._unused_rand = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._strtok_last = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._asctime_buf[0] = 0; \
+    memset(&(var)->_new._reent._localtime_buf, 0, sizeof((var)->_new._reent._localtime_buf)); \
+    (var)->_new._reent._gamma_signgam = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._rand_next = 1; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._r48._seed[0] = _RAND48_SEED_0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._r48._seed[1] = _RAND48_SEED_1; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._r48._seed[2] = _RAND48_SEED_2; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._r48._mult[0] = _RAND48_MULT_0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._r48._mult[1] = _RAND48_MULT_1; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._r48._mult[2] = _RAND48_MULT_2; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._r48._add = _RAND48_ADD; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mblen_state.__count = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mblen_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mbtowc_state.__count = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mbtowc_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._wctomb_state.__count = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._wctomb_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mbrlen_state.__count = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mbrlen_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mbrtowc_state.__count = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mbrtowc_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mbsrtowcs_state.__count = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._mbsrtowcs_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._wcrtomb_state.__count = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._wcrtomb_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._wcsrtombs_state.__count = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._wcsrtombs_state.__value.__wch = 0; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._l64a_buf[0] = '\0'; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._signal_buf[0] = '\0'; \
+    (var)->_new._reent._getdate_err = 0; \
+    (var)->_atexit = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_atexit0._next = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_atexit0._ind = 0; \
+    (var)->_atexit0._fns[0] = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_atexit0._on_exit_args._fntypes = 0; \
+    (var)->_atexit0._on_exit_args._fnargs[0] = _NULL; \
+    (var)->_sig_func = _NULL; \
+    (var)->__sglue._next = _NULL; \
+    (var)->__sglue._niobs = 0; \
+    (var)->__sglue._iobs = _NULL; \
+    memset(&(var)->__sf, 0, sizeof((var)->__sf)); \
+  }
+
+#define _REENT_CHECK_RAND48(ptr)	/* nothing */
+#define _REENT_CHECK_MP(ptr)		/* nothing */
+#define _REENT_CHECK_TM(ptr)		/* nothing */
+#define _REENT_CHECK_ASCTIME_BUF(ptr)	/* nothing */
+#define _REENT_CHECK_EMERGENCY(ptr)	/* nothing */
+#define _REENT_CHECK_MISC(ptr)	        /* nothing */
+#define _REENT_CHECK_SIGNAL_BUF(ptr)	/* nothing */
+
+#define _REENT_SIGNGAM(ptr)	((ptr)->_new._reent._gamma_signgam)
+#define _REENT_RAND_NEXT(ptr)	((ptr)->_new._reent._rand_next)
+#define _REENT_RAND48_SEED(ptr)	((ptr)->_new._reent._r48._seed)
+#define _REENT_RAND48_MULT(ptr)	((ptr)->_new._reent._r48._mult)
+#define _REENT_RAND48_ADD(ptr)	((ptr)->_new._reent._r48._add)
+#define _REENT_MP_RESULT(ptr)	((ptr)->_result)
+#define _REENT_MP_RESULT_K(ptr)	((ptr)->_result_k)
+#define _REENT_MP_P5S(ptr)	((ptr)->_p5s)
+#define _REENT_MP_FREELIST(ptr)	((ptr)->_freelist)
+#define _REENT_ASCTIME_BUF(ptr)	((ptr)->_new._reent._asctime_buf)
+#define _REENT_TM(ptr)		(&(ptr)->_new._reent._localtime_buf)
+#define _REENT_EMERGENCY(ptr)	((ptr)->_emergency)
+#define _REENT_STRTOK_LAST(ptr)	((ptr)->_new._reent._strtok_last)
+#define _REENT_MBLEN_STATE(ptr)	((ptr)->_new._reent._mblen_state)
+#define _REENT_MBTOWC_STATE(ptr)((ptr)->_new._reent._mbtowc_state)
+#define _REENT_WCTOMB_STATE(ptr)((ptr)->_new._reent._wctomb_state)
+#define _REENT_MBRLEN_STATE(ptr)((ptr)->_new._reent._mbrlen_state)
+#define _REENT_MBRTOWC_STATE(ptr)((ptr)->_new._reent._mbrtowc_state)
+#define _REENT_MBSRTOWCS_STATE(ptr)((ptr)->_new._reent._mbsrtowcs_state)
+#define _REENT_WCRTOMB_STATE(ptr)((ptr)->_new._reent._wcrtomb_state)
+#define _REENT_WCSRTOMBS_STATE(ptr)((ptr)->_new._reent._wcsrtombs_state)
+#define _REENT_L64A_BUF(ptr)    ((ptr)->_new._reent._l64a_buf)
+#define _REENT_SIGNAL_BUF(ptr)  ((ptr)->_new._reent._signal_buf)
+#define _REENT_GETDATE_ERR_P(ptr) (&((ptr)->_new._reent._getdate_err))
+
+#endif /* !_REENT_SMALL */
+
+/* This value is used in stdlib/misc.c.  reent/reent.c has to know it
+   as well to make sure the freelist is correctly free'd.  Therefore
+   we define it here, rather than in stdlib/misc.c, as before. */
+#define _Kmax (sizeof (size_t) << 3)
+
+/*
+ * All references to struct _reent are via this pointer.
+ * Internally, newlib routines that need to reference it should use _REENT.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __ATTRIBUTE_IMPURE_PTR__
+#define __ATTRIBUTE_IMPURE_PTR__
+#endif
+
+extern struct _reent *_impure_ptr __ATTRIBUTE_IMPURE_PTR__;
+extern struct _reent *_CONST _global_impure_ptr __ATTRIBUTE_IMPURE_PTR__;
+
+void _reclaim_reent _PARAMS ((struct _reent *));
+
+/* #define _REENT_ONLY define this to get only reentrant routines */
+
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+
+#if defined(__DYNAMIC_REENT__) && !defined(__SINGLE_THREAD__)
+#ifndef __getreent
+  struct _reent * _EXFUN(__getreent, (void));
+#endif
+# define _REENT (__getreent())
+#else /* __SINGLE_THREAD__ || !__DYNAMIC_REENT__ */
+# define _REENT _impure_ptr
+#endif /* __SINGLE_THREAD__ || !__DYNAMIC_REENT__ */
+
+#endif /* !_REENT_ONLY */
+
+#define _GLOBAL_REENT _global_impure_ptr
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _SYS_REENT_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/resource.h b/system/include/libc/sys/resource.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb5d10f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/resource.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#ifndef _SYS_RESOURCE_H_
+#define _SYS_RESOURCE_H_
+
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+#define	RUSAGE_SELF	0		/* calling process */
+#define	RUSAGE_CHILDREN	-1		/* terminated child processes */
+
+struct rusage {
+  struct timeval ru_utime;	/* user time used */
+  struct timeval ru_stime;	/* system time used */
+  int            ru_maxrss; /* XXX Emscripten */
+};
+
+/* XXX Emscripten */
+int getrusage(int who, struct rusage *r_usage);
+
+/* XXX Emscripten */
+#define RLIMIT_CPU 1
+typedef unsigned rlim_t;
+struct rlimit {
+  rlim_t rlim_cur;
+  rlim_t rlim_max;
+};
+int setrlimit(int resource, const struct rlimit *rlim);
+
+#endif
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/sched.h b/system/include/libc/sys/sched.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bed14bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/sched.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ *  Written by Joel Sherrill <joel@OARcorp.com>.
+ *
+ *  COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2010.
+ *  On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
+ *
+ *  Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ *  purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice
+ *  is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy
+ *  or modification of this software.
+ *
+ *  THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+ *  WARRANTY.  IN PARTICULAR,  THE AUTHOR MAKES NO REPRESENTATION
+ *  OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY OF THIS
+ *  SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ *
+ *  $Id: sched.h,v 1.3 2010/04/01 18:33:37 jjohnstn Exp $
+ */
+
+
+#ifndef _SYS_SCHED_H_
+#define _SYS_SCHED_H_
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* Scheduling Policies */
+/* Open Group Specifications Issue 6 */
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#define SCHED_OTHER    3
+#else
+#define SCHED_OTHER    0
+#endif
+
+#define SCHED_FIFO     1
+#define SCHED_RR       2
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER)
+#define SCHED_SPORADIC 4
+#endif
+
+/* Scheduling Parameters */
+/* Open Group Specifications Issue 6 */
+
+struct sched_param {
+  int sched_priority;           /* Process execution scheduling priority */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER) || defined(_POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER)
+  int sched_ss_low_priority;    /* Low scheduling priority for sporadic */
+                                /*   server */
+  struct timespec sched_ss_repl_period;
+                                /* Replenishment period for sporadic server */
+  struct timespec sched_ss_init_budget;
+                               /* Initial budget for sporadic server */
+  int sched_ss_max_repl;       /* Maximum pending replenishments for */
+                               /* sporadic server */
+#endif
+};
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+/* end of include file */
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/signal.h b/system/include/libc/sys/signal.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8aaf9d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/signal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+/* sys/signal.h */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_SIGNAL_H
+#define _SYS_SIGNAL_H
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+#include <sys/features.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+/* #ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__*/
+
+typedef unsigned long sigset_t;
+
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS)
+
+/* sigev_notify values
+   NOTE: P1003.1c/D10, p. 34 adds SIGEV_THREAD.  */
+
+#define SIGEV_NONE   1  /* No asynchronous notification shall be delivered */
+                        /*   when the event of interest occurs. */
+#define SIGEV_SIGNAL 2  /* A queued signal, with an application defined */
+                        /*  value, shall be delivered when the event of */
+                        /*  interest occurs. */
+#define SIGEV_THREAD 3  /* A notification function shall be called to */
+                        /*   perform notification. */
+
+/*  Signal Generation and Delivery, P1003.1b-1993, p. 63
+    NOTE: P1003.1c/D10, p. 34 adds sigev_notify_function and
+          sigev_notify_attributes to the sigevent structure.  */
+
+union sigval {
+  int    sival_int;    /* Integer signal value */
+  void  *sival_ptr;    /* Pointer signal value */
+};
+
+struct sigevent {
+  int              sigev_notify;               /* Notification type */
+  int              sigev_signo;                /* Signal number */
+  union sigval     sigev_value;                /* Signal value */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREADS)
+  void           (*sigev_notify_function)( union sigval );
+                                               /* Notification function */
+  pthread_attr_t  *sigev_notify_attributes;    /* Notification Attributes */
+#endif
+};
+
+/* Signal Actions, P1003.1b-1993, p. 64 */
+/* si_code values, p. 66 */
+
+#define SI_USER    1    /* Sent by a user. kill(), abort(), etc */
+#define SI_QUEUE   2    /* Sent by sigqueue() */
+#define SI_TIMER   3    /* Sent by expiration of a timer_settime() timer */
+#define SI_ASYNCIO 4    /* Indicates completion of asycnhronous IO */
+#define SI_MESGQ   5    /* Indicates arrival of a message at an empty queue */
+
+typedef struct {
+  int          si_signo;    /* Signal number */
+  int          si_code;     /* Cause of the signal */
+  union sigval si_value;    /* Signal value */
+} siginfo_t;
+#endif
+
+/*  3.3.8 Synchronously Accept a Signal, P1003.1b-1993, p. 76 */
+
+#define SA_NOCLDSTOP 1   /* Do not generate SIGCHLD when children stop */
+#define SA_SIGINFO   2   /* Invoke the signal catching function with */
+                         /*   three arguments instead of one. */
+
+/* struct sigaction notes from POSIX:
+ *
+ *  (1) Routines stored in sa_handler should take a single int as
+ *      their argument although the POSIX standard does not require this.
+ *  (2) The fields sa_handler and sa_sigaction may overlap, and a conforming
+ *      application should not use both simultaneously.
+ */
+
+typedef void (*_sig_func_ptr)();
+
+struct sigaction {
+  int         sa_flags;       /* Special flags to affect behavior of signal */
+  sigset_t    sa_mask;        /* Additional set of signals to be blocked */
+                              /*   during execution of signal-catching */
+                              /*   function. */
+  union {
+    _sig_func_ptr _handler;  /* SIG_DFL, SIG_IGN, or pointer to a function */
+#if defined(_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS)
+    void      (*_sigaction)( int, siginfo_t *, void * );
+#endif
+  } _signal_handlers;
+};
+
+#define sa_handler    _signal_handlers._handler
+#if defined(_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS)
+#define sa_sigaction  _signal_handlers._sigaction
+#endif
+
+#elif defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#include <cygwin/signal.h>
+#else
+#define SA_NOCLDSTOP 1  /* only value supported now for sa_flags */
+
+typedef void (*_sig_func_ptr)(int);
+
+struct sigaction 
+{
+	_sig_func_ptr sa_handler;
+	sigset_t sa_mask;
+	int sa_flags;
+};
+#endif /* defined(__rtems__) */
+
+#define SIG_SETMASK 0	/* set mask with sigprocmask() */
+#define SIG_BLOCK 1	/* set of signals to block */
+#define SIG_UNBLOCK 2	/* set of signals to, well, unblock */
+
+/* These depend upon the type of sigset_t, which right now 
+   is always a long.. They're in the POSIX namespace, but
+   are not ANSI. */
+#define sigaddset(what,sig) (*(what) |= (1<<(sig)), 0)
+#define sigdelset(what,sig) (*(what) &= ~(1<<(sig)), 0)
+#define sigemptyset(what)   (*(what) = 0, 0)
+#define sigfillset(what)    (*(what) = ~(0), 0)
+#define sigismember(what,sig) (((*(what)) & (1<<(sig))) != 0)
+
+int _EXFUN(sigprocmask, (int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oset));
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREADS)
+int _EXFUN(pthread_sigmask, (int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oset));
+#endif
+
+/* protos for functions found in winsup sources for CYGWIN */
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__)
+#undef sigaddset
+#undef sigdelset
+#undef sigemptyset
+#undef sigfillset
+#undef sigismember
+
+int _EXFUN(kill, (pid_t, int));
+int _EXFUN(killpg, (pid_t, int));
+int _EXFUN(sigaction, (int, const struct sigaction *, struct sigaction *));
+int _EXFUN(sigaddset, (sigset_t *, const int));
+int _EXFUN(sigdelset, (sigset_t *, const int));
+int _EXFUN(sigismember, (const sigset_t *, int));
+int _EXFUN(sigfillset, (sigset_t *));
+int _EXFUN(sigemptyset, (sigset_t *));
+int _EXFUN(sigpending, (sigset_t *));
+int _EXFUN(sigsuspend, (const sigset_t *));
+int _EXFUN(sigpause, (int));
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREADS)
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#  ifndef _CYGWIN_TYPES_H
+#    error You need the winsup sources or a cygwin installation to compile the cygwin version of newlib.
+#  endif
+#endif
+int _EXFUN(pthread_kill, (pthread_t thread, int sig));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS)
+
+/*  3.3.8 Synchronously Accept a Signal, P1003.1b-1993, p. 76
+    NOTE: P1003.1c/D10, p. 39 adds sigwait().  */
+
+int _EXFUN(sigwaitinfo, (const sigset_t *set, siginfo_t *info));
+int _EXFUN(sigtimedwait,
+  (const sigset_t *set, siginfo_t *info, const struct timespec  *timeout)
+);
+int _EXFUN(sigwait, (const sigset_t *set, int *sig));
+
+/*  3.3.9 Queue a Signal to a Process, P1003.1b-1993, p. 78 */
+int _EXFUN(sigqueue, (pid_t pid, int signo, const union sigval value));
+
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS) */
+
+#endif /* defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__) */
+
+/* #endif __STRICT_ANSI__ */
+
+#if defined(___AM29K__)
+/* These all need to be defined for ANSI C, but I don't think they are
+   meaningful.  */
+#define SIGABRT 1
+#define SIGFPE 1
+#define SIGILL 1
+#define SIGINT 1
+#define SIGSEGV 1
+#define SIGTERM 1
+/* These need to be defined for POSIX, and some others do too.  */
+#define SIGHUP 1
+#define SIGQUIT 1
+#define NSIG 2
+#elif defined(__GO32__)
+#define SIGINT  1
+#define SIGKILL 2
+#define SIGPIPE 3
+#define SIGFPE  4
+#define SIGHUP  5
+#define SIGTERM 6
+#define SIGSEGV 7
+#define SIGTSTP 8
+#define SIGQUIT 9
+#define SIGTRAP 10
+#define SIGILL  11
+#define SIGEMT  12
+#define SIGALRM 13
+#define SIGBUS  14
+#define SIGLOST 15
+#define SIGSTOP 16
+#define SIGABRT 17
+#define SIGUSR1	18
+#define SIGUSR2	19
+#define NSIG    20
+#elif !defined(SIGTRAP)
+#define	SIGHUP	1	/* hangup */
+#define	SIGINT	2	/* interrupt */
+#define	SIGQUIT	3	/* quit */
+#define	SIGILL	4	/* illegal instruction (not reset when caught) */
+#define	SIGTRAP	5	/* trace trap (not reset when caught) */
+#define	SIGIOT	6	/* IOT instruction */
+#define	SIGABRT 6	/* used by abort, replace SIGIOT in the future */
+#define	SIGEMT	7	/* EMT instruction */
+#define	SIGFPE	8	/* floating point exception */
+#define	SIGKILL	9	/* kill (cannot be caught or ignored) */
+#define	SIGBUS	10	/* bus error */
+#define	SIGSEGV	11	/* segmentation violation */
+#define	SIGSYS	12	/* bad argument to system call */
+#define	SIGPIPE	13	/* write on a pipe with no one to read it */
+#define	SIGALRM	14	/* alarm clock */
+#define	SIGTERM	15	/* software termination signal from kill */
+
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+#define	SIGURG	16	/* urgent condition on IO channel */
+#define	SIGSTOP	17	/* sendable stop signal not from tty */
+#define	SIGTSTP	18	/* stop signal from tty */
+#define	SIGCONT	19	/* continue a stopped process */
+#define	SIGCHLD	20	/* to parent on child stop or exit */
+#define	SIGCLD	20	/* System V name for SIGCHLD */
+#define	SIGTTIN	21	/* to readers pgrp upon background tty read */
+#define	SIGTTOU	22	/* like TTIN for output if (tp->t_local&LTOSTOP) */
+#define	SIGIO	23	/* input/output possible signal */
+#define	SIGPOLL	SIGIO	/* System V name for SIGIO */
+#define	SIGWINCH 24	/* window changed */
+#define	SIGUSR1 25	/* user defined signal 1 */
+#define	SIGUSR2 26	/* user defined signal 2 */
+
+/* Real-Time Signals Range, P1003.1b-1993, p. 61
+   NOTE: By P1003.1b-1993, this should be at least RTSIG_MAX
+         (which is a minimum of 8) signals.
+ */
+#define SIGRTMIN 27
+#define SIGRTMAX 31
+#define __SIGFIRSTNOTRT SIGHUP
+#define __SIGLASTNOTRT  SIGUSR2
+
+#define NSIG	32      /* signal 0 implied */
+
+#elif defined(__svr4__)
+/* svr4 specifics. different signals above 15, and sigaction. */
+#define	SIGUSR1	16
+#define SIGUSR2	17
+#define SIGCLD	18
+#define	SIGPWR	19
+#define SIGWINCH 20
+#define	SIGPOLL	22	/* 20 for x.out binaries!!!! */
+#define	SIGSTOP	23	/* sendable stop signal not from tty */
+#define	SIGTSTP	24	/* stop signal from tty */
+#define	SIGCONT	25	/* continue a stopped process */
+#define	SIGTTIN	26	/* to readers pgrp upon background tty read */
+#define	SIGTTOU	27	/* like TTIN for output if (tp->t_local&LTOSTOP) */
+#define NSIG	28	
+#else
+#define	SIGURG	16	/* urgent condition on IO channel */
+#define	SIGSTOP	17	/* sendable stop signal not from tty */
+#define	SIGTSTP	18	/* stop signal from tty */
+#define	SIGCONT	19	/* continue a stopped process */
+#define	SIGCHLD	20	/* to parent on child stop or exit */
+#define	SIGCLD	20	/* System V name for SIGCHLD */
+#define	SIGTTIN	21	/* to readers pgrp upon background tty read */
+#define	SIGTTOU	22	/* like TTIN for output if (tp->t_local&LTOSTOP) */
+#define	SIGIO	23	/* input/output possible signal */
+#define	SIGPOLL	SIGIO	/* System V name for SIGIO */
+#define	SIGXCPU	24	/* exceeded CPU time limit */
+#define	SIGXFSZ	25	/* exceeded file size limit */
+#define	SIGVTALRM 26	/* virtual time alarm */
+#define	SIGPROF	27	/* profiling time alarm */
+#define	SIGWINCH 28	/* window changed */
+#define	SIGLOST 29	/* resource lost (eg, record-lock lost) */
+#define	SIGUSR1 30	/* user defined signal 1 */
+#define	SIGUSR2 31	/* user defined signal 2 */
+#define NSIG	32      /* signal 0 implied */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _SIGNAL_H_
+/* Some applications take advantage of the fact that <sys/signal.h>
+ * and <signal.h> are equivalent in glibc.  Allow for that here.  */
+#include <signal.h>
+#endif
+#endif /* _SYS_SIGNAL_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/stat.h b/system/include/libc/sys/stat.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd955d66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/stat.h
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+#ifndef	_SYS_STAT_H
+#define	_SYS_STAT_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+/* dj's stat defines _STAT_H_ */
+#ifndef _STAT_H_
+
+/* It is intended that the layout of this structure not change when the
+   sizes of any of the basic types change (short, int, long) [via a compile
+   time option].  */
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#include <cygwin/stat.h>
+#ifdef _COMPILING_NEWLIB
+#define stat64 __stat64
+#endif
+#else
+struct	stat 
+{
+  dev_t		st_dev;
+  ino_t		st_ino;
+  mode_t	st_mode;
+  nlink_t	st_nlink;
+  uid_t		st_uid;
+  gid_t		st_gid;
+  dev_t		st_rdev;
+  off_t		st_size;
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+  struct timespec st_atim;
+  struct timespec st_mtim;
+  struct timespec st_ctim;
+  blksize_t     st_blksize;
+  blkcnt_t	st_blocks;
+#else
+  /* SysV/sco doesn't have the rest... But Solaris, eabi does.  */
+#if defined(__svr4__) && !defined(__PPC__) && !defined(__sun__)
+  time_t	st_atime;
+  time_t	st_mtime;
+  time_t	st_ctime;
+#else
+  time_t	st_atime;
+  long		st_spare1;
+  time_t	st_mtime;
+  long		st_spare2;
+  time_t	st_ctime;
+  long		st_spare3;
+  long		st_blksize;
+  long		st_blocks;
+  long	st_spare4[2];
+#endif
+#endif
+};
+
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+#define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec
+#define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec
+#define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+#define	_IFMT		0170000	/* type of file */
+#define		_IFDIR	0040000	/* directory */
+#define		_IFCHR	0020000	/* character special */
+#define		_IFBLK	0060000	/* block special */
+#define		_IFREG	0100000	/* regular */
+#define		_IFLNK	0120000	/* symbolic link */
+#define		_IFSOCK	0140000	/* socket */
+#define		_IFIFO	0010000	/* fifo */
+
+#define 	S_BLKSIZE  1024 /* size of a block */
+
+#define	S_ISUID		0004000	/* set user id on execution */
+#define	S_ISGID		0002000	/* set group id on execution */
+#define	S_ISVTX		0001000	/* save swapped text even after use */
+#ifndef	_POSIX_SOURCE
+#define	S_IREAD		0000400	/* read permission, owner */
+#define	S_IWRITE 	0000200	/* write permission, owner */
+#define	S_IEXEC		0000100	/* execute/search permission, owner */
+#define	S_ENFMT 	0002000	/* enforcement-mode locking */
+#endif	/* !_POSIX_SOURCE */
+
+#define	S_IFMT		_IFMT
+#define	S_IFDIR		_IFDIR
+#define	S_IFCHR		_IFCHR
+#define	S_IFBLK		_IFBLK
+#define	S_IFREG		_IFREG
+#define	S_IFLNK		_IFLNK
+#define	S_IFSOCK	_IFSOCK
+#define	S_IFIFO		_IFIFO
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+/* The Windows header files define _S_ forms of these, so we do too
+   for easier portability.  */
+#define _S_IFMT		_IFMT
+#define _S_IFDIR	_IFDIR
+#define _S_IFCHR	_IFCHR
+#define _S_IFIFO	_IFIFO
+#define _S_IFREG	_IFREG
+#define _S_IREAD	0000400
+#define _S_IWRITE	0000200
+#define _S_IEXEC	0000100
+#endif
+
+#define	S_IRWXU 	(S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IXUSR)
+#define		S_IRUSR	0000400	/* read permission, owner */
+#define		S_IWUSR	0000200	/* write permission, owner */
+#define		S_IXUSR 0000100/* execute/search permission, owner */
+#define	S_IRWXG		(S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IXGRP)
+#define		S_IRGRP	0000040	/* read permission, group */
+#define		S_IWGRP	0000020	/* write permission, grougroup */
+#define		S_IXGRP 0000010/* execute/search permission, group */
+#define	S_IRWXO		(S_IROTH | S_IWOTH | S_IXOTH)
+#define		S_IROTH	0000004	/* read permission, other */
+#define		S_IWOTH	0000002	/* write permission, other */
+#define		S_IXOTH 0000001/* execute/search permission, other */
+
+#ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE
+#define ACCESSPERMS (S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO) /* 0777 */
+#define ALLPERMS (S_ISUID | S_ISGID | S_ISVTX | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO) /* 07777 */
+#define DEFFILEMODE (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH) /* 0666 */
+#endif
+
+#define	S_ISBLK(m)	(((m)&_IFMT) == _IFBLK)
+#define	S_ISCHR(m)	(((m)&_IFMT) == _IFCHR)
+#define	S_ISDIR(m)	(((m)&_IFMT) == _IFDIR)
+#define	S_ISFIFO(m)	(((m)&_IFMT) == _IFIFO)
+#define	S_ISREG(m)	(((m)&_IFMT) == _IFREG)
+#define	S_ISLNK(m)	(((m)&_IFMT) == _IFLNK)
+#define	S_ISSOCK(m)	(((m)&_IFMT) == _IFSOCK)
+
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+/* Special tv_nsec values for futimens(2) and utimensat(2). */
+#define UTIME_NOW	-2L
+#define UTIME_OMIT	-1L
+#endif
+
+int	_EXFUN(chmod,( const char *__path, mode_t __mode ));
+int     _EXFUN(fchmod,(int __fd, mode_t __mode));
+int	_EXFUN(fstat,( int __fd, struct stat *__sbuf ));
+int	_EXFUN(mkdir,( const char *_path, mode_t __mode ));
+int	_EXFUN(mkfifo,( const char *__path, mode_t __mode ));
+int	_EXFUN(stat,( const char *__path, struct stat *__sbuf ));
+mode_t	_EXFUN(umask,( mode_t __mask ));
+
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined (__SPU__) || defined(__rtems__) || defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__) 
+int	_EXFUN(lstat,( const char *__path, struct stat *__buf ));
+int	_EXFUN(mknod,( const char *__path, mode_t __mode, dev_t __dev ));
+#endif
+
+#if defined (__CYGWIN__) && !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(fchmodat, (int, const char *, mode_t, int));
+int	_EXFUN(fstatat, (int, const char *, struct stat *, int));
+int	_EXFUN(mkdirat, (int, const char *, mode_t));
+int	_EXFUN(mkfifoat, (int, const char *, mode_t));
+int	_EXFUN(mknodat, (int, const char *, mode_t, dev_t));
+int	_EXFUN(utimensat, (int, const char *, const struct timespec *, int));
+int	_EXFUN(futimens, (int, const struct timespec *));
+#endif
+
+/* Provide prototypes for most of the _<systemcall> names that are
+   provided in newlib for some compilers.  */
+#ifdef _COMPILING_NEWLIB
+int	_EXFUN(_fstat,( int __fd, struct stat *__sbuf ));
+int	_EXFUN(_stat,( const char *__path, struct stat *__sbuf ));
+#ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+struct stat64;
+int	_EXFUN(_fstat64,( int __fd, struct stat64 *__sbuf ));
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !_STAT_H_ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _SYS_STAT_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/stdio.h b/system/include/libc/sys/stdio.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0918fe15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/stdio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#ifndef _NEWLIB_STDIO_H
+#define _NEWLIB_STDIO_H
+
+#include <sys/lock.h>
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+/* Internal locking macros, used to protect stdio functions.  In the
+   general case, expand to nothing. Use __SSTR flag in FILE _flags to
+   detect if FILE is private to sprintf/sscanf class of functions; if
+   set then do nothing as lock is not initialised. */
+#if !defined(_flockfile)
+#ifndef __SINGLE_THREAD__
+#  define _flockfile(fp) (((fp)->_flags & __SSTR) ? 0 : __lock_acquire_recursive((fp)->_lock))
+#else
+#  define _flockfile(fp)	(_CAST_VOID 0)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_funlockfile)
+#ifndef __SINGLE_THREAD__
+#  define _funlockfile(fp) (((fp)->_flags & __SSTR) ? 0 : __lock_release_recursive((fp)->_lock))
+#else
+#  define _funlockfile(fp)	(_CAST_VOID 0)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _NEWLIB_STDIO_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/string.h b/system/include/libc/sys/string.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ceedf4be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/string.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/* This is a dummy <sys/string.h> used as a placeholder for
+   systems that need to have a special header file.  */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/syslimits.h b/system/include/libc/sys/syslimits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba9dbd66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/syslimits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1988, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)syslimits.h	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/2/93
+ * $FreeBSD: src/sys/sys/syslimits.h,v 1.10 2001/06/18 20:24:54 wollman Exp $
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_SYSLIMITS_H_
+#define _SYS_SYSLIMITS_H_
+
+#define	ARG_MAX			65536	/* max bytes for an exec function */
+#ifndef CHILD_MAX
+#define	CHILD_MAX		   40	/* max simultaneous processes */
+#endif
+#define	LINK_MAX		32767	/* max file link count */
+#define	MAX_CANON		  255	/* max bytes in term canon input line */
+#define	MAX_INPUT		  255	/* max bytes in terminal input */
+#define	NAME_MAX		  255	/* max bytes in a file name */
+#define	NGROUPS_MAX		   16	/* max supplemental group id's */
+#ifndef OPEN_MAX
+#define	OPEN_MAX		   64	/* max open files per process */
+#endif
+#define	PATH_MAX		 1024	/* max bytes in pathname */
+#define	PIPE_BUF		  512	/* max bytes for atomic pipe writes */
+#define	IOV_MAX			 1024	/* max elements in i/o vector */
+
+#define	BC_BASE_MAX		   99	/* max ibase/obase values in bc(1) */
+#define	BC_DIM_MAX		 2048	/* max array elements in bc(1) */
+#define	BC_SCALE_MAX		   99	/* max scale value in bc(1) */
+#define	BC_STRING_MAX		 1000	/* max const string length in bc(1) */
+#define	COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX	    0	/* max weights for order keyword */
+#define	EXPR_NEST_MAX		   32	/* max expressions nested in expr(1) */
+#define	LINE_MAX		 2048	/* max bytes in an input line */
+#define	RE_DUP_MAX		  255	/* max RE's in interval notation */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/time.h b/system/include/libc/sys/time.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d48839f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/time.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/* time.h -- An implementation of the standard Unix <sys/time.h> file.
+   Written by Geoffrey Noer <noer@cygnus.com>
+   Public domain; no rights reserved. */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_TIME_H_
+#define _SYS_TIME_H_
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _WINSOCK_H
+#define _TIMEVAL_DEFINED
+struct timeval {
+  time_t      tv_sec;
+  suseconds_t tv_usec;
+};
+
+struct timezone {
+  int tz_minuteswest;
+  int tz_dsttime;
+};
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#include <cygwin/sys_time.h>
+#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
+
+#endif /* _WINSOCK_H */
+
+#define ITIMER_REAL     0
+#define ITIMER_VIRTUAL  1
+#define ITIMER_PROF     2
+
+struct  itimerval {
+  struct  timeval it_interval;
+  struct  timeval it_value;
+};
+
+/* BSD time macros used by RTEMS code */
+#if defined (__rtems__) || defined (__CYGWIN__)
+
+/* Convenience macros for operations on timevals.
+   NOTE: `timercmp' does not work for >= or <=.  */
+#define	timerisset(tvp)		((tvp)->tv_sec || (tvp)->tv_usec)
+#define	timerclear(tvp)		((tvp)->tv_sec = (tvp)->tv_usec = 0)
+#define	timercmp(a, b, CMP) 						      \
+  (((a)->tv_sec == (b)->tv_sec) ? 					      \
+   ((a)->tv_usec CMP (b)->tv_usec) : 					      \
+   ((a)->tv_sec CMP (b)->tv_sec))
+#define	timeradd(a, b, result)						      \
+  do {									      \
+    (result)->tv_sec = (a)->tv_sec + (b)->tv_sec;			      \
+    (result)->tv_usec = (a)->tv_usec + (b)->tv_usec;			      \
+    if ((result)->tv_usec >= 1000000)					      \
+      {									      \
+	++(result)->tv_sec;						      \
+	(result)->tv_usec -= 1000000;					      \
+      }									      \
+  } while (0)
+#define	timersub(a, b, result)						      \
+  do {									      \
+    (result)->tv_sec = (a)->tv_sec - (b)->tv_sec;			      \
+    (result)->tv_usec = (a)->tv_usec - (b)->tv_usec;			      \
+    if ((result)->tv_usec < 0) {					      \
+      --(result)->tv_sec;						      \
+      (result)->tv_usec += 1000000;					      \
+    }									      \
+  } while (0)
+#endif /* defined (__rtems__) || defined (__CYGWIN__) */
+
+int _EXFUN(gettimeofday, (struct timeval *__p, void *__tz));
+int _EXFUN(settimeofday, (const struct timeval *, const struct timezone *));
+int _EXFUN(utimes, (const char *__path, const struct timeval *__tvp));
+int _EXFUN(getitimer, (int __which, struct itimerval *__value));
+int _EXFUN(setitimer, (int __which, const struct itimerval *__value,
+					struct itimerval *__ovalue));
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _SYS_TIME_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/timeb.h b/system/include/libc/sys/timeb.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a2c3de8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/timeb.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/* timeb.h -- An implementation of the standard Unix <sys/timeb.h> file.
+   Written by Ian Lance Taylor <ian@cygnus.com>
+   Public domain; no rights reserved.
+
+   <sys/timeb.h> declares the structure used by the ftime function, as
+   well as the ftime function itself.  Newlib does not provide an
+   implementation of ftime.  */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_TIMEB_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#define _SYS_TIMEB_H
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <machine/types.h>
+
+#ifndef __time_t_defined
+typedef _TIME_T_ time_t;
+#define __time_t_defined
+#endif
+
+struct timeb
+{
+  time_t time;
+  unsigned short millitm;
+  short timezone;
+  short dstflag;
+};
+
+extern int ftime _PARAMS ((struct timeb *));
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ! defined (_SYS_TIMEB_H) */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/times.h b/system/include/libc/sys/times.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9375cb19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/times.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#ifndef	_SYS_TIMES_H
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+#define	_SYS_TIMES_H
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <machine/types.h>
+
+#ifndef __clock_t_defined
+typedef _CLOCK_T_ clock_t;
+#define __clock_t_defined
+#endif
+
+/*  Get Process Times, P1003.1b-1993, p. 92 */
+struct tms {
+	clock_t	tms_utime;		/* user time */
+	clock_t	tms_stime;		/* system time */
+	clock_t	tms_cutime;		/* user time, children */
+	clock_t	tms_cstime;		/* system time, children */
+};
+
+clock_t _EXFUN(times,(struct tms *));
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif	/* !_SYS_TIMES_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/types.h b/system/include/libc/sys/types.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cb126a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+/* unified sys/types.h: 
+   start with sef's sysvi386 version.
+   merge go32 version -- a few ifdefs.
+   h8300hms, h8300xray, and sysvnecv70 disagree on the following types:
+
+   typedef int gid_t;
+   typedef int uid_t;
+   typedef int dev_t;
+   typedef int ino_t;
+   typedef int mode_t;
+   typedef int caddr_t;
+
+   however, these aren't "reasonable" values, the sysvi386 ones make far 
+   more sense, and should work sufficiently well (in particular, h8300 
+   doesn't have a stat, and the necv70 doesn't matter.) -- eichin
+ */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_TYPES_H
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+
+#ifndef __INTTYPES_DEFINED__
+#define __INTTYPES_DEFINED__
+
+#include <machine/_types.h>
+
+#if defined(__rtems__) || defined(__XMK__)
+/*
+ *  The following section is RTEMS specific and is needed to more
+ *  closely match the types defined in the BSD sys/types.h.
+ *  This is needed to let the RTEMS/BSD TCP/IP stack compile.
+ */
+
+/* deprecated */
+#if ___int8_t_defined
+typedef __uint8_t	u_int8_t;
+#endif
+#if ___int16_t_defined
+typedef __uint16_t	u_int16_t;
+#endif 
+#if ___int32_t_defined
+typedef __uint32_t	u_int32_t;
+#endif
+
+#if ___int64_t_defined
+typedef __uint64_t	u_int64_t;
+
+/* deprecated */
+typedef	__uint64_t	u_quad_t;
+typedef	__int64_t	quad_t;
+typedef	quad_t *	qaddr_t;
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ! __INTTYPES_DEFINED */
+
+#ifndef __need_inttypes
+
+#define _SYS_TYPES_H
+#include <sys/_types.h>
+
+#ifdef __i386__
+#if defined (GO32) || defined (__MSDOS__)
+#define __MS_types__
+#endif
+#endif
+
+# include <stddef.h>
+# include <machine/types.h>
+
+/* To ensure the stat struct's layout doesn't change when sizeof(int), etc.
+   changes, we assume sizeof short and long never change and have all types
+   used to define struct stat use them and not int where possible.
+   Where not possible, _ST_INTxx are used.  It would be preferable to not have
+   such assumptions, but until the extra fluff is necessary, it's avoided.
+   No 64 bit targets use stat yet.  What to do about them is postponed
+   until necessary.  */
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define _ST_INT32 __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)))
+#else
+#define _ST_INT32
+#endif
+
+# ifndef	_POSIX_SOURCE
+
+#  define	physadr		physadr_t
+#  define	quad		quad_t
+
+#ifndef _BSDTYPES_DEFINED
+/* also defined in mingw/gmon.h and in w32api/winsock[2].h */
+typedef	unsigned char	u_char;
+typedef	unsigned short	u_short;
+typedef	unsigned int	u_int;
+typedef	unsigned long	u_long;
+#define _BSDTYPES_DEFINED
+#endif
+
+typedef	unsigned short	ushort;		/* System V compatibility */
+typedef	unsigned int	uint;		/* System V compatibility */
+# endif	/*!_POSIX_SOURCE */
+
+#ifndef __clock_t_defined
+typedef _CLOCK_T_ clock_t;
+#define __clock_t_defined
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __time_t_defined
+typedef _TIME_T_ time_t;
+#define __time_t_defined
+
+/* Time Value Specification Structures, P1003.1b-1993, p. 261 */
+
+struct timespec {
+  time_t  tv_sec;   /* Seconds */
+  long    tv_nsec;  /* Nanoseconds */
+};
+
+struct itimerspec {
+  struct timespec  it_interval;  /* Timer period */
+  struct timespec  it_value;     /* Timer expiration */
+};
+#endif
+
+typedef	long	daddr_t;
+typedef	char *	caddr_t;
+
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+#if defined(__MS_types__) || defined(__rtems__) || \
+    defined(__sparc__) || defined(__SPU__)
+typedef	unsigned long	ino_t;
+#else
+typedef	unsigned long ino_t; /* XXX Emscripten */
+#endif
+#endif /*__CYGWIN__*/
+
+#ifdef __MS_types__
+typedef unsigned long vm_offset_t;
+typedef unsigned long vm_size_t;
+
+#define __BIT_TYPES_DEFINED__
+
+typedef signed char int8_t;
+typedef unsigned char u_int8_t;
+typedef short int16_t;
+typedef unsigned short u_int16_t;
+typedef int int32_t;
+typedef unsigned int u_int32_t;
+typedef long long int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long u_int64_t;
+typedef int32_t register_t;
+#endif /* __MS_types__ */
+
+/*
+ * All these should be machine specific - right now they are all broken.
+ * However, for all of Cygnus' embedded targets, we want them to all be
+ * the same.  Otherwise things like sizeof (struct stat) might depend on
+ * how the file was compiled (e.g. -mint16 vs -mint32, etc.).
+ */
+
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__	/* which defines these types in it's own types.h. */
+typedef _off_t	off_t;
+typedef __dev_t dev_t;
+typedef __uid_t uid_t;
+typedef __gid_t gid_t;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__XMK__)
+typedef signed char pid_t;
+#else
+typedef int pid_t;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+typedef _mode_t mode_t;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+typedef	long key_t;
+#endif
+typedef _ssize_t ssize_t;
+
+#if !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(__rtems__)
+#ifdef __MS_types__
+typedef	char *	addr_t;
+typedef int mode_t;
+#else
+#if defined (__sparc__) && !defined (__sparc_v9__)
+#ifdef __svr4__
+typedef unsigned long mode_t;
+#else
+typedef unsigned short mode_t;
+#endif
+#else
+typedef unsigned int mode_t _ST_INT32;
+#endif
+#endif /* ! __MS_types__ */
+#endif /*__CYGWIN__*/
+
+typedef unsigned long nlink_t; /* XXX Emscripten */
+
+/* We don't define fd_set and friends if we are compiling POSIX
+   source, or if we have included (or may include as indicated
+   by __USE_W32_SOCKETS) the W32api winsock[2].h header which
+   defines Windows versions of them.   Note that a program which
+   includes the W32api winsock[2].h header must know what it is doing;
+   it must not call the cygwin32 select function.
+*/
+# if !(defined (_POSIX_SOURCE) || defined (_WINSOCK_H) || defined (__USE_W32_SOCKETS)) 
+#  define _SYS_TYPES_FD_SET
+#  define	NBBY	8		/* number of bits in a byte */
+/*
+ * Select uses bit masks of file descriptors in longs.
+ * These macros manipulate such bit fields (the filesystem macros use chars).
+ * FD_SETSIZE may be defined by the user, but the default here
+ * should be >= NOFILE (param.h).
+ */
+#  ifndef	FD_SETSIZE
+#	define	FD_SETSIZE	64
+#  endif
+
+typedef	long	fd_mask;
+#  define	NFDBITS	(sizeof (fd_mask) * NBBY)	/* bits per mask */
+#  ifndef	howmany
+#	define	howmany(x,y)	(((x)+((y)-1))/(y))
+#  endif
+
+/* We use a macro for fd_set so that including Sockets.h afterwards
+   can work.  */
+typedef	struct _types_fd_set {
+	fd_mask	fds_bits[howmany(FD_SETSIZE, NFDBITS)];
+} _types_fd_set;
+
+#define fd_set _types_fd_set
+
+#  define	FD_SET(n, p)	((p)->fds_bits[(n)/NFDBITS] |= (1L << ((n) % NFDBITS)))
+#  define	FD_CLR(n, p)	((p)->fds_bits[(n)/NFDBITS] &= ~(1L << ((n) % NFDBITS)))
+#  define	FD_ISSET(n, p)	((p)->fds_bits[(n)/NFDBITS] & (1L << ((n) % NFDBITS)))
+#  define	FD_ZERO(p)	(__extension__ (void)({ \
+     size_t __i; \
+     char *__tmp = (char *)p; \
+     for (__i = 0; __i < sizeof (*(p)); ++__i) \
+       *__tmp++ = 0; \
+}))
+
+# endif	/* !(defined (_POSIX_SOURCE) || defined (_WINSOCK_H) || defined (__USE_W32_SOCKETS)) */
+
+#undef __MS_types__
+#undef _ST_INT32
+
+
+#ifndef __clockid_t_defined
+typedef _CLOCKID_T_ clockid_t;
+#define __clockid_t_defined
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __timer_t_defined
+typedef _TIMER_T_ timer_t;
+#define __timer_t_defined
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long useconds_t;
+typedef long suseconds_t;
+
+#include <sys/features.h>
+
+
+/* Cygwin will probably never have full posix compliance due to little things
+ * like an inability to set the stackaddress. Cygwin is also using void *  
+ * pointers rather than structs to ensure maximum binary compatability with
+ * previous releases.
+ * This means that we don't use the types defined here, but rather in
+ * <cygwin/types.h>
+ */
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREADS) && !defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+
+#include <sys/sched.h>
+
+/*
+ *  2.5 Primitive System Data Types,  P1003.1c/D10, p. 19.
+ */
+
+#if defined(__XMK__)
+typedef unsigned int pthread_t;          /* identify a thread */
+#else
+typedef __uint32_t pthread_t;            /* identify a thread */
+#endif
+
+/* P1003.1c/D10, p. 118-119 */
+#define PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS 0
+#define PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM  1
+
+/* P1003.1c/D10, p. 111 */
+#define PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED  1      /* scheduling policy and associated */
+                                      /*   attributes are inherited from */
+                                      /*   the calling thread. */
+#define PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED 2      /* set from provided attribute object */
+
+/* P1003.1c/D10, p. 141 */
+#define PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED 0
+#define PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE  1
+
+#if defined(__XMK__) || defined(__rtems__)
+/* The following defines are part of the X/Open System Interface (XSI). */
+
+/* This type of mutex does not detect deadlock. A thread attempting to relock this mutex without first unlocking 
+ * it shall deadlock. Attempting to unlock a mutex locked by a different thread results in undefined behavior. 
+ * Attempting to unlock an unlocked mutex results in undefined behavior. 
+ */
+#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL  1
+
+/* 
+ * This type of mutex provides error checking. A thread attempting to relock this mutex without first unlocking 
+ * it shall return with an error. A thread attempting to unlock a mutex which another thread has locked shall return 
+ * with an error. A thread attempting to unlock an unlocked mutex shall return with an error. 
+ */
+#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK  2 
+
+/* A thread attempting to relock this mutex without first unlocking it shall succeed in locking the mutex. 
+ * The relocking deadlock which can occur with mutexes of type PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL cannot occur with this type of mutex. 
+ * Multiple locks of this mutex shall require the same number of unlocks to release the mutex before another thread can 
+ * acquire the mutex. A thread attempting to unlock a mutex which another thread has locked shall return with an error. 
+ * A thread attempting to unlock an unlocked mutex shall return with an error. 
+ */
+#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE  3
+
+/* Attempting to recursively lock a mutex of this type results in undefined behavior. Attempting to unlock a 
+ * mutex of this type which was not locked by the calling thread results in undefined behavior. Attempting to 
+ * unlock a mutex of this type which is not locked results in undefined behavior. An implementation may map this 
+ * mutex to one of the other mutex types.
+ */
+#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT  4 
+
+#endif /* defined(__XMK__) || defined(__rtems__) */
+
+#if defined(__XMK__)
+typedef struct pthread_attr_s {
+  int contentionscope;
+  struct sched_param schedparam;
+  int  detachstate;
+  void *stackaddr;
+  size_t stacksize;
+} pthread_attr_t;
+
+#define PTHREAD_STACK_MIN       200
+
+#else /* !defined(__XMK__) */
+typedef struct {
+  int is_initialized;
+  void *stackaddr;
+  int stacksize;
+  int contentionscope;
+  int inheritsched;
+  int schedpolicy;
+  struct sched_param schedparam;
+#if defined(__rtems__)
+  size_t guardsize;
+#endif
+
+  /* P1003.4b/D8, p. 54 adds cputime_clock_allowed attribute.  */
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME)
+  int  cputime_clock_allowed;  /* see time.h */
+#endif
+  int  detachstate;
+
+} pthread_attr_t;
+
+#endif /* !defined(__XMK__) */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)
+/* NOTE: P1003.1c/D10, p. 81 defines following values for process_shared.  */
+
+#define PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE 0 /* visible within only the creating process */
+#define PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED  1 /* visible too all processes with access to */
+                                  /*   the memory where the resource is */
+                                  /*   located */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT)
+/* Mutexes */
+
+/* Values for blocking protocol. */
+
+#define PTHREAD_PRIO_NONE    0
+#define PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT 1
+#define PTHREAD_PRIO_PROTECT 2
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_UNIX98_THREAD_MUTEX_ATTRIBUTES)
+
+/* Values for mutex type */
+
+#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL     0
+#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE  1
+#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK 2
+#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT    3
+
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__XMK__)
+typedef unsigned int pthread_mutex_t;    /* identify a mutex */
+
+typedef struct {
+  int type;
+} pthread_mutexattr_t;
+
+#else /* !defined(__XMK__) */
+typedef __uint32_t pthread_mutex_t;      /* identify a mutex */
+
+typedef struct {
+  int   is_initialized;
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)
+  int   process_shared;  /* allow mutex to be shared amongst processes */
+#endif
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT)
+  int   prio_ceiling;
+  int   protocol;
+#endif
+#if defined(_UNIX98_THREAD_MUTEX_ATTRIBUTES)
+  int type;
+#endif
+  int   recursive;
+} pthread_mutexattr_t;
+#endif /* !defined(__XMK__) */
+
+/* Condition Variables */
+
+typedef __uint32_t pthread_cond_t;       /* identify a condition variable */
+
+typedef struct {
+  int   is_initialized;
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)
+  int   process_shared;       /* allow this to be shared amongst processes */
+#endif
+} pthread_condattr_t;         /* a condition attribute object */
+
+/* Keys */
+
+typedef __uint32_t pthread_key_t;        /* thread-specific data keys */
+
+typedef struct {
+  int   is_initialized;  /* is this structure initialized? */
+  int   init_executed;   /* has the initialization routine been run? */
+} pthread_once_t;       /* dynamic package initialization */
+#else
+#if defined (__CYGWIN__)
+#include <cygwin/types.h>
+#endif
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_THREADS) */
+
+/* POSIX Barrier Types */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_BARRIERS)
+typedef __uint32_t pthread_barrier_t;        /* POSIX Barrier Object */
+typedef struct {
+  int   is_initialized;  /* is this structure initialized? */
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)
+  int   process_shared;       /* allow this to be shared amongst processes */
+#endif
+} pthread_barrierattr_t;
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_BARRIERS) */
+
+/* POSIX Spin Lock Types */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS)
+typedef __uint32_t pthread_spinlock_t;        /* POSIX Spin Lock Object */
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS) */
+
+/* POSIX Reader/Writer Lock Types */
+
+#if !defined (__CYGWIN__)
+#if defined(_POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS)
+typedef __uint32_t pthread_rwlock_t;         /* POSIX RWLock Object */
+typedef struct {
+  int   is_initialized;       /* is this structure initialized? */
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)
+  int   process_shared;       /* allow this to be shared amongst processes */
+#endif
+} pthread_rwlockattr_t;
+#endif /* defined(_POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS) */
+#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
+
+#endif  /* !__need_inttypes */
+
+#undef __need_inttypes
+
+#endif	/* _SYS_TYPES_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/unistd.h b/system/include/libc/sys/unistd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4110144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/unistd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+#ifndef _SYS_UNISTD_H
+#define _SYS_UNISTD_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/_types.h>
+#define __need_size_t
+#define __need_ptrdiff_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+extern char **environ;
+
+void	_EXFUN(_exit, (int __status )); /* _ATTRIBUTE ((noreturn))); */
+
+int	_EXFUN(access,(const char *__path, int __amode ));
+unsigned  _EXFUN(alarm, (unsigned __secs ));
+int     _EXFUN(chdir, (const char *__path ));
+int     _EXFUN(chmod, (const char *__path, mode_t __mode ));
+#if !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+int     _EXFUN(chown, (const char *__path, uid_t __owner, gid_t __group ));
+#endif
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__)
+int     _EXFUN(chroot, (const char *__path ));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(close, (int __fildes ));
+#if 1 /* XXX Emscripten defined(__CYGWIN__) */
+size_t	_EXFUN(confstr, (int __name, char *__buf, size_t __len));
+#endif
+char *  _EXFUN(ctermid, (char *__s ));
+char *  _EXFUN(cuserid, (char *__s ));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(daemon, (int nochdir, int noclose));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(dup, (int __fildes ));
+int     _EXFUN(dup2, (int __fildes, int __fildes2 ));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int     _EXFUN(dup3, (int __fildes, int __fildes2, int flags));
+int	_EXFUN(eaccess, (const char *__path, int __mode));
+void	_EXFUN(endusershell, (void));
+int	_EXFUN(euidaccess, (const char *__path, int __mode));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(execl, (const char *__path, const char *, ... ));
+int     _EXFUN(execle, (const char *__path, const char *, ... ));
+int     _EXFUN(execlp, (const char *__file, const char *, ... ));
+int     _EXFUN(execv, (const char *__path, char * const __argv[] ));
+int     _EXFUN(execve, (const char *__path, char * const __argv[], char * const __envp[] ));
+int     _EXFUN(execvp, (const char *__file, char * const __argv[] ));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int     _EXFUN(execvpe, (const char *__file, char * const __argv[], char * const __envp[] ));
+int	_EXFUN(faccessat, (int __dirfd, const char *__path, int __mode, int __flags));
+#endif
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__) || defined(__SPU__)
+int     _EXFUN(fchdir, (int __fildes));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(fchmod, (int __fildes, mode_t __mode ));
+#if !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+int     _EXFUN(fchown, (int __fildes, uid_t __owner, gid_t __group ));
+#endif
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(fchownat, (int __dirfd, const char *__path, uid_t __owner, gid_t __group, int __flags));
+int	_EXFUN(fexecve, (int __fd, char * const __argv[], char * const __envp[] ));
+#endif
+pid_t   _EXFUN(fork, (void ));
+long    _EXFUN(fpathconf, (int __fd, int __name ));
+int     _EXFUN(fsync, (int __fd));
+int     _EXFUN(fdatasync, (int __fd));
+char *  _EXFUN(getcwd, (char *__buf, size_t __size ));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(getdomainname ,(char *__name, size_t __len));
+#endif
+#if !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+gid_t   _EXFUN(getegid, (void ));
+uid_t   _EXFUN(geteuid, (void ));
+gid_t   _EXFUN(getgid, (void ));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(getgroups, (int __gidsetsize, gid_t __grouplist[] ));
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
+long    _EXFUN(gethostid, (void));
+#endif
+char *  _EXFUN(getlogin, (void ));
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS)
+int _EXFUN(getlogin_r, (char *name, size_t namesize) );
+#endif
+char *  _EXFUN(getpass, (const char *__prompt));
+int	_EXFUN(getpagesize, (void));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int    _EXFUN(getpeereid, (int, uid_t *, gid_t *));
+#endif
+pid_t   _EXFUN(getpgid, (pid_t));
+pid_t   _EXFUN(getpgrp, (void ));
+pid_t   _EXFUN(getpid, (void ));
+pid_t   _EXFUN(getppid, (void ));
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__)
+pid_t   _EXFUN(getsid, (pid_t));
+#endif
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+uid_t   _EXFUN(getuid, (void ));
+#endif
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
+char *	_EXFUN(getusershell, (void));
+char *  _EXFUN(getwd, (char *__buf ));
+int	_EXFUN(iruserok, (unsigned long raddr, int superuser, const char *ruser, const char *luser));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(isatty, (int __fildes ));
+#if !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+int     _EXFUN(lchown, (const char *__path, uid_t __owner, gid_t __group ));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(link, (const char *__path1, const char *__path2 ));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int     _EXFUN(linkat, (int __dirfd1, const char *__path1, int __dirfd2, const char *__path2, int __flags ));
+#endif
+int	_EXFUN(nice, (int __nice_value ));
+#if !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+off_t   _EXFUN(lseek, (int __fildes, off_t __offset, int __whence ));
+#endif
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__SPU__) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#define F_ULOCK	0
+#define F_LOCK	1
+#define F_TLOCK	2
+#define F_TEST	3
+int     _EXFUN(lockf, (int __fd, int __cmd, off_t __len));
+#endif
+long    _EXFUN(pathconf, (const char *__path, int __name ));
+int     _EXFUN(pause, (void ));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+int	_EXFUN(pthread_atfork, (void (*)(void), void (*)(void), void (*)(void)));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(pipe, (int __fildes[2] ));
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+int     _EXFUN(pipe2, (int __fildes[2], int flags));
+#endif
+ssize_t _EXFUN(pread, (int __fd, void *__buf, size_t __nbytes, off_t __offset));
+ssize_t _EXFUN(pwrite, (int __fd, const void *__buf, size_t __nbytes, off_t __offset));
+_READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _EXFUN(read, (int __fd, void *__buf, size_t __nbyte ));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(rresvport, (int *__alport));
+int	_EXFUN(revoke, (char *__path));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(rmdir, (const char *__path ));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(ruserok, (const char *rhost, int superuser, const char *ruser, const char *luser));
+#endif
+void *  _EXFUN(sbrk,  (ptrdiff_t __incr));
+#if !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__)
+int     _EXFUN(setegid, (gid_t __gid ));
+int     _EXFUN(seteuid, (uid_t __uid ));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(setgid, (gid_t __gid ));
+#endif
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(setgroups, (int ngroups, const gid_t *grouplist ));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(setpgid, (pid_t __pid, pid_t __pgid ));
+int     _EXFUN(setpgrp, (void ));
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(setregid, (gid_t __rgid, gid_t __egid));
+int	_EXFUN(setreuid, (uid_t __ruid, uid_t __euid));
+#endif
+pid_t   _EXFUN(setsid, (void ));
+#if !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+int     _EXFUN(setuid, (uid_t __uid ));
+#endif
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+void	_EXFUN(setusershell, (void));
+#endif
+unsigned _EXFUN(sleep, (unsigned int __seconds ));
+void    _EXFUN(swab, (const void *, void *, ssize_t));
+long    _EXFUN(sysconf, (int __name ));
+pid_t   _EXFUN(tcgetpgrp, (int __fildes ));
+int     _EXFUN(tcsetpgrp, (int __fildes, pid_t __pgrp_id ));
+char *  _EXFUN(ttyname, (int __fildes ));
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__)
+int     _EXFUN(ttyname_r, (int, char *, size_t)); 
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(unlink, (const char *__path ));
+int 	_EXFUN(usleep, (useconds_t __useconds));
+int     _EXFUN(vhangup, (void ));
+_READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _EXFUN(write, (int __fd, const void *__buf, size_t __nbyte ));
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+# define __UNISTD_GETOPT__
+# include <getopt.h>
+# undef __UNISTD_GETOPT__
+#else
+extern char *optarg;			/* getopt(3) external variables */
+extern int optind, opterr, optopt;
+int	 getopt(int, char * const [], const char *);
+extern int optreset;			/* getopt(3) external variable */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef        _POSIX_SOURCE
+pid_t   _EXFUN(vfork, (void ));
+#endif /* _POSIX_SOURCE */
+
+#ifdef _COMPILING_NEWLIB
+/* Provide prototypes for most of the _<systemcall> names that are
+   provided in newlib for some compilers.  */
+int     _EXFUN(_close, (int __fildes ));
+pid_t   _EXFUN(_fork, (void ));
+pid_t   _EXFUN(_getpid, (void ));
+int	_EXFUN(_isatty, (int __fildes ));
+int     _EXFUN(_link, (const char *__path1, const char *__path2 ));
+_off_t   _EXFUN(_lseek, (int __fildes, _off_t __offset, int __whence ));
+#ifdef __LARGE64_FILES
+_off64_t _EXFUN(_lseek64, (int __filedes, _off64_t __offset, int __whence ));
+#endif
+_READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _EXFUN(_read, (int __fd, void *__buf, size_t __nbyte ));
+void *  _EXFUN(_sbrk,  (ptrdiff_t __incr));
+int     _EXFUN(_unlink, (const char *__path ));
+_READ_WRITE_RETURN_TYPE _EXFUN(_write, (int __fd, const void *__buf, size_t __nbyte ));
+int     _EXFUN(_execve, (const char *__path, char * const __argv[], char * const __envp[] ));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__) || defined(__sh__) || defined(__SPU__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+#if !defined(__INSIDE_CYGWIN__)
+int     _EXFUN(ftruncate, (int __fd, off_t __length));
+int     _EXFUN(truncate, (const char *, off_t __length));
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__rtems__)
+int	_EXFUN(getdtablesize, (void));
+int	_EXFUN(setdtablesize, (int));
+useconds_t _EXFUN(ualarm, (useconds_t __useconds, useconds_t __interval));
+#if !(defined  (_WINSOCK_H) || defined (__USE_W32_SOCKETS))
+/* winsock[2].h defines as __stdcall, and with int as 2nd arg */
+ int	_EXFUN(gethostname, (char *__name, size_t __len));
+#endif
+char *	_EXFUN(mktemp, (char *));
+#endif
+
+#if defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__SPU__) || defined(__rtems__)
+void    _EXFUN(sync, (void));
+#endif
+
+ssize_t _EXFUN(readlink, (const char *__path, char *__buf, size_t __buflen));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+ssize_t	_EXFUN(readlinkat, (int __dirfd1, const char *__path, char *__buf, size_t __buflen));
+#endif
+int     _EXFUN(symlink, (const char *__name1, const char *__name2));
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+int	_EXFUN(symlinkat, (const char *, int, const char *));
+int	_EXFUN(unlinkat, (int, const char *, int));
+#endif
+
+#define	F_OK	0
+#define	R_OK	4
+#define	W_OK	2
+#define	X_OK	1
+
+# define	SEEK_SET	0
+# define	SEEK_CUR	1
+# define	SEEK_END	2
+
+#include <sys/features.h>
+
+#define STDIN_FILENO    0       /* standard input file descriptor */
+#define STDOUT_FILENO   1       /* standard output file descriptor */
+#define STDERR_FILENO   2       /* standard error file descriptor */
+
+/*
+ *  sysconf values per IEEE Std 1003.1, 2008 Edition
+ */
+
+#define _SC_ARG_MAX                       0
+#define _SC_CHILD_MAX                     1
+#define _SC_CLK_TCK                       2
+#define _SC_NGROUPS_MAX                   3
+#define _SC_OPEN_MAX                      4
+#define _SC_JOB_CONTROL                   5
+#define _SC_SAVED_IDS                     6
+#define _SC_VERSION                       7
+#define _SC_PAGESIZE                      8
+#define _SC_PAGE_SIZE                     _SC_PAGESIZE
+/* These are non-POSIX values we accidentally introduced in 2000 without
+   guarding them.  Keeping them unguarded for backward compatibility. */
+#define _SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF              9
+#define _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN             10
+#define _SC_PHYS_PAGES                   11
+#define _SC_AVPHYS_PAGES                 12
+/* End of non-POSIX values. */
+#define _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX                  13
+#define _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX                  14
+#define _SC_RTSIG_MAX                    15
+#define _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX                16
+#define _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX                17
+#define _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX                 18
+#define _SC_TIMER_MAX                    19
+#define _SC_TZNAME_MAX                   20
+#define _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO              21
+#define _SC_FSYNC                        22
+#define _SC_MAPPED_FILES                 23
+#define _SC_MEMLOCK                      24
+#define _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE                25
+#define _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION            26
+#define _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING              27
+#define _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO               28
+#define _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS             29
+#define _SC_SEMAPHORES                   30
+#define _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS        31
+#define _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO              32
+#define _SC_TIMERS                       33
+#define _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX               34
+#define _SC_AIO_MAX                      35
+#define _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX           36
+#define _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX               37
+#define _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX              38
+#define _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN             39
+#define _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX           40
+#define _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX                 41
+#define _SC_THREADS                      42
+#define _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR        43
+#define _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE        44
+#define _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING   45
+#define _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT          46
+/* _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT was _SC_THREAD_PRIO_CEILING in early drafts */
+#define _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT          47
+#define _SC_THREAD_PRIO_CEILING          _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
+#define _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED        48
+#define _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS        49
+#define _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX             50
+#define _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX             51
+#define _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX               52
+#define _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS 53
+#define _SC_ADVISORY_INFO                54
+#define _SC_ATEXIT_MAX                   55
+#define _SC_BARRIERS                     56
+#define _SC_BC_BASE_MAX                  57
+#define _SC_BC_DIM_MAX                   58
+#define _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX                 59
+#define _SC_BC_STRING_MAX                60
+#define _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION              61
+#define _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX             62
+#define _SC_CPUTIME                      63
+#define _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX                64
+#define _SC_HOST_NAME_MAX                65
+#define _SC_IOV_MAX                      66
+#define _SC_IPV6                         67
+#define _SC_LINE_MAX                     68
+#define _SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK              69
+#define _SC_RAW_SOCKETS                  70
+#define _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS          71
+#define _SC_REGEXP                       72
+#define _SC_RE_DUP_MAX                   73
+#define _SC_SHELL                        74
+#define _SC_SPAWN                        75
+#define _SC_SPIN_LOCKS                   76
+#define _SC_SPORADIC_SERVER              77
+#define _SC_SS_REPL_MAX                  78
+#define _SC_SYMLOOP_MAX                  79
+#define _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME               80
+#define _SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER       81
+#define _SC_TIMEOUTS                     82
+#define _SC_TRACE                        83
+#define _SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER           84
+#define _SC_TRACE_EVENT_NAME_MAX         85
+#define _SC_TRACE_INHERIT                86
+#define _SC_TRACE_LOG                    87
+#define _SC_TRACE_NAME_MAX               88
+#define _SC_TRACE_SYS_MAX                89
+#define _SC_TRACE_USER_EVENT_MAX         90
+#define _SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS         91
+#define _SC_V7_ILP32_OFF32               92
+#define _SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32               _SC_V7_ILP32_OFF32
+#define _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32             _SC_V7_ILP32_OFF32
+#define _SC_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG              93
+#define _SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG              _SC_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG
+#define _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG            _SC_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG
+#define _SC_V7_LP64_OFF64                94
+#define _SC_V6_LP64_OFF64                _SC_V7_LP64_OFF64
+#define _SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64              _SC_V7_LP64_OFF64
+#define _SC_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG              95
+#define _SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG              _SC_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG
+#define _SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG            _SC_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG
+#define _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT                  96
+#define _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N               97
+#define _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY                 98
+#define _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME               99
+#define _SC_STREAM_MAX                  100
+#define _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING         101
+#define _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS      102
+#define _SC_XOPEN_SHM                   103
+#define _SC_XOPEN_STREAMS               104
+#define _SC_XOPEN_UNIX                  105
+#define _SC_XOPEN_VERSION               106
+#define _SC_2_CHAR_TERM                 107
+#define _SC_2_C_BIND                    108
+#define _SC_2_C_DEV                     109
+#define _SC_2_FORT_DEV                  110
+#define _SC_2_FORT_RUN                  111
+#define _SC_2_LOCALEDEF                 112
+#define _SC_2_PBS                       113
+#define _SC_2_PBS_ACCOUNTING            114
+#define _SC_2_PBS_CHECKPOINT            115
+#define _SC_2_PBS_LOCATE                116
+#define _SC_2_PBS_MESSAGE               117
+#define _SC_2_PBS_TRACK                 118
+#define _SC_2_SW_DEV                    119
+#define _SC_2_UPE                       120
+#define _SC_2_VERSION                   121
+#define _SC_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_INHERIT  122
+#define _SC_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_PROTECT  123
+#define _SC_XOPEN_UUCP                  124
+/* XXX Emscripten */
+#define _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS       199
+
+/*
+ *  pathconf values per IEEE Std 1003.1, 2008 Edition
+ */
+
+#define _PC_LINK_MAX                      0
+#define _PC_MAX_CANON                     1
+#define _PC_MAX_INPUT                     2
+#define _PC_NAME_MAX                      3
+#define _PC_PATH_MAX                      4
+#define _PC_PIPE_BUF                      5
+#define _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED              6
+#define _PC_NO_TRUNC                      7
+#define _PC_VDISABLE                      8
+#define _PC_ASYNC_IO                      9
+#define _PC_PRIO_IO                      10
+#define _PC_SYNC_IO                      11
+#define _PC_FILESIZEBITS                 12
+#define _PC_2_SYMLINKS                   13
+#define _PC_SYMLINK_MAX                  14
+#define _PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN               15
+#define _PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE           16
+#define _PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE            17
+#define _PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE            18
+#define _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN               19
+#define _PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION         20
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+/* Ask for POSIX permission bits support. */
+#define _PC_POSIX_PERMISSIONS            90
+/* Ask for full POSIX permission support including uid/gid settings. */
+#define _PC_POSIX_SECURITY               91
+#endif
+/* XXX Emscripten */
+#define _PC_SOCK_MAXBUF                 100
+
+/*
+ *  confstr values per IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition
+ */
+
+#if 1 /* XXX Emscripten: Enable these def __CYGWIN__	/ * Only defined on Cygwin for now. */
+#define _CS_PATH                               0
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS        1
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS       _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS
+#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS           _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS       2
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS      _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS
+#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS          _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS          3
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS         _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS
+#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS             _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS
+#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS         4
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS       5
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS      _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
+#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS          _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS      6
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS     _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
+#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS         _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS         7
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS        _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS
+#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS            _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS
+#define _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS        8
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS         9
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS        _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS
+#define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS            _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS       10
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS       _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS
+#define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS           _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LIBS          11
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS          _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LIBS
+#define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS              _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LIBS
+#define _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS         12
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS      13
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS      _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
+#define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS          _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS     14
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS     _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
+#define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS         _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS        15
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS        _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS
+#define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS            _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS
+#define _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS       16
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS    17
+#define _CS_POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS    _CS_POSIX_V7_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_THREADS_CFLAGS           18
+#define _CS_POSIX_V7_THREADS_LDFLAGS          19
+#define _CS_V7_ENV                            20
+
+/* XXX Emscripten: remove self-ref, and add two additional ones */
+/* #define _CS_V6_ENV                           _CS_V6_ENV */
+#define _CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION                  42
+#define _CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION            43
+char *crypt(const char *key, const char *salt);
+void encrypt(char block[64], int edflag);
+
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __CYGWIN__
+# define	MAXPATHLEN	1024
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _SYS_UNISTD_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/utime.h b/system/include/libc/sys/utime.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf08b164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/utime.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef _SYS_UTIME_H
+#define _SYS_UTIME_H
+
+/* This is a dummy <sys/utime.h> file, not customized for any
+   particular system.  If there is a utime.h in libc/sys/SYSDIR/sys,
+   it will override this one.  */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+struct utimbuf 
+{
+  time_t actime;
+  time_t modtime; 
+};
+
+int utime(const char *path, const struct utimbuf *times); /* XXX Emscripten */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+};
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _SYS_UTIME_H */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/sys/wait.h b/system/include/libc/sys/wait.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e4a3394
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/sys/wait.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#ifndef _SYS_WAIT_H
+#define _SYS_WAIT_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#define WNOHANG 1
+#define WUNTRACED 2
+
+/* A status looks like:
+      <2 bytes info> <2 bytes code>
+
+      <code> == 0, child has exited, info is the exit value
+      <code> == 1..7e, child has exited, info is the signal number.
+      <code> == 7f, child has stopped, info was the signal number.
+      <code> == 80, there was a core dump.
+*/
+   
+#define WIFEXITED(w)	(((w) & 0xff) == 0)
+#define WIFSIGNALED(w)	(((w) & 0x7f) > 0 && (((w) & 0x7f) < 0x7f))
+#define WIFSTOPPED(w)	(((w) & 0xff) == 0x7f)
+#define WEXITSTATUS(w)	(((w) >> 8) & 0xff)
+#define WTERMSIG(w)	((w) & 0x7f)
+#define WSTOPSIG	WEXITSTATUS
+
+pid_t wait (int *);
+pid_t waitpid (pid_t, int *, int);
+
+/* Provide prototypes for most of the _<systemcall> names that are
+   provided in newlib for some compilers.  */
+pid_t _wait (int *);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+};
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/tar.h b/system/include/libc/tar.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07b06dd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/tar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * tar.h
+ */
+
+#ifndef _TAR_H
+#define _TAR_H
+
+/* General definitions */
+#define TMAGIC 		"ustar" /* ustar plus null byte. */
+#define TMAGLEN 	6 	/* Length of the above. */
+#define TVERSION 	"00"	/* 00 without a null byte. */
+#define TVERSLEN	2	/* Length of the above. */
+
+/* Typeflag field definitions */
+#define REGTYPE 	'0'	/* Regular file. */
+#define AREGTYPE	'\0'	/* Regular file. */
+#define LNKTYPE		'1'	/* Link. */
+#define SYMTYPE		'2'	/* Symbolic link. */
+#define CHRTYPE		'3'	/* Character special. */
+#define BLKTYPE		'4'	/* Block special. */
+#define DIRTYPE		'5'	/* Directory. */
+#define FIFOTYPE	'6'	/* FIFO special. */
+#define CONTTYPE	'7'	/* Reserved. */
+
+/* Mode field bit definitions (octal) */
+#define	TSUID		04000	/* Set UID on execution. */
+#define	TSGID		02000	/* Set GID on execution. */
+#define	TSVTX		01000	/* On directories, restricted deletion flag. */
+#define	TUREAD		00400	/* Read by owner. */
+#define	TUWRITE		00200	/* Write by owner. */
+#define	TUEXEC		00100	/* Execute/search by owner. */
+#define	TGREAD		00040	/* Read by group. */
+#define	TGWRITE		00020	/* Write by group. */
+#define	TGEXEC		00010	/* Execute/search by group. */
+#define	TOREAD		00004	/* Read by other. */
+#define	TOWRITE		00002	/* Write by other. */
+#define	TOEXEC		00001	/* Execute/search by other. */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/termios.h b/system/include/libc/termios.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee1820ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/termios.h
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+#include <sys/termios.h>
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/time.h b/system/include/libc/time.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..019dd872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/time.h
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+/*
+ * time.h
+ * 
+ * Struct and function declarations for dealing with time.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _TIME_H_
+#define _TIME_H_
+
+#include "_ansi.h"
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define	NULL	0
+#endif
+
+/* Get _CLOCKS_PER_SEC_ */
+#include <machine/time.h>
+
+#ifndef _CLOCKS_PER_SEC_
+#define _CLOCKS_PER_SEC_ 1000
+#endif
+
+#define CLOCKS_PER_SEC _CLOCKS_PER_SEC_
+#define CLK_TCK CLOCKS_PER_SEC
+#define __need_size_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+struct tm
+{
+  int	tm_sec;
+  int	tm_min;
+  int	tm_hour;
+  int	tm_mday;
+  int	tm_mon;
+  int	tm_year;
+  int	tm_wday;
+  int	tm_yday;
+  int	tm_isdst;
+  /* XXX Emscripten */
+  int tm_gmtoff;
+  char *tm_zone;
+};
+
+clock_t	   _EXFUN(clock,    (void));
+double	   _EXFUN(difftime, (time_t _time2, time_t _time1));
+time_t	   _EXFUN(mktime,   (struct tm *_timeptr));
+time_t	   _EXFUN(time,     (time_t *_timer));
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+char	  *_EXFUN(asctime,  (const struct tm *_tblock));
+char	  *_EXFUN(ctime,    (const time_t *_time));
+struct tm *_EXFUN(gmtime,   (const time_t *_timer));
+struct tm *_EXFUN(localtime,(const time_t *_timer));
+#endif
+size_t	   _EXFUN(strftime, (char *_s, size_t _maxsize, const char *_fmt, const struct tm *_t));
+
+char	  *_EXFUN(asctime_r,	(const struct tm *, char *));
+char	  *_EXFUN(ctime_r,	(const time_t *, char *));
+struct tm *_EXFUN(gmtime_r,	(const time_t *, struct tm *));
+struct tm *_EXFUN(localtime_r,	(const time_t *, struct tm *));
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
+char      *_EXFUN(strptime,     (const char *, const char *, struct tm *));
+_VOID      _EXFUN(tzset,	(_VOID));
+_VOID      _EXFUN(_tzset_r,	(struct _reent *));
+
+typedef struct __tzrule_struct
+{
+  char ch;
+  int m;
+  int n;
+  int d;
+  int s;
+  time_t change;
+  long offset; /* Match type of _timezone. */
+} __tzrule_type;
+
+typedef struct __tzinfo_struct
+{
+  int __tznorth;
+  int __tzyear;
+  __tzrule_type __tzrule[2];
+} __tzinfo_type;
+
+__tzinfo_type *_EXFUN (__gettzinfo, (_VOID));
+
+/* getdate functions */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GETDATE
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+#define getdate_err (*__getdate_err())
+int *_EXFUN(__getdate_err,(_VOID));
+
+struct tm *	_EXFUN(getdate, (const char *));
+/* getdate_err is set to one of the following values to indicate the error.
+     1  the DATEMSK environment variable is null or undefined,
+     2  the template file cannot be opened for reading,
+     3  failed to get file status information,
+     4  the template file is not a regular file,
+     5  an error is encountered while reading the template file,
+     6  memory allication failed (not enough memory available),
+     7  there is no line in the template that matches the input,
+     8  invalid input specification  */
+#endif /* !_REENT_ONLY */
+
+/* getdate_r returns the error code as above */
+int		_EXFUN(getdate_r, (const char *, struct tm *));
+#endif /* HAVE_GETDATE */
+
+/* defines for the opengroup specifications Derived from Issue 1 of the SVID.  */
+extern __IMPORT long _timezone;
+extern __IMPORT int _daylight;
+extern __IMPORT char *_tzname[2];
+
+/* POSIX defines the external tzname being defined in time.h */
+#ifndef tzname
+#define tzname _tzname
+#endif
+#endif /* !__STRICT_ANSI__ */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#include <sys/features.h>
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#include <cygwin/time.h>
+#endif /*__CYGWIN__*/
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_TIMERS)
+
+#include <signal.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* Clocks, P1003.1b-1993, p. 263 */
+
+int _EXFUN(clock_settime, (clockid_t clock_id, const struct timespec *tp));
+int _EXFUN(clock_gettime, (clockid_t clock_id, struct timespec *tp));
+int _EXFUN(clock_getres,  (clockid_t clock_id, struct timespec *res));
+
+/* Create a Per-Process Timer, P1003.1b-1993, p. 264 */
+
+int _EXFUN(timer_create,
+  (clockid_t clock_id, struct sigevent *evp, timer_t *timerid));
+
+/* Delete a Per_process Timer, P1003.1b-1993, p. 266 */
+
+int _EXFUN(timer_delete, (timer_t timerid));
+
+/* Per-Process Timers, P1003.1b-1993, p. 267 */
+
+int _EXFUN(timer_settime,
+  (timer_t timerid, int flags, const struct itimerspec *value,
+   struct itimerspec *ovalue));
+int _EXFUN(timer_gettime, (timer_t timerid, struct itimerspec *value));
+int _EXFUN(timer_getoverrun, (timer_t timerid));
+
+/* High Resolution Sleep, P1003.1b-1993, p. 269 */
+
+int _EXFUN(nanosleep, (const struct timespec  *rqtp, struct timespec *rmtp));
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* _POSIX_TIMERS */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* CPU-time Clock Attributes, P1003.4b/D8, p. 54 */
+
+/* values for the clock enable attribute */
+
+#define CLOCK_ENABLED  1  /* clock is enabled, i.e. counting execution time */
+#define CLOCK_DISABLED 0  /* clock is disabled */
+
+/* values for the pthread cputime_clock_allowed attribute */
+
+#define CLOCK_ALLOWED    1 /* If a thread is created with this value a */
+                           /*   CPU-time clock attached to that thread */
+                           /*   shall be accessible. */
+#define CLOCK_DISALLOWED 0 /* If a thread is created with this value, the */
+                           /*   thread shall not have a CPU-time clock */
+                           /*   accessible. */
+
+/* Manifest Constants, P1003.1b-1993, p. 262 */
+
+#define CLOCK_REALTIME (clockid_t)1
+
+/* Flag indicating time is "absolute" with respect to the clock
+   associated with a time.  */
+
+#define TIMER_ABSTIME	4
+
+/* Manifest Constants, P1003.4b/D8, p. 55 */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_CPUTIME)
+
+/* When used in a clock or timer function call, this is interpreted as
+   the identifier of the CPU_time clock associated with the PROCESS
+   making the function call.  */
+
+#define CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME (clockid_t)2
+
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME)
+
+/*  When used in a clock or timer function call, this is interpreted as
+    the identifier of the CPU_time clock associated with the THREAD
+    making the function call.  */
+
+#define CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME (clockid_t)3
+
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK)
+
+/*  The identifier for the system-wide monotonic clock, which is defined
+ *      as a clock whose value cannot be set via clock_settime() and which 
+ *          cannot have backward clock jumps. */
+
+#define CLOCK_MONOTONIC (clockid_t)4
+
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_CPUTIME)
+
+/* Accessing a Process CPU-time CLock, P1003.4b/D8, p. 55 */
+
+int _EXFUN(clock_getcpuclockid, (pid_t pid, clockid_t *clock_id));
+
+#endif /* _POSIX_CPUTIME */
+
+#if defined(_POSIX_CPUTIME) || defined(_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME)
+
+/* CPU-time Clock Attribute Access, P1003.4b/D8, p. 56 */
+
+int _EXFUN(clock_setenable_attr, (clockid_t clock_id, int attr));
+int _EXFUN(clock_getenable_attr, (clockid_t clock_id, int *attr));
+
+#endif /* _POSIX_CPUTIME or _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME */
+
+/* XXX Emscripten */
+
+int _EXFUN(stime, (time_t *t));
+time_t _EXFUN(timegm, (struct tm *t));
+int _EXFUN(dysize, (int year));
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _TIME_H_ */
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/unctrl.h b/system/include/libc/unctrl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00407523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/unctrl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/* From curses.h.  */
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1981, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _UNCTRL_H_
+#define _UNCTRL_H_
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+
+#define unctrl(c)		__unctrl[(c) & 0xff]
+#define unctrllen(ch)		__unctrllen[(ch) & 0xff]
+
+extern __IMPORT _CONST char * _CONST __unctrl[256];	/* Control strings. */
+extern __IMPORT _CONST char __unctrllen[256];	/* Control strings length. */
+
+#endif /* _UNCTRL_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/unistd.h b/system/include/libc/unistd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9fca847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/unistd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#ifndef _UNISTD_H_
+#define _UNISTD_H_
+
+# include <sys/unistd.h>
+
+#endif /* _UNISTD_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/utime.h b/system/include/libc/utime.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..652891aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/utime.h
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+
+/* The utime function is defined in libc/sys/<arch>/sys if it exists. */
+#include <sys/utime.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/system/include/libc/utmp.h b/system/include/libc/utmp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88cf6f85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/utmp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+#include <sys/utmp.h>
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
diff --git a/system/include/libc/wchar.h b/system/include/libc/wchar.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4331bc79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/wchar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+#ifndef _WCHAR_H_
+#define _WCHAR_H_
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+
+#include <sys/reent.h>
+
+#define __need_size_t
+#define __need_wchar_t
+#define __need_wint_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define __need___va_list
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+/* For _mbstate_t definition. */
+#include <sys/_types.h>
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL	0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WEOF
+# define WEOF ((wint_t)-1)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WCHAR_MIN
+#define WCHAR_MIN 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WCHAR_MAX
+#ifdef __WCHAR_MAX__
+#define WCHAR_MAX __WCHAR_MAX__
+#else
+#define WCHAR_MAX 0x7fffffffu
+#endif
+#endif
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+/* As required by POSIX.1-2008, declare tm as incomplete type.
+   The actual definition is in time.h. */
+struct tm;
+
+#ifndef _MBSTATE_T
+#define _MBSTATE_T
+typedef _mbstate_t mbstate_t;
+#endif /* _MBSTATE_T */
+
+wint_t	_EXFUN(btowc, (int));
+int	_EXFUN(wctob, (wint_t));
+size_t	_EXFUN(mbrlen, (const char * , size_t, mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(mbrtowc, (wchar_t * , const char * , size_t, mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_mbrtowc_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t * , const char * , 
+			size_t, mbstate_t *));
+int	_EXFUN(mbsinit, (const mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(mbsnrtowcs, (wchar_t * , const char ** , size_t, size_t,
+			mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_mbsnrtowcs_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t * , const char ** ,
+			size_t, size_t, mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(mbsrtowcs, (wchar_t * , const char ** , size_t, mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_mbsrtowcs_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t * , const char ** , size_t, mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcrtomb, (char * , wchar_t, mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_wcrtomb_r, (struct _reent *, char * , wchar_t, mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcsnrtombs, (char * , const wchar_t ** , size_t, size_t,
+			mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_wcsnrtombs_r, (struct _reent *, char * , const wchar_t ** , 
+			size_t, size_t, mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcsrtombs, (char * , const wchar_t ** , size_t, mbstate_t *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(_wcsrtombs_r, (struct _reent *, char * , const wchar_t ** , 
+			size_t, mbstate_t *));
+int	_EXFUN(wcscasecmp, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcscat, (wchar_t * , const wchar_t *));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcschr, (const wchar_t *, wchar_t));
+int	_EXFUN(wcscmp, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *));
+int	_EXFUN(wcscoll, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcscpy, (wchar_t * , const wchar_t *));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcpcpy, (wchar_t * , const wchar_t *));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcsdup, (const wchar_t *));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(_wcsdup_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t * ));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcscspn, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *));
+size_t  _EXFUN(wcsftime, (wchar_t *, size_t, const wchar_t *, const struct tm *));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcslcat, (wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, size_t));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcslcpy, (wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, size_t));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcslen, (const wchar_t *));
+int	_EXFUN(wcsncasecmp, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, size_t));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcsncat, (wchar_t * , const wchar_t * , size_t));
+int	_EXFUN(wcsncmp, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, size_t));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcsncpy, (wchar_t *  , const wchar_t * , size_t));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcpncpy, (wchar_t *  , const wchar_t * , size_t));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcsnlen, (const wchar_t *, size_t));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcspbrk, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcsrchr, (const wchar_t *, wchar_t));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcsspn, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcsstr, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wcstok, (wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, wchar_t **));
+double _EXFUN(wcstod, (const wchar_t *, wchar_t **));
+double _EXFUN(_wcstod_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, wchar_t **));
+float _EXFUN(wcstof, (const wchar_t *, wchar_t **));
+float _EXFUN(_wcstof_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, wchar_t **));
+int	_EXFUN(wcswidth, (const wchar_t *, size_t));
+size_t	_EXFUN(wcsxfrm, (wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, size_t));
+int	_EXFUN(wcwidth, (const wchar_t));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wmemchr, (const wchar_t *, wchar_t, size_t));
+int	_EXFUN(wmemcmp, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, size_t));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wmemcpy, (wchar_t * , const wchar_t * , size_t));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wmemmove, (wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, size_t));
+wchar_t	*_EXFUN(wmemset, (wchar_t *, wchar_t, size_t));
+
+long    _EXFUN(wcstol, (const wchar_t *, wchar_t **, int));
+long long _EXFUN(wcstoll, (const wchar_t *, wchar_t **, int));
+unsigned long _EXFUN(wcstoul, (const wchar_t *, wchar_t **, int));
+unsigned long long _EXFUN(wcstoull, (const wchar_t *, wchar_t **, int));
+long    _EXFUN(_wcstol_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, wchar_t **, int));
+long long _EXFUN(_wcstoll_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, wchar_t **, int));
+unsigned long _EXFUN(_wcstoul_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, wchar_t **, int));
+unsigned long long _EXFUN(_wcstoull_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, wchar_t **, int));
+
+wint_t _EXFUN(fgetwc, (__FILE *));
+wchar_t *_EXFUN(fgetws, (wchar_t *, int, __FILE *));
+wint_t _EXFUN(fputwc, (wchar_t, __FILE *));
+int _EXFUN(fputws, (const wchar_t *, __FILE *));
+int _EXFUN (fwide, (__FILE *, int));
+wint_t _EXFUN (getwc, (__FILE *));
+wint_t _EXFUN (getwchar, (void));
+wint_t _EXFUN(putwc, (wchar_t, __FILE *));
+wint_t _EXFUN(putwchar, (wchar_t));
+wint_t _EXFUN (ungetwc, (wint_t wc, __FILE *));
+
+wint_t _EXFUN(_fgetwc_r, (struct _reent *, __FILE *));
+wchar_t *_EXFUN(_fgetws_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t *, int, __FILE *));
+wint_t _EXFUN(_fputwc_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t, __FILE *));
+int _EXFUN(_fputws_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, __FILE *));
+int _EXFUN (_fwide_r, (struct _reent *, __FILE *, int));
+wint_t _EXFUN (_getwc_r, (struct _reent *, __FILE *));
+wint_t _EXFUN (_getwchar_r, (struct _reent *ptr));
+wint_t _EXFUN(_putwc_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t, __FILE *));
+wint_t _EXFUN(_putwchar_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t));
+wint_t _EXFUN (_ungetwc_r, (struct _reent *, wint_t wc, __FILE *));
+
+__FILE *_EXFUN (open_wmemstream, (wchar_t **, size_t *));
+__FILE *_EXFUN (_open_wmemstream_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t **, size_t *));
+
+#ifndef __VALIST
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define __VALIST __gnuc_va_list
+#else
+#define __VALIST char*
+#endif
+#endif
+
+int	_EXFUN(fwprintf, (__FILE *, const wchar_t *, ...));
+int	_EXFUN(swprintf, (wchar_t *, size_t, const wchar_t *, ...));
+int	_EXFUN(vfwprintf, (__FILE *, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(vswprintf, (wchar_t *, size_t, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(vwprintf, (const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(wprintf, (const wchar_t *, ...));
+
+int	_EXFUN(_fwprintf_r, (struct _reent *, __FILE *, const wchar_t *, ...));
+int	_EXFUN(_swprintf_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t *, size_t, const wchar_t *, ...));
+int	_EXFUN(_vfwprintf_r, (struct _reent *, __FILE *, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(_vswprintf_r, (struct _reent *, wchar_t *, size_t, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(_vwprintf_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(_wprintf_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, ...));
+
+int	_EXFUN(fwscanf, (__FILE *, const wchar_t *, ...));
+int	_EXFUN(swscanf, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, ...));
+int	_EXFUN(vfwscanf, (__FILE *, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(vswscanf, (const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(vwscanf, (const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(wscanf, (const wchar_t *, ...));
+
+int	_EXFUN(_fwscanf_r, (struct _reent *, __FILE *, const wchar_t *, ...));
+int	_EXFUN(_swscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, ...));
+int	_EXFUN(_vfwscanf_r, (struct _reent *, __FILE *, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(_vswscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(_vwscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, __VALIST));
+int	_EXFUN(_wscanf_r, (struct _reent *, const wchar_t *, ...));
+
+long double _EXFUN(wcstold, (const wchar_t *nptr, wchar_t **endptr)); /* XXX Emscripten */
+
+#define getwc(fp)	fgetwc(fp)
+#define putwc(wc,fp)	fputwc((wc), (fp))
+#ifndef _REENT_ONLY
+#define getwchar()	fgetwc(_REENT->_stdin)
+#define putwchar(wc)	fputwc((wc), _REENT->_stdout)
+#else
+#define getwchar()	fgetwc(_impure_ptr->_stdin)
+#define putwchar(wc)	fputwc((wc), _impure_ptr->_stdout)
+#endif
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _WCHAR_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/wctype.h b/system/include/libc/wctype.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c72c9dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/wctype.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#ifndef _WCTYPE_H_
+#define _WCTYPE_H_
+
+#include <_ansi.h>
+#include <sys/_types.h>
+
+#define __need_wint_t
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#ifndef WEOF
+# define WEOF ((wint_t)-1)
+#endif
+
+_BEGIN_STD_C
+
+#ifndef _WCTYPE_T
+#define _WCTYPE_T
+typedef int wctype_t;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _WCTRANS_T
+#define _WCTRANS_T
+typedef int wctrans_t;
+#endif
+
+int	_EXFUN(iswalpha, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswalnum, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswblank, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswcntrl, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswctype, (wint_t, wctype_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswdigit, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswgraph, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswlower, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswprint, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswpunct, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswspace, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswupper, (wint_t));
+int	_EXFUN(iswxdigit, (wint_t));
+wint_t	_EXFUN(towctrans, (wint_t, wctrans_t));
+wint_t	_EXFUN(towupper, (wint_t));
+wint_t	_EXFUN(towlower, (wint_t));
+wctrans_t _EXFUN(wctrans, (const char *));
+wctype_t _EXFUN(wctype, (const char *));
+
+_END_STD_C
+
+#endif /* _WCTYPE_H_ */
diff --git a/system/include/libc/wordexp.h b/system/include/libc/wordexp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f87681a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libc/wordexp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2002, 2010 by  Red Hat, Incorporated. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
+ * is freely granted, provided that this notice is preserved.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _WORDEXP_H_
+#define _WORDEXP_H_
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+struct _wordexp_t
+{
+  size_t we_wordc;	/* Count of words matched by words. */
+  char **we_wordv;	/* Pointer to list of expanded words. */
+  size_t we_offs;	/* Slots to reserve at the beginning of we_wordv. */
+};
+
+typedef struct _wordexp_t wordexp_t;
+
+#define	WRDE_DOOFFS	0x0001	/* Use we_offs. */
+#define	WRDE_APPEND	0x0002	/* Append to output from previous call. */
+#define	WRDE_NOCMD	0x0004	/* Don't perform command substitution. */
+#define	WRDE_REUSE	0x0008	/* pwordexp points to a wordexp_t struct returned from
+                                   a previous successful call to wordexp. */
+#define	WRDE_SHOWERR	0x0010	/* Print error messages to stderr. */
+#define	WRDE_UNDEF	0x0020	/* Report attempt to expand undefined shell variable. */
+
+enum {
+  WRDE_SUCCESS,
+  WRDE_NOSPACE,
+  WRDE_BADCHAR,
+  WRDE_BADVAL,
+  WRDE_CMDSUB,
+  WRDE_SYNTAX,
+  WRDE_NOSYS
+};
+
+/* Note: This implementation of wordexp requires a version of bash
+   that supports the --wordexp and --protected arguments to be present
+   on the system.  It does not support the WRDE_UNDEF flag. */
+int wordexp(const char *, wordexp_t *, int);
+void wordfree(wordexp_t *);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _WORDEXP_H_  */
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/LICENSE.txt b/system/include/libcxx/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..926f0676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+==============================================================================
+libc++ License
+==============================================================================
+
+The libc++ library is dual licensed under both the University of Illinois
+"BSD-Like" license and the MIT license.  As a user of this code you may choose
+to use it under either license.  As a contributor, you agree to allow your code
+to be used under both.
+
+Full text of the relevant licenses is included below.
+
+==============================================================================
+
+University of Illinois/NCSA
+Open Source License
+
+Copyright (c) 2009-2010 by the contributors listed in CREDITS.TXT
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+Developed by:
+
+    LLVM Team
+
+    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
+
+    http://llvm.org
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal with
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+      this list of conditions and the following disclaimers.
+
+    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+      this list of conditions and the following disclaimers in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    * Neither the names of the LLVM Team, University of Illinois at
+      Urbana-Champaign, nor the names of its contributors may be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this Software without specific
+      prior written permission.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+CONTRIBUTORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS WITH THE
+SOFTWARE.
+
+==============================================================================
+
+Copyright (c) 2009-2010 by the contributors listed in CREDITS.TXT
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__bit_reference b/system/include/libcxx/__bit_reference
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53d3c860
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__bit_reference
@@ -0,0 +1,1245 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_REFERENCE
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_REFERENCE
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst> class __bit_iterator;
+template <class _C> class __bit_const_reference;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_storage_type
+{
+    static const bool value = false;
+};
+
+template <class _C, bool = __has_storage_type<_C>::value>
+class __bit_reference
+{
+    typedef typename _C::__storage_type    __storage_type;
+    typedef typename _C::__storage_pointer __storage_pointer;
+
+    __storage_pointer __seg_;
+    __storage_type    __mask_;
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+    friend typename _C::__self;
+#else
+    friend class _C::__self;
+#endif
+    friend class __bit_const_reference<_C>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<_C, false>;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<bool>(*__seg_ & __mask_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator ~() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return !static_cast<bool>(*this);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bit_reference& operator=(bool __x) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (__x)
+            *__seg_ |= __mask_;
+        else
+            *__seg_ &= ~__mask_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bit_reference& operator=(const __bit_reference& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return operator=(static_cast<bool>(__x));}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void flip() _NOEXCEPT {*__seg_ ^= __mask_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator<_C, false> operator&() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __bit_iterator<_C, false>(__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(__ctz(__mask_)));}
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bit_reference(__storage_pointer __s, __storage_type __m) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __seg_(__s), __mask_(__m) {}
+};
+
+template <class _C>
+class __bit_reference<_C, false>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _C, class _D>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+swap(__bit_reference<_C> __x, __bit_reference<_D> __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    bool __t = __x;
+    __x = __y;
+    __y = __t;
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+swap(__bit_reference<_C> __x, bool& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    bool __t = __x;
+    __x = __y;
+    __y = __t;
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+swap(bool& __x, __bit_reference<_C> __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    bool __t = __x;
+    __x = __y;
+    __y = __t;
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+class __bit_const_reference
+{
+    typedef typename _C::__storage_type          __storage_type;
+    typedef typename _C::__const_storage_pointer __storage_pointer;
+
+    __storage_pointer        __seg_;
+    __storage_type __mask_;
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+    friend typename _C::__self;
+#else
+    friend class _C::__self;
+#endif
+    friend class __bit_iterator<_C, true>;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bit_const_reference(const __bit_reference<_C>& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __seg_(__x.__seg_), __mask_(__x.__mask_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<bool>(*__seg_ & __mask_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator<_C, true> operator&() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __bit_iterator<_C, true>(__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(__ctz(__mask_)));}
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bit_const_reference(__storage_pointer __s, __storage_type __m) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __seg_(__s), __mask_(__m) {}
+
+    __bit_const_reference& operator=(const __bit_const_reference& __x);
+};
+
+// find
+
+template <class _C>
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+__find_bool_true(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, typename _C::size_type __n)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, false> _It;
+    typedef typename _It::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+    // do first partial word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __clz_f = static_cast<__storage_type>(__bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_);
+        __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min(__clz_f, __n);
+        __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+        __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+        if (__b)
+            return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(_VSTD::__ctz(__b)));
+        __n -= __dn;
+        ++__first.__seg_;
+    }
+    // do middle whole words
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__first.__seg_, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+        if (*__first.__seg_)
+            return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(_VSTD::__ctz(*__first.__seg_)));
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+        if (__b)
+            return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(_VSTD::__ctz(__b)));
+    }
+    return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(__n));
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+__find_bool_false(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, typename _C::size_type __n)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, false> _It;
+    typedef typename _It::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+    // do first partial word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __clz_f = static_cast<__storage_type>(__bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_);
+        __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min(__clz_f, __n);
+        __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+        __storage_type __b = ~(*__first.__seg_ & __m);
+        if (__b)
+            return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(_VSTD::__ctz(__b)));
+        __n -= __dn;
+        ++__first.__seg_;
+    }
+    // do middle whole words
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__first.__seg_, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+    {
+        __storage_type __b = ~*__first.__seg_;
+        if (__b)
+            return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(_VSTD::__ctz(__b)));
+    }
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        __storage_type __b = ~(*__first.__seg_ & __m);
+        if (__b)
+            return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(_VSTD::__ctz(__b)));
+    }
+    return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(__n));
+}
+
+template <class _C, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+find(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, false> __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    if (static_cast<bool>(__value))
+        return __find_bool_true(__first, static_cast<typename _C::size_type>(__last - __first));
+    return __find_bool_false(__first, static_cast<typename _C::size_type>(__last - __first));
+}
+
+// count
+
+template <class _C>
+typename __bit_iterator<_C, false>::difference_type
+__count_bool_true(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, typename _C::size_type __n)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, false> _It;
+    typedef typename _It::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    typedef typename _It::difference_type difference_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __r = 0;
+    // do first partial word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __clz_f = static_cast<__storage_type>(__bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_);
+        __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min(__clz_f, __n);
+        __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+        __r = _VSTD::__pop_count(*__first.__seg_ & __m);
+        __n -= __dn;
+        ++__first.__seg_;
+    }
+    // do middle whole words
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__first.__seg_, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+        __r += _VSTD::__pop_count(*__first.__seg_);
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        __r += _VSTD::__pop_count(*__first.__seg_ & __m);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+typename __bit_iterator<_C, false>::difference_type
+__count_bool_false(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, typename _C::size_type __n)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, false> _It;
+    typedef typename _It::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    typedef typename _It::difference_type difference_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __r = 0;
+    // do first partial word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __clz_f = static_cast<__storage_type>(__bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_);
+        __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min(__clz_f, __n);
+        __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+        __r = _VSTD::__pop_count(~(*__first.__seg_ & __m));
+        __n -= __dn;
+        ++__first.__seg_;
+    }
+    // do middle whole words
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__first.__seg_, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+        __r += _VSTD::__pop_count(~*__first.__seg_);
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        __r += _VSTD::__pop_count(~(*__first.__seg_ & __m));
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _C, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __bit_iterator<_C, false>::difference_type
+count(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, false> __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    if (static_cast<bool>(__value))
+        return __count_bool_true(__first, static_cast<typename _C::size_type>(__last - __first));
+    return __count_bool_false(__first, static_cast<typename _C::size_type>(__last - __first));
+}
+
+// fill_n
+
+template <class _C>
+void
+__fill_n_false(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, typename _C::size_type __n)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, false> _It;
+    typedef typename _It::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+    // do first partial word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __clz_f = static_cast<__storage_type>(__bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_);
+        __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min(__clz_f, __n);
+        __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+        *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+        __n -= __dn;
+        ++__first.__seg_;
+    }
+    // do middle whole words
+    __storage_type __nw = __n / __bits_per_word;
+    _VSTD::memset(__first.__seg_, 0, __nw * sizeof(__storage_type));
+    __n -= __nw * __bits_per_word;
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __first.__seg_ += __nw;
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+void
+__fill_n_true(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, typename _C::size_type __n)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, false> _It;
+    typedef typename _It::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+    // do first partial word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __clz_f = static_cast<__storage_type>(__bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_);
+        __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min(__clz_f, __n);
+        __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+        *__first.__seg_ |= __m;
+        __n -= __dn;
+        ++__first.__seg_;
+    }
+    // do middle whole words
+    __storage_type __nw = __n / __bits_per_word;
+    _VSTD::memset(__first.__seg_, -1, __nw * sizeof(__storage_type));
+    __n -= __nw * __bits_per_word;
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __first.__seg_ += __nw;
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        *__first.__seg_ |= __m;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+fill_n(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, typename _C::size_type __n, bool __value)
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        if (__value)
+            __fill_n_true(__first, __n);
+        else
+            __fill_n_false(__first, __n);
+    }
+}
+
+// fill
+
+template <class _C>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+fill(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, false> __last, bool __value)
+{
+    _VSTD::fill_n(__first, static_cast<typename _C::size_type>(__last - __first), __value);
+}
+
+// copy
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst>
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+__copy_aligned(__bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __last,
+                                                     __bit_iterator<_C, false> __result)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> _In;
+    typedef  typename _In::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _In::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _In::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __n = __last - __first;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        // do first word
+        if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+        {
+            unsigned __clz = __bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_;
+            difference_type __dn = _VSTD::min(static_cast<difference_type>(__clz), __n);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz - __dn));
+            __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b;
+            __result.__seg_ += (__dn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __result.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            ++__first.__seg_;
+            // __first.__ctz_ = 0;
+        }
+        // __first.__ctz_ == 0;
+        // do middle words
+        __storage_type __nw = __n / __bits_per_word;
+        _VSTD::memmove(__result.__seg_, __first.__seg_, __nw * sizeof(__storage_type));
+        __n -= __nw * __bits_per_word;
+        __result.__seg_ += __nw;
+        // do last word
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __first.__seg_ += __nw;
+            __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+            __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__n);
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst>
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+__copy_unaligned(__bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __last,
+                                                       __bit_iterator<_C, false> __result)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> _In;
+    typedef  typename _In::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _In::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _In::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __n = __last - __first;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        // do first word
+        if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+        {
+            unsigned __clz_f = __bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_;
+            difference_type __dn = _VSTD::min(static_cast<difference_type>(__clz_f), __n);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+            __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+            unsigned __clz_r = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+            __storage_type __ddn = _VSTD::min<__storage_type>(__dn, __clz_r);
+            __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __ddn));
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            if (__result.__ctz_ > __first.__ctz_)
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b << (__result.__ctz_ - __first.__ctz_);
+            else
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> (__first.__ctz_ - __result.__ctz_);
+            __result.__seg_ += (__ddn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__ddn + __result.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            __dn -= __ddn;
+            if (__dn > 0)
+            {
+                __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __dn);
+                *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> (__first.__ctz_ + __ddn);
+                __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__dn);
+            }
+            ++__first.__seg_;
+            // __first.__ctz_ = 0;
+        }
+        // __first.__ctz_ == 0;
+        // do middle words
+        unsigned __clz_r = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_;
+        for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first.__seg_)
+        {
+            __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b << __result.__ctz_;
+            ++__result.__seg_;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> __clz_r;
+        }
+        // do last word
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+            __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+            __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min(__n, static_cast<difference_type>(__clz_r));
+            __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __dn));
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b << __result.__ctz_;
+            __result.__seg_ += (__dn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __result.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            if (__n > 0)
+            {
+                __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+                *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> __dn;
+                __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__n);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+copy(__bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_C, false> __result)
+{
+    if (__first.__ctz_ == __result.__ctz_)
+        return __copy_aligned(__first, __last, __result);
+    return __copy_unaligned(__first, __last, __result);
+}
+
+// copy_backward
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst>
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+__copy_backward_aligned(__bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __last,
+                                                     __bit_iterator<_C, false> __result)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> _In;
+    typedef  typename _In::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _In::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _In::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __n = __last - __first;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        // do first word
+        if (__last.__ctz_ != 0)
+        {
+            difference_type __dn = _VSTD::min(static_cast<difference_type>(__last.__ctz_), __n);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            unsigned __clz = __bits_per_word - __last.__ctz_;
+            __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << (__last.__ctz_ - __dn)) & (~__storage_type(0) >> __clz);
+            __storage_type __b = *__last.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(((-__dn & (__bits_per_word - 1)) +
+                                                       __result.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            // __last.__ctz_ = 0
+         }
+        // __last.__ctz_ == 0 || __n == 0
+        // __result.__ctz_ == 0 || __n == 0
+        // do middle words
+        __storage_type __nw = __n / __bits_per_word;
+        __result.__seg_ -= __nw;
+        __last.__seg_ -= __nw;
+        _VSTD::memmove(__result.__seg_, __last.__seg_, __nw * sizeof(__storage_type));
+        __n -= __nw * __bits_per_word;
+        // do last word
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) << (__bits_per_word - __n);
+            __storage_type __b = *--__last.__seg_ & __m;
+            *--__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(-__n & (__bits_per_word - 1));
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst>
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+__copy_backward_unaligned(__bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __last,
+                                                       __bit_iterator<_C, false> __result)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> _In;
+    typedef  typename _In::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _In::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _In::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __n = __last - __first;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        // do first word
+        if (__last.__ctz_ != 0)
+        {
+            difference_type __dn = _VSTD::min(static_cast<difference_type>(__last.__ctz_), __n);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            unsigned __clz_l = __bits_per_word - __last.__ctz_;
+            __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << (__last.__ctz_ - __dn)) & (~__storage_type(0) >> __clz_l);
+            __storage_type __b = *__last.__seg_ & __m;
+            unsigned __clz_r = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+            __storage_type __ddn = _VSTD::min(__dn, static_cast<difference_type>(__result.__ctz_));
+            if (__ddn > 0)
+            {
+                __m = (~__storage_type(0) << (__result.__ctz_ - __ddn)) & (~__storage_type(0) >> __clz_r);
+                *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+                if (__result.__ctz_ > __last.__ctz_)
+                    *__result.__seg_ |= __b << (__result.__ctz_ - __last.__ctz_);
+                else
+                    *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> (__last.__ctz_ - __result.__ctz_);
+                __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(((-__ddn & (__bits_per_word - 1)) +
+                                                         __result.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+                __dn -= __ddn;
+            }
+            if (__dn > 0)
+            {
+                // __result.__ctz_ == 0
+                --__result.__seg_;
+                __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(-__dn & (__bits_per_word - 1));
+                __m = ~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_;
+                *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+                __last.__ctz_ -= __dn + __ddn;
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b << (__result.__ctz_ - __last.__ctz_);
+            }
+            // __last.__ctz_ = 0
+         }
+        // __last.__ctz_ == 0 || __n == 0
+        // __result.__ctz_ != 0 || __n == 0
+        // do middle words
+        unsigned __clz_r = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> __clz_r;
+        for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word)
+        {
+            __storage_type __b = *--__last.__seg_;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> __clz_r;
+            *--__result.__seg_ &= __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b << __result.__ctz_;
+        }
+        // do last word
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __m = ~__storage_type(0) << (__bits_per_word - __n);
+            __storage_type __b = *--__last.__seg_ & __m;
+            unsigned __clz_r = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+            __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min(__n, static_cast<difference_type>(__result.__ctz_));
+            __m = (~__storage_type(0) << (__result.__ctz_ - __dn)) & (~__storage_type(0) >> __clz_r);
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> (__bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_);
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(((-__dn & (__bits_per_word - 1)) +
+                                                     __result.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            if (__n > 0)
+            {
+                // __result.__ctz_ == 0
+                --__result.__seg_;
+                __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(-__n & (__bits_per_word - 1));
+                __m = ~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_;
+                *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b << (__result.__ctz_ - (__bits_per_word - __n - __dn));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+copy_backward(__bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_C, false> __result)
+{
+    if (__last.__ctz_ == __result.__ctz_)
+        return __copy_backward_aligned(__first, __last, __result);
+    return __copy_backward_unaligned(__first, __last, __result);
+}
+
+// move
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+move(__bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_C, false> __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::copy(__first, __last, __result);
+}
+
+// move_backward
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+move_backward(__bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_C, false> __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::copy(__first, __last, __result);
+}
+
+// swap_ranges
+
+template <class __C1, class __C2>
+__bit_iterator<__C2, false>
+__swap_ranges_aligned(__bit_iterator<__C1, false> __first, __bit_iterator<__C1, false> __last,
+                      __bit_iterator<__C2, false> __result)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<__C1, false> _I1;
+    typedef  typename _I1::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _I1::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _I1::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __n = __last - __first;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        // do first word
+        if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+        {
+            unsigned __clz = __bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_;
+            difference_type __dn = _VSTD::min(static_cast<difference_type>(__clz), __n);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz - __dn));
+            __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            __storage_type __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b1;
+            *__first.__seg_  |= __b2;
+            __result.__seg_ += (__dn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __result.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            ++__first.__seg_;
+            // __first.__ctz_ = 0;
+        }
+        // __first.__ctz_ == 0;
+        // do middle words
+        for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first.__seg_, ++__result.__seg_)
+            swap(*__first.__seg_, *__result.__seg_);
+        // do last word
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+            __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            __storage_type __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b1;
+            *__first.__seg_  |= __b2;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__n);
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class __C1, class __C2>
+__bit_iterator<__C2, false>
+__swap_ranges_unaligned(__bit_iterator<__C1, false> __first, __bit_iterator<__C1, false> __last,
+                        __bit_iterator<__C2, false> __result)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<__C1, false> _I1;
+    typedef  typename _I1::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _I1::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _I1::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __n = __last - __first;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        // do first word
+        if (__first.__ctz_ != 0)
+        {
+            unsigned __clz_f = __bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_;
+            difference_type __dn = _VSTD::min(static_cast<difference_type>(__clz_f), __n);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+            __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            unsigned __clz_r = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+            __storage_type __ddn = _VSTD::min<__storage_type>(__dn, __clz_r);
+            __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __ddn));
+            __storage_type __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            if (__result.__ctz_ > __first.__ctz_)
+            {
+                unsigned __s = __result.__ctz_ - __first.__ctz_;
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 << __s;
+                *__first.__seg_  |= __b2 >> __s;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                unsigned __s = __first.__ctz_ - __result.__ctz_;
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 >> __s;
+                *__first.__seg_  |= __b2 << __s;
+            }
+            __result.__seg_ += (__ddn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__ddn + __result.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            __dn -= __ddn;
+            if (__dn > 0)
+            {
+                __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __dn);
+                __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+                *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+                unsigned __s = __first.__ctz_ + __ddn;
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 >> __s;
+                *__first.__seg_  |= __b2 << __s;
+                __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__dn);
+            }
+            ++__first.__seg_;
+            // __first.__ctz_ = 0;
+        }
+        // __first.__ctz_ == 0;
+        // do middle words
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_;
+        unsigned __clz_r = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+        for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first.__seg_)
+        {
+            __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_;
+            __storage_type __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 << __result.__ctz_;
+            *__first.__seg_  = __b2 >> __result.__ctz_;
+            ++__result.__seg_;
+            __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 >> __clz_r;
+            *__first.__seg_  |= __b2 << __clz_r;
+        }
+        // do last word
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+            __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min<__storage_type>(__n, __clz_r);
+            __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __dn));
+            __storage_type __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+            *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+            *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 << __result.__ctz_;
+            *__first.__seg_  |= __b2 >> __result.__ctz_;
+            __result.__seg_ += (__dn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+            __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __result.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            if (__n > 0)
+            {
+                __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+                __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+                *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+                *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 >> __dn;
+                *__first.__seg_  |= __b2 << __dn;
+                __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__n);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class __C1, class __C2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bit_iterator<__C2, false>
+swap_ranges(__bit_iterator<__C1, false> __first1, __bit_iterator<__C1, false> __last1,
+            __bit_iterator<__C2, false> __first2)
+{
+    if (__first1.__ctz_ == __first2.__ctz_)
+        return __swap_ranges_aligned(__first1, __last1, __first2);
+    return __swap_ranges_unaligned(__first1, __last1, __first2);
+}
+
+// rotate
+
+template <class _C>
+struct __bit_array
+{
+    typedef typename _C::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _C::__storage_type  __storage_type;
+    typedef typename _C::iterator        iterator;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _C::__bits_per_word;
+    static const unsigned _N = 4;
+
+    difference_type __size_;
+    __storage_type __word_[_N];
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static difference_type capacity()
+        {return static_cast<difference_type>(_N * __bits_per_word);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __bit_array(difference_type __s) : __size_(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator begin() {return iterator(__word_, 0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator end()   {return iterator(__word_ + __size_ / __bits_per_word,
+                                                  static_cast<unsigned>(__size_ % __bits_per_word));}
+};
+
+template <class _C>
+__bit_iterator<_C, false>
+rotate(__bit_iterator<_C, false> __first, __bit_iterator<_C, false> __middle, __bit_iterator<_C, false> __last)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, false> _I1;
+    typedef  typename _I1::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _I1::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _I1::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __d1 = __middle - __first;
+    difference_type __d2 = __last - __middle;
+    _I1 __r = __first + __d2;
+    while (__d1 != 0 && __d2 != 0)
+    {
+        if (__d1 <= __d2)
+        {
+            if (__d1 <= __bit_array<_C>::capacity())
+            {
+                __bit_array<_C> __b(__d1);
+                _VSTD::copy(__first, __middle, __b.begin());
+                _VSTD::copy(__b.begin(), __b.end(), _VSTD::copy(__middle, __last, __first));
+                break;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __bit_iterator<_C, false> __mp = _VSTD::swap_ranges(__first, __middle, __middle);
+                __first = __middle;
+                __middle = __mp;
+                __d2 -= __d1;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (__d2 <= __bit_array<_C>::capacity())
+            {
+                __bit_array<_C> __b(__d2);
+                _VSTD::copy(__middle, __last, __b.begin());
+                _VSTD::copy_backward(__b.begin(), __b.end(), _VSTD::copy_backward(__first, __middle, __last));
+                break;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __bit_iterator<_C, false> __mp = __first + __d2;
+                _VSTD::swap_ranges(__first, __mp, __middle);
+                __first = __mp;
+                __d1 -= __d2;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// equal
+
+template <class _C>
+bool
+__equal_unaligned(__bit_iterator<_C, true> __first1, __bit_iterator<_C, true> __last1,
+                  __bit_iterator<_C, true> __first2)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, true> _It;
+    typedef  typename _It::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _It::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __n = __last1 - __first1;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        // do first word
+        if (__first1.__ctz_ != 0)
+        {
+            unsigned __clz_f = __bits_per_word - __first1.__ctz_;
+            difference_type __dn = _VSTD::min(static_cast<difference_type>(__clz_f), __n);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first1.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+            __storage_type __b = *__first1.__seg_ & __m;
+            unsigned __clz_r = __bits_per_word - __first2.__ctz_;
+            __storage_type __ddn = _VSTD::min<__storage_type>(__dn, __clz_r);
+            __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first2.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __ddn));
+            if (__first2.__ctz_ > __first1.__ctz_)
+                if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b << (__first2.__ctz_ - __first1.__ctz_)))
+                    return false;
+            else
+                if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b >> (__first1.__ctz_ - __first2.__ctz_)))
+                    return false;
+            __first2.__seg_ += (__ddn + __first2.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+            __first2.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__ddn + __first2.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            __dn -= __ddn;
+            if (__dn > 0)
+            {
+                __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __dn);
+                if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b >> (__first1.__ctz_ + __ddn)))
+                    return false;
+                __first2.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__dn);
+            }
+            ++__first1.__seg_;
+            // __first1.__ctz_ = 0;
+        }
+        // __first1.__ctz_ == 0;
+        // do middle words
+        unsigned __clz_r = __bits_per_word - __first2.__ctz_;
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) << __first2.__ctz_;
+        for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first1.__seg_)
+        {
+            __storage_type __b = *__first1.__seg_;
+            if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b << __first2.__ctz_))
+                return false;
+            ++__first2.__seg_;
+            if ((*__first2.__seg_ & ~__m) != (__b >> __clz_r))
+                return false;
+        }
+        // do last word
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+            __storage_type __b = *__first1.__seg_ & __m;
+            __storage_type __dn = _VSTD::min(__n, static_cast<difference_type>(__clz_r));
+            __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first2.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __dn));
+            if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b << __first2.__ctz_))
+                return false;
+            __first2.__seg_ += (__dn + __first2.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+            __first2.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __first2.__ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            if (__n > 0)
+            {
+                __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+                if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b >> __dn))
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+bool
+__equal_aligned(__bit_iterator<_C, true> __first1, __bit_iterator<_C, true> __last1,
+                __bit_iterator<_C, true> __first2)
+{
+    typedef __bit_iterator<_C, true> _It;
+    typedef  typename _It::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename _It::__storage_type __storage_type;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+    difference_type __n = __last1 - __first1;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        // do first word
+        if (__first1.__ctz_ != 0)
+        {
+            unsigned __clz = __bits_per_word - __first1.__ctz_;
+            difference_type __dn = _VSTD::min(static_cast<difference_type>(__clz), __n);
+            __n -= __dn;
+            __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first1.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz - __dn));
+            if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (*__first1.__seg_ & __m))
+                return false;
+            ++__first2.__seg_;
+            ++__first1.__seg_;
+            // __first1.__ctz_ = 0;
+            // __first2.__ctz_ = 0;
+        }
+        // __first1.__ctz_ == 0;
+        // __first2.__ctz_ == 0;
+        // do middle words
+        for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first1.__seg_, ++__first2.__seg_)
+            if (*__first2.__seg_ != *__first1.__seg_)
+                return false;
+        // do last word
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+            if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (*__first1.__seg_ & __m))
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _C, bool _IC1, bool _IC2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+equal(__bit_iterator<_C, _IC1> __first1, __bit_iterator<_C, _IC1> __last1, __bit_iterator<_C, _IC2> __first2)
+{
+    if (__first1.__ctz_ == __first2.__ctz_)
+        return __equal_aligned(__first1, __last1, __first2);
+    return __equal_unaligned(__first1, __last1, __first2);
+}
+
+template <class _C, bool _IsConst>
+class __bit_iterator
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename _C::difference_type                                                          difference_type;
+    typedef bool                                                                                  value_type;
+    typedef __bit_iterator                                                                        pointer;
+    typedef typename conditional<_IsConst, __bit_const_reference<_C>, __bit_reference<_C> >::type reference;
+    typedef random_access_iterator_tag                                                            iterator_category;
+
+private:
+    typedef typename _C::__storage_type                                           __storage_type;
+    typedef typename conditional<_IsConst, typename _C::__const_storage_pointer,
+                                           typename _C::__storage_pointer>::type  __storage_pointer;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _C::__bits_per_word;
+
+    __storage_pointer __seg_;
+    unsigned          __ctz_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bit_iterator(const __bit_iterator<_C, false>& __it) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __seg_(__it.__seg_), __ctz_(__it.__ctz_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator*() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return reference(__seg_, __storage_type(1) << __ctz_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator& operator++()
+    {
+        if (__ctz_ != __bits_per_word-1)
+            ++__ctz_;
+        else
+        {
+            __ctz_ = 0;
+            ++__seg_;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __bit_iterator __tmp = *this;
+        ++(*this);
+        return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator& operator--()
+    {
+        if (__ctz_ != 0)
+            --__ctz_;
+        else
+        {
+            __ctz_ = __bits_per_word - 1;
+            --__seg_;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator operator--(int)
+    {
+        __bit_iterator __tmp = *this;
+        --(*this);
+        return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator& operator+=(difference_type __n)
+    {
+        if (__n >= 0)
+            __seg_ += (__n + __ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+        else
+            __seg_ += static_cast<difference_type>(__n - __bits_per_word + __ctz_ + 1)
+                    / static_cast<difference_type>(__bits_per_word);
+        __n &= (__bits_per_word - 1);
+        __ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__n + __ctz_)  % __bits_per_word);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator& operator-=(difference_type __n)
+    {
+        return *this += -__n;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator operator+(difference_type __n) const
+    {
+        __bit_iterator __t(*this);
+        __t += __n;
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __bit_iterator operator-(difference_type __n) const
+    {
+        __bit_iterator __t(*this);
+        __t -= __n;
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    friend __bit_iterator operator+(difference_type __n, const __bit_iterator& __it) {return __it + __n;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    friend difference_type operator-(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y)
+        {return (__x.__seg_ - __y.__seg_) * __bits_per_word + __x.__ctz_ - __y.__ctz_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator[](difference_type __n) const {return *(*this + __n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend bool operator==(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__seg_ == __y.__seg_ && __x.__ctz_ == __y.__ctz_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend bool operator!=(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend bool operator<(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__seg_ < __y.__seg_ || (__x.__seg_ == __y.__seg_ && __x.__ctz_ < __y.__ctz_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend bool operator>(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y)
+        {return __y < __x;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend bool operator<=(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__y < __x);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend bool operator>=(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x < __y);}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bit_iterator(__storage_pointer __s, unsigned __ctz) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __seg_(__s), __ctz_(__ctz) {}
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+    friend typename _C::__self;
+#else
+    friend class _C::__self;
+#endif
+    friend class __bit_reference<_C>;
+    friend class __bit_const_reference<_C>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<_C, true>;
+    template <class _D> friend struct __bit_array;
+    template <class _D> friend void __fill_n_false(__bit_iterator<_D, false> __first, typename _D::size_type __n);
+    template <class _D> friend void __fill_n_true(__bit_iterator<_D, false> __first, typename _D::size_type __n);
+    template <class _D, bool _IC> friend __bit_iterator<_D, false> __copy_aligned(__bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __first,
+                                                                                  __bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __last,
+                                                                                  __bit_iterator<_D, false> __result);
+    template <class _D, bool _IC> friend __bit_iterator<_D, false> __copy_unaligned(__bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __first,
+                                                                                    __bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __last,
+                                                                                    __bit_iterator<_D, false> __result);
+    template <class _D, bool _IC> friend __bit_iterator<_D, false> copy(__bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __first,
+                                                                        __bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __last,
+                                                                        __bit_iterator<_D, false> __result);
+    template <class _D, bool _IC> friend __bit_iterator<_D, false> __copy_backward_aligned(__bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __first,
+                                                                                           __bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __last,
+                                                                                           __bit_iterator<_D, false> __result);
+    template <class _D, bool _IC> friend __bit_iterator<_D, false> __copy_backward_unaligned(__bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __first,
+                                                                                             __bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __last,
+                                                                                             __bit_iterator<_D, false> __result);
+    template <class _D, bool _IC> friend __bit_iterator<_D, false> copy_backward(__bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __first,
+                                                                                 __bit_iterator<_D, _IC> __last,
+                                                                                 __bit_iterator<_D, false> __result);
+    template <class __C1, class __C2>friend __bit_iterator<__C2, false> __swap_ranges_aligned(__bit_iterator<__C1, false>,
+                                                                                           __bit_iterator<__C1, false>,
+                                                                                           __bit_iterator<__C2, false>);
+    template <class __C1, class __C2>friend __bit_iterator<__C2, false> __swap_ranges_unaligned(__bit_iterator<__C1, false>,
+                                                                                             __bit_iterator<__C1, false>,
+                                                                                             __bit_iterator<__C2, false>);
+    template <class __C1, class __C2>friend __bit_iterator<__C2, false> swap_ranges(__bit_iterator<__C1, false>,
+                                                                                 __bit_iterator<__C1, false>,
+                                                                                 __bit_iterator<__C2, false>);
+    template <class _D> friend __bit_iterator<_D, false> rotate(__bit_iterator<_D, false>,
+                                                                __bit_iterator<_D, false>,
+                                                                __bit_iterator<_D, false>);
+    template <class _D> friend bool __equal_aligned(__bit_iterator<_D, true>,
+                                                    __bit_iterator<_D, true>,
+                                                    __bit_iterator<_D, true>);
+    template <class _D> friend bool __equal_unaligned(__bit_iterator<_D, true>,
+                                                      __bit_iterator<_D, true>,
+                                                      __bit_iterator<_D, true>);
+    template <class _D, bool _IC1, bool _IC2> friend bool equal(__bit_iterator<_D, _IC1>,
+                                                                __bit_iterator<_D, _IC1>,
+                                                                __bit_iterator<_D, _IC2>);
+    template <class _D> friend __bit_iterator<_D, false> __find_bool_true(__bit_iterator<_D, false>,
+                                                                          typename _D::size_type);
+    template <class _D> friend __bit_iterator<_D, false> __find_bool_false(__bit_iterator<_D, false>,
+                                                                           typename _D::size_type);
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP___BIT_REFERENCE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__config b/system/include/libcxx/__config
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f983223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__config
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- __config ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CONFIG
+#define _LIBCPP_CONFIG
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#define _LIBCPP_VERSION 1001
+
+#define _LIBCPP_ABI_VERSION 1
+
+#define _LIBCPP_CONCAT1(_LIBCPP_X,_LIBCPP_Y) _LIBCPP_X##_LIBCPP_Y
+#define _LIBCPP_CONCAT(_LIBCPP_X,_LIBCPP_Y) _LIBCPP_CONCAT1(_LIBCPP_X,_LIBCPP_Y)
+
+#define _LIBCPP_NAMESPACE _LIBCPP_CONCAT(__,_LIBCPP_ABI_VERSION)
+
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#if __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#define _LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN 1
+#define _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN    0
+#endif  // __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#endif  // __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+
+#ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN__
+#if __BIG_ENDIAN__
+#define _LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN 0
+#define _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN    1
+#endif  // __BIG_ENDIAN__
+#endif  // __BIG_ENDIAN__
+
+#ifdef __FreeBSD__
+# include <sys/endian.h>
+#  if _BYTE_ORDER == _LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#   define _LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN 1
+#   define _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN    0
+# else  // _BYTE_ORDER == _LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#   define _LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN 0
+#   define _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN    1
+# endif  // _BYTE_ORDER == _LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif  // __FreeBSD__
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  define _LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN    0
+// Compiler intrinsics (GCC or MSVC)
+#  if (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400) || (__GNUC__ >= 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 3)
+#    define _LIBCP_HAS_IS_BASE_OF
+#  endif
+#endif  // _WIN32
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN) || !defined(_LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN)
+# include <endian.h>
+# if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#  define _LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN    0
+# elif __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#  define _LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN 0
+#  define _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN    1
+# else  // __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#  error unable to determine endian
+# endif
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN) || !defined(_LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN)
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY_TAG
+#define _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY_TAG 1
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY_TAG
+#define _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __attribute__ ((__visibility__("hidden")))
+#define _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __attribute__ ((__visibility__("default")))
+#else  // _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY_TAG
+#define _LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+#define _LIBCPP_VISIBLE
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY_TAG
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+#define _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __attribute__ ((__visibility__("hidden"), __always_inline__))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI
+#define _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI __attribute__ ((__visibility__("default")))
+#endif
+
+#define _LIBCPP_CANTTHROW __attribute__ ((__nothrow__))
+
+#define _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE  __attribute__ ((__visibility__("hidden"), __always_inline__))
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+
+#if !__has_feature(cxx_alias_templates)
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
+#ifdef __linux__
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+#else
+typedef __char16_t char16_t;
+typedef __char32_t char32_t;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_exceptions))
+#define _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_rtti))
+#define _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_decltype))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DECLTYPE
+#endif
+
+#if __has_feature(cxx_attributes)
+#  define _ATTRIBUTE(x) [[x]]
+#else
+#  define _ATTRIBUTE(x) __attribute__ ((x))
+#endif
+
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_deleted_functions))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#endif  // !(__has_feature(cxx_deleted_functions))
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_lambdas))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LAMBDAS
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_nullptr))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_NULLPTR
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_rvalue_references))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_static_assert))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_STATIC_ASSERT
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_auto_type))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_AUTO_TYPE
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_access_control_sfinae)) || !__has_feature(cxx_trailing_return)
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_variadic_templates))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_trailing_return))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TRAILING_RETURN
+#endif
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_generalized_initializers))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+#endif
+
+#if __has_feature(is_base_of)
+#  define _LIBCP_HAS_IS_BASE_OF
+#endif
+
+// Objective-C++ features (opt-in)
+#if __has_feature(objc_arc)
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC
+#endif
+
+#if __has_feature(objc_arc_weak)
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC_WEAK
+#endif
+
+// Inline namespaces are available in Clang regardless of C++ dialect.
+#define _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD namespace std {inline namespace _LIBCPP_NAMESPACE {
+#define _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD  } }
+#define _VSTD std::_LIBCPP_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace std {
+  inline namespace _LIBCPP_NAMESPACE {
+  }
+}
+
+#if !(__has_feature(cxx_constexpr))
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+
+#if (__has_feature(cxx_noexcept))
+#  define _NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#  define _NOEXCEPT_(x) noexcept(x)
+#else
+#  define _NOEXCEPT throw()
+#  define _NOEXCEPT_(x)
+#endif
+
+#if __has_feature(underlying_type)
+#  define _LIBCXX_UNDERLYING_TYPE(T) __underlying_type(T)
+#endif
+
+// end defined(__clang__)
+
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+
+#define _ATTRIBUTE(x) __attribute__((x))
+
+#if !__EXCEPTIONS
+#define _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif
+
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CONSTEXPR
+
+#define _NOEXCEPT throw()
+#define _NOEXCEPT_(x)
+
+#ifndef __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
+
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DECLTYPE
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_NULLPTR
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_STATIC_ASSERT
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ALWAYS_INLINE_VARIADICS
+
+#else  // __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
+
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TRAILING_RETURN
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ALWAYS_INLINE_VARIADICS
+
+#if !(__GNUC__ >= 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#endif
+
+#if !(__GNUC__ >= 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_STATIC_ASSERT
+#endif
+
+#if !(__GNUC__ >= 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4)
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DECLTYPE
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+#endif  // !(__GNUC__ >= 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4)
+
+#if !(__GNUC__ >= 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6)
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_NULLPTR
+#endif
+
+#endif  // __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
+
+#define _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD namespace std { namespace _LIBCPP_NAMESPACE {
+#define _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD  } }
+#define _VSTD std::_LIBCPP_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace std {
+namespace _LIBCPP_NAMESPACE {
+}
+using namespace _LIBCPP_NAMESPACE __attribute__((__strong__));
+}
+
+#endif  // defined(__GNUC__)
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+typedef unsigned short char16_t;
+typedef unsigned int   char32_t;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_STATIC_ASSERT
+
+template <bool> struct __static_assert_test;
+template <> struct __static_assert_test<true> {};
+template <unsigned> struct __static_assert_check {};
+#define static_assert(__b, __m) \
+    typedef __static_assert_check<sizeof(__static_assert_test<(__b)>)> \
+    _LIBCPP_CONCAT(__t, __LINE__)
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_STATIC_ASSERT
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DECLTYPE
+#define decltype(x) __typeof__(x)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CONSTEXPR
+#define constexpr const
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __has_feature
+#define __has_feature(__x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if __APPLE__ || __FreeBSD__
+#define _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS 1
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+#define _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+#endif
+
+#if __APPLE__ || __FreeBSD__
+#define _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+#   if _LIBCPP_DEBUG2 == 0
+#       define _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL 1
+#   elif _LIBCPP_DEBUG2 == 1
+#       define _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL 2
+#   else
+#       error Supported values for _LIBCPP_DEBUG2 are 0 and 1
+#   endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+#   include <__debug>
+#else
+#   define _LIBCPP_ASSERT(x, m) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CONFIG
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__debug b/system/include/libcxx/__debug
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e807fa5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__debug
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- __debug ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_DEBUG_H
+#define _LIBCPP_DEBUG_H
+
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 1
+
+#   include <cstdlib>
+#   include <cstdio>
+#   include <cstddef>
+#   define _LIBCPP_ASSERT(x, m) ((x) ? (void)0 : (_VSTD::printf("%s\n", m), _VSTD::abort()))
+
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __c_node;
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __i_node
+{
+    void* __i_;
+    __i_node* __next_;
+    __c_node* __c_;
+
+    __i_node(const __i_node&) = delete;
+    __i_node& operator=(const __i_node&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __i_node(void* __i, __i_node* __next, __c_node* __c)
+        : __i_(__i), __next_(__next), __c_(__c) {}
+    ~__i_node();
+};
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __c_node
+{
+    void* __c_;
+    __c_node* __next_;
+    __i_node** beg_;
+    __i_node** end_;
+    __i_node** cap_;
+
+    __c_node(const __c_node&) = delete;
+    __c_node& operator=(const __c_node&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __c_node(void* __c, __c_node* __next)
+        : __c_(__c), __next_(__next), beg_(nullptr), end_(nullptr), cap_(nullptr) {}
+    virtual ~__c_node();
+
+    virtual bool __dereferenceable(const void*) const = 0;
+    virtual bool __decrementable(const void*) const = 0;
+    virtual bool __addable(const void*, ptrdiff_t) const = 0;
+    virtual bool __subscriptable(const void*, ptrdiff_t) const = 0;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDDEN void __add(__i_node* __i);
+    _LIBCPP_HIDDEN void __remove(__i_node* __i);
+};
+
+template <class _Cont>
+struct _C_node
+    : public __c_node
+{
+    _C_node(void* __c, __c_node* __n)
+        : __c_node(__c, __n) {}
+
+    virtual bool __dereferenceable(const void*) const;
+    virtual bool __decrementable(const void*) const;
+    virtual bool __addable(const void*, ptrdiff_t) const;
+    virtual bool __subscriptable(const void*, ptrdiff_t) const;
+};
+
+template <class _Cont>
+bool
+_C_node<_Cont>::__dereferenceable(const void* __i) const
+{
+    typedef typename _Cont::const_iterator iterator;
+    const iterator* __j = static_cast<const iterator*>(__i);
+    _Cont* _C = static_cast<_Cont*>(__c_);
+    return _C->__dereferenceable(__j);
+}
+
+template <class _Cont>
+bool
+_C_node<_Cont>::__decrementable(const void* __i) const
+{
+    typedef typename _Cont::const_iterator iterator;
+    const iterator* __j = static_cast<const iterator*>(__i);
+    _Cont* _C = static_cast<_Cont*>(__c_);
+    return _C->__decrementable(__j);
+}
+
+template <class _Cont>
+bool
+_C_node<_Cont>::__addable(const void* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const
+{
+    typedef typename _Cont::const_iterator iterator;
+    const iterator* __j = static_cast<const iterator*>(__i);
+    _Cont* _C = static_cast<_Cont*>(__c_);
+    return _C->__addable(__j, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Cont>
+bool
+_C_node<_Cont>::__subscriptable(const void* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const
+{
+    typedef typename _Cont::const_iterator iterator;
+    const iterator* __j = static_cast<const iterator*>(__i);
+    _Cont* _C = static_cast<_Cont*>(__c_);
+    return _C->__subscriptable(__j, __n);
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __libcpp_db
+{
+    __c_node** __cbeg_;
+    __c_node** __cend_;
+    size_t   __csz_;
+    __i_node** __ibeg_;
+    __i_node** __iend_;
+    size_t   __isz_;
+
+    __libcpp_db();
+public:
+    __libcpp_db(const __libcpp_db&) = delete;
+    __libcpp_db& operator=(const __libcpp_db&) = delete;
+    ~__libcpp_db();
+
+    class __db_c_iterator;
+    class __db_c_const_iterator;
+    class __db_i_iterator;
+    class __db_i_const_iterator;
+
+    __db_c_const_iterator __c_end() const;
+    __db_i_const_iterator __i_end() const;
+
+    template <class _Cont>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __insert_c(_Cont* __c)
+    {
+        __c_node* __n = __insert_c(static_cast<void*>(__c));
+        ::new(__n) _C_node<_Cont>(__n->__c_, __n->__next_);
+    }
+
+    void __insert_i(void* __i);
+    __c_node* __insert_c(void* __c);
+    void __erase_c(void* __c);
+
+    void __insert_ic(void* __i, const void* __c);
+    void __iterator_copy(void* __i, const void* __i0);
+    void __erase_i(void* __i);
+
+    void* __find_c_from_i(void* __i) const;
+    void __invalidate_all(void* __c);
+    __c_node* __find_c_and_lock(void* __c) const;
+    void unlock() const;
+
+    void swap(void* __c1, void* __c2);
+
+
+    bool __dereferenceable(const void* __i) const;
+    bool __decrementable(const void* __i) const;
+    bool __addable(const void* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const;
+    bool __subscriptable(const void* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const;
+    bool __comparable(const void* __i, const void* __j) const;
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+    __i_node* __insert_iterator(void* __i);
+    _LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+    __i_node* __find_iterator(const void* __i) const;
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __libcpp_db* __get_db();
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE __libcpp_db* __get_db();
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE const __libcpp_db* __get_const_db();
+
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG_H
+
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__functional_03 b/system/include/libcxx/__functional_03
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e48bb685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__functional_03
@@ -0,0 +1,2128 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL_03
+#define _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL_03
+
+// manual variadic expansion for <functional>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __mem_fn
+    : public __weak_result_type<_Tp>
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Tp type;
+private:
+    type __f_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __mem_fn(type __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+
+    // invoke
+
+    typename __invoke_return<type>::type
+       operator() ()
+       {
+           return __invoke(__f_);
+       }
+
+    template <class _A0>
+       typename __invoke_return0<type, _A0>::type
+          operator() (_A0& __a0)
+          {
+              return __invoke(__f_, __a0);
+          }
+
+    template <class _A0, class _A1>
+       typename __invoke_return1<type, _A0, _A1>::type
+          operator() (_A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+          {
+              return __invoke(__f_, __a0, __a1);
+          }
+
+    template <class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+       typename __invoke_return2<type, _A0, _A1, _A2>::type
+          operator() (_A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+          {
+              return __invoke(__f_, __a0, __a1, __a2);
+          }
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _T>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R _T::*>
+mem_fn(_R _T::* __pm)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R _T::*>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)()>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)())
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)()>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0))
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0, _A1))
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1, _A2)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0, _A1, _A2))
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1, _A2)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)()>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)() const)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)()>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0) const)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0, _A1) const)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1, _A2)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0, _A1, _A2) const)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1, _A2)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)()>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)() volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)()>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0) volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0, _A1) volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1, _A2)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0, _A1, _A2) volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1, _A2)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)()>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)() const volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)()>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0) const volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0, _A1) const volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1, _A2)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_A0, _A1, _A2) const volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_A0, _A1, _A2)>(__pm);
+}
+
+// bad_function_call
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI bad_function_call
+    : public exception
+{
+};
+
+template<class _Fp> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE function; // undefined
+
+namespace __function
+{
+
+template<class _F>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function
+{
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A1>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_R(_A1)>
+    : public unary_function<_A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template<class _F>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function
+{
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_R(_A1, _A2)>
+    : public binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template<class _Fp> class __base;
+
+template<class _R>
+class __base<_R()>
+{
+    __base(const __base&);
+    __base& operator=(const __base&);
+public:
+    __base() {}
+    virtual ~__base() {}
+    virtual __base* __clone() const = 0;
+    virtual void __clone(__base*) const = 0;
+    virtual void destroy() = 0;
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate() = 0;
+    virtual _R operator()() = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const = 0;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const = 0;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+class __base<_R(_A0)>
+{
+    __base(const __base&);
+    __base& operator=(const __base&);
+public:
+    __base() {}
+    virtual ~__base() {}
+    virtual __base* __clone() const = 0;
+    virtual void __clone(__base*) const = 0;
+    virtual void destroy() = 0;
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate() = 0;
+    virtual _R operator()(_A0) = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const = 0;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const = 0;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+class __base<_R(_A0, _A1)>
+{
+    __base(const __base&);
+    __base& operator=(const __base&);
+public:
+    __base() {}
+    virtual ~__base() {}
+    virtual __base* __clone() const = 0;
+    virtual void __clone(__base*) const = 0;
+    virtual void destroy() = 0;
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate() = 0;
+    virtual _R operator()(_A0, _A1) = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const = 0;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const = 0;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+class __base<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>
+{
+    __base(const __base&);
+    __base& operator=(const __base&);
+public:
+    __base() {}
+    virtual ~__base() {}
+    virtual __base* __clone() const = 0;
+    virtual void __clone(__base*) const = 0;
+    virtual void destroy() = 0;
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate() = 0;
+    virtual _R operator()(_A0, _A1, _A2) = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const = 0;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const = 0;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _FD, class _Alloc, class _FB> class __func;
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R>
+class __func<_F, _Alloc, _R()>
+    : public  __base<_R()>
+{
+    __compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc> __f_;
+public:
+    explicit __func(_F __f) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f)) {}
+    explicit __func(_F __f, _Alloc __a) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f), _VSTD::move(__a)) {}
+    virtual __base<_R()>* __clone() const;
+    virtual void __clone(__base<_R()>*) const;
+    virtual void destroy();
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate();
+    virtual _R operator()();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R>
+__base<_R()>*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R()>::__clone() const
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__func, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+    ::new (__hold.get()) __func(__f_.first(), _Alloc(__a));
+    return __hold.release();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R()>::__clone(__base<_R()>* __p) const
+{
+    ::new (__p) __func(__f_.first(), __f_.second());
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R()>::destroy()
+{
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R()>::destroy_deallocate()
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R>
+_R
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R()>::operator()()
+{
+    return __invoke(__f_.first());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R>
+const void*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R()>::target(const type_info& __ti) const
+{
+    if (__ti == typeid(_F))
+        return &__f_.first();
+    return (const void*)0;
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R>
+const std::type_info&
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R()>::target_type() const
+{
+    return typeid(_F);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0>
+class __func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0)>
+    : public  __base<_R(_A0)>
+{
+    __compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc> __f_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __func(_F __f) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __func(_F __f, _Alloc __a)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f), _VSTD::move(__a)) {}
+    virtual __base<_R(_A0)>* __clone() const;
+    virtual void __clone(__base<_R(_A0)>*) const;
+    virtual void destroy();
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate();
+    virtual _R operator()(_A0);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0>
+__base<_R(_A0)>*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0)>::__clone() const
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__func, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+    ::new (__hold.get()) __func(__f_.first(), _Alloc(__a));
+    return __hold.release();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0)>::__clone(__base<_R(_A0)>* __p) const
+{
+    ::new (__p) __func(__f_.first(), __f_.second());
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0)>::destroy()
+{
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0)>::destroy_deallocate()
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0>
+_R
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0)>::operator()(_A0 __a0)
+{
+    return __invoke(__f_.first(), __a0);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0>
+const void*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0)>::target(const type_info& __ti) const
+{
+    if (__ti == typeid(_F))
+        return &__f_.first();
+    return (const void*)0;
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0>
+const std::type_info&
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0)>::target_type() const
+{
+    return typeid(_F);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+class __func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1)>
+    : public  __base<_R(_A0, _A1)>
+{
+    __compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc> __f_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __func(_F __f) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __func(_F __f, _Alloc __a)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f), _VSTD::move(__a)) {}
+    virtual __base<_R(_A0, _A1)>* __clone() const;
+    virtual void __clone(__base<_R(_A0, _A1)>*) const;
+    virtual void destroy();
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate();
+    virtual _R operator()(_A0, _A1);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+__base<_R(_A0, _A1)>*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1)>::__clone() const
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__func, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+    ::new (__hold.get()) __func(__f_.first(), _Alloc(__a));
+    return __hold.release();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1)>::__clone(__base<_R(_A0, _A1)>* __p) const
+{
+    ::new (__p) __func(__f_.first(), __f_.second());
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1)>::destroy()
+{
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1)>::destroy_deallocate()
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+_R
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1)>::operator()(_A0 __a0, _A1 __a1)
+{
+    return __invoke(__f_.first(), __a0, __a1);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+const void*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1)>::target(const type_info& __ti) const
+{
+    if (__ti == typeid(_F))
+        return &__f_.first();
+    return (const void*)0;
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+const std::type_info&
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1)>::target_type() const
+{
+    return typeid(_F);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+class __func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>
+    : public  __base<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>
+{
+    __compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc> __f_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __func(_F __f) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __func(_F __f, _Alloc __a)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f), _VSTD::move(__a)) {}
+    virtual __base<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>* __clone() const;
+    virtual void __clone(__base<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>*) const;
+    virtual void destroy();
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate();
+    virtual _R operator()(_A0, _A1, _A2);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+__base<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::__clone() const
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__func, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+    ::new (__hold.get()) __func(__f_.first(), _Alloc(__a));
+    return __hold.release();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::__clone(__base<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>* __p) const
+{
+    ::new (__p) __func(__f_.first(), __f_.second());
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::destroy()
+{
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::destroy_deallocate()
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+_R
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::operator()(_A0 __a0, _A1 __a1, _A2 __a2)
+{
+    return __invoke(__f_.first(), __a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+const void*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::target(const type_info& __ti) const
+{
+    if (__ti == typeid(_F))
+        return &__f_.first();
+    return (const void*)0;
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+const std::type_info&
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::target_type() const
+{
+    return typeid(_F);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+}  // __function
+
+template<class _R>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE function<_R()>
+{
+    typedef __function::__base<_R()> __base;
+    aligned_storage<3*sizeof(void*)>::type __buf_;
+    __base* __f_;
+
+    template <class _F>
+        static bool __not_null(const _F&) {return true;}
+    template <class _R2>
+        static bool __not_null(const function<_R()>& __p) {return __p;}
+public:
+    typedef _R result_type;
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.1, construct/copy/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit function() : __f_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY function(nullptr_t) : __f_(0) {}
+    function(const function&);
+    template<class _F>
+      function(_F,
+               typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&) : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, nullptr_t) : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function&);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _F __f,
+               typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    function& operator=(const function&);
+    function& operator=(nullptr_t);
+    template<class _F>
+      typename enable_if
+      <
+        !is_integral<_F>::value,
+        function&
+      >::type
+      operator=(_F);
+
+    ~function();
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.2, function modifiers:
+    void swap(function&);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      void assign(_F __f, const _Alloc& __a)
+        {function(allocator_arg, __a, __f).swap(*this);}
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.3, function capacity:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator bool() const {return __f_;}
+
+private:
+    // deleted overloads close possible hole in the type system
+    template<class _R2>
+      bool operator==(const function<_R2()>&) const;// = delete;
+    template<class _R2>
+      bool operator!=(const function<_R2()>&) const;// = delete;
+public:
+    // 20.7.16.2.4, function invocation:
+    _R operator()() const;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    // 20.7.16.2.5, function target access:
+    const std::type_info& target_type() const;
+    template <typename _T> _T* target();
+    template <typename _T> const _T* target() const;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _R>
+function<_R()>::function(const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+template<class _Alloc>
+function<_R()>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+template <class _F>
+function<_R()>::function(_F __f,
+                                     typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, allocator<_F>, _R()> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(__f);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef allocator<_FF> _A;
+            _A __a;
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(__f, allocator<_F>(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+template <class _F, class _Alloc>
+function<_R()>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0, _F __f,
+                                     typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, _Alloc, _R()> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(__f);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>
+#else
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>::other
+#endif
+                                                         _A;
+            _A __a(__a0);
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(__f, _Alloc(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+function<_R()>&
+function<_R()>::operator=(const function& __f)
+{
+    function(__f).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+function<_R()>&
+function<_R()>::operator=(nullptr_t)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+    __f_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+template <class _F>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_integral<_F>::value,
+    function<_R()>&
+>::type
+function<_R()>::operator=(_F __f)
+{
+    function(_VSTD::move(__f)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+function<_R()>::~function()
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+void
+function<_R()>::swap(function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_ && __f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        typename aligned_storage<sizeof(__buf_)>::type __tempbuf;
+        __base* __t = (__base*)&__tempbuf;
+        __f_->__clone(__t);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = 0;
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = 0;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __t->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __t->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = __f_;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+    }
+    else
+        _VSTD::swap(__f_, __f.__f_);
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+_R
+function<_R()>::operator()() const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        throw bad_function_call();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return (*__f_)();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _R>
+const std::type_info&
+function<_R()>::target_type() const
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return typeid(void);
+    return __f_->target_type();
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+template <typename _T>
+_T*
+function<_R()>::target()
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (_T*)0;
+    return (_T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+template<class _R>
+template <typename _T>
+const _T*
+function<_R()>::target() const
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (const _T*)0;
+    return (const _T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE function<_R(_A0)>
+    : public unary_function<_A0, _R>
+{
+    typedef __function::__base<_R(_A0)> __base;
+    aligned_storage<3*sizeof(void*)>::type __buf_;
+    __base* __f_;
+
+    template <class _F>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(const _F&) {return true;}
+    template <class _R2, class _B0>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (*__p)(_B0)) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)()) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)() const) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)() volatile) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)() const volatile) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _B0>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(const function<_R(_B0)>& __p) {return __p;}
+public:
+    typedef _R result_type;
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.1, construct/copy/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit function() : __f_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY function(nullptr_t) : __f_(0) {}
+    function(const function&);
+    template<class _F>
+      function(_F,
+               typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&) : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, nullptr_t) : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function&);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _F __f,
+               typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    function& operator=(const function&);
+    function& operator=(nullptr_t);
+    template<class _F>
+      typename enable_if
+      <
+        !is_integral<_F>::value,
+        function&
+      >::type
+      operator=(_F);
+
+    ~function();
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.2, function modifiers:
+    void swap(function&);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      void assign(_F __f, const _Alloc& __a)
+        {function(allocator_arg, __a, __f).swap(*this);}
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.3, function capacity:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator bool() const {return __f_;}
+
+private:
+    // deleted overloads close possible hole in the type system
+    template<class _R2, class _B0>
+      bool operator==(const function<_R2(_B0)>&) const;// = delete;
+    template<class _R2, class _B0>
+      bool operator!=(const function<_R2(_B0)>&) const;// = delete;
+public:
+    // 20.7.16.2.4, function invocation:
+    _R operator()(_A0) const;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    // 20.7.16.2.5, function target access:
+    const std::type_info& target_type() const;
+    template <typename _T> _T* target();
+    template <typename _T> const _T* target() const;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+function<_R(_A0)>::function(const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+template<class _Alloc>
+function<_R(_A0)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+template <class _F>
+function<_R(_A0)>::function(_F __f,
+                                     typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, allocator<_F>, _R(_A0)> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(__f);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef allocator<_FF> _A;
+            _A __a;
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(__f, allocator<_F>(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+template <class _F, class _Alloc>
+function<_R(_A0)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0, _F __f,
+                                     typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0)> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(__f);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>
+#else
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>::other
+#endif
+                                                         _A;
+            _A __a(__a0);
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(__f, _Alloc(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+function<_R(_A0)>&
+function<_R(_A0)>::operator=(const function& __f)
+{
+    function(__f).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+function<_R(_A0)>&
+function<_R(_A0)>::operator=(nullptr_t)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+    __f_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+template <class _F>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_integral<_F>::value,
+    function<_R(_A0)>&
+>::type
+function<_R(_A0)>::operator=(_F __f)
+{
+    function(_VSTD::move(__f)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+function<_R(_A0)>::~function()
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+void
+function<_R(_A0)>::swap(function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_ && __f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        typename aligned_storage<sizeof(__buf_)>::type __tempbuf;
+        __base* __t = (__base*)&__tempbuf;
+        __f_->__clone(__t);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = 0;
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = 0;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __t->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __t->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = __f_;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+    }
+    else
+        _VSTD::swap(__f_, __f.__f_);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+_R
+function<_R(_A0)>::operator()(_A0 __a0) const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        throw bad_function_call();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return (*__f_)(__a0);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+const std::type_info&
+function<_R(_A0)>::target_type() const
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return typeid(void);
+    return __f_->target_type();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+template <typename _T>
+_T*
+function<_R(_A0)>::target()
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (_T*)0;
+    return (_T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0>
+template <typename _T>
+const _T*
+function<_R(_A0)>::target() const
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (const _T*)0;
+    return (const _T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE function<_R(_A0, _A1)>
+    : public binary_function<_A0, _A1, _R>
+{
+    typedef __function::__base<_R(_A0, _A1)> __base;
+    aligned_storage<3*sizeof(void*)>::type __buf_;
+    __base* __f_;
+
+    template <class _F>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(const _F&) {return true;}
+    template <class _R2, class _B0, class _B1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (*__p)(_B0, _B1)) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class _B1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_B1)) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class _B1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_B1) const) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class _B1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_B1) volatile) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class _B1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_B1) const volatile) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _B0, class _B1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(const function<_R(_B0, _B1)>& __p) {return __p;}
+public:
+    typedef _R result_type;
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.1, construct/copy/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit function() : __f_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY function(nullptr_t) : __f_(0) {}
+    function(const function&);
+    template<class _F>
+      function(_F,
+               typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&) : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, nullptr_t) : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function&);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _F __f,
+               typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    function& operator=(const function&);
+    function& operator=(nullptr_t);
+    template<class _F>
+      typename enable_if
+      <
+        !is_integral<_F>::value,
+        function&
+      >::type
+      operator=(_F);
+
+    ~function();
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.2, function modifiers:
+    void swap(function&);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      void assign(_F __f, const _Alloc& __a)
+        {function(allocator_arg, __a, __f).swap(*this);}
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.3, function capacity:
+    operator bool() const {return __f_;}
+
+private:
+    // deleted overloads close possible hole in the type system
+    template<class _R2, class _B0, class _B1>
+      bool operator==(const function<_R2(_B0, _B1)>&) const;// = delete;
+    template<class _R2, class _B0, class _B1>
+      bool operator!=(const function<_R2(_B0, _B1)>&) const;// = delete;
+public:
+    // 20.7.16.2.4, function invocation:
+    _R operator()(_A0, _A1) const;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    // 20.7.16.2.5, function target access:
+    const std::type_info& target_type() const;
+    template <typename _T> _T* target();
+    template <typename _T> const _T* target() const;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::function(const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+template<class _Alloc>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+template <class _F>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::function(_F __f,
+                                 typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, allocator<_F>, _R(_A0, _A1)> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(__f);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef allocator<_FF> _A;
+            _A __a;
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(__f, allocator<_F>(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+template <class _F, class _Alloc>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0, _F __f,
+                                 typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1)> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(__f);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>
+#else
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>::other
+#endif
+                                                         _A;
+            _A __a(__a0);
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(__f, _Alloc(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>&
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::operator=(const function& __f)
+{
+    function(__f).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>&
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::operator=(nullptr_t)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+    __f_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+template <class _F>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_integral<_F>::value,
+    function<_R(_A0, _A1)>&
+>::type
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::operator=(_F __f)
+{
+    function(_VSTD::move(__f)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::~function()
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+void
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::swap(function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_ && __f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        typename aligned_storage<sizeof(__buf_)>::type __tempbuf;
+        __base* __t = (__base*)&__tempbuf;
+        __f_->__clone(__t);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = 0;
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = 0;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __t->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __t->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = __f_;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+    }
+    else
+        _VSTD::swap(__f_, __f.__f_);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+_R
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::operator()(_A0 __a0, _A1 __a1) const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        throw bad_function_call();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return (*__f_)(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+const std::type_info&
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::target_type() const
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return typeid(void);
+    return __f_->target_type();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+template <typename _T>
+_T*
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::target()
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (_T*)0;
+    return (_T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1>
+template <typename _T>
+const _T*
+function<_R(_A0, _A1)>::target() const
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (const _T*)0;
+    return (const _T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>
+{
+    typedef __function::__base<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)> __base;
+    aligned_storage<3*sizeof(void*)>::type __buf_;
+    __base* __f_;
+
+    template <class _F>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(const _F&) {return true;}
+    template <class _R2, class _B0, class _B1, class _B2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (*__p)(_B0, _B1, _B2)) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class _B1, class _B2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_B1, _B2)) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class _B1, class _B2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_B1, _B2) const) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class _B1, class _B2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_B1, _B2) volatile) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class _B1, class _B2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_B1, _B2) const volatile) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _B0, class _B1, class _B2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(const function<_R(_B0, _B1, _B2)>& __p) {return __p;}
+public:
+    typedef _R result_type;
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.1, construct/copy/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit function() : __f_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY function(nullptr_t) : __f_(0) {}
+    function(const function&);
+    template<class _F>
+      function(_F,
+               typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&) : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, nullptr_t) : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function&);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _F __f,
+               typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    function& operator=(const function&);
+    function& operator=(nullptr_t);
+    template<class _F>
+      typename enable_if
+      <
+        !is_integral<_F>::value,
+        function&
+      >::type
+      operator=(_F);
+
+    ~function();
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.2, function modifiers:
+    void swap(function&);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      void assign(_F __f, const _Alloc& __a)
+        {function(allocator_arg, __a, __f).swap(*this);}
+
+    // 20.7.16.2.3, function capacity:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator bool() const {return __f_;}
+
+private:
+    // deleted overloads close possible hole in the type system
+    template<class _R2, class _B0, class _B1, class _B2>
+      bool operator==(const function<_R2(_B0, _B1, _B2)>&) const;// = delete;
+    template<class _R2, class _B0, class _B1, class _B2>
+      bool operator!=(const function<_R2(_B0, _B1, _B2)>&) const;// = delete;
+public:
+    // 20.7.16.2.4, function invocation:
+    _R operator()(_A0, _A1, _A2) const;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    // 20.7.16.2.5, function target access:
+    const std::type_info& target_type() const;
+    template <typename _T> _T* target();
+    template <typename _T> const _T* target() const;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::function(const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+template<class _Alloc>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&,
+                                      const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+template <class _F>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::function(_F __f,
+                                     typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, allocator<_F>, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(__f);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef allocator<_FF> _A;
+            _A __a;
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(__f, allocator<_F>(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+template <class _F, class _Alloc>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0, _F __f,
+                                     typename enable_if<!is_integral<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_A0, _A1, _A2)> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(__f);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>
+#else
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>::other
+#endif
+                                                         _A;
+            _A __a(__a0);
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(__f, _Alloc(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>&
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::operator=(const function& __f)
+{
+    function(__f).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>&
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::operator=(nullptr_t)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+    __f_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+template <class _F>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_integral<_F>::value,
+    function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>&
+>::type
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::operator=(_F __f)
+{
+    function(_VSTD::move(__f)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::~function()
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+void
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::swap(function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_ && __f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        typename aligned_storage<sizeof(__buf_)>::type __tempbuf;
+        __base* __t = (__base*)&__tempbuf;
+        __f_->__clone(__t);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = 0;
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = 0;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __t->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __t->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = __f_;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+    }
+    else
+        _VSTD::swap(__f_, __f.__f_);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+_R
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::operator()(_A0 __a0, _A1 __a1, _A2 __a2) const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        throw bad_function_call();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return (*__f_)(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+const std::type_info&
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::target_type() const
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return typeid(void);
+    return __f_->target_type();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+template <typename _T>
+_T*
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::target()
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (_T*)0;
+    return (_T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+template <typename _T>
+const _T*
+function<_R(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::target() const
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (const _T*)0;
+    return (const _T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const function<_F>& __f, nullptr_t) {return !__f;}
+
+template <class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(nullptr_t, const function<_F>& __f) {return !__f;}
+
+template <class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const function<_F>& __f, nullptr_t) {return (bool)__f;}
+
+template <class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(nullptr_t, const function<_F>& __f) {return (bool)__f;}
+
+template <class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(function<_F>& __x, function<_F>& __y)
+{return __x.swap(__y);}
+
+template<class _Tp> struct __is_bind_expression : public false_type {};
+template<class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_bind_expression
+    : public __is_bind_expression<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+template<class _Tp> struct __is_placeholder : public integral_constant<int, 0> {};
+template<class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_placeholder
+    : public __is_placeholder<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+namespace placeholders
+{
+
+template <int _N> struct __ph {};
+
+extern __ph<1>   _1;
+extern __ph<2>   _2;
+extern __ph<3>   _3;
+extern __ph<4>   _4;
+extern __ph<5>   _5;
+extern __ph<6>   _6;
+extern __ph<7>   _7;
+extern __ph<8>   _8;
+extern __ph<9>   _9;
+extern __ph<10> _10;
+
+}  // placeholders
+
+template<int _N>
+struct __is_placeholder<placeholders::__ph<_N> >
+    : public integral_constant<int, _N> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Uj>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp&
+__mu(reference_wrapper<_Tp> __t, _Uj&)
+{
+    return __t.get();
+}
+/*
+template <bool _IsBindExpr, class _Ti, class ..._Uj>
+struct __mu_return1 {};
+
+template <class _Ti, class ..._Uj>
+struct __mu_return1<true, _Ti, _Uj...>
+{
+    typedef typename result_of<_Ti(_Uj...)>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class ..._Uj, size_t ..._Indx>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __mu_return1<true, _Ti, _Uj...>::type
+__mu_expand(_Ti& __ti, tuple<_Uj...>&& __uj, __tuple_indices<_Indx...>)
+{
+    __ti(_VSTD::forward<typename tuple_element<_Indx, _Uj>::type>(get<_Indx>(__uj))...);
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, class ..._Uj>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value,
+    typename __mu_return1<is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value, _Ti, _Uj...>::type
+>::type
+__mu(_Ti& __ti, tuple<_Uj...>& __uj)
+{
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Uj)>::type __indices;
+    return  __mu_expand(__ti, __uj, __indices());
+}
+
+template <bool IsPh, class _Ti, class _Uj>
+struct __mu_return2 {};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _Uj>
+struct __mu_return2<true, _Ti, _Uj>
+{
+    typedef typename tuple_element<is_placeholder<_Ti>::value - 1, _Uj>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _Uj>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    0 < is_placeholder<_Ti>::value,
+    typename __mu_return2<0 < is_placeholder<_Ti>::value, _Ti, _Uj>::type
+>::type
+__mu(_Ti&, _Uj& __uj)
+{
+    const size_t _Indx = is_placeholder<_Ti>::value - 1;
+    // compiler bug workaround
+    typename tuple_element<_Indx, _Uj>::type __t = get<_Indx>(__uj);
+    return __t;
+//    return _VSTD::forward<typename tuple_element<_Indx, _Uj>::type>(get<_Indx>(__uj));
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, class _Uj>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value &&
+    is_placeholder<_Ti>::value == 0 &&
+    !__is_reference_wrapper<_Ti>::value,
+    _Ti&
+>::type
+__mu(_Ti& __ti, _Uj& __uj)
+{
+    return __ti;
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, bool IsBindEx, bool IsPh, class _TupleUj>
+struct ____mu_return;
+
+template <class _Ti, class ..._Uj>
+struct ____mu_return<_Ti, true, false, tuple<_Uj...> >
+{
+    typedef typename result_of<_Ti(_Uj...)>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct ____mu_return<_Ti, false, true, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef typename tuple_element<is_placeholder<_Ti>::value - 1,
+                                   _TupleUj>::type&& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct ____mu_return<_Ti, false, false, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef _Ti& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct __mu_return
+    : public ____mu_return<_Ti,
+                           is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value,
+                           0 < is_placeholder<_Ti>::value,
+                           _TupleUj>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct __mu_return<reference_wrapper<_Ti>, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef _Ti& type;
+};
+
+template <class _F, class _BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __bind_return;
+
+template <class _F, class ..._BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __bind_return<_F, tuple<_BoundArgs...>, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef typename __ref_return
+    <
+        _F&,
+        typename __mu_return
+        <
+            _BoundArgs,
+            _TupleUj
+        >::type...
+    >::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _F, class ..._BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __bind_return<_F, const tuple<_BoundArgs...>, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef typename __ref_return
+    <
+        _F&,
+        typename __mu_return
+        <
+            const _BoundArgs,
+            _TupleUj
+        >::type...
+    >::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _F, class _BoundArgs, size_t ..._Indx, class _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __bind_return<_F, _BoundArgs, _Args>::type
+__apply_functor(_F& __f, _BoundArgs& __bound_args, __tuple_indices<_Indx...>,
+                _Args&& __args)
+{
+    return __invoke(__f, __mu(get<_Indx>(__bound_args), __args)...);
+}
+
+template<class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+class __bind
+{
+    _F __f_;
+    tuple<_BoundArgs...> __bound_args_;
+
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_BoundArgs)>::type __indices;
+public:
+    template <class _G, class ..._BA>
+      explicit __bind(_G&& __f, _BA&& ...__bound_args)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::forward<_G>(__f)),
+          __bound_args_(_VSTD::forward<_BA>(__bound_args)...) {}
+
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        typename __bind_return<_F, tuple<_BoundArgs...>, tuple<_Args&&...> >::type
+        operator()(_Args&& ...__args)
+        {
+            // compiler bug workaround
+            return __apply_functor(__f_, __bound_args_, __indices(),
+                                  tuple<_Args&&...>(__args...));
+        }
+
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        typename __bind_return<_F, tuple<_BoundArgs...>, tuple<_Args&&...> >::type
+        operator()(_Args&& ...__args) const
+        {
+            return __apply_functor(__f_, __bound_args_, __indices(),
+                                   tuple<_Args&&...>(__args...));
+        }
+};
+
+template<class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+struct __is_bind_expression<__bind<_F, _BoundArgs...> > : public true_type {};
+
+template<class _R, class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+class __bind_r
+    : public __bind<_F, _BoundArgs...>
+{
+    typedef __bind<_F, _BoundArgs...> base;
+public:
+    typedef _R result_type;
+
+    template <class _G, class ..._BA>
+      explicit __bind_r(_G&& __f, _BA&& ...__bound_args)
+        : base(_VSTD::forward<_G>(__f),
+               _VSTD::forward<_BA>(__bound_args)...) {}
+
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        result_type
+        operator()(_Args&& ...__args)
+        {
+            return base::operator()(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        }
+
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        result_type
+        operator()(_Args&& ...__args) const
+        {
+            return base::operator()(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        }
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+struct __is_bind_expression<__bind_r<_R, _F, _BoundArgs...> > : public true_type {};
+
+template<class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bind<typename decay<_F>::type, typename decay<_BoundArgs>::type...>
+bind(_F&& __f, _BoundArgs&&... __bound_args)
+{
+    typedef __bind<typename decay<_F>::type, typename decay<_BoundArgs>::type...> type;
+    return type(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f), _VSTD::forward<_BoundArgs>(__bound_args)...);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bind_r<_R, typename decay<_F>::type, typename decay<_BoundArgs>::type...>
+bind(_F&& __f, _BoundArgs&&... __bound_args)
+{
+    typedef __bind_r<_R, typename decay<_F>::type, typename decay<_BoundArgs>::type...> type;
+    return type(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f), _VSTD::forward<_BoundArgs>(__bound_args)...);
+}
+*/
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL_03
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__functional_base b/system/include/libcxx/__functional_base
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..441ab4f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__functional_base
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL_BASE
+#define _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL_BASE
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <exception>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Arg, class _Result>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unary_function
+{
+    typedef _Arg    argument_type;
+    typedef _Result result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _Arg1, class _Arg2, class _Result>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE binary_function
+{
+    typedef _Arg1   first_argument_type;
+    typedef _Arg2   second_argument_type;
+    typedef _Result result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_result_type
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::result_type* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#include <__functional_base_03>
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// __weak_result_type
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __derives_from_unary_function
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _A, class _R>
+        static unary_function<_A, _R>
+        __test(const volatile unary_function<_A, _R>*);
+public:
+    static const bool value = !is_same<decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)), __two>::value;
+    typedef decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __derives_from_binary_function
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _A1, class _A2, class _R>
+        static binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+        __test(const volatile binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>*);
+public:
+    static const bool value = !is_same<decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)), __two>::value;
+    typedef decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __derives_from_unary_function<_Tp>::value>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function  // bool is true
+    : public __derives_from_unary_function<_Tp>::type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Tp, false>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __derives_from_binary_function<_Tp>::value>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function  // bool is true
+    : public __derives_from_binary_function<_Tp>::type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Tp, false>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __has_result_type<_Tp>::value>
+struct __weak_result_type_imp // bool is true
+    : public __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Tp>,
+      public __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Tp>
+{
+    typedef typename _Tp::result_type result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __weak_result_type_imp<_Tp, false>
+    : public __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Tp>,
+      public __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Tp>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __weak_result_type
+    : public __weak_result_type_imp<_Tp>
+{
+};
+
+// 0 argument case
+
+template <class _R>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R ()>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (&)()>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (*)()>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+// 1 argument case
+
+template <class _R, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_A1)>
+    : public unary_function<_A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (&)(_A1)>
+    : public unary_function<_A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (*)(_A1)>
+    : public unary_function<_A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)()>
+    : public unary_function<_C*, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)() const>
+    : public unary_function<const _C*, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)() volatile>
+    : public unary_function<volatile _C*, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)() const volatile>
+    : public unary_function<const volatile _C*, _R>
+{
+};
+
+// 2 argument case
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_A1, _A2)>
+    : public binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (*)(_A1, _A2)>
+    : public binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (&)(_A1, _A2)>
+    : public binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1)>
+    : public binary_function<_C*, _A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1) const>
+    : public binary_function<const _C*, _A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1) volatile>
+    : public binary_function<volatile _C*, _A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1) const volatile>
+    : public binary_function<const volatile _C*, _A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+// 3 or more arguments
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2, class _A3, class ..._A4>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_A1, _A2, _A3, _A4...)>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2, class _A3, class ..._A4>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (&)(_A1, _A2, _A3, _A4...)>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2, class _A3, class ..._A4>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (*)(_A1, _A2, _A3, _A4...)>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1, class _A2, class ..._A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1, _A2, _A3...)>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1, class _A2, class ..._A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1, _A2, _A3...) const>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1, class _A2, class ..._A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1, _A2, _A3...) volatile>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1, class _A2, class ..._A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1, _A2, _A3...) const volatile>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+// __invoke
+
+// bullets 1 and 2
+
+template <class _F, class _A0, class ..._Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args)
+    -> decltype((_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0).*__f)(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...))
+{
+    return (_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0).*__f)(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _F, class _A0, class ..._Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args)
+    -> decltype(((*_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0)).*__f)(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...))
+{
+    return ((*_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0)).*__f)(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+// bullets 3 and 4
+
+template <class _F, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _A0&& __a0)
+    -> decltype(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0).*__f)
+{
+    return _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0).*__f;
+}
+
+template <class _F, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _A0&& __a0)
+    -> decltype((*_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0)).*__f)
+{
+    return (*_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0)).*__f;
+}
+
+// bullet 5
+
+template <class _F, class ..._Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _Args&& ...__args)
+    -> decltype(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...))
+{
+    return _VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class ..._Args>
+struct __invoke_return
+{
+    typedef decltype(__invoke(_VSTD::declval<_Tp>(), _VSTD::declval<_Args>()...)) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE reference_wrapper
+    : public __weak_result_type<_Tp>
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Tp type;
+private:
+    type* __f_;
+
+public:
+    // construct/copy/destroy
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference_wrapper(type& __f) _NOEXCEPT : __f_(&__f) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    private: reference_wrapper(type&&); public: // = delete; // do not bind to temps
+#endif
+
+    // access
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator type&    () const _NOEXCEPT {return *__f_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY          type& get() const _NOEXCEPT {return *__f_;}
+
+    // invoke
+    template <class... _ArgTypes>
+       _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+       typename __invoke_of<type&, _ArgTypes...>::type
+          operator() (_ArgTypes&&... __args) const
+          {
+              return __invoke(get(), _VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+          }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct ____is_reference_wrapper : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct ____is_reference_wrapper<reference_wrapper<_Tp> > : public true_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_reference_wrapper
+    : public ____is_reference_wrapper<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+reference_wrapper<_Tp>
+ref(_Tp& __t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return reference_wrapper<_Tp>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+reference_wrapper<_Tp>
+ref(reference_wrapper<_Tp> __t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return ref(__t.get());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+reference_wrapper<const _Tp>
+cref(const _Tp& __t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return reference_wrapper<const _Tp>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+reference_wrapper<const _Tp>
+cref(reference_wrapper<_Tp> __t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return cref(__t.get());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+
+template <class _Tp> void ref(const _Tp&& __t) = delete;
+template <class _Tp> void cref(const _Tp&& __t) = delete;
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+
+template <class _Tp> void ref(const _Tp&& __t);// = delete;
+template <class _Tp> void cref(const _Tp&& __t);// = delete;
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL_BASE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__functional_base_03 b/system/include/libcxx/__functional_base_03
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fabda5bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__functional_base_03
@@ -0,0 +1,1087 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL_BASE_03
+#define _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL_BASE_03
+
+// manual variadic expansion for <functional>
+
+// __weak_result_type
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __derives_from_unary_function
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _A, class _R>
+        static unary_function<_A, _R>
+        __test(const volatile unary_function<_A, _R>*);
+public:
+    static const bool value = !is_same<decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)), __two>::value;
+    typedef decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __derives_from_binary_function
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _A1, class _A2, class _R>
+        static binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+        __test(const volatile binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>*);
+public:
+    static const bool value = !is_same<decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)), __two>::value;
+    typedef decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __derives_from_unary_function<_Tp>::value>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function  // bool is true
+    : public __derives_from_unary_function<_Tp>::type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Tp, false>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __derives_from_binary_function<_Tp>::value>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function  // bool is true
+    : public __derives_from_binary_function<_Tp>::type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Tp, false>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __has_result_type<_Tp>::value>
+struct __weak_result_type_imp // bool is true
+    : public __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Tp>,
+      public __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Tp>
+{
+    typedef typename _Tp::result_type result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __weak_result_type_imp<_Tp, false>
+    : public __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Tp>,
+      public __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Tp>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __weak_result_type
+    : public __weak_result_type_imp<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>
+{
+};
+
+// 0 argument case
+
+template <class _R>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R ()>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (&)()>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (*)()>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+// 1 argument case
+
+template <class _R, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_A1)>
+    : public unary_function<_A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (&)(_A1)>
+    : public unary_function<_A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (*)(_A1)>
+    : public unary_function<_A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)()>
+    : public unary_function<_C*, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)() const>
+    : public unary_function<const _C*, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)() volatile>
+    : public unary_function<volatile _C*, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)() const volatile>
+    : public unary_function<const volatile _C*, _R>
+{
+};
+
+// 2 argument case
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_A1, _A2)>
+    : public binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (*)(_A1, _A2)>
+    : public binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (&)(_A1, _A2)>
+    : public binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1)>
+    : public binary_function<_C*, _A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1) const>
+    : public binary_function<const _C*, _A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1) volatile>
+    : public binary_function<volatile _C*, _A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1) const volatile>
+    : public binary_function<const volatile _C*, _A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+// 3 or more arguments
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2, class _A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_A1, _A2, _A3)>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2, class _A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (&)(_A1, _A2, _A3)>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _A1, class _A2, class _A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (*)(_A1, _A2, _A3)>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1, _A2)>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1, _A2) const>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _C, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_R (_C::*)(_A1, _A2) volatile>
+{
+    typedef _R result_type;
+};
+
+// __invoke
+
+// __ref_return0
+//
+// template <class _Tp, bool _HasResultType>
+// struct ________ref_return0  // _HasResultType is true
+// {
+//     typedef typename _Tp::result_type type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp>
+// struct ________ref_return0<_Tp, false>
+// {
+//     typedef void type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, bool _IsClass>
+// struct ____ref_return0  // _IsClass is true
+//     : public ________ref_return0<_Tp, __has_result_type<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type>::value>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, bool _HasResultType>
+// struct ______ref_return0  // _HasResultType is true
+// {
+//     typedef typename __callable_type<_Tp>::result_type type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp>
+// struct ______ref_return0<_Tp, false>  // pointer to member data
+// {
+//     typedef void type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp>
+// struct ____ref_return0<_Tp, false>
+//     : public ______ref_return0<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type,
+//                  __has_result_type<__callable_type<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> >::value>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp>
+// struct __ref_return0
+//     : public ____ref_return0<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type,
+//                    is_class<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// __ref_return1
+//
+// template <class _Tp, bool _IsClass, class _A0>
+// struct ____ref_return1  // _IsClass is true
+// {
+//     typedef typename result_of<_Tp(_A0)>::type type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, bool _HasResultType, class _A0>
+// struct ______ref_return1  // _HasResultType is true
+// {
+//     typedef typename __callable_type<_Tp>::result_type type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, class _A0, bool>
+// struct __ref_return1_member_data1;
+//
+// template <class _R, class _C, class _A0>
+// struct __ref_return1_member_data1<_R _C::*, _A0, true>
+// {
+//     typedef typename __apply_cv<_A0, _R>::type& type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _R, class _C, class _A0>
+// struct __ref_return1_member_data1<_R _C::*, _A0, false>
+// {
+//     static _A0 __a;
+//     typedef typename __apply_cv<decltype(*__a), _R>::type& type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+// struct __ref_return1_member_data;
+//
+// template <class _R, class _C, class _A0>
+// struct __ref_return1_member_data<_R _C::*, _A0>
+//     : public __ref_return1_member_data1<_R _C::*, _A0,
+//                 is_same<typename remove_cv<_C>::type,
+//                         typename remove_cv<typename remove_reference<_A0>::type>::type>::value>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+// struct ______ref_return1<_Tp, false, _A0>  // pointer to member data
+//     : public __ref_return1_member_data<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type, _A0>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+// struct ____ref_return1<_Tp, false, _A0>
+//     : public ______ref_return1<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type,
+//                  __has_result_type<__callable_type<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> >::value, _A0>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+// struct __ref_return1
+//     : public ____ref_return1<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type,
+//                    is_class<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value, _A0>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// __ref_return2
+//
+// template <class _Tp, bool _IsClass, class _A0, class _A1>
+// struct ____ref_return2  // _IsClass is true
+// {
+//     typedef typename result_of<_Tp(_A0, _A1)>::type type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, bool _HasResultType, class _A0, class _A1>
+// struct ______ref_return2  // _HasResultType is true
+// {
+//     typedef typename __callable_type<_Tp>::result_type type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp>
+// struct ______ref_return2<_Tp, false, class _A0, class _A1>  // pointer to member data
+// {
+//     static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "An attempt has been made to `call` a pointer"
+//                          " to member data with too many arguments.");
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+// struct ____ref_return2<_Tp, false, _A0, _A1>
+//     : public ______ref_return2<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type,
+//                  __has_result_type<__callable_type<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> >::value, _A0, _A1>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+// struct __ref_return2
+//     : public ____ref_return2<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type,
+//                    is_class<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value, _A0, _A1>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// __ref_return3
+//
+// template <class _Tp, bool _IsClass, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+// struct ____ref_return3  // _IsClass is true
+// {
+//     typedef typename result_of<_Tp(_A0, _A1, _A2)>::type type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, bool _HasResultType, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+// struct ______ref_return3  // _HasResultType is true
+// {
+//     typedef typename __callable_type<_Tp>::result_type type;
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp>
+// struct ______ref_return3<_Tp, false, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>  // pointer to member data
+// {
+//     static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "An attempt has been made to `call` a pointer"
+//                          " to member data with too many arguments.");
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+// struct ____ref_return3<_Tp, false, _A0, _A1, _A2>
+//     : public ______ref_return3<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type,
+//                  __has_result_type<__callable_type<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> >::value, _A0, _A1, _A2>
+// {
+// };
+//
+// template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+// struct __ref_return3
+//     : public ____ref_return3<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type,
+//                    is_class<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value, _A0, _A1, _A2>
+// {
+// };
+
+// first bullet
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(), _T1& __t1)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)();
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0), _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1), _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1, _A2), _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)() const, _T1& __t1)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)();
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0) const, _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1) const, _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1, _A2) const, _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)() volatile, _T1& __t1)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)();
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0) volatile, _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1) volatile, _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1, _A2) volatile, _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)() const volatile, _T1& __t1)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)();
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0) const volatile, _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1) const volatile, _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1, _A2) const volatile, _T1& __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return (__t1.*__f)(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+// second bullet
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(), _T1 __t1)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)();
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0), _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1), _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1, _A2), _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)() const, _T1 __t1)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)();
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0) const, _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1) const, _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1, _A2) const, _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)() volatile, _T1 __t1)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)();
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0) volatile, _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1) volatile, _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1, _A2) volatile, _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)() const volatile, _T1 __t1)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)();
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0) const volatile, _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1) const volatile, _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    _R
+>::type
+__invoke(_R (_T::*__f)(_A0, _A1, _A2) const volatile, _T1 __t1, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return ((*__t1).*__f)(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+// third bullet
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+    typename __apply_cv<_T1, _R>::type&
+>::type
+__invoke(_R _T::* __f, _T1& __t1)
+{
+    return __t1.*__f;
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _T>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__invoke(_R _T::*)
+{
+}
+
+// template <class _D, class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+// inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+// typename enable_if
+// <
+//     is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+//     typename __ref_return1<_R _T::*, _T1>::type
+// >::type
+// __invoke(_R _T::* __f, _T1& __t1)
+// {
+//     return __t1.*__f;
+// }
+
+// forth bullet
+
+template <class _T1, class _R, bool>
+struct __4th_helper
+{
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _R>
+struct __4th_helper<_T1, _R, true>
+{
+    typedef typename __apply_cv<decltype(*_VSTD::declval<_T1>()), _R>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __4th_helper<_T1, _R,
+                      !is_base_of<_T,
+                                  typename remove_reference<_T1>::type
+                                 >::value
+                     >::type&
+__invoke(_R _T::* __f, _T1& __t1)
+{
+    return (*__t1).*__f;
+}
+
+// template <class _D, class _R, class _T, class _T1>
+// inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+// typename enable_if
+// <
+//     !is_base_of<_T, typename remove_reference<_T1>::type>::value,
+//     typename __ref_return1<_R _T::*, _T1>::type
+// >::type
+// __invoke(_R _T::* __f, _T1 __t1)
+// {
+//     return (*__t1).*__f;
+// }
+
+// fifth bullet
+
+template <class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+decltype(declval<_F>()())
+__invoke(_F __f)
+{
+    return __f();
+}
+
+template <class _F, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+decltype(declval<_F>()(declval<_A0&>()))
+__invoke(_F __f, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return __f(__a0);
+}
+
+template <class _F, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+decltype(declval<_F>()(declval<_A0&>(), declval<_A1&>()))
+__invoke(_F __f, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return __f(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template <class _F, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+decltype(declval<_F>()(declval<_A0&>(), declval<_A1&>(), declval<_A2&>()))
+__invoke(_F __f, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return __f(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+// template <class _R, class _F>
+// inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+// _R
+// __invoke(_F& __f)
+// {
+//     return __f();
+// }
+//
+// template <class _R, class _F, class _A0>
+// inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+// typename enable_if
+// <
+//     !is_member_pointer<_F>::value,
+//     _R
+// >::type
+// __invoke(_F& __f, _A0& __a0)
+// {
+//     return __f(__a0);
+// }
+//
+// template <class _R, class _F, class _A0, class _A1>
+// inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+// _R
+// __invoke(_F& __f, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+// {
+//     return __f(__a0, __a1);
+// }
+//
+// template <class _R, class _F, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+// inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+// _R
+// __invoke(_F& __f, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+// {
+//     return __f(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+// }
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_type
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::type* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _F, bool = __has_result_type<__weak_result_type<_F> >::value>
+struct __invoke_return
+{
+    typedef typename __weak_result_type<_F>::result_type type;
+};
+
+template <class _F>
+struct __invoke_return<_F, false>
+{
+    typedef decltype(__invoke(_VSTD::declval<_F>())) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+struct __invoke_return0
+{
+    typedef decltype(__invoke(_VSTD::declval<_Tp>(), _VSTD::declval<_A0>())) type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _A0>
+struct __invoke_return0<_R _T::*, _A0>
+{
+    typedef typename __apply_cv<_A0, _R>::type& type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _T, class _A0>
+struct __invoke_return0<_R _T::*, _A0*>
+{
+    typedef typename __apply_cv<_A0, _R>::type& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct __invoke_return1
+{
+    typedef decltype(__invoke(_VSTD::declval<_Tp>(), _VSTD::declval<_A0>(),
+                                                    _VSTD::declval<_A1>())) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __invoke_return2
+{
+    typedef decltype(__invoke(_VSTD::declval<_Tp>(), _VSTD::declval<_A0>(),
+                                                    _VSTD::declval<_A1>(),
+                                                    _VSTD::declval<_A2>())) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE reference_wrapper
+    : public __weak_result_type<_Tp>
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Tp type;
+private:
+    type* __f_;
+
+public:
+    // construct/copy/destroy
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference_wrapper(type& __f) : __f_(&__f) {}
+
+    // access
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator type&    () const {return *__f_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY          type& get() const {return *__f_;}
+
+    // invoke
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    typename __invoke_return<type&>::type
+       operator() () const
+       {
+           return __invoke(get());
+       }
+
+    template <class _A0>
+       _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+       typename __invoke_return0<type&, _A0>::type
+          operator() (_A0& __a0) const
+          {
+              return __invoke(get(), __a0);
+          }
+
+    template <class _A0, class _A1>
+       _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+       typename __invoke_return1<type&, _A0, _A1>::type
+          operator() (_A0& __a0, _A1& __a1) const
+          {
+              return __invoke(get(), __a0, __a1);
+          }
+
+    template <class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+       _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+       typename __invoke_return2<type&, _A0, _A1, _A2>::type
+          operator() (_A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2) const
+          {
+              return __invoke(get(), __a0, __a1, __a2);
+          }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct ____is_reference_wrapper : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct ____is_reference_wrapper<reference_wrapper<_Tp> > : public true_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_reference_wrapper
+    : public ____is_reference_wrapper<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+reference_wrapper<_Tp>
+ref(_Tp& __t)
+{
+    return reference_wrapper<_Tp>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+reference_wrapper<_Tp>
+ref(reference_wrapper<_Tp> __t)
+{
+    return ref(__t.get());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+reference_wrapper<const _Tp>
+cref(const _Tp& __t)
+{
+    return reference_wrapper<const _Tp>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+reference_wrapper<const _Tp>
+cref(reference_wrapper<_Tp> __t)
+{
+    return cref(__t.get());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL_BASE_03
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__hash_table b/system/include/libcxx/__hash_table
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9578fa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__hash_table
@@ -0,0 +1,1916 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP__HASH_TABLE
+#define _LIBCPP__HASH_TABLE
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <memory>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE
+size_t __next_prime(size_t __n);
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __hash_node_base
+{
+    typedef __hash_node_base __first_node;
+ //   typedef _NodePtr pointer;
+
+    _NodePtr    __next_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_node_base() _NOEXCEPT : __next_(nullptr) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __hash_node
+    : public __hash_node_base
+             <
+                 typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                     rebind<__hash_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> >
+#else
+                     rebind<__hash_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> >::other
+#endif
+             >
+{
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+    size_t     __hash_;
+    value_type __value_;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc> class __hash_table;
+template <class _ConstNodePtr> class __hash_const_iterator;
+template <class _HashIterator> class __hash_map_iterator;
+template <class _HashIterator> class __hash_map_const_iterator;
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_map;
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_iterator
+{
+    typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+
+    __node_pointer            __node_;
+
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                         iterator_category;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::element_type::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                  reference;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                     rebind<value_type>
+#else
+                     rebind<value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                         pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        reference operator*() const {return __node_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pointer operator->() const {return _VSTD::addressof(__node_->__value_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_iterator& operator++()
+    {
+        __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __hash_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __hash_iterator& __x, const __hash_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__node_ == __y.__node_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __hash_iterator& __x, const __hash_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__node_ != __y.__node_;}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_iterator(__node_pointer __node) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __node_(__node)
+        {}
+
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class __hash_table;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_iterator;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_iterator;
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_map;
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_multimap;
+};
+
+template <class _ConstNodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_iterator
+{
+    typedef _ConstNodePtr __node_pointer;
+
+    __node_pointer         __node_;
+
+    typedef typename remove_const<
+        typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::element_type
+                                 >::type __node;
+
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                       iterator_category;
+    typedef typename __node::value_type                value_type;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type&                          reference;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<const value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<const value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                       pointer;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<__node>
+#else
+            rebind<__node>::other
+#endif
+                                                      __non_const_node_pointer;
+    typedef __hash_iterator<__non_const_node_pointer> __non_const_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    __hash_const_iterator(const __non_const_iterator& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __node_(__x.__node_)
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        reference operator*() const {return __node_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pointer operator->() const {return _VSTD::addressof(__node_->__value_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_const_iterator& operator++()
+    {
+        __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_const_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __hash_const_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __hash_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__node_ == __y.__node_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __hash_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__node_ != __y.__node_;}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_const_iterator(__node_pointer __node) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __node_(__node)
+        {}
+
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class __hash_table;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_const_iterator;
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_map;
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_multimap;
+};
+
+template <class _ConstNodePtr> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_local_iterator;
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_local_iterator
+{
+    typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+
+    __node_pointer         __node_;
+    size_t                 __bucket_;
+    size_t                 __bucket_count_;
+
+    typedef pointer_traits<__node_pointer>          __pointer_traits;
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                                iterator_category;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::element_type::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::difference_type          difference_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                         reference;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                                pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_local_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        reference operator*() const {return __node_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pointer operator->() const {return &__node_->__value_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_local_iterator& operator++()
+    {
+        __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+        if (__node_ != nullptr && __node_->__hash_ % __bucket_count_ != __bucket_)
+            __node_ = nullptr;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_local_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __hash_local_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __hash_local_iterator& __x, const __hash_local_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__node_ == __y.__node_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __hash_local_iterator& __x, const __hash_local_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__node_ != __y.__node_;}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_local_iterator(__node_pointer __node, size_t __bucket,
+                          size_t __bucket_count) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __node_(__node),
+          __bucket_(__bucket),
+          __bucket_count_(__bucket_count)
+        {
+            if (__node_ != nullptr)
+                __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+        }
+
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class __hash_table;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_local_iterator;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _ConstNodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_local_iterator
+{
+    typedef _ConstNodePtr __node_pointer;
+
+    __node_pointer         __node_;
+    size_t                 __bucket_;
+    size_t                 __bucket_count_;
+
+    typedef pointer_traits<__node_pointer>          __pointer_traits;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::element_type __node;
+    typedef typename remove_const<__node>::type     __non_const_node;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<__non_const_node>
+#else
+            rebind<__non_const_node>::other
+#endif
+                                                    __non_const_node_pointer;
+    typedef __hash_local_iterator<__non_const_node_pointer>
+                                                    __non_const_iterator;
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                       iterator_category;
+    typedef typename remove_const<
+                        typename __pointer_traits::element_type::value_type
+                     >::type                           value_type;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type&                          reference;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<const value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<const value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                       pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_const_local_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_const_local_iterator(const __non_const_iterator& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __node_(__x.__node_),
+          __bucket_(__x.__bucket_),
+          __bucket_count_(__x.__bucket_count_)
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        reference operator*() const {return __node_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pointer operator->() const {return &__node_->__value_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_const_local_iterator& operator++()
+    {
+        __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+        if (__node_ != nullptr && __node_->__hash_ % __bucket_count_ != __bucket_)
+            __node_ = nullptr;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_const_local_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __hash_const_local_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __hash_const_local_iterator& __x, const __hash_const_local_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__node_ == __y.__node_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __hash_const_local_iterator& __x, const __hash_const_local_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__node_ != __y.__node_;}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_const_local_iterator(__node_pointer __node, size_t __bucket,
+                                size_t __bucket_count) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __node_(__node),
+          __bucket_(__bucket),
+          __bucket_count_(__bucket_count)
+        {
+            if (__node_ != nullptr)
+                __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+        }
+
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class __hash_table;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __bucket_list_deallocator
+{
+    typedef _Alloc                                          allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>                __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type              size_type;
+
+    __compressed_pair<size_type, allocator_type> __data_;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bucket_list_deallocator()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+        : __data_(0) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bucket_list_deallocator(const allocator_type& __a, size_type __size)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+        : __data_(__size, __a) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bucket_list_deallocator(__bucket_list_deallocator&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+        : __data_(_VSTD::move(__x.__data_))
+    {
+        __x.size() = 0;
+    }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type& size() _NOEXCEPT {return __data_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type  size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __data_.first();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT {return __data_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const allocator_type& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT {return __data_.second();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __p, size());
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc> class __hash_map_node_destructor;
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __hash_node_destructor
+{
+    typedef _Alloc                                          allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>                __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::value_type::value_type value_type;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer                pointer;
+private:
+
+    allocator_type& __na_;
+
+    __hash_node_destructor& operator=(const __hash_node_destructor&);
+
+public:
+    bool __value_constructed;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __hash_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na,
+                                    bool __constructed = false) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __na_(__na),
+          __value_constructed(__constructed)
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (__value_constructed)
+            __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_));
+        if (__p)
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+    }
+
+    template <class> friend class __hash_map_node_destructor;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+class __hash_table
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp    value_type;
+    typedef _Hash  hasher;
+    typedef _Equal key_equal;
+    typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+
+private:
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+public:
+    typedef value_type&                              reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                        const_reference;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+public:
+    // Create __node
+    typedef __hash_node<value_type, typename __alloc_traits::void_pointer> __node;
+    typedef typename __node::__first_node                            __first_node;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<__node>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<__node>::other
+#endif
+                                                     __node_allocator;
+    typedef allocator_traits<__node_allocator>       __node_traits;
+    typedef typename __node_traits::pointer          __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename __node_traits::const_pointer    __node_const_pointer;
+
+private:
+
+    typedef typename __node_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<__node_pointer>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<__node_pointer>::other
+#endif
+                                                            __pointer_allocator;
+    typedef __bucket_list_deallocator<__pointer_allocator> __bucket_list_deleter;
+    typedef unique_ptr<__node_pointer[], __bucket_list_deleter> __bucket_list;
+    typedef allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>          __pointer_alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __bucket_list_deleter::pointer __node_pointer_pointer;
+
+    // --- Member data begin ---
+    __bucket_list                                     __bucket_list_;
+    __compressed_pair<__first_node, __node_allocator> __p1_;
+    __compressed_pair<size_type, hasher>              __p2_;
+    __compressed_pair<float, key_equal>               __p3_;
+    // --- Member data end ---
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type& size() _NOEXCEPT {return __p2_.first();}
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type  size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __p2_.first();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hasher& hash_function() _NOEXCEPT {return __p2_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const hasher& hash_function() const _NOEXCEPT {return __p2_.second();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float& max_load_factor() _NOEXCEPT {return __p3_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float  max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {return __p3_.first();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_equal& key_eq() _NOEXCEPT {return __p3_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const key_equal& key_eq() const _NOEXCEPT {return __p3_.second();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node_allocator& __node_alloc() _NOEXCEPT {return __p1_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const __node_allocator& __node_alloc() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __p1_.second();}
+
+public:
+    typedef __hash_iterator<__node_pointer>                   iterator;
+    typedef __hash_const_iterator<__node_const_pointer>       const_iterator;
+    typedef __hash_local_iterator<__node_pointer>             local_iterator;
+    typedef __hash_const_local_iterator<__node_const_pointer> const_local_iterator;
+
+    __hash_table()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<__bucket_list>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<__first_node>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value);
+    __hash_table(const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql);
+    __hash_table(const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+                 const allocator_type& __a);
+    explicit __hash_table(const allocator_type& __a);
+    __hash_table(const __hash_table& __u);
+    __hash_table(const __hash_table& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __hash_table(__hash_table&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<__bucket_list>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<__first_node>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value);
+    __hash_table(__hash_table&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~__hash_table();
+
+    __hash_table& operator=(const __hash_table& __u);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __hash_table& operator=(__hash_table&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+#endif
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void __assign_unique(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void __assign_multi(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>::max_size(
+            __bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc());
+    }
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> __node_insert_unique(__node_pointer __nd);
+    iterator             __node_insert_multi(__node_pointer __nd);
+    iterator             __node_insert_multi(const_iterator __p,
+                                             __node_pointer __nd);
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class... _Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique(_Args&&... __args);
+    template <class... _Args>
+        iterator __emplace_multi(_Args&&... __args);
+    template <class... _Args>
+        iterator __emplace_hint_multi(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(const value_type& __x);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _P>
+        pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(_P&& __x);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _P>
+        iterator __insert_multi(_P&& __x);
+    template <class _P>
+        iterator __insert_multi(const_iterator __p, _P&& __x);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    iterator __insert_multi(const value_type& __x);
+    iterator __insert_multi(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __x);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+    void rehash(size_type __n);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void reserve(size_type __n)
+        {rehash(static_cast<size_type>(ceil(__n / max_load_factor())));}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size();
+    }
+
+    iterator       begin() _NOEXCEPT;
+    iterator       end() _NOEXCEPT;
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Key>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        size_type bucket(const _Key& __k) const
+            {return hash_function()(__k) % bucket_count();}
+
+    template <class _Key>
+        iterator       find(const _Key& __x);
+    template <class _Key>
+        const_iterator find(const _Key& __x) const;
+
+    typedef __hash_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    typedef unique_ptr<__node, _D> __node_holder;
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last);
+    template <class _Key>
+        size_type __erase_unique(const _Key& __k);
+    template <class _Key>
+        size_type __erase_multi(const _Key& __k);
+    __node_holder remove(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Key>
+        size_type __count_unique(const _Key& __k) const;
+    template <class _Key>
+        size_type __count_multi(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+    template <class _Key>
+        pair<iterator, iterator>
+        __equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k);
+    template <class _Key>
+        pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>
+        __equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+    template <class _Key>
+        pair<iterator, iterator>
+        __equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k);
+    template <class _Key>
+        pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>
+        __equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+    void swap(__hash_table& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            (!allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<__pointer_allocator>::value) &&
+            (!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value) &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<hasher>::value &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_equal>::value);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc().max_size();}
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+        return __bc != 0 ? (float)size() / __bc : 0.f;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void max_load_factor(float __mlf) _NOEXCEPT
+        {max_load_factor() = _VSTD::max(__mlf, load_factor());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY local_iterator       begin(size_type __n)
+        {return local_iterator(__bucket_list_[__n], __n, bucket_count());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY local_iterator       end(size_type __n)
+        {return local_iterator(nullptr, __n, bucket_count());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const
+        {return const_local_iterator(__bucket_list_[__n], __n, bucket_count());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const
+        {return const_local_iterator(nullptr, __n, bucket_count());}
+private:
+    void __rehash(size_type __n);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_Args&& ...__args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    __node_holder __construct_node(value_type&& __v, size_t __hash);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __node_holder __construct_node(const value_type& __v);
+#endif
+    __node_holder __construct_node(const value_type& __v, size_t __hash);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __hash_table& __u)
+        {__copy_assign_alloc(__u, integral_constant<bool,
+             __node_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());}
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __hash_table& __u, true_type);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void __copy_assign_alloc(const __hash_table& __u, false_type) {}
+
+    void __move_assign(__hash_table& __u, false_type);
+    void __move_assign(__hash_table& __u, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__hash_table& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !__node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+            (is_nothrow_move_assignable<__pointer_allocator>::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value))
+        {__move_assign_alloc(__u, integral_constant<bool,
+             __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__hash_table& __u, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<__pointer_allocator>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+    {
+        __bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc() =
+                _VSTD::move(__u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc());
+        __node_alloc() = _VSTD::move(__u.__node_alloc());
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void __move_assign_alloc(__hash_table&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    template <class _A>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static
+    void
+    __swap_alloc(_A& __x, _A& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !allocator_traits<_A>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<_A>::value)
+    {
+        __swap_alloc(__x, __y,
+                     integral_constant<bool,
+                        allocator_traits<_A>::propagate_on_container_swap::value
+                                      >());
+    }
+
+    template <class _A>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static
+    void
+    __swap_alloc(_A& __x, _A& __y, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_A>::value)
+    {
+        using _VSTD::swap;
+        swap(__x, __y);
+    }
+
+    template <class _A>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static
+    void
+    __swap_alloc(_A& __x, _A& __y, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    void __deallocate(__node_pointer __np) _NOEXCEPT;
+    __node_pointer __detach() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table()
+    _NOEXCEPT_(
+        is_nothrow_default_constructible<__bucket_list>::value &&
+        is_nothrow_default_constructible<__first_node>::value &&
+        is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+        is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value)
+    : __p2_(0),
+      __p3_(1.0f)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(const hasher& __hf,
+                                                       const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter()),
+      __p1_(),
+      __p2_(0, __hf),
+      __p3_(1.0f, __eql)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(const hasher& __hf,
+                                                       const key_equal& __eql,
+                                                       const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter(__pointer_allocator(__a), 0)),
+      __p1_(__node_allocator(__a)),
+      __p2_(0, __hf),
+      __p3_(1.0f, __eql)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter(__pointer_allocator(__a), 0)),
+      __p1_(__node_allocator(__a)),
+      __p2_(0),
+      __p3_(1.0f)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(const __hash_table& __u)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr,
+          __bucket_list_deleter(allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>::
+              select_on_container_copy_construction(
+                  __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc()), 0)),
+      __p1_(allocator_traits<__node_allocator>::
+          select_on_container_copy_construction(__u.__node_alloc())),
+      __p2_(0, __u.hash_function()),
+      __p3_(__u.__p3_)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(const __hash_table& __u,
+                                                       const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter(__pointer_allocator(__a), 0)),
+      __p1_(__node_allocator(__a)),
+      __p2_(0, __u.hash_function()),
+      __p3_(__u.__p3_)
+{
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(__hash_table&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<__bucket_list>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<__first_node>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value)
+    : __bucket_list_(_VSTD::move(__u.__bucket_list_)),
+      __p1_(_VSTD::move(__u.__p1_)),
+      __p2_(_VSTD::move(__u.__p2_)),
+      __p3_(_VSTD::move(__u.__p3_))
+{
+    if (size() > 0)
+    {
+        __bucket_list_[__p1_.first().__next_->__hash_ % bucket_count()] =
+            static_cast<__node_pointer>(_VSTD::addressof(__p1_.first()));
+        __u.__p1_.first().__next_ = nullptr;
+        __u.size() = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(__hash_table&& __u,
+                                                       const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter(__pointer_allocator(__a), 0)),
+      __p1_(__node_allocator(__a)),
+      __p2_(0, _VSTD::move(__u.hash_function())),
+      __p3_(_VSTD::move(__u.__p3_))
+{
+    if (__a == allocator_type(__u.__node_alloc()))
+    {
+        __bucket_list_.reset(__u.__bucket_list_.release());
+        __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size();
+        __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = 0;
+        if (__u.size() > 0)
+        {
+            __p1_.first().__next_ = __u.__p1_.first().__next_;
+            __u.__p1_.first().__next_ = nullptr;
+            __bucket_list_[__p1_.first().__next_->__hash_ % bucket_count()] =
+                static_cast<__node_pointer>(_VSTD::addressof(__p1_.first()));
+            size() = __u.size();
+            __u.size() = 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::~__hash_table()
+{
+    __deallocate(__p1_.first().__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__copy_assign_alloc(
+        const __hash_table& __u, true_type)
+{
+    if (__node_alloc() != __u.__node_alloc())
+    {
+        clear();
+        __bucket_list_.reset();
+        __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = 0;
+    }
+    __bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc() = __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc();
+    __node_alloc() = __u.__node_alloc();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>&
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::operator=(const __hash_table& __u)
+{
+    if (this != &__u)
+    {
+        __copy_assign_alloc(__u);
+        hash_function() = __u.hash_function();
+        key_eq() = __u.key_eq();
+        max_load_factor() = __u.max_load_factor();
+        __assign_multi(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__deallocate(__node_pointer __np)
+    _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+    while (__np != nullptr)
+    {
+        __node_pointer __next = __np->__next_;
+        __node_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__np->__value_));
+        __node_traits::deallocate(__na, __np, 1);
+        __np = __next;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_pointer
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__detach() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __bc; ++__i)
+        __bucket_list_[__i] = nullptr;
+    size() = 0;
+    __node_pointer __cache = __p1_.first().__next_;
+    __p1_.first().__next_ = nullptr;
+    return __cache;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__move_assign(
+        __hash_table& __u, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value &&
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value)
+{
+    clear();
+    __bucket_list_.reset(__u.__bucket_list_.release());
+    __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size();
+    __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = 0;
+    __move_assign_alloc(__u);
+    size() = __u.size();
+    hash_function() = _VSTD::move(__u.hash_function());
+    max_load_factor() = __u.max_load_factor();
+    key_eq() = _VSTD::move(__u.key_eq());
+    __p1_.first().__next_ = __u.__p1_.first().__next_;
+    if (size() > 0)
+    {
+        __bucket_list_[__p1_.first().__next_->__hash_ % bucket_count()] =
+            static_cast<__node_pointer>(_VSTD::addressof(__p1_.first()));
+        __u.__p1_.first().__next_ = nullptr;
+        __u.size() = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__move_assign(
+        __hash_table& __u, false_type)
+{
+    if (__node_alloc() == __u.__node_alloc())
+        __move_assign(__u, true_type());
+    else
+    {
+        hash_function() = _VSTD::move(__u.hash_function());
+        key_eq() = _VSTD::move(__u.key_eq());
+        max_load_factor() = __u.max_load_factor();
+        if (bucket_count() != 0)
+        {
+            __node_pointer __cache = __detach();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            try
+            {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                const_iterator __i = __u.begin();
+                while (__cache != nullptr && __u.size() != 0)
+                {
+                    __cache->__value_ = _VSTD::move(__u.remove(__i++)->__value_);
+                    __node_pointer __next = __cache->__next_;
+                    __node_insert_multi(__cache);
+                    __cache = __next;
+                }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            }
+            catch (...)
+            {
+                __deallocate(__cache);
+                throw;
+            }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __deallocate(__cache);
+        }
+        const_iterator __i = __u.begin();
+        while (__u.size() != 0)
+        {
+            __node_holder __h =
+                    __construct_node(_VSTD::move(__u.remove(__i++)->__value_));
+            __node_insert_multi(__h.get());
+            __h.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>&
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::operator=(__hash_table&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(
+        __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value &&
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value)
+{
+    __move_assign(__u, integral_constant<bool,
+                  __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__assign_unique(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                          _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    if (bucket_count() != 0)
+    {
+        __node_pointer __cache = __detach();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (; __cache != nullptr && __first != __last; ++__first)
+            {
+                __cache->__value_ = *__first;
+                __node_pointer __next = __cache->__next_;
+                __node_insert_unique(__cache);
+                __cache = __next;
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            __deallocate(__cache);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __deallocate(__cache);
+    }
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__assign_multi(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                         _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    if (bucket_count() != 0)
+    {
+        __node_pointer __cache = __detach();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (; __cache != nullptr && __first != __last; ++__first)
+            {
+                __cache->__value_ = *__first;
+                __node_pointer __next = __cache->__next_;
+                __node_insert_multi(__cache);
+                __cache = __next;
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            __deallocate(__cache);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __deallocate(__cache);
+    }
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::begin() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return iterator(__p1_.first().__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::end() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return iterator(nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::begin() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return const_iterator(__p1_.first().__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::end() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return const_iterator(nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::clear() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (size() > 0)
+    {
+        __deallocate(__p1_.first().__next_);
+        __p1_.first().__next_ = nullptr;
+        size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+        for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __bc; ++__i)
+            __bucket_list_[__i] = nullptr;
+        size() = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator, bool>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_unique(__node_pointer __nd)
+{
+    __nd->__hash_ = hash_function()(__nd->__value_);
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    bool __inserted = false;
+    __node_pointer __ndptr;
+    size_t __chash;
+    if (__bc != 0)
+    {
+        __chash = __nd->__hash_ % __bc;
+        __ndptr = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+        if (__ndptr != nullptr)
+        {
+            for (__ndptr = __ndptr->__next_; __ndptr != nullptr &&
+                                             __ndptr->__hash_ % __bc == __chash;
+                                                     __ndptr = __ndptr->__next_)
+            {
+                if (key_eq()(__ndptr->__value_, __nd->__value_))
+                    goto __done;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        if (size()+1 > __bc * max_load_factor() || __bc == 0)
+        {
+            rehash(_VSTD::max<size_type>(2 * __bc + 1,
+                           size_type(ceil(float(size() + 1) / max_load_factor()))));
+            __bc = bucket_count();
+            __chash = __nd->__hash_ % __bc;
+        }
+        // insert_after __bucket_list_[__chash], or __first_node if bucket is null
+        __node_pointer __pn = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+        if (__pn == nullptr)
+        {
+            __pn = static_cast<__node_pointer>(_VSTD::addressof(__p1_.first()));
+            __nd->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+            __pn->__next_ = __nd;
+            // fix up __bucket_list_
+            __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pn;
+            if (__nd->__next_ != nullptr)
+                __bucket_list_[__nd->__next_->__hash_ % __bc] = __nd;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __nd->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+            __pn->__next_ = __nd;
+        }
+        __ndptr = __nd;
+        // increment size
+        ++size();
+        __inserted = true;
+    }
+__done:
+    return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__ndptr), __inserted);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_multi(__node_pointer __cp)
+{
+    __cp->__hash_ = hash_function()(__cp->__value_);
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    if (size()+1 > __bc * max_load_factor() || __bc == 0)
+    {
+        rehash(_VSTD::max<size_type>(2 * __bc + 1,
+                       size_type(ceil(float(size() + 1) / max_load_factor()))));
+        __bc = bucket_count();
+    }
+    size_t __chash = __cp->__hash_ % __bc;
+    __node_pointer __pn = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+    if (__pn == nullptr)
+    {
+        __pn = static_cast<__node_pointer>(_VSTD::addressof(__p1_.first()));
+        __cp->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+        __pn->__next_ = __cp;
+        // fix up __bucket_list_
+        __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pn;
+        if (__cp->__next_ != nullptr)
+            __bucket_list_[__cp->__next_->__hash_ % __bc] = __cp;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (bool __found = false; __pn->__next_ != nullptr &&
+                                   __pn->__next_->__hash_ % __bc == __chash;
+                                                           __pn = __pn->__next_)
+        {
+            //      __found    key_eq()     action
+            //      false       false       loop
+            //      true        true        loop
+            //      false       true        set __found to true
+            //      true        false       break
+            if (__found != (__pn->__next_->__hash_ == __cp->__hash_ &&
+                            key_eq()(__pn->__next_->__value_, __cp->__value_)))
+            {
+                if (!__found)
+                    __found = true;
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        __cp->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+        __pn->__next_ = __cp;
+        if (__cp->__next_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            size_t __nhash = __cp->__next_->__hash_ % __bc;
+            if (__nhash != __chash)
+                __bucket_list_[__nhash] = __cp;
+        }
+    }
+    ++size();
+    return iterator(__cp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_multi(
+        const_iterator __p, __node_pointer __cp)
+{
+    if (__p != end() && key_eq()(*__p, __cp->__value_))
+    {
+        __node_pointer __np = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__node_);
+        __cp->__hash_ = __np->__hash_;
+        size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+        if (size()+1 > __bc * max_load_factor() || __bc == 0)
+        {
+            rehash(_VSTD::max<size_type>(2 * __bc + 1,
+                           size_type(ceil(float(size() + 1) / max_load_factor()))));
+            __bc = bucket_count();
+        }
+        size_t __chash = __cp->__hash_ % __bc;
+        __node_pointer __pp = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+        while (__pp->__next_ != __np)
+            __pp = __pp->__next_;
+        __cp->__next_ = __np;
+        __pp->__next_ = __cp;
+        ++size();
+        return iterator(__cp);
+    }
+    return __node_insert_multi(__cp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator, bool>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__insert_unique(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    size_t __hash = hash_function()(__x);
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    bool __inserted = false;
+    __node_pointer __nd;
+    size_t __chash;
+    if (__bc != 0)
+    {
+        __chash = __hash % __bc;
+        __nd = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+        if (__nd != nullptr)
+        {
+            for (__nd = __nd->__next_; __nd != nullptr &&
+                                       __nd->__hash_ % __bc == __chash;
+                                                           __nd = __nd->__next_)
+            {
+                if (key_eq()(__nd->__value_, __x))
+                    goto __done;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__x, __hash);
+        if (size()+1 > __bc * max_load_factor() || __bc == 0)
+        {
+            rehash(_VSTD::max<size_type>(2 * __bc + 1,
+                           size_type(ceil(float(size() + 1) / max_load_factor()))));
+            __bc = bucket_count();
+            __chash = __hash % __bc;
+        }
+        // insert_after __bucket_list_[__chash], or __first_node if bucket is null
+        __node_pointer __pn = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+        if (__pn == nullptr)
+        {
+            __pn = static_cast<__node_pointer>(_VSTD::addressof(__p1_.first()));
+            __h->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+            __pn->__next_ = __h.get();
+            // fix up __bucket_list_
+            __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pn;
+            if (__h->__next_ != nullptr)
+                __bucket_list_[__h->__next_->__hash_ % __bc] = __h.get();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __h->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+            __pn->__next_ = __h.get();
+        }
+        __nd = __h.release();
+        // increment size
+        ++size();
+        __inserted = true;
+    }
+__done:
+    return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__nd), __inserted);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator, bool>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__emplace_unique(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    pair<iterator, bool> __r = __node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+    if (__r.second)
+        __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__emplace_multi(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    iterator __r = __node_insert_multi(__h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__emplace_hint_multi(
+        const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    iterator __r = __node_insert_multi(__p, __h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _P>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator, bool>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__insert_unique(_P&& __x)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_P>(__x));
+    pair<iterator, bool> __r = __node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+    if (__r.second)
+        __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _P>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__insert_multi(_P&& __x)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_P>(__x));
+    iterator __r = __node_insert_multi(__h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _P>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__insert_multi(const_iterator __p,
+                                                         _P&& __x)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_P>(__x));
+    iterator __r = __node_insert_multi(__p, __h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__insert_multi(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__x);
+    iterator __r = __node_insert_multi(__h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__insert_multi(const_iterator __p,
+                                                         const value_type& __x)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__x);
+    iterator __r = __node_insert_multi(__p, __h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::rehash(size_type __n)
+{
+    __n = __next_prime(_VSTD::max<size_type>(__n, size() > 0));
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    if (__n > __bc)
+        __rehash(__n);
+    else
+    {
+        __n = _VSTD::max<size_type>
+              (
+                  __n,
+                  __next_prime(size_t(ceil(float(size()) / max_load_factor())))
+              );
+        if (__n < __bc)
+            __rehash(__n);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__rehash(size_type __nbc)
+{
+    __pointer_allocator& __npa = __bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc();
+    __bucket_list_.reset(__nbc > 0 ?
+                      __pointer_alloc_traits::allocate(__npa, __nbc) : nullptr);
+    __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = __nbc;
+    if (__nbc > 0)
+    {
+        for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __nbc; ++__i)
+            __bucket_list_[__i] = nullptr;
+        __node_pointer __pp(static_cast<__node_pointer>(_VSTD::addressof(__p1_.first())));
+        __node_pointer __cp = __pp->__next_;
+        if (__cp != nullptr)
+        {
+            size_type __chash = __cp->__hash_ % __nbc;
+            __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pp;
+            size_type __phash = __chash;
+            for (__pp = __cp, __cp = __cp->__next_; __cp != nullptr;
+                                                           __cp = __pp->__next_)
+            {
+                __chash = __cp->__hash_ % __nbc;
+                if (__chash == __phash)
+                    __pp = __cp;
+                else
+                {
+                    if (__bucket_list_[__chash] == nullptr)
+                    {
+                        __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pp;
+                        __pp = __cp;
+                        __phash = __chash;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        __node_pointer __np = __cp;
+                        for (; __np->__next_ != nullptr &&
+                               key_eq()(__cp->__value_, __np->__next_->__value_);
+                                                           __np = __np->__next_)
+                            ;
+                        __pp->__next_ = __np->__next_;
+                        __np->__next_ = __bucket_list_[__chash]->__next_;
+                        __bucket_list_[__chash]->__next_ = __cp;
+
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::find(const _Key& __k)
+{
+    size_t __hash = hash_function()(__k);
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    if (__bc != 0)
+    {
+        size_t __chash = __hash % __bc;
+        __node_pointer __nd = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+        if (__nd != nullptr)
+        {
+            for (__nd = __nd->__next_; __nd != nullptr &&
+                                       __nd->__hash_ % __bc == __chash;
+                                                           __nd = __nd->__next_)
+            {
+                if (key_eq()(__nd->__value_, __k))
+                    return iterator(__nd);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return end();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::find(const _Key& __k) const
+{
+    size_t __hash = hash_function()(__k);
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    if (__bc != 0)
+    {
+        size_t __chash = __hash % __bc;
+        __node_const_pointer __nd = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+        if (__nd != nullptr)
+        {
+            for (__nd = __nd->__next_; __nd != nullptr &&
+                                           __nd->__hash_ % __bc == __chash;
+                                                           __nd = __nd->__next_)
+            {
+                if (key_eq()(__nd->__value_, __k))
+                    return const_iterator(__nd);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+    return end();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class ..._Args>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__construct_node(_Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __h.get_deleter().__value_constructed = true;
+    __h->__hash_ = hash_function()(__h->__value_);
+    __h->__next_ = nullptr;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__construct_node(value_type&& __v,
+                                                           size_t __hash)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), _VSTD::move(__v));
+    __h.get_deleter().__value_constructed = true;
+    __h->__hash_ = __hash;
+    __h->__next_ = nullptr;
+    return _VSTD::move(__h);
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__construct_node(const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), __v);
+    __h.get_deleter().__value_constructed = true;
+    __h->__hash_ = hash_function()(__h->__value_);
+    __h->__next_ = nullptr;
+    return _VSTD::move(__h);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__construct_node(const value_type& __v,
+                                                           size_t __hash)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), __v);
+    __h.get_deleter().__value_constructed = true;
+    __h->__hash_ = __hash;
+    __h->__next_ = nullptr;
+    return _VSTD::move(__h);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::erase(const_iterator __p)
+{
+    __node_pointer __np = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__node_);
+    iterator __r(__np);
+    ++__r;
+    remove(__p);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::erase(const_iterator __first,
+                                                const_iterator __last)
+{
+    for (const_iterator __p = __first; __first != __last; __p = __first)
+    {
+        ++__first;
+        erase(__p);
+    }
+    __node_pointer __np = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__last.__node_);
+    return iterator (__np);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__erase_unique(const _Key& __k)
+{
+    iterator __i = find(__k);
+    if (__i == end())
+        return 0;
+    erase(__i);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__erase_multi(const _Key& __k)
+{
+    size_type __r = 0;
+    iterator __i = find(__k);
+    if (__i != end())
+    {
+        iterator __e = end();
+        do
+        {
+            erase(__i++);
+            ++__r;
+        } while (__i != __e && key_eq()(*__i, __k));
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::remove(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    // current node
+    __node_pointer __cn = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__node_);
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    size_t __chash = __cn->__hash_ % __bc;
+    // find previous node
+    __node_pointer __pn = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+    for (; __pn->__next_ != __cn; __pn = __pn->__next_)
+        ;
+    // Fix up __bucket_list_
+        // if __pn is not in same bucket (before begin is not in same bucket) &&
+        //    if __cn->__next_ is not in same bucket (nullptr is not in same bucket)
+    if (__pn == _VSTD::addressof(__p1_.first()) || __pn->__hash_ % __bc != __chash)
+    {
+        if (__cn->__next_ == nullptr || __cn->__next_->__hash_ % __bc != __chash)
+            __bucket_list_[__chash] = nullptr;
+    }
+        // if __cn->__next_ is not in same bucket (nullptr is in same bucket)
+    if (__cn->__next_ != nullptr)
+    {
+        size_t __nhash = __cn->__next_->__hash_ % __bc;
+        if (__nhash != __chash)
+            __bucket_list_[__nhash] = __pn;
+    }
+    // remove __cn
+    __pn->__next_ = __cn->__next_;
+    __cn->__next_ = nullptr;
+    --size();
+    return __node_holder(__cn, _D(__node_alloc(), true));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__count_unique(const _Key& __k) const
+{
+    return static_cast<size_type>(find(__k) != end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__count_multi(const _Key& __k) const
+{
+    size_type __r = 0;
+    const_iterator __i = find(__k);
+    if (__i != end())
+    {
+        const_iterator __e = end();
+        do
+        {
+            ++__i;
+            ++__r;
+        } while (__i != __e && key_eq()(*__i, __k));
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator,
+     typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__equal_range_unique(
+        const _Key& __k)
+{
+    iterator __i = find(__k);
+    iterator __j = __i;
+    if (__i != end())
+        ++__j;
+    return pair<iterator, iterator>(__i, __j);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator,
+     typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__equal_range_unique(
+        const _Key& __k) const
+{
+    const_iterator __i = find(__k);
+    const_iterator __j = __i;
+    if (__i != end())
+        ++__j;
+    return pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>(__i, __j);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator,
+     typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__equal_range_multi(
+        const _Key& __k)
+{
+    iterator __i = find(__k);
+    iterator __j = __i;
+    if (__i != end())
+    {
+        iterator __e = end();
+        do
+        {
+            ++__j;
+        } while (__j != __e && key_eq()(*__j, __k));
+    }
+    return pair<iterator, iterator>(__i, __j);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator,
+     typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__equal_range_multi(
+        const _Key& __k) const
+{
+    const_iterator __i = find(__k);
+    const_iterator __j = __i;
+    if (__i != end())
+    {
+        const_iterator __e = end();
+        do
+        {
+            ++__j;
+        } while (__j != __e && key_eq()(*__j, __k));
+    }
+    return pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>(__i, __j);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::swap(__hash_table& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(
+        (!allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+         __is_nothrow_swappable<__pointer_allocator>::value) &&
+        (!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+         __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value) &&
+        __is_nothrow_swappable<hasher>::value &&
+        __is_nothrow_swappable<key_equal>::value)
+{
+    {
+    __node_pointer_pointer __npp = __bucket_list_.release();
+    __bucket_list_.reset(__u.__bucket_list_.release());
+    __u.__bucket_list_.reset(__npp);
+    }
+    _VSTD::swap(__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size(), __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size());
+    __swap_alloc(__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc(),
+             __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc());
+    __swap_alloc(__node_alloc(), __u.__node_alloc());
+    _VSTD::swap(__p1_.first().__next_, __u.__p1_.first().__next_);
+    __p2_.swap(__u.__p2_);
+    __p3_.swap(__u.__p3_);
+    if (size() > 0)
+        __bucket_list_[__p1_.first().__next_->__hash_ % bucket_count()] =
+            static_cast<__node_pointer>(_VSTD::addressof(__p1_.first()));
+    if (__u.size() > 0)
+        __u.__bucket_list_[__u.__p1_.first().__next_->__hash_ % __u.bucket_count()] =
+            static_cast<__node_pointer>(_VSTD::addressof(__u.__p1_.first()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::bucket_size(size_type __n) const
+{
+    __node_const_pointer __np = __bucket_list_[__n];
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    size_type __r = 0;
+    if (__np != nullptr)
+    {
+        for (__np = __np->__next_; __np != nullptr &&
+                                   __np->__hash_ % __bc == __n;
+                                                    __np = __np->__next_, ++__r)
+            ;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>& __x,
+     __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP__HASH_TABLE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__locale b/system/include/libcxx/__locale
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1c0dd7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__locale
@@ -0,0 +1,1404 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+//class locale; // XXX Emscripten
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <string>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <locale.h>
+#if _WIN32
+# include <support/win32/locale.h>
+#else  // _WIN32
+/* XXX EMSCRIPTEN # include <xlocale.h> */
+#endif  // _WIN32
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class locale;
+
+template <class _Facet> bool has_facet(const locale&) _NOEXCEPT;
+template <class _Facet> const _Facet& use_facet(const locale&);
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE locale
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    class facet;
+    class id;
+
+    typedef int category;
+    /* XXX Emscripten
+    static const category // values assigned here are for exposition only
+        none     = 0,
+        collate  = LC_COLLATE_MASK,
+        ctype    = LC_CTYPE_MASK,
+        monetary = LC_MONETARY_MASK,
+        numeric  = LC_NUMERIC_MASK,
+        time     = LC_TIME_MASK,
+        messages = LC_MESSAGES_MASK,
+        all = collate | ctype | monetary | numeric | time | messages;
+    */
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    locale()  _NOEXCEPT;
+    locale(const locale&)  _NOEXCEPT;
+    explicit locale(const char*);
+    explicit locale(const string&);
+    locale(const locale&, const char*, category);
+    locale(const locale&, const string&, category);
+    template <class _Facet>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY locale(const locale&, _Facet*);
+    locale(const locale&, const locale&, category);
+
+    ~locale();
+
+    const locale& operator=(const locale&)  _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Facet> locale combine(const locale&) const;
+
+    // locale operations:
+    string name() const;
+    bool operator==(const locale&) const;
+    bool operator!=(const locale& __y) const {return !(*this == __y);}
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+      bool operator()(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&,
+                      const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&) const;
+
+    // global locale objects:
+    static locale global(const locale&);
+    static const locale& classic();
+
+private:
+    class __imp;
+    __imp* __locale_;
+
+    void __install_ctor(const locale&, facet*, long);
+    static locale& __global();
+    bool has_facet(id&) const;
+    const facet* use_facet(id&) const;
+
+    template <class _Facet> friend bool has_facet(const locale&)  _NOEXCEPT;
+    template <class _Facet> friend const _Facet& use_facet(const locale&);
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE locale::facet
+    : public __shared_count
+{
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit facet(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : __shared_count(static_cast<long>(__refs)-1) {}
+
+    virtual ~facet();
+
+//    facet(const facet&) = delete;     // effectively done in __shared_count
+//    void operator=(const facet&) = delete;
+private:
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE locale::id
+{
+    once_flag      __flag_;
+    int32_t        __id_;
+
+    static int32_t __next_id;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY id() {}
+private:
+    void __init();
+    void operator=(const id&); // = delete;
+    id(const id&); // = delete;
+public:  // only needed for tests
+    long __get();
+
+    friend class locale;
+    friend class locale::__imp;
+};
+
+template <class _Facet>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+locale::locale(const locale& __other, _Facet* __f)
+{
+    __install_ctor(__other, __f, __f ? __f->id.__get() : 0);
+}
+
+template <class _Facet>
+locale
+locale::combine(const locale& __other) const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (!_VSTD::has_facet<_Facet>(__other))
+        throw runtime_error("locale::combine: locale missing facet");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return locale(*this, &const_cast<_Facet&>(_VSTD::use_facet<_Facet>(__other)));
+}
+
+template <class _Facet>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+has_facet(const locale& __l)  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __l.has_facet(_Facet::id);
+}
+
+template <class _Facet>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _Facet&
+use_facet(const locale& __l)
+{
+    return static_cast<const _Facet&>(*__l.use_facet(_Facet::id));
+}
+
+// template <class _CharT> class collate;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE collate
+    : public locale::facet
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit collate(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
+                const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const
+    {
+        return do_compare(__lo1, __hi1, __lo2, __hi2);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    string_type transform(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const
+    {
+        return do_transform(__lo, __hi);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    long hash(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const
+    {
+        return do_hash(__lo, __hi);
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    ~collate();
+    virtual int do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
+                           const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const;
+    virtual string_type do_transform(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const
+        {return string_type(__lo, __hi);}
+    virtual long do_hash(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT> locale::id collate<_CharT>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+collate<_CharT>::~collate()
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int
+collate<_CharT>::do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
+                            const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const
+{
+    for (; __lo2 != __hi2; ++__lo1, ++__lo2)
+    {
+        if (__lo1 == __hi1 || *__lo1 < *__lo2)
+            return -1;
+        if (*__lo2 < *__lo1)
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return __lo1 != __hi1;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+long
+collate<_CharT>::do_hash(const char_type* lo, const char_type* hi) const
+{
+    size_t h = 0;
+    const size_t sr = __CHAR_BIT__ * sizeof(size_t) - 8;
+    const size_t mask = size_t(0xF) << (sr + 4);
+    for(const char_type* p = lo; p != hi; ++p)
+    {
+        h = (h << 4) + *p;
+        size_t g = h & mask;
+        h ^= g | (g >> sr);
+    }
+    return static_cast<long>(h);
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE collate<char>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE collate<wchar_t>;
+
+// template <class CharT> class collate_byname;
+
+template <class _CharT> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE collate_byname;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE collate_byname<char>
+    : public collate<char>
+{
+    locale_t __l;
+public:
+    typedef char char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    explicit collate_byname(const char* __n, size_t __refs = 0);
+    explicit collate_byname(const string& __n, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+protected:
+    ~collate_byname();
+    virtual int do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
+                           const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const;
+    virtual string_type do_transform(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE collate_byname<wchar_t>
+    : public collate<wchar_t>
+{
+    locale_t __l;
+public:
+    typedef wchar_t char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    explicit collate_byname(const char* __n, size_t __refs = 0);
+    explicit collate_byname(const string& __n, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+protected:
+    ~collate_byname();
+
+    virtual int do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
+                           const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const;
+    virtual string_type do_transform(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+bool
+locale::operator()(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x,
+                   const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y) const
+{
+    return _VSTD::use_facet<_VSTD::collate<_CharT> >(*this).compare(
+                                       __x.data(), __x.data() + __x.size(),
+                                       __y.data(), __y.data() + __y.size()) < 0;
+}
+
+// template <class charT> class ctype
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ctype_base
+{
+public:
+#if __GLIBC__
+    typedef unsigned short mask;
+    static const mask space  = _ISspace;
+    static const mask print  = _ISprint;
+    static const mask cntrl  = _IScntrl;
+    static const mask upper  = _ISupper;
+    static const mask lower  = _ISlower;
+    static const mask alpha  = _ISalpha;
+    static const mask digit  = _ISdigit;
+    static const mask punct  = _ISpunct;
+    static const mask xdigit = _ISxdigit;
+    static const mask blank  = _ISblank;
+#elif _WIN32
+    typedef unsigned __int32 mask;
+    static const mask space  = _SPACE;
+    static const mask print  = _BLANK|_PUNCT|_ALPHA|_DIGIT;
+    static const mask cntrl  = _CONTROL;
+    static const mask upper  = _UPPER;
+    static const mask lower  = _LOWER;
+    static const mask alpha  = _ALPHA;
+    static const mask digit  = _DIGIT;
+    static const mask punct  = _PUNCT;
+    static const mask xdigit = _HEX;
+    static const mask blank  = _BLANK;
+#else  // __GLIBC__ || _WIN32
+#if __APPLE__
+    typedef __uint32_t mask;
+#elif defined(__FreeBSD__) or defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+    typedef unsigned long mask;
+#endif
+    static const mask space  = _CTYPE_S;
+    static const mask print  = _CTYPE_R;
+    static const mask cntrl  = _CTYPE_C;
+    static const mask upper  = _CTYPE_U;
+    static const mask lower  = _CTYPE_L;
+    static const mask alpha  = _CTYPE_A;
+    static const mask digit  = _CTYPE_D;
+    static const mask punct  = _CTYPE_P;
+    static const mask xdigit = _CTYPE_X;
+    static const mask blank  = _CTYPE_B;
+#endif  // __GLIBC__ || _WIN32
+    static const mask alnum  = alpha | digit;
+    static const mask graph  = alnum | punct;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE ctype_base() {}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ctype;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ctype<wchar_t>
+    : public locale::facet,
+      public ctype_base
+{
+public:
+    typedef wchar_t char_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit ctype(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    bool is(mask __m, char_type __c) const
+    {
+        return do_is(__m, __c);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* is(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, mask* __vec) const
+    {
+        return do_is(__low, __high, __vec);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* scan_is(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const
+    {
+        return do_scan_is(__m, __low, __high);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* scan_not(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const
+    {
+        return do_scan_not(__m, __low, __high);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    char_type toupper(char_type __c) const
+    {
+        return do_toupper(__c);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const
+    {
+        return do_toupper(__low, __high);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    char_type tolower(char_type __c) const
+    {
+        return do_tolower(__c);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const
+    {
+        return do_tolower(__low, __high);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    char_type widen(char __c) const
+    {
+        return do_widen(__c);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char* widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __to) const
+    {
+        return do_widen(__low, __high, __to);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    char narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const
+    {
+        return do_narrow(__c, __dfault);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __to) const
+    {
+        return do_narrow(__low, __high, __dfault, __to);
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    ~ctype();
+    virtual bool do_is(mask __m, char_type __c) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_is(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, mask* __vec) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_scan_is(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_scan_not(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual char_type do_toupper(char_type) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual char_type do_tolower(char_type) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual char_type do_widen(char) const;
+    virtual const char* do_widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __dest) const;
+    virtual char do_narrow(char_type, char __dfault) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __dest) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ctype<char>
+    : public locale::facet, public ctype_base
+{
+    const mask* __tab_;
+    bool        __del_;
+public:
+    typedef char char_type;
+
+    explicit ctype(const mask* __tab = 0, bool __del = false, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    bool is(mask __m, char_type __c) const
+    {
+        return isascii(__c) ? __tab_[__c] & __m : false;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* is(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, mask* __vec) const
+    {
+        for (; __low != __high; ++__low, ++__vec)
+            *__vec = isascii(*__low) ? __tab_[*__low] : 0;
+        return __low;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* scan_is (mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const
+    {
+        for (; __low != __high; ++__low)
+            if (isascii(*__low) && (__tab_[*__low] & __m))
+                break;
+        return __low;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* scan_not(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const
+    {
+        for (; __low != __high; ++__low)
+            if (!(isascii(*__low) && (__tab_[*__low] & __m)))
+                break;
+        return __low;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    char_type toupper(char_type __c) const
+    {
+        return do_toupper(__c);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const
+    {
+        return do_toupper(__low, __high);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    char_type tolower(char_type __c) const
+    {
+        return do_tolower(__c);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char_type* tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const
+    {
+        return do_tolower(__low, __high);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    char_type widen(char __c) const
+    {
+        return do_widen(__c);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char* widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __to) const
+    {
+        return do_widen(__low, __high, __to);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    char narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const
+    {
+        return do_narrow(__c, __dfault);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const char* narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __to) const
+    {
+        return do_narrow(__low, __high, __dfault, __to);
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+#ifdef _CACHED_RUNES
+    static const size_t table_size = _CACHED_RUNES;
+#else
+    static const size_t table_size = 256;  // FIXME: Don't hardcode this.
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE const mask* table() const  _NOEXCEPT {return __tab_;}
+    static const mask* classic_table()  _NOEXCEPT;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    static const int* __classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT;
+    static const int* __classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+
+protected:
+    ~ctype();
+    virtual char_type do_toupper(char_type __c) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual char_type do_tolower(char_type __c) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual char_type do_widen(char __c) const;
+    virtual const char* do_widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __to) const;
+    virtual char do_narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const;
+    virtual const char* do_narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __to) const;
+};
+
+// template <class CharT> class ctype_byname;
+
+template <class _CharT> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ctype_byname;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ctype_byname<char>
+    : public ctype<char>
+{
+    locale_t __l;
+
+public:
+    explicit ctype_byname(const char*, size_t = 0);
+    explicit ctype_byname(const string&, size_t = 0);
+
+protected:
+    ~ctype_byname();
+    virtual char_type do_toupper(char_type) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual char_type do_tolower(char_type) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ctype_byname<wchar_t>
+    : public ctype<wchar_t>
+{
+    locale_t __l;
+
+public:
+    explicit ctype_byname(const char*, size_t = 0);
+    explicit ctype_byname(const string&, size_t = 0);
+
+protected:
+    ~ctype_byname();
+    virtual bool do_is(mask __m, char_type __c) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_is(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, mask* __vec) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_scan_is(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_scan_not(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual char_type do_toupper(char_type) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual char_type do_tolower(char_type) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+    virtual char_type do_widen(char) const;
+    virtual const char* do_widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __dest) const;
+    virtual char do_narrow(char_type, char __dfault) const;
+    virtual const char_type* do_narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __dest) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+isspace(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::space, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+isprint(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::print, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+iscntrl(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::cntrl, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+isupper(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::upper, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+islower(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::lower, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+isalpha(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::alpha, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+isdigit(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::digit, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+ispunct(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::punct, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+isxdigit(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::xdigit, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+isalnum(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::alnum, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+isgraph(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::graph, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_CharT
+toupper(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).toupper(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_CharT
+tolower(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc)
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).tolower(__c);
+}
+
+// codecvt_base
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt_base
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE codecvt_base() {}
+    enum result {ok, partial, error, noconv};
+};
+
+// template <class internT, class externT, class stateT> class codecvt;
+
+template <class _InternT, class _ExternT, class _StateT> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt;
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>
+    : public locale::facet,
+      public codecvt_base
+{
+public:
+    typedef char      intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_encoding();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    bool always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_always_noconv();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const
+    {
+        return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_max_length();
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    ~codecvt();
+
+    virtual result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                          const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                          extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result do_in(state_type& __st,
+                         const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                         intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                              extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual int do_length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+// template <> class codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
+    : public locale::facet,
+      public codecvt_base
+{
+    locale_t __l;
+public:
+    typedef wchar_t   intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_encoding();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    bool always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_always_noconv();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const
+    {
+        return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_max_length();
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+    ~codecvt();
+
+    virtual result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                          const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                          extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result do_in(state_type& __st,
+                         const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                         intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                              extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+    : public locale::facet,
+      public codecvt_base
+{
+public:
+    typedef char16_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_encoding();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    bool always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_always_noconv();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const
+    {
+        return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_max_length();
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    ~codecvt();
+
+    virtual result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                          const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                          extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result do_in(state_type& __st,
+                         const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                         intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                              extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+    : public locale::facet,
+      public codecvt_base
+{
+public:
+    typedef char32_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    result in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const
+    {
+        return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_encoding();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    bool always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_always_noconv();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const
+    {
+        return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return do_max_length();
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    ~codecvt();
+
+    virtual result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                          const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                          extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result do_in(state_type& __st,
+                         const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                         intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                              extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+// template <class _InternT, class _ExternT, class _StateT> class codecvt_byname
+
+template <class _InternT, class _ExternT, class _StateT>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt_byname
+    : public codecvt<_InternT, _ExternT, _StateT>
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : codecvt<_InternT, _ExternT, _StateT>(__nm, __refs) {}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : codecvt<_InternT, _ExternT, _StateT>(__nm.c_str(), __refs) {}
+protected:
+    ~codecvt_byname();
+};
+
+template <class _InternT, class _ExternT, class _StateT>
+codecvt_byname<_InternT, _ExternT, _StateT>::~codecvt_byname()
+{
+}
+
+extern template class codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>;
+extern template class codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+extern template class codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+extern template class codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void __throw_runtime_error(const char*);
+
+template <size_t _N>
+struct __narrow_to_utf8
+{
+    template <class _OutputIterator, class _CharT>
+    _OutputIterator
+    operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const _CharT* __wb, const _CharT* __we) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __narrow_to_utf8<8>
+{
+    template <class _OutputIterator, class _CharT>
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    _OutputIterator
+    operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const _CharT* __wb, const _CharT* __we) const
+    {
+        for (; __wb < __we; ++__wb, ++__s)
+            *__s = *__wb;
+        return __s;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __narrow_to_utf8<16>
+    : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    __narrow_to_utf8() : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(1) {}
+
+    ~__narrow_to_utf8();
+
+    template <class _OutputIterator, class _CharT>
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    _OutputIterator
+    operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const _CharT* __wb, const _CharT* __we) const
+    {
+        result __r = ok;
+        mbstate_t __mb;
+        while (__wb < __we && __r != error)
+        {
+            const int __sz = 32;
+            char __buf[__sz];
+            char* __bn;
+            const char16_t* __wn = (const char16_t*)__wb;
+            __r = do_out(__mb, (const char16_t*)__wb, (const char16_t*)__we, __wn,
+                         __buf, __buf+__sz, __bn);
+            if (__r == codecvt_base::error || __wn == (const char16_t*)__wb)
+                __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+            for (const char* __p = __buf; __p < __bn; ++__p, ++__s)
+                *__s = *__p;
+            __wb = (const _CharT*)__wn;
+        }
+        return __s;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __narrow_to_utf8<32>
+    : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    __narrow_to_utf8() : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(1) {}
+
+    ~__narrow_to_utf8();
+
+    template <class _OutputIterator, class _CharT>
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    _OutputIterator
+    operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const _CharT* __wb, const _CharT* __we) const
+    {
+        result __r = ok;
+        mbstate_t __mb;
+        while (__wb < __we && __r != error)
+        {
+            const int __sz = 32;
+            char __buf[__sz];
+            char* __bn;
+            const char32_t* __wn = (const char32_t*)__wb;
+            __r = do_out(__mb, (const char32_t*)__wb, (const char32_t*)__we, __wn,
+                         __buf, __buf+__sz, __bn);
+            if (__r == codecvt_base::error || __wn == (const char32_t*)__wb)
+                __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+            for (const char* __p = __buf; __p < __bn; ++__p, ++__s)
+                *__s = *__p;
+            __wb = (const _CharT*)__wn;
+        }
+        return __s;
+    }
+};
+
+template <size_t _N>
+struct __widen_from_utf8
+{
+    template <class _OutputIterator>
+    _OutputIterator
+    operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const char* __nb, const char* __ne) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __widen_from_utf8<8>
+{
+    template <class _OutputIterator>
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    _OutputIterator
+    operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const char* __nb, const char* __ne) const
+    {
+        for (; __nb < __ne; ++__nb, ++__s)
+            *__s = *__nb;
+        return __s;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __widen_from_utf8<16>
+    : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    __widen_from_utf8() : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(1) {}
+
+    ~__widen_from_utf8();
+
+    template <class _OutputIterator>
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    _OutputIterator
+    operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const char* __nb, const char* __ne) const
+    {
+        result __r = ok;
+        mbstate_t __mb;
+        while (__nb < __ne && __r != error)
+        {
+            const int __sz = 32;
+            char16_t __buf[__sz];
+            char16_t* __bn;
+            const char* __nn = __nb;
+            __r = do_in(__mb, __nb, __ne - __nb > __sz ? __nb+__sz : __ne, __nn,
+                        __buf, __buf+__sz, __bn);
+            if (__r == codecvt_base::error || __nn == __nb)
+                __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+            for (const char16_t* __p = __buf; __p < __bn; ++__p, ++__s)
+                *__s = (wchar_t)*__p;
+            __nb = __nn;
+        }
+        return __s;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __widen_from_utf8<32>
+    : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    __widen_from_utf8() : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(1) {}
+
+    ~__widen_from_utf8();
+
+    template <class _OutputIterator>
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    _OutputIterator
+    operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const char* __nb, const char* __ne) const
+    {
+        result __r = ok;
+        mbstate_t __mb;
+        while (__nb < __ne && __r != error)
+        {
+            const int __sz = 32;
+            char32_t __buf[__sz];
+            char32_t* __bn;
+            const char* __nn = __nb;
+            __r = do_in(__mb, __nb, __ne - __nb > __sz ? __nb+__sz : __ne, __nn,
+                        __buf, __buf+__sz, __bn);
+            if (__r == codecvt_base::error || __nn == __nb)
+                __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+            for (const char32_t* __p = __buf; __p < __bn; ++__p, ++__s)
+                *__s = (wchar_t)*__p;
+            __nb = __nn;
+        }
+        return __s;
+    }
+};
+
+// template <class charT> class numpunct
+
+template <class _CharT> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numpunct;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numpunct<char>
+    : public locale::facet
+{
+public:
+    typedef char char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    explicit numpunct(size_t __refs = 0);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type decimal_point() const {return do_decimal_point();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type thousands_sep() const {return do_thousands_sep();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string grouping() const         {return do_grouping();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string_type truename() const    {return do_truename();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string_type falsename() const   {return do_falsename();}
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    ~numpunct();
+    virtual char_type do_decimal_point() const;
+    virtual char_type do_thousands_sep() const;
+    virtual string do_grouping() const;
+    virtual string_type do_truename() const;
+    virtual string_type do_falsename() const;
+
+    char_type __decimal_point_;
+    char_type __thousands_sep_;
+    string __grouping_;
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numpunct<wchar_t>
+    : public locale::facet
+{
+public:
+    typedef wchar_t char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    explicit numpunct(size_t __refs = 0);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type decimal_point() const {return do_decimal_point();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type thousands_sep() const {return do_thousands_sep();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string grouping() const         {return do_grouping();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string_type truename() const    {return do_truename();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string_type falsename() const   {return do_falsename();}
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    ~numpunct();
+    virtual char_type do_decimal_point() const;
+    virtual char_type do_thousands_sep() const;
+    virtual string do_grouping() const;
+    virtual string_type do_truename() const;
+    virtual string_type do_falsename() const;
+
+    char_type __decimal_point_;
+    char_type __thousands_sep_;
+    string __grouping_;
+};
+
+// template <class charT> class numpunct_byname
+
+template <class charT> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numpunct_byname;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numpunct_byname<char>
+: public numpunct<char>
+{
+public:
+    typedef char char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    explicit numpunct_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0);
+    explicit numpunct_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+protected:
+    ~numpunct_byname();
+
+private:
+    void __init(const char*);
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numpunct_byname<wchar_t>
+: public numpunct<wchar_t>
+{
+public:
+    typedef wchar_t char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    explicit numpunct_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0);
+    explicit numpunct_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+protected:
+    ~numpunct_byname();
+
+private:
+    void __init(const char*);
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP___LOCALE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__mutex_base b/system/include/libcxx/__mutex_base
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e472fcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__mutex_base
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MUTEX_BASE
+#define _LIBCPP___MUTEX_BASE
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_SHARED_LOCK
+
+namespace ting {
+template <class _Mutex> class shared_lock;
+template <class _Mutex> class upgrade_lock;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_SHARED_LOCK
+
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE mutex
+{
+    pthread_mutex_t __m_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+     mutex() {__m_ = (pthread_mutex_t)PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;}
+     ~mutex();
+
+private:
+    mutex(const mutex&);// = delete;
+    mutex& operator=(const mutex&);// = delete;
+
+public:
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    void unlock();
+
+    typedef pthread_mutex_t* native_handle_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY native_handle_type native_handle() {return &__m_;}
+};
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE defer_lock_t {};
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE try_to_lock_t {};
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE adopt_lock_t {};
+
+//constexpr
+extern const
+defer_lock_t  defer_lock;
+
+//constexpr
+extern const
+try_to_lock_t try_to_lock;
+
+//constexpr
+extern const
+adopt_lock_t  adopt_lock;
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE lock_guard
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Mutex mutex_type;
+
+private:
+    mutex_type& __m_;
+public:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit lock_guard(mutex_type& __m)
+        : __m_(__m) {__m_.lock();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    lock_guard(mutex_type& __m, adopt_lock_t)
+        : __m_(__m) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ~lock_guard() {__m_.unlock();}
+
+private:
+    lock_guard(lock_guard const&);// = delete;
+    lock_guard& operator=(lock_guard const&);// = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unique_lock
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Mutex mutex_type;
+
+private:
+    mutex_type* __m_;
+    bool __owns_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unique_lock() : __m_(nullptr), __owns_(false) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit unique_lock(mutex_type& __m)
+        : __m_(&__m), __owns_(true) {__m_->lock();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, defer_lock_t)
+        : __m_(&__m), __owns_(false) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, try_to_lock_t)
+        : __m_(&__m), __owns_(__m.try_lock()) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, adopt_lock_t)
+        : __m_(&__m), __owns_(true) {}
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t)
+            : __m_(&__m), __owns_(__m.try_lock_until(__t)) {}
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d)
+            : __m_(&__m), __owns_(__m.try_lock_for(__d)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ~unique_lock()
+    {
+        if (__owns_)
+            __m_->unlock();
+    }
+
+private:
+    unique_lock(unique_lock const&); // = delete;
+    unique_lock& operator=(unique_lock const&); // = delete;
+
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unique_lock(unique_lock&& __u)
+        : __m_(__u.__m_), __owns_(__u.__owns_)
+        {__u.__m_ = nullptr; __u.__owns_ = false;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unique_lock& operator=(unique_lock&& __u)
+        {
+            if (__owns_)
+                __m_->unlock();
+            __m_ = __u.__m_;
+            __owns_ = __u.__owns_;
+            __u.__m_ = nullptr;
+            __u.__owns_ = false;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_SHARED_LOCK
+
+    unique_lock(ting::shared_lock<mutex_type>&&, try_to_lock_t);
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        unique_lock(ting::shared_lock<mutex_type>&&,
+                    const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>&);
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        unique_lock(ting::shared_lock<mutex_type>&&,
+                    const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>&);
+
+    explicit unique_lock(ting::upgrade_lock<mutex_type>&&);
+    unique_lock(ting::upgrade_lock<mutex_type>&&, try_to_lock_t);
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        unique_lock(ting::upgrade_lock<mutex_type>&&,
+                    const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>&);
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        unique_lock(ting::upgrade_lock<mutex_type>&&,
+                    const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>&);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_SHARED_LOCK
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d);
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+
+    void unlock();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(unique_lock& __u)
+    {
+        _VSTD::swap(__m_, __u.__m_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__owns_, __u.__owns_);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    mutex_type* release()
+    {
+        mutex_type* __m = __m_;
+        __m_ = nullptr;
+        __owns_ = false;
+        return __m;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool owns_lock() const {return __owns_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+//    explicit
+        operator bool () const {return __owns_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    mutex_type* mutex() const {return __m_;}
+};
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+void
+unique_lock<_Mutex>::lock()
+{
+    if (__m_ == nullptr)
+        __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::lock: references null mutex");
+    if (__owns_)
+        __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "unique_lock::lock: already locked");
+    __m_->lock();
+    __owns_ = true;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+bool
+unique_lock<_Mutex>::try_lock()
+{
+    if (__m_ == nullptr)
+        __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::try_lock: references null mutex");
+    if (__owns_)
+        __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "unique_lock::try_lock: already locked");
+    __owns_ = __m_->try_lock();
+    return __owns_;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+bool
+unique_lock<_Mutex>::try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d)
+{
+    if (__m_ == nullptr)
+        __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::try_lock_for: references null mutex");
+    if (__owns_)
+        __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "unique_lock::try_lock_for: already locked");
+    __owns_ = __m_->try_lock_for(__d);
+    return __owns_;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+bool
+unique_lock<_Mutex>::try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t)
+{
+    if (__m_ == nullptr)
+        __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::try_lock_until: references null mutex");
+    if (__owns_)
+        __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "unique_lock::try_lock_until: already locked");
+    __owns_ = __m_->try_lock_until(__t);
+    return __owns_;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+void
+unique_lock<_Mutex>::unlock()
+{
+    if (!__owns_)
+        __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::unlock: not locked");
+    __m_->unlock();
+    __owns_ = false;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(unique_lock<_Mutex>& __x, unique_lock<_Mutex>& __y) {__x.swap(__y);}
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE cv_status
+{
+    enum _ {
+        no_timeout,
+        timeout
+    };
+
+    _ __v_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY cv_status(_ __v) : __v_(__v) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator int() const {return __v_;}
+
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE condition_variable
+{
+    pthread_cond_t __cv_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    condition_variable() {__cv_ = (pthread_cond_t)PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;}
+    ~condition_variable();
+
+private:
+    condition_variable(const condition_variable&); // = delete;
+    condition_variable& operator=(const condition_variable&); // = delete;
+
+public:
+    void notify_one();
+    void notify_all();
+
+    void wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk);
+    template <class _Predicate>
+        void wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, _Predicate __pred);
+
+    template <class _Duration>
+        cv_status
+        wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                   const chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock, _Duration>& __t);
+
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        cv_status
+        wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                   const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                   const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t,
+                   _Predicate __pred);
+
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        cv_status
+        wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                 const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d);
+
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                 const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d,
+                 _Predicate __pred);
+
+    typedef pthread_cond_t* native_handle_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY native_handle_type native_handle() {return &__cv_;}
+
+private:
+    void __do_timed_wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                 chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock, chrono::nanoseconds>);
+};
+
+template <class _To, class _Rep, class _Period>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    chrono::__is_duration<_To>::value,
+    _To
+>::type
+__ceil(chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period> __d)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    _To __r = duration_cast<_To>(__d);
+    if (__r < __d)
+        ++__r;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+void
+condition_variable::wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    while (!__pred())
+        wait(__lk);
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+cv_status
+condition_variable::wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                 const chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock, _Duration>& __t)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    typedef time_point<system_clock, nanoseconds> __nano_sys_tmpt;
+    __do_timed_wait(__lk,
+                  __nano_sys_tmpt(__ceil<nanoseconds>(__t.time_since_epoch())));
+    return system_clock::now() < __t ? cv_status::no_timeout :
+                                       cv_status::timeout;
+}
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+cv_status
+condition_variable::wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                               const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    system_clock::time_point     __s_now = system_clock::now();
+    typename _Clock::time_point  __c_now = _Clock::now();
+    __do_timed_wait(__lk, __s_now + __ceil<nanoseconds>(__t - __c_now));
+    return _Clock::now() < __t ? cv_status::no_timeout : cv_status::timeout;
+}
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+bool
+condition_variable::wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                   const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t,
+                   _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    while (!__pred())
+    {
+        if (wait_until(__lk, __t) == cv_status::timeout)
+            return __pred();
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+cv_status
+condition_variable::wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                             const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    system_clock::time_point __s_now = system_clock::now();
+    steady_clock::time_point __c_now = steady_clock::now();
+    __do_timed_wait(__lk, __s_now + __ceil<nanoseconds>(__d));
+    return steady_clock::now() - __c_now < __d ? cv_status::no_timeout :
+                                                 cv_status::timeout;
+}
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+condition_variable::wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                             const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d,
+                             _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    return wait_until(__lk, chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d,
+                      _VSTD::move(__pred));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP___MUTEX_BASE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__split_buffer b/system/include/libcxx/__split_buffer
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5b8f0a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__split_buffer
@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SPLIT_BUFFER
+#define _LIBCPP_SPLIT_BUFFER
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <bool>
+class __split_buffer_common
+{
+protected:
+    void __throw_length_error() const;
+    void __throw_out_of_range() const;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator = allocator<_Tp> >
+struct __split_buffer
+    : private __split_buffer_common<true>
+{
+private:
+    __split_buffer(const __split_buffer&);
+    __split_buffer& operator=(const __split_buffer&);
+public:
+    typedef _Tp                                             value_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef typename remove_reference<allocator_type>::type __alloc_rr;
+    typedef allocator_traits<__alloc_rr>                    __alloc_traits;
+    typedef value_type&                                     reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                               const_reference;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type              size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type        difference_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer                pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer          const_pointer;
+    typedef pointer                                         iterator;
+    typedef const_pointer                                   const_iterator;
+
+    pointer                                         __first_;
+    pointer                                         __begin_;
+    pointer                                         __end_;
+    __compressed_pair<pointer, allocator_type> __end_cap_;
+
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<allocator_type>::type __alloc_ref;
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<allocator_type>::type __alloc_const_ref;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __alloc_rr&           __alloc() _NOEXCEPT         {return __end_cap_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const __alloc_rr&     __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT   {return __end_cap_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer&              __end_cap() _NOEXCEPT       {return __end_cap_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const pointer&        __end_cap() const _NOEXCEPT {return __end_cap_.first();}
+
+    __split_buffer()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit __split_buffer(__alloc_rr& __a);
+    explicit __split_buffer(const __alloc_rr& __a);
+    __split_buffer(size_type __cap, size_type __start, __alloc_rr& __a);
+    ~__split_buffer();
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __split_buffer(__split_buffer&& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    __split_buffer(__split_buffer&& __c, const __alloc_rr& __a);
+    __split_buffer& operator=(__split_buffer&& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_((__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+                is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) ||
+               !__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT       {return __begin_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __begin_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       iterator end() _NOEXCEPT         {return __end_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT   {return __end_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT
+        {__destruct_at_end(__begin_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type size() const {return static_cast<size_type>(__end_ - __begin_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool empty()     const {return __end_ == __begin_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type capacity() const {return static_cast<size_type>(__end_cap() - __first_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type __front_spare() const {return static_cast<size_type>(__begin_ - __first_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type __back_spare() const {return static_cast<size_type>(__end_cap() - __end_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       reference front()       {return *__begin_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference front() const {return *__begin_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       reference back()        {return *(__end_ - 1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference back() const  {return *(__end_ - 1);}
+
+    void reserve(size_type __n);
+    void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT;
+    void push_front(const_reference __x);
+    void push_back(const_reference __x);
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES)
+    void push_front(value_type&& __x);
+    void push_back(value_type&& __x);
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class... _Args>
+        void emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES)
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void pop_front() {__destruct_at_begin(__begin_+1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void pop_back() {__destruct_at_end(__end_-1);}
+
+    void __construct_at_end(size_type __n);
+    void __construct_at_end(size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+    template <class _InputIter>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value &&
+           !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIter>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        __construct_at_end(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        __construct_at_end(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin)
+        {__destruct_at_begin(__new_begin, is_trivially_destructible<value_type>());}
+        void __destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin, false_type);
+        void __destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin, true_type);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__destruct_at_end(__new_last, is_trivially_destructible<value_type>());}
+        void __destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last, false_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+        void __destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last, true_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    void swap(__split_buffer& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__alloc_rr>::value);
+
+    bool __invariants() const;
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__split_buffer& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+            __alloc() = _VSTD::move(__c.__alloc());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__split_buffer& __c, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__alloc_rr& __x, __alloc_rr& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__alloc_rr>::value)
+        {__swap_alloc(__x, __y, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__alloc_rr& __x, __alloc_rr& __y, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__alloc_rr>::value)
+        {
+            using _VSTD::swap;
+            swap(__x, __y);
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__alloc_rr& __x, __alloc_rr& __y, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+bool
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__invariants() const
+{
+    if (__first_ == nullptr)
+    {
+        if (__begin_ != nullptr)
+            return false;
+        if (__end_ != nullptr)
+            return false;
+        if (__end_cap() != nullptr)
+            return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (__begin_ < __first_)
+            return false;
+        if (__end_ < __begin_)
+            return false;
+        if (__end_cap() < __end_)
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n)
+{
+    __alloc_rr& __a = this->__alloc();
+    do
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_));
+        ++this->__end_;
+        --__n;
+    } while (__n > 0);
+}
+
+//  Copy constructs __n objects starting at __end_ from __x
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == old size() + __n
+//  Postcondition:  [i] == __x for all i in [size() - __n, __n)
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n, const_reference __x)
+{
+    __alloc_rr& __a = this->__alloc();
+    do
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_), __x);
+        ++this->__end_;
+        --__n;
+    } while (__n > 0);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter>
+typename enable_if
+<
+     __is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value &&
+    !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIter>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last)
+{
+    __alloc_rr& __a = this->__alloc();
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        if (__end_ == __end_cap())
+        {
+            size_type __old_cap = __end_cap() - __first_;
+            size_type __new_cap = _VSTD::max<size_type>(2 * __old_cap, 8);
+            __split_buffer __buf(__new_cap, 0, __a);
+            for (pointer __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p, ++__buf.__end_)
+                __alloc_traits::construct(__buf.__alloc(),
+                        _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(__buf.__end_), _VSTD::move(*__p));
+            swap(__buf);
+        }
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_), *__first);
+        ++this->__end_;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    __alloc_rr& __a = this->__alloc();
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_), *__first);
+        ++this->__end_;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin, false_type)
+{
+    while (__begin_ < __new_begin)
+        __alloc_traits::destroy(__alloc(), __begin_++);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin, true_type)
+{
+    __begin_ = __new_begin;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    while (__new_last < __end_)
+        __alloc_traits::destroy(__alloc(), --__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last, true_type) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __end_ = __new_last;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__split_buffer(size_type __cap, size_type __start, __alloc_rr& __a)
+    : __end_cap_(0, __a)
+{
+    __first_ = __cap != 0 ? __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __cap) : nullptr;
+    __begin_ = __end_ = __first_ + __start;
+    __end_cap() = __first_ + __cap;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__split_buffer()
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __first_(0), __begin_(0), __end_(0), __end_cap_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__split_buffer(__alloc_rr& __a)
+    : __first_(0), __begin_(0), __end_(0), __end_cap_(0, __a)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__split_buffer(const __alloc_rr& __a)
+    : __first_(0), __begin_(0), __end_(0), __end_cap_(0, __a)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::~__split_buffer()
+{
+    clear();
+    if (__first_)
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __first_, capacity());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__split_buffer(__split_buffer&& __c)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __first_(_VSTD::move(__c.__first_)),
+      __begin_(_VSTD::move(__c.__begin_)),
+      __end_(_VSTD::move(__c.__end_)),
+      __end_cap_(_VSTD::move(__c.__end_cap_))
+{
+    __c.__first_ = nullptr;
+    __c.__begin_ = nullptr;
+    __c.__end_ = nullptr;
+    __c.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__split_buffer(__split_buffer&& __c, const __alloc_rr& __a)
+    : __end_cap_(__a)
+{
+    if (__a == __c.__alloc())
+    {
+        __first_ = __c.__first_;
+        __begin_ = __c.__begin_;
+        __end_ = __c.__end_;
+        __end_cap() = __c.__end_cap();
+        __c.__first_ = nullptr;
+        __c.__begin_ = nullptr;
+        __c.__end_ = nullptr;
+        __c.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        size_type __cap = __c.size();
+        __first_ = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __cap);
+        __begin_ = __end_ = __first_;
+        __end_cap() = __first_ + __cap;
+        typedef move_iterator<iterator> _I;
+        __construct_at_end(_I(__c.begin()), _I(__c.end()));
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>&
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(__split_buffer&& __c)
+    _NOEXCEPT_((__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+                is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) ||
+               !__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value)
+{
+    clear();
+    shrink_to_fit();
+    __first_ = __c.__first_;
+    __begin_ = __c.__begin_;
+    __end_ = __c.__end_;
+    __end_cap() = __c.__end_cap();
+    __move_assign_alloc(__c,
+        integral_constant<bool,
+                          __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+    __c.__first_ = __c.__begin_ = __c.__end_ = __c.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::swap(__split_buffer& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__alloc_rr>::value)
+{
+    _VSTD::swap(__first_, __x.__first_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__begin_, __x.__begin_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__end_, __x.__end_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__end_cap(), __x.__end_cap());
+    __swap_alloc(__alloc(), __x.__alloc());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::reserve(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n < capacity())
+    {
+        __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__n, 0, __alloc());
+        __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_),
+                               move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+        _VSTD::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (capacity() > size())
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(size(), 0, __alloc());
+            __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_),
+                                   move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+            __t.__end_ = __t.__begin_ + (__end_ - __begin_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_front(const_reference __x)
+{
+    if (__begin_ == __first_)
+    {
+        if (__end_ < __end_cap())
+        {
+            difference_type __d = __end_cap() - __end_;
+            __d = (__d + 1) / 2;
+            __begin_ = _VSTD::move_backward(__begin_, __end_, __end_ + __d);
+            __end_ += __d;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            size_type __c = max<size_type>(2 * (__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+            __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, (__c + 3) / 4, __alloc());
+            __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_),
+                                   move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+            _VSTD::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+        }
+    }
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(__begin_-1), __x);
+    --__begin_;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_front(value_type&& __x)
+{
+    if (__begin_ == __first_)
+    {
+        if (__end_ < __end_cap())
+        {
+            difference_type __d = __end_cap() - __end_;
+            __d = (__d + 1) / 2;
+            __begin_ = _VSTD::move_backward(__begin_, __end_, __end_ + __d);
+            __end_ += __d;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            size_type __c = max<size_type>(2 * (__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+            __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, (__c + 3) / 4, __alloc());
+            __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_),
+                                   move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+            _VSTD::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+        }
+    }
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(__begin_-1),
+            _VSTD::move(__x));
+    --__begin_;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(const_reference __x)
+{
+    if (__end_ == __end_cap())
+    {
+        if (__begin_ > __first_)
+        {
+            difference_type __d = __begin_ - __first_;
+            __d = (__d + 1) / 2;
+            __end_ = _VSTD::move(__begin_, __end_, __begin_ - __d);
+            __begin_ -= __d;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            size_type __c = max<size_type>(2 * (__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+            __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, __c / 4, __alloc());
+            __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_),
+                                   move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+            _VSTD::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+        }
+    }
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(__end_), __x);
+    ++__end_;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(value_type&& __x)
+{
+    if (__end_ == __end_cap())
+    {
+        if (__begin_ > __first_)
+        {
+            difference_type __d = __begin_ - __first_;
+            __d = (__d + 1) / 2;
+            __end_ = _VSTD::move(__begin_, __end_, __begin_ - __d);
+            __begin_ -= __d;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            size_type __c = max<size_type>(2 * (__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+            __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, __c / 4, __alloc());
+            __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_),
+                                   move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+            _VSTD::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+        }
+    }
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(__end_),
+            _VSTD::move(__x));
+    ++__end_;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace_back(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    if (__end_ == __end_cap())
+    {
+        if (__begin_ > __first_)
+        {
+            difference_type __d = __begin_ - __first_;
+            __d = (__d + 1) / 2;
+            __end_ = _VSTD::move(__begin_, __end_, __begin_ - __d);
+            __begin_ -= __d;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            size_type __c = max<size_type>(2 * (__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+            __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, __c / 4, __alloc());
+            __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_),
+                                   move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+            _VSTD::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+            _VSTD::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+        }
+    }
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(__end_),
+                              _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    ++__end_;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+swap(__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_SPLIT_BUFFER
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__sso_allocator b/system/include/libcxx/__sso_allocator
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d25fc484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__sso_allocator
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SSO_ALLOCATOR
+#define _LIBCPP___SSO_ALLOCATOR
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <new>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _N> class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __sso_allocator;
+
+template <size_t _N>
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __sso_allocator<void, _N>
+{
+public:
+    typedef const void*       const_pointer;
+    typedef void              value_type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _N>
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __sso_allocator
+{
+    typename aligned_storage<sizeof(_Tp) * _N>::type buf_;
+    bool __allocated_;
+public:
+    typedef size_t            size_type;
+    typedef _Tp*              pointer;
+    typedef _Tp               value_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __sso_allocator() throw() : __allocated_(false) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __sso_allocator(const __sso_allocator&) throw() : __allocated_(false) {}
+    template <class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __sso_allocator(const __sso_allocator<_Up, _N>&) throw()
+         : __allocated_(false) {}
+private:
+    __sso_allocator& operator=(const __sso_allocator&);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer allocate(size_type __n, typename __sso_allocator<void, _N>::const_pointer = 0)
+    {
+        if (!__allocated_ && __n <= _N)
+        {
+            __allocated_ = true;
+            return (pointer)&buf_;
+        }
+        return static_cast<pointer>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(_Tp)));
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void deallocate(pointer __p, size_type)
+    {
+        if (__p == (pointer)&buf_)
+            __allocated_ = false;
+        else
+            ::operator delete(__p);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type max_size() const throw() {return size_type(~0) / sizeof(_Tp);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(__sso_allocator& __a) const {return &buf_ == &__a.buf_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(__sso_allocator& __a) const {return &buf_ != &__a.buf_;}
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP___SSO_ALLOCATOR
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__std_stream b/system/include/libcxx/__std_stream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ab0fd60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__std_stream
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STD_STREAM
+#define _LIBCPP___STD_STREAM
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <istream>
+#include <__locale>
+#include <cstdio>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+static const unsigned __limit = 8;
+
+// __stdinbuf
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __stdinbuf
+    : public basic_streambuf<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                           char_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char_type>           traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type   int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type   pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type   off_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::state_type state_type;
+
+    explicit __stdinbuf(FILE* __fp);
+
+protected:
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type uflow();
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual void imbue(const locale& __loc);
+
+private:
+
+    FILE* __file_;
+    const codecvt<char_type, char, state_type>* __cv_;
+    state_type __st_;
+    int __encoding_;
+    bool __always_noconv_;
+
+    __stdinbuf(const __stdinbuf&);
+    __stdinbuf& operator=(const __stdinbuf&);
+
+    int_type __getchar(bool __consume);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+__stdinbuf<_CharT>::__stdinbuf(FILE* __fp)
+    : __file_(__fp),
+      __st_()
+{
+    imbue(this->getloc());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__stdinbuf<_CharT>::imbue(const locale& __loc)
+{
+    __cv_ = &use_facet<codecvt<char_type, char, state_type> >(__loc);
+    __encoding_ = __cv_->encoding();
+    __always_noconv_ = __cv_->always_noconv();
+    if (__encoding_ > __limit)
+        __throw_runtime_error("unsupported locale for standard input");
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename __stdinbuf<_CharT>::int_type
+__stdinbuf<_CharT>::underflow()
+{
+    return __getchar(false);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename __stdinbuf<_CharT>::int_type
+__stdinbuf<_CharT>::uflow()
+{
+    return __getchar(true);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename __stdinbuf<_CharT>::int_type
+__stdinbuf<_CharT>::__getchar(bool __consume)
+{
+    char __extbuf[__limit];
+    int __nread = _VSTD::max(1, __encoding_);
+    for (int __i = 0; __i < __nread; ++__i)
+    {
+        char __c = getc(__file_);
+        if (__c == EOF)
+            return traits_type::eof();
+        __extbuf[__i] = static_cast<char>(__c);
+    }
+    char_type __1buf;
+    if (__always_noconv_)
+        __1buf = static_cast<char_type>(__extbuf[0]);
+    else
+    {
+        const char* __enxt;
+        char_type* __inxt;
+        codecvt_base::result __r;
+        do
+        {
+            state_type __sv_st = __st_;
+            __r = __cv_->in(__st_, __extbuf, __extbuf + __nread, __enxt,
+                                   &__1buf, &__1buf + 1, __inxt);
+            switch (__r)
+            {
+            case _VSTD::codecvt_base::ok:
+                break;
+            case codecvt_base::partial:
+                __st_ = __sv_st;
+                if (__nread == sizeof(__extbuf))
+                    return traits_type::eof();
+                {
+                    char __c = getc(__file_);
+                    if (__c == EOF)
+                        return traits_type::eof();
+                    __extbuf[__nread] = static_cast<char>(__c);
+                }
+                ++__nread;
+                break;
+            case codecvt_base::error:
+                return traits_type::eof();
+            case _VSTD::codecvt_base::noconv:
+                __1buf = static_cast<char_type>(__extbuf[0]);
+                break;
+            }
+        } while (__r == _VSTD::codecvt_base::partial);
+    }
+    if (!__consume)
+    {
+        for (int __i = __nread; __i > 0;)
+        {
+            if (ungetc(__extbuf[--__i], __file_) == EOF)
+                return traits_type::eof();
+        }
+    }
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(__1buf);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename __stdinbuf<_CharT>::int_type
+__stdinbuf<_CharT>::pbackfail(int_type __c)
+{
+    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof()))
+        return __c;
+    char __extbuf[__limit];
+    char* __enxt;
+    const char_type __ci = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+    const char_type* __inxt;
+    switch (__cv_->out(__st_, &__ci, &__ci + 1, __inxt,
+                              __extbuf, __extbuf + sizeof(__extbuf), __enxt))
+    {
+    case _VSTD::codecvt_base::ok:
+        break;
+    case _VSTD::codecvt_base::noconv:
+        __extbuf[0] = static_cast<char>(__c);
+        __enxt = __extbuf + 1;
+        break;
+    case codecvt_base::partial:
+    case codecvt_base::error:
+        return traits_type::eof();
+    }
+    while (__enxt > __extbuf)
+        if (ungetc(*--__enxt, __file_) == EOF)
+            return traits_type::eof();
+ return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+}
+
+// __stdoutbuf
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __stdoutbuf
+    : public basic_streambuf<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                           char_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char_type>           traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type   int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type   pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type   off_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::state_type state_type;
+
+    explicit __stdoutbuf(FILE* __fp);
+
+protected:
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual int sync();
+    virtual void imbue(const locale& __loc);
+
+private:
+    FILE* __file_;
+    const codecvt<char_type, char, state_type>* __cv_;
+    state_type __st_;
+    bool __always_noconv_;
+
+    __stdoutbuf(const __stdoutbuf&);
+    __stdoutbuf& operator=(const __stdoutbuf&);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+__stdoutbuf<_CharT>::__stdoutbuf(FILE* __fp)
+    : __file_(__fp),
+      __cv_(&use_facet<codecvt<char_type, char, state_type> >(this->getloc())),
+      __st_(),
+      __always_noconv_(__cv_->always_noconv())
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename __stdoutbuf<_CharT>::int_type
+__stdoutbuf<_CharT>::overflow(int_type __c)
+{
+    char __extbuf[__limit];
+    char_type __1buf;
+    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof()))
+    {
+        this->setp(&__1buf, &__1buf+1);
+        *this->pptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+        this->pbump(1);
+        if (__always_noconv_)
+        {
+            if (fwrite(this->pbase(), sizeof(char_type), 1, __file_) != 1)
+                return traits_type::eof();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            char* __extbe = __extbuf;
+            codecvt_base::result __r;
+            do
+            {
+                const char_type* __e;
+                __r = __cv_->out(__st_, this->pbase(), this->pptr(), __e,
+                                        __extbuf,
+                                        __extbuf + sizeof(__extbuf),
+                                        __extbe);
+                if (__e == this->pbase())
+                    return traits_type::eof();
+                if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv)
+                {
+                    if (fwrite(this->pbase(), 1, 1, __file_) != 1)
+                        return traits_type::eof();
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok || __r == codecvt_base::partial)
+                {
+                    size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(__extbe - __extbuf);
+                    if (fwrite(__extbuf, 1, __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+                        return traits_type::eof();
+                    if (__r == codecvt_base::partial)
+                    {
+                        this->setp((char_type*)__e, this->pptr());
+                        this->pbump(this->epptr() - this->pbase());
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    return traits_type::eof();
+            } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+        }
+        this->setp(0, 0);
+    }
+    return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int
+__stdoutbuf<_CharT>::sync()
+{
+    char __extbuf[__limit];
+    codecvt_base::result __r;
+    do
+    {
+        char* __extbe;
+        __r = __cv_->unshift(__st_, __extbuf,
+                                    __extbuf + sizeof(__extbuf),
+                                    __extbe);
+        size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(__extbe - __extbuf);
+        if (fwrite(__extbuf, 1, __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+            return -1;
+    } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+    if (__r == codecvt_base::error)
+        return -1;
+    if (fflush(__file_))
+        return -1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__stdoutbuf<_CharT>::imbue(const locale& __loc)
+{
+    sync();
+    __cv_ = &use_facet<codecvt<char_type, char, state_type> >(__loc);
+    __always_noconv_ = __cv_->always_noconv();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP___STD_STREAM
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__tree b/system/include/libcxx/__tree
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c4b6e60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__tree
@@ -0,0 +1,2291 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TREE
+#define _LIBCPP___TREE
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator> class __tree;
+template <class _Tp, class _NodePtr, class _DiffType>
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __tree_iterator;
+template <class _Tp, class _ConstNodePtr, class _DiffType>
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __tree_const_iterator;
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE map;
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multimap;
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE set;
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multiset;
+
+/*
+
+_NodePtr algorithms
+
+The algorithms taking _NodePtr are red black tree algorithms.  Those
+algorithms taking a parameter named __root should assume that __root
+points to a proper red black tree (unless otherwise specified).
+
+Each algorithm herein assumes that __root->__parent_ points to a non-null
+structure which has a member __left_ which points back to __root.  No other
+member is read or written to at __root->__parent_.
+
+__root->__parent_ will be referred to below (in comments only) as end_node.
+end_node->__left_ is an externably accessible lvalue for __root, and can be
+changed by node insertion and removal (without explicit reference to end_node).
+
+All nodes (with the exception of end_node), even the node referred to as
+__root, have a non-null __parent_ field.
+
+*/
+
+// Returns:  true if __x is a left child of its parent, else false
+// Precondition:  __x != nullptr.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+__tree_is_left_child(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __x == __x->__parent_->__left_;
+}
+
+// Determintes if the subtree rooted at __x is a proper red black subtree.  If
+//    __x is a proper subtree, returns the black height (null counts as 1).  If
+//    __x is an improper subtree, returns 0.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+unsigned
+__tree_sub_invariant(_NodePtr __x)
+{
+    if (__x == nullptr)
+        return 1;
+    // parent consistency checked by caller
+    // check __x->__left_ consistency
+    if (__x->__left_ != nullptr && __x->__left_->__parent_ != __x)
+        return 0;
+    // check __x->__right_ consistency
+    if (__x->__right_ != nullptr && __x->__right_->__parent_ != __x)
+        return 0;
+    // check __x->__left_ != __x->__right_ unless both are nullptr
+    if (__x->__left_ == __x->__right_ && __x->__left_ != nullptr)
+        return 0;
+    // If this is red, neither child can be red
+    if (!__x->__is_black_)
+    {
+        if (__x->__left_ && !__x->__left_->__is_black_)
+            return 0;
+        if (__x->__right_ && !__x->__right_->__is_black_)
+            return 0;
+    }
+    unsigned __h = __tree_sub_invariant(__x->__left_);
+    if (__h == 0)
+        return 0;  // invalid left subtree
+    if (__h != __tree_sub_invariant(__x->__right_))
+        return 0;  // invalid or different height right subtree
+    return __h + __x->__is_black_;  // return black height of this node
+}
+
+// Determintes if the red black tree rooted at __root is a proper red black tree.
+//    __root == nullptr is a proper tree.  Returns true is __root is a proper
+//    red black tree, else returns false.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+bool
+__tree_invariant(_NodePtr __root)
+{
+    if (__root == nullptr)
+        return true;
+    // check __x->__parent_ consistency
+    if (__root->__parent_ == nullptr)
+        return false;
+    if (!__tree_is_left_child(__root))
+        return false;
+    // root must be black
+    if (!__root->__is_black_)
+        return false;
+    // do normal node checks
+    return __tree_sub_invariant(__root) != 0;
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to the left-most node under __x.
+// Precondition:  __x != nullptr.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_NodePtr
+__tree_min(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    while (__x->__left_ != nullptr)
+        __x = __x->__left_;
+    return __x;
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to the right-most node under __x.
+// Precondition:  __x != nullptr.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_NodePtr
+__tree_max(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    while (__x->__right_ != nullptr)
+        __x = __x->__right_;
+    return __x;
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to the next in-order node after __x.
+// Precondition:  __x != nullptr.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_NodePtr
+__tree_next(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__x->__right_ != nullptr)
+        return __tree_min(__x->__right_);
+    while (!__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+        __x = __x->__parent_;
+    return __x->__parent_;
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to the previous in-order node before __x.
+// Precondition:  __x != nullptr.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_NodePtr
+__tree_prev(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__x->__left_ != nullptr)
+        return __tree_max(__x->__left_);
+    while (__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+        __x = __x->__parent_;
+    return __x->__parent_;
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to a node which has no children
+// Precondition:  __x != nullptr.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_NodePtr
+__tree_leaf(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    while (true)
+    {
+        if (__x->__left_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            __x = __x->__left_;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (__x->__right_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            __x = __x->__right_;
+            continue;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    return __x;
+}
+
+// Effects:  Makes __x->__right_ the subtree root with __x as its left child
+//           while preserving in-order order.
+// Precondition:  __x->__right_ != nullptr
+template <class _NodePtr>
+void
+__tree_left_rotate(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    _NodePtr __y = __x->__right_;
+    __x->__right_ = __y->__left_;
+    if (__x->__right_ != nullptr)
+        __x->__right_->__parent_ = __x;
+    __y->__parent_ = __x->__parent_;
+    if (__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+        __x->__parent_->__left_ = __y;
+    else
+        __x->__parent_->__right_ = __y;
+    __y->__left_ = __x;
+    __x->__parent_ = __y;
+}
+
+// Effects:  Makes __x->__left_ the subtree root with __x as its right child
+//           while preserving in-order order.
+// Precondition:  __x->__left_ != nullptr
+template <class _NodePtr>
+void
+__tree_right_rotate(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    _NodePtr __y = __x->__left_;
+    __x->__left_ = __y->__right_;
+    if (__x->__left_ != nullptr)
+        __x->__left_->__parent_ = __x;
+    __y->__parent_ = __x->__parent_;
+    if (__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+        __x->__parent_->__left_ = __y;
+    else
+        __x->__parent_->__right_ = __y;
+    __y->__right_ = __x;
+    __x->__parent_ = __y;
+}
+
+// Effects:  Rebalances __root after attaching __x to a leaf.
+// Precondition:  __root != nulptr && __x != nullptr.
+//                __x has no children.
+//                __x == __root or == a direct or indirect child of __root.
+//                If __x were to be unlinked from __root (setting __root to
+//                  nullptr if __root == __x), __tree_invariant(__root) == true.
+// Postcondition: __tree_invariant(end_node->__left_) == true.  end_node->__left_
+//                may be different than the value passed in as __root.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+void
+__tree_balance_after_insert(_NodePtr __root, _NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __x->__is_black_ = __x == __root;
+    while (__x != __root && !__x->__parent_->__is_black_)
+    {
+        // __x->__parent_ != __root because __x->__parent_->__is_black == false
+        if (__tree_is_left_child(__x->__parent_))
+        {
+            _NodePtr __y = __x->__parent_->__parent_->__right_;
+            if (__y != nullptr && !__y->__is_black_)
+            {
+                __x = __x->__parent_;
+                __x->__is_black_ = true;
+                __x = __x->__parent_;
+                __x->__is_black_ = __x == __root;
+                __y->__is_black_ = true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (!__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+                {
+                    __x = __x->__parent_;
+                    __tree_left_rotate(__x);
+                }
+                __x = __x->__parent_;
+                __x->__is_black_ = true;
+                __x = __x->__parent_;
+                __x->__is_black_ = false;
+                __tree_right_rotate(__x);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _NodePtr __y = __x->__parent_->__parent_->__left_;
+            if (__y != nullptr && !__y->__is_black_)
+            {
+                __x = __x->__parent_;
+                __x->__is_black_ = true;
+                __x = __x->__parent_;
+                __x->__is_black_ = __x == __root;
+                __y->__is_black_ = true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+                {
+                    __x = __x->__parent_;
+                    __tree_right_rotate(__x);
+                }
+                __x = __x->__parent_;
+                __x->__is_black_ = true;
+                __x = __x->__parent_;
+                __x->__is_black_ = false;
+                __tree_left_rotate(__x);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Precondition:  __root != nullptr && __z != nullptr.
+//                __tree_invariant(__root) == true.
+//                __z == __root or == a direct or indirect child of __root.
+// Effects:  unlinks __z from the tree rooted at __root, rebalancing as needed.
+// Postcondition: __tree_invariant(end_node->__left_) == true && end_node->__left_
+//                nor any of its children refer to __z.  end_node->__left_
+//                may be different than the value passed in as __root.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+void
+__tree_remove(_NodePtr __root, _NodePtr __z) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    // __z will be removed from the tree.  Client still needs to destruct/deallocate it
+    // __y is either __z, or if __z has two children, __tree_next(__z).
+    // __y will have at most one child.
+    // __y will be the initial hole in the tree (make the hole at a leaf)
+    _NodePtr __y = (__z->__left_ == nullptr || __z->__right_ == nullptr) ?
+                    __z : __tree_next(__z);
+    // __x is __y's possibly null single child
+    _NodePtr __x = __y->__left_ != nullptr ? __y->__left_ : __y->__right_;
+    // __w is __x's possibly null uncle (will become __x's sibling)
+    _NodePtr __w = nullptr;
+    // link __x to __y's parent, and find __w
+    if (__x != nullptr)
+        __x->__parent_ = __y->__parent_;
+    if (__tree_is_left_child(__y))
+    {
+        __y->__parent_->__left_ = __x;
+        if (__y != __root)
+            __w = __y->__parent_->__right_;
+        else
+            __root = __x;  // __w == nullptr
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __y->__parent_->__right_ = __x;
+        // __y can't be root if it is a right child
+        __w = __y->__parent_->__left_;
+    }
+    bool __removed_black = __y->__is_black_;
+    // If we didn't remove __z, do so now by splicing in __y for __z,
+    //    but copy __z's color.  This does not impact __x or __w.
+    if (__y != __z)
+    {
+        // __z->__left_ != nulptr but __z->__right_ might == __x == nullptr
+        __y->__parent_ = __z->__parent_;
+        if (__tree_is_left_child(__z))
+            __y->__parent_->__left_ = __y;
+        else
+            __y->__parent_->__right_ = __y;
+        __y->__left_ = __z->__left_;
+        __y->__left_->__parent_ = __y;
+        __y->__right_ = __z->__right_;
+        if (__y->__right_ != nullptr)
+            __y->__right_->__parent_ = __y;
+        __y->__is_black_ = __z->__is_black_;
+        if (__root == __z)
+            __root = __y;
+    }
+    // There is no need to rebalance if we removed a red, or if we removed
+    //     the last node.
+    if (__removed_black && __root != nullptr)
+    {
+        // Rebalance:
+        // __x has an implicit black color (transferred from the removed __y)
+        //    associated with it, no matter what its color is.
+        // If __x is __root (in which case it can't be null), it is supposed
+        //    to be black anyway, and if it is doubly black, then the double
+        //    can just be ignored.
+        // If __x is red (in which case it can't be null), then it can absorb
+        //    the implicit black just by setting its color to black.
+        // Since __y was black and only had one child (which __x points to), __x
+        //   is either red with no children, else null, otherwise __y would have
+        //   different black heights under left and right pointers.
+        // if (__x == __root || __x != nullptr && !__x->__is_black_)
+        if (__x != nullptr)
+            __x->__is_black_ = true;
+        else
+        {
+            //  Else __x isn't root, and is "doubly black", even though it may
+            //     be null.  __w can not be null here, else the parent would
+            //     see a black height >= 2 on the __x side and a black height
+            //     of 1 on the __w side (__w must be a non-null black or a red
+            //     with a non-null black child).
+            while (true)
+            {
+                if (!__tree_is_left_child(__w))  // if x is left child
+                {
+                    if (!__w->__is_black_)
+                    {
+                        __w->__is_black_ = true;
+                        __w->__parent_->__is_black_ = false;
+                        __tree_left_rotate(__w->__parent_);
+                        // __x is still valid
+                        // reset __root only if necessary
+                        if (__root == __w->__left_)
+                            __root = __w;
+                        // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+                        __w = __w->__left_->__right_;
+                    }
+                    // __w->__is_black_ is now true, __w may have null children
+                    if ((__w->__left_  == nullptr || __w->__left_->__is_black_) &&
+                        (__w->__right_ == nullptr || __w->__right_->__is_black_))
+                    {
+                        __w->__is_black_ = false;
+                        __x = __w->__parent_;
+                        // __x can no longer be null
+                        if (__x == __root || !__x->__is_black_)
+                        {
+                            __x->__is_black_ = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+                        __w = __tree_is_left_child(__x) ?
+                                    __x->__parent_->__right_ :
+                                    __x->__parent_->__left_;
+                        // continue;
+                    }
+                    else  // __w has a red child
+                    {
+                        if (__w->__right_ == nullptr || __w->__right_->__is_black_)
+                        {
+                            // __w left child is non-null and red
+                            __w->__left_->__is_black_ = true;
+                            __w->__is_black_ = false;
+                            __tree_right_rotate(__w);
+                            // __w is known not to be root, so root hasn't changed
+                            // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+                            __w = __w->__parent_;
+                        }
+                        // __w has a right red child, left child may be null
+                        __w->__is_black_ = __w->__parent_->__is_black_;
+                        __w->__parent_->__is_black_ = true;
+                        __w->__right_->__is_black_ = true;
+                        __tree_left_rotate(__w->__parent_);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (!__w->__is_black_)
+                    {
+                        __w->__is_black_ = true;
+                        __w->__parent_->__is_black_ = false;
+                        __tree_right_rotate(__w->__parent_);
+                        // __x is still valid
+                        // reset __root only if necessary
+                        if (__root == __w->__right_)
+                            __root = __w;
+                        // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+                        __w = __w->__right_->__left_;
+                    }
+                    // __w->__is_black_ is now true, __w may have null children
+                    if ((__w->__left_  == nullptr || __w->__left_->__is_black_) &&
+                        (__w->__right_ == nullptr || __w->__right_->__is_black_))
+                    {
+                        __w->__is_black_ = false;
+                        __x = __w->__parent_;
+                        // __x can no longer be null
+                        if (!__x->__is_black_ || __x == __root)
+                        {
+                            __x->__is_black_ = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+                        __w = __tree_is_left_child(__x) ?
+                                    __x->__parent_->__right_ :
+                                    __x->__parent_->__left_;
+                        // continue;
+                    }
+                    else  // __w has a red child
+                    {
+                        if (__w->__left_ == nullptr || __w->__left_->__is_black_)
+                        {
+                            // __w right child is non-null and red
+                            __w->__right_->__is_black_ = true;
+                            __w->__is_black_ = false;
+                            __tree_left_rotate(__w);
+                            // __w is known not to be root, so root hasn't changed
+                            // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+                            __w = __w->__parent_;
+                        }
+                        // __w has a left red child, right child may be null
+                        __w->__is_black_ = __w->__parent_->__is_black_;
+                        __w->__parent_->__is_black_ = true;
+                        __w->__left_->__is_black_ = true;
+                        __tree_right_rotate(__w->__parent_);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator> class __map_node_destructor;
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+class __tree_node_destructor
+{
+    typedef _Allocator                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>                __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::value_type::value_type value_type;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer                pointer;
+private:
+
+    allocator_type& __na_;
+
+    __tree_node_destructor& operator=(const __tree_node_destructor&);
+
+public:
+    bool __value_constructed;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __tree_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __na_(__na),
+          __value_constructed(false)
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (__value_constructed)
+            __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_));
+        if (__p)
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+    }
+
+    template <class> friend class __map_node_destructor;
+};
+
+// node
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+class __tree_end_node
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Pointer pointer;
+    pointer __left_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_end_node() _NOEXCEPT : __left_() {}
+};
+
+template <class _VoidPtr>
+class __tree_node_base
+    : public __tree_end_node
+             <
+                typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                     rebind<__tree_node_base<_VoidPtr> >
+#else
+                     rebind<__tree_node_base<_VoidPtr> >::other
+#endif
+             >
+{
+    __tree_node_base(const __tree_node_base&);
+    __tree_node_base& operator=(const __tree_node_base&);
+public:
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<__tree_node_base>
+#else
+            rebind<__tree_node_base>::other
+#endif
+                                                pointer;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<const __tree_node_base>
+#else
+            rebind<const __tree_node_base>::other
+#endif
+                                                const_pointer;
+    typedef __tree_end_node<pointer> base;
+
+    pointer __right_;
+    pointer __parent_;
+    bool __is_black_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_node_base() _NOEXCEPT
+        : __right_(), __parent_(), __is_black_(false) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+class __tree_node
+    : public __tree_node_base<_VoidPtr>
+{
+public:
+    typedef __tree_node_base<_VoidPtr> base;
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+    value_type __value_;
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tree_node(_Args&& ...__args)
+            : __value_(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+#else  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __tree_node(const value_type& __v)
+            : __value_(__v) {}
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+};
+
+template <class _TreeIterator> class __map_iterator;
+template <class _TreeIterator> class __map_const_iterator;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _NodePtr, class _DiffType>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __tree_iterator
+{
+    typedef _NodePtr                                              __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::element_type __node;
+    typedef typename __node::base                                 __node_base;
+    typedef typename __node_base::pointer                         __node_base_pointer;
+
+    __node_pointer __ptr_;
+
+    typedef pointer_traits<__node_pointer> __pointer_traits;
+public:
+    typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+    typedef _Tp                        value_type;
+    typedef _DiffType                  difference_type;
+    typedef value_type&                reference;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                       pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __tree_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator*() const {return __ptr_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer operator->() const {return &__ptr_->__value_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_iterator& operator++()
+        {__ptr_ = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__tree_next(static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr_)));
+         return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_iterator operator++(int)
+        {__tree_iterator __t(*this); ++(*this); return __t;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_iterator& operator--()
+        {__ptr_ = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__tree_prev(static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr_)));
+         return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_iterator operator--(int)
+        {__tree_iterator __t(*this); --(*this); return __t;}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+        bool operator==(const __tree_iterator& __x, const __tree_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const __tree_iterator& __x, const __tree_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __tree_iterator(__node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+    template <class, class, class> friend class __tree;
+    template <class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __tree_const_iterator;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __map_iterator;
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE map;
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multimap;
+    template <class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE set;
+    template <class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multiset;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _ConstNodePtr, class _DiffType>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __tree_const_iterator
+{
+    typedef _ConstNodePtr                                         __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::element_type __node;
+    typedef const typename __node::base                           __node_base;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<__node_base>
+#else
+            rebind<__node_base>::other
+#endif
+                                                                  __node_base_pointer;
+
+    __node_pointer __ptr_;
+
+    typedef pointer_traits<__node_pointer> __pointer_traits;
+public:
+    typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag       iterator_category;
+    typedef _Tp                              value_type;
+    typedef _DiffType                        difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type&                reference;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<const value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<const value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                       pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __tree_const_iterator() {}
+private:
+    typedef typename remove_const<__node>::type  __non_const_node;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<__non_const_node>
+#else
+            rebind<__non_const_node>::other
+#endif
+                                                 __non_const_node_pointer;
+    typedef __tree_iterator<value_type, __non_const_node_pointer, difference_type>
+                                                 __non_const_iterator;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_const_iterator(__non_const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p.__ptr_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator*() const {return __ptr_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer operator->() const {return &__ptr_->__value_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_const_iterator& operator++()
+        {__ptr_ = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__tree_next(static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr_)));
+         return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_const_iterator operator++(int)
+        {__tree_const_iterator __t(*this); ++(*this); return __t;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_const_iterator& operator--()
+        {__ptr_ = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__tree_prev(static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr_)));
+         return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __tree_const_iterator operator--(int)
+        {__tree_const_iterator __t(*this); --(*this); return __t;}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const __tree_const_iterator& __x, const __tree_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const __tree_const_iterator& __x, const __tree_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __tree_const_iterator(__node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p) {}
+    template <class, class, class> friend class __tree;
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE map;
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multimap;
+    template <class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE set;
+    template <class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multiset;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+class __tree
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp                                      value_type;
+    typedef _Compare                                 value_compare;
+    typedef _Allocator                               allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>         __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef __tree_node<value_type, typename __alloc_traits::void_pointer> __node;
+    typedef __tree_node_base<typename __alloc_traits::void_pointer> __node_base;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<__node>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<__node>::other
+#endif
+                                                     __node_allocator;
+    typedef allocator_traits<__node_allocator>       __node_traits;
+    typedef typename __node_traits::pointer          __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename __node_traits::const_pointer    __node_const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __node_base::pointer            __node_base_pointer;
+    typedef typename __node_base::const_pointer      __node_base_const_pointer;
+private:
+    typedef typename __node_base::base __end_node_t;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<__end_node_t>
+#else
+            rebind<__end_node_t>::other
+#endif
+                                                     __end_node_ptr;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<const __end_node_t>
+#else
+            rebind<const __end_node_t>::other
+#endif
+                                                     __end_node_const_ptr;
+
+    __node_pointer                                          __begin_node_;
+    __compressed_pair<__end_node_t, __node_allocator>  __pair1_;
+    __compressed_pair<size_type, value_compare>        __pair3_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node_pointer __end_node() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return static_cast<__node_pointer>
+               (
+                   pointer_traits<__end_node_ptr>::pointer_to(__pair1_.first())
+               );
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node_const_pointer __end_node() const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return static_cast<__node_const_pointer>
+               (
+                   pointer_traits<__end_node_const_ptr>::pointer_to(__pair1_.first())
+               );
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          __node_allocator& __node_alloc() _NOEXCEPT {return __pair1_.second();}
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const __node_allocator& __node_alloc() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __pair1_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          __node_pointer& __begin_node() _NOEXCEPT {return __begin_node_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const __node_pointer& __begin_node() const _NOEXCEPT {return __begin_node_;}
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return allocator_type(__node_alloc());}
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          size_type& size() _NOEXCEPT {return __pair3_.first();}
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const size_type& size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __pair3_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          value_compare& value_comp() _NOEXCEPT {return __pair3_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const value_compare& value_comp() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __pair3_.second();}
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node_pointer __root() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<__node_pointer>      (__end_node()->__left_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node_const_pointer __root() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__end_node()->__left_);}
+
+    typedef __tree_iterator<value_type, __node_pointer, difference_type>             iterator;
+    typedef __tree_const_iterator<value_type, __node_const_pointer, difference_type> const_iterator;
+
+    explicit __tree(const value_compare& __comp)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<value_compare>::value);
+    explicit __tree(const allocator_type& __a);
+    __tree(const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a);
+    __tree(const __tree& __t);
+    __tree& operator=(const __tree& __t);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void __assign_unique(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void __assign_multi(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __tree(__tree&& __t)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_compare>::value);
+    __tree(__tree&& __t, const allocator_type& __a);
+    __tree& operator=(__tree&& __t)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    ~__tree();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator begin()  _NOEXCEPT {return       iterator(__begin_node());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {return const_iterator(__begin_node());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator end() _NOEXCEPT {return       iterator(__end_node());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT {return const_iterator(__end_node());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __node_traits::max_size(__node_alloc());}
+
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    void swap(__tree& __t)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<value_compare>::value &&
+            (!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value));
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool>
+        __emplace_unique(_Args&&... __args);
+    template <class... _Args>
+        iterator
+        __emplace_multi(_Args&&... __args);
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+        iterator
+        __emplace_hint_unique(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+    template <class... _Args>
+        iterator
+        __emplace_hint_multi(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _V>
+        pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(_V&& __v);
+    template <class _V>
+        iterator __insert_unique(const_iterator __p, _V&& __v);
+    template <class _V>
+        iterator __insert_multi(_V&& __v);
+    template <class _V>
+        iterator __insert_multi(const_iterator __p, _V&& __v);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(const value_type& __v);
+    iterator __insert_unique(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v);
+    iterator __insert_multi(const value_type& __v);
+    iterator __insert_multi(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v);
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> __node_insert_unique(__node_pointer __nd);
+    iterator             __node_insert_unique(const_iterator __p,
+                                              __node_pointer __nd);
+
+    iterator __node_insert_multi(__node_pointer __nd);
+    iterator __node_insert_multi(const_iterator __p, __node_pointer __nd);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+    template <class _Key>
+        size_type __erase_unique(const _Key& __k);
+    template <class _Key>
+        size_type __erase_multi(const _Key& __k);
+
+    void __insert_node_at(__node_base_pointer __parent,
+                          __node_base_pointer& __child,
+                          __node_base_pointer __new_node);
+
+    template <class _Key>
+        iterator find(const _Key& __v);
+    template <class _Key>
+        const_iterator find(const _Key& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Key>
+        size_type __count_unique(const _Key& __k) const;
+    template <class _Key>
+        size_type __count_multi(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+    template <class _Key>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator lower_bound(const _Key& __v)
+            {return __lower_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());}
+    template <class _Key>
+        iterator __lower_bound(const _Key& __v,
+                               __node_pointer __root,
+                               __node_pointer __result);
+    template <class _Key>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        const_iterator lower_bound(const _Key& __v) const
+            {return __lower_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());}
+    template <class _Key>
+        const_iterator __lower_bound(const _Key& __v,
+                                     __node_const_pointer __root,
+                                     __node_const_pointer __result) const;
+    template <class _Key>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator upper_bound(const _Key& __v)
+            {return __upper_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());}
+    template <class _Key>
+        iterator __upper_bound(const _Key& __v,
+                               __node_pointer __root,
+                               __node_pointer __result);
+    template <class _Key>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        const_iterator upper_bound(const _Key& __v) const
+            {return __upper_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());}
+    template <class _Key>
+        const_iterator __upper_bound(const _Key& __v,
+                                     __node_const_pointer __root,
+                                     __node_const_pointer __result) const;
+    template <class _Key>
+        pair<iterator, iterator>
+        __equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k);
+    template <class _Key>
+        pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>
+        __equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+    template <class _Key>
+        pair<iterator, iterator>
+        __equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k);
+    template <class _Key>
+        pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>
+        __equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+    typedef __tree_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    typedef unique_ptr<__node, _D> __node_holder;
+
+    __node_holder remove(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+private:
+    typename __node_base::pointer&
+        __find_leaf_low(typename __node_base::pointer& __parent, const value_type& __v);
+    typename __node_base::pointer&
+        __find_leaf_high(typename __node_base::pointer& __parent, const value_type& __v);
+    typename __node_base::pointer&
+        __find_leaf(const_iterator __hint,
+                    typename __node_base::pointer& __parent, const value_type& __v);
+    template <class _Key>
+        typename __node_base::pointer&
+        __find_equal(typename __node_base::pointer& __parent, const _Key& __v);
+    template <class _Key>
+        typename __node_base::pointer&
+        __find_equal(const_iterator __hint, typename __node_base::pointer& __parent,
+                     const _Key& __v);
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_Args&& ...__args);
+#else  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+        __node_holder __construct_node(const value_type& __v);
+#endif
+
+    void destroy(__node_pointer __nd) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __tree& __t)
+        {__copy_assign_alloc(__t, integral_constant<bool,
+             __node_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __tree& __t, true_type)
+        {__node_alloc() = __t.__node_alloc();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __tree& __t, false_type) {}
+
+    void __move_assign(__tree& __t, false_type);
+    void __move_assign(__tree& __t, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__tree& __t)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !__node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {__move_assign_alloc(__t, integral_constant<bool,
+             __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__tree& __t, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {__node_alloc() = _VSTD::move(__t.__node_alloc());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__tree& __t, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__node_allocator& __x, __node_allocator& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {__swap_alloc(__x, __y, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__node_allocator& __x, __node_allocator& __y, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {
+            using _VSTD::swap;
+            swap(__x, __y);
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__node_allocator& __x, __node_allocator& __y, false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    __node_pointer __detach();
+    static __node_pointer __detach(__node_pointer);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(const value_compare& __comp)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<value_compare>::value)
+    : __pair3_(0, __comp)
+{
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __pair1_(__node_allocator(__a)),
+      __begin_node_(__node_pointer()),
+      __pair3_(0)
+{
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(const value_compare& __comp,
+                                           const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __pair1_(__node_allocator(__a)),
+      __begin_node_(__node_pointer()),
+      __pair3_(0, __comp)
+{
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+}
+
+// Precondition:  size() != 0
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_pointer
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__detach()
+{
+    __node_pointer __cache = __begin_node();
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+    __end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = nullptr;
+    __end_node()->__left_ = nullptr;
+    size() = 0;
+    // __cache->__left_ == nullptr
+    if (__cache->__right_ != nullptr)
+        __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__right_);
+    // __cache->__left_ == nullptr
+    // __cache->__right_ == nullptr
+    return __cache;
+}
+
+// Precondition:  __cache != nullptr
+//    __cache->left_ == nullptr
+//    __cache->right_ == nullptr
+//    This is no longer a red-black tree
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_pointer
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__detach(__node_pointer __cache)
+{
+    if (__cache->__parent_ == nullptr)
+        return nullptr;
+    if (__tree_is_left_child(__cache))
+    {
+        __cache->__parent_->__left_ = nullptr;
+        __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+        if (__cache->__right_ == nullptr)
+            return __cache;
+        return static_cast<__node_pointer>(__tree_leaf(__cache->__right_));
+    }
+    // __cache is right child
+    __cache->__parent_->__right_ = nullptr;
+    __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+    if (__cache->__left_ == nullptr)
+        return __cache;
+    return static_cast<__node_pointer>(__tree_leaf(__cache->__left_));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::operator=(const __tree& __t)
+{
+    if (this != &__t)
+    {
+        value_comp() = __t.value_comp();
+        __copy_assign_alloc(__t);
+        __assign_multi(__t.begin(), __t.end());
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+void
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__assign_unique(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    if (size() != 0)
+    {
+        __node_pointer __cache = __detach();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (; __cache != nullptr && __first != __last; ++__first)
+            {
+                __cache->__value_ = *__first;
+                __node_pointer __next = __detach(__cache);
+                __node_insert_unique(__cache);
+                __cache = __next;
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            while (__cache->__parent_ != nullptr)
+                __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+            destroy(__cache);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (__cache != nullptr)
+        {
+            while (__cache->__parent_ != nullptr)
+                __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+            destroy(__cache);
+        }
+    }
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+void
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__assign_multi(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    if (size() != 0)
+    {
+        __node_pointer __cache = __detach();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (; __cache != nullptr && __first != __last; ++__first)
+            {
+                __cache->__value_ = *__first;
+                __node_pointer __next = __detach(__cache);
+                __node_insert_multi(__cache);
+                __cache = __next;
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            while (__cache->__parent_ != nullptr)
+                __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+            destroy(__cache);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (__cache != nullptr)
+        {
+            while (__cache->__parent_ != nullptr)
+                __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+            destroy(__cache);
+        }
+    }
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(const __tree& __t)
+    : __begin_node_(__node_pointer()),
+      __pair1_(__node_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__t.__node_alloc())),
+      __pair3_(0, __t.value_comp())
+{
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(__tree&& __t)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(
+        is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value &&
+        is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_compare>::value)
+    : __begin_node_(_VSTD::move(__t.__begin_node_)),
+      __pair1_(_VSTD::move(__t.__pair1_)),
+      __pair3_(_VSTD::move(__t.__pair3_))
+{
+    if (size() == 0)
+        __begin_node() = __end_node();
+    else
+    {
+        __end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = __end_node();
+        __t.__begin_node() = __t.__end_node();
+        __t.__end_node()->__left_ = nullptr;
+        __t.size() = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(__tree&& __t, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __pair1_(__node_allocator(__a)),
+      __pair3_(0, _VSTD::move(__t.value_comp()))
+{
+    if (__a == __t.__alloc())
+    {
+        if (__t.size() == 0)
+            __begin_node() = __end_node();
+        else
+        {
+            __begin_node() = __t.__begin_node();
+            __end_node()->__left_ = __t.__end_node()->__left_;
+            __end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = __end_node();
+            size() = __t.size();
+            __t.__begin_node() = __t.__end_node();
+            __t.__end_node()->__left_ = nullptr;
+            __t.size() = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __begin_node() = __end_node();
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__move_assign(__tree& __t, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value &&
+               is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+{
+    destroy(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__end_node()->__left_));
+    __begin_node_ = __t.__begin_node_;
+    __pair1_.first() = __t.__pair1_.first();
+    __move_assign_alloc(__t);
+    __pair3_ = _VSTD::move(__t.__pair3_);
+    if (size() == 0)
+        __begin_node() = __end_node();
+    else
+    {
+        __end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = __end_node();
+        __t.__begin_node() = __t.__end_node();
+        __t.__end_node()->__left_ = nullptr;
+        __t.size() = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__move_assign(__tree& __t, false_type)
+{
+    if (__node_alloc() == __t.__node_alloc())
+        __move_assign(__t, true_type());
+    else
+    {
+        value_comp() = _VSTD::move(__t.value_comp());
+        const_iterator __e = end();
+        if (size() != 0)
+        {
+            __node_pointer __cache = __detach();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            try
+            {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                while (__cache != nullptr && __t.size() != 0)
+                {
+                    __cache->__value_ = _VSTD::move(__t.remove(__t.begin())->__value_);
+                    __node_pointer __next = __detach(__cache);
+                    __node_insert_multi(__cache);
+                    __cache = __next;
+                }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            }
+            catch (...)
+            {
+                while (__cache->__parent_ != nullptr)
+                    __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+                destroy(__cache);
+                throw;
+            }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__cache != nullptr)
+            {
+                while (__cache->__parent_ != nullptr)
+                    __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+                destroy(__cache);
+            }
+        }
+        while (__t.size() != 0)
+            __insert_multi(__e, _VSTD::move(__t.remove(__t.begin())->__value_));
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::operator=(__tree&& __t)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(
+        __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value &&
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        
+{
+    __move_assign(__t, integral_constant<bool,
+                  __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::~__tree()
+{
+    destroy(__root());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::destroy(__node_pointer __nd) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__nd != nullptr)
+    {
+        destroy(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_));
+        destroy(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_));
+        __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+        __node_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__nd->__value_));
+        __node_traits::deallocate(__na, __nd, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::swap(__tree& __t)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(
+        __is_nothrow_swappable<value_compare>::value &&
+        (!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+         __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value))
+{
+    using _VSTD::swap;
+    swap(__begin_node_, __t.__begin_node_);
+    swap(__pair1_.first(), __t.__pair1_.first());
+    __swap_alloc(__node_alloc(), __t.__node_alloc());
+    __pair3_.swap(__t.__pair3_);
+    if (size() == 0)
+        __begin_node() = __end_node();
+    else
+        __end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = __end_node();
+    if (__t.size() == 0)
+        __t.__begin_node() = __t.__end_node();
+    else
+        __t.__end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = __t.__end_node();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::clear() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    destroy(__root());
+    size() = 0;
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+    __end_node()->__left_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+// Find lower_bound place to insert
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base::pointer&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_leaf_low(typename __node_base::pointer& __parent,
+                                                   const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_pointer __nd = __root();
+    if (__nd != nullptr)
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (value_comp()(__nd->__value_, __v))
+            {
+                if (__nd->__right_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return __parent->__right_;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (__nd->__left_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return __parent->__left_;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    __parent = __end_node();
+    return __parent->__left_;
+}
+
+// Find upper_bound place to insert
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base::pointer&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_leaf_high(typename __node_base::pointer& __parent,
+                                                    const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_pointer __nd = __root();
+    if (__nd != nullptr)
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (value_comp()(__v, __nd->__value_))
+            {
+                if (__nd->__left_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return __parent->__left_;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (__nd->__right_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return __parent->__right_;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    __parent = __end_node();
+    return __parent->__left_;
+}
+
+// Find leaf place to insert closest to __hint
+// First check prior to __hint.
+// Next check after __hint.
+// Next do O(log N) search.
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base::pointer&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_leaf(const_iterator __hint,
+                                               typename __node_base::pointer& __parent,
+                                               const value_type& __v)
+{
+    if (__hint == end() || !value_comp()(*__hint, __v))  // check before
+    {
+        // __v <= *__hint
+        const_iterator __prior = __hint;
+        if (__prior == begin() || !value_comp()(__v, *--__prior))
+        {
+            // *prev(__hint) <= __v <= *__hint
+            if (__hint.__ptr_->__left_ == nullptr)
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__hint.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__left_;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__prior.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__right_;
+            }
+        }
+        // __v < *prev(__hint)
+        return __find_leaf_high(__parent, __v);
+    }
+    // else __v > *__hint
+    return __find_leaf_low(__parent, __v);
+}
+
+// Find place to insert if __v doesn't exist
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+// If __v exists, set parent to node of __v and return reference to node of __v
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base::pointer&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_equal(typename __node_base::pointer& __parent,
+                                                const _Key& __v)
+{
+    __node_pointer __nd = __root();
+    if (__nd != nullptr)
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (value_comp()(__v, __nd->__value_))
+            {
+                if (__nd->__left_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return __parent->__left_;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (value_comp()(__nd->__value_, __v))
+            {
+                if (__nd->__right_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return __parent->__right_;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __parent = __nd;
+                return __parent;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    __parent = __end_node();
+    return __parent->__left_;
+}
+
+// Find place to insert if __v doesn't exist
+// First check prior to __hint.
+// Next check after __hint.
+// Next do O(log N) search.
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+// If __v exists, set parent to node of __v and return reference to node of __v
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base::pointer&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_equal(const_iterator __hint,
+                                                typename __node_base::pointer& __parent,
+                                                const _Key& __v)
+{
+    if (__hint == end() || value_comp()(__v, *__hint))  // check before
+    {
+        // __v < *__hint
+        const_iterator __prior = __hint;
+        if (__prior == begin() || value_comp()(*--__prior, __v))
+        {
+            // *prev(__hint) < __v < *__hint
+            if (__hint.__ptr_->__left_ == nullptr)
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__hint.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__left_;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__prior.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__right_;
+            }
+        }
+        // __v <= *prev(__hint)
+        return __find_equal(__parent, __v);
+    }
+    else if (value_comp()(*__hint, __v))  // check after
+    {
+        // *__hint < __v
+        const_iterator __next = _VSTD::next(__hint);
+        if (__next == end() || value_comp()(__v, *__next))
+        {
+            // *__hint < __v < *_VSTD::next(__hint)
+            if (__hint.__ptr_->__right_ == nullptr)
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__hint.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__right_;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__next.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__left_;
+            }
+        }
+        // *next(__hint) <= __v
+        return __find_equal(__parent, __v);
+    }
+    // else __v == *__hint
+    __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__hint.__ptr_);
+    return __parent;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_node_at(__node_base_pointer __parent,
+                                                    __node_base_pointer& __child,
+                                                    __node_base_pointer __new_node)
+{
+    __new_node->__left_   = nullptr;
+    __new_node->__right_  = nullptr;
+    __new_node->__parent_ = __parent;
+    __child = __new_node;
+    if (__begin_node()->__left_ != nullptr)
+        __begin_node() = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__begin_node()->__left_);
+    __tree_balance_after_insert(__end_node()->__left_, __child);
+    ++size();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class ..._Args>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node(_Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __h.get_deleter().__value_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, bool>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_unique(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__parent, __h->__value_);
+    __node_pointer __r = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+    bool __inserted = false;
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+    {
+        __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+        __r = __h.release();
+        __inserted = true;
+    }
+    return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__r), __inserted);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_hint_unique(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__p, __parent, __h->__value_);
+    __node_pointer __r = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+    {
+        __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+        __r = __h.release();
+    }
+    return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_multi(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf_high(__parent, __h->__value_);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+    return iterator(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__h.release()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_hint_multi(const_iterator __p,
+                                                        _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf(__p, __parent, __h->__value_);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+    return iterator(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__h.release()));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _V>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, bool>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_unique(_V&& __v)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_V>(__v));
+    pair<iterator, bool> __r = __node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+    if (__r.second)
+        __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _V>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_unique(const_iterator __p, _V&& __v)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_V>(__v));
+    iterator __r = __node_insert_unique(__p, __h.get());
+    if (__r.__ptr_ == __h.get())
+        __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _V>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_multi(_V&& __v)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_V>(__v));
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf_high(__parent, __h->__value_);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+    return iterator(__h.release());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _V>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_multi(const_iterator __p, _V&& __v)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_V>(__v));
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf(__p, __parent, __h->__value_);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+    return iterator(__h.release());
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node(const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), __v);
+    __h.get_deleter().__value_constructed = true;
+    return _VSTD::move(__h);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, bool>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_unique(const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__parent, __v);
+    __node_pointer __r = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+    bool __inserted = false;
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+    {
+        __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__v);
+        __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+        __r = __h.release();
+        __inserted = true;
+    }
+    return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__r), __inserted);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_unique(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__p, __parent, __v);
+    __node_pointer __r = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+    {
+        __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__v);
+        __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+        __r = __h.release();
+    }
+    return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_multi(const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf_high(__parent, __v);
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__v);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+    return iterator(__h.release());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_multi(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf(__p, __parent, __v);
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__v);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+    return iterator(__h.release());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, bool>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_insert_unique(__node_pointer __nd)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__parent, __nd->__value_);
+    __node_pointer __r = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+    bool __inserted = false;
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+    {
+        __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __nd);
+        __r = __nd;
+        __inserted = true;
+    }
+    return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__r), __inserted);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_insert_unique(const_iterator __p,
+                                                        __node_pointer __nd)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__p, __parent, __nd->__value_);
+    __node_pointer __r = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+    {
+        __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __nd);
+        __r = __nd;
+    }
+    return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_insert_multi(__node_pointer __nd)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf_high(__parent, __nd->__value_);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __nd);
+    return iterator(__nd);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_insert_multi(const_iterator __p,
+                                                       __node_pointer __nd)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf(__p, __parent, __nd->__value_);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __nd);
+    return iterator(__nd);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __p)
+{
+    __node_pointer __np = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_);
+    iterator __r(__np);
+    ++__r;
+    if (__begin_node() == __np)
+        __begin_node() = __r.__ptr_;
+    --size();
+    __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+    __node_traits::destroy(__na, const_cast<value_type*>(_VSTD::addressof(*__p)));
+    __tree_remove(__end_node()->__left_,
+                  static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__np));
+    __node_traits::deallocate(__na, __np, 1);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+{
+    while (__f != __l)
+        __f = erase(__f);
+    return iterator(const_cast<__node_pointer>(__l.__ptr_));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__erase_unique(const _Key& __k)
+{
+    iterator __i = find(__k);
+    if (__i == end())
+        return 0;
+    erase(__i);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__erase_multi(const _Key& __k)
+{
+    pair<iterator, iterator> __p = __equal_range_multi(__k);
+    size_type __r = 0;
+    for (; __p.first != __p.second; ++__r)
+        __p.first = erase(__p.first);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::find(const _Key& __v)
+{
+    iterator __p = __lower_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());
+    if (__p != end() && !value_comp()(__v, *__p))
+        return __p;
+    return end();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::find(const _Key& __v) const
+{
+    const_iterator __p = __lower_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());
+    if (__p != end() && !value_comp()(__v, *__p))
+        return __p;
+    return end();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__count_unique(const _Key& __k) const
+{
+    __node_const_pointer __result = __end_node();
+    __node_const_pointer __rt = __root();
+    while (__rt != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_))
+        {
+            __result = __rt;
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+        }
+        else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+        else
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__count_multi(const _Key& __k) const
+{
+    typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _P;
+    __node_const_pointer __result = __end_node();
+    __node_const_pointer __rt = __root();
+    while (__rt != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_))
+        {
+            __result = __rt;
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+        }
+        else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+        else
+            return _VSTD::distance(
+                __lower_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__left_), __rt),
+                __upper_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__right_), __result)
+            );
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__lower_bound(const _Key& __v,
+                                                 __node_pointer __root,
+                                                 __node_pointer __result)
+{
+    while (__root != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (!value_comp()(__root->__value_, __v))
+        {
+            __result = __root;
+            __root = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__left_);
+        }
+        else
+            __root = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__right_);
+    }
+    return iterator(__result);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__lower_bound(const _Key& __v,
+                                                 __node_const_pointer __root,
+                                                 __node_const_pointer __result) const
+{
+    while (__root != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (!value_comp()(__root->__value_, __v))
+        {
+            __result = __root;
+            __root = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__root->__left_);
+        }
+        else
+            __root = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__root->__right_);
+    }
+    return const_iterator(__result);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__upper_bound(const _Key& __v,
+                                                 __node_pointer __root,
+                                                 __node_pointer __result)
+{
+    while (__root != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (value_comp()(__v, __root->__value_))
+        {
+            __result = __root;
+            __root = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__left_);
+        }
+        else
+            __root = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__right_);
+    }
+    return iterator(__result);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__upper_bound(const _Key& __v,
+                                                 __node_const_pointer __root,
+                                                 __node_const_pointer __result) const
+{
+    while (__root != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (value_comp()(__v, __root->__value_))
+        {
+            __result = __root;
+            __root = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__root->__left_);
+        }
+        else
+            __root = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__root->__right_);
+    }
+    return const_iterator(__result);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator,
+     typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k)
+{
+    typedef pair<iterator, iterator> _P;
+    __node_pointer __result = __end_node();
+    __node_pointer __rt = __root();
+    while (__rt != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_))
+        {
+            __result = __rt;
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+        }
+        else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+        else
+            return _P(iterator(__rt),
+                      iterator(
+                          __rt->__right_ != nullptr ?
+                              static_cast<__node_pointer>(__tree_min(__rt->__right_))
+                            : __result));
+    }
+    return _P(iterator(__result), iterator(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator,
+     typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k) const
+{
+    typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _P;
+    __node_const_pointer __result = __end_node();
+    __node_const_pointer __rt = __root();
+    while (__rt != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_))
+        {
+            __result = __rt;
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+        }
+        else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+        else
+            return _P(const_iterator(__rt),
+                      const_iterator(
+                          __rt->__right_ != nullptr ?
+                              static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__tree_min(__rt->__right_))
+                            : __result));
+    }
+    return _P(const_iterator(__result), const_iterator(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator,
+     typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k)
+{
+    typedef pair<iterator, iterator> _P;
+    __node_pointer __result = __end_node();
+    __node_pointer __rt = __root();
+    while (__rt != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_))
+        {
+            __result = __rt;
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+        }
+        else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+        else
+            return _P(__lower_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_), __rt),
+                      __upper_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_), __result));
+    }
+    return _P(iterator(__result), iterator(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator,
+     typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k) const
+{
+    typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _P;
+    __node_const_pointer __result = __end_node();
+    __node_const_pointer __rt = __root();
+    while (__rt != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_))
+        {
+            __result = __rt;
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+        }
+        else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+            __rt = static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+        else
+            return _P(__lower_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__left_), __rt),
+                      __upper_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__rt->__right_), __result));
+    }
+    return _P(const_iterator(__result), const_iterator(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::remove(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __node_pointer __np = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_);
+    if (__begin_node() == __np)
+    {
+        if (__np->__right_ != nullptr)
+            __begin_node() = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__np->__right_);
+        else
+            __begin_node() = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__np->__parent_);
+    }
+    --size();
+    __tree_remove(__end_node()->__left_,
+                  static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__np));
+    return __node_holder(__np, _D(__node_alloc()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+     __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP___TREE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__tuple b/system/include/libcxx/__tuple
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..918656ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__tuple
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#include <__tuple_03>
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size<const _Tp>
+    : public tuple_size<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size<volatile _Tp>
+    : public tuple_size<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size<const volatile _Tp>
+    : public tuple_size<_Tp> {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<_Ip, const _Tp>
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename add_const<typename tuple_element<_Ip, _Tp>::type>::type type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<_Ip, volatile _Tp>
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename add_volatile<typename tuple_element<_Ip, _Tp>::type>::type type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<_Ip, const volatile _Tp>
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename add_cv<typename tuple_element<_Ip, _Tp>::type>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class ..._Tp> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple;
+template <class _T1, class _T2> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE pair;
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE array;
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __tuple_like : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __tuple_like<const _Tp> : public __tuple_like<_Tp> {};
+template <class _Tp> struct __tuple_like<volatile _Tp> : public __tuple_like<_Tp> {};
+template <class _Tp> struct __tuple_like<const volatile _Tp> : public __tuple_like<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class... _Tp> struct __tuple_like<tuple<_Tp...> > : true_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __tuple_like<pair<_T1, _T2> > : true_type {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size> struct __tuple_like<array<_Tp, _Size> > : true_type {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class ..._Tp>
+typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&
+get(tuple<_Tp...>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class ..._Tp>
+const typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&
+get(const tuple<_Tp...>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class ..._Tp>
+typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&&
+get(tuple<_Tp...>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&
+get(pair<_T1, _T2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+const typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&
+get(const pair<_T1, _T2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&&
+get(pair<_T1, _T2>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_Tp&
+get(array<_Tp, _Size>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+const _Tp&
+get(const array<_Tp, _Size>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_Tp&&
+get(array<_Tp, _Size>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+// __make_tuple_indices
+
+template <size_t...> struct __tuple_indices {};
+
+template <size_t _Sp, class _IntTuple, size_t _Ep>
+struct __make_indices_imp;
+
+template <size_t _Sp, size_t ..._Indices, size_t _Ep>
+struct __make_indices_imp<_Sp, __tuple_indices<_Indices...>, _Ep>
+{
+    typedef typename __make_indices_imp<_Sp+1, __tuple_indices<_Indices..., _Sp>, _Ep>::type type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ep, size_t ..._Indices>
+struct __make_indices_imp<_Ep, __tuple_indices<_Indices...>, _Ep>
+{
+    typedef __tuple_indices<_Indices...> type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ep, size_t _Sp = 0>
+struct __make_tuple_indices
+{
+    static_assert(_Sp <= _Ep, "__make_tuple_indices input error");
+    typedef typename __make_indices_imp<_Sp, __tuple_indices<>, _Ep>::type type;
+};
+
+// __tuple_types
+
+template <class ..._Tp> struct __tuple_types {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<_Ip, __tuple_types<> >
+{
+public:
+    static_assert(_Ip == 0, "tuple_element index out of range");
+    static_assert(_Ip != 0, "tuple_element index out of range");
+};
+
+template <class _Hp, class ..._Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<0, __tuple_types<_Hp, _Tp...> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Hp type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp, class ..._Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<_Ip, __tuple_types<_Hp, _Tp...> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename tuple_element<_Ip-1, __tuple_types<_Tp...> >::type type;
+};
+
+template <class ..._Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size<__tuple_types<_Tp...> >
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(_Tp)>
+{
+};
+
+template <class... _Tp> struct __tuple_like<__tuple_types<_Tp...> > : true_type {};
+
+// __make_tuple_types
+
+// __make_tuple_types<_Tuple<_Types...>, _Ep, _Sp>::type is a
+// __tuple_types<_Types...> using only those _Types in the range [_Sp, _Ep).
+// _Sp defaults to 0 and _Ep defaults to tuple_size<_Tuple>.  If _Tuple is a
+// lvalue_reference type, then __tuple_types<_Types&...> is the result.
+
+template <class _TupleTypes, class _Tp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Ep>
+struct __make_tuple_types_imp;
+
+template <class ..._Types, class _Tp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Ep>
+struct __make_tuple_types_imp<__tuple_types<_Types...>, _Tp, _Sp, _Ep>
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type _Tpr;
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_types_imp<__tuple_types<_Types...,
+                                            typename conditional<is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value,
+                                                typename tuple_element<_Sp, _Tpr>::type&,
+                                                typename tuple_element<_Sp, _Tpr>::type>::type>,
+                                            _Tp, _Sp+1, _Ep>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class ..._Types, class _Tp, size_t _Ep>
+struct __make_tuple_types_imp<__tuple_types<_Types...>, _Tp, _Ep, _Ep>
+{
+    typedef __tuple_types<_Types...> type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Ep = tuple_size<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value, size_t _Sp = 0>
+struct __make_tuple_types
+{
+    static_assert(_Sp <= _Ep, "__make_tuple_types input error");
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_types_imp<__tuple_types<>, _Tp, _Sp, _Ep>::type type;
+};
+
+// __tuple_convertible
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __tuple_convertible_imp : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp0, class ..._Tp, class _Up0, class ..._Up>
+struct __tuple_convertible_imp<true, __tuple_types<_Tp0, _Tp...>, __tuple_types<_Up0, _Up...> >
+    : public integral_constant<bool,
+                               is_constructible<_Up0, _Tp0>::value &&
+                               __tuple_convertible_imp<true, __tuple_types<_Tp...>, __tuple_types<_Up...> >::value> {};
+
+template <>
+struct __tuple_convertible_imp<true, __tuple_types<>, __tuple_types<> >
+    : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __tuple_like<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value,
+                                bool = __tuple_like<_Up>::value>
+struct __tuple_convertible
+    : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __tuple_convertible<_Tp, _Up, true, true>
+    : public __tuple_convertible_imp<tuple_size<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value ==
+                                     tuple_size<_Up>::value,
+             typename __make_tuple_types<_Tp>::type, typename __make_tuple_types<_Up>::type>
+{};
+
+// __tuple_assignable
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __tuple_assignable_imp : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp0, class ..._Tp, class _Up0, class ..._Up>
+struct __tuple_assignable_imp<true, __tuple_types<_Tp0, _Tp...>, __tuple_types<_Up0, _Up...> >
+    : public integral_constant<bool,
+                               is_assignable<_Up0&, _Tp0>::value &&
+                               __tuple_assignable_imp<true, __tuple_types<_Tp...>, __tuple_types<_Up...> >::value> {};
+
+template <>
+struct __tuple_assignable_imp<true, __tuple_types<>, __tuple_types<> >
+    : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __tuple_like<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value,
+                                bool = __tuple_like<_Up>::value>
+struct __tuple_assignable
+    : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __tuple_assignable<_Tp, _Up, true, true>
+    : public __tuple_assignable_imp<tuple_size<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value ==
+                                    tuple_size<_Up>::value,
+             typename __make_tuple_types<_Tp>::type, typename __make_tuple_types<_Up>::type>
+{};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP___TUPLE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/__tuple_03 b/system/include/libcxx/__tuple_03
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61049191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/__tuple_03
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_03
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_03
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size;
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_03
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/algorithm b/system/include/libcxx/algorithm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6906a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/algorithm
@@ -0,0 +1,5352 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- algorithm ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ALGORITHM
+#define _LIBCPP_ALGORITHM
+
+/*
+    algorithm synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    bool
+    all_of(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    bool
+    any_of(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    bool
+    none_of(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Function>
+    Function
+    for_each(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Function f);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class T>
+    InputIterator
+    find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    InputIterator
+    find_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    InputIterator
+    find_if_not(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    ForwardIterator1
+    find_end(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+             ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    ForwardIterator1
+    find_end(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+             ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    ForwardIterator1
+    find_first_of(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                  ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    ForwardIterator1
+    find_first_of(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                  ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    ForwardIterator
+    adjacent_find(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
+    ForwardIterator
+    adjacent_find(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class T>
+    typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type
+    count(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type
+    count_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
+    mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
+    mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+             InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    bool
+    equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    bool
+    equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+          InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    bool
+    is_permutation(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                   ForwardIterator2 first2);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    bool
+    is_permutation(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                   ForwardIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    ForwardIterator1
+    search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+           ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    ForwardIterator1
+    search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+           ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
+    ForwardIterator
+    search_n(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Size count, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T, class BinaryPredicate>
+    ForwardIterator
+    search_n(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
+             Size count, const T& value, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate>
+    OutputIterator
+    copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+            OutputIterator result, Predicate pred);
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Size, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    copy_n(InputIterator first, Size n, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2>
+    BidirectionalIterator2
+    copy_backward(BidirectionalIterator1 first, BidirectionalIterator1 last,
+                  BidirectionalIterator2 result);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    ForwardIterator2
+    swap_ranges(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1, ForwardIterator2 first2);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    void
+    iter_swap(ForwardIterator1 a, ForwardIterator2 b);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperation>
+    OutputIterator
+    transform(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, UnaryOperation op);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
+    OutputIterator
+    transform(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2,
+              OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    void
+    replace(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& old_value, const T& new_value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate, class T>
+    void
+    replace_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred, const T& new_value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
+    OutputIterator
+    replace_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result,
+                 const T& old_value, const T& new_value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate, class T>
+    OutputIterator
+    replace_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, Predicate pred, const T& new_value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    void
+    fill(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class Size, class T>
+    OutputIterator
+    fill_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
+    void
+    generate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Generator gen);
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class Size, class Generator>
+    OutputIterator
+    generate_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, Generator gen);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    ForwardIterator
+    remove(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
+    ForwardIterator
+    remove_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
+    OutputIterator
+    remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, const T& value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate>
+    OutputIterator
+    remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    ForwardIterator
+    unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
+    ForwardIterator
+    unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
+    OutputIterator
+    unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+    void
+    reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    reverse_copy(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    ForwardIterator
+    rotate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    rotate_copy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle, ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class RandomNumberGenerator>
+    void
+    random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, RandomNumberGenerator& rand);
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator, class UniformRandomNumberGenerator>
+    void shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
+                 UniformRandomNumberGenerator&& g);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    bool
+    is_partitioned(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
+    ForwardIterator
+    partition(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator1,
+          class OutputIterator2, class Predicate>
+    pair<OutputIterator1, OutputIterator2>
+    partition_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                   OutputIterator1 out_true, OutputIterator2 out_false,
+                   Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
+    ForwardIterator
+    stable_partition(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
+    ForwardIterator
+    partition_point(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    bool
+    is_sorted(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    bool
+    is_sorted(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+    ForwardIterator
+    is_sorted_until(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    ForwardIterator
+    is_sorted_until(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator middle, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator middle, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator>
+    RandomAccessIterator
+    partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                      RandomAccessIterator result_first, RandomAccessIterator result_last);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    RandomAccessIterator
+    partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                      RandomAccessIterator result_first, RandomAccessIterator result_last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    ForwardIterator
+    lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
+    ForwardIterator
+    lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    ForwardIterator
+    upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
+    ForwardIterator
+    upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
+    equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
+    pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
+    equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    bool
+    binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
+    bool
+    binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+          InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    OutputIterator
+    merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+          InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+    void
+    inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator middle, BidirectionalIterator last);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator middle, BidirectionalIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    bool
+    includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Compare>
+    bool
+    includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+              InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    OutputIterator
+    set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+              InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                     InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    OutputIterator
+    set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                     InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    set_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                   InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    OutputIterator
+    set_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                   InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    set_symmetric_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    OutputIterator
+    set_symmetric_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    push_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    push_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    pop_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    pop_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    make_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    make_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    sort_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    sort_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    bool
+    is_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessiterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    bool
+    is_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessiterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    RandomAccessIterator
+    is_heap_until(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessiterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    RandomAccessIterator
+    is_heap_until(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessiterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    ForwardIterator
+    min_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    ForwardIterator
+    min_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class T>
+    const T&
+    min(const T& a, const T& b);
+
+template <class T, class Compare>
+    const T&
+    min(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
+
+template<class T>
+    T
+    min(initializer_list<T> t);
+
+template<class T, class Compare>
+    T
+    min(initializer_list<T> t, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    ForwardIterator
+    max_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    ForwardIterator
+    max_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class T>
+    const T&
+    max(const T& a, const T& b);
+
+template <class T, class Compare>
+    const T&
+    max(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
+
+template<class T>
+    T
+    max(initializer_list<T> t);
+
+template<class T, class Compare>
+    T
+    max(initializer_list<T> t, Compare comp);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+    pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
+    minmax_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
+    minmax_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template<class T>
+    pair<const T&, const T&>
+    minmax(const T& a, const T& b);
+
+template<class T, class Compare>
+    pair<const T&, const T&>
+    minmax(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
+
+template<class T>
+    pair<T, T>
+    minmax(initializer_list<T> t);
+
+template<class T, class Compare>
+    pair<T, T>
+    minmax(initializer_list<T> t, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    bool
+    lexicographical_compare(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Compare>
+    bool
+    lexicographical_compare(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                            InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, Compare comp);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+    bool
+    next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
+    bool
+    next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+    bool
+    prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
+    bool
+    prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <utility>
+#include <memory>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2 = _T1>
+struct __equal_to
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x == __y;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T2& __y) const {return __x == __y;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T2& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x == __y;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T2& __x, const _T2& __y) const {return __x == __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _T1>
+struct __equal_to<_T1, _T1>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x == __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _T1>
+struct __equal_to<const _T1, _T1>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x == __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _T1>
+struct __equal_to<_T1, const _T1>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x == __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2 = _T1>
+struct __less
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x < __y;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T2& __y) const {return __x < __y;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T2& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x < __y;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T2& __x, const _T2& __y) const {return __x < __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _T1>
+struct __less<_T1, _T1>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x < __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _T1>
+struct __less<const _T1, _T1>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x < __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _T1>
+struct __less<_T1, const _T1>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T1& __y) const {return __x < __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+class __negate
+{
+private:
+    _Predicate __p_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __negate() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __negate(_Predicate __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+
+    template <class _T1>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _T1& __x) {return !__p_(__x);}
+
+    template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T2& __y) {return !__p_(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+
+template <class _Compare>
+struct __debug_less
+{
+    _Compare __comp_;
+    __debug_less(_Compare& __c) : __comp_(__c) {}
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Up& __y)
+    {
+        bool __r = __comp_(__x, __y);
+        if (__r)
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!__comp_(__y, __x), "Comparator does not induce a strict weak ordering");
+        return __r;
+    }
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+
+// Precondition:  __x != 0
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned           __ctz(unsigned           __x) {return __builtin_ctz  (__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned      long __ctz(unsigned      long __x) {return __builtin_ctzl (__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned long long __ctz(unsigned long long __x) {return __builtin_ctzll(__x);}
+
+// Precondition:  __x != 0
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned           __clz(unsigned           __x) {return __builtin_clz  (__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned      long __clz(unsigned      long __x) {return __builtin_clzl (__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned long long __clz(unsigned long long __x) {return __builtin_clzll(__x);}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __pop_count(unsigned           __x) {return __builtin_popcount  (__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __pop_count(unsigned      long __x) {return __builtin_popcountl (__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __pop_count(unsigned long long __x) {return __builtin_popcountll(__x);}
+
+// all_of
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+all_of(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (!__pred(*__first))
+            return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+// any_of
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+any_of(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (__pred(*__first))
+            return true;
+    return false;
+}
+
+// none_of
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+none_of(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (__pred(*__first))
+            return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+// for_each
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Function>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Function
+for_each(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Function __f)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __f(*__first);
+    return _VSTD::move(__f);
+}
+
+// find
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_InputIterator
+find(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (*__first == __value)
+            break;
+    return __first;
+}
+
+// find_if
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_InputIterator
+find_if(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (__pred(*__first))
+            break;
+    return __first;
+}
+
+// find_if_not
+
+template<class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_InputIterator
+find_if_not(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (!__pred(*__first))
+            break;
+    return __first;
+}
+
+// find_end
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+_ForwardIterator1
+__find_end(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+           _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2, _BinaryPredicate __pred,
+           forward_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag)
+{
+    // modeled after search algorithm
+    _ForwardIterator1 __r = __last1;  // __last1 is the "default" answer
+    if (__first2 == __last2)
+        return __r;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__first1 == __last1)         // if source exhausted return last correct answer
+                return __r;                  //    (or __last1 if never found)
+            if (__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+                break;
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+        // *__first1 matches *__first2, now match elements after here
+        _ForwardIterator1 __m1 = __first1;
+        _ForwardIterator2 __m2 = __first2;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (++__m2 == __last2)
+            {                         // Pattern exhaused, record answer and search for another one
+                __r = __first1;
+                ++__first1;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (++__m1 == __last1)     // Source exhausted, return last answer
+                return __r;
+            if (!__pred(*__m1, *__m2))  // mismatch, restart with a new __first
+            {
+                ++__first1;
+                break;
+            }  // else there is a match, check next elements
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _BidirectionalIterator1, class _BidirectionalIterator2>
+_BidirectionalIterator1
+__find_end(_BidirectionalIterator1 __first1, _BidirectionalIterator1 __last1,
+           _BidirectionalIterator2 __first2, _BidirectionalIterator2 __last2, _BinaryPredicate __pred,
+           bidirectional_iterator_tag, bidirectional_iterator_tag)
+{
+    // modeled after search algorithm (in reverse)
+    if (__first2 == __last2)
+        return __last1;  // Everything matches an empty sequence
+    _BidirectionalIterator1 __l1 = __last1;
+    _BidirectionalIterator2 __l2 = __last2;
+    --__l2;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // Find last element in sequence 1 that matchs *(__last2-1), with a mininum of loop checks
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__first1 == __l1)  // return __last1 if no element matches *__first2
+                return __last1;
+            if (__pred(*--__l1, *__l2))
+                break;
+        }
+        // *__l1 matches *__l2, now match elements before here
+        _BidirectionalIterator1 __m1 = __l1;
+        _BidirectionalIterator2 __m2 = __l2;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__m2 == __first2)  // If pattern exhausted, __m1 is the answer (works for 1 element pattern)
+                return __m1;
+            if (__m1 == __first1)  // Otherwise if source exhaused, pattern not found
+                return __last1;
+            if (!__pred(*--__m1, *--__m2))  // if there is a mismatch, restart with a new __l1
+            {
+                break;
+            }  // else there is a match, check next elements
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _RandomAccessIterator1, class _RandomAccessIterator2>
+_RandomAccessIterator1
+__find_end(_RandomAccessIterator1 __first1, _RandomAccessIterator1 __last1,
+           _RandomAccessIterator2 __first2, _RandomAccessIterator2 __last2, _BinaryPredicate __pred,
+           random_access_iterator_tag, random_access_iterator_tag)
+{
+    // Take advantage of knowing source and pattern lengths.  Stop short when source is smaller than pattern
+    typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator2>::difference_type __len2 = __last2 - __first2;
+    if (__len2 == 0)
+        return __last1;
+    typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::difference_type __len1 = __last1 - __first1;
+    if (__len1 < __len2)
+        return __last1;
+    const _RandomAccessIterator1 __s = __first1 + (__len2 - 1);  // End of pattern match can't go before here
+    _RandomAccessIterator1 __l1 = __last1;
+    _RandomAccessIterator2 __l2 = __last2;
+    --__l2;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__s == __l1)
+                return __last1;
+            if (__pred(*--__l1, *__l2))
+                break;
+        }
+        _RandomAccessIterator1 __m1 = __l1;
+        _RandomAccessIterator2 __m2 = __l2;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__m2 == __first2)
+                return __m1;
+                                 // no need to check range on __m1 because __s guarantees we have enough source
+            if (!__pred(*--__m1, *--__m2))
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator1
+find_end(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+         _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__find_end<typename add_lvalue_reference<_BinaryPredicate>::type>
+                         (__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred,
+                          typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator1>::iterator_category(),
+                          typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator2>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator1
+find_end(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+         _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator1>::value_type __v1;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator2>::value_type __v2;
+    return _VSTD::find_end(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __equal_to<__v1, __v2>());
+}
+
+// find_first_of
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_ForwardIterator1
+find_first_of(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+              _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1)
+        for (_ForwardIterator2 __j = __first2; __j != __last2; ++__j)
+            if (__pred(*__first1, *__j))
+                return __first1;
+    return __last1;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator1
+find_first_of(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+              _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator1>::value_type __v1;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator2>::value_type __v2;
+    return _VSTD::find_first_of(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __equal_to<__v1, __v2>());
+}
+
+// adjacent_find
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _BinaryPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+adjacent_find(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+        while (++__i != __last)
+        {
+            if (__pred(*__first, *__i))
+                return __first;
+            __first = __i;
+        }
+    }
+    return __last;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+adjacent_find(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type __v;
+    return _VSTD::adjacent_find(__first, __last, __equal_to<__v>());
+}
+
+// count
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::difference_type
+count(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::difference_type __r(0);
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (*__first == __value)
+            ++__r;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// count_if
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::difference_type
+count_if(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::difference_type __r(0);
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (__pred(*__first))
+            ++__r;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// mismatch
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<_InputIterator1, _InputIterator2>
+mismatch(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+         _InputIterator2 __first2, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2)
+        if (!__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+            break;
+    return pair<_InputIterator1, _InputIterator2>(__first1, __first2);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<_InputIterator1, _InputIterator2>
+mismatch(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type __v1;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator2>::value_type __v2;
+    return _VSTD::mismatch(__first1, __last1, __first2, __equal_to<__v1, __v2>());
+}
+
+// equal
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+equal(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2)
+        if (!__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+            return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+equal(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type __v1;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator2>::value_type __v2;
+    return _VSTD::equal(__first1, __last1, __first2, __equal_to<__v1, __v2>());
+}
+
+// is_permutation
+
+template<class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+bool
+is_permutation(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+               _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    // shorten sequences as much as possible by lopping of any equal parts
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2)
+        if (!__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+            goto __not_done;
+    return true;
+__not_done:
+    // __first1 != __last1 && *__first1 != *__first2
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator1>::difference_type _D1;
+    _D1 __l1 = _VSTD::distance(__first1, __last1);
+    if (__l1 == _D1(1))
+        return false;
+    _ForwardIterator2 __last2 = _VSTD::next(__first2, __l1);
+    // For each element in [f1, l1) see if there are the same number of
+    //    equal elements in [f2, l2)
+    for (_ForwardIterator1 __i = __first1; __i != __last1; ++__i)
+    {
+        // Have we already counted the number of *__i in [f1, l1)?
+        for (_ForwardIterator1 __j = __first1; __j != __i; ++__j)
+            if (__pred(*__j, *__i))
+                goto __next_iter;
+        {
+            // Count number of *__i in [f2, l2)
+            _D1 __c2 = 0;
+            for (_ForwardIterator2 __j = __first2; __j != __last2; ++__j)
+                if (__pred(*__i, *__j))
+                    ++__c2;
+            if (__c2 == 0)
+                return false;
+            // Count number of *__i in [__i, l1) (we can start with 1)
+            _D1 __c1 = 1;
+            for (_ForwardIterator1 __j = _VSTD::next(__i); __j != __last1; ++__j)
+                if (__pred(*__i, *__j))
+                    ++__c1;
+            if (__c1 != __c2)
+                return false;
+        }
+__next_iter:;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+is_permutation(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+               _ForwardIterator2 __first2)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator1>::value_type __v1;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator2>::value_type __v2;
+    return _VSTD::is_permutation(__first1, __last1, __first2, __equal_to<__v1, __v2>());
+}
+
+// search
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+_ForwardIterator1
+__search(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+         _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2, _BinaryPredicate __pred,
+         forward_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag)
+{
+    if (__first2 == __last2)
+        return __first1;  // Everything matches an empty sequence
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // Find first element in sequence 1 that matchs *__first2, with a mininum of loop checks
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__first1 == __last1)  // return __last1 if no element matches *__first2
+                return __last1;
+            if (__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+                break;
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+        // *__first1 matches *__first2, now match elements after here
+        _ForwardIterator1 __m1 = __first1;
+        _ForwardIterator2 __m2 = __first2;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (++__m2 == __last2)  // If pattern exhausted, __first1 is the answer (works for 1 element pattern)
+                return __first1;
+            if (++__m1 == __last1)  // Otherwise if source exhaused, pattern not found
+                return __last1;
+            if (!__pred(*__m1, *__m2))  // if there is a mismatch, restart with a new __first1
+            {
+                ++__first1;
+                break;
+            }  // else there is a match, check next elements
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _RandomAccessIterator1, class _RandomAccessIterator2>
+_RandomAccessIterator1
+__search(_RandomAccessIterator1 __first1, _RandomAccessIterator1 __last1,
+           _RandomAccessIterator2 __first2, _RandomAccessIterator2 __last2, _BinaryPredicate __pred,
+           random_access_iterator_tag, random_access_iterator_tag)
+{
+    typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::difference_type _D1;
+    typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator2>::difference_type _D2;
+    // Take advantage of knowing source and pattern lengths.  Stop short when source is smaller than pattern
+    _D2 __len2 = __last2 - __first2;
+    if (__len2 == 0)
+        return __first1;
+    _D1 __len1 = __last1 - __first1;
+    if (__len1 < __len2)
+        return __last1;
+    const _RandomAccessIterator1 __s = __last1 - (__len2 - 1);  // Start of pattern match can't go beyond here
+    while (true)
+    {
+#if !_LIBCPP_UNROLL_LOOPS
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__first1 == __s)
+                return __last1;
+            if (__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+                break;
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+#else  // !_LIBCPP_UNROLL_LOOPS
+        for (_D1 __loop_unroll = (__s - __first1) / 4; __loop_unroll > 0; --__loop_unroll)
+        {
+            if (__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+                goto __phase2;
+            if (__pred(*++__first1, *__first2))
+                goto __phase2;
+            if (__pred(*++__first1, *__first2))
+                goto __phase2;
+            if (__pred(*++__first1, *__first2))
+                goto __phase2;
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+        switch (__s - __first1)
+        {
+        case 3:
+            if (__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+                break;
+            ++__first1;
+        case 2:
+            if (__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+                break;
+            ++__first1;
+        case 1:
+            if (__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+                break;
+        case 0:
+            return __last1;
+        }
+    __phase2:
+#endif  // !_LIBCPP_UNROLL_LOOPS
+        _RandomAccessIterator1 __m1 = __first1;
+        _RandomAccessIterator2 __m2 = __first2;
+#if !_LIBCPP_UNROLL_LOOPS
+         while (true)
+         {
+             if (++__m2 == __last2)
+                 return __first1;
+             ++__m1;          // no need to check range on __m1 because __s guarantees we have enough source
+             if (!__pred(*__m1, *__m2))
+             {
+                 ++__first1;
+                 break;
+             }
+         }
+#else  // !_LIBCPP_UNROLL_LOOPS
+        ++__m2;
+        ++__m1;
+        for (_D2 __loop_unroll = (__last2 - __m2) / 4; __loop_unroll > 0; --__loop_unroll)
+        {
+            if (!__pred(*__m1, *__m2))
+                goto __continue;
+            if (!__pred(*++__m1, *++__m2))
+                goto __continue;
+            if (!__pred(*++__m1, *++__m2))
+                goto __continue;
+            if (!__pred(*++__m1, *++__m2))
+                goto __continue;
+            ++__m1;
+            ++__m2;
+        }
+        switch (__last2 - __m2)
+        {
+        case 3:
+            if (!__pred(*__m1, *__m2))
+                break;
+            ++__m1;
+            ++__m2;
+        case 2:
+            if (!__pred(*__m1, *__m2))
+                break;
+            ++__m1;
+            ++__m2;
+        case 1:
+            if (!__pred(*__m1, *__m2))
+                break;
+        case 0:
+            return __first1;
+        }
+    __continue:
+        ++__first1;
+#endif  // !_LIBCPP_UNROLL_LOOPS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator1
+search(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+       _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__search<typename add_lvalue_reference<_BinaryPredicate>::type>
+                         (__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred,
+                          typename std::iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator1>::iterator_category(),
+                          typename std::iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator2>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator1
+search(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+       _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2)
+{
+    typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator1>::value_type __v1;
+    typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator2>::value_type __v2;
+    return _VSTD::search(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __equal_to<__v1, __v2>());
+}
+
+// search_n
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+_ForwardIterator
+__search_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+           _Size __count, const _Tp& __value, _BinaryPredicate __pred, forward_iterator_tag)
+{
+    if (__count <= 0)
+        return __first;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // Find first element in sequence that matchs __value, with a mininum of loop checks
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__first == __last)  // return __last if no element matches __value
+                return __last;
+            if (__pred(*__first, __value))
+                break;
+            ++__first;
+        }
+        // *__first matches __value, now match elements after here
+        _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+        _Size __c(0);
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (++__c == __count)  // If pattern exhausted, __first is the answer (works for 1 element pattern)
+                return __first;
+            if (++__m == __last)  // Otherwise if source exhaused, pattern not found
+                return __last;
+            if (!__pred(*__m, __value))  // if there is a mismatch, restart with a new __first
+            {
+                __first = __m;
+                ++__first;
+                break;
+            }  // else there is a match, check next elements
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+_RandomAccessIterator
+__search_n(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+           _Size __count, const _Tp& __value, _BinaryPredicate __pred, random_access_iterator_tag)
+{
+    if (__count <= 0)
+        return __first;
+    _Size __len = static_cast<_Size>(__last - __first);
+    if (__len < __count)
+        return __last;
+    const _RandomAccessIterator __s = __last - (__count - 1);  // Start of pattern match can't go beyond here
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // Find first element in sequence that matchs __value, with a mininum of loop checks
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__first == __s)  // return __last if no element matches __value
+                return __last;
+            if (__pred(*__first, __value))
+                break;
+            ++__first;
+        }
+        // *__first matches __value, now match elements after here
+        _RandomAccessIterator __m = __first;
+        _Size __c(0);
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (++__c == __count)  // If pattern exhausted, __first is the answer (works for 1 element pattern)
+                return __first;
+             ++__m;          // no need to check range on __m because __s guarantees we have enough source
+            if (!__pred(*__m, __value))  // if there is a mismatch, restart with a new __first
+            {
+                __first = __m;
+                ++__first;
+                break;
+            }  // else there is a match, check next elements
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp, class _BinaryPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+search_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+         _Size __count, const _Tp& __value, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__search_n<typename add_lvalue_reference<_BinaryPredicate>::type>
+           (__first, __last, __count, __value, __pred, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+search_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Size __count, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type __v;
+    return _VSTD::search_n(__first, __last, __count, __value, __equal_to<__v, _Tp>());
+}
+
+// copy
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivial_iterator
+{
+    static const bool value = is_pointer<_Iter>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivial_iterator<move_iterator<_Iter> >
+{
+    static const bool value = is_pointer<_Iter>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivial_iterator<__wrap_iter<_Iter> >
+{
+    static const bool value = is_pointer<_Iter>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Iter
+__unwrap_iter(_Iter __i)
+{
+    return __i;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value,
+    _Tp*
+>::type
+__unwrap_iter(move_iterator<_Tp*> __i)
+{
+    return __i.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value,
+    _Tp*
+>::type
+__unwrap_iter(__wrap_iter<_Tp*> __i)
+{
+    return __i.base();
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+__copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
+        *__result = *__first;
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_same<typename remove_const<_Tp>::type, _Up>::value &&
+    is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Up>::value,
+    _Up*
+>::type
+__copy(_Tp* __first, _Tp* __last, _Up* __result)
+{
+    const size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+    _VSTD::memmove(__result, __first, __n * sizeof(_Up));
+    return __result + __n;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__copy(__unwrap_iter(__first), __unwrap_iter(__last), __unwrap_iter(__result));
+}
+
+// copy_backward
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+__copy_backward(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    while (__first != __last)
+        *--__result = *--__last;
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_same<typename remove_const<_Tp>::type, _Up>::value &&
+    is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Up>::value,
+    _Up*
+>::type
+__copy_backward(_Tp* __first, _Tp* __last, _Up* __result)
+{
+    const size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+    __result -= __n;
+    _VSTD::memmove(__result, __first, __n * sizeof(_Up));
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator1, class _BidirectionalIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_BidirectionalIterator2
+copy_backward(_BidirectionalIterator1 __first, _BidirectionalIterator1 __last,
+              _BidirectionalIterator2 __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__copy_backward(__unwrap_iter(__first), __unwrap_iter(__last), __unwrap_iter(__result));
+}
+
+// copy_if
+
+template<class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+copy_if(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+        _OutputIterator __result, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        if (__pred(*__first))
+        {
+            *__result = *__first;
+            ++__result;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+// copy_n
+
+template<class _InputIterator, class _Size, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value &&
+   !__is_random_access_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    _OutputIterator
+>::type
+copy_n(_InputIterator __first, _Size __n, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        *__result = *__first;
+        ++__result;
+        for (--__n; __n > 0; --__n)
+        {
+            ++__first;
+            *__result = *__first;
+            ++__result;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template<class _InputIterator, class _Size, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_random_access_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    _OutputIterator
+>::type
+copy_n(_InputIterator __first, _Size __n, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::copy(__first, __first + __n, __result);
+}
+
+// move
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+__move(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
+        *__result = _VSTD::move(*__first);
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_same<typename remove_const<_Tp>::type, _Up>::value &&
+    is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Up>::value,
+    _Up*
+>::type
+__move(_Tp* __first, _Tp* __last, _Up* __result)
+{
+    const size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+    _VSTD::memmove(__result, __first, __n * sizeof(_Up));
+    return __result + __n;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+move(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__move(__unwrap_iter(__first), __unwrap_iter(__last), __unwrap_iter(__result));
+}
+
+// move_backward
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+__move_backward(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    while (__first != __last)
+        *--__result = _VSTD::move(*--__last);
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_same<typename remove_const<_Tp>::type, _Up>::value &&
+    is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Up>::value,
+    _Up*
+>::type
+__move_backward(_Tp* __first, _Tp* __last, _Up* __result)
+{
+    const size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+    __result -= __n;
+    _VSTD::memmove(__result, __first, __n * sizeof(_Up));
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator1, class _BidirectionalIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_BidirectionalIterator2
+move_backward(_BidirectionalIterator1 __first, _BidirectionalIterator1 __last,
+              _BidirectionalIterator2 __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__move_backward(__unwrap_iter(__first), __unwrap_iter(__last), __unwrap_iter(__result));
+}
+
+// iter_swap
+
+// moved to <type_traits> for better swap / noexcept support
+
+// transform
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _UnaryOperation>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+transform(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _UnaryOperation __op)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
+        *__result = __op(*__first);
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryOperation>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+transform(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2,
+          _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
+{
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2, ++__result)
+        *__result = __binary_op(*__first1, *__first2);
+    return __result;
+}
+
+// replace
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+replace(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __old_value, const _Tp& __new_value)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (*__first == __old_value)
+            *__first = __new_value;
+}
+
+// replace_if
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+replace_if(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred, const _Tp& __new_value)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (__pred(*__first))
+            *__first = __new_value;
+}
+
+// replace_copy
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+replace_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result,
+             const _Tp& __old_value, const _Tp& __new_value)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
+        if (*__first == __old_value)
+            *__result = __new_value;
+        else
+            *__result = *__first;
+    return __result;
+}
+
+// replace_copy_if
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Predicate, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+replace_copy_if(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result,
+                _Predicate __pred, const _Tp& __new_value)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
+        if (__pred(*__first))
+            *__result = __new_value;
+        else
+            *__result = *__first;
+    return __result;
+}
+
+// fill_n
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+__fill_n(_OutputIterator __first, _Size __n, const _Tp& __value, false_type)
+{
+    for (; __n > 0; ++__first, --__n)
+        *__first = __value;
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+__fill_n(_OutputIterator __first, _Size __n, const _Tp& __value, true_type)
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+        _VSTD::memset(__first, (unsigned char)__value, (size_t)(__n));
+    return __first + __n;
+}
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+fill_n(_OutputIterator __first, _Size __n, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+   return _VSTD::__fill_n(__first, __n, __value, integral_constant<bool,
+                                              is_pointer<_OutputIterator>::value &&
+                                              is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value     &&
+                                              sizeof(_Tp) == 1>());
+}
+
+// fill
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__fill(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, forward_iterator_tag)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        *__first = __value;
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__fill(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, random_access_iterator_tag)
+{
+    _VSTD::fill_n(__first, __last - __first, __value);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+fill(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    _VSTD::__fill(__first, __last, __value, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+// generate
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Generator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+generate(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Generator __gen)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        *__first = __gen();
+}
+
+// generate_n
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Size, class _Generator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+generate_n(_OutputIterator __first, _Size __n, _Generator __gen)
+{
+    for (; __n > 0; ++__first, --__n)
+        *__first = __gen();
+    return __first;
+}
+
+// remove
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+_ForwardIterator
+remove(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    __first = _VSTD::find(__first, __last, __value);
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+        while (++__i != __last)
+        {
+            if (!(*__i == __value))
+            {
+                *__first = _VSTD::move(*__i);
+                ++__first;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+// remove_if
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+_ForwardIterator
+remove_if(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    __first = _VSTD::find_if<_ForwardIterator, typename add_lvalue_reference<_Predicate>::type>
+                           (__first, __last, __pred);
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+        while (++__i != __last)
+        {
+            if (!__pred(*__i))
+            {
+                *__first = _VSTD::move(*__i);
+                ++__first;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+// remove_copy
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+remove_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        if (!(*__first == __value))
+        {
+            *__result = *__first;
+            ++__result;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+// remove_copy_if
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+remove_copy_if(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        if (!__pred(*__first))
+        {
+            *__result = *__first;
+            ++__result;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+// unique
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_ForwardIterator
+unique(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    __first = _VSTD::adjacent_find<_ForwardIterator, typename add_lvalue_reference<_BinaryPredicate>::type>
+                                 (__first, __last, __pred);
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        // ...  a  a  ?  ...
+        //      f     i
+        _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+        for (++__i; ++__i != __last;)
+            if (!__pred(*__first, *__i))
+                *++__first = _VSTD::move(*__i);
+        ++__first;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+unique(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type __v;
+    return _VSTD::unique(__first, __last, __equal_to<__v>());
+}
+
+// unique_copy
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+__unique_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryPredicate __pred,
+              input_iterator_tag, output_iterator_tag)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __t(*__first);
+        *__result = __t;
+        ++__result;
+        while (++__first != __last)
+        {
+            if (!__pred(__t, *__first))
+            {
+                __t = *__first;
+                *__result = __t;
+                ++__result;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _ForwardIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+__unique_copy(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryPredicate __pred,
+              forward_iterator_tag, output_iterator_tag)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+        *__result = *__i;
+        ++__result;
+        while (++__first != __last)
+        {
+            if (!__pred(*__i, *__first))
+            {
+                *__result = *__first;
+                ++__result;
+                __i = __first;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _BinaryPredicate, class _InputIterator, class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+__unique_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _ForwardIterator __result, _BinaryPredicate __pred,
+              input_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        *__result = *__first;
+        while (++__first != __last)
+            if (!__pred(*__result, *__first))
+                *++__result = *__first;
+        ++__result;
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+unique_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__unique_copy<typename add_lvalue_reference<_BinaryPredicate>::type>
+                              (__first, __last, __result, __pred,
+                               typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::iterator_category(),
+                               typename iterator_traits<_OutputIterator>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+unique_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __v;
+    return _VSTD::unique_copy(__first, __last, __result, __equal_to<__v>());
+}
+
+// reverse
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__reverse(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, bidirectional_iterator_tag)
+{
+    while (__first != __last)
+    {
+        if (__first == --__last)
+            break;
+        swap(*__first, *__last);
+        ++__first;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__reverse(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, random_access_iterator_tag)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+        for (; __first < --__last; ++__first)
+            swap(*__first, *__last);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+reverse(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::__reverse(__first, __last, typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+// reverse_copy
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+reverse_copy(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__result)
+        *__result = *--__last;
+    return __result;
+}
+
+// rotate
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+__rotate(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __middle, _ForwardIterator __last, false_type)
+{
+    if (__first == __middle)
+        return __last;
+    if (__middle == __last)
+        return __first;
+    _ForwardIterator __i = __middle;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        swap(*__first, *__i);
+        ++__first;
+        if (++__i == __last)
+            break;
+        if (__first == __middle)
+            __middle = __i;
+    }
+    _ForwardIterator __r = __first;
+    if (__first != __middle)
+    {
+        __i = __middle;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            swap(*__first, *__i);
+            ++__first;
+            if (++__i == __last)
+            {
+                if (__first == __middle)
+                    break;
+                __i = __middle;
+            }
+            else if (__first == __middle)
+                __middle = __i;
+        }
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<typename _Integral>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Integral
+__gcd(_Integral __x, _Integral __y)
+{
+    do
+    {
+        _Integral __t = __x % __y;
+        __x = __y;
+        __y = __t;
+    } while (__y);
+    return __x;
+}
+
+template<typename _RandomAccessIterator>
+_RandomAccessIterator
+__rotate(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __middle, _RandomAccessIterator __last, true_type)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+
+    if (__first == __middle)
+        return __last;
+    if (__middle == __last)
+        return __first;
+    const difference_type __m1 = __middle - __first;
+    const difference_type __m2 = __last - __middle;
+    if (__m1 == __m2)
+    {
+        _VSTD::swap_ranges(__first, __middle, __middle);
+        return __middle;
+    }
+    const difference_type __g = __gcd(__m1, __m2);
+    for (_RandomAccessIterator __p = __first + __g; __p != __first;)
+    {
+        value_type __t(*--__p);
+        _RandomAccessIterator __p1 = __p;
+        _RandomAccessIterator __p2 = __p1 + __m1;
+        do
+        {
+            *__p1 = *__p2;
+            __p1 = __p2;
+            const difference_type __d = __last - __p2;
+            if (__m1 < __d)
+                __p2 += __m1;
+            else
+                __p2 = __first + (__m1 - __d);
+        } while (__p2 != __p);
+        *__p1 = __t;
+    }
+    return __first + __m2;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+rotate(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __middle, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__rotate(__first, __middle, __last,
+                          integral_constant
+                          <
+                               bool,
+                               is_convertible
+                               <
+                                   typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::iterator_category,
+                                   random_access_iterator_tag
+                               >::value &&
+                               is_trivially_copy_assignable
+                               <
+                                   typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type
+                               >::value
+                           >());
+}
+
+// rotate_copy
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+rotate_copy(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __middle, _ForwardIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::copy(__first, __middle, _VSTD::copy(__middle, __last, __result));
+}
+
+// min_element
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+min_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+        while (++__i != __last)
+            if (__comp(*__i, *__first))
+                __first = __i;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+min_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::min_element(__first, __last,
+              __less<typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// min
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _Tp&
+min(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    return __comp(__b, __a) ? __b : __a;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _Tp&
+min(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b)
+{
+    return _VSTD::min(__a, __b, __less<_Tp>());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+min(initializer_list<_Tp> __t, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    return *_VSTD::min_element(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __comp);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+min(initializer_list<_Tp> __t)
+{
+    return *_VSTD::min_element(__t.begin(), __t.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+// max_element
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+max_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+        while (++__i != __last)
+            if (__comp(*__first, *__i))
+                __first = __i;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+max_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::max_element(__first, __last,
+              __less<typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// max
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _Tp&
+max(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    return __comp(__a, __b) ? __b : __a;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _Tp&
+max(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b)
+{
+    return _VSTD::max(__a, __b, __less<_Tp>());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+max(initializer_list<_Tp> __t, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    return *_VSTD::max_element(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __comp);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+max(initializer_list<_Tp> __t)
+{
+    return *_VSTD::max_element(__t.begin(), __t.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+// minmax_element
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+std::pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+minmax_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+  std::pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator> __result(__first, __first);
+  if (__first != __last)
+  {
+      if (++__first != __last)
+      {
+          if (__comp(*__first, *__result.first))
+          {
+              __result.second = __result.first;
+              __result.first = __first;
+          }
+          else
+              __result.second = __first;
+          while (++__first != __last)
+          {
+              _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+              if (++__first == __last)
+              {
+                  if (__comp(*__i, *__result.first))
+                      __result.first = __i;
+                  else if (!__comp(*__i, *__result.second))
+                      __result.second = __i;
+                  break;
+              }
+              else
+              {
+                  if (__comp(*__first, *__i))
+                  {
+                      if (__comp(*__first, *__result.first))
+                          __result.first = __first;
+                      if (!__comp(*__i, *__result.second))
+                          __result.second = __i;
+                  }
+                  else
+                  {
+                      if (__comp(*__i, *__result.first))
+                          __result.first = __i;
+                      if (!__comp(*__first, *__result.second))
+                          __result.second = __first;
+                  }
+              }
+          }
+      }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+std::pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+minmax_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::minmax_element(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// minmax
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<const _Tp&, const _Tp&>
+minmax(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    return __comp(__b, __a) ? pair<const _Tp&, const _Tp&>(__b, __a) :
+                              pair<const _Tp&, const _Tp&>(__a, __b);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<const _Tp&, const _Tp&>
+minmax(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b)
+{
+    return _VSTD::minmax(__a, __b, __less<_Tp>());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<_Tp, _Tp>
+minmax(initializer_list<_Tp> __t)
+{
+    pair<const _Tp*, const _Tp*> __p =
+                                   _VSTD::minmax_element(__t.begin(), __t.end());
+    return pair<_Tp, _Tp>(*__p.first, *__p.second);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<_Tp, _Tp>
+minmax(initializer_list<_Tp> __t, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    pair<const _Tp*, const _Tp*> __p =
+                           _VSTD::minmax_element(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __comp);
+    return pair<_Tp, _Tp>(*__p.first, *__p.second);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+// random_shuffle
+
+// __independent_bits_engine
+
+template <unsigned long long _X, size_t _R>
+struct __log2_imp
+{
+    static const size_t value = _X & ((unsigned long long)(1) << _R) ? _R
+                                           : __log2_imp<_X, _R - 1>::value;
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _X>
+struct __log2_imp<_X, 0>
+{
+    static const size_t value = 0;
+};
+
+template <size_t _R>
+struct __log2_imp<0, _R>
+{
+    static const size_t value = _R + 1;
+};
+
+template <class _UI, _UI _X>
+struct __log2
+{
+    static const size_t value = __log2_imp<_X,
+                                         sizeof(_UI) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1>::value;
+};
+
+template<class _Engine, class _UIntType>
+class __independent_bits_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+    typedef typename _Engine::result_type _Engine_result_type;
+    typedef typename conditional
+        <
+            sizeof(_Engine_result_type) <= sizeof(result_type),
+                result_type,
+                _Engine_result_type
+        >::type _Working_result_type;
+
+    _Engine& __e_;
+    size_t __w_;
+    size_t __w0_;
+    size_t __n_;
+    size_t __n0_;
+    _Working_result_type __y0_;
+    _Working_result_type __y1_;
+    _Engine_result_type __mask0_;
+    _Engine_result_type __mask1_;
+
+    static const _Working_result_type _R = _Engine::_Max - _Engine::_Min
+                                                         + _Working_result_type(1);
+    static const size_t __m = __log2<_Working_result_type, _R>::value;
+    static const size_t _WDt = numeric_limits<_Working_result_type>::digits;
+    static const size_t _EDt = numeric_limits<_Engine_result_type>::digits;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    __independent_bits_engine(_Engine& __e, size_t __w);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()() {return __eval(integral_constant<bool, _R != 0>());}
+
+private:
+    result_type __eval(false_type);
+    result_type __eval(true_type);
+};
+
+template<class _Engine, class _UIntType>
+__independent_bits_engine<_Engine, _UIntType>
+    ::__independent_bits_engine(_Engine& __e, size_t __w)
+        : __e_(__e),
+          __w_(__w)
+{
+    __n_ = __w_ / __m + (__w_ % __m != 0);
+    __w0_ = __w_ / __n_;
+    if (_R == 0)
+        __y0_ = _R;
+    else if (__w0_ < _WDt)
+        __y0_ = (_R >> __w0_) << __w0_;
+    else
+        __y0_ = 0;
+    if (_R - __y0_ > __y0_ / __n_)
+    {
+        ++__n_;
+        __w0_ = __w_ / __n_;
+        if (__w0_ < _WDt)
+            __y0_ = (_R >> __w0_) << __w0_;
+        else
+            __y0_ = 0;
+    }
+    __n0_ = __n_ - __w_ % __n_;
+    if (__w0_ < _WDt - 1)
+        __y1_ = (_R >> (__w0_ + 1)) << (__w0_ + 1);
+    else
+        __y1_ = 0;
+    __mask0_ = __w0_ > 0 ? _Engine_result_type(~0) >> (_EDt - __w0_) :
+                          _Engine_result_type(0);
+    __mask1_ = __w0_ < _EDt - 1 ?
+                               _Engine_result_type(~0) >> (_EDt - (__w0_ + 1)) :
+                               _Engine_result_type(~0);
+}
+
+template<class _Engine, class _UIntType>
+inline
+_UIntType
+__independent_bits_engine<_Engine, _UIntType>::__eval(false_type)
+{
+    return static_cast<result_type>(__e_() & __mask0_);
+}
+
+template<class _Engine, class _UIntType>
+_UIntType
+__independent_bits_engine<_Engine, _UIntType>::__eval(true_type)
+{
+    result_type _S = 0;
+    for (size_t __k = 0; __k < __n0_; ++__k)
+    {
+        _Engine_result_type __u;
+        do
+        {
+            __u = __e_() - _Engine::min();
+        } while (__u >= __y0_);
+        if (__w0_ < _EDt)
+            _S <<= __w0_;
+        else
+            _S = 0;
+        _S += __u & __mask0_;
+    }
+    for (size_t __k = __n0_; __k < __n_; ++__k)
+    {
+        _Engine_result_type __u;
+        do
+        {
+            __u = __e_() - _Engine::min();
+        } while (__u >= __y1_);
+        if (__w0_ < _EDt - 1)
+            _S <<= __w0_ + 1;
+        else
+            _S = 0;
+        _S += __u & __mask1_;
+    }
+    return _S;
+}
+
+// uniform_int_distribution
+
+template<class _IntType = int>
+class uniform_int_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+        result_type __a_;
+        result_type __b_;
+    public:
+        typedef uniform_int_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type __a = 0,
+                            result_type __b = numeric_limits<result_type>::max())
+            : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+        result_type a() const {return __a_;}
+        result_type b() const {return __b_;}
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;}
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit uniform_int_distribution(result_type __a = 0,
+                                      result_type __b = numeric_limits<result_type>::max())
+        : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+    explicit uniform_int_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const {return __p_.a();}
+    result_type b() const {return __p_.b();}
+
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    result_type min() const {return a();}
+    result_type max() const {return b();}
+
+    friend bool operator==(const uniform_int_distribution& __x,
+                           const uniform_int_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend bool operator!=(const uniform_int_distribution& __x,
+                           const uniform_int_distribution& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template<class _IntType>
+template<class _URNG>
+typename uniform_int_distribution<_IntType>::result_type
+uniform_int_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    typedef typename conditional<sizeof(result_type) <= sizeof(uint32_t),
+                                            uint32_t, uint64_t>::type _UIntType;
+    const _UIntType _R = __p.b() - __p.a() + _UIntType(1);
+    if (_R == 1)
+        return __p.a();
+    const size_t _Dt = numeric_limits<_UIntType>::digits;
+    typedef __independent_bits_engine<_URNG, _UIntType> _Eng;
+    if (_R == 0)
+        return static_cast<result_type>(_Eng(__g, _Dt)());
+    size_t __w = _Dt - __clz(_R) - 1;
+    if ((_R & (_UIntType(~0) >> (_Dt - __w))) != 0)
+        ++__w;
+    _Eng __e(__g, __w);
+    _UIntType __u;
+    do
+    {
+        __u = __e();
+    } while (__u >= _R);
+    return static_cast<result_type>(__u + __p.a());
+}
+
+class __rs_default;
+
+__rs_default __rs_get();
+
+class __rs_default
+{
+    static unsigned __c_;
+
+    __rs_default();
+public:
+    typedef unsigned result_type;
+
+    static const result_type _Min = 0;
+    static const result_type _Max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+    __rs_default(const __rs_default&);
+    ~__rs_default();
+
+    result_type operator()();
+
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type min() {return _Min;}
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type max() {return _Max;}
+
+    friend __rs_default __rs_get();
+};
+
+__rs_default __rs_get();
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+random_shuffle(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef uniform_int_distribution<ptrdiff_t> _D;
+    typedef typename _D::param_type _P;
+    difference_type __d = __last - __first;
+    if (__d > 1)
+    {
+        _D __uid;
+        __rs_default __g = __rs_get();
+        for (--__last, --__d; __first < __last; ++__first, --__d)
+        {
+            difference_type __i = __uid(__g, _P(0, __d));
+            if (__i != difference_type(0))
+                swap(*__first, *(__first + __i));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _RandomNumberGenerator>
+void
+random_shuffle(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+               _RandomNumberGenerator&& __rand)
+#else
+               _RandomNumberGenerator& __rand)
+#endif
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    difference_type __d = __last - __first;
+    if (__d > 1)
+    {
+        for (--__last; __first < __last; ++__first, --__d)
+        {
+            difference_type __i = __rand(__d);
+            swap(*__first, *(__first + __i));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _RandomAccessIterator, class _UniformRandomNumberGenerator>
+    void shuffle(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+                 _UniformRandomNumberGenerator&& __g)
+#else
+                 _UniformRandomNumberGenerator& __g)
+#endif
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef uniform_int_distribution<ptrdiff_t> _D;
+    typedef typename _D::param_type _P;
+    difference_type __d = __last - __first;
+    if (__d > 1)
+    {
+        _D __uid;
+        for (--__last, --__d; __first < __last; ++__first, --__d)
+        {
+            difference_type __i = __uid(__g, _P(0, __d));
+            if (__i != difference_type(0))
+                swap(*__first, *(__first + __i));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+bool
+is_partitioned(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (!__pred(*__first))
+            break;
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        if (__pred(*__first))
+            return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+// partition
+
+template <class _Predicate, class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+__partition(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred, forward_iterator_tag)
+{
+    while (true)
+    {
+        if (__first == __last)
+            return __first;
+        if (!__pred(*__first))
+            break;
+        ++__first;
+    }
+    for (_ForwardIterator __p = __first; ++__p != __last;)
+    {
+        if (__pred(*__p))
+        {
+            swap(*__first, *__p);
+            ++__first;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _Predicate, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+_BidirectionalIterator
+__partition(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Predicate __pred,
+            bidirectional_iterator_tag)
+{
+    while (true)
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__first == __last)
+                return __first;
+            if (!__pred(*__first))
+                break;
+            ++__first;
+        }
+        do
+        {
+            if (__first == --__last)
+                return __first;
+        } while (!__pred(*__last));
+        swap(*__first, *__last);
+        ++__first;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+partition(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    return _VSTD::__partition<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Predicate>::type>
+                            (__first, __last, __pred, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+// partition_copy
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator1,
+          class _OutputIterator2, class _Predicate>
+pair<_OutputIterator1, _OutputIterator2>
+partition_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+               _OutputIterator1 __out_true, _OutputIterator2 __out_false,
+               _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        if (__pred(*__first))
+        {
+            *__out_true = *__first;
+            ++__out_true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            *__out_false = *__first;
+            ++__out_false;
+        }
+    }
+    return pair<_OutputIterator1, _OutputIterator2>(__out_true, __out_false);
+}
+
+// partition_point
+
+template<class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+_ForwardIterator
+partition_point(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    difference_type __len = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    while (__len != 0)
+    {
+        difference_type __l2 = __len / 2;
+        _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+        _VSTD::advance(__m, __l2);
+        if (__pred(*__m))
+        {
+            __first = ++__m;
+            __len -= __l2 + 1;
+        }
+        else
+            __len = __l2;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+// stable_partition
+
+template <class _Predicate, class _ForwardIterator, class _Distance, class _Pair>
+_ForwardIterator
+__stable_partition(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred,
+                   _Distance __len, _Pair __p, forward_iterator_tag __fit)
+{
+    // *__first is known to be false
+    // __len >= 1
+    if (__len == 1)
+        return __first;
+    if (__len == 2)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+        if (__pred(*++__m))
+        {
+            swap(*__first, *__m);
+            return __m;
+        }
+        return __first;
+    }
+    if (__len <= __p.second)
+    {   // The buffer is big enough to use
+        typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+        __destruct_n __d(0);
+        unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(__p.first, __d);
+        // Move the falses into the temporary buffer, and the trues to the front of the line
+        // Update __first to always point to the end of the trues
+        value_type* __t = __p.first;
+        ::new(__t) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first));
+        __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+        ++__t;
+        _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+        while (++__i != __last)
+        {
+            if (__pred(*__i))
+            {
+                *__first = _VSTD::move(*__i);
+                ++__first;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ::new(__t) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__i));
+                __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+                ++__t;
+            }
+        }
+        // All trues now at start of range, all falses in buffer
+        // Move falses back into range, but don't mess up __first which points to first false
+        __i = __first;
+        for (value_type* __t2 = __p.first; __t2 < __t; ++__t2, ++__i)
+            *__i = _VSTD::move(*__t2);
+        // __h destructs moved-from values out of the temp buffer, but doesn't deallocate buffer
+        return __first;
+    }
+    // Else not enough buffer, do in place
+    // __len >= 3
+    _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+    _Distance __len2 = __len / 2;  // __len2 >= 2
+    _VSTD::advance(__m, __len2);
+    // recurse on [__first, __m), *__first know to be false
+    // F?????????????????
+    // f       m         l
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Predicate>::type _PredRef;
+    _ForwardIterator __first_false = __stable_partition<_PredRef>(__first, __m, __pred, __len2, __p, __fit);
+    // TTTFFFFF??????????
+    // f  ff   m         l
+    // recurse on [__m, __last], except increase __m until *(__m) is false, *__last know to be true
+    _ForwardIterator __m1 = __m;
+    _ForwardIterator __second_false = __last;
+    _Distance __len_half = __len - __len2;
+    while (__pred(*__m1))
+    {
+        if (++__m1 == __last)
+            goto __second_half_done;
+        --__len_half;
+    }
+    // TTTFFFFFTTTF??????
+    // f  ff   m  m1     l
+    __second_false = __stable_partition<_PredRef>(__m1, __last, __pred, __len_half, __p, __fit);
+__second_half_done:
+    // TTTFFFFFTTTTTFFFFF
+    // f  ff   m    sf   l
+    return _VSTD::rotate(__first_false, __m, __second_false);
+    // TTTTTTTTFFFFFFFFFF
+    //         |
+}
+
+struct __return_temporary_buffer
+{
+    template <class _Tp>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void operator()(_Tp* __p) const {_VSTD::return_temporary_buffer(__p);}
+};
+
+template <class _Predicate, class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+__stable_partition(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred,
+                   forward_iterator_tag)
+{
+    const unsigned __alloc_limit = 3;  // might want to make this a function of trivial assignment
+    // Either prove all true and return __first or point to first false
+    while (true)
+    {
+        if (__first == __last)
+            return __first;
+        if (!__pred(*__first))
+            break;
+        ++__first;
+    }
+    // We now have a reduced range [__first, __last)
+    // *__first is known to be false
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    difference_type __len = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    pair<value_type*, ptrdiff_t> __p(0, 0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __return_temporary_buffer> __h;
+    if (__len >= __alloc_limit)
+    {
+        __p = _VSTD::get_temporary_buffer<value_type>(__len);
+        __h.reset(__p.first);
+    }
+    return __stable_partition<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Predicate>::type>
+                             (__first, __last, __pred, __len, __p, forward_iterator_tag());
+}
+
+template <class _Predicate, class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Distance, class _Pair>
+_BidirectionalIterator
+__stable_partition(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Predicate __pred,
+                   _Distance __len, _Pair __p, bidirectional_iterator_tag __bit)
+{
+    // *__first is known to be false
+    // *__last is known to be true
+    // __len >= 2
+    if (__len == 2)
+    {
+        swap(*__first, *__last);
+        return __last;
+    }
+    if (__len == 3)
+    {
+        _BidirectionalIterator __m = __first;
+        if (__pred(*++__m))
+        {
+            swap(*__first, *__m);
+            swap(*__m, *__last);
+            return __last;
+        }
+        swap(*__m, *__last);
+        swap(*__first, *__m);
+        return __m;
+    }
+    if (__len <= __p.second)
+    {   // The buffer is big enough to use
+        typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+        __destruct_n __d(0);
+        unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(__p.first, __d);
+        // Move the falses into the temporary buffer, and the trues to the front of the line
+        // Update __first to always point to the end of the trues
+        value_type* __t = __p.first;
+        ::new(__t) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first));
+        __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+        ++__t;
+        _BidirectionalIterator __i = __first;
+        while (++__i != __last)
+        {
+            if (__pred(*__i))
+            {
+                *__first = _VSTD::move(*__i);
+                ++__first;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ::new(__t) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__i));
+                __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+                ++__t;
+            }
+        }
+        // move *__last, known to be true
+        *__first = _VSTD::move(*__i);
+        __i = ++__first;
+        // All trues now at start of range, all falses in buffer
+        // Move falses back into range, but don't mess up __first which points to first false
+        for (value_type* __t2 = __p.first; __t2 < __t; ++__t2, ++__i)
+            *__i = _VSTD::move(*__t2);
+        // __h destructs moved-from values out of the temp buffer, but doesn't deallocate buffer
+        return __first;
+    }
+    // Else not enough buffer, do in place
+    // __len >= 4
+    _BidirectionalIterator __m = __first;
+    _Distance __len2 = __len / 2;  // __len2 >= 2
+    _VSTD::advance(__m, __len2);
+    // recurse on [__first, __m-1], except reduce __m-1 until *(__m-1) is true, *__first know to be false
+    // F????????????????T
+    // f       m        l
+    _BidirectionalIterator __m1 = __m;
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first_false = __first;
+    _Distance __len_half = __len2;
+    while (!__pred(*--__m1))
+    {
+        if (__m1 == __first)
+            goto __first_half_done;
+        --__len_half;
+    }
+    // F???TFFF?????????T
+    // f   m1  m        l
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Predicate>::type _PredRef;
+    __first_false = __stable_partition<_PredRef>(__first, __m1, __pred, __len_half, __p, __bit);
+__first_half_done:
+    // TTTFFFFF?????????T
+    // f  ff   m        l
+    // recurse on [__m, __last], except increase __m until *(__m) is false, *__last know to be true
+    __m1 = __m;
+    _BidirectionalIterator __second_false = __last;
+    ++__second_false;
+    __len_half = __len - __len2;
+    while (__pred(*__m1))
+    {
+        if (++__m1 == __last)
+            goto __second_half_done;
+        --__len_half;
+    }
+    // TTTFFFFFTTTF?????T
+    // f  ff   m  m1    l
+    __second_false = __stable_partition<_PredRef>(__m1, __last, __pred, __len_half, __p, __bit);
+__second_half_done:
+    // TTTFFFFFTTTTTFFFFF
+    // f  ff   m    sf  l
+    return _VSTD::rotate(__first_false, __m, __second_false);
+    // TTTTTTTTFFFFFFFFFF
+    //         |
+}
+
+template <class _Predicate, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+_BidirectionalIterator
+__stable_partition(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Predicate __pred,
+                   bidirectional_iterator_tag)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    const difference_type __alloc_limit = 4;  // might want to make this a function of trivial assignment
+    // Either prove all true and return __first or point to first false
+    while (true)
+    {
+        if (__first == __last)
+            return __first;
+        if (!__pred(*__first))
+            break;
+        ++__first;
+    }
+    // __first points to first false, everything prior to __first is already set.
+    // Either prove [__first, __last) is all false and return __first, or point __last to last true
+    do
+    {
+        if (__first == --__last)
+            return __first;
+    } while (!__pred(*__last));
+    // We now have a reduced range [__first, __last]
+    // *__first is known to be false
+    // *__last is known to be true
+    // __len >= 2
+    difference_type __len = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last) + 1;
+    pair<value_type*, ptrdiff_t> __p(0, 0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __return_temporary_buffer> __h;
+    if (__len >= __alloc_limit)
+    {
+        __p = _VSTD::get_temporary_buffer<value_type>(__len);
+        __h.reset(__p.first);
+    }
+    return __stable_partition<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Predicate>::type>
+                             (__first, __last, __pred, __len, __p, bidirectional_iterator_tag());
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+stable_partition(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    return __stable_partition<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Predicate>::type>
+                             (__first, __last, __pred, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+// is_sorted_until
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+_ForwardIterator
+is_sorted_until(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+        while (++__i != __last)
+        {
+            if (__comp(*__i, *__first))
+                return __i;
+            __first = __i;
+        }
+    }
+    return __last;
+}
+
+template<class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+is_sorted_until(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::is_sorted_until(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// is_sorted
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+is_sorted(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    return _VSTD::is_sorted_until(__first, __last, __comp) == __last;
+}
+
+template<class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+is_sorted(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::is_sorted(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// sort
+
+// stable, 2-3 compares, 0-2 swaps
+
+template <class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator>
+unsigned
+__sort3(_ForwardIterator __x, _ForwardIterator __y, _ForwardIterator __z, _Compare __c)
+{
+    unsigned __r = 0;
+    if (!__c(*__y, *__x))          // if x <= y
+    {
+        if (!__c(*__z, *__y))      // if y <= z
+            return __r;            // x <= y && y <= z
+                                   // x <= y && y > z
+        swap(*__y, *__z);          // x <= z && y < z
+        __r = 1;
+        if (__c(*__y, *__x))       // if x > y
+        {
+            swap(*__x, *__y);      // x < y && y <= z
+            __r = 2;
+        }
+        return __r;                // x <= y && y < z
+    }
+    if (__c(*__z, *__y))           // x > y, if y > z
+    {
+        swap(*__x, *__z);          // x < y && y < z
+        __r = 1;
+        return __r;
+    }
+    swap(*__x, *__y);              // x > y && y <= z
+    __r = 1;                       // x < y && x <= z
+    if (__c(*__z, *__y))           // if y > z
+    {
+        swap(*__y, *__z);          // x <= y && y < z
+        __r = 2;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}                                  // x <= y && y <= z
+
+// stable, 3-6 compares, 0-5 swaps
+
+template <class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator>
+unsigned
+__sort4(_ForwardIterator __x1, _ForwardIterator __x2, _ForwardIterator __x3,
+            _ForwardIterator __x4, _Compare __c)
+{
+    unsigned __r = __sort3<_Compare>(__x1, __x2, __x3, __c);
+    if (__c(*__x4, *__x3))
+    {
+        swap(*__x3, *__x4);
+        ++__r;
+        if (__c(*__x3, *__x2))
+        {
+            swap(*__x2, *__x3);
+            ++__r;
+            if (__c(*__x2, *__x1))
+            {
+                swap(*__x1, *__x2);
+                ++__r;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// stable, 4-10 compares, 0-9 swaps
+
+template <class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator>
+unsigned
+__sort5(_ForwardIterator __x1, _ForwardIterator __x2, _ForwardIterator __x3,
+            _ForwardIterator __x4, _ForwardIterator __x5, _Compare __c)
+{
+    unsigned __r = __sort4<_Compare>(__x1, __x2, __x3, __x4, __c);
+    if (__c(*__x5, *__x4))
+    {
+        swap(*__x4, *__x5);
+        ++__r;
+        if (__c(*__x4, *__x3))
+        {
+            swap(*__x3, *__x4);
+            ++__r;
+            if (__c(*__x3, *__x2))
+            {
+                swap(*__x2, *__x3);
+                ++__r;
+                if (__c(*__x2, *__x1))
+                {
+                    swap(*__x1, *__x2);
+                    ++__r;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// Assumes size > 0
+template <class _Compare, class _BirdirectionalIterator>
+void
+__selection_sort(_BirdirectionalIterator __first, _BirdirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    _BirdirectionalIterator __lm1 = __last;
+    for (--__lm1; __first != __lm1; ++__first)
+    {
+        _BirdirectionalIterator __i = _VSTD::min_element<_BirdirectionalIterator,
+                                                        typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type>
+                                                       (__first, __last, __comp);
+        if (__i != __first)
+            swap(*__first, *__i);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Compare, class _BirdirectionalIterator>
+void
+__insertion_sort(_BirdirectionalIterator __first, _BirdirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BirdirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _BirdirectionalIterator __i = __first;
+        for (++__i; __i != __last; ++__i)
+        {
+            _BirdirectionalIterator __j = __i;
+            value_type __t(_VSTD::move(*__j));
+            for (_BirdirectionalIterator __k = __i; __k != __first && __comp(__t,  *--__k); --__j)
+                *__j = _VSTD::move(*__k);
+            *__j = _VSTD::move(__t);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__insertion_sort_3(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    _RandomAccessIterator __j = __first+2;
+    __sort3<_Compare>(__first, __first+1, __j, __comp);
+    for (_RandomAccessIterator __i = __j+1; __i != __last; ++__i)
+    {
+        if (__comp(*__i, *__j))
+        {
+            value_type __t(_VSTD::move(*__i));
+            _RandomAccessIterator __k = __j;
+            __j = __i;
+            do
+            {
+                *__j = _VSTD::move(*__k);
+                __j = __k;
+            } while (__j != __first && __comp(__t, *--__k));
+            *__j = _VSTD::move(__t);
+        }
+        __j = __i;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+bool
+__insertion_sort_incomplete(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    switch (__last - __first)
+    {
+    case 0:
+    case 1:
+        return true;
+    case 2:
+        if (__comp(*--__last, *__first))
+            swap(*__first, *__last);
+        return true;
+    case 3:
+        _VSTD::__sort3<_Compare>(__first, __first+1, --__last, __comp);
+        return true;
+    case 4:
+        _VSTD::__sort4<_Compare>(__first, __first+1, __first+2, --__last, __comp);
+        return true;
+    case 5:
+        _VSTD::__sort5<_Compare>(__first, __first+1, __first+2, __first+3, --__last, __comp);
+        return true;
+    }
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    _RandomAccessIterator __j = __first+2;
+    __sort3<_Compare>(__first, __first+1, __j, __comp);
+    const unsigned __limit = 8;
+    unsigned __count = 0;
+    for (_RandomAccessIterator __i = __j+1; __i != __last; ++__i)
+    {
+        if (__comp(*__i, *__j))
+        {
+            value_type __t(_VSTD::move(*__i));
+            _RandomAccessIterator __k = __j;
+            __j = __i;
+            do
+            {
+                *__j = _VSTD::move(*__k);
+                __j = __k;
+            } while (__j != __first && __comp(__t, *--__k));
+            *__j = _VSTD::move(__t);
+            if (++__count == __limit)
+                return ++__i == __last;
+        }
+        __j = __i;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Compare, class _BirdirectionalIterator>
+void
+__insertion_sort_move(_BirdirectionalIterator __first1, _BirdirectionalIterator __last1,
+                      typename iterator_traits<_BirdirectionalIterator>::value_type* __first2, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BirdirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    if (__first1 != __last1)
+    {
+        __destruct_n __d(0);
+        unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(__first2, __d);
+        value_type* __last2 = __first2;
+        ::new(__last2) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first1));
+        __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+        for (++__last2; ++__first1 != __last1; ++__last2)
+        {
+            value_type* __j2 = __last2;
+            value_type* __i2 = __j2;
+            if (__comp(*__first1, *--__i2))
+            {
+                ::new(__j2) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__i2));
+                __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+                for (--__j2; __i2 != __first2 && __comp(*__first1,  *--__i2); --__j2)
+                    *__j2 = _VSTD::move(*__i2);
+                *__j2 = _VSTD::move(*__first1);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ::new(__j2) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first1));
+                __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+            }
+        }
+        __h.release();
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    // _Compare is known to be a reference type
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    const difference_type __limit = is_trivially_copy_constructible<value_type>::value &&
+                                    is_trivially_copy_assignable<value_type>::value ? 30 : 6;
+    while (true)
+    {
+    __restart:
+        difference_type __len = __last - __first;
+        switch (__len)
+        {
+        case 0:
+        case 1:
+            return;
+        case 2:
+            if (__comp(*--__last, *__first))
+                swap(*__first, *__last);
+            return;
+        case 3:
+            _VSTD::__sort3<_Compare>(__first, __first+1, --__last, __comp);
+            return;
+        case 4:
+            _VSTD::__sort4<_Compare>(__first, __first+1, __first+2, --__last, __comp);
+            return;
+        case 5:
+            _VSTD::__sort5<_Compare>(__first, __first+1, __first+2, __first+3, --__last, __comp);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (__len <= __limit)
+        {
+            _VSTD::__insertion_sort_3<_Compare>(__first, __last, __comp);
+            return;
+        }
+        // __len > 5
+        _RandomAccessIterator __m = __first;
+        _RandomAccessIterator __lm1 = __last;
+        --__lm1;
+        unsigned __n_swaps;
+        {
+        difference_type __delta;
+        if (__len >= 1000)
+        {
+            __delta = __len/2;
+            __m += __delta;
+            __delta /= 2;
+            __n_swaps = _VSTD::__sort5<_Compare>(__first, __first + __delta, __m, __m+__delta, __lm1, __comp);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __delta = __len/2;
+            __m += __delta;
+            __n_swaps = _VSTD::__sort3<_Compare>(__first, __m, __lm1, __comp);
+        }
+        }
+        // *__m is median
+        // partition [__first, __m) < *__m and *__m <= [__m, __last)
+        // (this inhibits tossing elements equivalent to __m around unnecessarily)
+        _RandomAccessIterator __i = __first;
+        _RandomAccessIterator __j = __lm1;
+        // j points beyond range to be tested, *__m is known to be <= *__lm1
+        // The search going up is known to be guarded but the search coming down isn't.
+        // Prime the downward search with a guard.
+        if (!__comp(*__i, *__m))  // if *__first == *__m
+        {
+            // *__first == *__m, *__first doesn't go in first part
+            // manually guard downward moving __j against __i
+            while (true)
+            {
+                if (__i == --__j)
+                {
+                    // *__first == *__m, *__m <= all other elements
+                    // Parition instead into [__first, __i) == *__first and *__first < [__i, __last)
+                    ++__i;  // __first + 1
+                    __j = __last;
+                    if (!__comp(*__first, *--__j))  // we need a guard if *__first == *(__last-1)
+                    {
+                        while (true)
+                        {
+                            if (__i == __j)
+                                return;  // [__first, __last) all equivalent elements
+                            if (__comp(*__first, *__i))
+                            {
+                                swap(*__i, *__j);
+                                ++__n_swaps;
+                                ++__i;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            ++__i;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // [__first, __i) == *__first and *__first < [__j, __last) and __j == __last - 1
+                    if (__i == __j)
+                        return;
+                    while (true)
+                    {
+                        while (!__comp(*__first, *__i))
+                            ++__i;
+                        while (__comp(*__first, *--__j))
+                            ;
+                        if (__i >= __j)
+                            break;
+                        swap(*__i, *__j);
+                        ++__n_swaps;
+                        ++__i;
+                    }
+                    // [__first, __i) == *__first and *__first < [__i, __last)
+                    // The first part is sorted, sort the secod part
+                    // _VSTD::__sort<_Compare>(__i, __last, __comp);
+                    __first = __i;
+                    goto __restart;
+                }
+                if (__comp(*__j, *__m))
+                {
+                    swap(*__i, *__j);
+                    ++__n_swaps;
+                    break;  // found guard for downward moving __j, now use unguarded partition
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // It is known that *__i < *__m
+        ++__i;
+        // j points beyond range to be tested, *__m is known to be <= *__lm1
+        // if not yet partitioned...
+        if (__i < __j)
+        {
+            // known that *(__i - 1) < *__m
+            // known that __i <= __m
+            while (true)
+            {
+                // __m still guards upward moving __i
+                while (__comp(*__i, *__m))
+                    ++__i;
+                // It is now known that a guard exists for downward moving __j
+                while (!__comp(*--__j, *__m))
+                    ;
+                if (__i > __j)
+                    break;
+                swap(*__i, *__j);
+                ++__n_swaps;
+                // It is known that __m != __j
+                // If __m just moved, follow it
+                if (__m == __i)
+                    __m = __j;
+                ++__i;
+            }
+        }
+        // [__first, __i) < *__m and *__m <= [__i, __last)
+        if (__i != __m && __comp(*__m, *__i))
+        {
+            swap(*__i, *__m);
+            ++__n_swaps;
+        }
+        // [__first, __i) < *__i and *__i <= [__i+1, __last)
+        // If we were given a perfect partition, see if insertion sort is quick...
+        if (__n_swaps == 0)
+        {
+            bool __fs = _VSTD::__insertion_sort_incomplete<_Compare>(__first, __i, __comp);
+            if (_VSTD::__insertion_sort_incomplete<_Compare>(__i+1, __last, __comp))
+            {
+                if (__fs)
+                    return;
+                __last = __i;
+                continue;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (__fs)
+                {
+                    __first = ++__i;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // sort smaller range with recursive call and larger with tail recursion elimination
+        if (__i - __first < __last - __i)
+        {
+            _VSTD::__sort<_Compare>(__first, __i, __comp);
+            // _VSTD::__sort<_Compare>(__i+1, __last, __comp);
+            __first = ++__i;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _VSTD::__sort<_Compare>(__i+1, __last, __comp);
+            // _VSTD::__sort<_Compare>(__first, __i, __comp);
+            __last = __i;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// This forwarder keeps the top call and the recursive calls using the same instantiation, forcing a reference _Compare
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    __sort<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    __sort<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::sort(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+sort(_Tp** __first, _Tp** __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::sort((size_t*)__first, (size_t*)__last, __less<size_t>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+sort(__wrap_iter<_Tp*> __first, __wrap_iter<_Tp*> __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::sort(__first.base(), __last.base());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+sort(__wrap_iter<_Tp*> __first, __wrap_iter<_Tp*> __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    _VSTD::sort<_Tp*, _Comp_ref>(__first.base(), __last.base(), __comp);
+}
+
+extern template void __sort<__less<char>&, char*>(char*, char*, __less<char>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<wchar_t>&, wchar_t*>(wchar_t*, wchar_t*, __less<wchar_t>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<signed char>&, signed char*>(signed char*, signed char*, __less<signed char>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<unsigned char>&, unsigned char*>(unsigned char*, unsigned char*, __less<unsigned char>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<short>&, short*>(short*, short*, __less<short>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<unsigned short>&, unsigned short*>(unsigned short*, unsigned short*, __less<unsigned short>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<int>&, int*>(int*, int*, __less<int>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<unsigned>&, unsigned*>(unsigned*, unsigned*, __less<unsigned>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<long>&, long*>(long*, long*, __less<long>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<unsigned long>&, unsigned long*>(unsigned long*, unsigned long*, __less<unsigned long>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<long long>&, long long*>(long long*, long long*, __less<long long>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<unsigned long long>&, unsigned long long*>(unsigned long long*, unsigned long long*, __less<unsigned long long>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<float>&, float*>(float*, float*, __less<float>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<double>&, double*>(double*, double*, __less<double>&);
+extern template void __sort<__less<long double>&, long double*>(long double*, long double*, __less<long double>&);
+
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<char>&, char*>(char*, char*, __less<char>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<wchar_t>&, wchar_t*>(wchar_t*, wchar_t*, __less<wchar_t>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<signed char>&, signed char*>(signed char*, signed char*, __less<signed char>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned char>&, unsigned char*>(unsigned char*, unsigned char*, __less<unsigned char>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<short>&, short*>(short*, short*, __less<short>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned short>&, unsigned short*>(unsigned short*, unsigned short*, __less<unsigned short>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<int>&, int*>(int*, int*, __less<int>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned>&, unsigned*>(unsigned*, unsigned*, __less<unsigned>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<long>&, long*>(long*, long*, __less<long>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned long>&, unsigned long*>(unsigned long*, unsigned long*, __less<unsigned long>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<long long>&, long long*>(long long*, long long*, __less<long long>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<unsigned long long>&, unsigned long long*>(unsigned long long*, unsigned long long*, __less<unsigned long long>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<float>&, float*>(float*, float*, __less<float>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<double>&, double*>(double*, double*, __less<double>&);
+extern template bool __insertion_sort_incomplete<__less<long double>&, long double*>(long double*, long double*, __less<long double>&);
+
+extern template unsigned __sort5<__less<long double>&, long double*>(long double*, long double*, long double*, long double*, long double*, __less<long double>&);
+
+// lower_bound
+
+template <class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+_ForwardIterator
+__lower_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    difference_type __len = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    while (__len != 0)
+    {
+        difference_type __l2 = __len / 2;
+        _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+        _VSTD::advance(__m, __l2);
+        if (__comp(*__m, __value))
+        {
+            __first = ++__m;
+            __len -= __l2 + 1;
+        }
+        else
+            __len = __l2;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+lower_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __lower_bound<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __value, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __lower_bound<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __value, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+lower_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lower_bound(__first, __last, __value,
+                             __less<typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type, _Tp>());
+}
+
+// upper_bound
+
+template <class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+_ForwardIterator
+__upper_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    difference_type __len = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    while (__len != 0)
+    {
+        difference_type __l2 = __len / 2;
+        _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+        _VSTD::advance(__m, __l2);
+        if (__comp(__value, *__m))
+            __len = __l2;
+        else
+        {
+            __first = ++__m;
+            __len -= __l2 + 1;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+upper_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __upper_bound<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __value, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __upper_bound<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __value, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator
+upper_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    return _VSTD::upper_bound(__first, __last, __value,
+                             __less<_Tp, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// equal_range
+
+template <class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+__equal_range(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    difference_type __len = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    while (__len != 0)
+    {
+        difference_type __l2 = __len / 2;
+        _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+        _VSTD::advance(__m, __l2);
+        if (__comp(*__m, __value))
+        {
+            __first = ++__m;
+            __len -= __l2 + 1;
+        }
+        else if (__comp(__value, *__m))
+        {
+            __last = __m;
+            __len = __l2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _ForwardIterator __mp1 = __m;
+            return pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+                   (
+                      __lower_bound<_Compare>(__first, __m, __value, __comp),
+                      __upper_bound<_Compare>(++__mp1, __last, __value, __comp)
+                   );
+        }
+    }
+    return pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>(__first, __first);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+equal_range(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __equal_range<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __value, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __equal_range<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __value, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+equal_range(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    return _VSTD::equal_range(__first, __last, __value,
+                             __less<typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type, _Tp>());
+}
+
+// binary_search
+
+template <class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+__binary_search(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    __first = __lower_bound<_Compare>(__first, __last, __value, __comp);
+    return __first != __last && !__comp(__value, *__first);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+binary_search(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __binary_search<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __value, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __binary_search<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __value, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+binary_search(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value)
+{
+    return _VSTD::binary_search(__first, __last, __value,
+                             __less<typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type, _Tp>());
+}
+
+// merge
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+__merge(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+        _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__result)
+    {
+        if (__first2 == __last2)
+            return _VSTD::copy(__first1, __last1, __result);
+        if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+        {
+            *__result = *__first2;
+            ++__first2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            *__result = *__first1;
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+    }
+    return _VSTD::copy(__first2, __last2, __result);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+merge(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+      _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return _VSTD::__merge<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return _VSTD::__merge<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+merge(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+      _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type __v1;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator2>::value_type __v2;
+    return merge(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __less<__v1, __v2>());
+}
+
+// inplace_merge
+
+template <class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+void
+__buffered_inplace_merge(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __middle, _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+                _Compare __comp, typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type __len1,
+                                 typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type __len2,
+                typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type* __buff)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::pointer pointer;
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h2(__buff, __d);
+    if (__len1 <= __len2)
+    {
+        value_type* __p = __buff;
+        for (_BidirectionalIterator __i = __first; __i != __middle; __d.__incr((value_type*)0), ++__i, ++__p)
+            ::new(__p) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__i));
+        __merge<_Compare>(move_iterator<value_type*>(__buff),
+                          move_iterator<value_type*>(__p),
+                          move_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator>(__middle),
+                          move_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator>(__last),
+                          __first, __comp);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        value_type* __p = __buff;
+        for (_BidirectionalIterator __i = __middle; __i != __last; __d.__incr((value_type*)0), ++__i, ++__p)
+            ::new(__p) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__i));
+        typedef reverse_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator> _RBi;
+        typedef reverse_iterator<value_type*> _Rv;
+        __merge(move_iterator<_RBi>(_RBi(__middle)), move_iterator<_RBi>(_RBi(__first)),
+                move_iterator<_Rv>(_Rv(__p)), move_iterator<_Rv>(_Rv(__buff)),
+                _RBi(__last), __negate<_Compare>(__comp));
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+void
+__inplace_merge(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __middle, _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+                _Compare __comp, typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type __len1,
+                                 typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type __len2,
+                typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type* __buff, ptrdiff_t __buff_size)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        // if __middle == __last, we're done
+        if (__len2 == 0)
+            return;
+        // shrink [__first, __middle) as much as possible (with no moves), returning if it shrinks to 0
+        for (; true; ++__first, --__len1)
+        {
+            if (__len1 == 0)
+                return;
+            if (__comp(*__middle, *__first))
+                break;
+        }
+        if (__len1 <= __buff_size || __len2 <= __buff_size)
+        {
+            __buffered_inplace_merge<_Compare>(__first, __middle, __last, __comp, __len1, __len2, __buff);
+            return;
+        }
+        // __first < __middle < __last
+        // *__first > *__middle
+        // partition [__first, __m1) [__m1, __middle) [__middle, __m2) [__m2, __last) such that
+        //     all elements in:
+        //         [__first, __m1)  <= [__middle, __m2)
+        //         [__middle, __m2) <  [__m1, __middle)
+        //         [__m1, __middle) <= [__m2, __last)
+        //     and __m1 or __m2 is in the middle of its range
+        _BidirectionalIterator __m1;  // "median" of [__first, __middle)
+        _BidirectionalIterator __m2;  // "median" of [__middle, __last)
+        difference_type __len11;      // distance(__first, __m1)
+        difference_type __len21;      // distance(__middle, __m2)
+        // binary search smaller range
+        if (__len1 < __len2)
+        {   // __len >= 1, __len2 >= 2
+            __len21 = __len2 / 2;
+            __m2 = __middle;
+            _VSTD::advance(__m2, __len21);
+            __m1 = __upper_bound<_Compare>(__first, __middle, *__m2, __comp);
+            __len11 = _VSTD::distance(__first, __m1);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (__len1 == 1)
+            {   // __len1 >= __len2 && __len2 > 0, therefore __len2 == 1
+                // It is known *__first > *__middle
+                swap(*__first, *__middle);
+                return;
+            }
+            // __len1 >= 2, __len2 >= 1
+            __len11 = __len1 / 2;
+            __m1 = __first;
+            _VSTD::advance(__m1, __len11);
+            __m2 = __lower_bound<_Compare>(__middle, __last, *__m1, __comp);
+            __len21 = _VSTD::distance(__middle, __m2);
+        }
+        difference_type __len12 = __len1 - __len11;  // distance(__m1, __middle)
+        difference_type __len22 = __len2 - __len21;  // distance(__m2, __last)
+        // [__first, __m1) [__m1, __middle) [__middle, __m2) [__m2, __last)
+        // swap middle two partitions
+        __middle = _VSTD::rotate(__m1, __middle, __m2);
+        // __len12 and __len21 now have swapped meanings
+        // merge smaller range with recurisve call and larger with tail recursion elimination
+        if (__len11 + __len21 < __len12 + __len22)
+        {
+            __inplace_merge<_Compare>(__first, __m1, __middle, __comp, __len11, __len21, __buff, __buff_size);
+//          __inplace_merge<_Compare>(__middle, __m2, __last, __comp, __len12, __len22, __buff, __buff_size);
+            __first = __middle;
+            __middle = __m2;
+            __len1 = __len12;
+            __len2 = __len22;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __inplace_merge<_Compare>(__middle, __m2, __last, __comp, __len12, __len22, __buff, __buff_size);
+//          __inplace_merge<_Compare>(__first, __m1, __middle, __comp, __len11, __len21, __buff, __buff_size);
+            __last = __middle;
+            __middle = __m1;
+            __len1 = __len11;
+            __len2 = __len21;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __inplace_merge_switch
+{
+    static const unsigned value = is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+inplace_merge(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __middle, _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+              _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    difference_type __len1 = _VSTD::distance(__first, __middle);
+    difference_type __len2 = _VSTD::distance(__middle, __last);
+    difference_type __buf_size = _VSTD::min(__len1, __len2);
+    pair<value_type*, ptrdiff_t> __buf(0, 0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __return_temporary_buffer> __h;
+    if (__inplace_merge_switch<value_type>::value && __buf_size > 8)
+    {
+        __buf = _VSTD::get_temporary_buffer<value_type>(__buf_size);
+        __h.reset(__buf.first);
+    }
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return _VSTD::__inplace_merge<_Comp_ref>(__first, __middle, __last, __c, __len1, __len2,
+                                            __buf.first, __buf.second);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return _VSTD::__inplace_merge<_Comp_ref>(__first, __middle, __last, __comp, __len1, __len2,
+                                            __buf.first, __buf.second);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+inplace_merge(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __middle, _BidirectionalIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::inplace_merge(__first, __middle, __last,
+                        __less<typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// stable_sort
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+void
+__merge_move_construct(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+        _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2,
+        typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type* __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type value_type;
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(__result, __d);
+    for (; true; ++__result)
+    {
+        if (__first1 == __last1)
+        {
+            for (; __first2 != __last2; ++__first2, ++__result, __d.__incr((value_type*)0))
+                ::new (__result) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first2));
+            __h.release();
+            return;
+        }
+        if (__first2 == __last2)
+        {
+            for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__result, __d.__incr((value_type*)0))
+                ::new (__result) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first1));
+            __h.release();
+            return;
+        }
+        if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+        {
+            ::new (__result) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first2));
+            __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+            ++__first2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            ::new (__result) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first1));
+            __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+void
+__merge_move_assign(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+        _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2,
+        _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__result)
+    {
+        if (__first2 == __last2)
+        {
+            for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__result)
+                *__result = _VSTD::move(*__first1);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+        {
+            *__result = _VSTD::move(*__first2);
+            ++__first2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            *__result = _VSTD::move(*__first1);
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+    }
+    for (; __first2 != __last2; ++__first2, ++__result)
+        *__result = _VSTD::move(*__first2);
+}
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp,
+              typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __len,
+              typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type* __buff, ptrdiff_t __buff_size);
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__stable_sort_move(_RandomAccessIterator __first1, _RandomAccessIterator __last1, _Compare __comp,
+                   typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __len,
+                   typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type* __first2)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    switch (__len)
+    {
+    case 0:
+        return;
+    case 1:
+        ::new(__first2) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first1));
+        return;
+    case 2:
+       __destruct_n __d(0);
+        unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h2(__first2, __d);
+         if (__comp(*--__last1, *__first1))
+        {
+            ::new(__first2) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__last1));
+            __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+            ++__first2;
+            ::new(__first2) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first1));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            ::new(__first2) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__first1));
+            __d.__incr((value_type*)0);
+            ++__first2;
+            ::new(__first2) value_type(_VSTD::move(*__last1));
+        }
+        __h2.release();
+        return;
+    }
+    if (__len <= 8)
+    {
+        __insertion_sort_move<_Compare>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __comp);
+        return;
+    }
+    typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __l2 = __len / 2;
+    _RandomAccessIterator __m = __first1 + __l2;
+    __stable_sort<_Compare>(__first1, __m, __comp, __l2, __first2, __l2);
+    __stable_sort<_Compare>(__m, __last1, __comp, __len - __l2, __first2 + __l2, __len - __l2);
+    __merge_move_construct<_Compare>(__first1, __m, __m, __last1, __first2, __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __stable_sort_switch
+{
+    static const unsigned value = 128*is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp,
+              typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __len,
+              typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type* __buff, ptrdiff_t __buff_size)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    switch (__len)
+    {
+    case 0:
+    case 1:
+        return;
+    case 2:
+        if (__comp(*--__last, *__first))
+            swap(*__first, *__last);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (__len <= static_cast<difference_type>(__stable_sort_switch<value_type>::value))
+    {
+        __insertion_sort<_Compare>(__first, __last, __comp);
+        return;
+    }
+    typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __l2 = __len / 2;
+    _RandomAccessIterator __m = __first + __l2;
+    if (__len <= __buff_size)
+    {
+        __destruct_n __d(0);
+        unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h2(__buff, __d);
+        __stable_sort_move<_Compare>(__first, __m, __comp, __l2, __buff);
+        __d.__set(__l2, (value_type*)0);
+        __stable_sort_move<_Compare>(__m, __last, __comp, __len - __l2, __buff + __l2);
+        __d.__set(__len, (value_type*)0);
+        __merge_move_assign<_Compare>(__buff, __buff + __l2, __buff + __l2, __buff + __len, __first, __comp);
+//         __merge<_Compare>(move_iterator<value_type*>(__buff),
+//                           move_iterator<value_type*>(__buff + __l2),
+//                           move_iterator<_RandomAccessIterator>(__buff + __l2),
+//                           move_iterator<_RandomAccessIterator>(__buff + __len),
+//                           __first, __comp);
+        return;
+    }
+    __stable_sort<_Compare>(__first, __m, __comp, __l2, __buff, __buff_size);
+    __stable_sort<_Compare>(__m, __last, __comp, __len - __l2, __buff, __buff_size);
+    __inplace_merge<_Compare>(__first, __m, __last, __comp, __l2, __len - __l2, __buff, __buff_size);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    difference_type __len = __last - __first;
+    pair<value_type*, ptrdiff_t> __buf(0, 0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __return_temporary_buffer> __h;
+    if (__len > static_cast<difference_type>(__stable_sort_switch<value_type>::value))
+    {
+        __buf = _VSTD::get_temporary_buffer<value_type>(__len);
+        __h.reset(__buf.first);
+    }
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    __stable_sort<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __c, __len, __buf.first, __buf.second);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    __stable_sort<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __comp, __len, __buf.first, __buf.second);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::stable_sort(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// is_heap_until
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+_RandomAccessIterator
+is_heap_until(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename _VSTD::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    difference_type __len = __last - __first;
+    difference_type __p = 0;
+    difference_type __c = 1;
+    _RandomAccessIterator __pp = __first;
+    while (__c < __len)
+    {
+        _RandomAccessIterator __cp = __first + __c;
+        if (__comp(*__pp, *__cp))
+            return __cp;
+        ++__c;
+        ++__cp;
+        if (__c == __len)
+            return __last;
+        if (__comp(*__pp, *__cp))
+            return __cp;
+        ++__p;
+        ++__pp;
+        __c = 2 * __p + 1;
+    }
+    return __last;
+}
+
+template<class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_RandomAccessIterator
+is_heap_until(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::is_heap_until(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// is_heap
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+is_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    return _VSTD::is_heap_until(__first, __last, __comp) == __last;
+}
+
+template<class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+is_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::is_heap(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// push_heap
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__push_heap_front(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare __comp,
+                  typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __len)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    if (__len > 1)
+    {
+        difference_type __p = 0;
+        _RandomAccessIterator __pp = __first;
+        difference_type __c = 2;
+        _RandomAccessIterator __cp = __first + __c;
+        if (__c == __len || __comp(*__cp, *(__cp - 1)))
+        {
+            --__c;
+            --__cp;
+        }
+        if (__comp(*__pp, *__cp))
+        {
+            value_type __t(_VSTD::move(*__pp));
+            do
+            {
+                *__pp = _VSTD::move(*__cp);
+                __pp = __cp;
+                __p = __c;
+                __c = (__p + 1) * 2;
+                if (__c > __len)
+                    break;
+                __cp = __first + __c;
+                if (__c == __len || __comp(*__cp, *(__cp - 1)))
+                {
+                    --__c;
+                    --__cp;
+                }
+            } while (__comp(__t, *__cp));
+            *__pp = _VSTD::move(__t);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__push_heap_back(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp,
+                 typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __len)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    if (__len > 1)
+    {
+        __len = (__len - 2) / 2;
+        _RandomAccessIterator __ptr = __first + __len;
+        if (__comp(*__ptr, *--__last))
+        {
+            value_type __t(_VSTD::move(*__last));
+            do
+            {
+                *__last = _VSTD::move(*__ptr);
+                __last = __ptr;
+                if (__len == 0)
+                    break;
+                __len = (__len - 1) / 2;
+                __ptr = __first + __len;
+            } while (__comp(*__ptr, __t));
+            *__last = _VSTD::move(__t);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+push_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    __push_heap_back<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __c, __last - __first);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    __push_heap_back<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __comp, __last - __first);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+push_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::push_heap(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// pop_heap
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__pop_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp,
+           typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __len)
+{
+    if (__len > 1)
+    {
+        swap(*__first, *--__last);
+        __push_heap_front<_Compare>(__first, __last, __comp, __len-1);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+pop_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    __pop_heap<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __c, __last - __first);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    __pop_heap<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __comp, __last - __first);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+pop_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::pop_heap(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// make_heap
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__make_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    difference_type __n = __last - __first;
+    if (__n > 1)
+    {
+        __last = __first;
+        ++__last;
+        for (difference_type __i = 1; __i < __n;)
+            __push_heap_back<_Compare>(__first, ++__last, __comp, ++__i);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+make_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    __make_heap<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    __make_heap<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+make_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::make_heap(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// sort_heap
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__sort_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    for (difference_type __n = __last - __first; __n > 1; --__last, --__n)
+        __pop_heap<_Compare>(__first, __last, __comp, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+sort_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    __sort_heap<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    __sort_heap<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+sort_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::sort_heap(__first, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// partial_sort
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__partial_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __middle, _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+             _Compare __comp)
+{
+    __make_heap<_Compare>(__first, __middle, __comp);
+    typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __len = __middle - __first;
+    for (_RandomAccessIterator __i = __middle; __i != __last; ++__i)
+    {
+        if (__comp(*__i, *__first))
+        {
+            swap(*__i, *__first);
+            __push_heap_front<_Compare>(__first, __middle, __comp, __len);
+        }
+    }
+    __sort_heap<_Compare>(__first, __middle, __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+partial_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __middle, _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+             _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    __partial_sort<_Comp_ref>(__first, __middle, __last, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    __partial_sort<_Comp_ref>(__first, __middle, __last, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+partial_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __middle, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::partial_sort(__first, __middle, __last,
+                       __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// partial_sort_copy
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_RandomAccessIterator
+__partial_sort_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                    _RandomAccessIterator __result_first, _RandomAccessIterator __result_last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    _RandomAccessIterator __r = __result_first;
+    if (__r != __result_last)
+    {
+        typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type __len = 0;
+        for (; __first != __last && __r != __result_last; ++__first, ++__r, ++__len)
+            *__r = *__first;
+        __make_heap<_Compare>(__result_first, __r, __comp);
+        for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+            if (__comp(*__first, *__result_first))
+            {
+                *__result_first = *__first;
+                __push_heap_front<_Compare>(__result_first, __r, __comp, __len);
+            }
+        __sort_heap<_Compare>(__result_first, __r, __comp);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_RandomAccessIterator
+partial_sort_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                  _RandomAccessIterator __result_first, _RandomAccessIterator __result_last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __partial_sort_copy<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __result_first, __result_last, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __partial_sort_copy<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __result_first, __result_last, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_RandomAccessIterator
+partial_sort_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                  _RandomAccessIterator __result_first, _RandomAccessIterator __result_last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::partial_sort_copy(__first, __last, __result_first, __result_last,
+                                   __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// nth_element
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+__nth_element(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __nth, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    // _Compare is known to be a reference type
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    const difference_type __limit = 7;
+    while (true)
+    {
+    __restart:
+        difference_type __len = __last - __first;
+        switch (__len)
+        {
+        case 0:
+        case 1:
+            return;
+        case 2:
+            if (__comp(*--__last, *__first))
+                swap(*__first, *__last);
+            return;
+        case 3:
+            {
+            _RandomAccessIterator __m = __first;
+            _VSTD::__sort3<_Compare>(__first, ++__m, --__last, __comp);
+            return;
+            }
+        }
+        if (__len <= __limit)
+        {
+            __selection_sort<_Compare>(__first, __last, __comp);
+            return;
+        }
+        // __len > __limit >= 3
+        _RandomAccessIterator __m = __first + __len/2;
+        _RandomAccessIterator __lm1 = __last;
+        unsigned __n_swaps = _VSTD::__sort3<_Compare>(__first, __m, --__lm1, __comp);
+        // *__m is median
+        // partition [__first, __m) < *__m and *__m <= [__m, __last)
+        // (this inhibits tossing elements equivalent to __m around unnecessarily)
+        _RandomAccessIterator __i = __first;
+        _RandomAccessIterator __j = __lm1;
+        // j points beyond range to be tested, *__lm1 is known to be <= *__m
+        // The search going up is known to be guarded but the search coming down isn't.
+        // Prime the downward search with a guard.
+        if (!__comp(*__i, *__m))  // if *__first == *__m
+        {
+            // *__first == *__m, *__first doesn't go in first part
+            // manually guard downward moving __j against __i
+            while (true)
+            {
+                if (__i == --__j)
+                {
+                    // *__first == *__m, *__m <= all other elements
+                    // Parition instead into [__first, __i) == *__first and *__first < [__i, __last)
+                    ++__i;  // __first + 1
+                    __j = __last;
+                    if (!__comp(*__first, *--__j))  // we need a guard if *__first == *(__last-1)
+                    {
+                        while (true)
+                        {
+                            if (__i == __j)
+                                return;  // [__first, __last) all equivalent elements
+                            if (__comp(*__first, *__i))
+                            {
+                                swap(*__i, *__j);
+                                ++__n_swaps;
+                                ++__i;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            ++__i;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // [__first, __i) == *__first and *__first < [__j, __last) and __j == __last - 1
+                    if (__i == __j)
+                        return;
+                    while (true)
+                    {
+                        while (!__comp(*__first, *__i))
+                            ++__i;
+                        while (__comp(*__first, *--__j))
+                            ;
+                        if (__i >= __j)
+                            break;
+                        swap(*__i, *__j);
+                        ++__n_swaps;
+                        ++__i;
+                    }
+                    // [__first, __i) == *__first and *__first < [__i, __last)
+                    // The first part is sorted,
+                    if (__nth < __i)
+                        return;
+                    // __nth_element the secod part
+                    // __nth_element<_Compare>(__i, __nth, __last, __comp);
+                    __first = __i;
+                    goto __restart;
+                }
+                if (__comp(*__j, *__m))
+                {
+                    swap(*__i, *__j);
+                    ++__n_swaps;
+                    break;  // found guard for downward moving __j, now use unguarded partition
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ++__i;
+        // j points beyond range to be tested, *__lm1 is known to be <= *__m
+        // if not yet partitioned...
+        if (__i < __j)
+        {
+            // known that *(__i - 1) < *__m
+            while (true)
+            {
+                // __m still guards upward moving __i
+                while (__comp(*__i, *__m))
+                    ++__i;
+                // It is now known that a guard exists for downward moving __j
+                while (!__comp(*--__j, *__m))
+                    ;
+                if (__i >= __j)
+                    break;
+                swap(*__i, *__j);
+                ++__n_swaps;
+                // It is known that __m != __j
+                // If __m just moved, follow it
+                if (__m == __i)
+                    __m = __j;
+                ++__i;
+            }
+        }
+        // [__first, __i) < *__m and *__m <= [__i, __last)
+        if (__i != __m && __comp(*__m, *__i))
+        {
+            swap(*__i, *__m);
+            ++__n_swaps;
+        }
+        // [__first, __i) < *__i and *__i <= [__i+1, __last)
+        if (__nth == __i)
+            return;
+        if (__n_swaps == 0)
+        {
+            // We were given a perfectly partitioned sequence.  Coincidence?
+            if (__nth < __i)
+            {
+                // Check for [__first, __i) already sorted
+                __j = __m = __first;
+                while (++__j != __i)
+                {
+                    if (__comp(*__j, *__m))
+                        // not yet sorted, so sort
+                        goto not_sorted;
+                    __m = __j;
+                }
+                // [__first, __i) sorted
+                return;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Check for [__i, __last) already sorted
+                __j = __m = __i;
+                while (++__j != __last)
+                {
+                    if (__comp(*__j, *__m))
+                        // not yet sorted, so sort
+                        goto not_sorted;
+                    __m = __j;
+                }
+                // [__i, __last) sorted
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+not_sorted:
+        // __nth_element on range containing __nth
+        if (__nth < __i)
+        {
+            // __nth_element<_Compare>(__first, __nth, __i, __comp);
+            __last = __i;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // __nth_element<_Compare>(__i+1, __nth, __last, __comp);
+            __first = ++__i;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+nth_element(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __nth, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    __nth_element<_Comp_ref>(__first, __nth, __last, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    __nth_element<_Comp_ref>(__first, __nth, __last, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+nth_element(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __nth, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    _VSTD::nth_element(__first, __nth, __last, __less<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// includes
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+bool
+__includes(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2,
+           _Compare __comp)
+{
+    for (; __first2 != __last2; ++__first1)
+    {
+        if (__first1 == __last1 || __comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+            return false;
+        if (!__comp(*__first1, *__first2))
+            ++__first2;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+includes(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2,
+         _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __includes<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __includes<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+includes(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2)
+{
+    return _VSTD::includes(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2,
+                          __less<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type,
+                                 typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator2>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// set_union
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+__set_union(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+            _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__result)
+    {
+        if (__first2 == __last2)
+            return _VSTD::copy(__first1, __last1, __result);
+        if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+        {
+            *__result = *__first2;
+            ++__first2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            *__result = *__first1;
+            if (!__comp(*__first1, *__first2))
+                ++__first2;
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+    }
+    return _VSTD::copy(__first2, __last2, __result);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+set_union(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+          _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __set_union<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __set_union<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+set_union(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+          _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::set_union(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result,
+                          __less<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type,
+                                 typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator2>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// set_intersection
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+__set_intersection(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                   _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2)
+    {
+        if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2))
+            ++__first1;
+        else
+        {
+            if (!__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+            {
+                *__result = *__first1;
+                ++__result;
+                ++__first1;
+            }
+            ++__first2;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+set_intersection(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                 _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __set_intersection<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __set_intersection<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+set_intersection(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                 _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::set_intersection(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result,
+                                  __less<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type,
+                                         typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator2>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// set_difference
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+__set_difference(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                 _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    while (__first1 != __last1)
+    {
+        if (__first2 == __last2)
+            return _VSTD::copy(__first1, __last1, __result);
+        if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2))
+        {
+            *__result = *__first1;
+            ++__result;
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (!__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+                ++__first1;
+            ++__first2;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+set_difference(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+               _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __set_difference<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __set_difference<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+set_difference(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+               _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::set_difference(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result,
+                                __less<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type,
+                                       typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator2>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// set_symmetric_difference
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+__set_symmetric_difference(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                           _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    while (__first1 != __last1)
+    {
+        if (__first2 == __last2)
+            return _VSTD::copy(__first1, __last1, __result);
+        if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2))
+        {
+            *__result = *__first1;
+            ++__result;
+            ++__first1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+            {
+                *__result = *__first2;
+                ++__result;
+            }
+            else
+                ++__first1;
+            ++__first2;
+        }
+    }
+    return _VSTD::copy(__first2, __last2, __result);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+set_symmetric_difference(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                         _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __set_symmetric_difference<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __set_symmetric_difference<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+set_symmetric_difference(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                         _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    return _VSTD::set_symmetric_difference(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result,
+                                          __less<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type,
+                                                 typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator2>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// lexicographical_compare
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+bool
+__lexicographical_compare(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                          _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    for (; __first2 != __last2; ++__first1, ++__first2)
+    {
+        if (__first1 == __last1 || __comp(*__first1, *__first2))
+            return true;
+        if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+lexicographical_compare(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                        _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __lexicographical_compare<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __lexicographical_compare<_Comp_ref>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+lexicographical_compare(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
+                        _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2,
+                                         __less<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type,
+                                                typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator2>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// next_permutation
+
+template <class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+bool
+__next_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    _BidirectionalIterator __i = __last;
+    if (__first == __last || __first == --__i)
+        return false;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        _BidirectionalIterator __ip1 = __i;
+        if (__comp(*--__i, *__ip1))
+        {
+            _BidirectionalIterator __j = __last;
+            while (!__comp(*__i, *--__j))
+                ;
+            swap(*__i, *__j);
+            _VSTD::reverse(__ip1, __last);
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (__i == __first)
+        {
+            _VSTD::reverse(__first, __last);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+next_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __next_permutation<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __next_permutation<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+next_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::next_permutation(__first, __last,
+                                  __less<typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+// prev_permutation
+
+template <class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+bool
+__prev_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    _BidirectionalIterator __i = __last;
+    if (__first == __last || __first == --__i)
+        return false;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        _BidirectionalIterator __ip1 = __i;
+        if (__comp(*__ip1, *--__i))
+        {
+            _BidirectionalIterator __j = __last;
+            while (!__comp(*--__j, *__i))
+                ;
+            swap(*__i, *__j);
+            _VSTD::reverse(__ip1, __last);
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (__i == __first)
+        {
+            _VSTD::reverse(__first, __last);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+prev_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<__debug_less<_Compare> >::type _Comp_ref;
+    __debug_less<_Compare> __c(__comp);
+    return __prev_permutation<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __c);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<_Compare>::type _Comp_ref;
+    return __prev_permutation<_Comp_ref>(__first, __last, __comp);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG2
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+prev_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last)
+{
+    return _VSTD::prev_permutation(__first, __last,
+                                  __less<typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+__rotate_left(_Tp __t, _Tp __n = 1)
+{
+    const unsigned __bits = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(_Tp) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1);
+    __n &= __bits;
+    return static_cast<_Tp>((__t << __n) | (static_cast<typename make_unsigned<_Tp>::type>(__t) >> (__bits - __n)));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+__rotate_right(_Tp __t, _Tp __n = 1)
+{
+    const unsigned __bits = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(_Tp) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1);
+    __n &= __bits;
+    return static_cast<_Tp>((__t << (__bits - __n)) | (static_cast<typename make_unsigned<_Tp>::type>(__t) >> __n));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_ALGORITHM
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/array b/system/include/libcxx/array
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ac4c55b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/array
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- array -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ARRAY
+#define _LIBCPP_ARRAY
+
+/*
+    array synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+template <class T, size_t N >
+struct array
+{
+    // types:
+    typedef T & reference;
+    typedef const T & const_reference;
+    typedef implementation defined iterator;
+    typedef implementation defined const_iterator;
+    typedef size_t size_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+    typedef T value_type;
+    typedef T* pointer;
+    typedef const T* const_pointer;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    // No explicit construct/copy/destroy for aggregate type
+    void fill(const T& u);
+    void swap(array& a) noexcept(noexcept(swap(declval<T&>(), declval<T&>())));
+
+    // iterators:
+    iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+
+    reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    constexpr size_type size() const noexcept;
+    constexpr size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+    // element access:
+    reference operator[](size_type n);
+    const_reference operator[](size_type n) const;
+    const_reference at(size_type n) const;
+    reference at(size_type n);
+
+    reference front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    T* data() noexcept;
+    const T* data() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator==(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator!=(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator<(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator>(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator<=(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator>=(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);
+
+template <class T, size_t N >
+  void swap(array<T,N>& x, array<T,N>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class T> class tuple_size;
+template <int I, class T> class tuple_element;
+template <class T, size_t N> struct tuple_size<array<T, N>>;
+template <int I, class T, size_t N> struct tuple_element<I, array<T, N>>;
+template <int I, class T, size_t N> T& get(array<T, N>&) noexcept;
+template <int I, class T, size_t N> const T& get(const array<T, N>&) noexcept;
+template <int I, class T, size_t N> T&& get(array<T, N>&&) noexcept;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
+    #include <cassert>
+#endif
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE array
+{
+    // types:
+    typedef array __self;
+    typedef _Tp                                   value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                           reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                     const_reference;
+    typedef value_type*                           iterator;
+    typedef const value_type*                     const_iterator;
+    typedef value_type*                           pointer;
+    typedef const value_type*                     const_pointer;
+    typedef size_t                                size_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t                             difference_type;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>       reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    value_type __elems_[_Size > 0 ? _Size : 1];
+
+    // No explicit construct/copy/destroy for aggregate type
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void fill(const value_type& __u)
+        {_VSTD::fill_n(__elems_, _Size, __u);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(array& __a) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_Tp>::value)
+        {_VSTD::swap_ranges(__elems_, __elems_ + _Size, __a.__elems_);}
+
+    // iterators:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT {return iterator(__elems_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {return const_iterator(__elems_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator end() _NOEXCEPT {return iterator(__elems_ + _Size);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT {return const_iterator(__elems_ + _Size);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT {return reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT {return reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT {return end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return rbegin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT {return rend();}
+
+    // capacity:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    /*constexpr*/ size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT {return _Size;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    /*constexpr*/ size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {return _Size;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return _Size == 0;}
+
+    // element access:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator[](size_type __n)             {return __elems_[__n];}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference operator[](size_type __n) const {return __elems_[__n];}
+    reference at(size_type __n);
+    const_reference at(size_type __n) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference front()             {return __elems_[0];}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference front() const {return __elems_[0];}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference back()              {return __elems_[_Size > 0 ? _Size-1 : 0];}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference back() const  {return __elems_[_Size > 0 ? _Size-1 : 0];}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_type* data() _NOEXCEPT {return __elems_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const value_type* data() const _NOEXCEPT {return __elems_;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+typename array<_Tp, _Size>::reference
+array<_Tp, _Size>::at(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n >= _Size)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw out_of_range("array::at");
+#else
+        assert(!"array::at out_of_range");
+#endif
+    return __elems_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+typename array<_Tp, _Size>::const_reference
+array<_Tp, _Size>::at(size_type __n) const
+{
+    if (__n >= _Size)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw out_of_range("array::at");
+#else
+        assert(!"array::at out_of_range");
+#endif
+    return __elems_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator==(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::equal(__x.__elems_, __x.__elems_ + _Size, __y.__elems_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator!=(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator<(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__x.__elems_, __x.__elems_ + _Size, __y.__elems_, __y.__elems_ + _Size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator>(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator<=(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator>=(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_swappable<_Tp>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+swap(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y)
+                                  _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_Tp>::value)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size<array<_Tp, _Size> >
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, _Size> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size<const array<_Tp, _Size> >
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, _Size> {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<_Ip, array<_Tp, _Size> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<_Ip, const array<_Tp, _Size> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef const _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+_Tp&
+get(array<_Tp, _Size>& __a) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __a[_Ip];
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+const _Tp&
+get(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __a) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __a[_Ip];
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+_Tp&&
+get(array<_Tp, _Size>&& __a) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return _VSTD::move(__a[_Ip]);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_ARRAY
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/atomic b/system/include/libcxx/atomic
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31385a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/atomic
@@ -0,0 +1,1513 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- atomic -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ATOMIC
+#define _LIBCPP_ATOMIC
+
+/*
+    atomic synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+// order and consistency
+
+typedef enum memory_order
+{
+    memory_order_relaxed,
+    memory_order_consume,  // load-consume
+    memory_order_acquire,  // load-acquire
+    memory_order_release,  // store-release
+    memory_order_acq_rel,  // store-release load-acquire
+    memory_order_seq_cst   // store-release load-acquire
+} memory_order;
+
+template <class T> T kill_dependency(T y);
+
+// lock-free property
+
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+
+// flag type and operations
+
+typedef struct atomic_flag
+{
+    bool test_and_set(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    bool test_and_set(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    void clear(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    void clear(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    atomic_flag() = default;
+    atomic_flag(const atomic_flag&) = delete;
+    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) = delete;
+    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) volatile = delete;
+} atomic_flag;
+
+bool
+    atomic_flag_test_and_set(volatile atomic_flag* obj);
+
+bool
+    atomic_flag_test_and_set(atomic_flag* obj);
+
+bool
+    atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(volatile atomic_flag* obj,
+                                      memory_order m);
+
+bool
+    atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(atomic_flag* obj, memory_order m);
+
+void
+    atomic_flag_clear(volatile atomic_flag* obj);
+
+void
+    atomic_flag_clear(atomic_flag* obj);
+
+void
+    atomic_flag_clear_explicit(volatile atomic_flag* obj, memory_order m);
+
+void
+    atomic_flag_clear_explicit(atomic_flag* obj, memory_order m);
+
+#define ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT see below
+#define ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(value) see below
+
+template <class T>
+struct atomic
+{
+    bool is_lock_free() const volatile;
+    bool is_lock_free() const;
+    void store(T desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    void store(T desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    T load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile;
+    T load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const;
+    operator T() const volatile;
+    operator T() const;
+    T exchange(T desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    T exchange(T desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T& expc, T desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T& expc, T desr, memory_order s, memory_order f);
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T& expc, T desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T& expc, T desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f);
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T& expc, T desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T& expc, T desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T& expc, T desr,
+                                memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T& expc, T desr,
+                                 memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+
+    atomic() = default;
+    constexpr atomic(T desr);
+    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+    T operator=(T) volatile;
+    T operator=(T);
+};
+
+template <>
+struct atomic<integral>
+{
+    bool is_lock_free() const volatile;
+    bool is_lock_free() const;
+    void store(integral desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    void store(integral desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    integral load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile;
+    integral load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const;
+    operator integral() const volatile;
+    operator integral() const;
+    integral exchange(integral desr,
+                      memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    integral exchange(integral desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f);
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f);
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                                memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                                 memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+
+    integral
+        fetch_add(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    integral fetch_add(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    integral
+        fetch_sub(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    integral fetch_sub(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    integral
+        fetch_and(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    integral fetch_and(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    integral
+        fetch_or(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    integral fetch_or(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    integral
+        fetch_xor(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    integral fetch_xor(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+
+    atomic() = default;
+    constexpr atomic(integral desr);
+    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+    integral operator=(integral desr) volatile;
+    integral operator=(integral desr);
+
+    integral operator++(int) volatile;
+    integral operator++(int);
+    integral operator--(int) volatile;
+    integral operator--(int);
+    integral operator++() volatile;
+    integral operator++();
+    integral operator--() volatile;
+    integral operator--();
+    integral operator+=(integral op) volatile;
+    integral operator+=(integral op);
+    integral operator-=(integral op) volatile;
+    integral operator-=(integral op);
+    integral operator&=(integral op) volatile;
+    integral operator&=(integral op);
+    integral operator|=(integral op) volatile;
+    integral operator|=(integral op);
+    integral operator^=(integral op) volatile;
+    integral operator^=(integral op);
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct atomic<T*>
+{
+    bool is_lock_free() const volatile;
+    bool is_lock_free() const;
+    void store(T* desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    void store(T* desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    T* load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile;
+    T* load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const;
+    operator T*() const volatile;
+    operator T*() const;
+    T* exchange(T* desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    T* exchange(T* desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f);
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f);
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                                memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                                 memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    T* fetch_add(ptrdiff_t op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    T* fetch_add(ptrdiff_t op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+    T* fetch_sub(ptrdiff_t op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
+    T* fetch_sub(ptrdiff_t op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst);
+
+    atomic() = default;
+    constexpr atomic(T* desr);
+    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+
+    T* operator=(T*) volatile;
+    T* operator=(T*);
+    T* operator++(int) volatile;
+    T* operator++(int);
+    T* operator--(int) volatile;
+    T* operator--(int);
+    T* operator++() volatile;
+    T* operator++();
+    T* operator--() volatile;
+    T* operator--();
+    T* operator+=(ptrdiff_t op) volatile;
+    T* operator+=(ptrdiff_t op);
+    T* operator-=(ptrdiff_t op) volatile;
+    T* operator-=(ptrdiff_t op);
+};
+
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_is_lock_free(const volatile atomic<T>* obj);
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_is_lock_free(const atomic<T>* obj);
+
+template <class T>
+    void
+    atomic_init(volatile atomic<T>* obj, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    void
+    atomic_init(atomic<T>* obj, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    void
+    atomic_store(volatile atomic<T>* obj, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    void
+    atomic_store(atomic<T>* obj, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    void
+    atomic_store_explicit(volatile atomic<T>* obj, T desr, memory_order m);
+
+template <class T>
+    void
+    atomic_store_explicit(atomic<T>* obj, T desr, memory_order m);
+
+template <class T>
+    T
+    atomic_load(const volatile atomic<T>* obj);
+
+template <class T>
+    T
+    atomic_load(const atomic<T>* obj);
+
+template <class T>
+    T
+    atomic_load_explicit(const volatile atomic<T>* obj, memory_order m);
+
+template <class T>
+    T
+    atomic_load_explicit(const atomic<T>* obj, memory_order m);
+
+template <class T>
+    T
+    atomic_exchange(volatile atomic<T>* obj, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    T
+    atomic_exchange(atomic<T>* obj, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    T
+    atomic_exchange_explicit(volatile atomic<T>* obj, T desr, memory_order m);
+
+template <class T>
+    T
+    atomic_exchange_explicit(atomic<T>* obj, T desr, memory_order m);
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_weak(volatile atomic<T>* obj, T* expc, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_weak(atomic<T>* obj, T* expc, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong(volatile atomic<T>* obj, T* expc, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong(atomic<T>* obj, T* expc, T desr);
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(volatile atomic<T>* obj, T* expc,
+                                          T desr,
+                                          memory_order s, memory_order f);
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(atomic<T>* obj, T* expc, T desr,
+                                          memory_order s, memory_order f);
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(volatile atomic<T>* obj,
+                                            T* expc, T desr,
+                                            memory_order s, memory_order f);
+
+template <class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(atomic<T>* obj, T* expc,
+                                            T desr,
+                                            memory_order s, memory_order f);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_add(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_add(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_add_explicit(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                              memory_order m);
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_add_explicit(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                              memory_order m);
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_sub(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_sub(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                              memory_order m);
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                              memory_order m);
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_and(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_and(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_and_explicit(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                              memory_order m);
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_and_explicit(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                              memory_order m);
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_or(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_or(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_or_explicit(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                             memory_order m);
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_or_explicit(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                             memory_order m);
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_xor(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_xor(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op);
+
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(volatile atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                              memory_order m);
+template <class Integral>
+    Integral
+    atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(atomic<Integral>* obj, Integral op,
+                              memory_order m);
+
+template <class T>
+    T*
+    atomic_fetch_add(volatile atomic<T*>* obj, ptrdiff_t op);
+
+template <class T>
+    T*
+    atomic_fetch_add(atomic<T*>* obj, ptrdiff_t op);
+
+template <class T>
+    T*
+    atomic_fetch_add_explicit(volatile atomic<T*>* obj, ptrdiff_t op,
+                              memory_order m);
+template <class T>
+    T*
+    atomic_fetch_add_explicit(atomic<T*>* obj, ptrdiff_t op, memory_order m);
+
+template <class T>
+    T*
+    atomic_fetch_sub(volatile atomic<T*>* obj, ptrdiff_t op);
+
+template <class T>
+    T*
+    atomic_fetch_sub(atomic<T*>* obj, ptrdiff_t op);
+
+template <class T>
+    T*
+    atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(volatile atomic<T*>* obj, ptrdiff_t op,
+                              memory_order m);
+template <class T>
+    T*
+    atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(atomic<T*>* obj, ptrdiff_t op, memory_order m);
+
+// Atomics for standard typedef types
+
+typedef atomic<char>               atomic_char;
+typedef atomic<signed char>        atomic_schar;
+typedef atomic<unsigned char>      atomic_uchar;
+typedef atomic<short>              atomic_short;
+typedef atomic<unsigned short>     atomic_ushort;
+typedef atomic<int>                atomic_int;
+typedef atomic<unsigned int>       atomic_uint;
+typedef atomic<long>               atomic_long;
+typedef atomic<unsigned long>      atomic_ulong;
+typedef atomic<long long>          atomic_llong;
+typedef atomic<unsigned long long> atomic_ullong;
+typedef atomic<char16_t>           atomic_char16_t;
+typedef atomic<char32_t>           atomic_char32_t;
+typedef atomic<wchar_t>            atomic_wchar_t;
+
+typedef atomic<int_least8_t>   atomic_int_least8_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least8_t>  atomic_uint_least8_t;
+typedef atomic<int_least16_t>  atomic_int_least16_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least16_t> atomic_uint_least16_t;
+typedef atomic<int_least32_t>  atomic_int_least32_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least32_t> atomic_uint_least32_t;
+typedef atomic<int_least64_t>  atomic_int_least64_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least64_t> atomic_uint_least64_t;
+
+typedef atomic<int_fast8_t>   atomic_int_fast8_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast8_t>  atomic_uint_fast8_t;
+typedef atomic<int_fast16_t>  atomic_int_fast16_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast16_t> atomic_uint_fast16_t;
+typedef atomic<int_fast32_t>  atomic_int_fast32_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast32_t> atomic_uint_fast32_t;
+typedef atomic<int_fast64_t>  atomic_int_fast64_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast64_t> atomic_uint_fast64_t;
+
+typedef atomic<intptr_t>  atomic_intptr_t;
+typedef atomic<uintptr_t> atomic_uintptr_t;
+typedef atomic<size_t>    atomic_size_t;
+typedef atomic<ptrdiff_t> atomic_ptrdiff_t;
+typedef atomic<intmax_t>  atomic_intmax_t;
+typedef atomic<uintmax_t> atomic_uintmax_t;
+
+// fences
+
+void atomic_thread_fence(memory_order m);
+void atomic_signal_fence(memory_order m);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !__has_feature(cxx_atomic)
+#error <atomic> is not implemented
+#else
+
+typedef enum memory_order
+{
+    memory_order_relaxed, memory_order_consume, memory_order_acquire,
+    memory_order_release, memory_order_acq_rel, memory_order_seq_cst
+} memory_order;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+kill_dependency(_Tp __y)
+{
+    return __y;
+}
+
+// general atomic<T>
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value>
+struct __atomic_base  // false
+{
+    _Tp __a_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool is_lock_free() const volatile
+        {return __atomic_is_lock_free(_Tp());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool is_lock_free() const
+        {return __atomic_is_lock_free(_Tp());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void store(_Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {__atomic_store(&__a_, __d, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void store(_Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {__atomic_store(&__a_, __d, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp load(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile
+        {return __atomic_load(&__a_, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp load(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const
+        {return __atomic_load(&__a_, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    operator _Tp() const volatile {return load();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    operator _Tp() const          {return load();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp exchange(_Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {return __atomic_exchange(&__a_, __d, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp exchange(_Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_exchange(&__a_, __d, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d,
+                               memory_order __s, memory_order __f) volatile
+        {return __atomic_compare_exchange_weak(&__a_, &__e, __d, __s, __f);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d,
+                               memory_order __s, memory_order __f)
+        {return __atomic_compare_exchange_weak(&__a_, &__e, __d, __s, __f);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d,
+                                 memory_order __s, memory_order __f) volatile
+        {return __atomic_compare_exchange_strong(&__a_, &__e, __d, __s, __f);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d,
+                                 memory_order __s, memory_order __f)
+        {return __atomic_compare_exchange_strong(&__a_, &__e, __d, __s, __f);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d,
+                              memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {return __atomic_compare_exchange_weak(&__a_, &__e, __d, __m, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d,
+                               memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_compare_exchange_weak(&__a_, &__e, __d, __m, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d,
+                              memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {return __atomic_compare_exchange_strong(&__a_, &__e, __d, __m, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d,
+                                 memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_compare_exchange_strong(&__a_, &__e, __d, __m, __m);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __atomic_base() {} // = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    /*constexpr*/ __atomic_base(_Tp __d) : __a_(__d) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+    __atomic_base(const __atomic_base&) = delete;
+    __atomic_base& operator=(const __atomic_base&) = delete;
+    __atomic_base& operator=(const __atomic_base&) volatile = delete;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+private:
+    __atomic_base(const __atomic_base&);
+    __atomic_base& operator=(const __atomic_base&);
+    __atomic_base& operator=(const __atomic_base&) volatile;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+};
+
+// atomic<Integral>
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atomic_base<_Tp, true>
+    : public __atomic_base<_Tp, false>
+{
+    typedef __atomic_base<_Tp, false> __base;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __atomic_base() {} // = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    /*constexpr*/ __atomic_base(_Tp __d) : __base(__d) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_add(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {return __atomic_fetch_add(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_add(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_fetch_add(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_sub(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {return __atomic_fetch_sub(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_sub(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_fetch_sub(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_and(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {return __atomic_fetch_and(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_and(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_fetch_and(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_or(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {return __atomic_fetch_or(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_or(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_fetch_or(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_xor(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {return __atomic_fetch_xor(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp fetch_xor(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_fetch_xor(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator++(int) volatile      {return fetch_add(_Tp(1));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator++(int)               {return fetch_add(_Tp(1));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator--(int) volatile      {return fetch_sub(_Tp(1));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator--(int)               {return fetch_sub(_Tp(1));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator++() volatile         {return fetch_add(_Tp(1)) + _Tp(1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator++()                  {return fetch_add(_Tp(1)) + _Tp(1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator--() volatile         {return fetch_sub(_Tp(1)) - _Tp(1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator--()                  {return fetch_sub(_Tp(1)) - _Tp(1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator+=(_Tp __op) volatile {return fetch_add(__op) + __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator+=(_Tp __op)          {return fetch_add(__op) + __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator-=(_Tp __op) volatile {return fetch_sub(__op) - __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator-=(_Tp __op)          {return fetch_sub(__op) - __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator&=(_Tp __op) volatile {return fetch_and(__op) & __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator&=(_Tp __op)          {return fetch_and(__op) & __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator|=(_Tp __op) volatile {return fetch_or(__op) | __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator|=(_Tp __op)          {return fetch_or(__op) | __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator^=(_Tp __op) volatile {return fetch_xor(__op) ^ __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator^=(_Tp __op)          {return fetch_xor(__op) ^ __op;}
+};
+
+// atomic<T>
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct atomic
+    : public __atomic_base<_Tp>
+{
+    typedef __atomic_base<_Tp> __base;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    atomic() {} // = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    /*constexpr*/ atomic(_Tp __d) : __base(__d) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator=(_Tp __d) volatile
+        {__base::store(__d); return __d;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator=(_Tp __d)
+        {__base::store(__d); return __d;}
+};
+
+// atomic<T*>
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct atomic<_Tp*>
+    : public __atomic_base<_Tp*>
+{
+    typedef __atomic_base<_Tp*> __base;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    atomic() {} // = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    /*constexpr*/ atomic(_Tp* __d) : __base(__d) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator=(_Tp* __d) volatile
+        {__base::store(__d); return __d;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator=(_Tp* __d)
+        {__base::store(__d); return __d;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* fetch_add(ptrdiff_t __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+                                                                        volatile
+        {return __atomic_fetch_add(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* fetch_add(ptrdiff_t __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_fetch_add(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* fetch_sub(ptrdiff_t __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+                                                                        volatile
+        {return __atomic_fetch_sub(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* fetch_sub(ptrdiff_t __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_fetch_sub(&this->__a_, __op, __m);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator++(int) volatile            {return fetch_add(1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator++(int)                     {return fetch_add(1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator--(int) volatile            {return fetch_sub(1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator--(int)                     {return fetch_sub(1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator++() volatile               {return fetch_add(1) + 1;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator++()                        {return fetch_add(1) + 1;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator--() volatile               {return fetch_sub(1) - 1;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator--()                        {return fetch_sub(1) - 1;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator+=(ptrdiff_t __op) volatile {return fetch_add(__op) + __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator+=(ptrdiff_t __op)          {return fetch_add(__op) + __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator-=(ptrdiff_t __op) volatile {return fetch_sub(__op) - __op;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* operator-=(ptrdiff_t __op)          {return fetch_sub(__op) - __op;}
+};
+
+// atomic_is_lock_free
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_is_lock_free(const volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o)
+{
+    return __o->is_lock_free();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_is_lock_free(const atomic<_Tp>* __o)
+{
+    return __o->is_lock_free();
+}
+
+// atomic_init
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_init(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d)
+{
+    __o->__a_ = __d;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_init(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d)
+{
+    __o->__a_ = __d;
+}
+
+// atomic_store
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_store(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d)
+{
+    __o->store(__d);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_store(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d)
+{
+    __o->store(__d);
+}
+
+// atomic_store_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_store_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d, memory_order __m)
+{
+    __o->store(__d, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_store_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d, memory_order __m)
+{
+    __o->store(__d, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_load
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+atomic_load(const volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o)
+{
+    return __o->load();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+atomic_load(const atomic<_Tp>* __o)
+{
+    return __o->load();
+}
+
+// atomic_load_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+atomic_load_explicit(const volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->load(__m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+atomic_load_explicit(const atomic<_Tp>* __o, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->load(__m);
+}
+
+// atomic_exchange
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+atomic_exchange(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d)
+{
+    return __o->exchange(__d);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+atomic_exchange(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d)
+{
+    return __o->exchange(__d);
+}
+
+// atomic_exchange_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+atomic_exchange_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->exchange(__d, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+atomic_exchange_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __d, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->exchange(__d, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_compare_exchange_weak
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_weak(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp* __e, _Tp __d)
+{
+    return __o->compare_exchange_weak(*__e, __d);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_weak(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp* __e, _Tp __d)
+{
+    return __o->compare_exchange_weak(*__e, __d);
+}
+
+// atomic_compare_exchange_strong
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_strong(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp* __e, _Tp __d)
+{
+    return __o->compare_exchange_strong(*__e, __d);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_strong(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp* __e, _Tp __d)
+{
+    return __o->compare_exchange_strong(*__e, __d);
+}
+
+// atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp* __e,
+                                      _Tp __d,
+                                      memory_order __s, memory_order __f)
+{
+    return __o->compare_exchange_weak(*__e, __d, __s, __f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp* __e, _Tp __d,
+                                      memory_order __s, memory_order __f)
+{
+    return __o->compare_exchange_weak(*__e, __d, __s, __f);
+}
+
+// atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o,
+                                        _Tp* __e, _Tp __d,
+                                        memory_order __s, memory_order __f)
+{
+    return __o->compare_exchange_strong(*__e, __d, __s, __f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp* __e,
+                                        _Tp __d,
+                                        memory_order __s, memory_order __f)
+{
+    return __o->compare_exchange_strong(*__e, __d, __s, __f);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_add
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_add(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_add(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_add(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_add(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+atomic_fetch_add(volatile atomic<_Tp*>* __o, ptrdiff_t __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_add(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+atomic_fetch_add(atomic<_Tp*>* __o, ptrdiff_t __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_add(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_add_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_add_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_add(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_add_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_add(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+atomic_fetch_add_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp*>* __o, ptrdiff_t __op,
+                          memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_add(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+atomic_fetch_add_explicit(atomic<_Tp*>* __o, ptrdiff_t __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_add(__op, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_sub
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_sub(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_sub(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_sub(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_sub(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+atomic_fetch_sub(volatile atomic<_Tp*>* __o, ptrdiff_t __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_sub(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+atomic_fetch_sub(atomic<_Tp*>* __o, ptrdiff_t __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_sub(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_sub_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_sub(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_sub(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp*>* __o, ptrdiff_t __op,
+                          memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_sub(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(atomic<_Tp*>* __o, ptrdiff_t __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_sub(__op, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_and
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_and(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_and(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_and(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_and(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_and_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_and_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_and(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_and_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_and(__op, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_or
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_or(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_or(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_or(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_or(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_or_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_or_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_or(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_or_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_or(__op, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_xor
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_xor(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_xor(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_xor(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_xor(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_xor_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_xor(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, _Tp __op, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->fetch_xor(__op, __m);
+}
+
+// flag type and operations
+
+typedef struct atomic_flag
+{
+    bool __a_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool test_and_set(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {return __atomic_exchange(&__a_, true, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool test_and_set(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {return __atomic_exchange(&__a_, true, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile
+        {__atomic_store(&__a_, false, __m);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst)
+        {__atomic_store(&__a_, false, __m);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    atomic_flag() {} // = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    atomic_flag(bool __b) : __a_(__b) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+    atomic_flag(const atomic_flag&) = delete;
+    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) = delete;
+    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) volatile = delete;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+private:
+    atomic_flag(const atomic_flag&);
+    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&);
+    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) volatile;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+} atomic_flag;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_flag_test_and_set(volatile atomic_flag* __o)
+{
+    return __o->test_and_set();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_flag_test_and_set(atomic_flag* __o)
+{
+    return __o->test_and_set();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(volatile atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->test_and_set(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m)
+{
+    return __o->test_and_set(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_flag_clear(volatile atomic_flag* __o)
+{
+    __o->clear();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_flag_clear(atomic_flag* __o)
+{
+    __o->clear();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_flag_clear_explicit(volatile atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m)
+{
+    __o->clear(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_flag_clear_explicit(atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m)
+{
+    __o->clear(__m);
+}
+
+// fences
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_thread_fence(memory_order __m)
+{
+    __atomic_thread_fence(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+atomic_signal_fence(memory_order __m)
+{
+    __atomic_signal_fence(__m);
+}
+
+// Atomics for standard typedef types
+
+typedef atomic<char>               atomic_char;
+typedef atomic<signed char>        atomic_schar;
+typedef atomic<unsigned char>      atomic_uchar;
+typedef atomic<short>              atomic_short;
+typedef atomic<unsigned short>     atomic_ushort;
+typedef atomic<int>                atomic_int;
+typedef atomic<unsigned int>       atomic_uint;
+typedef atomic<long>               atomic_long;
+typedef atomic<unsigned long>      atomic_ulong;
+typedef atomic<long long>          atomic_llong;
+typedef atomic<unsigned long long> atomic_ullong;
+typedef atomic<char16_t>           atomic_char16_t;
+typedef atomic<char32_t>           atomic_char32_t;
+typedef atomic<wchar_t>            atomic_wchar_t;
+
+typedef atomic<int_least8_t>   atomic_int_least8_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least8_t>  atomic_uint_least8_t;
+typedef atomic<int_least16_t>  atomic_int_least16_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least16_t> atomic_uint_least16_t;
+typedef atomic<int_least32_t>  atomic_int_least32_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least32_t> atomic_uint_least32_t;
+typedef atomic<int_least64_t>  atomic_int_least64_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least64_t> atomic_uint_least64_t;
+
+typedef atomic<int_fast8_t>   atomic_int_fast8_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast8_t>  atomic_uint_fast8_t;
+typedef atomic<int_fast16_t>  atomic_int_fast16_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast16_t> atomic_uint_fast16_t;
+typedef atomic<int_fast32_t>  atomic_int_fast32_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast32_t> atomic_uint_fast32_t;
+typedef atomic<int_fast64_t>  atomic_int_fast64_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast64_t> atomic_uint_fast64_t;
+
+typedef atomic<intptr_t>  atomic_intptr_t;
+typedef atomic<uintptr_t> atomic_uintptr_t;
+typedef atomic<size_t>    atomic_size_t;
+typedef atomic<ptrdiff_t> atomic_ptrdiff_t;
+typedef atomic<intmax_t>  atomic_intmax_t;
+typedef atomic<uintmax_t> atomic_uintmax_t;
+
+#define ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT {false}
+#define ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(__v) {__v}
+
+// lock-free property
+
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE 0
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE 0
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE 0
+#define ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE 0
+#define ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE 0
+#define ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE 0
+#define ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE 0
+#define ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE 0
+
+#endif  //  !__has_feature(cxx_atomic)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_ATOMIC
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/bitset b/system/include/libcxx/bitset
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d9efd93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/bitset
@@ -0,0 +1,1046 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- bitset ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_BITSET
+#define _LIBCPP_BITSET
+
+/*
+    bitset synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+namespace std {
+
+template <size_t N>
+class bitset
+{
+public:
+    // bit reference:
+    class reference
+    {
+        friend class bitset;
+        reference() noexcept;
+    public:
+        ~reference() noexcept;
+        reference& operator=(bool x) noexcept;           // for b[i] = x;
+        reference& operator=(const reference&) noexcept; // for b[i] = b[j];
+        bool operator~() const noexcept;                 // flips the bit
+        operator bool() const noexcept;                  // for x = b[i];
+        reference& flip() noexcept;                      // for b[i].flip();
+    };
+
+    // 23.3.5.1 constructors:
+    constexpr bitset() noexcept;
+    constexpr bitset(unsigned long long val) noexcept;
+    template <class charT>
+        explicit bitset(const charT* str,
+                        typename basic_string<charT>::size_type n = basic_string<charT>::npos,
+                        charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1'));
+    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+        explicit bitset(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
+                        typename basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>::size_type pos = 0,
+                        typename basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>::size_type n =
+                                 basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>::npos,
+                        charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1'));
+
+    // 23.3.5.2 bitset operations:
+    bitset& operator&=(const bitset& rhs) noexcept;
+    bitset& operator|=(const bitset& rhs) noexcept;
+    bitset& operator^=(const bitset& rhs) noexcept;
+    bitset& operator<<=(size_t pos) noexcept;
+    bitset& operator>>=(size_t pos) noexcept;
+    bitset& set() noexcept;
+    bitset& set(size_t pos, bool val = true);
+    bitset& reset() noexcept;
+    bitset& reset(size_t pos);
+    bitset operator~() const noexcept;
+    bitset& flip() noexcept;
+    bitset& flip(size_t pos);
+
+    // element access:
+    constexpr bool operator[](size_t pos) const; // for b[i];
+    reference operator[](size_t pos);            // for b[i];
+    unsigned long to_ulong() const;
+    unsigned long long to_ullong() const;
+    template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+        basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> to_string(charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1')) const;
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+        basic_string<charT, traits, allocator<charT> > to_string(charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1')) const;
+    template <class charT>
+        basic_string<charT, char_traits<charT>, allocator<charT> > to_string(charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1')) const;
+    basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> > to_string(char zero = '0', char one = '1') const;
+    size_t count() const noexcept;
+    constexpr size_t size() const noexcept;
+    bool operator==(const bitset& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator!=(const bitset& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool test(size_t pos) const;
+    bool all() const noexcept;
+    bool any() const noexcept;
+    bool none() const noexcept;
+    bitset operator<<(size_t pos) const noexcept;
+    bitset operator>>(size_t pos) const noexcept;
+};
+
+// 23.3.5.3 bitset operators:
+template <size_t N>
+bitset<N> operator&(const bitset<N>&, const bitset<N>&) noexcept;
+
+template <size_t N>
+bitset<N> operator|(const bitset<N>&, const bitset<N>&) noexcept;
+
+template <size_t N>
+bitset<N> operator^(const bitset<N>&, const bitset<N>&) noexcept;
+
+template <class charT, class traits, size_t N>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, bitset<N>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits, size_t N>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const bitset<N>& x);
+
+template <size_t N> struct hash<std::bitset<N>>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__bit_reference>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <climits>
+#include <string>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <__functional_base>
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
+    #include <cassert>
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+class __bitset;
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+struct __has_storage_type<__bitset<_N_words, _Size> >
+{
+    static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+class __bitset
+{
+public:
+    typedef ptrdiff_t              difference_type;
+    typedef size_t                 size_type;
+protected:
+    typedef __bitset __self;
+    typedef size_type              __storage_type;
+    typedef       __storage_type*  __storage_pointer;
+    typedef const __storage_type*  __const_storage_pointer;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+
+    friend class __bit_reference<__bitset>;
+    friend class __bit_const_reference<__bitset>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, false>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, true>;
+    friend class __bit_array<__bitset>;
+
+    __storage_type __first_[_N_words];
+
+    typedef __bit_reference<__bitset>                  reference;
+    typedef __bit_const_reference<__bitset>            const_reference;
+    typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, false>            iterator;
+    typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, true>             const_iterator;
+
+    __bitset() _NOEXCEPT;
+    explicit __bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference __make_ref(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return reference(__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __storage_type(1) << __pos % __bits_per_word);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference __make_ref(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reference(__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __storage_type(1) << __pos % __bits_per_word);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return iterator(__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __pos % __bits_per_word);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __pos % __bits_per_word);}
+
+    void operator&=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+    void operator|=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+    void operator^=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    void flip() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned long to_ulong() const
+        {return to_ulong(integral_constant<bool, _Size < sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned long long to_ullong() const
+        {return to_ullong(integral_constant<bool, _Size < sizeof(unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT>());}
+
+    bool all() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    bool any() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT;
+private:
+    void __init(unsigned long long __v, false_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+    void __init(unsigned long long __v, true_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+    unsigned long to_ulong(false_type) const;
+    unsigned long to_ulong(true_type) const;
+    unsigned long long to_ullong(false_type) const;
+    unsigned long long to_ullong(true_type) const;
+    unsigned long long to_ullong(true_type, false_type) const;
+    unsigned long long to_ullong(true_type, true_type) const;
+};
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__bitset() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    _VSTD::fill_n(__first_, _N_words, __storage_type(0));
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+void
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__init(unsigned long long __v, false_type)
+{
+    __storage_type __t[sizeof(unsigned long long) / sizeof(__storage_type)];
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < sizeof(__t)/sizeof(__t[0]); ++__i, __v >>= __bits_per_word)
+        __t[__i] = static_cast<__storage_type>(__v);
+    _VSTD::copy(__t, __t + sizeof(__t)/sizeof(__t[0]), __first_);
+    _VSTD::fill(__first_ + sizeof(__t)/sizeof(__t[0]), __first_ + sizeof(__first_)/sizeof(__first_[0]),
+               __storage_type(0));
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__init(unsigned long long __v, true_type)
+{
+    __first_[0] = __v;
+    _VSTD::fill(__first_ + 1, __first_ + sizeof(__first_)/sizeof(__first_[0]), __storage_type(0));
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __init(__v, integral_constant<bool, sizeof(unsigned long long) == sizeof(__storage_type)>());
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::operator&=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    for (size_type __i = 0; __i < _N_words; ++__i)
+        __first_[__i] &= __v.__first_[__i];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::operator|=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    for (size_type __i = 0; __i < _N_words; ++__i)
+        __first_[__i] |= __v.__first_[__i];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::operator^=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    for (size_type __i = 0; __i < _N_words; ++__i)
+        __first_[__i] ^= __v.__first_[__i];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+void
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::flip() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    // do middle whole words
+    size_type __n = _Size;
+    __storage_pointer __p = __first_;
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+        *__p = ~*__p;
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        __storage_type __b = *__p & __m;
+        *__p &= ~__m;
+        *__p |= ~__b & __m;
+    }
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+unsigned long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ulong(false_type) const
+{
+    const_iterator __e = __make_iter(_Size);
+    const_iterator __i = _VSTD::find(__make_iter(sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT), __e, true);
+    if (__i != __e)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw overflow_error("bitset to_ulong overflow error");
+#else
+        assert(!"bitset to_ulong overflow error");
+#endif
+    return __first_[0];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unsigned long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ulong(true_type) const
+{
+    return __first_[0];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+unsigned long long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ullong(false_type) const
+{
+    const_iterator __e = __make_iter(_Size);
+    const_iterator __i = _VSTD::find(__make_iter(sizeof(unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT), __e, true);
+    if (__i != __e)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw overflow_error("bitset to_ullong overflow error");
+#else
+        assert(!"bitset to_ullong overflow error");
+#endif
+    return to_ullong(true_type());
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unsigned long long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ullong(true_type) const
+{
+    return to_ullong(true_type(), integral_constant<bool, sizeof(__storage_type) < sizeof(unsigned long long)>());
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unsigned long long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ullong(true_type, false_type) const
+{
+    return __first_[0];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+unsigned long long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ullong(true_type, true_type) const
+{
+    unsigned long long __r = __first_[0];
+    for (std::size_t __i = 1; __i < sizeof(unsigned long long) / sizeof(__storage_type); ++__i)
+        __r |= static_cast<unsigned long long>(__first_[__i]) << (sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+bool
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::all() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    // do middle whole words
+    size_type __n = _Size;
+    __const_storage_pointer __p = __first_;
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+        if (~*__p)
+            return false;
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        if (~*__p & __m)
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+bool
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::any() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    // do middle whole words
+    size_type __n = _Size;
+    __const_storage_pointer __p = __first_;
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+        if (*__p)
+            return true;
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        if (*__p & __m)
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+size_t
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_t __h = 0;
+    for (size_type __i = 0; __i < _N_words; ++__i)
+        __h ^= __first_[__i];
+    return __h;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+class __bitset<1, _Size>
+{
+public:
+    typedef ptrdiff_t              difference_type;
+    typedef size_t                 size_type;
+protected:
+    typedef __bitset __self;
+    typedef size_type              __storage_type;
+    typedef       __storage_type*  __storage_pointer;
+    typedef const __storage_type*  __const_storage_pointer;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+
+    friend class __bit_reference<__bitset>;
+    friend class __bit_const_reference<__bitset>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, false>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, true>;
+    friend class __bit_array<__bitset>;
+
+    __storage_type __first_;
+
+    typedef __bit_reference<__bitset>                  reference;
+    typedef __bit_const_reference<__bitset>            const_reference;
+    typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, false>            iterator;
+    typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, true>             const_iterator;
+
+    __bitset() _NOEXCEPT;
+    explicit __bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference __make_ref(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return reference(&__first_, __storage_type(1) << __pos);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference __make_ref(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reference(&__first_, __storage_type(1) << __pos);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return iterator(&__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __pos % __bits_per_word);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(&__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __pos % __bits_per_word);}
+
+    void operator&=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+    void operator|=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+    void operator^=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    void flip() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    unsigned long to_ulong() const;
+    unsigned long long to_ullong() const;
+
+    bool all() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    bool any() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bitset<1, _Size>::__bitset() _NOEXCEPT
+    : __first_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bitset<1, _Size>::__bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT
+    : __first_(static_cast<__storage_type>(__v))
+{
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__bitset<1, _Size>::operator&=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __first_ &= __v.__first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__bitset<1, _Size>::operator|=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __first_ |= __v.__first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__bitset<1, _Size>::operator^=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __first_ ^= __v.__first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__bitset<1, _Size>::flip() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - _Size);
+    __first_ = ~__first_;
+    __first_ &= __m;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unsigned long
+__bitset<1, _Size>::to_ulong() const
+{
+    return __first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unsigned long long
+__bitset<1, _Size>::to_ullong() const
+{
+    return __first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+__bitset<1, _Size>::all() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - _Size);
+    return !(~__first_ & __m);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+__bitset<1, _Size>::any() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - _Size);
+    return __first_ & __m;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+size_t
+__bitset<1, _Size>::__hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __first_;
+}
+
+template <>
+class __bitset<0, 0>
+{
+public:
+    typedef ptrdiff_t              difference_type;
+    typedef size_t                 size_type;
+protected:
+    typedef __bitset __self;
+    typedef size_type              __storage_type;
+    typedef       __storage_type*  __storage_pointer;
+    typedef const __storage_type*  __const_storage_pointer;
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+
+    friend class __bit_reference<__bitset>;
+    friend class __bit_const_reference<__bitset>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, false>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, true>;
+    friend class __bit_array<__bitset>;
+
+    typedef __bit_reference<__bitset>                  reference;
+    typedef __bit_const_reference<__bitset>            const_reference;
+    typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, false>            iterator;
+    typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, true>             const_iterator;
+
+    __bitset() _NOEXCEPT;
+    explicit __bitset(unsigned long long) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference __make_ref(size_t) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return reference(0, 1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference __make_ref(size_t) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reference(0, 1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return iterator(0, 0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(0, 0);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void operator&=(const __bitset&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void operator|=(const __bitset&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void operator^=(const __bitset&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void flip() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned long to_ulong() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unsigned long long to_ullong() const {return 0;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool all() const _NOEXCEPT {return true;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool any() const _NOEXCEPT {return false;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT {return 0;}
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bitset<0, 0>::__bitset() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bitset<0, 0>::__bitset(unsigned long long) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size> class bitset;
+template <size_t _Size> struct hash<bitset<_Size> >;
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE bitset
+    : private __bitset<_Size == 0 ? 0 : (_Size - 1) / (sizeof(size_t) * CHAR_BIT) + 1, _Size>
+{
+    static const unsigned __n_words = _Size == 0 ? 0 : (_Size - 1) / (sizeof(size_t) * CHAR_BIT) + 1;
+    typedef __bitset<__n_words, _Size> base;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename base::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename base::const_reference const_reference;
+
+    // 23.3.5.1 constructors:
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bitset() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT : base(__v) {}
+    template<class _CharT>
+        explicit bitset(const _CharT* __str,
+                        typename basic_string<_CharT>::size_type __n = basic_string<_CharT>::npos,
+                        _CharT __zero = _CharT('0'), _CharT __one = _CharT('1'));
+    template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+        explicit bitset(const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>& __str,
+                        typename basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>::size_type __pos = 0,
+                        typename basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>::size_type __n =
+                                (basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>::npos),
+                        _CharT __zero = _CharT('0'), _CharT __one = _CharT('1'));
+
+    // 23.3.5.2 bitset operations:
+    bitset& operator&=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset& operator|=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset& operator^=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset& operator<<=(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset& operator>>=(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset& set() _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset& set(size_t __pos, bool __val = true);
+    bitset& reset() _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset& reset(size_t __pos);
+    bitset  operator~() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset& flip() _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset& flip(size_t __pos);
+
+    // element access:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference operator[](size_t __p) const {return base::__make_ref(__p);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       reference operator[](size_t __p)       {return base::__make_ref(__p);}
+    unsigned long to_ulong() const;
+    unsigned long long to_ullong() const;
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> to_string(_CharT __zero = _CharT('0'),
+                                                            _CharT __one = _CharT('1')) const;
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, allocator<_CharT> > to_string(_CharT __zero = _CharT('0'),
+                                                                    _CharT __one = _CharT('1')) const;
+    template <class _CharT>
+        basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, allocator<_CharT> > to_string(_CharT __zero = _CharT('0'),
+                                                                                _CharT __one = _CharT('1')) const;
+    basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> > to_string(char __zero = '0',
+                                                                      char __one = '1') const;
+    size_t count() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_t size() const _NOEXCEPT {return _Size;}
+    bool operator==(const bitset& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    bool operator!=(const bitset& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    bool test(size_t __pos) const;
+    bool all() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    bool any() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool none() const _NOEXCEPT {return !any();}
+    bitset operator<<(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    bitset operator>>(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT {return base::__hash_code();}
+
+    friend struct hash<bitset>;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+template<class _CharT>
+bitset<_Size>::bitset(const _CharT* __str,
+                      typename basic_string<_CharT>::size_type __n,
+                      _CharT __zero, _CharT __one)
+{
+    size_t __rlen = _VSTD::min(__n, char_traits<_CharT>::length(__str));
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __rlen; ++__i)
+        if (__str[__i] != __zero && __str[__i] != __one)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            throw invalid_argument("bitset string ctor has invalid argument");
+#else
+            assert(!"bitset string ctor has invalid argument");
+#endif
+    size_t _M = _VSTD::min(__rlen, _Size);
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (; __i < _M; ++__i)
+    {
+        _CharT __c = __str[_M - 1 - __i];
+        if (__c == __zero)
+            (*this)[__i] = false;
+        else
+            (*this)[__i] = true;
+    }
+    _VSTD::fill(base::__make_iter(__i), base::__make_iter(_Size), false);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+bitset<_Size>::bitset(const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>& __str,
+       typename basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>::size_type __pos,
+       typename basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>::size_type __n,
+       _CharT __zero, _CharT __one)
+{
+    if (__pos > __str.size())
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw out_of_range("bitset string pos out of range");
+#else
+        assert(!"bitset string pos out of range");
+#endif
+    size_t __rlen = _VSTD::min(__n, __str.size() - __pos);
+    for (size_t __i = __pos; __i < __pos + __rlen; ++__i)
+        if (!_Traits::eq(__str[__i], __zero) && !_Traits::eq(__str[__i], __one))
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            throw invalid_argument("bitset string ctor has invalid argument");
+#else
+            assert(!"bitset string ctor has invalid argument");
+#endif
+    size_t _M = _VSTD::min(__rlen, _Size);
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (; __i < _M; ++__i)
+    {
+        _CharT __c = __str[__pos + _M - 1 - __i];
+        if (_Traits::eq(__c, __zero))
+            (*this)[__i] = false;
+        else
+            (*this)[__i] = true;
+    }
+    _VSTD::fill(base::__make_iter(__i), base::__make_iter(_Size), false);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::operator&=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    base::operator&=(__rhs);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::operator|=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    base::operator|=(__rhs);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::operator^=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    base::operator^=(__rhs);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::operator<<=(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __pos = _VSTD::min(__pos, _Size);
+    _VSTD::copy_backward(base::__make_iter(0), base::__make_iter(_Size - __pos), base::__make_iter(_Size));
+    _VSTD::fill_n(base::__make_iter(0), __pos, false);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::operator>>=(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __pos = _VSTD::min(__pos, _Size);
+    _VSTD::copy(base::__make_iter(__pos), base::__make_iter(_Size), base::__make_iter(0));
+    _VSTD::fill_n(base::__make_iter(_Size - __pos), __pos, false);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::set() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    _VSTD::fill_n(base::__make_iter(0), _Size, true);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::set(size_t __pos, bool __val)
+{
+    if (__pos >= _Size)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw out_of_range("bitset set argument out of range");
+#else
+        assert(!"bitset set argument out of range");
+#endif
+    (*this)[__pos] = __val;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::reset() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    _VSTD::fill_n(base::__make_iter(0), _Size, false);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::reset(size_t __pos)
+{
+    if (__pos >= _Size)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw out_of_range("bitset reset argument out of range");
+#else
+        assert(!"bitset reset argument out of range");
+#endif
+    (*this)[__pos] = false;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>
+bitset<_Size>::operator~() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    bitset __x(*this);
+    __x.flip();
+    return __x;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::flip() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    base::flip();
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::flip(size_t __pos)
+{
+    if (__pos >= _Size)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw out_of_range("bitset flip argument out of range");
+#else
+        assert(!"bitset flip argument out of range");
+#endif
+    reference r = base::__make_ref(__pos);
+    r = ~r;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unsigned long
+bitset<_Size>::to_ulong() const
+{
+    return base::to_ulong();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unsigned long long
+bitset<_Size>::to_ullong() const
+{
+    return base::to_ullong();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+bitset<_Size>::to_string(_CharT __zero, _CharT __one) const
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> __r(_Size, __zero);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Size; ++__i)
+    {
+        if ((*this)[__i])
+            __r[_Size - 1 - __i] = __one;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, allocator<_CharT> >
+bitset<_Size>::to_string(_CharT __zero, _CharT __one) const
+{
+    return to_string<_CharT, _Traits, allocator<_CharT> >(__zero, __one);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, allocator<_CharT> >
+bitset<_Size>::to_string(_CharT __zero, _CharT __one) const
+{
+    return to_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, allocator<_CharT> >(__zero, __one);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> >
+bitset<_Size>::to_string(char __zero, char __one) const
+{
+    return to_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> >(__zero, __one);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+size_t
+bitset<_Size>::count() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return static_cast<size_t>(_VSTD::count(base::__make_iter(0), base::__make_iter(_Size), true));
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+bitset<_Size>::operator==(const bitset& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return _VSTD::equal(base::__make_iter(0), base::__make_iter(_Size), __rhs.__make_iter(0));
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+bitset<_Size>::operator!=(const bitset& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(*this == __rhs);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+bool
+bitset<_Size>::test(size_t __pos) const
+{
+    if (__pos >= _Size)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw out_of_range("bitset test argument out of range");
+#else
+        assert(!"bitset test argument out of range");
+#endif
+    return (*this)[__pos];
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+bitset<_Size>::all() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return base::all();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+bitset<_Size>::any() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return base::any();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>
+bitset<_Size>::operator<<(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    bitset __r = *this;
+    __r <<= __pos;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>
+bitset<_Size>::operator>>(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    bitset __r = *this;
+    __r >>= __pos;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>
+operator&(const bitset<_Size>& __x, const bitset<_Size>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    bitset<_Size> __r = __x;
+    __r &= __y;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>
+operator|(const bitset<_Size>& __x, const bitset<_Size>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    bitset<_Size> __r = __x;
+    __r |= __y;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bitset<_Size>
+operator^(const bitset<_Size>& __x, const bitset<_Size>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    bitset<_Size> __r = __x;
+    __r ^= __y;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<bitset<_Size> >
+    : public unary_function<bitset<_Size>, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const bitset<_Size>& __bs) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __bs.__hash_code();}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Size>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bitset<_Size>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Size>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const bitset<_Size>& __x);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_BITSET
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cassert b/system/include/libcxx/cassert
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7337b16e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cassert
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- cassert -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/*
+    cassert synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    assert
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ccomplex b/system/include/libcxx/ccomplex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e999a92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ccomplex
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- ccomplex ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CCOMPLEX
+#define _LIBCPP_CCOMPLEX
+
+/*
+    ccomplex synopsis
+
+#include <complex>
+
+*/
+
+#include <complex>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+// hh 080623 Created
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CCOMPLEX
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cctype b/system/include/libcxx/cctype
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbdc3e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cctype
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- cctype ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CCTYPE
+#define _LIBCPP_CCTYPE
+
+/*
+    cctype synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+int isalnum(int c);
+int isalpha(int c);
+int isblank(int c);  // C99
+int iscntrl(int c);
+int isdigit(int c);
+int isgraph(int c);
+int islower(int c);
+int isprint(int c);
+int ispunct(int c);
+int isspace(int c);
+int isupper(int c);
+int isxdigit(int c);
+int tolower(int c);
+int toupper(int c);
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifdef isalnum
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_isalnum(int __c) {return isalnum(__c);}
+#undef isalnum
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int isalnum(int __c) {return __libcpp_isalnum(__c);}
+#else  // isalnum
+using ::isalnum;
+#endif  // isalnum
+
+#ifdef isalpha
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_isalpha(int __c) {return isalpha(__c);}
+#undef isalpha
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int isalpha(int __c) {return __libcpp_isalpha(__c);}
+#else  // isalpha
+using ::isalpha;
+#endif  // isalpha
+
+#ifdef isblank
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_isblank(int __c) {return isblank(__c);}
+#undef isblank
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int isblank(int __c) {return __libcpp_isblank(__c);}
+#else  // isblank
+using ::isblank;
+#endif  // isblank
+
+#ifdef iscntrl
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iscntrl(int __c) {return iscntrl(__c);}
+#undef iscntrl
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iscntrl(int __c) {return __libcpp_iscntrl(__c);}
+#else  // iscntrl
+using ::iscntrl;
+#endif  // iscntrl
+
+#ifdef isdigit
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_isdigit(int __c) {return isdigit(__c);}
+#undef isdigit
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int isdigit(int __c) {return __libcpp_isdigit(__c);}
+#else  // isdigit
+using ::isdigit;
+#endif  // isdigit
+
+#ifdef isgraph
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_isgraph(int __c) {return isgraph(__c);}
+#undef isgraph
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int isgraph(int __c) {return __libcpp_isgraph(__c);}
+#else  // isgraph
+using ::isgraph;
+#endif  // isgraph
+
+#ifdef islower
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_islower(int __c) {return islower(__c);}
+#undef islower
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int islower(int __c) {return __libcpp_islower(__c);}
+#else  // islower
+using ::islower;
+#endif  // islower
+
+#ifdef isprint
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_isprint(int __c) {return isprint(__c);}
+#undef isprint
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int isprint(int __c) {return __libcpp_isprint(__c);}
+#else  // isprint
+using ::isprint;
+#endif  // isprint
+
+#ifdef ispunct
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_ispunct(int __c) {return ispunct(__c);}
+#undef ispunct
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int ispunct(int __c) {return __libcpp_ispunct(__c);}
+#else  // ispunct
+using ::ispunct;
+#endif  // ispunct
+
+#ifdef isspace
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_isspace(int __c) {return isspace(__c);}
+#undef isspace
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int isspace(int __c) {return __libcpp_isspace(__c);}
+#else  // isspace
+using ::isspace;
+#endif  // isspace
+
+#ifdef isupper
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_isupper(int __c) {return isupper(__c);}
+#undef isupper
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int isupper(int __c) {return __libcpp_isupper(__c);}
+#else  // isupper
+using ::isupper;
+#endif  // isupper
+
+#ifdef isxdigit
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_isxdigit(int __c) {return isxdigit(__c);}
+#undef isxdigit
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int isxdigit(int __c) {return __libcpp_isxdigit(__c);}
+#else  // isxdigit
+using ::isxdigit;
+#endif  // isxdigit
+
+#ifdef tolower
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_tolower(int __c) {return tolower(__c);}
+#undef tolower
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int tolower(int __c) {return __libcpp_tolower(__c);}
+#else  // tolower
+using ::tolower;
+#endif  // tolower
+
+#ifdef toupper
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_toupper(int __c) {return toupper(__c);}
+#undef toupper
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int toupper(int __c) {return __libcpp_toupper(__c);}
+#else  // toupper
+using ::toupper;
+#endif  // toupper
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CCTYPE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cerrno b/system/include/libcxx/cerrno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71084a14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cerrno
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- cerrno ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CERRNO
+#define _LIBCPP_CERRNO
+
+/*
+    cerrno synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    EDOM
+    EILSEQ  // C99
+    ERANGE
+    errno
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#if !defined(EOWNERDEAD) || !defined(ENOTRECOVERABLE)
+
+#ifdef ELAST
+
+const int __elast1 = ELAST+1;
+const int __elast2 = ELAST+2;
+
+#else
+
+const int __elast1 = 104;
+const int __elast2 = 105;
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ENOTRECOVERABLE
+
+#define EOWNERDEAD __elast1
+
+#ifdef ELAST
+#undef ELAST
+#define ELAST EOWNERDEAD
+#endif
+
+#elif defined(EOWNERDEAD)
+
+#define ENOTRECOVERABLE __elast1
+#ifdef ELAST
+#undef ELAST
+#define ELAST ENOTRECOVERABLE
+#endif
+
+#else  // defined(EOWNERDEAD)
+
+#define EOWNERDEAD __elast1
+#define ENOTRECOVERABLE __elast2
+#ifdef ELAST
+#undef ELAST
+#define ELAST ENOTRECOVERABLE
+#endif
+
+#endif  // defined(EOWNERDEAD)
+
+#endif  // !defined(EOWNERDEAD) || !defined(ENOTRECOVERABLE)
+
+//  supply errno values likely to be missing, particularly on Windows
+
+#ifndef EAFNOSUPPORT
+#define EAFNOSUPPORT 9901
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EADDRINUSE
+#define EADDRINUSE 9902
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EADDRNOTAVAIL
+#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 9903
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EISCONN
+#define EISCONN 9904
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EBADMSG
+#define EBADMSG 9905
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ECONNABORTED
+#define ECONNABORTED 9906
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EALREADY
+#define EALREADY 9907
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ECONNREFUSED
+#define ECONNREFUSED 9908
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ECONNRESET
+#define ECONNRESET 9909
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EDESTADDRREQ
+#define EDESTADDRREQ 9910
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EHOSTUNREACH
+#define EHOSTUNREACH 9911
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EIDRM
+#define EIDRM 9912
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EMSGSIZE
+#define EMSGSIZE 9913
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENETDOWN
+#define ENETDOWN 9914
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENETRESET
+#define ENETRESET 9915
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENETUNREACH
+#define ENETUNREACH 9916
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOBUFS
+#define ENOBUFS 9917
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOLINK
+#define ENOLINK 9918
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENODATA
+#define ENODATA 9919
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOMSG
+#define ENOMSG 9920
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOPROTOOPT
+#define ENOPROTOOPT 9921
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOSR
+#define ENOSR 9922
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOTSOCK
+#define ENOTSOCK 9923
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOSTR
+#define ENOSTR 9924
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOTCONN
+#define ENOTCONN 9925
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOTSUP
+#define ENOTSUP 9926
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ECANCELED
+#define ECANCELED 9927
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EINPROGRESS
+#define EINPROGRESS 9928
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EOPNOTSUPP
+#define EOPNOTSUPP 9929
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EWOULDBLOCK
+#define EWOULDBLOCK 9930
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EOWNERDEAD
+#define EOWNERDEAD  9931
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EPROTO
+#define EPROTO 9932
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EPROTONOSUPPORT
+#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 9933
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOTRECOVERABLE
+#define ENOTRECOVERABLE 9934
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ETIME
+#define ETIME 9935
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ETXTBSY
+#define ETXTBSY 9936
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ETIMEDOUT
+#define ETIMEDOUT 9938
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ELOOP
+#define ELOOP 9939
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EOVERFLOW
+#define EOVERFLOW 9940
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EPROTOTYPE
+#define EPROTOTYPE 9941
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOSYS
+#define ENOSYS 9942
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EINVAL
+#define EINVAL 9943
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ERANGE
+#define ERANGE 9944
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EILSEQ
+#define EILSEQ 9945
+#endif
+
+//  Windows Mobile doesn't appear to define these:
+
+#ifndef E2BIG
+#define E2BIG 9946
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EDOM
+#define EDOM 9947
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EFAULT
+#define EFAULT 9948
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EBADF
+#define EBADF 9949
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EPIPE
+#define EPIPE 9950
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EXDEV
+#define EXDEV 9951
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EBUSY
+#define EBUSY 9952
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOTEMPTY
+#define ENOTEMPTY 9953
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOEXEC
+#define ENOEXEC 9954
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EEXIST
+#define EEXIST 9955
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EFBIG
+#define EFBIG 9956
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENAMETOOLONG
+#define ENAMETOOLONG 9957
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOTTY
+#define ENOTTY 9958
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EINTR
+#define EINTR 9959
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ESPIPE
+#define ESPIPE 9960
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EIO
+#define EIO 9961
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EISDIR
+#define EISDIR 9962
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ECHILD
+#define ECHILD 9963
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOLCK
+#define ENOLCK 9964
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOSPC
+#define ENOSPC 9965
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENXIO
+#define ENXIO 9966
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENODEV
+#define ENODEV 9967
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOENT
+#define ENOENT 9968
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ESRCH
+#define ESRCH 9969
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOTDIR
+#define ENOTDIR 9970
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOMEM
+#define ENOMEM 9971
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EPERM
+#define EPERM 9972
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EACCES
+#define EACCES 9973
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EROFS
+#define EROFS 9974
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EDEADLK
+#define EDEADLK 9975
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EAGAIN
+#define EAGAIN 9976
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENFILE
+#define ENFILE 9977
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EMFILE
+#define EMFILE 9978
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EMLINK
+#define EMLINK 9979
+#endif
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CERRNO
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cfenv b/system/include/libcxx/cfenv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd86b882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cfenv
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- cctype ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CFENV
+#define _LIBCPP_CFENV
+
+/*
+    cfenv synopsis
+
+This entire header is C99 / C++0X
+
+Macros:
+
+    FE_DIVBYZERO
+    FE_INEXACT
+    FE_INVALID
+    FE_OVERFLOW
+    FE_UNDERFLOW
+    FE_ALL_EXCEPT
+    FE_DOWNWARD
+    FE_TONEAREST
+    FE_TOWARDZERO
+    FE_UPWARD
+    FE_DFL_ENV
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    fenv_t
+    fexcept_t
+
+int feclearexcept(int excepts);
+int fegetexceptflag(fexcept_t* flagp, int excepts);
+int feraiseexcept(int excepts);
+int fesetexceptflag(const fexcept_t* flagp, int excepts);
+int fetestexcept(int excepts);
+int fegetround();
+int fesetround(int round);
+int fegetenv(fenv_t* envp);
+int feholdexcept(fenv_t* envp);
+int fesetenv(const fenv_t* envp);
+int feupdateenv(const fenv_t* envp);
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <fenv.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::fenv_t;
+using ::fexcept_t;
+
+using ::feclearexcept;
+using ::fegetexceptflag;
+using ::feraiseexcept;
+using ::fesetexceptflag;
+using ::fetestexcept;
+using ::fegetround;
+using ::fesetround;
+using ::fegetenv;
+using ::feholdexcept;
+using ::fesetenv;
+using ::feupdateenv;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CFENV
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cfloat b/system/include/libcxx/cfloat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0079c23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cfloat
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cfloat -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CFLOAT
+#define _LIBCPP_CFLOAT
+
+/*
+    cfloat synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    FLT_ROUNDS
+    FLT_EVAL_METHOD     // C99
+    FLT_RADIX
+
+    FLT_MANT_DIG
+    DBL_MANT_DIG
+    LDBL_MANT_DIG
+
+    DECIMAL_DIG         // C99
+
+    FLT_DIG
+    DBL_DIG
+    LDBL_DIG
+
+    FLT_MIN_EXP
+    DBL_MIN_EXP
+    LDBL_MIN_EXP
+
+    FLT_MIN_10_EXP
+    DBL_MIN_10_EXP
+    LDBL_MIN_10_EXP
+
+    FLT_MAX_EXP
+    DBL_MAX_EXP
+    LDBL_MAX_EXP
+
+    FLT_MAX_10_EXP
+    DBL_MAX_10_EXP
+    LDBL_MAX_10_EXP
+
+    FLT_MAX
+    DBL_MAX
+    LDBL_MAX
+
+    FLT_EPSILON
+    DBL_EPSILON
+    LDBL_EPSILON
+
+    FLT_MIN
+    DBL_MIN
+    LDBL_MIN
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <float.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#ifndef FLT_EVAL_METHOD
+#define FLT_EVAL_METHOD __FLT_EVAL_METHOD__
+#endif
+
+#ifndef DECIMAL_DIG
+#define DECIMAL_DIG __DECIMAL_DIG__
+#endif
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CFLOAT
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/chrono b/system/include/libcxx/chrono
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6cd1945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/chrono
@@ -0,0 +1,871 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- chrono ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CHRONO
+#define _LIBCPP_CHRONO
+
+/*
+    chrono synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+namespace chrono
+{
+
+template <class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
+ToDuration
+duration_cast(const duration<Rep, Period>& fd);
+
+template <class Rep> struct treat_as_floating_point : is_floating_point<Rep> {};
+
+template <class Rep>
+struct duration_values
+{
+public:
+    static Rep zero();
+    static Rep max();
+    static Rep min();
+};
+
+// duration
+
+template <class Rep, class Period = ratio<1>>
+class duration
+{
+    static_assert(!__is_duration<Rep>::value, "A duration representation can not be a duration");
+    static_assert(__is_ratio<Period>::value, "Second template parameter of duration must be a std::ratio");
+    static_assert(Period::num > 0, "duration period must be positive");
+public:
+    typedef Rep rep;
+    typedef Period period;
+
+    duration() = default;
+    template <class Rep2>
+        explicit duration(const Rep2& r,
+            typename enable_if
+            <
+               is_convertible<Rep2, rep>::value &&
+               (treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value ||
+               !treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value && !treat_as_floating_point<Rep2>::value)
+            >::type* = 0);
+
+    // conversions
+    template <class Rep2, class Period2>
+        duration(const duration<Rep2, Period2>& d,
+            typename enable_if
+            <
+                treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value ||
+                ratio_divide<Period2, period>::type::den == 1
+            >::type* = 0);
+
+    // observer
+
+    rep count() const;
+
+    // arithmetic
+
+    duration  operator+() const;
+    duration  operator-() const;
+    duration& operator++();
+    duration  operator++(int);
+    duration& operator--();
+    duration  operator--(int);
+
+    duration& operator+=(const duration& d);
+    duration& operator-=(const duration& d);
+
+    duration& operator*=(const rep& rhs);
+    duration& operator/=(const rep& rhs);
+
+    // special values
+
+    static duration zero();
+    static duration min();
+    static duration max();
+};
+
+typedef duration<long long,         nano> nanoseconds;
+typedef duration<long long,        micro> microseconds;
+typedef duration<long long,        milli> milliseconds;
+typedef duration<long long              > seconds;
+typedef duration<     long, ratio<  60> > minutes;
+typedef duration<     long, ratio<3600> > hours;
+
+template <class Clock, class Duration = typename Clock::duration>
+class time_point
+{
+public:
+    typedef Clock                     clock;
+    typedef Duration                  duration;
+    typedef typename duration::rep    rep;
+    typedef typename duration::period period;
+private:
+    duration d_;  // exposition only
+
+public:
+    time_point();  // has value "epoch"
+    explicit time_point(const duration& d);  // same as time_point() + d
+
+    // conversions
+    template <class Duration2>
+       time_point(const time_point<clock, Duration2>& t);
+
+    // observer
+
+    duration time_since_epoch() const;
+
+    // arithmetic
+
+    time_point& operator+=(const duration& d);
+    time_point& operator-=(const duration& d);
+
+    // special values
+
+    static constexpr time_point min();
+    static constexpr time_point max();
+};
+
+} // chrono
+
+// common_type traits
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  struct common_type<chrono::duration<Rep1, Period1>, chrono::duration<Rep2, Period2>>;
+
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+  struct common_type<chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration1>, chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration2>>;
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+// duration arithmetic
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  typename common_type<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>>::type
+  operator+(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  typename common_type<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>>::type
+  operator-(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2>
+  duration<typename common_type<Rep1, Rep2>::type, Period>
+  operator*(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
+template <class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2>
+  duration<typename common_type<Rep1, Rep2>::type, Period>
+  operator*(const Rep1& s, const duration<Rep2, Period>& d);
+template <class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2>
+  duration<typename common_type<Rep1, Rep2>::type, Period>
+  operator/(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  typename common_type<Rep1, Rep2>::type
+  operator/(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+
+// duration comparisons
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   bool operator==(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   bool operator!=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   bool operator< (const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   bool operator<=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   bool operator> (const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   bool operator>=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+
+// duration_cast
+template <class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
+  ToDuration duration_cast(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
+
+// time_point arithmetic
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  time_point<Clock, typename common_type<Duration1, duration<Rep2, Period2>>::type>
+  operator+(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Clock, class Duration2>
+  time_point<Clock, typename common_type<duration<Rep1, Period1>, Duration2>::type>
+  operator+(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  time_point<Clock, typename common_type<Duration1, duration<Rep2, Period2>>::type>
+  operator-(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+  typename common_type<Duration1, Duration2>::type
+  operator-(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+
+// time_point comparisons
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator==(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator!=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator< (const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator<=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator> (const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator>=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+
+// time_point_cast
+
+template <class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
+  time_point<Clock, ToDuration> time_point_cast(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& t);
+
+// Clocks
+
+class system_clock
+{
+public:
+    typedef microseconds                     duration;
+    typedef duration::rep                    rep;
+    typedef duration::period                 period;
+    typedef chrono::time_point<system_clock> time_point;
+    static const bool is_steady =            false;
+
+    static time_point now() noexcept;
+    static time_t     to_time_t  (const time_point& __t) noexcept;
+    static time_point from_time_t(time_t __t) noexcept;
+};
+
+class steady_clock
+{
+public:
+    typedef nanoseconds                                   duration;
+    typedef duration::rep                                 rep;
+    typedef duration::period                              period;
+    typedef chrono::time_point<steady_clock, duration>    time_point;
+    static const bool is_steady =                         true;
+
+    static time_point now() noexcept;
+};
+
+typedef steady_clock high_resolution_clock;
+
+}  // chrono
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <ratio>
+#include <limits>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono
+{
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period = ratio<1> > class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE duration;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_duration : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+struct __is_duration<duration<_Rep, _Period> > : true_type  {};
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+struct __is_duration<const duration<_Rep, _Period> > : true_type  {};
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+struct __is_duration<volatile duration<_Rep, _Period> > : true_type  {};
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+struct __is_duration<const volatile duration<_Rep, _Period> > : true_type  {};
+
+} // chrono
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE common_type<chrono::duration<_Rep1, _Period1>,
+                                   chrono::duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >
+{
+    typedef chrono::duration<typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type,
+                             typename __ratio_gcd<_Period1, _Period2>::type> type;
+};
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+// duration_cast
+
+template <class _FromDuration, class _ToDuration,
+          class _Period = typename ratio_divide<typename _FromDuration::period, typename _ToDuration::period>::type,
+          bool = _Period::num == 1,
+          bool = _Period::den == 1>
+struct __duration_cast;
+
+template <class _FromDuration, class _ToDuration, class _Period>
+struct __duration_cast<_FromDuration, _ToDuration, _Period, true, true>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _ToDuration operator()(const _FromDuration& __fd) const
+    {
+        return _ToDuration(static_cast<typename _ToDuration::rep>(__fd.count()));
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _FromDuration, class _ToDuration, class _Period>
+struct __duration_cast<_FromDuration, _ToDuration, _Period, true, false>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _ToDuration operator()(const _FromDuration& __fd) const
+    {
+        typedef typename common_type<typename _ToDuration::rep, typename _FromDuration::rep, intmax_t>::type _Ct;
+        return _ToDuration(static_cast<typename _ToDuration::rep>(
+                           static_cast<_Ct>(__fd.count()) / static_cast<_Ct>(_Period::den)));
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _FromDuration, class _ToDuration, class _Period>
+struct __duration_cast<_FromDuration, _ToDuration, _Period, false, true>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _ToDuration operator()(const _FromDuration& __fd) const
+    {
+        typedef typename common_type<typename _ToDuration::rep, typename _FromDuration::rep, intmax_t>::type _Ct;
+        return _ToDuration(static_cast<typename _ToDuration::rep>(
+                           static_cast<_Ct>(__fd.count()) * static_cast<_Ct>(_Period::num)));
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _FromDuration, class _ToDuration, class _Period>
+struct __duration_cast<_FromDuration, _ToDuration, _Period, false, false>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _ToDuration operator()(const _FromDuration& __fd) const
+    {
+        typedef typename common_type<typename _ToDuration::rep, typename _FromDuration::rep, intmax_t>::type _Ct;
+        return _ToDuration(static_cast<typename _ToDuration::rep>(
+                           static_cast<_Ct>(__fd.count()) * static_cast<_Ct>(_Period::num)
+                                                          / static_cast<_Ct>(_Period::den)));
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Rep, class _Period>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_duration<_ToDuration>::value,
+    _ToDuration
+>::type
+duration_cast(const duration<_Rep, _Period>& __fd)
+{
+    return __duration_cast<duration<_Rep, _Period>, _ToDuration>()(__fd);
+}
+
+template <class _Rep>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE treat_as_floating_point : is_floating_point<_Rep> {};
+
+template <class _Rep>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE duration_values
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static _Rep zero() {return _Rep(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static _Rep max()  {return numeric_limits<_Rep>::max();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static _Rep min()  {return numeric_limits<_Rep>::lowest();}
+};
+
+// duration
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE duration
+{
+    static_assert(!__is_duration<_Rep>::value, "A duration representation can not be a duration");
+    static_assert(__is_ratio<_Period>::value, "Second template parameter of duration must be a std::ratio");
+    static_assert(_Period::num > 0, "duration period must be positive");
+public:
+    typedef _Rep rep;
+    typedef _Period period;
+private:
+    rep __rep_;
+public:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration() {} // = default;
+    template <class _Rep2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit duration(const _Rep2& __r,
+            typename enable_if
+            <
+               is_convertible<_Rep2, rep>::value &&
+               (treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value ||
+               !treat_as_floating_point<_Rep2>::value)
+            >::type* = 0)
+                : __rep_(__r) {}
+
+    // conversions
+    template <class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        duration(const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __d,
+            typename enable_if
+            <
+                treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value ||
+                (ratio_divide<_Period2, period>::type::den == 1 &&
+                 !treat_as_floating_point<_Rep2>::value)
+            >::type* = 0)
+                : __rep_(_VSTD::chrono::duration_cast<duration>(__d).count()) {}
+
+    // observer
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY rep count() const {return __rep_;}
+
+    // arithmetic
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration  operator+() const {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration  operator-() const {return duration(-__rep_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration& operator++()      {++__rep_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration  operator++(int)   {return duration(__rep_++);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration& operator--()      {--__rep_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration  operator--(int)   {return duration(__rep_--);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration& operator+=(const duration& __d) {__rep_ += __d.count(); return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration& operator-=(const duration& __d) {__rep_ -= __d.count(); return *this;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration& operator*=(const rep& rhs) {__rep_ *= rhs; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration& operator/=(const rep& rhs) {__rep_ /= rhs; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration& operator%=(const rep& rhs) {__rep_ %= rhs; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration& operator%=(const duration& rhs) {__rep_ %= rhs.count(); return *this;}
+
+    // special values
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static duration zero() {return duration(duration_values<rep>::zero());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static duration min()  {return duration(duration_values<rep>::min());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static duration max()  {return duration(duration_values<rep>::max());}
+};
+
+typedef duration<long long,         nano> nanoseconds;
+typedef duration<long long,        micro> microseconds;
+typedef duration<long long,        milli> milliseconds;
+typedef duration<long long              > seconds;
+typedef duration<     long, ratio<  60> > minutes;
+typedef duration<     long, ratio<3600> > hours;
+
+// Duration ==
+
+template <class _LhsDuration, class _RhsDuration>
+struct __duration_eq
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _LhsDuration& __lhs, const _RhsDuration& __rhs)
+        {
+            typedef typename common_type<_LhsDuration, _RhsDuration>::type _Ct;
+            return _Ct(__lhs).count() == _Ct(__rhs).count();
+        }
+};
+
+template <class _LhsDuration>
+struct __duration_eq<_LhsDuration, _LhsDuration>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _LhsDuration& __lhs, const _LhsDuration& __rhs)
+        {return __lhs.count() == __rhs.count();}
+};
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return __duration_eq<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >()(__lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+// Duration !=
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+// Duration <
+
+template <class _LhsDuration, class _RhsDuration>
+struct __duration_lt
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _LhsDuration& __lhs, const _RhsDuration& __rhs)
+        {
+            typedef typename common_type<_LhsDuration, _RhsDuration>::type _Ct;
+            return _Ct(__lhs).count() < _Ct(__rhs).count();
+        }
+};
+
+template <class _LhsDuration>
+struct __duration_lt<_LhsDuration, _LhsDuration>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _LhsDuration& __lhs, const _LhsDuration& __rhs)
+        {return __lhs.count() < __rhs.count();}
+};
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return __duration_lt<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >()(__lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+// Duration >
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+// Duration <=
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+// Duration >=
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+
+// Duration +
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type
+operator+(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type __r = __lhs;
+    __r += __rhs;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// Duration -
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type
+operator-(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type __r = __lhs;
+    __r -= __rhs;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// Duration *
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period, class _Rep2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_convertible<_Rep2, typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type>::value,
+    duration<typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type, _Period>
+>::type
+operator*(const duration<_Rep1, _Period>& __d, const _Rep2& __s)
+{
+    typedef typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type _Cr;
+    duration<_Cr, _Period> __r = __d;
+    __r *= static_cast<_Cr>(__s);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period, class _Rep2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_convertible<_Rep1, typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type>::value,
+    duration<typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type, _Period>
+>::type
+operator*(const _Rep1& __s, const duration<_Rep2, _Period>& __d)
+{
+    return __d * __s;
+}
+
+// Duration /
+
+template <class _Duration, class _Rep, bool = __is_duration<_Rep>::value>
+struct __duration_divide_result
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Duration, class _Rep2,
+    bool = is_convertible<_Rep2,
+                          typename common_type<typename _Duration::rep, _Rep2>::type>::value>
+struct __duration_divide_imp
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period, class _Rep2>
+struct __duration_divide_imp<duration<_Rep1, _Period>, _Rep2, true>
+{
+    typedef duration<typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type, _Period> type;
+};
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period, class _Rep2>
+struct __duration_divide_result<duration<_Rep1, _Period>, _Rep2, false>
+    : __duration_divide_imp<duration<_Rep1, _Period>, _Rep2>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period, class _Rep2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __duration_divide_result<duration<_Rep1, _Period>, _Rep2>::type
+operator/(const duration<_Rep1, _Period>& __d, const _Rep2& __s)
+{
+    typedef typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type _Cr;
+    duration<_Cr, _Period> __r = __d;
+    __r /= static_cast<_Cr>(__s);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type
+operator/(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    typedef typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type _Ct;
+    return _Ct(__lhs).count() / _Ct(__rhs).count();
+}
+
+// Duration %
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period, class _Rep2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __duration_divide_result<duration<_Rep1, _Period>, _Rep2>::type
+operator%(const duration<_Rep1, _Period>& __d, const _Rep2& __s)
+{
+    typedef typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type _Cr;
+    duration<_Cr, _Period> __r = __d;
+    __r %= static_cast<_Cr>(__s);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type
+operator%(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type __r = __lhs;
+    __r %= __rhs;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+///////////////////// time_point /////////////////////////
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration = typename _Clock::duration>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE time_point
+{
+    static_assert(__is_duration<_Duration>::value,
+                  "Second template parameter of time_point must be a std::chrono::duration");
+public:
+    typedef _Clock                    clock;
+    typedef _Duration                 duration;
+    typedef typename duration::rep    rep;
+    typedef typename duration::period period;
+private:
+    duration __d_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY time_point() : __d_(duration::zero()) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit time_point(const duration& __d) : __d_(__d) {}
+
+    // conversions
+    template <class _Duration2>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    time_point(const time_point<clock, _Duration2>& t,
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            is_convertible<_Duration2, duration>::value
+        >::type* = 0)
+            : __d_(t.time_since_epoch()) {}
+
+    // observer
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY duration time_since_epoch() const {return __d_;}
+
+    // arithmetic
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY time_point& operator+=(const duration& __d) {__d_ += __d;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY time_point& operator-=(const duration& __d) {__d_ -= __d;}
+
+    // special values
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static time_point min() {return time_point(duration::min());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static time_point max() {return time_point(duration::max());}
+};
+
+} // chrono
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE common_type<chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>,
+                                   chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration2> >
+{
+    typedef chrono::time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<_Duration1, _Duration2>::type> type;
+};
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Clock, class _Duration>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration>
+time_point_cast(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t)
+{
+    return time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration>(_VSTD::chrono::duration_cast<_ToDuration>(__t.time_since_epoch()));
+}
+
+// time_point ==
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return __lhs.time_since_epoch() == __rhs.time_since_epoch();
+}
+
+// time_point !=
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+// time_point <
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return __lhs.time_since_epoch() < __rhs.time_since_epoch();
+}
+
+// time_point >
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+// time_point <=
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+// time_point >=
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+
+// time_point operator+(time_point x, duration y);
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<_Duration1, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type>
+operator+(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    typedef time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<_Duration1, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type> _Tr;
+    _Tr __r(__lhs.time_since_epoch());
+    __r += __rhs;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// time_point operator+(duration x, time_point y);
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Clock, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, _Duration2>::type>
+operator+(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+// time_point operator-(time_point x, duration y);
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<_Duration1, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type>
+operator-(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return __lhs + (-__rhs);
+}
+
+// duration operator-(time_point x, time_point y);
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename common_type<_Duration1, _Duration2>::type
+operator-(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs)
+{
+    return __lhs.time_since_epoch() - __rhs.time_since_epoch();
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/////////////////////// clocks ///////////////////////////
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE system_clock
+{
+public:
+    typedef microseconds                     duration;
+    typedef duration::rep                    rep;
+    typedef duration::period                 period;
+    typedef chrono::time_point<system_clock> time_point;
+    static const bool is_steady =            false;
+
+    static time_point now() _NOEXCEPT;
+    static time_t     to_time_t  (const time_point& __t) _NOEXCEPT;
+    static time_point from_time_t(time_t __t) _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE steady_clock
+{
+public:
+    typedef nanoseconds                                   duration;
+    typedef duration::rep                                 rep;
+    typedef duration::period                              period;
+    typedef chrono::time_point<steady_clock, duration>    time_point;
+    static const bool is_steady =                         true;
+
+    static time_point now() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+typedef steady_clock high_resolution_clock;
+
+} // chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CHRONO
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cinttypes b/system/include/libcxx/cinttypes
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ddf20e89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cinttypes
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cinttypes --------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CINTTYPES
+#define _LIBCPP_CINTTYPES
+
+/*
+    cinttypes synopsis
+
+This entire header is C99 / C++0X
+
+#include <cstdint>  // <cinttypes> includes <cstdint>
+
+Macros:
+
+    PRId8
+    PRId16
+    PRId32
+    PRId64
+
+    PRIdLEAST8
+    PRIdLEAST16
+    PRIdLEAST32
+    PRIdLEAST64
+
+    PRIdFAST8
+    PRIdFAST16
+    PRIdFAST32
+    PRIdFAST64
+
+    PRIdMAX
+    PRIdPTR
+
+    PRIi8
+    PRIi16
+    PRIi32
+    PRIi64
+
+    PRIiLEAST8
+    PRIiLEAST16
+    PRIiLEAST32
+    PRIiLEAST64
+
+    PRIiFAST8
+    PRIiFAST16
+    PRIiFAST32
+    PRIiFAST64
+
+    PRIiMAX
+    PRIiPTR
+
+    PRIo8
+    PRIo16
+    PRIo32
+    PRIo64
+
+    PRIoLEAST8
+    PRIoLEAST16
+    PRIoLEAST32
+    PRIoLEAST64
+
+    PRIoFAST8
+    PRIoFAST16
+    PRIoFAST32
+    PRIoFAST64
+
+    PRIoMAX
+    PRIoPTR
+
+    PRIu8
+    PRIu16
+    PRIu32
+    PRIu64
+
+    PRIuLEAST8
+    PRIuLEAST16
+    PRIuLEAST32
+    PRIuLEAST64
+
+    PRIuFAST8
+    PRIuFAST16
+    PRIuFAST32
+    PRIuFAST64
+
+    PRIuMAX
+    PRIuPTR
+
+    PRIx8
+    PRIx16
+    PRIx32
+    PRIx64
+
+    PRIxLEAST8
+    PRIxLEAST16
+    PRIxLEAST32
+    PRIxLEAST64
+
+    PRIxFAST8
+    PRIxFAST16
+    PRIxFAST32
+    PRIxFAST64
+
+    PRIxMAX
+    PRIxPTR
+
+    PRIX8
+    PRIX16
+    PRIX32
+    PRIX64
+
+    PRIXLEAST8
+    PRIXLEAST16
+    PRIXLEAST32
+    PRIXLEAST64
+
+    PRIXFAST8
+    PRIXFAST16
+    PRIXFAST32
+    PRIXFAST64
+
+    PRIXMAX
+    PRIXPTR
+
+    SCNd8
+    SCNd16
+    SCNd32
+    SCNd64
+
+    SCNdLEAST8
+    SCNdLEAST16
+    SCNdLEAST32
+    SCNdLEAST64
+
+    SCNdFAST8
+    SCNdFAST16
+    SCNdFAST32
+    SCNdFAST64
+
+    SCNdMAX
+    SCNdPTR
+
+    SCNi8
+    SCNi16
+    SCNi32
+    SCNi64
+
+    SCNiLEAST8
+    SCNiLEAST16
+    SCNiLEAST32
+    SCNiLEAST64
+
+    SCNiFAST8
+    SCNiFAST16
+    SCNiFAST32
+    SCNiFAST64
+
+    SCNiMAX
+    SCNiPTR
+
+    SCNo8
+    SCNo16
+    SCNo32
+    SCNo64
+
+    SCNoLEAST8
+    SCNoLEAST16
+    SCNoLEAST32
+    SCNoLEAST64
+
+    SCNoFAST8
+    SCNoFAST16
+    SCNoFAST32
+    SCNoFAST64
+
+    SCNoMAX
+    SCNoPTR
+
+    SCNu8
+    SCNu16
+    SCNu32
+    SCNu64
+
+    SCNuLEAST8
+    SCNuLEAST16
+    SCNuLEAST32
+    SCNuLEAST64
+
+    SCNuFAST8
+    SCNuFAST16
+    SCNuFAST32
+    SCNuFAST64
+
+    SCNuMAX
+    SCNuPTR
+
+    SCNx8
+    SCNx16
+    SCNx32
+    SCNx64
+
+    SCNxLEAST8
+    SCNxLEAST16
+    SCNxLEAST32
+    SCNxLEAST64
+
+    SCNxFAST8
+    SCNxFAST16
+    SCNxFAST32
+    SCNxFAST64
+
+    SCNxMAX
+    SCNxPTR
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    imaxdiv_t
+
+intmax_t  imaxabs(intmax_t j);
+imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t numer, intmax_t denom);
+intmax_t  strtoimax(const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+uintmax_t strtoumax(const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+intmax_t  wcstoimax(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+uintmax_t wcstoumax(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using::imaxdiv_t;
+
+using::imaxabs;
+using::imaxdiv;
+using::strtoimax;
+using::strtoumax;
+using::wcstoimax;
+using::wcstoumax;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CINTTYPES
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ciso646 b/system/include/libcxx/ciso646
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38b3e942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ciso646
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- ciso646 ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CISO646
+#define _LIBCPP_CISO646
+
+/*
+    ciso646 synopsis
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CISO646
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/climits b/system/include/libcxx/climits
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c82becdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/climits
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- climits ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CLIMITS
+#define _LIBCPP_CLIMITS
+
+/*
+    climits synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    CHAR_BIT
+    SCHAR_MIN
+    SCHAR_MAX
+    UCHAR_MAX
+    CHAR_MIN
+    CHAR_MAX
+    MB_LEN_MAX
+    SHRT_MIN
+    SHRT_MAX
+    USHRT_MAX
+    INT_MIN
+    INT_MAX
+    UINT_MAX
+    LONG_MIN
+    LONG_MAX
+    ULONG_MAX
+    LLONG_MIN   // C99
+    LLONG_MAX   // C99
+    ULLONG_MAX  // C99
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CLIMITS
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/clocale b/system/include/libcxx/clocale
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6982f84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/clocale
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- clocale ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CLOCALE
+#define _LIBCPP_CLOCALE
+
+/*
+    clocale synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    LC_ALL
+    LC_COLLATE
+    LC_CTYPE
+    LC_MONETARY
+    LC_NUMERIC
+    LC_TIME
+    NULL
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+struct lconv;
+char* setlocale(int category, const char* locale);
+lconv* localeconv();
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <locale.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::lconv;
+using ::setlocale;
+using ::localeconv;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CLOCALE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cmath b/system/include/libcxx/cmath
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8bc0dfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cmath
@@ -0,0 +1,1574 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- cmath -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CMATH
+#define _LIBCPP_CMATH
+
+/*
+    cmath synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    HUGE_VAL
+    HUGE_VALF               // C99
+    HUGE_VALL               // C99
+    INFINITY                // C99
+    NAN                     // C99
+    FP_INFINITE             // C99
+    FP_NAN                  // C99
+    FP_NORMAL               // C99
+    FP_SUBNORMAL            // C99
+    FP_ZERO                 // C99
+    FP_FAST_FMA             // C99
+    FP_FAST_FMAF            // C99
+    FP_FAST_FMAL            // C99
+    FP_ILOGB0               // C99
+    FP_ILOGBNAN             // C99
+    MATH_ERRNO              // C99
+    MATH_ERREXCEPT          // C99
+    math_errhandling        // C99
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    float_t                 // C99
+    double_t                // C99
+
+// C90
+
+floating_point abs(floating_point x);
+
+floating_point acos (arithmetic x);
+float          acosf(float x);
+long double    acosl(long double x);
+
+floating_point asin (arithmetic x);
+float          asinf(float x);
+long double    asinl(long double x);
+
+floating_point atan (arithmetic x);
+float          atanf(float x);
+long double    atanl(long double x);
+
+floating_point atan2 (arithmetic y, arithmetic x);
+float          atan2f(float y, float x);
+long double    atan2l(long double y, long double x);
+
+floating_point ceil (arithmetic x);
+float          ceilf(float x);
+long double    ceill(long double x);
+
+floating_point cos (arithmetic x);
+float          cosf(float x);
+long double    cosl(long double x);
+
+floating_point cosh (arithmetic x);
+float          coshf(float x);
+long double    coshl(long double x);
+
+floating_point exp (arithmetic x);
+float          expf(float x);
+long double    expl(long double x);
+
+floating_point fabs (arithmetic x);
+float          fabsf(float x);
+long double    fabsl(long double x);
+
+floating_point floor (arithmetic x);
+float          floorf(float x);
+long double    floorl(long double x);
+
+floating_point fmod (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fmodf(float x, float y);
+long double    fmodl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point frexp (arithmetic value, int* exp);
+float          frexpf(float value, int* exp);
+long double    frexpl(long double value, int* exp);
+
+floating_point ldexp (arithmetic value, int exp);
+float          ldexpf(float value, int exp);
+long double    ldexpl(long double value, int exp);
+
+floating_point log (arithmetic x);
+float          logf(float x);
+long double    logl(long double x);
+
+floating_point log10 (arithmetic x);
+float          log10f(float x);
+long double    log10l(long double x);
+
+floating_point modf (floating_point value, floating_point* iptr);
+float          modff(float value, float* iptr);
+long double    modfl(long double value, long double* iptr);
+
+floating_point pow (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          powf(float x, float y);
+long double    powl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point sin (arithmetic x);
+float          sinf(float x);
+long double    sinl(long double x);
+
+floating_point sinh (arithmetic x);
+float          sinhf(float x);
+long double    sinhl(long double x);
+
+floating_point sqrt (arithmetic x);
+float          sqrtf(float x);
+long double    sqrtl(long double x);
+
+floating_point tan (arithmetic x);
+float          tanf(float x);
+long double    tanl(long double x);
+
+floating_point tanh (arithmetic x);
+float          tanhf(float x);
+long double    tanhl(long double x);
+
+//  C99
+
+bool signbit(floating_point x);
+
+int fpclassify(floating_point x);
+
+bool isfinite(floating_point x);
+bool isinf(floating_point x);
+bool isnan(floating_point x);
+bool isnormal(floating_point x);
+
+bool isgreater(floating_point x, floating_point y);
+bool isgreaterequal(floating_point x, floating_point y);
+bool isless(floating_point x, floating_point y);
+bool islessequal(floating_point x, floating_point y);
+bool islessgreater(floating_point x, floating_point y);
+bool isunordered(floating_point x, floating_point y);
+
+floating_point acosh (arithmetic x);
+float          acoshf(float x);
+long double    acoshl(long double x);
+
+floating_point asinh (arithmetic x);
+float          asinhf(float x);
+long double    asinhl(long double x);
+
+floating_point atanh (arithmetic x);
+float          atanhf(float x);
+long double    atanhl(long double x);
+
+floating_point cbrt (arithmetic x);
+float          cbrtf(float x);
+long double    cbrtl(long double x);
+
+floating_point copysign (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          copysignf(float x, float y);
+long double    copysignl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point erf (arithmetic x);
+float          erff(float x);
+long double    erfl(long double x);
+
+floating_point erfc (arithmetic x);
+float          erfcf(float x);
+long double    erfcl(long double x);
+
+floating_point exp2 (arithmetic x);
+float          exp2f(float x);
+long double    exp2l(long double x);
+
+floating_point expm1 (arithmetic x);
+float          expm1f(float x);
+long double    expm1l(long double x);
+
+floating_point fdim (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fdimf(float x, float y);
+long double    fdiml(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point fma (arithmetic x, arithmetic y, arithmetic z);
+float          fmaf(float x, float y, float z);
+long double    fmal(long double x, long double y, long double z);
+
+floating_point fmax (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fmaxf(float x, float y);
+long double    fmaxl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point fmin (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fminf(float x, float y);
+long double    fminl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point hypot (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          hypotf(float x, float y);
+long double    hypotl(long double x, long double y);
+
+int ilogb (arithmetic x);
+int ilogbf(float x);
+int ilogbl(long double x);
+
+floating_point lgamma (arithmetic x);
+float          lgammaf(float x);
+long double    lgammal(long double x);
+
+long long llrint (arithmetic x);
+long long llrintf(float x);
+long long llrintl(long double x);
+
+long long llround (arithmetic x);
+long long llroundf(float x);
+long long llroundl(long double x);
+
+floating_point log1p (arithmetic x);
+float          log1pf(float x);
+long double    log1pl(long double x);
+
+floating_point log2 (arithmetic x);
+float          log2f(float x);
+long double    log2l(long double x);
+
+floating_point logb (arithmetic x);
+float          logbf(float x);
+long double    logbl(long double x);
+
+long lrint (arithmetic x);
+long lrintf(float x);
+long lrintl(long double x);
+
+long lround (arithmetic x);
+long lroundf(float x);
+long lroundl(long double x);
+
+double      nan (const char* str);
+float       nanf(const char* str);
+long double nanl(const char* str);
+
+floating_point nearbyint (arithmetic x);
+float          nearbyintf(float x);
+long double    nearbyintl(long double x);
+
+floating_point nextafter (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          nextafterf(float x, float y);
+long double    nextafterl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point nexttoward (arithmetic x, long double y);
+float          nexttowardf(float x, long double y);
+long double    nexttowardl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point remainder (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          remainderf(float x, float y);
+long double    remainderl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point remquo (arithmetic x, arithmetic y, int* pquo);
+float          remquof(float x, float y, int* pquo);
+long double    remquol(long double x, long double y, int* pquo);
+
+floating_point rint (arithmetic x);
+float          rintf(float x);
+long double    rintl(long double x);
+
+floating_point round (arithmetic x);
+float          roundf(float x);
+long double    roundl(long double x);
+
+floating_point scalbln (arithmetic x, long ex);
+float          scalblnf(float x, long ex);
+long double    scalblnl(long double x, long ex);
+
+floating_point scalbn (arithmetic x, int ex);
+float          scalbnf(float x, int ex);
+long double    scalbnl(long double x, int ex);
+
+floating_point tgamma (arithmetic x);
+float          tgammaf(float x);
+long double    tgammal(long double x);
+
+floating_point trunc (arithmetic x);
+float          truncf(float x);
+long double    truncl(long double x);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+// signbit
+
+#ifdef signbit
+
+template <class _A1>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_signbit(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return signbit(__x);
+}
+
+#undef signbit
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value, bool>::type
+signbit(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return __libcpp_signbit(__x);
+}
+
+#endif  // signbit
+
+// fpclassify
+
+#ifdef fpclassify
+
+template <class _A1>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+int
+__libcpp_fpclassify(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return fpclassify(__x);
+}
+
+#undef fpclassify
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int>::type
+fpclassify(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return __libcpp_fpclassify(__x);
+}
+
+#endif  // fpclassify
+
+// isfinite
+
+#ifdef isfinite
+
+template <class _A1>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_isfinite(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return isfinite(__x);
+}
+
+#undef isfinite
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value, bool>::type
+isfinite(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return __libcpp_isfinite(__x);
+}
+
+#endif  // isfinite
+
+// isinf
+
+#ifdef isinf
+
+template <class _A1>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_isinf(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return isinf(__x);
+}
+
+#undef isinf
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value, bool>::type
+isinf(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return __libcpp_isinf(__x);
+}
+
+#endif  // isinf
+
+// isnan
+
+#ifdef isnan
+
+template <class _A1>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_isnan(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return isnan(__x);
+}
+
+#undef isnan
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value, bool>::type
+isnan(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return __libcpp_isnan(__x);
+}
+
+#endif  // isnan
+
+// isnormal
+
+#ifdef isnormal
+
+template <class _A1>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_isnormal(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return isnormal(__x);
+}
+
+#undef isnormal
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value, bool>::type
+isnormal(_A1 __x)
+{
+    return __libcpp_isnormal(__x);
+}
+
+#endif  // isnormal
+
+// isgreater
+
+#ifdef isgreater
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_isgreater(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return isgreater(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#undef isgreater
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value &&
+    std::is_floating_point<_A2>::value,
+    bool
+>::type
+isgreater(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return __libcpp_isgreater(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#endif  // isgreater
+
+// isgreaterequal
+
+#ifdef isgreaterequal
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_isgreaterequal(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return isgreaterequal(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#undef isgreaterequal
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value &&
+    std::is_floating_point<_A2>::value,
+    bool
+>::type
+isgreaterequal(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return __libcpp_isgreaterequal(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#endif  // isgreaterequal
+
+// isless
+
+#ifdef isless
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_isless(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return isless(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#undef isless
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value &&
+    std::is_floating_point<_A2>::value,
+    bool
+>::type
+isless(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return __libcpp_isless(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#endif  // isless
+
+// islessequal
+
+#ifdef islessequal
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_islessequal(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return islessequal(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#undef islessequal
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value &&
+    std::is_floating_point<_A2>::value,
+    bool
+>::type
+islessequal(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return __libcpp_islessequal(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#endif  // islessequal
+
+// islessgreater
+
+#ifdef islessgreater
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_islessgreater(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return islessgreater(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#undef islessgreater
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value &&
+    std::is_floating_point<_A2>::value,
+    bool
+>::type
+islessgreater(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return __libcpp_islessgreater(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#endif  // islessgreater
+
+// isunordered
+
+#ifdef isunordered
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+bool
+__libcpp_isunordered(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return isunordered(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#undef isunordered
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    std::is_floating_point<_A1>::value &&
+    std::is_floating_point<_A2>::value,
+    bool
+>::type
+isunordered(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    return __libcpp_isunordered(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#endif  // isunordered
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::signbit;
+using ::fpclassify;
+using ::isfinite;
+using ::isinf;
+using ::isnan;
+using ::isnormal;
+using ::isgreater;
+using ::isgreaterequal;
+using ::isless;
+using ::islessequal;
+using ::islessgreater;
+using ::isunordered;
+using ::isunordered;
+
+using ::float_t;
+using ::double_t;
+
+// abs
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_floating_point<_A1>::value, _A1>::type
+abs(_A1 __x) {return fabs(__x);}
+
+// acos
+
+using ::acos;
+using ::acosf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       acos(float __x)       {return acosf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double acos(long double __x) {return acosl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+acos(_A1 __x) {return acos((double)__x);}
+
+// asin
+
+using ::asin;
+using ::asinf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       asin(float __x)       {return asinf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double asin(long double __x) {return asinl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+asin(_A1 __x) {return asin((double)__x);}
+
+// atan
+
+using ::atan;
+using ::atanf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       atan(float __x)       {return atanf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double atan(long double __x) {return atanl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+atan(_A1 __x) {return atan((double)__x);}
+
+// atan2
+
+using ::atan2;
+using ::atan2f;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       atan2(float __y, float __x)             {return atan2f(__y, __x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double atan2(long double __y, long double __x) {return atan2l(__y, __x);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+atan2(_A1 __y, _A2 __x)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return atan2((__result_type)__y, (__result_type)__x);
+}
+
+// ceil
+
+using ::ceil;
+using ::ceilf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       ceil(float __x)       {return ceilf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double ceil(long double __x) {return ceill(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+ceil(_A1 __x) {return ceil((double)__x);}
+
+// cos
+
+using ::cos;
+using ::cosf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       cos(float __x)       {return cosf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double cos(long double __x) {return cosl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+cos(_A1 __x) {return cos((double)__x);}
+
+// cosh
+
+using ::cosh;
+using ::coshf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       cosh(float __x)       {return coshf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double cosh(long double __x) {return coshl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+cosh(_A1 __x) {return cosh((double)__x);}
+
+// exp
+
+using ::exp;
+using ::expf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       exp(float __x)       {return expf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double exp(long double __x) {return expl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+exp(_A1 __x) {return exp((double)__x);}
+
+// fabs
+
+using ::fabs;
+using ::fabsf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       fabs(float __x)       {return fabsf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double fabs(long double __x) {return fabsl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+fabs(_A1 __x) {return fabs((double)__x);}
+
+// floor
+
+using ::floor;
+using ::floorf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       floor(float __x)       {return floorf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double floor(long double __x) {return floorl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+floor(_A1 __x) {return floor((double)__x);}
+
+// fmod
+
+using ::fmod;
+using ::fmodf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       fmod(float __x, float __y)             {return fmodf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double fmod(long double __x, long double __y) {return fmodl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+fmod(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return fmod((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// frexp
+
+using ::frexp;
+using ::frexpf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       frexp(float __x, int* __e)       {return frexpf(__x, __e);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double frexp(long double __x, int* __e) {return frexpl(__x, __e);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+frexp(_A1 __x, int* __e) {return frexp((double)__x, __e);}
+
+// ldexp
+
+using ::ldexp;
+using ::ldexpf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       ldexp(float __x, int __e)       {return ldexpf(__x, __e);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double ldexp(long double __x, int __e) {return ldexpl(__x, __e);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+ldexp(_A1 __x, int __e) {return ldexp((double)__x, __e);}
+
+// log
+
+using ::log;
+using ::logf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       log(float __x)       {return logf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double log(long double __x) {return logl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+log(_A1 __x) {return log((double)__x);}
+
+// log10
+
+using ::log10;
+using ::log10f;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       log10(float __x)       {return log10f(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double log10(long double __x) {return log10l(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+log10(_A1 __x) {return log10((double)__x);}
+
+// modf
+
+using ::modf;
+using ::modff;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       modf(float __x, float* __y)             {return modff(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double modf(long double __x, long double* __y) {return modfl(__x, __y);}
+
+// pow
+
+using ::pow;
+using ::powf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       pow(float __x, float __y)             {return powf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double pow(long double __x, long double __y) {return powl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+pow(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return pow((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// sin
+
+using ::sin;
+using ::sinf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       sin(float __x)       {return sinf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double sin(long double __x) {return sinl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+sin(_A1 __x) {return sin((double)__x);}
+
+// sinh
+
+using ::sinh;
+using ::sinhf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       sinh(float __x)       {return sinhf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double sinh(long double __x) {return sinhl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+sinh(_A1 __x) {return sinh((double)__x);}
+
+// sqrt
+
+using ::sqrt;
+using ::sqrtf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       sqrt(float __x)       {return sqrtf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double sqrt(long double __x) {return sqrtl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+sqrt(_A1 __x) {return sqrt((double)__x);}
+
+// tan
+
+using ::tan;
+using ::tanf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       tan(float __x)       {return tanf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double tan(long double __x) {return tanl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+tan(_A1 __x) {return tan((double)__x);}
+
+// tanh
+
+using ::tanh;
+using ::tanhf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       tanh(float __x)       {return tanhf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double tanh(long double __x) {return tanhl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+tanh(_A1 __x) {return tanh((double)__x);}
+
+// acosh
+
+using ::acosh;
+using ::acoshf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       acosh(float __x)       {return acoshf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double acosh(long double __x) {return acoshl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+acosh(_A1 __x) {return acosh((double)__x);}
+
+// asinh
+
+using ::asinh;
+using ::asinhf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       asinh(float __x)       {return asinhf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double asinh(long double __x) {return asinhl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+asinh(_A1 __x) {return asinh((double)__x);}
+
+// atanh
+
+using ::atanh;
+using ::atanhf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       atanh(float __x)       {return atanhf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double atanh(long double __x) {return atanhl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+atanh(_A1 __x) {return atanh((double)__x);}
+
+// cbrt
+
+using ::cbrt;
+using ::cbrtf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       cbrt(float __x)       {return cbrtf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double cbrt(long double __x) {return cbrtl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+cbrt(_A1 __x) {return cbrt((double)__x);}
+
+// copysign
+
+using ::copysign;
+using ::copysignf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       copysign(float __x, float __y)             {return copysignf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double copysign(long double __x, long double __y) {return copysignl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+copysign(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return copysign((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// erf
+
+using ::erf;
+using ::erff;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       erf(float __x)       {return erff(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double erf(long double __x) {return erfl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+erf(_A1 __x) {return erf((double)__x);}
+
+// erfc
+
+using ::erfc;
+using ::erfcf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       erfc(float __x)       {return erfcf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double erfc(long double __x) {return erfcl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+erfc(_A1 __x) {return erfc((double)__x);}
+
+// exp2
+
+using ::exp2;
+using ::exp2f;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       exp2(float __x)       {return exp2f(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double exp2(long double __x) {return exp2l(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+exp2(_A1 __x) {return exp2((double)__x);}
+
+// expm1
+
+using ::expm1;
+using ::expm1f;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       expm1(float __x)       {return expm1f(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double expm1(long double __x) {return expm1l(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+expm1(_A1 __x) {return expm1((double)__x);}
+
+// fdim
+
+using ::fdim;
+using ::fdimf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       fdim(float __x, float __y)             {return fdimf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double fdim(long double __x, long double __y) {return fdiml(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+fdim(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return fdim((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// fma
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float fmaf(float __x, float __y, float __z) {return (float)((double)__x*__y + __z);}
+#define FP_FAST_FMAF
+
+using ::fma;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       fma(float __x, float __y, float __z)                   {return fmaf(__x, __y, __z);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double fma(long double __x, long double __y, long double __z) {return fmal(__x, __y, __z);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, class _A3>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A3>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2, _A3>::type
+>::type
+fma(_A1 __x, _A2 __y, _A3 __z)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2, _A3>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A3, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return fma((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y, (__result_type)__z);
+}
+
+// fmax
+
+using ::fmax;
+using ::fmaxf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       fmax(float __x, float __y)             {return fmaxf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double fmax(long double __x, long double __y) {return fmaxl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+fmax(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return fmax((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// fmin
+
+using ::fmin;
+using ::fminf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       fmin(float __x, float __y)             {return fminf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double fmin(long double __x, long double __y) {return fminl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+fmin(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return fmin((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// hypot
+
+using ::hypot;
+using ::hypotf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       hypot(float __x, float __y)             {return hypotf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double hypot(long double __x, long double __y) {return hypotl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+hypot(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return hypot((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// ilogb
+
+using ::ilogb;
+using ::ilogbf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int ilogb(float __x)       {return ilogbf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int ilogb(long double __x) {return ilogbl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, int>::type
+ilogb(_A1 __x) {return ilogb((double)__x);}
+
+// lgamma
+
+using ::lgamma;
+using ::lgammaf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       lgamma(float __x)       {return lgammaf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double lgamma(long double __x) {return lgammal(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+lgamma(_A1 __x) {return lgamma((double)__x);}
+
+// llrint
+
+using ::llrint;
+using ::llrintf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long long llrint(float __x)       {return llrintf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long long llrint(long double __x) {return llrintl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, long long>::type
+llrint(_A1 __x) {return llrint((double)__x);}
+
+// llround
+
+using ::llround;
+using ::llroundf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long long llround(float __x)       {return llroundf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long long llround(long double __x) {return llroundl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, long long>::type
+llround(_A1 __x) {return llround((double)__x);}
+
+// log1p
+
+using ::log1p;
+using ::log1pf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       log1p(float __x)       {return log1pf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double log1p(long double __x) {return log1pl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+log1p(_A1 __x) {return log1p((double)__x);}
+
+// log2
+
+using ::log2;
+using ::log2f;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       log2(float __x)       {return log2f(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double log2(long double __x) {return log2l(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+log2(_A1 __x) {return log2((double)__x);}
+
+// logb
+
+using ::logb;
+using ::logbf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       logb(float __x)       {return logbf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double logb(long double __x) {return logbl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+logb(_A1 __x) {return logb((double)__x);}
+
+// lrint
+
+using ::lrint;
+using ::lrintf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long lrint(float __x)       {return lrintf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long lrint(long double __x) {return lrintl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, long>::type
+lrint(_A1 __x) {return lrint((double)__x);}
+
+// lround
+
+using ::lround;
+using ::lroundf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long lround(float __x)       {return lroundf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long lround(long double __x) {return lroundl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, long>::type
+lround(_A1 __x) {return lround((double)__x);}
+
+// nan
+
+using ::nan;
+using ::nanf;
+
+// nearbyint
+
+using ::nearbyint;
+using ::nearbyintf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       nearbyint(float __x)       {return nearbyintf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double nearbyint(long double __x) {return nearbyintl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+nearbyint(_A1 __x) {return nearbyint((double)__x);}
+
+// nextafter
+
+using ::nextafter;
+using ::nextafterf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       nextafter(float __x, float __y)             {return nextafterf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double nextafter(long double __x, long double __y) {return nextafterl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+nextafter(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return nextafter((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// nexttoward
+
+using ::nexttoward;
+using ::nexttowardf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       nexttoward(float __x, long double __y)       {return nexttowardf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double nexttoward(long double __x, long double __y) {return nexttowardl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+nexttoward(_A1 __x, long double __y) {return nexttoward((double)__x, __y);}
+
+// remainder
+
+using ::remainder;
+using ::remainderf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       remainder(float __x, float __y)             {return remainderf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double remainder(long double __x, long double __y) {return remainderl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+remainder(_A1 __x, _A2 __y)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return remainder((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// remquo
+
+using ::remquo;
+using ::remquof;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       remquo(float __x, float __y, int* __z)             {return remquof(__x, __y, __z);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double remquo(long double __x, long double __y, int* __z) {return remquol(__x, __y, __z);}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_A1>::value &&
+    is_arithmetic<_A2>::value,
+    typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type
+>::type
+remquo(_A1 __x, _A2 __y, int* __z)
+{
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type __result_type;
+    static_assert((!(is_same<_A1, __result_type>::value &&
+                      is_same<_A2, __result_type>::value)), "");
+    return remquo((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y, __z);
+}
+
+// rint
+
+using ::rint;
+using ::rintf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       rint(float __x)       {return rintf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double rint(long double __x) {return rintl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+rint(_A1 __x) {return rint((double)__x);}
+
+// round
+
+using ::round;
+using ::roundf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       round(float __x)       {return roundf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double round(long double __x) {return roundl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+round(_A1 __x) {return round((double)__x);}
+
+// scalbln
+
+using ::scalbln;
+using ::scalblnf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       scalbln(float __x, long __y)       {return scalblnf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double scalbln(long double __x, long __y) {return scalblnl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+scalbln(_A1 __x, long __y) {return scalbln((double)__x, __y);}
+
+// scalbn
+
+using ::scalbn;
+using ::scalbnf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       scalbn(float __x, int __y)       {return scalbnf(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double scalbn(long double __x, int __y) {return scalbnl(__x, __y);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+scalbn(_A1 __x, int __y) {return scalbn((double)__x, __y);}
+
+// tgamma
+
+using ::tgamma;
+using ::tgammaf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       tgamma(float __x)       {return tgammaf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double tgamma(long double __x) {return tgammal(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+tgamma(_A1 __x) {return tgamma((double)__x);}
+
+// trunc
+
+using ::trunc;
+using ::truncf;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float       trunc(float __x)       {return truncf(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double trunc(long double __x) {return truncl(__x);}
+
+template <class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if<is_integral<_A1>::value, double>::type
+trunc(_A1 __x) {return trunc((double)__x);}
+
+using ::acosl;
+using ::asinl;
+using ::atanl;
+using ::atan2l;
+using ::ceill;
+using ::cosl;
+using ::coshl;
+using ::expl;
+using ::fabsl;
+using ::floorl;
+using ::fmodl;
+using ::frexpl;
+using ::ldexpl;
+using ::logl;
+using ::log10l;
+using ::modfl;
+using ::powl;
+using ::sinl;
+using ::sinhl;
+using ::sqrtl;
+using ::tanl;
+using ::tanhl;
+using ::acoshl;
+using ::asinhl;
+using ::atanhl;
+using ::cbrtl;
+using ::copysignl;
+using ::erfl;
+using ::erfcl;
+using ::exp2l;
+using ::expm1l;
+using ::fdiml;
+using ::fmal;
+using ::fmaxl;
+using ::fminl;
+using ::hypotl;
+using ::ilogbl;
+using ::lgammal;
+using ::llrintl;
+using ::llroundl;
+using ::log1pl;
+using ::log2l;
+using ::logbl;
+using ::lrintl;
+using ::lroundl;
+using ::nanl;
+using ::nearbyintl;
+using ::nextafterl;
+using ::nexttowardl;
+using ::remainderl;
+using ::remquol;
+using ::rintl;
+using ::roundl;
+using ::scalblnl;
+using ::scalbnl;
+using ::tgammal;
+using ::truncl;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CMATH
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/codecvt b/system/include/libcxx/codecvt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86fdc727
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/codecvt
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- codecvt -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CODECVT
+#define _LIBCPP_CODECVT
+
+/*
+    codecvt synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+enum codecvt_mode
+{
+    consume_header = 4,
+    generate_header = 2,
+    little_endian = 1
+};
+
+template <class Elem, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10ffff,
+          codecvt_mode Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class codecvt_utf8
+    : public codecvt<Elem, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    // unspecified
+};
+
+template <class Elem, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10ffff,
+          codecvt_mode Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class codecvt_utf16
+    : public codecvt<Elem, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    // unspecified
+};
+
+template <class Elem, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10ffff,
+          codecvt_mode Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class codecvt_utf8_utf16
+    : public codecvt<Elem, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    // unspecified
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__locale>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+enum codecvt_mode
+{
+    consume_header = 4,
+    generate_header = 2,
+    little_endian = 1
+};
+
+// codecvt_utf8
+
+template <class _Elem> class __codecvt_utf8;
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>
+    : public codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef wchar_t   intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf8(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>
+    : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef char16_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf8(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>
+    : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef char32_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf8(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <class _Elem, unsigned long _Maxcode = 0x10ffff,
+          codecvt_mode _Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt_utf8
+    : public __codecvt_utf8<_Elem>
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt_utf8(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : __codecvt_utf8<_Elem>(__refs, _Maxcode, _Mode) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~codecvt_utf8() {}
+};
+
+// codecvt_utf16
+
+template <class _Elem, bool _LittleEndian> class __codecvt_utf16;
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>
+    : public codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef wchar_t   intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>
+    : public codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef wchar_t   intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>
+    : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef char16_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>
+    : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef char16_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>
+    : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef char32_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>
+    : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef char32_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <class _Elem, unsigned long _Maxcode = 0x10ffff,
+          codecvt_mode _Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt_utf16
+    : public __codecvt_utf16<_Elem, _Mode & little_endian>
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : __codecvt_utf16<_Elem, _Mode & little_endian>(__refs, _Maxcode, _Mode) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~codecvt_utf16() {}
+};
+
+// codecvt_utf8_utf16
+
+template <class _Elem> class __codecvt_utf8_utf16;
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>
+    : public codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef wchar_t   intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf8_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>
+    : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef char32_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf8_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <>
+class __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>
+    : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    unsigned long _Maxcode_;
+    codecvt_mode _Mode_;
+public:
+    typedef char16_t  intern_type;
+    typedef char      extern_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit __codecvt_utf8_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long _Maxcode,
+                            codecvt_mode _Mode)
+        : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), _Maxcode_(_Maxcode),
+          _Mode_(_Mode) {}
+protected:
+    virtual result
+        do_out(state_type& __st,
+               const intern_type* __frm, const intern_type* __frm_end, const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_in(state_type& __st,
+              const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __frm_end, const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+              intern_type* __to, intern_type* __to_end, intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual result
+        do_unshift(state_type& __st,
+                   extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+    virtual int do_encoding() const throw();
+    virtual bool do_always_noconv() const throw();
+    virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end,
+                          size_t __mx) const;
+    virtual int do_max_length() const throw();
+};
+
+template <class _Elem, unsigned long _Maxcode = 0x10ffff,
+          codecvt_mode _Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE codecvt_utf8_utf16
+    : public __codecvt_utf8_utf16<_Elem>
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit codecvt_utf8_utf16(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : __codecvt_utf8_utf16<_Elem>(__refs, _Maxcode, _Mode) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~codecvt_utf8_utf16() {}
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CODECVT
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/complex b/system/include/libcxx/complex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f91b2404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/complex
@@ -0,0 +1,1514 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- complex ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_COMPLEX
+#define _LIBCPP_COMPLEX
+
+/*
+    complex synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class T>
+class complex
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    complex(const T& re = T(), const T& im = T());
+    complex(const complex&);
+    template<class X> complex(const complex<X>&);
+
+    T real() const;
+    T imag() const;
+
+    void real(T);
+    void imag(T);
+
+    complex<T>& operator= (const T&);
+    complex<T>& operator+=(const T&);
+    complex<T>& operator-=(const T&);
+    complex<T>& operator*=(const T&);
+    complex<T>& operator/=(const T&);
+
+    complex& operator=(const complex&);
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator= (const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator+=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator-=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator*=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator/=(const complex<X>&);
+};
+
+template<>
+class complex<float>
+{
+public:
+    typedef float value_type;
+
+    constexpr complex(float re = 0.0f, float im = 0.0f);
+    explicit constexpr complex(const complex<double>&);
+    explicit constexpr complex(const complex<long double>&);
+
+    constexpr float real() const;
+    void real(float);
+    constexpr float imag() const;
+    void imag(float);
+
+    complex<float>& operator= (float);
+    complex<float>& operator+=(float);
+    complex<float>& operator-=(float);
+    complex<float>& operator*=(float);
+    complex<float>& operator/=(float);
+
+    complex<float>& operator=(const complex<float>&);
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator= (const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator+=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator-=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator*=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator/=(const complex<X>&);
+};
+
+template<>
+class complex<double>
+{
+public:
+    typedef double value_type;
+
+    constexpr complex(double re = 0.0, double im = 0.0);
+    constexpr complex(const complex<float>&);
+    explicit constexpr complex(const complex<long double>&);
+
+    constexpr double real() const;
+    void real(double);
+    constexpr double imag() const;
+    void imag(double);
+
+    complex<double>& operator= (double);
+    complex<double>& operator+=(double);
+    complex<double>& operator-=(double);
+    complex<double>& operator*=(double);
+    complex<double>& operator/=(double);
+    complex<double>& operator=(const complex<double>&);
+
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator= (const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator+=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator-=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator*=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator/=(const complex<X>&);
+};
+
+template<>
+class complex<long double>
+{
+public:
+    typedef long double value_type;
+
+    constexpr complex(long double re = 0.0L, long double im = 0.0L);
+    constexpr complex(const complex<float>&);
+    constexpr complex(const complex<double>&);
+
+    constexpr long double real() const;
+    void real(long double);
+    constexpr long double imag() const;
+    void imag(long double);
+
+    complex<long double>& operator=(const complex<long double>&);
+    complex<long double>& operator= (long double);
+    complex<long double>& operator+=(long double);
+    complex<long double>& operator-=(long double);
+    complex<long double>& operator*=(long double);
+    complex<long double>& operator/=(long double);
+
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator= (const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator+=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator-=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator*=(const complex<X>&);
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator/=(const complex<X>&);
+};
+
+// 26.3.6 operators:
+template<class T> complex<T> operator+(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator+(const complex<T>&, const T&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator+(const T&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator-(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator-(const complex<T>&, const T&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator-(const T&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator*(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator*(const complex<T>&, const T&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator*(const T&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator/(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator/(const complex<T>&, const T&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator/(const T&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator+(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> operator-(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> bool operator==(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> bool operator==(const complex<T>&, const T&);
+template<class T> bool operator==(const T&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> bool operator!=(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> bool operator!=(const complex<T>&, const T&);
+template<class T> bool operator!=(const T&, const complex<T>&);
+
+template<class T, class charT, class traits>
+  basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>&, complex<T>&);
+template<class T, class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&, const complex<T>&);
+
+// 26.3.7 values:
+
+template<class T>              T real(const complex<T>&);
+                     long double real(long double);
+                          double real(double);
+template<Integral T>      double real(T);
+                          float  real(float);
+
+template<class T>              T imag(const complex<T>&);
+                     long double imag(long double);
+                          double imag(double);
+template<Integral T>      double imag(T);
+                          float  imag(float);
+
+template<class T> T abs(const complex<T>&);
+
+template<class T>              T arg(const complex<T>&);
+                     long double arg(long double);
+                          double arg(double);
+template<Integral T>      double arg(T);
+                          float  arg(float);
+
+template<class T>              T norm(const complex<T>&);
+                     long double norm(long double);
+                          double norm(double);
+template<Integral T>      double norm(T);
+                          float  norm(float);
+
+template<class T>      complex<T>           conj(const complex<T>&);
+                       complex<long double> conj(long double);
+                       complex<double>      conj(double);
+template<Integral T>   complex<double>      conj(T);
+                       complex<float>       conj(float);
+
+template<class T>    complex<T>           proj(const complex<T>&);
+                     complex<long double> proj(long double);
+                     complex<double>      proj(double);
+template<Integral T> complex<double>      proj(T);
+                     complex<float>       proj(float);
+
+template<class T> complex<T> polar(const T&, const T& = 0);
+
+// 26.3.8 transcendentals:
+template<class T> complex<T> acos(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> asin(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> atan(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> acosh(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> asinh(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> atanh(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> cos (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> cosh (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> exp (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> log (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> log10(const complex<T>&);
+
+template<class T> complex<T> pow(const complex<T>&, const T&);
+template<class T> complex<T> pow(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> pow(const T&, const complex<T>&);
+
+template<class T> complex<T> sin (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> sinh (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> sqrt (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> tan (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> tanh (const complex<T>&);
+
+template<class T, class charT, class traits>
+  basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, complex<T>& x);
+
+template<class T, class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& o, const complex<T>& x);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <sstream>
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
+    #include <cassert>
+#endif
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template<class _Tp> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE complex;
+
+template<class _Tp> complex<_Tp> operator*(const complex<_Tp>& __z, const complex<_Tp>& __w);
+template<class _Tp> complex<_Tp> operator/(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y);
+
+template<class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE complex
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+private:
+    value_type __re_;
+    value_type __im_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    complex(const value_type& __re = value_type(), const value_type& __im = value_type())
+        : __re_(__re), __im_(__im) {}
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    complex(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY value_type real() const {return __re_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY value_type imag() const {return __im_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void real(value_type __re) {__re_ = __re;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void imag(value_type __im) {__im_ = __im;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator= (const value_type& __re) {__re_ = __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator+=(const value_type& __re) {__re_ += __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator-=(const value_type& __re) {__re_ -= __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator*=(const value_type& __re) {__re_ *= __re; __im_ *= __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator/=(const value_type& __re) {__re_ /= __re; __im_ /= __re; return *this;}
+
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator= (const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ = __c.real();
+            __im_ = __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator+=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ += __c.real();
+            __im_ += __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator-=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ -= __c.real();
+            __im_ -= __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator*=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            *this = *this * __c;
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator/=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            *this = *this / __c;
+            return *this;
+        }
+};
+
+template<> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE complex<double>;
+template<> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE complex<long double>;
+
+template<>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE complex<float>
+{
+    float __re_;
+    float __im_;
+public:
+    typedef float value_type;
+
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex(float __re = 0.0f, float __im = 0.0f)
+        : __re_(__re), __im_(__im) {}
+    explicit /*constexpr*/ complex(const complex<double>& __c);
+    explicit /*constexpr*/ complex(const complex<long double>& __c);
+
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float real() const {return __re_;}
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY float imag() const {return __im_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void real(value_type __re) {__re_ = __re;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void imag(value_type __im) {__im_ = __im;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator= (float __re) {__re_ = __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator+=(float __re) {__re_ += __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator-=(float __re) {__re_ -= __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator*=(float __re) {__re_ *= __re; __im_ *= __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator/=(float __re) {__re_ /= __re; __im_ /= __re; return *this;}
+
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator= (const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ = __c.real();
+            __im_ = __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator+=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ += __c.real();
+            __im_ += __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator-=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ -= __c.real();
+            __im_ -= __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator*=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            *this = *this * __c;
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator/=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            *this = *this / __c;
+            return *this;
+        }
+};
+
+template<>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE complex<double>
+{
+    double __re_;
+    double __im_;
+public:
+    typedef double value_type;
+
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex(double __re = 0.0, double __im = 0.0)
+        : __re_(__re), __im_(__im) {}
+    /*constexpr*/ complex(const complex<float>& __c);
+    explicit /*constexpr*/ complex(const complex<long double>& __c);
+
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY double real() const {return __re_;}
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY double imag() const {return __im_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void real(value_type __re) {__re_ = __re;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void imag(value_type __im) {__im_ = __im;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator= (double __re) {__re_ = __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator+=(double __re) {__re_ += __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator-=(double __re) {__re_ -= __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator*=(double __re) {__re_ *= __re; __im_ *= __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator/=(double __re) {__re_ /= __re; __im_ /= __re; return *this;}
+
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator= (const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ = __c.real();
+            __im_ = __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator+=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ += __c.real();
+            __im_ += __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator-=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ -= __c.real();
+            __im_ -= __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator*=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            *this = *this * __c;
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator/=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            *this = *this / __c;
+            return *this;
+        }
+};
+
+template<>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE complex<long double>
+{
+    long double __re_;
+    long double __im_;
+public:
+    typedef long double value_type;
+
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex(long double __re = 0.0L, long double __im = 0.0L)
+        : __re_(__re), __im_(__im) {}
+    /*constexpr*/ complex(const complex<float>& __c);
+    /*constexpr*/ complex(const complex<double>& __c);
+
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double real() const {return __re_;}
+    /*constexpr*/ _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long double imag() const {return __im_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void real(value_type __re) {__re_ = __re;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void imag(value_type __im) {__im_ = __im;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator= (long double __re) {__re_ = __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator+=(long double __re) {__re_ += __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator-=(long double __re) {__re_ -= __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator*=(long double __re) {__re_ *= __re; __im_ *= __re; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator/=(long double __re) {__re_ /= __re; __im_ /= __re; return *this;}
+
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator= (const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ = __c.real();
+            __im_ = __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator+=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ += __c.real();
+            __im_ += __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator-=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            __re_ -= __c.real();
+            __im_ -= __c.imag();
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator*=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            *this = *this * __c;
+            return *this;
+        }
+    template<class _Xp> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY complex& operator/=(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+        {
+            *this = *this / __c;
+            return *this;
+        }
+};
+
+//constexpr
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<float>::complex(const complex<double>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+//constexpr
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<float>::complex(const complex<long double>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+//constexpr
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<double>::complex(const complex<float>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+//constexpr
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<double>::complex(const complex<long double>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+//constexpr
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<long double>::complex(const complex<float>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+//constexpr
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<long double>::complex(const complex<double>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+// 26.3.6 operators:
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator+(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+    __t += __y;
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator+(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+    __t += __y;
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator+(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __t(__y);
+    __t += __x;
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator-(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+    __t -= __y;
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator-(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+    __t -= __y;
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator-(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __t(-__y);
+    __t += __x;
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+operator*(const complex<_Tp>& __z, const complex<_Tp>& __w)
+{
+    _Tp __a = __z.real();
+    _Tp __b = __z.imag();
+    _Tp __c = __w.real();
+    _Tp __d = __w.imag();
+    _Tp __ac = __a * __c;
+    _Tp __bd = __b * __d;
+    _Tp __ad = __a * __d;
+    _Tp __bc = __b * __c;
+    _Tp __x = __ac - __bd;
+    _Tp __y = __ad + __bc;
+    if (isnan(__x) && isnan(__y))
+    {
+        bool __recalc = false;
+        if (isinf(__a) || isinf(__b))
+        {
+            __a = copysign(isinf(__a) ? _Tp(1) : _Tp(0), __a);
+            __b = copysign(isinf(__b) ? _Tp(1) : _Tp(0), __b);
+            if (isnan(__c))
+                __c = copysign(_Tp(0), __c);
+            if (isnan(__d))
+                __d = copysign(_Tp(0), __d);
+            __recalc = true;
+        }
+        if (isinf(__c) || isinf(__d))
+        {
+            __c = copysign(isinf(__c) ? _Tp(1) : _Tp(0), __c);
+            __d = copysign(isinf(__d) ? _Tp(1) : _Tp(0), __d);
+            if (isnan(__a))
+                __a = copysign(_Tp(0), __a);
+            if (isnan(__b))
+                __b = copysign(_Tp(0), __b);
+            __recalc = true;
+        }
+        if (!__recalc && (isinf(__ac) || isinf(__bd) ||
+                          isinf(__ad) || isinf(__bc)))
+        {
+            if (isnan(__a))
+                __a = copysign(_Tp(0), __a);
+            if (isnan(__b))
+                __b = copysign(_Tp(0), __b);
+            if (isnan(__c))
+                __c = copysign(_Tp(0), __c);
+            if (isnan(__d))
+                __d = copysign(_Tp(0), __d);
+            __recalc = true;
+        }
+        if (__recalc)
+        {
+            __x = _Tp(INFINITY) * (__a * __c - __b * __d);
+            __y = _Tp(INFINITY) * (__a * __d + __b * __c);
+        }
+    }
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator*(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+    __t *= __y;
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator*(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __t(__y);
+    __t *= __x;
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+operator/(const complex<_Tp>& __z, const complex<_Tp>& __w)
+{
+    int __ilogbw = 0;
+    _Tp __a = __z.real();
+    _Tp __b = __z.imag();
+    _Tp __c = __w.real();
+    _Tp __d = __w.imag();
+    _Tp __logbw = logb(fmax(fabs(__c), fabs(__d)));
+    if (isfinite(__logbw))
+    {
+        __ilogbw = static_cast<int>(__logbw);
+        __c = scalbn(__c, -__ilogbw);
+        __d = scalbn(__d, -__ilogbw);
+    }
+    _Tp __denom = __c * __c + __d * __d;
+    _Tp __x = scalbn((__a * __c + __b * __d) / __denom, -__ilogbw);
+    _Tp __y = scalbn((__b * __c - __a * __d) / __denom, -__ilogbw);
+    if (isnan(__x) && isnan(__y))
+    {
+        if ((__denom == _Tp(0)) && (!isnan(__a) || !isnan(__b)))
+        {
+            __x = copysign(_Tp(INFINITY), __c) * __a;
+            __y = copysign(_Tp(INFINITY), __c) * __b;
+        }
+        else if ((isinf(__a) || isinf(__b)) && isfinite(__c) && isfinite(__d))
+        {
+            __a = copysign(isinf(__a) ? _Tp(1) : _Tp(0), __a);
+            __b = copysign(isinf(__b) ? _Tp(1) : _Tp(0), __b);
+            __x = _Tp(INFINITY) * (__a * __c + __b * __d);
+            __y = _Tp(INFINITY) * (__b * __c - __a * __d);
+        }
+        else if (isinf(__logbw) && __logbw > _Tp(0) && isfinite(__a) && isfinite(__b))
+        {
+            __c = copysign(isinf(__c) ? _Tp(1) : _Tp(0), __c);
+            __d = copysign(isinf(__d) ? _Tp(1) : _Tp(0), __d);
+            __x = _Tp(0) * (__a * __c + __b * __d);
+            __y = _Tp(0) * (__b * __c - __a * __d);
+        }
+    }
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator/(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.real() / __y, __x.imag() / __y);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator/(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+    __t /= __y;
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator+(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    return __x;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+operator-(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    return complex<_Tp>(-__x.real(), -__x.imag());
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.real() == __y.real() && __x.imag() == __y.imag();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    return __x.real() == __y && __x.imag() == 0;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    return __x == __y.real() && 0 == __y.imag();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+// 26.3.7 values:
+
+// real
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+real(const complex<_Tp>& __c)
+{
+    return __c.real();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+long double
+real(long double __re)
+{
+    return __re;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+double
+real(double __re)
+{
+    return __re;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value,
+    double
+>::type
+real(_Tp  __re)
+{
+    return __re;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+float
+real(float  __re)
+{
+    return __re;
+}
+
+// imag
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+imag(const complex<_Tp>& __c)
+{
+    return __c.imag();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+long double
+imag(long double __re)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+double
+imag(double __re)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value,
+    double
+>::type
+imag(_Tp  __re)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+float
+imag(float  __re)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// abs
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+abs(const complex<_Tp>& __c)
+{
+    return hypot(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+}
+
+// arg
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+arg(const complex<_Tp>& __c)
+{
+    return atan2(__c.imag(), __c.real());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+long double
+arg(long double __re)
+{
+    return atan2l(0.L, __re);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+double
+arg(double __re)
+{
+    return atan2(0., __re);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value,
+    double
+>::type
+arg(_Tp __re)
+{
+    return atan2(0., __re);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+float
+arg(float __re)
+{
+    return atan2f(0.F, __re);
+}
+
+// norm
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+norm(const complex<_Tp>& __c)
+{
+    if (isinf(__c.real()))
+        return abs(__c.real());
+    if (isinf(__c.imag()))
+        return abs(__c.imag());
+    return __c.real() * __c.real() + __c.imag() * __c.imag();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+long double
+norm(long double __re)
+{
+    return __re * __re;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+double
+norm(double __re)
+{
+    return __re * __re;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value,
+    double
+>::type
+norm(_Tp __re)
+{
+    return (double)__re * __re;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+float
+norm(float __re)
+{
+    return __re * __re;
+}
+
+// conj
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+conj(const complex<_Tp>& __c)
+{
+    return complex<_Tp>(__c.real(), -__c.imag());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<long double>
+conj(long double __re)
+{
+    return complex<long double>(__re);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<double>
+conj(double __re)
+{
+    return complex<double>(__re);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value,
+    complex<double>
+>::type
+conj(_Tp __re)
+{
+    return complex<double>(__re);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<float>
+conj(float __re)
+{
+    return complex<float>(__re);
+}
+
+// proj
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+proj(const complex<_Tp>& __c)
+{
+    std::complex<_Tp> __r = __c;
+    if (isinf(__c.real()) || isinf(__c.imag()))
+        __r = complex<_Tp>(INFINITY, copysign(_Tp(0), __c.imag()));
+    return __r;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<long double>
+proj(long double __re)
+{
+    if (isinf(__re))
+        __re = abs(__re);
+    return complex<long double>(__re);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<double>
+proj(double __re)
+{
+    if (isinf(__re))
+        __re = abs(__re);
+    return complex<double>(__re);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_integral<_Tp>::value,
+    complex<double>
+>::type
+proj(_Tp __re)
+{
+    return complex<double>(__re);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<float>
+proj(float __re)
+{
+    if (isinf(__re))
+        __re = abs(__re);
+    return complex<float>(__re);
+}
+
+// polar
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+polar(const _Tp& __rho, const _Tp& __theta = _Tp(0))
+{
+    if (isnan(__rho) || signbit(__rho))
+        return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(NAN), _Tp(NAN));
+    if (isnan(__theta))
+    {
+        if (isinf(__rho))
+            return complex<_Tp>(__rho, __theta);
+        return complex<_Tp>(__theta, __theta);
+    }
+    if (isinf(__theta))
+    {
+        if (isinf(__rho))
+            return complex<_Tp>(__rho, _Tp(NAN));
+        return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(NAN), _Tp(NAN));
+    }
+    _Tp __x = __rho * cos(__theta);
+    if (isnan(__x))
+        __x = 0;
+    _Tp __y = __rho * sin(__theta);
+    if (isnan(__y))
+        __y = 0;
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x, __y);
+}
+
+// log
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+log(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    return complex<_Tp>(log(abs(__x)), arg(__x));
+}
+
+// log10
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+log10(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    return log(__x) / log(_Tp(10));
+}
+
+// sqrt
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+sqrt(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(INFINITY), __x.imag());
+    if (isinf(__x.real()))
+    {
+        if (__x.real() > _Tp(0))
+            return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), isnan(__x.imag()) ? __x.imag() : copysign(_Tp(0), __x.imag()));
+        return complex<_Tp>(isnan(__x.imag()) ? __x.imag() : _Tp(0), copysign(__x.real(), __x.imag()));
+    }
+    return polar(sqrt(abs(__x)), arg(__x) / _Tp(2));
+}
+
+// exp
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+exp(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    _Tp __i = __x.imag();
+    if (isinf(__x.real()))
+    {
+        if (__x.real() < _Tp(0))
+        {
+            if (!isfinite(__i))
+                __i = _Tp(1);
+        }
+        else if (__i == 0 || !isfinite(__i))
+        {
+            if (isinf(__i))
+                __i = _Tp(NAN);
+            return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __i);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (isnan(__x.real()) && __x.imag() == 0)
+        return __x;
+    _Tp __e = exp(__x.real());
+    return complex<_Tp>(__e * cos(__i), __e * sin(__i));
+}
+
+// pow
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+pow(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    return exp(__y * log(__x));
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type>
+pow(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Up>& __y)
+{
+    typedef complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type> result_type;
+    return _VSTD::pow(result_type(__x), result_type(__y));
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_Up>::value,
+    complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type>
+>::type
+pow(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Up& __y)
+{
+    typedef complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type> result_type;
+    return _VSTD::pow(result_type(__x), result_type(__y));
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value,
+    complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type>
+>::type
+pow(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Up>& __y)
+{
+    typedef complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type> result_type;
+    return _VSTD::pow(result_type(__x), result_type(__y));
+}
+
+// asinh
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+asinh(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    const _Tp __pi(atan2(+0., -0.));
+    if (isinf(__x.real()))
+    {
+        if (isnan(__x.imag()))
+            return __x;
+        if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+            return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), copysign(__pi * _Tp(0.25), __x.imag()));
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), copysign(_Tp(0), __x.imag()));
+    }
+    if (isnan(__x.real()))
+    {
+        if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+            return complex<_Tp>(__x.imag(), __x.real());
+        if (__x.imag() == 0)
+            return __x;
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __x.real());
+    }
+    if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(copysign(__x.imag(), __x.real()), copysign(__pi/_Tp(2), __x.imag()));
+    complex<_Tp> __z = log(__x + sqrt(pow(__x, _Tp(2)) + _Tp(1)));
+    return complex<_Tp>(copysign(__z.real(), __x.real()), copysign(__z.imag(), __x.imag()));
+}
+
+// acosh
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+acosh(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    const _Tp __pi(atan2(+0., -0.));
+    if (isinf(__x.real()))
+    {
+        if (isnan(__x.imag()))
+            return complex<_Tp>(abs(__x.real()), __x.imag());
+        if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+            if (__x.real() > 0)
+                return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), copysign(__pi * _Tp(0.25), __x.imag()));
+            else
+                return complex<_Tp>(-__x.real(), copysign(__pi * _Tp(0.75), __x.imag()));
+        if (__x.real() < 0)
+            return complex<_Tp>(-__x.real(), copysign(__pi, __x.imag()));
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), copysign(_Tp(0), __x.imag()));
+    }
+    if (isnan(__x.real()))
+    {
+        if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+            return complex<_Tp>(abs(__x.imag()), __x.real());
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __x.real());
+    }
+    if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(abs(__x.imag()), copysign(__pi/_Tp(2), __x.imag()));
+    complex<_Tp> __z = log(__x + sqrt(pow(__x, _Tp(2)) - _Tp(1)));
+    return complex<_Tp>(copysign(__z.real(), _Tp(0)), copysign(__z.imag(), __x.imag()));
+}
+
+// atanh
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+atanh(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    const _Tp __pi(atan2(+0., -0.));
+    if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+    {
+        return complex<_Tp>(copysign(_Tp(0), __x.real()), copysign(__pi/_Tp(2), __x.imag()));
+    }
+    if (isnan(__x.imag()))
+    {
+        if (isinf(__x.real()) || __x.real() == 0)
+            return complex<_Tp>(copysign(_Tp(0), __x.real()), __x.imag());
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.imag(), __x.imag());
+    }
+    if (isnan(__x.real()))
+    {
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __x.real());
+    }
+    if (isinf(__x.real()))
+    {
+        return complex<_Tp>(copysign(_Tp(0), __x.real()), copysign(__pi/_Tp(2), __x.imag()));
+    }
+    if (abs(__x.real()) == _Tp(1) && __x.imag() == _Tp(0))
+    {
+        return complex<_Tp>(copysign(_Tp(INFINITY), __x.real()), copysign(_Tp(0), __x.imag()));
+    }
+    complex<_Tp> __z = log((_Tp(1) + __x) / (_Tp(1) - __x)) / _Tp(2);
+    return complex<_Tp>(copysign(__z.real(), __x.real()), copysign(__z.imag(), __x.imag()));
+}
+
+// sinh
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+sinh(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    if (isinf(__x.real()) && !isfinite(__x.imag()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), _Tp(NAN));
+    if (__x.real() == 0 && !isfinite(__x.imag()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), _Tp(NAN));
+    if (__x.imag() == 0 && !isfinite(__x.real()))
+        return __x;
+    return complex<_Tp>(sinh(__x.real()) * cos(__x.imag()), cosh(__x.real()) * sin(__x.imag()));
+}
+
+// cosh
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+cosh(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    if (isinf(__x.real()) && !isfinite(__x.imag()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(abs(__x.real()), _Tp(NAN));
+    if (__x.real() == 0 && !isfinite(__x.imag()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(NAN), __x.real());
+    if (__x.real() == 0 && __x.imag() == 0)
+        return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(1), __x.imag());
+    if (__x.imag() == 0 && !isfinite(__x.real()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(abs(__x.real()), __x.imag());
+    return complex<_Tp>(cosh(__x.real()) * cos(__x.imag()), sinh(__x.real()) * sin(__x.imag()));
+}
+
+// tanh
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+tanh(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    if (isinf(__x.real()))
+    {
+        if (!isfinite(__x.imag()))
+            return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(1), _Tp(0));
+        return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(1), copysign(_Tp(0), sin(_Tp(2) * __x.imag())));
+    }
+    if (isnan(__x.real()) && __x.imag() == 0)
+        return __x;
+    _Tp __2r(_Tp(2) * __x.real());
+    _Tp __2i(_Tp(2) * __x.imag());
+    _Tp __d(cosh(__2r) + cos(__2i));
+    return  complex<_Tp>(sinh(__2r)/__d, sin(__2i)/__d);
+}
+
+// asin
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+asin(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __z = asinh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+    return complex<_Tp>(__z.imag(), -__z.real());
+}
+
+// acos
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+acos(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    const _Tp __pi(atan2(+0., -0.));
+    if (isinf(__x.real()))
+    {
+        if (isnan(__x.imag()))
+            return complex<_Tp>(__x.imag(), __x.real());
+        if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+        {
+            if (__x.real() < _Tp(0))
+                return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(0.75) * __pi, -__x.imag());
+            return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(0.25) * __pi, -__x.imag());
+        }
+        if (__x.real() < _Tp(0))
+            return complex<_Tp>(__pi, signbit(__x.imag()) ? -__x.real() : __x.real());
+        return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(0), signbit(__x.imag()) ? __x.real() : -__x.real());
+    }
+    if (isnan(__x.real()))
+    {
+        if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+            return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), -__x.imag());
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __x.real());
+    }
+    if (isinf(__x.imag()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(__pi/_Tp(2), -__x.imag());
+    if (__x.real() == 0)
+        return complex<_Tp>(__pi/_Tp(2), -__x.imag());
+    complex<_Tp> __z = log(__x + sqrt(pow(__x, _Tp(2)) - _Tp(1)));
+    if (signbit(__x.imag()))
+        return complex<_Tp>(abs(__z.imag()), abs(__z.real()));
+    return complex<_Tp>(abs(__z.imag()), -abs(__z.real()));
+}
+
+// atan
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+atan(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __z = atanh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+    return complex<_Tp>(__z.imag(), -__z.real());
+}
+
+// sin
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+sin(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __z = sinh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+    return complex<_Tp>(__z.imag(), -__z.real());
+}
+
+// cos
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+complex<_Tp>
+cos(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    return cosh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+}
+
+// tan
+
+template<class _Tp>
+complex<_Tp>
+tan(const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    complex<_Tp> __z = tanh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+    return complex<_Tp>(__z.imag(), -__z.real());
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    if (__is.good())
+    {
+        ws(__is);
+        if (__is.peek() == _CharT('('))
+        {
+            __is.get();
+            _Tp __r;
+            __is >> __r;
+            if (!__is.fail())
+            {
+                ws(__is);
+                _CharT __c = __is.peek();
+                if (__c == _CharT(','))
+                {
+                    __is.get();
+                    _Tp __i;
+                    __is >> __i;
+                    if (!__is.fail())
+                    {
+                        ws(__is);
+                        __c = __is.peek();
+                        if (__c == _CharT(')'))
+                        {
+                            __is.get();
+                            __x = complex<_Tp>(__r, __i);
+                        }
+                        else
+                            __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+                    }
+                    else
+                        __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+                }
+                else if (__c == _CharT(')'))
+                {
+                    __is.get();
+                    __x = complex<_Tp>(__r, _Tp(0));
+                }
+                else
+                    __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+            }
+            else
+                __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _Tp __r;
+            __is >> __r;
+            if (!__is.fail())
+                __x = complex<_Tp>(__r, _Tp(0));
+            else
+                __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+    return __is;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const complex<_Tp>& __x)
+{
+    basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits> __s;
+    __s.flags(__os.flags());
+    __s.imbue(__os.getloc());
+    __s.precision(__os.precision());
+    __s << '(' << __x.real() << ',' << __x.imag() << ')';
+    return __os << __s.str();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_COMPLEX
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/complex.h b/system/include/libcxx/complex.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e04b2e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/complex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- complex.h --------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_COMPLEX_H
+#define _LIBCPP_COMPLEX_H
+
+/*
+    complex.h synopsis
+
+#include <ccomplex>
+
+*/
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+#include <ccomplex>
+
+#else  // __cplusplus
+
+#include_next <complex.h>
+
+#endif  // __cplusplus
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_COMPLEX_H
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/condition_variable b/system/include/libcxx/condition_variable
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc3ac3df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/condition_variable
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------- condition_variable ----------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CONDITION_VARIABLE
+#define _LIBCPP_CONDITION_VARIABLE
+
+/*
+    condition_variable synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+enum class cv_status { no_timeout, timeout };
+
+class condition_variable
+{
+public:
+    condition_variable();
+    ~condition_variable();
+
+    condition_variable(const condition_variable&) = delete;
+    condition_variable& operator=(const condition_variable&) = delete;
+
+    void notify_one();
+    void notify_all();
+
+    void wait(unique_lock<mutex>& lock);
+    template <class Predicate>
+        void wait(unique_lock<mutex>& lock, Predicate pred);
+
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        cv_status
+        wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+
+    template <class Clock, class Duration, class Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time,
+                   Predicate pred);
+
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        cv_status
+        wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+
+    template <class Rep, class Period, class Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time,
+                 Predicate pred);
+
+    typedef pthread_cond_t* native_handle_type;
+    native_handle_type native_handle();
+};
+
+void notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable& cond, unique_lock<mutex> lk);
+
+class condition_variable_any
+{
+public:
+    condition_variable_any();
+    ~condition_variable_any();
+
+    condition_variable_any(const condition_variable_any&) = delete;
+    condition_variable_any& operator=(const condition_variable_any&) = delete;
+
+    void notify_one();
+    void notify_all();
+
+    template <class Lock>
+        void wait(Lock& lock);
+    template <class Lock, class Predicate>
+        void wait(Lock& lock, Predicate pred);
+
+    template <class Lock, class Clock, class Duration>
+        cv_status
+        wait_until(Lock& lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+
+    template <class Lock, class Clock, class Duration, class Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_until(Lock& lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time,
+                   Predicate pred);
+
+    template <class Lock, class Rep, class Period>
+        cv_status
+        wait_for(Lock& lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+
+    template <class Lock, class Rep, class Period, class Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_for(Lock& lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time,
+                 Predicate pred);
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__mutex_base>
+#include <memory>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE condition_variable_any
+{
+    condition_variable __cv_;
+    shared_ptr<mutex>  __mut_;
+public:
+    condition_variable_any();
+
+    void notify_one();
+    void notify_all();
+
+    template <class _Lock>
+        void wait(_Lock& __lock);
+    template <class _Lock, class _Predicate>
+        void wait(_Lock& __lock, _Predicate __pred);
+
+    template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        cv_status
+        wait_until(_Lock& __lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+
+    template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_until(_Lock& __lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t,
+                   _Predicate __pred);
+
+    template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period>
+        cv_status
+        wait_for(_Lock& __lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d);
+
+    template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_for(_Lock& __lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d,
+                 _Predicate __pred);
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+condition_variable_any::condition_variable_any()
+    : __mut_(make_shared<mutex>()) {}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+condition_variable_any::notify_one()
+{
+    {lock_guard<mutex> _(*__mut_);}
+    __cv_.notify_one();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+condition_variable_any::notify_all()
+{
+    {lock_guard<mutex> _(*__mut_);}
+    __cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+struct __lock_external
+{
+    template <class _Lock>
+    void operator()(_Lock* __m) {__m->lock();}
+};
+
+template <class _Lock>
+void
+condition_variable_any::wait(_Lock& __lock)
+{
+    shared_ptr<mutex> __mut = __mut_;
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(*__mut);
+    __lock.unlock();
+    unique_ptr<_Lock, __lock_external> __(&__lock);
+    lock_guard<unique_lock<mutex> > _(__lk, adopt_lock);
+    __cv_.wait(__lk);
+}  // __mut_.unlock(), __lock.lock()
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+condition_variable_any::wait(_Lock& __lock, _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    while (!__pred())
+        wait(__lock);
+}
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration>
+cv_status
+condition_variable_any::wait_until(_Lock& __lock,
+                                   const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t)
+{
+    shared_ptr<mutex> __mut = __mut_;
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(*__mut);
+    __lock.unlock();
+    unique_ptr<_Lock, __lock_external> __(&__lock);
+    lock_guard<unique_lock<mutex> > _(__lk, adopt_lock);
+    return __cv_.wait_until(__lk, __t);
+}  // __mut_.unlock(), __lock.lock()
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+condition_variable_any::wait_until(_Lock& __lock,
+                                   const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t,
+                                   _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    while (!__pred())
+        if (wait_until(__lock, __t) == cv_status::timeout)
+            return __pred();
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+cv_status
+condition_variable_any::wait_for(_Lock& __lock,
+                                 const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d)
+{
+    return wait_until(__lock, chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d);
+}
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+condition_variable_any::wait_for(_Lock& __lock,
+                                 const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d,
+                                 _Predicate __pred)
+{
+    return wait_until(__lock, chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d,
+                      _VSTD::move(__pred));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE
+void notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable& cond, unique_lock<mutex> lk);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CONDITION_VARIABLE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/csetjmp b/system/include/libcxx/csetjmp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b8b81f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/csetjmp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- csetjmp ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSETJMP
+#define _LIBCPP_CSETJMP
+
+/*
+    csetjmp synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    setjmp
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    jmp_buf
+
+void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int val);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <setjmp.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#ifndef setjmp
+#define setjmp(env) setjmp(env)
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::jmp_buf;
+using ::longjmp;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSETJMP
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/csignal b/system/include/libcxx/csignal
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93adc599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/csignal
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- csignal ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSIGNAL
+#define _LIBCPP_CSIGNAL
+
+/*
+    csignal synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    SIG_DFL
+    SIG_ERR
+    SIG_IGN
+    SIGABRT
+    SIGFPE
+    SIGILL
+    SIGINT
+    SIGSEGV
+    SIGTERM
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    sig_atomic_t
+
+void (*signal(int sig, void (*func)(int)))(int);
+int raise(int sig);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::sig_atomic_t;
+using ::signal;
+using ::raise;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSIGNAL
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cstdarg b/system/include/libcxx/cstdarg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbd73cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cstdarg
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cstdarg ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDARG
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDARG
+
+/*
+    cstdarg synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    type va_arg(va_list ap, type);
+    void va_copy(va_list dest, va_list src);  // C99
+    void va_end(va_list ap);
+    void va_start(va_list ap, parmN);
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    va_list
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::va_list;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSTDARG
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cstdbool b/system/include/libcxx/cstdbool
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76761fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cstdbool
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cstdbool ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDBOOL
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDBOOL
+
+/*
+    cstdbool synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    __bool_true_false_are_defined
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#undef __bool_true_false_are_defined
+#define __bool_true_false_are_defined 1
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSTDBOOL
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cstddef b/system/include/libcxx/cstddef
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b851ea00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cstddef
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cstddef ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDDEF
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDDEF
+
+/*
+    cstddef synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    offsetof(type,member-designator)
+    NULL
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    ptrdiff_t
+    size_t
+    max_align_t
+    nullptr_t
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+#define __need_NULL
+#define __need_ptrdiff_t
+#define __need_size_t
+#endif  // __GLIBC__
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::ptrdiff_t;
+using ::size_t;
+
+typedef long double max_align_t;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_NULLPTR
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE nullptr_t
+{
+    void* _;
+
+    struct __nat {int __for_bool_;};
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE nullptr_t(int __nat::*) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE operator int __nat::*() const {return 0;}
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+        operator _Tp* () const {return 0;}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+        _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+        operator _Tp _Up::* () const {return 0;}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool operator==(nullptr_t, nullptr_t) {return true;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool operator!=(nullptr_t, nullptr_t) {return false;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool operator<(nullptr_t, nullptr_t) {return false;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool operator<=(nullptr_t, nullptr_t) {return true;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool operator>(nullptr_t, nullptr_t) {return false;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool operator>=(nullptr_t, nullptr_t) {return true;}
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE nullptr_t __get_nullptr_t() {return nullptr_t(0);}
+
+#define nullptr _VSTD::__get_nullptr_t()
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_NULLPTR
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_NULLPTR
+
+namespace std
+{
+    typedef decltype(nullptr) nullptr_t;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_NULLPTR
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSTDDEF
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cstdint b/system/include/libcxx/cstdint
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ded1f16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cstdint
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cstdint ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDINT
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDINT
+
+/*
+    cstdint synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    INT8_MIN
+    INT16_MIN
+    INT32_MIN
+    INT64_MIN
+
+    INT8_MAX
+    INT16_MAX
+    INT32_MAX
+    INT64_MAX
+
+    UINT8_MAX
+    UINT16_MAX
+    UINT32_MAX
+    UINT64_MAX
+
+    INT_LEAST8_MIN
+    INT_LEAST16_MIN
+    INT_LEAST32_MIN
+    INT_LEAST64_MIN
+
+    INT_LEAST8_MAX
+    INT_LEAST16_MAX
+    INT_LEAST32_MAX
+    INT_LEAST64_MAX
+
+    UINT_LEAST8_MAX
+    UINT_LEAST16_MAX
+    UINT_LEAST32_MAX
+    UINT_LEAST64_MAX
+
+    INT_FAST8_MIN
+    INT_FAST16_MIN
+    INT_FAST32_MIN
+    INT_FAST64_MIN
+
+    INT_FAST8_MAX
+    INT_FAST16_MAX
+    INT_FAST32_MAX
+    INT_FAST64_MAX
+
+    UINT_FAST8_MAX
+    UINT_FAST16_MAX
+    UINT_FAST32_MAX
+    UINT_FAST64_MAX
+
+    INTPTR_MIN
+    INTPTR_MAX
+    UINTPTR_MAX
+
+    INTMAX_MIN
+    INTMAX_MAX
+
+    UINTMAX_MAX
+
+    PTRDIFF_MIN
+    PTRDIFF_MAX
+
+    SIG_ATOMIC_MIN
+    SIG_ATOMIC_MAX
+
+    SIZE_MAX
+
+    WCHAR_MIN
+    WCHAR_MAX
+
+    WINT_MIN
+    WINT_MAX
+
+    INT8_C(value)
+    INT16_C(value)
+    INT32_C(value)
+    INT64_C(value)
+
+    UINT8_C(value)
+    UINT16_C(value)
+    UINT32_C(value)
+    UINT64_C(value)
+
+    INTMAX_C(value)
+    UINTMAX_C(value)
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    int8_t
+    int16_t
+    int32_t
+    int64_t
+
+    uint8_t
+    uint16_t
+    uint32_t
+    uint64_t
+
+    int_least8_t
+    int_least16_t
+    int_least32_t
+    int_least64_t
+
+    uint_least8_t
+    uint_least16_t
+    uint_least32_t
+    uint_least64_t
+
+    int_fast8_t
+    int_fast16_t
+    int_fast32_t
+    int_fast64_t
+
+    uint_fast8_t
+    uint_fast16_t
+    uint_fast32_t
+    uint_fast64_t
+
+    intptr_t
+    uintptr_t
+
+    intmax_t
+    uintmax_t
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using::int8_t;
+using::int16_t;
+using::int32_t;
+using::int64_t;
+
+using::uint8_t;
+using::uint16_t;
+using::uint32_t;
+using::uint64_t;
+
+using::int_least8_t;
+using::int_least16_t;
+using::int_least32_t;
+using::int_least64_t;
+
+using::uint_least8_t;
+using::uint_least16_t;
+using::uint_least32_t;
+using::uint_least64_t;
+
+using::int_fast8_t;
+using::int_fast16_t;
+using::int_fast32_t;
+using::int_fast64_t;
+
+using::uint_fast8_t;
+using::uint_fast16_t;
+using::uint_fast32_t;
+using::uint_fast64_t;
+
+using::intptr_t;
+using::uintptr_t;
+
+using::intmax_t;
+using::uintmax_t;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSTDINT
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cstdio b/system/include/libcxx/cstdio
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9af0ed5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cstdio
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- cstdio ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDIO
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDIO
+
+/*
+    cstdio synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    BUFSIZ
+    EOF
+    FILENAME_MAX
+    FOPEN_MAX
+    L_tmpnam
+    NULL
+    SEEK_CUR
+    SEEK_END
+    SEEK_SET
+    TMP_MAX
+    _IOFBF
+    _IOLBF
+    _IONBF
+    stderr
+    stdin
+    stdout
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+FILE
+fpos_t
+size_t
+
+int remove(const char* filename);
+int rename(const char* old, const char* new);
+FILE* tmpfile(void);
+char* tmpnam(char* s);
+int fclose(FILE* stream);
+int fflush(FILE* stream);
+FILE* fopen(const char* restrict filename, const char* restrict mode);
+FILE* freopen(const char* restrict filename, const char * restrict mode,
+              FILE * restrict stream);
+void setbuf(FILE* restrict stream, char* restrict buf);
+int setvbuf(FILE* restrict stream, char* restrict buf, int mode, size_t size);
+int fprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, ...);
+int fscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const char * restrict format, ...);
+int printf(const char* restrict format, ...);
+int scanf(const char* restrict format, ...);
+int snprintf(char* restrict s, size_t n, const char* restrict format, ...);    // C99
+int sprintf(char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, ...);
+int sscanf(const char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, ...);
+int vfprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vfscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int vprintf(const char* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vscanf(const char* restrict format, va_list arg);                          // C99
+int vsnprintf(char* restrict s, size_t n, const char* restrict format,         // C99
+              va_list arg);
+int vsprintf(char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vsscanf(const char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, va_list arg); // C99
+int fgetc(FILE* stream);
+char* fgets(char* restrict s, int n, FILE* restrict stream);
+int fputc(int c, FILE* stream);
+int fputs(const char* restrict s, FILE* restrict stream);
+int getc(FILE* stream);
+int getchar(void);
+char* gets(char* s);
+int putc(int c, FILE* stream);
+int putchar(int c);
+int puts(const char* s);
+int ungetc(int c, FILE* stream);
+size_t fread(void* restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb,
+             FILE* restrict stream);
+size_t fwrite(const void* restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb,
+              FILE* restrict stream);
+int fgetpos(FILE* restrict stream, fpos_t* restrict pos);
+int fseek(FILE* stream, long offset, int whence);
+int fsetpos(FILE*stream, const fpos_t* pos);
+long ftell(FILE* stream);
+void rewind(FILE* stream);
+void clearerr(FILE* stream);
+int feof(FILE* stream);
+int ferror(FILE* stream);
+void perror(const char* s);
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::FILE;
+using ::fpos_t;
+using ::size_t;
+
+using ::remove;
+using ::rename;
+using ::tmpfile;
+using ::tmpnam;
+using ::fclose;
+using ::fflush;
+using ::fopen;
+using ::freopen;
+using ::setbuf;
+using ::setvbuf;
+using ::fprintf;
+using ::fscanf;
+using ::printf;
+using ::scanf;
+using ::snprintf;
+using ::sprintf;
+using ::sscanf;
+using ::vfprintf;
+using ::vfscanf;
+using ::vprintf;
+using ::vscanf;
+using ::vsnprintf;
+using ::vsprintf;
+using ::vsscanf;
+using ::fgetc;
+using ::fgets;
+using ::fputc;
+using ::fputs;
+using ::getc;
+using ::getchar;
+using ::gets;
+using ::putc;
+using ::putchar;
+using ::puts;
+using ::ungetc;
+using ::fread;
+using ::fwrite;
+using ::fgetpos;
+using ::fseek;
+using ::fsetpos;
+using ::ftell;
+using ::rewind;
+using ::clearerr;
+using ::feof;
+using ::ferror;
+using ::perror;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSTDIO
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cstdlib b/system/include/libcxx/cstdlib
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26c27ffd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cstdlib
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cstdlib ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDLIB
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDLIB
+
+/*
+    cstdlib synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    EXIT_FAILURE
+    EXIT_SUCCESS
+    MB_CUR_MAX
+    NULL
+    RAND_MAX
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    size_t
+    div_t
+    ldiv_t
+    lldiv_t                                                               // C99
+
+double    atof (const char* nptr);
+int       atoi (const char* nptr);
+long      atol (const char* nptr);
+long long atoll(const char* nptr);                                        // C99
+double             strtod  (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr);
+float              strtof  (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr); // C99
+long double        strtold (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr); // C99
+long               strtol  (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+long long          strtoll (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base); // C99
+unsigned long      strtoul (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+unsigned long long strtoull(const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base); // C99
+int rand(void);
+void srand(unsigned int seed);
+void* calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
+void free(void* ptr);
+void* malloc(size_t size);
+void* realloc(void* ptr, size_t size);
+void abort(void);
+int atexit(void (*func)(void));
+void exit(int status);
+void _Exit(int status);
+char* getenv(const char* name);
+int system(const char* string);
+void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+              int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
+void qsort(void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+           int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
+int         abs(      int j);
+long        abs(     long j);
+long long   abs(long long j);                                             // C++0X
+long       labs(     long j);
+long long llabs(long long j);                                             // C99
+div_t     div(      int numer,       int denom);
+ldiv_t    div(     long numer,      long denom);
+lldiv_t   div(long long numer, long long denom);                          // C++0X
+ldiv_t   ldiv(     long numer,      long denom);
+lldiv_t lldiv(long long numer, long long denom);                          // C99
+int mblen(const char* s, size_t n);
+int mbtowc(wchar_t* restrict pwc, const char* restrict s, size_t n);
+int wctomb(char* s, wchar_t wchar);
+size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t* restrict pwcs, const char* restrict s, size_t n);
+size_t wcstombs(char* restrict s, const wchar_t* restrict pwcs, size_t n);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::size_t;
+using ::div_t;
+using ::ldiv_t;
+using ::lldiv_t;
+using ::atof;
+using ::atoi;
+using ::atol;
+using ::atoll;
+using ::strtod;
+using ::strtof;
+using ::strtold;
+using ::strtol;
+using ::strtoll;
+using ::strtoul;
+using ::strtoull;
+using ::rand;
+using ::srand;
+using ::calloc;
+using ::free;
+using ::malloc;
+using ::realloc;
+using ::abort;
+using ::atexit;
+using ::exit;
+using ::_Exit;
+using ::getenv;
+using ::system;
+using ::bsearch;
+using ::qsort;
+using ::abs;
+using ::labs;
+using ::llabs;
+using ::div;
+using ::ldiv;
+using ::lldiv;
+using ::mblen;
+using ::mbtowc;
+using ::wctomb;
+using ::mbstowcs;
+using ::wcstombs;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long      abs(     long __x) {return  labs(__x);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long long abs(long long __x) {return llabs(__x);}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY  ldiv_t div(     long __x,      long __y) {return  ldiv(__x, __y);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY lldiv_t div(long long __x, long long __y) {return lldiv(__x, __y);}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSTDLIB
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cstring b/system/include/libcxx/cstring
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d2e507c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cstring
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cstring ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTRING
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTRING
+
+/*
+    cstring synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    NULL
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    size_t
+
+void* memcpy(void* restrict s1, const void* restrict s2, size_t n);
+void* memmove(void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+char* strcpy (char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
+char* strncpy(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
+char* strcat (char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
+char* strncat(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
+int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+int strcmp (const char* s1, const char* s2);
+int strncmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
+int strcoll(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+size_t strxfrm(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
+const void* memchr(const void* s, int c, size_t n);
+      void* memchr(      void* s, int c, size_t n);
+const char* strchr(const char* s, int c);
+      char* strchr(      char* s, int c);
+size_t strcspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+const char* strpbrk(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+      char* strpbrk(      char* s1, const char* s2);
+const char* strrchr(const char* s, int c);
+      char* strrchr(      char* s, int c);
+size_t strspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+const char* strstr(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+      char* strstr(      char* s1, const char* s2);
+char* strtok(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
+void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n);
+char* strerror(int errnum);
+size_t strlen(const char* s);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::size_t;
+using ::memcpy;
+using ::memmove;
+using ::strcpy;
+using ::strncpy;
+using ::strcat;
+using ::strncat;
+using ::memcmp;
+using ::strcmp;
+using ::strncmp;
+using ::strcoll;
+using ::strxfrm;
+
+using ::memchr;
+
+using ::strchr;
+
+using ::strcspn;
+
+using ::strpbrk;
+
+using ::strrchr;
+
+using ::strspn;
+
+using ::strstr;
+
+#ifndef __GLIBC__ // GNU libc and its derivates already have the correct prototype in <string.h> #ifdef __cplusplus
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       char* strchr(      char* __s, int __c) {return ::strchr(__s, __c);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       char* strpbrk(      char* __s1, const char* __s2) {return ::strpbrk(__s1, __s2);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       char* strrchr(      char* __s, int __c) {return ::strrchr(__s, __c);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       void* memchr(      void* __s, int __c, size_t __n) {return ::memchr(__s, __c, __n);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       char* strstr(      char* __s1, const char* __s2) {return ::strstr(__s1, __s2);}
+#endif
+
+using ::strtok;
+using ::memset;
+using ::strerror;
+using ::strlen;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CSTRING
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ctgmath b/system/include/libcxx/ctgmath
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9044c6ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ctgmath
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- ctgmath -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CTGMATH
+#define _LIBCPP_CTGMATH
+
+/*
+    ctgmath synopsis
+
+#include <ccomplex>
+#include <cmath>
+
+*/
+
+#include <ccomplex>
+#include <cmath>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CTGMATH
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ctime b/system/include/libcxx/ctime
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2cef9585
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ctime
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- ctime -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CTIME
+#define _LIBCPP_CTIME
+
+/*
+    ctime synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    NULL
+    CLOCKS_PER_SEC
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    clock_t
+    size_t
+    time_t
+    tm
+
+clock_t clock();
+double difftime(time_t time1, time_t time0);
+time_t mktime(tm* timeptr);
+time_t time(time_t* timer);
+char* asctime(const tm* timeptr);
+char* ctime(const time_t* timer);
+tm*    gmtime(const time_t* timer);
+tm* localtime(const time_t* timer);
+size_t strftime(char* restrict s, size_t maxsize, const char* restrict format,
+                const tm* restrict timeptr);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <time.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::clock_t;
+using ::size_t;
+using ::time_t;
+using ::tm;
+using ::clock;
+using ::difftime;
+using ::mktime;
+using ::time;
+using ::asctime;
+using ::ctime;
+using ::gmtime;
+using ::localtime;
+using ::strftime;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CTIME
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cwchar b/system/include/libcxx/cwchar
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce71782c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cwchar
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cwchar -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CWCHAR
+#define _LIBCPP_CWCHAR
+
+/*
+    cwchar synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    NULL
+    WCHAR_MAX
+    WCHAR_MIN
+    WEOF
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    mbstate_t
+    size_t
+    tm
+    wint_t
+
+int fwprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int fwscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int swprintf(wchar_t* restrict s, size_t n, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int swscanf(const wchar_t* restrict s, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int vfwprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vfwscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int vswprintf(wchar_t* restrict s, size_t n, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vswscanf(const wchar_t* restrict s, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int vwprintf(const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vwscanf(const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int wprintf(const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int wscanf(const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+wint_t fgetwc(FILE* stream);
+wchar_t* fgetws(wchar_t* restrict s, int n, FILE* restrict stream);
+wint_t fputwc(wchar_t c, FILE* stream);
+int fputws(const wchar_t* restrict s, FILE* restrict stream);
+int fwide(FILE* stream, int mode);
+wint_t getwc(FILE* stream);
+wint_t getwchar();
+wint_t putwc(wchar_t c, FILE* stream);
+wint_t putwchar(wchar_t c);
+wint_t ungetwc(wint_t c, FILE* stream);
+double wcstod(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr);
+float wcstof(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr);         // C99
+long double wcstold(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr);  // C99
+long wcstol(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+long long wcstoll(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);  // C99
+unsigned long wcstoul(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+unsigned long long wcstoull(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);  // C99
+wchar_t* wcscpy(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2);
+wchar_t* wcsncpy(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wcscat(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2);
+wchar_t* wcsncat(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+int wcscmp(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+int wcscoll(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+int wcsncmp(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
+size_t wcsxfrm(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+const wchar_t* wcschr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+      wchar_t* wcschr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+size_t wcscspn(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+size_t wcslen(const wchar_t* s);
+const wchar_t* wcspbrk(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+      wchar_t* wcspbrk(      wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+const wchar_t* wcsrchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+      wchar_t* wcsrchr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+size_t wcsspn(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+const wchar_t* wcsstr(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+      wchar_t* wcsstr(      wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+wchar_t* wcstok(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, wchar_t** restrict ptr);
+const wchar_t* wmemchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+      wchar_t* wmemchr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+int wmemcmp(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wmemcpy(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wmemmove(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wmemset(wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+size_t wcsftime(wchar_t* restrict s, size_t maxsize, const wchar_t* restrict format,
+                const tm* restrict timeptr);
+wint_t btowc(int c);
+int wctob(wint_t c);
+int mbsinit(const mbstate_t* ps);
+size_t mbrlen(const char* restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t mbrtowc(wchar_t* restrict pwc, const char* restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t wcrtomb(char* restrict s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t mbsrtowcs(wchar_t* restrict dst, const char** restrict src, size_t len,
+                 mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t wcsrtombs(char* restrict dst, const wchar_t** restrict src, size_t len,
+                 mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cwctype>
+#include <wchar.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::mbstate_t;
+using ::size_t;
+using ::tm;
+using ::wint_t;
+using ::FILE;
+using ::fwprintf;
+using ::fwscanf;
+using ::swprintf;
+using ::swscanf;
+using ::vfwprintf;
+using ::vfwscanf;
+using ::vswprintf;
+using ::vswscanf;
+using ::vwprintf;
+using ::vwscanf;
+using ::wprintf;
+using ::wscanf;
+using ::fgetwc;
+using ::fgetws;
+using ::fputwc;
+using ::fputws;
+using ::fwide;
+using ::getwc;
+using ::getwchar;
+using ::putwc;
+using ::putwchar;
+using ::ungetwc;
+using ::wcstod;
+using ::wcstof;
+using ::wcstold;
+using ::wcstol;
+using ::wcstoll;
+using ::wcstoul;
+using ::wcstoull;
+using ::wcscpy;
+using ::wcsncpy;
+using ::wcscat;
+using ::wcsncat;
+using ::wcscmp;
+using ::wcscoll;
+using ::wcsncmp;
+using ::wcsxfrm;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const wchar_t* wcschr(const wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {return ::wcschr(__s, __c);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       wchar_t* wcschr(      wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {return ::wcschr(__s, __c);}
+
+using ::wcscspn;
+using ::wcslen;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const wchar_t* wcspbrk(const wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {return ::wcspbrk(__s1, __s2);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       wchar_t* wcspbrk(      wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {return ::wcspbrk(__s1, __s2);}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const wchar_t* wcsrchr(const wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {return ::wcsrchr(__s, __c);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       wchar_t* wcsrchr(      wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {return ::wcsrchr(__s, __c);}
+
+using ::wcsspn;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const wchar_t* wcsstr(const wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {return ::wcsstr(__s1, __s2);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       wchar_t* wcsstr(      wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {return ::wcsstr(__s1, __s2);}
+
+using ::wcstok;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const wchar_t* wmemchr(const wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c, size_t __n) {return ::wmemchr(__s, __c, __n);}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       wchar_t* wmemchr(      wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c, size_t __n) {return ::wmemchr(__s, __c, __n);}
+
+using ::wmemcmp;
+using ::wmemcpy;
+using ::wmemmove;
+using ::wmemset;
+using ::wcsftime;
+using ::btowc;
+using ::wctob;
+using ::mbsinit;
+using ::mbrlen;
+using ::mbrtowc;
+using ::wcrtomb;
+using ::mbsrtowcs;
+using ::wcsrtombs;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CWCHAR
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/cwctype b/system/include/libcxx/cwctype
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2f4470a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/cwctype
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- cwctype ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CWCTYPE
+#define _LIBCPP_CWCTYPE
+
+/*
+    cwctype synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    WEOF
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    wint_t
+    wctrans_t
+    wctype_t
+
+int iswalnum(wint_t wc);
+int iswalpha(wint_t wc);
+int iswblank(wint_t wc);  // C99
+int iswcntrl(wint_t wc);
+int iswdigit(wint_t wc);
+int iswgraph(wint_t wc);
+int iswlower(wint_t wc);
+int iswprint(wint_t wc);
+int iswpunct(wint_t wc);
+int iswspace(wint_t wc);
+int iswupper(wint_t wc);
+int iswxdigit(wint_t wc);
+int iswctype(wint_t wc, wctype_t desc);
+wctype_t wctype(const char* property);
+wint_t towlower(wint_t wc);
+wint_t towupper(wint_t wc);
+wint_t towctrans(wint_t wc, wctrans_t desc);
+wctrans_t wctrans(const char* property);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <wctype.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::wint_t;
+using ::wctrans_t;
+using ::wctype_t;
+
+#ifdef iswalnum
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswalnum(wint_t __wc) {return iswalnum(__wc);}
+#undef iswalnum
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswalnum(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswalnum(__wc);}
+#else  // iswalnum
+using ::iswalnum;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswalpha
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswalpha(wint_t __wc) {return iswalpha(__wc);}
+#undef iswalpha
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswalpha(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswalpha(__wc);}
+#else  // iswalpha
+using ::iswalpha;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswblank
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswblank(wint_t __wc) {return iswblank(__wc);}
+#undef iswblank
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswblank(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswblank(__wc);}
+#else  // iswblank
+using ::iswblank;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswcntrl
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswcntrl(wint_t __wc) {return iswcntrl(__wc);}
+#undef iswcntrl
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswcntrl(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswcntrl(__wc);}
+#else  // iswcntrl
+using ::iswcntrl;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswdigit
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswdigit(wint_t __wc) {return iswdigit(__wc);}
+#undef iswdigit
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswdigit(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswdigit(__wc);}
+#else  // iswdigit
+using ::iswdigit;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswgraph
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswgraph(wint_t __wc) {return iswgraph(__wc);}
+#undef iswgraph
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswgraph(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswgraph(__wc);}
+#else  // iswgraph
+using ::iswgraph;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswlower
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswlower(wint_t __wc) {return iswlower(__wc);}
+#undef iswlower
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswlower(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswlower(__wc);}
+#else  // iswlower
+using ::iswlower;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswprint
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswprint(wint_t __wc) {return iswprint(__wc);}
+#undef iswprint
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswprint(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswprint(__wc);}
+#else  // iswprint
+using ::iswprint;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswpunct
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswpunct(wint_t __wc) {return iswpunct(__wc);}
+#undef iswpunct
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswpunct(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswpunct(__wc);}
+#else  // iswpunct
+using ::iswpunct;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswspace
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswspace(wint_t __wc) {return iswspace(__wc);}
+#undef iswspace
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswspace(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswspace(__wc);}
+#else  // iswspace
+using ::iswspace;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswupper
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswupper(wint_t __wc) {return iswupper(__wc);}
+#undef iswupper
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswupper(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswupper(__wc);}
+#else  // iswupper
+using ::iswupper;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswxdigit
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswxdigit(wint_t __wc) {return iswxdigit(__wc);}
+#undef iswxdigit
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswxdigit(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_iswxdigit(__wc);}
+#else  // iswxdigit
+using ::iswxdigit;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iswctype
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int __libcpp_iswctype(wint_t __w, wctype_t __d) {return iswctype(__w, __d);}
+#undef iswctype
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int iswctype(wint_t __w, wctype_t __d) {return __libcpp_iswctype(__w, __d);}
+#else  // iswctype
+using ::iswctype;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef wctype
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wctype_t __libcpp_wctype(const char* __p) {return wctype(__p);}
+#undef wctype
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wctype_t wctype(const char* __p) {return __libcpp_wctype(__p);}
+#else  // wctype
+using ::wctype;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef towlower
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wint_t __libcpp_towlower(wint_t __wc) {return towlower(__wc);}
+#undef towlower
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wint_t towlower(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_towlower(__wc);}
+#else  // towlower
+using ::towlower;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef towupper
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wint_t __libcpp_towupper(wint_t __wc) {return towupper(__wc);}
+#undef towupper
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wint_t towupper(wint_t __wc) {return __libcpp_towupper(__wc);}
+#else  // towupper
+using ::towupper;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef towctrans
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wint_t __libcpp_towctrans(wint_t __wc, wctype_t __d) {return towctrans(__wc, __d);}
+#undef towctrans
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wint_t towctrans(wint_t __wc, wctype_t __d) {return __libcpp_towctrans(__wc, __d);}
+#else  // towctrans
+using ::towctrans;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef wctrans
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wctrans_t __libcpp_wctrans(const char* __p) {return wctrans(__p);}
+#undef wctrans
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY wctrans_t wctrans(const char* __p) {return __libcpp_wctrans(__p);}
+#else  // wctrans
+using ::wctrans;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_CWCTYPE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/deque b/system/include/libcxx/deque
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87cbe599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/deque
@@ -0,0 +1,2840 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- deque -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_DEQUE
+#define _LIBCPP_DEQUE
+
+/*
+    deque synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Allocator = allocator<T> >
+class deque
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef T value_type;
+    typedef Allocator allocator_type;
+
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    deque() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit deque(const allocator_type& a);
+    explicit deque(size_type n);
+    deque(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    deque(size_type n, const value_type& v, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        deque(InputIterator f, InputIterator l);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        deque(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, const allocator_type& a);
+    deque(const deque& c);
+    deque(deque&& c)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    deque(initializer_list<value_type> il, const Allocator& a = allocator_type());
+    deque(const deque& c, const allocator_type& a);
+    deque(deque&& c, const allocator_type& a);
+    ~deque();
+
+    deque& operator=(const deque& c);
+    deque& operator=(deque&& c)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    deque& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void assign(InputIterator f, InputIterator l);
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    // iterators:
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator       rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    void resize(size_type n);
+    void resize(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    void shrink_to_fit();
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+    // element access:
+    reference operator[](size_type i);
+    const_reference operator[](size_type i) const;
+    reference at(size_type i);
+    const_reference at(size_type i) const;
+    reference front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    void push_front(const value_type& v);
+    void push_front(value_type&& v);
+    void push_back(const value_type& v);
+    void push_back(value_type&& v);
+    template <class... Args> void emplace_front(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args> void emplace_back(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args> iterator emplace(const_iterator p, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator p, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator p, value_type&& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator p, size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert (const_iterator p, InputIterator f, InputIterator l);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator p, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    void pop_front();
+    void pop_back();
+    iterator erase(const_iterator p);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator f, const_iterator l);
+    void swap(deque& c)
+        noexcept(!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                 __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator==(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator< (const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator!=(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator> (const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator>=(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator<=(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    void swap(deque<T,Allocator>& x, deque<T,Allocator>& y)
+         noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__split_buffer>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator> class __deque_base;
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _Pointer, class _Reference, class _MapPointer,
+          class _DiffType, _DiffType _BlockSize>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __deque_iterator;
+
+template <class _RAIter,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+copy(_RAIter __f,
+     _RAIter __l,
+     __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+     typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+copy(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+     __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+     _OutputIterator __r);
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+copy(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+     __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+     __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r);
+
+template <class _RAIter,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+copy_backward(_RAIter __f,
+              _RAIter __l,
+              __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+              typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+copy_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+              __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+              _OutputIterator __r);
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+copy_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+              __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+              __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r);
+
+template <class _RAIter,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+move(_RAIter __f,
+     _RAIter __l,
+     __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+     typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+move(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+     __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+     _OutputIterator __r);
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+move(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+     __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+     __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r);
+
+template <class _RAIter,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+move_backward(_RAIter __f,
+              _RAIter __l,
+              __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+              typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+move_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+              __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+              _OutputIterator __r);
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+move_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+              __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+              __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r);
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _Pointer, class _Reference, class _MapPointer,
+          class _DiffType, _DiffType _BlockSize>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __deque_iterator
+{
+    typedef _MapPointer __map_iterator;
+public:
+    typedef _Pointer  pointer;
+    typedef _DiffType difference_type;
+private:
+    __map_iterator __m_iter_;
+    pointer        __ptr_;
+
+    static const difference_type __block_size = _BlockSize;
+public:
+    typedef _ValueType                  value_type;
+    typedef random_access_iterator_tag  iterator_category;
+    typedef _Reference                  reference;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    template <class _P, class _R, class _MP>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __deque_iterator(const __deque_iterator<value_type, _P, _R, _MP, difference_type, __block_size>& __it,
+                typename enable_if<is_convertible<_P, pointer>::value>::type* = 0) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __m_iter_(__it.__m_iter_), __ptr_(__it.__ptr_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator*() const {return *__ptr_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer operator->() const {return __ptr_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator& operator++()
+    {
+        if (++__ptr_ - *__m_iter_ == __block_size)
+        {
+            ++__m_iter_;
+            __ptr_ = *__m_iter_;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __deque_iterator __tmp = *this;
+        ++(*this);
+        return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator& operator--()
+    {
+        if (__ptr_ == *__m_iter_)
+        {
+            --__m_iter_;
+            __ptr_ = *__m_iter_ + __block_size;
+        }
+        --__ptr_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator operator--(int)
+    {
+        __deque_iterator __tmp = *this;
+        --(*this);
+        return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator& operator+=(difference_type __n)
+    {
+        if (__n != 0)
+        {
+            __n += __ptr_ - *__m_iter_;
+            if (__n > 0)
+            {
+                __m_iter_ += __n / __block_size;
+                __ptr_ = *__m_iter_ + __n % __block_size;
+            }
+            else // (__n < 0)
+            {
+                difference_type __z = __block_size - 1 - __n;
+                __m_iter_ -= __z / __block_size;
+                __ptr_ = *__m_iter_ + (__block_size - 1 - __z % __block_size);
+            }
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator& operator-=(difference_type __n)
+    {
+        return *this += -__n;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator operator+(difference_type __n) const
+    {
+        __deque_iterator __t(*this);
+        __t += __n;
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator operator-(difference_type __n) const
+    {
+        __deque_iterator __t(*this);
+        __t -= __n;
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    friend __deque_iterator operator+(difference_type __n, const __deque_iterator& __it)
+        {return __it + __n;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    friend difference_type operator-(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y)
+    {
+        if (__x != __y)
+            return (__x.__m_iter_ - __y.__m_iter_) * __block_size
+                 + (__x.__ptr_ - *__x.__m_iter_)
+                 - (__y.__ptr_ - *__y.__m_iter_);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator[](difference_type __n) const
+        {return *(*this + __n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend
+        bool operator==(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend
+        bool operator!=(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend
+        bool operator<(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__m_iter_ < __y.__m_iter_ ||
+               (__x.__m_iter_ == __y.__m_iter_ && __x.__ptr_ < __y.__ptr_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend
+        bool operator>(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y)
+        {return __y < __x;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend
+        bool operator<=(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__y < __x);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend
+        bool operator>=(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x < __y);}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __deque_iterator(__map_iterator __m, pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __m_iter_(__m), __ptr_(__p) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class _A> friend class __deque_base;
+    template <class _Tp, class _A> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE deque;
+    template <class _V, class _P, class _R, class _MP, class _D, _D>
+        friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __deque_iterator;
+
+    template <class _RAIter,
+              class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+    friend
+    __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+    copy(_RAIter __f,
+         _RAIter __l,
+         __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+         typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type*);
+
+    template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+              class _OutputIterator>
+    friend
+    _OutputIterator
+    copy(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+         __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+         _OutputIterator __r);
+
+    template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+              class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+    friend
+    __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+    copy(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+         __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+         __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r);
+
+    template <class _RAIter,
+              class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+    friend
+    __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+    copy_backward(_RAIter __f,
+                  _RAIter __l,
+                  __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+                  typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type*);
+
+    template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+              class _OutputIterator>
+    friend
+    _OutputIterator
+    copy_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+                  __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+                  _OutputIterator __r);
+
+    template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+              class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+    friend
+    __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+    copy_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+                  __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+                  __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r);
+
+    template <class _RAIter,
+              class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+    friend
+    __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+    move(_RAIter __f,
+         _RAIter __l,
+         __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+         typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type*);
+
+    template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+              class _OutputIterator>
+    friend
+    _OutputIterator
+    move(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+         __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+         _OutputIterator __r);
+
+    template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+              class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+    friend
+    __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+    move(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+         __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+         __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r);
+
+    template <class _RAIter,
+              class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+    friend
+    __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+    move_backward(_RAIter __f,
+                  _RAIter __l,
+                  __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+                  typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type*);
+
+    template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+              class _OutputIterator>
+    friend
+    _OutputIterator
+    move_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+                  __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+                  _OutputIterator __r);
+
+    template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+              class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+    friend
+    __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+    move_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+                  __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+                  __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r);
+};
+
+// copy
+
+template <class _RAIter,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+copy(_RAIter __f,
+     _RAIter __l,
+     __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+     typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>::pointer pointer;
+    while (__f != __l)
+    {
+        pointer __rb = __r.__ptr_;
+        pointer __re = *__r.__m_iter_ + _B2;
+        difference_type __bs = __re - __rb;
+        difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+        _RAIter __m = __l;
+        if (__n > __bs)
+        {
+            __n = __bs;
+            __m = __f + __n;
+        }
+        _VSTD::copy(__f, __m, __rb);
+        __f = __m;
+        __r += __n;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+copy(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+     __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+     _OutputIterator __r)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::pointer pointer;
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        pointer __fb = __f.__ptr_;
+        pointer __fe = *__f.__m_iter_ + _B1;
+        difference_type __bs = __fe - __fb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __fe = __fb + __bs;
+        }
+        __r = _VSTD::copy(__fb, __fe, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __f += __bs;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+copy(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+     __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+     __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::pointer pointer;
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        pointer __fb = __f.__ptr_;
+        pointer __fe = *__f.__m_iter_ + _B1;
+        difference_type __bs = __fe - __fb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __fe = __fb + __bs;
+        }
+        __r = _VSTD::copy(__fb, __fe, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __f += __bs;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// copy_backward
+
+template <class _RAIter,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+copy_backward(_RAIter __f,
+              _RAIter __l,
+              __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+              typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>::pointer pointer;
+    while (__f != __l)
+    {
+        __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __rp = _VSTD::prev(__r);
+        pointer __rb = *__rp.__m_iter_;
+        pointer __re = __rp.__ptr_ + 1;
+        difference_type __bs = __re - __rb;
+        difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+        _RAIter __m = __f;
+        if (__n > __bs)
+        {
+            __n = __bs;
+            __m = __l - __n;
+        }
+        _VSTD::copy_backward(__m, __l, __re);
+        __l = __m;
+        __r -= __n;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+copy_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+              __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+              _OutputIterator __r)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::pointer pointer;
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        --__l;
+        pointer __lb = *__l.__m_iter_;
+        pointer __le = __l.__ptr_ + 1;
+        difference_type __bs = __le - __lb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __lb = __le - __bs;
+        }
+        __r = _VSTD::copy_backward(__lb, __le, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __l -= __bs - 1;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+copy_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+              __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+              __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::pointer pointer;
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        --__l;
+        pointer __lb = *__l.__m_iter_;
+        pointer __le = __l.__ptr_ + 1;
+        difference_type __bs = __le - __lb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __lb = __le - __bs;
+        }
+        __r = _VSTD::copy_backward(__lb, __le, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __l -= __bs - 1;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// move
+
+template <class _RAIter,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+move(_RAIter __f,
+     _RAIter __l,
+     __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+     typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>::pointer pointer;
+    while (__f != __l)
+    {
+        pointer __rb = __r.__ptr_;
+        pointer __re = *__r.__m_iter_ + _B2;
+        difference_type __bs = __re - __rb;
+        difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+        _RAIter __m = __l;
+        if (__n > __bs)
+        {
+            __n = __bs;
+            __m = __f + __n;
+        }
+        _VSTD::move(__f, __m, __rb);
+        __f = __m;
+        __r += __n;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+move(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+     __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+     _OutputIterator __r)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::pointer pointer;
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        pointer __fb = __f.__ptr_;
+        pointer __fe = *__f.__m_iter_ + _B1;
+        difference_type __bs = __fe - __fb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __fe = __fb + __bs;
+        }
+        __r = _VSTD::move(__fb, __fe, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __f += __bs;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+move(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+     __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+     __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::pointer pointer;
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        pointer __fb = __f.__ptr_;
+        pointer __fe = *__f.__m_iter_ + _B1;
+        difference_type __bs = __fe - __fb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __fe = __fb + __bs;
+        }
+        __r = _VSTD::move(__fb, __fe, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __f += __bs;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// move_backward
+
+template <class _RAIter,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+move_backward(_RAIter __f,
+              _RAIter __l,
+              __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r,
+              typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>::pointer pointer;
+    while (__f != __l)
+    {
+        __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __rp = _VSTD::prev(__r);
+        pointer __rb = *__rp.__m_iter_;
+        pointer __re = __rp.__ptr_ + 1;
+        difference_type __bs = __re - __rb;
+        difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+        _RAIter __m = __f;
+        if (__n > __bs)
+        {
+            __n = __bs;
+            __m = __l - __n;
+        }
+        _VSTD::move_backward(__m, __l, __re);
+        __l = __m;
+        __r -= __n;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+move_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+              __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+              _OutputIterator __r)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::pointer pointer;
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        --__l;
+        pointer __lb = *__l.__m_iter_;
+        pointer __le = __l.__ptr_ + 1;
+        difference_type __bs = __le - __lb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __lb = __le - __bs;
+        }
+        __r = _VSTD::move_backward(__lb, __le, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __l -= __bs - 1;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _V1, class _P1, class _R1, class _M1, class _D1, _D1 _B1,
+          class _V2, class _P2, class _R2, class _M2, class _D2, _D2 _B2>
+__deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2>
+move_backward(__deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __f,
+              __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1> __l,
+              __deque_iterator<_V2, _P2, _R2, _M2, _D2, _B2> __r)
+{
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __deque_iterator<_V1, _P1, _R1, _M1, _D1, _B1>::pointer pointer;
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        --__l;
+        pointer __lb = *__l.__m_iter_;
+        pointer __le = __l.__ptr_ + 1;
+        difference_type __bs = __le - __lb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __lb = __le - __bs;
+        }
+        __r = _VSTD::move_backward(__lb, __le, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __l -= __bs - 1;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <bool>
+class __deque_base_common
+{
+protected:
+    void __throw_length_error() const;
+    void __throw_out_of_range() const;
+};
+
+template <bool __b>
+void
+__deque_base_common<__b>::__throw_length_error() const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw length_error("deque");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <bool __b>
+void
+__deque_base_common<__b>::__throw_out_of_range() const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw out_of_range("deque");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+class __deque_base
+    : protected __deque_base_common<true>
+{
+    __deque_base(const __deque_base& __c);
+    __deque_base& operator=(const __deque_base& __c);
+protected:
+    typedef _Tp                                      value_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                               allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>         __alloc_traits;
+    typedef value_type&                              reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                        const_reference;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+
+    static const difference_type __block_size = sizeof(value_type) < 256 ? 4096 / sizeof(value_type) : 16;
+
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                rebind_alloc<pointer>
+#else
+                rebind_alloc<pointer>::other
+#endif
+                                                         __pointer_allocator;
+    typedef allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>        __map_traits;
+    typedef typename __map_traits::pointer               __map_pointer;
+    typedef typename __map_traits::const_pointer         __map_const_pointer;
+    typedef __split_buffer<pointer, __pointer_allocator> __map;
+
+    typedef __deque_iterator<value_type, pointer, reference, __map_pointer,
+                             difference_type, __block_size>    iterator;
+    typedef __deque_iterator<value_type, const_pointer, const_reference, __map_const_pointer,
+                             difference_type, __block_size>    const_iterator;
+
+    __map __map_;
+    size_type __start_;
+    __compressed_pair<size_type, allocator_type> __size_;
+
+    iterator       begin() _NOEXCEPT;
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    iterator       end() _NOEXCEPT;
+    const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type&            size()          {return __size_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const size_type& size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __size_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY allocator_type&       __alloc()       {return __size_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const allocator_type& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT {return __size_.second();}
+
+    __deque_base()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit __deque_base(const allocator_type& __a);
+public:
+    ~__deque_base();
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    __deque_base(__deque_base&& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    __deque_base(__deque_base&& __c, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void swap(__deque_base& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+protected:
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    bool __invariants() const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign(__deque_base& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+    {
+        __map_ = _VSTD::move(__c.__map_);
+        __start_ = __c.__start_;
+        size() = __c.size();
+        __move_assign_alloc(__c);
+        __c.__start_ = __c.size() = 0;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__deque_base& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {__move_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__deque_base& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+            __alloc() = _VSTD::move(__c.__alloc());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__deque_base& __c, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(allocator_type& __x, allocator_type& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {__swap_alloc(__x, __y, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(allocator_type& __x, allocator_type& __y, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+            using _VSTD::swap;
+            swap(__x, __y);
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(allocator_type& __x, allocator_type& __y, false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+bool
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::__invariants() const
+{
+    if (!__map_.__invariants())
+        return false;
+    if (__map_.size() >= size_type(-1) / __block_size)
+        return false;
+    for (typename __map::const_iterator __i = __map_.begin(), __e = __map_.end();
+         __i != __e; ++__i)
+        if (*__i == nullptr)
+            return false;
+    if (__map_.size() != 0)
+    {
+        if (size() >= __map_.size() * __block_size)
+            return false;
+        if (__start_ >= __map_.size() * __block_size - size())
+            return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (size() != 0)
+            return false;
+        if (__start_ != 0)
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename __deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::begin() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __map_pointer __mp = __map_.begin() + __start_ / __block_size;
+    return iterator(__mp, __map_.empty() ? 0 : *__mp + __start_ % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename __deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::begin() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __map_const_pointer __mp = __map_.begin() + __start_ / __block_size;
+    return const_iterator(__mp, __map_.empty() ? 0 : *__mp + __start_ % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename __deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::end() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_type __p = size() + __start_;
+    __map_pointer __mp = __map_.begin() + __p / __block_size;
+    return iterator(__mp, __map_.empty() ? 0 : *__mp + __p % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename __deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::end() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_type __p = size() + __start_;
+    __map_const_pointer __mp = __map_.begin() + __p / __block_size;
+    return const_iterator(__mp, __map_.empty() ? 0 : *__mp + __p % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::__deque_base()
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __start_(0), __size_(0) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::__deque_base(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __map_(__pointer_allocator(__a)), __start_(0), __size_(0, __a) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::~__deque_base()
+{
+    clear();
+    typename __map::iterator __i = __map_.begin();
+    typename __map::iterator __e = __map_.end();
+    for (; __i != __e; ++__i)
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), *__i, __block_size);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::__deque_base(__deque_base&& __c)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __map_(_VSTD::move(__c.__map_)),
+      __start_(_VSTD::move(__c.__start_)),
+      __size_(_VSTD::move(__c.__size_))
+{
+    __c.__start_ = 0;
+    __c.size() = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::__deque_base(__deque_base&& __c, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __map_(_VSTD::move(__c.__map_), __pointer_allocator(__a)),
+      __start_(_VSTD::move(__c.__start_)),
+      __size_(_VSTD::move(__c.size()), __a)
+{
+    if (__a == __c.__alloc())
+    {
+        __c.__start_ = 0;
+        __c.size() = 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __map_.clear();
+        __start_ = 0;
+        size() = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::swap(__deque_base& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    __map_.swap(__c.__map_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__start_, __c.__start_);
+    _VSTD::swap(size(), __c.size());
+    __swap_alloc(__alloc(), __c.__alloc());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+__deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::clear() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+    for (iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+        __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__i));
+    size() = 0;
+    while (__map_.size() > 2)
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __map_.front(), __block_size);
+        __map_.pop_front();
+    }
+    switch (__map_.size())
+    {
+    case 1:
+        __start_ = __block_size / 2;
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        __start_ = __block_size;
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator = allocator<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE deque
+    : private __deque_base<_Tp, _Allocator>
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+    typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+
+    typedef __deque_base<value_type, allocator_type> __base;
+
+    typedef typename __base::__alloc_traits        __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __base::reference             reference;
+    typedef typename __base::const_reference       const_reference;
+    typedef typename __base::iterator              iterator;
+    typedef typename __base::const_iterator        const_iterator;
+    typedef typename __base::size_type             size_type;
+    typedef typename __base::difference_type       difference_type;
+
+    typedef typename __base::pointer               pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::const_pointer         const_pointer;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>       reverse_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    deque()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+        {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY deque(const allocator_type& __a) : __base(__a) {}
+    explicit deque(size_type __n);
+    deque(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+    deque(size_type __n, const value_type& __v, const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIter>
+        deque(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+              typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _InputIter>
+        deque(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const allocator_type& __a,
+              typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+    deque(const deque& __c);
+    deque(const deque& __c, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    deque(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    deque(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    deque& operator=(const deque& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    deque& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {assign(__il); return *this;}
+#endif   // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    deque(deque&& __c) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value);
+    deque(deque&& __c, const allocator_type& __a);
+    deque& operator=(deque&& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    template <class _InputIter>
+        void assign(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                    typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value &&
+                                      !__is_random_access_iterator<_InputIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _RAIter>
+        void assign(_RAIter __f, _RAIter __l,
+                    typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+    void assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    // iterators:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin() _NOEXCEPT       {return __base::begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __base::begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end() _NOEXCEPT         {return __base::end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()   const _NOEXCEPT {return __base::end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return       reverse_iterator(__base::end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(__base::end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator       rend() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return       reverse_iterator(__base::begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(__base::begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __base::begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator         cend()    const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __base::end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(__base::end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(__base::begin());}
+
+    // capacity:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __base::size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __alloc_traits::max_size(__base::__alloc());}
+    void resize(size_type __n);
+    void resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+    void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __base::size() == 0;}
+
+    // element access:
+    reference operator[](size_type __i);
+    const_reference operator[](size_type __i) const;
+    reference at(size_type __i);
+    const_reference at(size_type __i) const;
+    reference front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    // 23.2.2.3 modifiers:
+    void push_front(const value_type& __v);
+    void push_back(const value_type& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args> void emplace_front(_Args&&... __args);
+    template <class... _Args> void emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+    template <class... _Args> iterator emplace(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    void push_front(value_type&& __v);
+    void push_back(value_type&& __v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+    template <class _InputIter>
+        iterator insert (const_iterator __p, _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                         typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value
+                                         &&!__is_bidirectional_iterator<_InputIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _BiIter>
+        iterator insert (const_iterator __p, _BiIter __f, _BiIter __l,
+                         typename enable_if<__is_bidirectional_iterator<_BiIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {return insert(__p, __il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    void pop_front();
+    void pop_back();
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+
+    void swap(deque& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool __invariants() const {return __base::__invariants();}
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_type __recommend_blocks(size_type __n)
+    {
+        return __n / __base::__block_size + (__n % __base::__block_size != 0);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type __capacity() const
+    {
+        return __base::__map_.size() == 0 ? 0 : __base::__map_.size() * __base::__block_size - 1;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type __front_spare() const
+    {
+        return __base::__start_;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type __back_spare() const
+    {
+        return __capacity() - (__base::__start_ + __base::size());
+    }
+
+    template <class _InpIter>
+        void __append(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l,
+                 typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value &&
+                                   !__is_forward_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _ForIter>
+        void __append(_ForIter __f, _ForIter __l,
+                      typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+    void __append(size_type __n);
+    void __append(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+    void __erase_to_end(const_iterator __f);
+    void __add_front_capacity();
+    void __add_front_capacity(size_type __n);
+    void __add_back_capacity();
+    void __add_back_capacity(size_type __n);
+    iterator __move_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r,
+                              const_pointer& __vt);
+    iterator __move_backward_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r,
+                                       const_pointer& __vt);
+    void __move_construct_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l,
+                                    iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt);
+    void __move_construct_backward_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l,
+                                             iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const deque& __c)
+        {__copy_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const deque& __c, true_type)
+        {
+            if (__base::__alloc() != __c.__alloc())
+            {
+                clear();
+                shrink_to_fit();
+            }
+            __base::__alloc() = __c.__alloc();
+            __base::__map_.__alloc() = __c.__map_.__alloc();
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const deque& __c, false_type)
+        {}
+
+    void __move_assign(deque& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    void __move_assign(deque& __c, false_type);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+        __append(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(size_type __n, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+        __append(__n, __v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(size_type __n, const value_type& __v, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+        __append(__n, __v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+              typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    __append(__f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const allocator_type& __a,
+              typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value>::type*)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+    __append(__f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(const deque& __c)
+    : __base(__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__c.__alloc()))
+{
+    __append(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(const deque& __c, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+    __append(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    __append(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+    __append(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>&
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(const deque& __c)
+{
+    if (this != &__c)
+    {
+        __copy_assign_alloc(__c);
+        assign(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(deque&& __c)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value)
+    : __base(_VSTD::move(__c))
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(deque&& __c, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __base(_VSTD::move(__c), __a)
+{
+    if (__a != __c.__alloc())
+    {
+        typedef move_iterator<iterator> _I;
+        assign(_I(__c.begin()), _I(__c.end()));
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>&
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(deque&& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    __move_assign(__c, integral_constant<bool,
+          __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_assign(deque& __c, false_type)
+{
+    if (__base::__alloc() != __c.__alloc())
+    {
+        typedef move_iterator<iterator> _I;
+        assign(_I(__c.begin()), _I(__c.end()));
+    }
+    else
+        __move_assign(__c, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_assign(deque& __c, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    clear();
+    shrink_to_fit();
+    __base::__move_assign(__c);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                               typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value &&
+                                                 !__is_random_access_iterator<_InputIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    iterator __i = __base::begin();
+    iterator __e = __base::end();
+    for (; __f != __l && __i != __e; ++__f, ++__i)
+        *__i = *__f;
+    if (__f != __l)
+        __append(__f, __l);
+    else
+        __erase_to_end(__i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _RAIter>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(_RAIter __f, _RAIter __l,
+                               typename enable_if<__is_random_access_iterator<_RAIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    if (static_cast<size_type>(__l - __f) > __base::size())
+    {
+        _RAIter __m = __f + __base::size();
+        _VSTD::copy(__f, __m, __base::begin());
+        __append(__m, __l);
+    }
+    else
+        __erase_to_end(_VSTD::copy(__f, __l, __base::begin()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    if (__n > __base::size())
+    {
+        _VSTD::fill_n(__base::begin(), __base::size(), __v);
+        __n -= __base::size();
+        __append(__n, __v);
+    }
+    else
+        __erase_to_end(_VSTD::fill_n(__base::begin(), __n, __v));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Allocator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __base::__alloc();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n > __base::size())
+        __append(__n - __base::size());
+    else if (__n < __base::size())
+        __erase_to_end(__base::begin() + __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    if (__n > __base::size())
+        __append(__n - __base::size(), __v);
+    else if (__n < __base::size())
+        __erase_to_end(__base::begin() + __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (empty())
+    {
+        while (__base::__map_.size() > 0)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.back(), __base::__block_size);
+            __base::__map_.pop_back();
+        }
+        __base::__start_ = 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (__front_spare() >= __base::__block_size)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.front(), __base::__block_size);
+            __base::__map_.pop_front();
+            __base::__start_ -= __base::__block_size;
+        }
+        if (__back_spare() >= __base::__block_size)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.back(), __base::__block_size);
+            __base::__map_.pop_back();
+        }
+    }
+    __base::__map_.shrink_to_fit();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __i)
+{
+    size_type __p = __base::__start_ + __i;
+    return *(*(__base::__map_.begin() + __p / __base::__block_size) + __p % __base::__block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __i) const
+{
+    size_type __p = __base::__start_ + __i;
+    return *(*(__base::__map_.begin() + __p / __base::__block_size) + __p % __base::__block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::at(size_type __i)
+{
+    if (__i >= __base::size())
+        __base::__throw_out_of_range();
+    size_type __p = __base::__start_ + __i;
+    return *(*(__base::__map_.begin() + __p / __base::__block_size) + __p % __base::__block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::at(size_type __i) const
+{
+    if (__i >= __base::size())
+        __base::__throw_out_of_range();
+    size_type __p = __base::__start_ + __i;
+    return *(*(__base::__map_.begin() + __p / __base::__block_size) + __p % __base::__block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::front()
+{
+    return *(*(__base::__map_.begin() + __base::__start_ / __base::__block_size)
+                                      + __base::__start_ % __base::__block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::front() const
+{
+    return *(*(__base::__map_.begin() + __base::__start_ / __base::__block_size)
+                                      + __base::__start_ % __base::__block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::back()
+{
+    size_type __p = __base::size() + __base::__start_ - 1;
+    return *(*(__base::__map_.begin() + __p / __base::__block_size) + __p % __base::__block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::back() const
+{
+    size_type __p = __base::size() + __base::__start_ - 1;
+    return *(*(__base::__map_.begin() + __p / __base::__block_size) + __p % __base::__block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(const value_type& __v)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__back_spare() == 0)
+        __add_back_capacity();
+    // __back_spare() >= 1
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__base::end()), __v);
+    ++__base::size();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(value_type&& __v)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__back_spare() == 0)
+        __add_back_capacity();
+    // __back_spare() >= 1
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__base::end()), _VSTD::move(__v));
+    ++__base::size();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace_back(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__back_spare() == 0)
+        __add_back_capacity();
+    // __back_spare() >= 1
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__base::end()), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    ++__base::size();
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_front(const value_type& __v)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__front_spare() == 0)
+        __add_front_capacity();
+    // __front_spare() >= 1
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__base::begin()), __v);
+    --__base::__start_;
+    ++__base::size();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_front(value_type&& __v)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__front_spare() == 0)
+        __add_front_capacity();
+    // __front_spare() >= 1
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__base::begin()), _VSTD::move(__v));
+    --__base::__start_;
+    ++__base::size();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace_front(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__front_spare() == 0)
+        __add_front_capacity();
+    // __front_spare() >= 1
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__base::begin()), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    --__base::__start_;
+    ++__base::size();
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    size_type __pos = __p - __base::begin();
+    size_type __to_end = __base::size() - __pos;
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__pos < __to_end)
+    {   // insert by shifting things backward
+        if (__front_spare() == 0)
+            __add_front_capacity();
+        // __front_spare() >= 1
+        if (__pos == 0)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__base::begin()), __v);
+            --__base::__start_;
+            ++__base::size();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const_pointer __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__v);
+            iterator __b = __base::begin();
+            iterator __bm1 = _VSTD::prev(__b);
+            if (__vt == pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(*__b))
+                __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(*__bm1);
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__bm1), _VSTD::move(*__b));
+            --__base::__start_;
+            ++__base::size();
+            if (__pos > 1)
+                __b = __move_and_check(_VSTD::next(__b), __b + __pos, __b, __vt);
+            *__b = *__vt;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {   // insert by shifting things forward
+        if (__back_spare() == 0)
+            __add_back_capacity();
+        // __back_capacity >= 1
+        size_type __de = __base::size() - __pos;
+        if (__de == 0)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__base::end()), __v);
+            ++__base::size();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const_pointer __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__v);
+            iterator __e = __base::end();
+            iterator __em1 = _VSTD::prev(__e);
+            if (__vt == pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(*__em1))
+                __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(*__e);
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__e), _VSTD::move(*__em1));
+            ++__base::size();
+            if (__de > 1)
+                __e = __move_backward_and_check(__e - __de, __em1, __e, __vt);
+            *--__e = *__vt;
+        }
+    }
+    return __base::begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v)
+{
+    size_type __pos = __p - __base::begin();
+    size_type __to_end = __base::size() - __pos;
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__pos < __to_end)
+    {   // insert by shifting things backward
+        if (__front_spare() == 0)
+            __add_front_capacity();
+        // __front_spare() >= 1
+        if (__pos == 0)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__base::begin()), _VSTD::move(__v));
+            --__base::__start_;
+            ++__base::size();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            iterator __b = __base::begin();
+            iterator __bm1 = _VSTD::prev(__b);
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__bm1), _VSTD::move(*__b));
+            --__base::__start_;
+            ++__base::size();
+            if (__pos > 1)
+                __b = _VSTD::move(_VSTD::next(__b), __b + __pos, __b);
+            *__b = _VSTD::move(__v);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {   // insert by shifting things forward
+        if (__back_spare() == 0)
+            __add_back_capacity();
+        // __back_capacity >= 1
+        size_type __de = __base::size() - __pos;
+        if (__de == 0)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__base::end()), _VSTD::move(__v));
+            ++__base::size();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            iterator __e = __base::end();
+            iterator __em1 = _VSTD::prev(__e);
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__e), _VSTD::move(*__em1));
+            ++__base::size();
+            if (__de > 1)
+                __e = _VSTD::move_backward(__e - __de, __em1, __e);
+            *--__e = _VSTD::move(__v);
+        }
+    }
+    return __base::begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    size_type __pos = __p - __base::begin();
+    size_type __to_end = __base::size() - __pos;
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__pos < __to_end)
+    {   // insert by shifting things backward
+        if (__front_spare() == 0)
+            __add_front_capacity();
+        // __front_spare() >= 1
+        if (__pos == 0)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__base::begin()), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+            --__base::__start_;
+            ++__base::size();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            iterator __b = __base::begin();
+            iterator __bm1 = _VSTD::prev(__b);
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__bm1), _VSTD::move(*__b));
+            --__base::__start_;
+            ++__base::size();
+            if (__pos > 1)
+                __b = _VSTD::move(_VSTD::next(__b), __b + __pos, __b);
+            *__b = value_type(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {   // insert by shifting things forward
+        if (__back_spare() == 0)
+            __add_back_capacity();
+        // __back_capacity >= 1
+        size_type __de = __base::size() - __pos;
+        if (__de == 0)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__base::end()), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+            ++__base::size();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            iterator __e = __base::end();
+            iterator __em1 = _VSTD::prev(__e);
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__e), _VSTD::move(*__em1));
+            ++__base::size();
+            if (__de > 1)
+                __e = _VSTD::move_backward(__e - __de, __em1, __e);
+            *--__e = value_type(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        }
+    }
+    return __base::begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    size_type __pos = __p - __base::begin();
+    size_type __to_end = __base::size() - __pos;
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__pos < __to_end)
+    {   // insert by shifting things backward
+        if (__n > __front_spare())
+            __add_front_capacity(__n - __front_spare());
+        // __n <= __front_spare()
+        size_type __old_n = __n;
+        iterator __old_begin = __base::begin();
+        iterator __i = __old_begin;
+        if (__n > __pos)
+        {
+            for (size_type __m = __n - __pos; __m; --__m, --__base::__start_, ++__base::size())
+                __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__i), __v);
+            __n = __pos;
+        }
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            const_pointer __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__v);
+            iterator __obn = __old_begin + __n;
+            __move_construct_backward_and_check(__old_begin, __obn, __i, __vt);
+            if (__n < __pos)
+                __old_begin = __move_and_check(__obn, __old_begin + __pos, __old_begin, __vt);
+            _VSTD::fill_n(__old_begin, __n, *__vt);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {   // insert by shifting things forward
+        size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+        if (__n > __back_capacity)
+            __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+        // __n <= __back_capacity
+        size_type __old_n = __n;
+        iterator __old_end = __base::end();
+        iterator __i = __old_end;
+        size_type __de = __base::size() - __pos;
+        if (__n > __de)
+        {
+            for (size_type __m = __n - __de; __m; --__m, ++__i, ++__base::size())
+                __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__i), __v);
+            __n = __de;
+        }
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            const_pointer __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__v);
+            iterator __oen = __old_end - __n;
+            __move_construct_and_check(__oen, __old_end, __i, __vt);
+            if (__n < __de)
+                __old_end = __move_backward_and_check(__old_end - __de, __oen, __old_end, __vt);
+            _VSTD::fill_n(__old_end - __n, __n, *__vt);
+        }
+    }
+    return __base::begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                               typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InputIter>::value
+                                               &&!__is_bidirectional_iterator<_InputIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __buf(__base::__alloc());
+    __buf.__construct_at_end(__f, __l);
+    typedef typename __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>::iterator __bi;
+    return insert(__p, move_iterator<__bi>(__buf.begin()), move_iterator<__bi>(__buf.end()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _BiIter>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, _BiIter __f, _BiIter __l,
+                               typename enable_if<__is_bidirectional_iterator<_BiIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    size_type __n = _VSTD::distance(__f, __l);
+    size_type __pos = __p - __base::begin();
+    size_type __to_end = __base::size() - __pos;
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__pos < __to_end)
+    {   // insert by shifting things backward
+        if (__n > __front_spare())
+            __add_front_capacity(__n - __front_spare());
+        // __n <= __front_spare()
+        size_type __old_n = __n;
+        iterator __old_begin = __base::begin();
+        iterator __i = __old_begin;
+        _BiIter __m = __f;
+        if (__n > __pos)
+        {
+            __m = __pos < __n / 2 ? _VSTD::prev(__l, __pos) : _VSTD::next(__f, __n - __pos);
+            for (_BiIter __j = __m; __j != __f; --__base::__start_, ++__base::size())
+                __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__i), *--__j);
+            __n = __pos;
+        }
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            iterator __obn = __old_begin + __n;
+            for (iterator __j = __obn; __j != __old_begin;)
+            {
+                __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__i), _VSTD::move(*--__j));
+                --__base::__start_;
+                ++__base::size();
+            }
+            if (__n < __pos)
+                __old_begin = _VSTD::move(__obn, __old_begin + __pos, __old_begin);
+            _VSTD::copy(__m, __l, __old_begin);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {   // insert by shifting things forward
+        size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+        if (__n > __back_capacity)
+            __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+        // __n <= __back_capacity
+        size_type __old_n = __n;
+        iterator __old_end = __base::end();
+        iterator __i = __old_end;
+        _BiIter __m = __l;
+        size_type __de = __base::size() - __pos;
+        if (__n > __de)
+        {
+            __m = __de < __n / 2 ? _VSTD::next(__f, __de) : _VSTD::prev(__l, __n - __de);
+            for (_BiIter __j = __m; __j != __l; ++__i, ++__j, ++__base::size())
+                __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__i), *__j);
+            __n = __de;
+        }
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            iterator __oen = __old_end - __n;
+            for (iterator __j = __oen; __j != __old_end; ++__i, ++__j, ++__base::size())
+                __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__i), _VSTD::move(*__j));
+            if (__n < __de)
+                __old_end = _VSTD::move_backward(__old_end - __de, __oen, __old_end);
+            _VSTD::copy_backward(__f, __m, __old_end);
+        }
+    }
+    return __base::begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InpIter>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l,
+                                 typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value &&
+                                                   !__is_forward_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    for (; __f != __l; ++__f)
+        push_back(*__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForIter>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(_ForIter __f, _ForIter __l,
+                                 typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    size_type __n = _VSTD::distance(__f, __l);
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+    if (__n > __back_capacity)
+        __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+    // __n <= __back_capacity
+    for (iterator __i = __base::end(); __f != __l; ++__i, ++__f, ++__base::size())
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__i), *__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(size_type __n)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+    if (__n > __back_capacity)
+        __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+    // __n <= __back_capacity
+    for (iterator __i = __base::end(); __n; --__n, ++__i, ++__base::size())
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__i));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(size_type __n, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+    if (__n > __back_capacity)
+        __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+    // __n <= __back_capacity
+    for (iterator __i = __base::end(); __n; --__n, ++__i, ++__base::size())
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__i), __v);
+}
+
+// Create front capacity for one block of elements.
+// Strong guarantee.  Either do it or don't touch anything.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__add_front_capacity()
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__back_spare() >= __base::__block_size)
+    {
+        __base::__start_ += __base::__block_size;
+        pointer __pt = __base::__map_.back();
+        __base::__map_.pop_back();
+        __base::__map_.push_front(__pt);
+    }
+    // Else if __base::__map_.size() < __base::__map_.capacity() then we need to allocate 1 buffer
+    else if (__base::__map_.size() < __base::__map_.capacity())
+    {   // we can put the new buffer into the map, but don't shift things around
+        // until all buffers are allocated.  If we throw, we don't need to fix
+        // anything up (any added buffers are undetectible)
+        if (__base::__map_.__front_spare() > 0)
+            __base::__map_.push_front(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+        else
+        {
+            __base::__map_.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+            // Done allocating, reorder capacity
+            pointer __pt = __base::__map_.back();
+            __base::__map_.pop_back();
+            __base::__map_.push_front(__pt);
+        }
+        __base::__start_ = __base::__map_.size() == 1 ?
+                               __base::__block_size / 2 :
+                               __base::__start_ + __base::__block_size;
+    }
+    // Else need to allocate 1 buffer, *and* we need to reallocate __map_.
+    else
+    {
+        __split_buffer<pointer, typename __base::__pointer_allocator&>
+            __buf(max<size_type>(2 * __base::__map_.capacity(), 1),
+                  0, __base::__map_.__alloc());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __buf.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __buf.front(), __base::__block_size);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        for (typename __base::__map_pointer __i = __base::__map_.begin();
+                __i != __base::__map_.end(); ++__i)
+            __buf.push_back(*__i);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__first_, __buf.__first_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__begin_, __buf.__begin_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__end_, __buf.__end_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__end_cap(), __buf.__end_cap());
+        __base::__start_ = __base::__map_.size() == 1 ?
+                               __base::__block_size / 2 :
+                               __base::__start_ + __base::__block_size;
+    }
+}
+
+// Create front capacity for __n elements.
+// Strong guarantee.  Either do it or don't touch anything.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__add_front_capacity(size_type __n)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    size_type __nb = __recommend_blocks(__n + __base::__map_.empty());
+    // Number of unused blocks at back:
+    size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare() / __base::__block_size;
+    __back_capacity = _VSTD::min(__back_capacity, __nb);  // don't take more than you need
+    __nb -= __back_capacity;  // number of blocks need to allocate
+    // If __nb == 0, then we have sufficient capacity.
+    if (__nb == 0)
+    {
+        __base::__start_ += __base::__block_size * __back_capacity;
+        for (; __back_capacity > 0; --__back_capacity)
+        {
+            pointer __pt = __base::__map_.back();
+            __base::__map_.pop_back();
+            __base::__map_.push_front(__pt);
+        }
+    }
+    // Else if __nb <= __map_.capacity() - __map_.size() then we need to allocate __nb buffers
+    else if (__nb <= __base::__map_.capacity() - __base::__map_.size())
+    {   // we can put the new buffers into the map, but don't shift things around
+        // until all buffers are allocated.  If we throw, we don't need to fix
+        // anything up (any added buffers are undetectible)
+        for (; __nb > 0; --__nb, __base::__start_ += __base::__block_size - (__base::__map_.size() == 1))
+        {
+            if (__base::__map_.__front_spare() == 0)
+                break;
+            __base::__map_.push_front(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+        }
+        for (; __nb > 0; --__nb, ++__back_capacity)
+            __base::__map_.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+        // Done allocating, reorder capacity
+        __base::__start_ += __back_capacity * __base::__block_size;
+        for (; __back_capacity > 0; --__back_capacity)
+        {
+            pointer __pt = __base::__map_.back();
+            __base::__map_.pop_back();
+            __base::__map_.push_front(__pt);
+        }
+    }
+    // Else need to allocate __nb buffers, *and* we need to reallocate __map_.
+    else
+    {
+        size_type __ds = (__nb + __back_capacity) * __base::__block_size - __base::__map_.empty();
+        __split_buffer<pointer, typename __base::__pointer_allocator&>
+            __buf(max<size_type>(2* __base::__map_.capacity(),
+                                 __nb + __base::__map_.size()),
+                  0, __base::__map_.__alloc());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (; __nb > 0; --__nb)
+                __buf.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            for (typename __base::__map_pointer __i = __buf.begin();
+                    __i != __buf.end(); ++__i)
+                __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, *__i, __base::__block_size);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        for (; __back_capacity > 0; --__back_capacity)
+        {
+            __buf.push_back(__base::__map_.back());
+            __base::__map_.pop_back();
+        }
+        for (typename __base::__map_pointer __i = __base::__map_.begin();
+                __i != __base::__map_.end(); ++__i)
+            __buf.push_back(*__i);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__first_, __buf.__first_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__begin_, __buf.__begin_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__end_, __buf.__end_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__end_cap(), __buf.__end_cap());
+        __base::__start_ += __ds;
+    }
+}
+
+// Create back capacity for one block of elements.
+// Strong guarantee.  Either do it or don't touch anything.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__add_back_capacity()
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__front_spare() >= __base::__block_size)
+    {
+        __base::__start_ -= __base::__block_size;
+        pointer __pt = __base::__map_.front();
+        __base::__map_.pop_front();
+        __base::__map_.push_back(__pt);
+    }
+    // Else if __nb <= __map_.capacity() - __map_.size() then we need to allocate __nb buffers
+    else if (__base::__map_.size() < __base::__map_.capacity())
+    {   // we can put the new buffer into the map, but don't shift things around
+        // until it is allocated.  If we throw, we don't need to fix
+        // anything up (any added buffers are undetectible)
+        if (__base::__map_.__back_spare() != 0)
+            __base::__map_.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+        else
+        {
+            __base::__map_.push_front(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+            // Done allocating, reorder capacity
+            pointer __pt = __base::__map_.front();
+            __base::__map_.pop_front();
+            __base::__map_.push_back(__pt);
+        }
+    }
+    // Else need to allocate 1 buffer, *and* we need to reallocate __map_.
+    else
+    {
+        __split_buffer<pointer, typename __base::__pointer_allocator&>
+            __buf(max<size_type>(2* __base::__map_.capacity(), 1),
+                  __base::__map_.size(),
+                  __base::__map_.__alloc());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __buf.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __buf.back(), __base::__block_size);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        for (typename __base::__map_pointer __i = __base::__map_.end();
+                __i != __base::__map_.begin();)
+            __buf.push_front(*--__i);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__first_, __buf.__first_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__begin_, __buf.__begin_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__end_, __buf.__end_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__end_cap(), __buf.__end_cap());
+    }
+}
+
+// Create back capacity for __n elements.
+// Strong guarantee.  Either do it or don't touch anything.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__add_back_capacity(size_type __n)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    size_type __nb = __recommend_blocks(__n + __base::__map_.empty());
+    // Number of unused blocks at front:
+    size_type __front_capacity = __front_spare() / __base::__block_size;
+    __front_capacity = _VSTD::min(__front_capacity, __nb);  // don't take more than you need
+    __nb -= __front_capacity;  // number of blocks need to allocate
+    // If __nb == 0, then we have sufficient capacity.
+    if (__nb == 0)
+    {
+        __base::__start_ -= __base::__block_size * __front_capacity;
+        for (; __front_capacity > 0; --__front_capacity)
+        {
+            pointer __pt = __base::__map_.front();
+            __base::__map_.pop_front();
+            __base::__map_.push_back(__pt);
+        }
+    }
+    // Else if __nb <= __map_.capacity() - __map_.size() then we need to allocate __nb buffers
+    else if (__nb <= __base::__map_.capacity() - __base::__map_.size())
+    {   // we can put the new buffers into the map, but don't shift things around
+        // until all buffers are allocated.  If we throw, we don't need to fix
+        // anything up (any added buffers are undetectible)
+        for (; __nb > 0; --__nb)
+        {
+            if (__base::__map_.__back_spare() == 0)
+                break;
+            __base::__map_.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+        }
+        for (; __nb > 0; --__nb, ++__front_capacity, __base::__start_ +=
+                                 __base::__block_size - (__base::__map_.size() == 1))
+            __base::__map_.push_front(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+        // Done allocating, reorder capacity
+        __base::__start_ -= __base::__block_size * __front_capacity;
+        for (; __front_capacity > 0; --__front_capacity)
+        {
+            pointer __pt = __base::__map_.front();
+            __base::__map_.pop_front();
+            __base::__map_.push_back(__pt);
+        }
+    }
+    // Else need to allocate __nb buffers, *and* we need to reallocate __map_.
+    else
+    {
+        size_type __ds = __front_capacity * __base::__block_size;
+        __split_buffer<pointer, typename __base::__pointer_allocator&>
+            __buf(max<size_type>(2* __base::__map_.capacity(),
+                                 __nb + __base::__map_.size()),
+                  __base::__map_.size() - __front_capacity,
+                  __base::__map_.__alloc());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (; __nb > 0; --__nb)
+                __buf.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __base::__block_size));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            for (typename __base::__map_pointer __i = __buf.begin();
+                    __i != __buf.end(); ++__i)
+                __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, *__i, __base::__block_size);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        for (; __front_capacity > 0; --__front_capacity)
+        {
+            __buf.push_back(__base::__map_.front());
+            __base::__map_.pop_front();
+        }
+        for (typename __base::__map_pointer __i = __base::__map_.end();
+                __i != __base::__map_.begin();)
+            __buf.push_front(*--__i);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__first_, __buf.__first_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__begin_, __buf.__begin_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__end_, __buf.__end_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__base::__map_.__end_cap(), __buf.__end_cap());
+        __base::__start_ -= __ds;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::pop_front()
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, *(__base::__map_.begin() +
+                                   __base::__start_ / __base::__block_size) +
+                                   __base::__start_ % __base::__block_size);
+    --__base::size();
+    if (++__base::__start_ >= 2 * __base::__block_size)
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.front(), __base::__block_size);
+        __base::__map_.pop_front();
+        __base::__start_ -= __base::__block_size;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::pop_back()
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    size_type __p = __base::size() + __base::__start_ - 1;
+    __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, *(__base::__map_.begin() +
+                                   __p / __base::__block_size) +
+                                   __p % __base::__block_size);
+    --__base::size();
+    if (__back_spare() >= 2 * __base::__block_size)
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.back(), __base::__block_size);
+        __base::__map_.pop_back();
+    }
+}
+
+// move assign [__f, __l) to [__r, __r + (__l-__f)).
+// If __vt points into [__f, __l), then subtract (__f - __r) from __vt.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r,
+                                         const_pointer& __vt)
+{
+    // as if
+    //   for (; __f != __l; ++__f, ++__r)
+    //       *__r = _VSTD::move(*__f);
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        pointer __fb = __f.__ptr_;
+        pointer __fe = *__f.__m_iter_ + __base::__block_size;
+        difference_type __bs = __fe - __fb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __fe = __fb + __bs;
+        }
+        if (__fb <= __vt && __vt < __fe)
+            __vt = (const_iterator(__f.__m_iter_, __vt) -= __f - __r).__ptr_;
+        __r = _VSTD::move(__fb, __fe, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __f += __bs;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// move assign [__f, __l) to [__r - (__l-__f), __r) backwards.
+// If __vt points into [__f, __l), then add (__r - __l) to __vt.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_backward_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r,
+                                                  const_pointer& __vt)
+{
+    // as if
+    //   while (__f != __l)
+    //       *--__r = _VSTD::move(*--__l);
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        --__l;
+        pointer __lb = *__l.__m_iter_;
+        pointer __le = __l.__ptr_ + 1;
+        difference_type __bs = __le - __lb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __lb = __le - __bs;
+        }
+        if (__lb <= __vt && __vt < __le)
+            __vt = (const_iterator(__l.__m_iter_, __vt) += __r - __l - 1).__ptr_;
+        __r = _VSTD::move_backward(__lb, __le, __r);
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __l -= __bs - 1;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// move construct [__f, __l) to [__r, __r + (__l-__f)).
+// If __vt points into [__f, __l), then add (__r - __f) to __vt.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_construct_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l,
+                                                   iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    // as if
+    //   for (; __f != __l; ++__r, ++__f, ++__base::size())
+    //       __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__r), _VSTD::move(*__f));
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        pointer __fb = __f.__ptr_;
+        pointer __fe = *__f.__m_iter_ + __base::__block_size;
+        difference_type __bs = __fe - __fb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __fe = __fb + __bs;
+        }
+        if (__fb <= __vt && __vt < __fe)
+            __vt = (const_iterator(__f.__m_iter_, __vt) += __r - __f).__ptr_;
+        for (; __fb != __fe; ++__fb, ++__r, ++__base::size())
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__r), _VSTD::move(*__fb));
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __f += __bs;
+    }
+}
+
+// move construct [__f, __l) to [__r - (__l-__f), __r) backwards.
+// If __vt points into [__f, __l), then subtract (__l - __r) from __vt.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_construct_backward_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l,
+                                                            iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    // as if
+    //   for (iterator __j = __l; __j != __f;)
+    //   {
+    //       __alloc_traitsconstruct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__r), _VSTD::move(*--__j));
+    //       --__base::__start_;
+    //       ++__base::size();
+    //   }
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        --__l;
+        pointer __lb = *__l.__m_iter_;
+        pointer __le = __l.__ptr_ + 1;
+        difference_type __bs = __le - __lb;
+        if (__bs > __n)
+        {
+            __bs = __n;
+            __lb = __le - __bs;
+        }
+        if (__lb <= __vt && __vt < __le)
+            __vt = (const_iterator(__l.__m_iter_, __vt) -= __l - __r + 1).__ptr_;
+        while (__le != __lb)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*--__r), _VSTD::move(*--__le));
+            --__base::__start_;
+            ++__base::size();
+        }
+        __n -= __bs;
+        __l -= __bs - 1;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __f)
+{
+    difference_type __n = 1;
+    iterator __b = __base::begin();
+    difference_type __pos = __f - __b;
+    iterator __p = __b + __pos;
+    allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+    if (__pos < (__base::size() - 1) / 2)
+    {   // erase from front
+        _VSTD::move_backward(__b, __p, _VSTD::next(__p));
+        __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__b));
+        --__base::size();
+        ++__base::__start_;
+        if (__front_spare() >= 2 * __base::__block_size)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.front(), __base::__block_size);
+            __base::__map_.pop_front();
+            __base::__start_ -= __base::__block_size;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {   // erase from back
+        iterator __i = _VSTD::move(_VSTD::next(__p), __base::end(), __p);
+        __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__i));
+        --__base::size();
+        if (__back_spare() >= 2 * __base::__block_size)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.back(), __base::__block_size);
+            __base::__map_.pop_back();
+        }
+    }
+    return __base::begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+{
+    difference_type __n = __l - __f;
+    iterator __b = __base::begin();
+    difference_type __pos = __f - __b;
+    iterator __p = __b + __pos;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+        if (__pos < (__base::size() - __n) / 2)
+        {   // erase from front
+            iterator __i = _VSTD::move_backward(__b, __p, __p + __n);
+            for (; __b != __i; ++__b)
+                __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__b));
+            __base::size() -= __n;
+            __base::__start_ += __n;
+            while (__front_spare() >= 2 * __base::__block_size)
+            {
+                __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.front(), __base::__block_size);
+                __base::__map_.pop_front();
+                __base::__start_ -= __base::__block_size;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {   // erase from back
+            iterator __i = _VSTD::move(__p + __n, __base::end(), __p);
+            for (iterator __e = __base::end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+                __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__i));
+            __base::size() -= __n;
+            while (__back_spare() >= 2 * __base::__block_size)
+            {
+                __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.back(), __base::__block_size);
+                __base::__map_.pop_back();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __base::begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__erase_to_end(const_iterator __f)
+{
+    iterator __e = __base::end();
+    difference_type __n = __e - __f;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = __base::__alloc();
+        iterator __b = __base::begin();
+        difference_type __pos = __f - __b;
+        for (iterator __p = __b + __pos; __p != __e; ++__p)
+            __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(*__p));
+        __base::size() -= __n;
+        while (__back_spare() >= 2 * __base::__block_size)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __base::__map_.back(), __base::__block_size);
+            __base::__map_.pop_back();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::swap(deque& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    __base::swap(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::clear() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __base::clear();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator==(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    const typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type __sz = __x.size();
+    return __sz == __y.size() && _VSTD::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator!=(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator< (const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator> (const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator>=(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator<=(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+swap(deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEQUE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/exception b/system/include/libcxx/exception
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b1db9b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/exception
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- exception ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION
+#define _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION
+
+/*
+    exception synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class exception
+{
+public:
+    exception() noexcept;
+    exception(const exception&) noexcept;
+    exception& operator=(const exception&) noexcept;
+    virtual ~exception() noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+class bad_exception
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_exception() noexcept;
+    bad_exception(const bad_exception&) noexcept;
+    bad_exception& operator=(const bad_exception&) noexcept;
+    virtual ~bad_exception() noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+typedef void (*unexpected_handler)();
+unexpected_handler set_unexpected(unexpected_handler  f ) noexcept;
+unexpected_handler get_unexpected() noexcept;
+[[noreturn]] void unexpected();
+
+typedef void (*terminate_handler)();
+terminate_handler set_terminate(terminate_handler  f ) noexcept;
+terminate_handler get_terminate() noexcept;
+[[noreturn]] void terminate() noexcept;
+
+bool uncaught_exception() noexcept;
+
+typedef unspecified exception_ptr;
+
+exception_ptr current_exception() noexcept;
+void rethrow_exception [[noreturn]] (exception_ptr p);
+template<class E> exception_ptr make_exception_ptr(E e) noexcept;
+
+class nested_exception
+{
+public:
+    nested_exception() noexcept;
+    nested_exception(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
+    nested_exception& operator=(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
+    virtual ~nested_exception() = default;
+
+    // access functions
+    [[noreturn]] void rethrow_nested() const;
+    exception_ptr nested_ptr() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T> [[noreturn]] void throw_with_nested(T&& t);
+template <class E> void rethrow_if_nested(const E& e);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+namespace std  // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI exception
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY exception() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    virtual ~exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI bad_exception
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bad_exception() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    virtual ~bad_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+typedef void (*unexpected_handler)();
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE unexpected_handler set_unexpected(unexpected_handler) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE unexpected_handler get_unexpected() _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void unexpected(); /* XXX Emscripten: remove _ATTRIBUTE(noreturn), here and two places below */
+
+typedef void (*terminate_handler)();
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE terminate_handler set_terminate(terminate_handler) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE terminate_handler get_terminate() _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void terminate() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE bool uncaught_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+class exception_ptr;
+
+exception_ptr current_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+void rethrow_exception(exception_ptr);
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE exception_ptr
+{
+    void* __ptr_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY exception_ptr() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY exception_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_() {}
+    exception_ptr(const exception_ptr&) _NOEXCEPT;
+    exception_ptr& operator=(const exception_ptr&) _NOEXCEPT;
+    ~exception_ptr() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    // explicit
+        operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT {return __ptr_ != nullptr;}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const exception_ptr& __x, const exception_ptr& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const exception_ptr& __x, const exception_ptr& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    friend exception_ptr current_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+    friend void rethrow_exception(exception_ptr);
+};
+
+template<class _E>
+exception_ptr
+make_exception_ptr(_E __e) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+        throw __e;
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        return current_exception();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+// nested_exception
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI nested_exception
+{
+    exception_ptr __ptr_;
+public:
+    nested_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+//     nested_exception(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
+//     nested_exception& operator=(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
+    virtual ~nested_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    // access functions
+    void rethrow_nested() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY exception_ptr nested_ptr() const _NOEXCEPT {return __ptr_;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __nested
+    : public _Tp,
+      public nested_exception
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __nested(const _Tp& __t) : _Tp(__t) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+throw_with_nested(_Tp&& __t, typename enable_if<
+                  is_class<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value &&
+                  !is_base_of<nested_exception, typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value
+                                    >::type* = 0)
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+throw_with_nested (_Tp& __t, typename enable_if<
+                  is_class<_Tp>::value && !is_base_of<nested_exception, _Tp>::value
+                                    >::type* = 0)
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw __nested<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t));
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+throw_with_nested(_Tp&& __t, typename enable_if<
+                  !is_class<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value ||
+                  is_base_of<nested_exception, typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value
+                                    >::type* = 0)
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+throw_with_nested (_Tp& __t, typename enable_if<
+                  !is_class<_Tp>::value || is_base_of<nested_exception, _Tp>::value
+                                    >::type* = 0)
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw _VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _E>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+rethrow_if_nested(const _E& __e, typename enable_if<
+                                   is_polymorphic<_E>::value
+                                                   >::type* = 0)
+{
+    const nested_exception* __nep = dynamic_cast<const nested_exception*>(&__e);
+    if (__nep)
+        __nep->rethrow_nested();
+}
+
+template <class _E>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+rethrow_if_nested(const _E& __e, typename enable_if<
+                                   !is_polymorphic<_E>::value
+                                                   >::type* = 0)
+{
+}
+
+}  // std
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ext/__hash b/system/include/libcxx/ext/__hash
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e9635d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ext/__hash
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===------------------------- hash_set ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXT_HASH
+#define _LIBCPP_EXT_HASH
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#include <string>
+#include <cstring>
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx {
+using namespace std;
+
+template <typename T> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash : public std::hash<T>
+    { };
+
+template <> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<const char*>
+    : public unary_function<const char*, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const char *__c) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return __do_string_hash(__c, __c + strlen(__c));
+    }
+};
+
+template <> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<char *>
+    : public unary_function<char*, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(char *__c) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return __do_string_hash<const char *>(__c, __c + strlen(__c));
+    }
+};
+}
+
+#endif _LIBCPP_EXT_HASH
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ext/hash_map b/system/include/libcxx/ext/hash_map
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e62e7a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ext/hash_map
@@ -0,0 +1,995 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- hash_map ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HASH_MAP
+#define _LIBCPP_HASH_MAP
+
+/*
+
+    hash_map synopsis
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx
+{
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class hash_map
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Key                                                        key_type;
+    typedef T                                                          mapped_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+
+    explicit hash_map(size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        hash_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    hash_map(const hash_map&);
+    ~hash_map();
+    hash_map& operator=(const hash_map&);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+
+    iterator       begin();
+    iterator       end();
+    const_iterator begin()  const;
+    const_iterator end()    const;
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    void erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    void erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear();
+
+    void swap(hash_map&);
+
+    hasher hash_funct() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& k);
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const;
+
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type n) const;
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class hash_multimap
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Key                                                        key_type;
+    typedef T                                                          mapped_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+
+    explicit hash_multimap(size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        hash_multimap(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    explicit hash_multimap(const allocator_type&);
+    hash_multimap(const hash_multimap&);
+    ~hash_multimap();
+    hash_multimap& operator=(const hash_multimap&);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+
+    iterator       begin();
+    iterator       end();
+    const_iterator begin()  const;
+    const_iterator end()    const;
+
+    iterator insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    void erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    void erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear();
+
+    void swap(hash_multimap&);
+
+    hasher hash_funct() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const;
+
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type n) const;
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+}  // __gnu_cxx
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__hash_table>
+#include <functional>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <ext/__hash>
+
+#if __DEPRECATED
+#warning Use of the header <ext/hash_map> is deprecated.  Migrate to <unordered_map>
+#endif
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx {
+
+using namespace std;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, bool = is_empty<_Hash>::value>
+class __hash_map_hasher
+    : private _Hash
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_hasher() : _Hash() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_hasher(const _Hash& __h) : _Hash(__h) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const _Hash& hash_function() const {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Hash&>(*this)(__x.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Hash&>(*this)(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash>
+class __hash_map_hasher<_Tp, _Hash, false>
+{
+    _Hash __hash_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_hasher() : __hash_() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_hasher(const _Hash& __h) : __hash_(__h) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const _Hash& hash_function() const {return __hash_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return __hash_(__x.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x) const
+        {return __hash_(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Pred, bool = is_empty<_Pred>::value>
+class __hash_map_equal
+    : private _Pred
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_equal() : _Pred() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_equal(const _Pred& __p) : _Pred(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const _Pred& key_eq() const {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x.first, __y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x,
+                    const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Pred>
+class __hash_map_equal<_Tp, _Pred, false>
+{
+    _Pred __pred_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_equal() : __pred_() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_equal(const _Pred& __p) : __pred_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const _Pred& key_eq() const {return __pred_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __pred_(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __pred_(__x, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const
+        {return __pred_(__x.first, __y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x,
+                    const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const
+        {return __pred_(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __hash_map_node_destructor
+{
+    typedef _Alloc                              allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>    __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::value_type::value_type value_type;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer    pointer;
+private:
+    typedef typename value_type::first_type     first_type;
+    typedef typename value_type::second_type    second_type;
+
+    allocator_type& __na_;
+
+    __hash_map_node_destructor& operator=(const __hash_map_node_destructor&);
+
+public:
+    bool __first_constructed;
+    bool __second_constructed;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __hash_map_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na)
+        : __na_(__na),
+          __first_constructed(false),
+          __second_constructed(false)
+        {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_node_destructor(__hash_node_destructor<allocator_type>&& __x)
+        : __na_(__x.__na_),
+          __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed),
+          __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed)
+        {
+            __x.__value_constructed = false;
+        }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_node_destructor(const __hash_node_destructor<allocator_type>& __x)
+        : __na_(__x.__na_),
+          __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed),
+          __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed)
+        {
+            const_cast<bool&>(__x.__value_constructed) = false;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void operator()(pointer __p)
+    {
+        if (__second_constructed)
+            __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_.second));
+        if (__first_constructed)
+            __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_.first));
+        if (__p)
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_iterator
+{
+    _HashIterator __i_;
+
+    typedef pointer_traits<typename _HashIterator::pointer>      __pointer_traits;
+    typedef const typename _HashIterator::value_type::first_type key_type;
+    typedef typename _HashIterator::value_type::second_type      mapped_type;
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                                 iterator_category;
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef typename _HashIterator::difference_type              difference_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                          reference;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                                 pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_iterator() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_iterator(_HashIterator __i) : __i_(__i) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator*() const {return *operator->();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer operator->() const {return (pointer)__i_.operator->();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_iterator& operator++() {++__i_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __hash_map_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    bool operator==(const __hash_map_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    bool operator!=(const __hash_map_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;}
+
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash_map;
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash_multimap;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_iterator;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_local_iterator;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_const_iterator
+{
+    _HashIterator __i_;
+
+    typedef pointer_traits<typename _HashIterator::pointer>      __pointer_traits;
+    typedef const typename _HashIterator::value_type::first_type key_type;
+    typedef typename _HashIterator::value_type::second_type      mapped_type;
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                                 iterator_category;
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef typename _HashIterator::difference_type              difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type&                                    reference;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                                 pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __hash_map_const_iterator() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_const_iterator(_HashIterator __i) : __i_(__i) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_const_iterator(
+            __hash_map_iterator<typename _HashIterator::__non_const_iterator> __i)
+                : __i_(__i.__i_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return *operator->();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return (pointer)__i_.operator->();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_const_iterator& operator++() {++__i_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_const_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __hash_map_const_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __hash_map_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __hash_map_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;}
+
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash_map;
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash_multimap;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_iterator;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_local_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash = hash<_Key>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Key>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash_map
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Key                                           key_type;
+    typedef _Tp                                            mapped_type;
+    typedef _Tp                                            data_type;
+    typedef _Hash                                          hasher;
+    typedef _Pred                                          key_equal;
+    typedef _Alloc                                         allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>              value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                    reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                              const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                    __value_type;
+    typedef __hash_map_hasher<__value_type, hasher>   __hasher;
+    typedef __hash_map_equal<__value_type, key_equal> __key_equal;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                           __allocator_type;
+
+    typedef __hash_table<__value_type, __hasher,
+                         __key_equal,  __allocator_type>   __table;
+
+    __table __table_;
+
+    typedef typename __table::__node_pointer               __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::__node_const_pointer         __node_const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::__node_traits                __node_traits;
+    typedef typename __table::__node_allocator             __node_allocator;
+    typedef typename __table::__node                       __node;
+    typedef __hash_map_node_destructor<__node_allocator>   _D;
+    typedef unique_ptr<__node, _D>                         __node_holder;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>               __alloc_traits;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::iterator>       iterator;
+    typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY hash_map() {__table_.rehash(193);}
+    explicit hash_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    hash_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                  const key_equal& __eql,
+                  const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                      const key_equal& __eql,
+                      const allocator_type& __a);
+    hash_map(const hash_map& __u);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const
+        {return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const {return __table_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const  {return __table_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const {return __table_.max_size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin()        {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end()          {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin()  const {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()    const {return __table_.end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __x)
+        {return __table_.__insert_unique(__x);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) {return insert(__x).first;}
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void erase(const_iterator __p) {__table_.erase(__p.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __table_.__erase_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+        {__table_.erase(__first.__i_, __last.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() {__table_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(hash_map& __u) {__table_.swap(__u.__table_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hasher hash_funct() const
+        {return __table_.hash_function().hash_function();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_equal key_eq() const
+        {return __table_.key_eq().key_eq();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       find(const key_type& __k)       {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type count(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.__count_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+
+    mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& __k);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_count() const {return __table_.bucket_count();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const {return __table_.max_bucket_count();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type __n) const
+        {return __table_.bucket_size(__n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void resize(size_type __n) {__table_.rehash(__n);}
+
+private:
+    __node_holder __construct_node(const key_type& __k);
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(193);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(
+        const hash_map& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+typename hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__construct_node(const key_type& __k)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __table_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.first), __k);
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.second));
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return _VSTD::move(__h);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                       _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __table_.__insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_Tp&
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator[](const key_type& __k)
+{
+    iterator __i = find(__k);
+    if (__i != end())
+        return __i->second;
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__k);
+    pair<iterator, bool> __r = __table_.__node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r.first->second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+     hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+bool
+operator==(const hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+        return false;
+    typedef typename hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+                                                                 const_iterator;
+    for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(), __ey = __y.end();
+            __i != __ex; ++__i)
+    {
+        const_iterator __j = __y.find(__i->first);
+        if (__j == __ey || !(*__i == *__j))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash = hash<_Key>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Key>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash_multimap
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Key                                           key_type;
+    typedef _Tp                                            mapped_type;
+    typedef _Tp                                            data_type;
+    typedef _Hash                                          hasher;
+    typedef _Pred                                          key_equal;
+    typedef _Alloc                                         allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>              value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                    reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                              const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                    __value_type;
+    typedef __hash_map_hasher<__value_type, hasher>   __hasher;
+    typedef __hash_map_equal<__value_type, key_equal> __key_equal;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                           __allocator_type;
+
+    typedef __hash_table<__value_type, __hasher,
+                         __key_equal,  __allocator_type>   __table;
+
+    __table __table_;
+
+    typedef typename __table::__node_traits                __node_traits;
+    typedef typename __table::__node_allocator             __node_allocator;
+    typedef typename __table::__node                       __node;
+    typedef __hash_map_node_destructor<__node_allocator>   _D;
+    typedef unique_ptr<__node, _D>                         __node_holder;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>               __alloc_traits;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::iterator>       iterator;
+    typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hash_multimap() {__table_.rehash(193);}
+    explicit hash_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    hash_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                                const key_equal& __eql,
+                                const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                      const key_equal& __eql,
+                      const allocator_type& __a);
+    hash_multimap(const hash_multimap& __u);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const
+        {return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const {return __table_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const  {return __table_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const {return __table_.max_size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin()        {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end()          {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin()  const {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()    const {return __table_.end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const value_type& __x) {return __table_.__insert_multi(__x);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) {return insert(__x);}
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void erase(const_iterator __p) {__table_.erase(__p.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __table_.__erase_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+        {__table_.erase(__first.__i_, __last.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() {__table_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(hash_multimap& __u) {__table_.swap(__u.__table_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hasher hash_funct() const
+        {return __table_.hash_function().hash_function();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_equal key_eq() const
+        {return __table_.key_eq().key_eq();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       find(const key_type& __k)       {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type count(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.__count_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_count() const {return __table_.bucket_count();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const {return __table_.max_bucket_count();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type __n) const
+        {return __table_.bucket_size(__n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void resize(size_type __n) {__table_.rehash(__n);}
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(193);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(
+        const hash_multimap& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                            _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __table_.__insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+     hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+bool
+operator==(const hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+        return false;
+    typedef typename hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+                                                                 const_iterator;
+    typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _EqRng;
+    for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(); __i != __ex;)
+    {
+        _EqRng __xeq = __x.equal_range(__i->first);
+        _EqRng __yeq = __y.equal_range(__i->first);
+        if (_VSTD::distance(__xeq.first, __xeq.second) !=
+            _VSTD::distance(__yeq.first, __yeq.second) ||
+                  !_VSTD::is_permutation(__xeq.first, __xeq.second, __yeq.first))
+            return false;
+        __i = __xeq.second;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+} // __gnu_cxx
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HASH_MAP
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ext/hash_set b/system/include/libcxx/ext/hash_set
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14daf7bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ext/hash_set
@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===------------------------- hash_set ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HASH_SET
+#define _LIBCPP_HASH_SET
+
+/*
+
+    hash_set synopsis
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx
+{
+
+template <class Value, class Hash = hash<Value>, class Pred = equal_to<Value>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<Value>>
+class hash_set
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Value                                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+
+    explicit hash_set(size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        hash_set(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    hash_set(const hash_set&);
+    ~hash_set();
+    hash_set& operator=(const hash_set&);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+
+    iterator       begin();
+    iterator       end();
+    const_iterator begin()  const;
+    const_iterator end()    const;
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    void erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    void erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear();
+
+    void swap(hash_set&);
+
+    hasher hash_funct() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const;
+
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type n) const;
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash = hash<Value>, class Pred = equal_to<Value>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<Value>>
+class hash_multiset
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Value                                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+
+    explicit hash_multiset(size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        hash_multiset(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    hash_multiset(const hash_multiset&);
+    ~hash_multiset();
+    hash_multiset& operator=(const hash_multiset&);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+
+    iterator       begin();
+    iterator       end();
+    const_iterator begin()  const;
+    const_iterator end()    const;
+
+    iterator insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    void erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    void erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear();
+
+    void swap(hash_multiset&);
+
+    hasher hash_funct() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const;
+
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type n) const;
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+}  // __gnu_cxx
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__hash_table>
+#include <functional>
+#include <ext/__hash>
+
+#if __DEPRECATED
+#warning Use of the header <ext/hash_set> is deprecated.  Migrate to <unordered_set>
+#endif
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx {
+
+using namespace std;
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash = hash<_Value>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Value>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<_Value> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash_set
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Value                                                     key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef _Hash                                                      hasher;
+    typedef _Pred                                                      key_equal;
+    typedef _Alloc                                                     allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef __hash_table<value_type, hasher, key_equal, allocator_type> __table;
+
+    __table __table_;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename __table::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __table::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef typename __table::const_iterator       iterator;
+    typedef typename __table::const_iterator       const_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hash_set() {__table_.rehash(193);}
+    explicit hash_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    hash_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+                  const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+                      const allocator_type& __a);
+    hash_set(const hash_set& __u);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const
+        {return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const {return __table_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const  {return __table_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const {return __table_.max_size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin()        {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end()          {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin()  const {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()    const {return __table_.end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __x)
+        {return __table_.__insert_unique(__x);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) {return insert(__x).first;}
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void erase(const_iterator __p) {__table_.erase(__p);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __table_.__erase_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+        {__table_.erase(__first, __last);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() {__table_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(hash_set& __u) {__table_.swap(__u.__table_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hasher hash_funct() const {return __table_.hash_function();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_equal key_eq() const {return __table_.key_eq();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       find(const key_type& __k)       {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type count(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.__count_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_count() const {return __table_.bucket_count();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const {return __table_.max_bucket_count();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type __n) const {return __table_.bucket_size(__n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void resize(size_type __n) {__table_.rehash(__n);}
+};
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(193);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(
+        const hash_set& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                    _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __table_.__insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+     hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+bool
+operator==(const hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+        return false;
+    typedef typename hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+                                                                 const_iterator;
+    for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(), __ey = __y.end();
+            __i != __ex; ++__i)
+    {
+        const_iterator __j = __y.find(*__i);
+        if (__j == __ey || !(*__i == *__j))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash = hash<_Value>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Value>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<_Value> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash_multiset
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Value                                                     key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef _Hash                                                      hasher;
+    typedef _Pred                                                      key_equal;
+    typedef _Alloc                                                     allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef __hash_table<value_type, hasher, key_equal, allocator_type> __table;
+
+    __table __table_;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename __table::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __table::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef typename __table::const_iterator       iterator;
+    typedef typename __table::const_iterator       const_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hash_multiset() {__table_.rehash(193);}
+    explicit hash_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    hash_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                       const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        hash_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n , const hasher& __hf,
+                      const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+    hash_multiset(const hash_multiset& __u);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const
+        {return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const {return __table_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const  {return __table_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const {return __table_.max_size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin()        {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end()          {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin()  const {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()    const {return __table_.end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const value_type& __x) {return __table_.__insert_multi(__x);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) {return insert(__x);}
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void erase(const_iterator __p) {__table_.erase(__p);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __table_.__erase_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+        {__table_.erase(__first, __last);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() {__table_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(hash_multiset& __u) {__table_.swap(__u.__table_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hasher hash_funct() const {return __table_.hash_function();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_equal key_eq() const {return __table_.key_eq();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       find(const key_type& __k)       {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type count(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.__count_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_count() const {return __table_.bucket_count();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const {return __table_.max_bucket_count();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type __n) const {return __table_.bucket_size(__n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void resize(size_type __n) {__table_.rehash(__n);}
+};
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(193);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(
+        const hash_multiset& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                         _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __table_.__insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+     hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+bool
+operator==(const hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+        return false;
+    typedef typename hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+                                                                 const_iterator;
+    typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _EqRng;
+    for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(); __i != __ex;)
+    {
+        _EqRng __xeq = __x.equal_range(*__i);
+        _EqRng __yeq = __y.equal_range(*__i);
+        if (_VSTD::distance(__xeq.first, __xeq.second) !=
+            _VSTD::distance(__yeq.first, __yeq.second) ||
+                  !_VSTD::is_permutation(__xeq.first, __xeq.second, __yeq.first))
+            return false;
+        __i = __xeq.second;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+} // __gnu_cxx
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HASH_SET
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/forward_list b/system/include/libcxx/forward_list
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dd6bb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/forward_list
@@ -0,0 +1,1632 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------- forward_list ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FORWARD_LIST
+#define _LIBCPP_FORWARD_LIST
+
+/*
+    forward_list synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Allocator = allocator<T>>
+class forward_list
+{
+public:
+    typedef T         value_type;
+    typedef Allocator allocator_type;
+
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef <details> iterator;
+    typedef <details> const_iterator;
+
+    forward_list()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit forward_list(const allocator_type& a);
+    explicit forward_list(size_type n);
+    forward_list(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    forward_list(size_type n, const value_type& v, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        forward_list(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        forward_list(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& a);
+    forward_list(const forward_list& x);
+    forward_list(const forward_list& x, const allocator_type& a);
+    forward_list(forward_list&& x)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    forward_list(forward_list&& x, const allocator_type& a);
+    forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a);
+
+    ~forward_list();
+
+    forward_list& operator=(const forward_list& x);
+    forward_list& operator=(forward_list&& x)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    forward_list& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       before_begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator before_begin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbefore_begin() const noexcept;
+
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    reference       front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+
+    template <class... Args> void emplace_front(Args&&... args);
+    void push_front(const value_type& v);
+    void push_front(value_type&& v);
+
+    void pop_front();
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_after(const_iterator p, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator p, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator p, value_type&& v);
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator p, size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert_after(const_iterator p,
+                              InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator p, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator erase_after(const_iterator p);
+    iterator erase_after(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+
+    void swap(forward_list& x)
+        noexcept(!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                 __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+    void resize(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list& x);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list&& x);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list& x, const_iterator i);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list&& x, const_iterator i);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list& x,
+                      const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list&& x,
+                      const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void remove(const value_type& v);
+    template <class Predicate> void remove_if(Predicate pred);
+    void unique();
+    template <class BinaryPredicate> void unique(BinaryPredicate binary_pred);
+    void merge(forward_list& x);
+    void merge(forward_list&& x);
+    template <class Compare> void merge(forward_list& x, Compare comp);
+    template <class Compare> void merge(forward_list&& x, Compare comp);
+    void sort();
+    template <class Compare> void sort(Compare comp);
+    void reverse() noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator==(const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator< (const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator!=(const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator> (const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator>=(const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator<=(const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    void swap(forward_list<T, Allocator>& x, forward_list<T, Allocator>& y)
+         noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <memory>
+#include <limits>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr> struct __forward_list_node;
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __forward_begin_node
+{
+    typedef __forward_begin_node __self;
+    typedef _NodePtr pointer;
+
+    pointer __next_;
+
+     _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __forward_begin_node() : __next_(nullptr) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __forward_list_node
+    : public __forward_begin_node
+             <
+                 typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                     rebind<__forward_list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> >
+#else
+                     rebind<__forward_list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> >::other
+#endif
+             >
+{
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+    value_type __value_;
+};
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Alloc> class forward_list;
+template<class _NodeConstPtr> class __forward_list_const_iterator;
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __forward_list_iterator
+{
+    typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+
+    __node_pointer __ptr_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __forward_list_iterator(__node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+
+    template<class, class> friend class forward_list;
+    template<class> friend class __forward_list_const_iterator;
+
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                              iterator_category;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::element_type::value_type
+                                                              value_type;
+    typedef value_type& reference;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::difference_type
+                                                              difference_type;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                              pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __forward_list_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return __ptr_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return &__ptr_->__value_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __forward_list_iterator& operator++()
+    {
+        __ptr_ = __ptr_->__next_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __forward_list_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __forward_list_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __forward_list_iterator& __x,
+                    const __forward_list_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __forward_list_iterator& __x,
+                    const __forward_list_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _NodeConstPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __forward_list_const_iterator
+{
+    typedef _NodeConstPtr __node_const_pointer;
+
+    __node_const_pointer __ptr_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __forward_list_const_iterator(__node_const_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p) {}
+
+    typedef typename remove_const
+        <
+            typename pointer_traits<__node_const_pointer>::element_type
+        >::type                                               __node;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_const_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<__node>
+#else
+            rebind<__node>::other
+#endif
+                                                              __node_pointer;
+
+    template<class, class> friend class forward_list;
+
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                              iterator_category;
+    typedef typename __node::value_type                       value_type;
+    typedef const value_type& reference;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_const_pointer>::difference_type
+                                                              difference_type;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_const_pointer>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<const value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<const value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                              pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __forward_list_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __forward_list_const_iterator(__forward_list_iterator<__node_pointer> __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p.__ptr_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return __ptr_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return &__ptr_->__value_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __forward_list_const_iterator& operator++()
+    {
+        __ptr_ = __ptr_->__next_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __forward_list_const_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __forward_list_const_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __forward_list_const_iterator& __x,
+                    const __forward_list_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __forward_list_const_iterator& __x,
+                           const __forward_list_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+class __forward_list_base
+{
+protected:
+    typedef _Tp    value_type;
+    typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::void_pointer void_pointer;
+    typedef __forward_list_node<value_type, void_pointer>           __node;
+    typedef typename __node::__self                                 __begin_node;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                rebind_alloc<__node>
+#else
+                rebind_alloc<__node>::other
+#endif
+                                                      __node_allocator;
+    typedef allocator_traits<__node_allocator>        __node_traits;
+    typedef typename __node_traits::pointer           __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename __node_traits::const_pointer     __node_const_pointer;
+
+    __compressed_pair<__begin_node, __node_allocator> __before_begin_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node_pointer        __before_begin() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::pointer_to(
+                                static_cast<__node&>(__before_begin_.first()));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node_const_pointer  __before_begin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return pointer_traits<__node_const_pointer>::pointer_to(
+                          static_cast<const __node&>(__before_begin_.first()));}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          __node_allocator& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return __before_begin_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const __node_allocator& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __before_begin_.second();}
+
+    typedef __forward_list_iterator<__node_pointer>             iterator;
+    typedef __forward_list_const_iterator<__node_const_pointer> const_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __forward_list_base()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+        : __before_begin_(__begin_node()) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __forward_list_base(const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __before_begin_(__begin_node(), __node_allocator(__a)) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+public:
+    __forward_list_base(__forward_list_base&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value);
+    __forward_list_base(__forward_list_base&& __x, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+private:
+    __forward_list_base(const __forward_list_base&);
+    __forward_list_base& operator=(const __forward_list_base&);
+
+public:
+    ~__forward_list_base();
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __forward_list_base& __x)
+        {__copy_assign_alloc(__x, integral_constant<bool,
+              __node_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__forward_list_base& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {__move_assign_alloc(__x, integral_constant<bool,
+              __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());}
+
+public:
+    void swap(__forward_list_base& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value);
+protected:
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __forward_list_base&, false_type) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __forward_list_base& __x, true_type)
+    {
+        if (__alloc() != __x.__alloc())
+            clear();
+        __alloc() = __x.__alloc();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__forward_list_base& __x, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__forward_list_base& __x, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {__alloc() = _VSTD::move(__x.__alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__node_allocator& __x, __node_allocator& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {__swap_alloc(__x, __y, integral_constant<bool,
+                         __node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__node_allocator& __x, __node_allocator& __y,
+                                                                     false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__node_allocator& __x, __node_allocator& __y,
+                                                                      true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {
+            using _VSTD::swap;
+            swap(__x, __y);
+        }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::__forward_list_base(__forward_list_base&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+    : __before_begin_(_VSTD::move(__x.__before_begin_))
+{
+    __x.__before_begin()->__next_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::__forward_list_base(__forward_list_base&& __x,
+                                                      const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __before_begin_(__begin_node(), __node_allocator(__a))
+{
+    if (__alloc() == __x.__alloc())
+    {
+        __before_begin()->__next_ = __x.__before_begin()->__next_;
+        __x.__before_begin()->__next_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+__forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::~__forward_list_base()
+{
+    clear();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::swap(__forward_list_base& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+{
+    __swap_alloc(__alloc(), __x.__alloc());
+    using _VSTD::swap;
+    swap(__before_begin()->__next_, __x.__before_begin()->__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+__forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::clear() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __node_allocator& __a = __alloc();
+    for (__node_pointer __p = __before_begin()->__next_; __p != nullptr;)
+    {
+        __node_pointer __next = __p->__next_;
+        __node_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_));
+        __node_traits::deallocate(__a, __p, 1);
+        __p = __next;
+    }
+    __before_begin()->__next_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc = allocator<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE forward_list
+    : private __forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>
+{
+    typedef __forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc> base;
+    typedef typename base::__node_allocator  __node_allocator;
+    typedef typename base::__node            __node;
+    typedef typename base::__node_traits     __node_traits;
+    typedef typename base::__node_pointer    __node_pointer;
+
+public:
+    typedef _Tp    value_type;
+    typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef typename base::iterator       iterator;
+    typedef typename base::const_iterator const_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    forward_list()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {} // = default;
+    explicit forward_list(const allocator_type& __a);
+    explicit forward_list(size_type __n);
+    forward_list(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+    forward_list(size_type __n, const value_type& __v, const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        forward_list(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+                     typename enable_if<
+                       __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value
+                     >::type* = nullptr);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        forward_list(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+                     const allocator_type& __a,
+                     typename enable_if<
+                       __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value
+                     >::type* = nullptr);
+    forward_list(const forward_list& __x);
+    forward_list(const forward_list& __x, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    forward_list(forward_list&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<base>::value)
+        : base(_VSTD::move(__x)) {}
+    forward_list(forward_list&& __x, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    // ~forward_list() = default;
+
+    forward_list& operator=(const forward_list& __x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    forward_list& operator=(forward_list&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+             __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+#endif
+#ifndef  _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    forward_list& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        assign(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l);
+    void assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return allocator_type(base::__alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return       iterator(base::__before_begin()->__next_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(base::__before_begin()->__next_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return       iterator(nullptr);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(nullptr);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(base::__before_begin()->__next_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(nullptr);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       before_begin() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return       iterator(base::__before_begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator before_begin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(base::__before_begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbefore_begin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(base::__before_begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return base::__before_begin()->__next_ == nullptr;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return numeric_limits<size_type>::max();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference       front()       {return base::__before_begin()->__next_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference front() const {return base::__before_begin()->__next_->__value_;}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args> void emplace_front(_Args&&... __args);
+#endif
+    void push_front(value_type&& __v);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void push_front(const value_type& __v);
+
+    void pop_front();
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args>
+        iterator emplace_after(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v);
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            iterator
+        >::type
+        insert_after(const_iterator __p, _InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator __p, initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {return insert_after(__p, __il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    iterator erase_after(const_iterator __p);
+    iterator erase_after(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(forward_list& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {base::swap(__x);}
+
+    void resize(size_type __n);
+    void resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {base::clear();}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list&& __x);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list&& __x, const_iterator __i);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list&& __x,
+                      const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list& __x);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list& __x, const_iterator __i);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list& __x,
+                      const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+    void remove(const value_type& __v);
+    template <class _Predicate> void remove_if(_Predicate __pred);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void unique() {unique(__equal_to<value_type>());}
+    template <class _BinaryPredicate> void unique(_BinaryPredicate __binary_pred);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void merge(forward_list&& __x) {merge(__x, __less<value_type>());}
+    template <class _Compare>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void merge(forward_list&& __x, _Compare __comp)
+        {merge(__x, _VSTD::move(__comp));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void merge(forward_list& __x) {merge(__x, __less<value_type>());}
+    template <class _Compare> void merge(forward_list& __x, _Compare __comp);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void sort() {sort(__less<value_type>());}
+    template <class _Compare> void sort(_Compare __comp);
+    void reverse() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void __move_assign(forward_list& __x, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    void __move_assign(forward_list& __x, false_type);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    template <class _Compare>
+        static
+        __node_pointer
+        __merge(__node_pointer __f1, __node_pointer __f2, _Compare& __comp);
+
+    template <class _Compare>
+        static
+        __node_pointer
+        __sort(__node_pointer __f, difference_type __sz, _Compare& __comp);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+        unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(nullptr, _D(__a, 1));
+        for (__node_pointer __p = base::__before_begin(); __n > 0; --__n,
+                                                             __p = __p->__next_)
+        {
+            __h.reset(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1));
+            __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_));
+            __h->__next_ = nullptr;
+            __p->__next_ = __h.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(size_type __n, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __n, __v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(size_type __n, const value_type& __v,
+                                        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __n, __v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+                                        typename enable_if<
+                                          __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value
+                                        >::type*)
+{
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+                                        const allocator_type& __a,
+                                        typename enable_if<
+                                          __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value
+                                        >::type*)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(const forward_list& __x)
+    : base(allocator_type(
+             __node_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__x.__alloc())
+                         )
+          )
+{
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __x.begin(), __x.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(const forward_list& __x,
+                                        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __x.begin(), __x.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(forward_list&& __x,
+                                        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : base(_VSTD::move(__x), __a)
+{
+    if (base::__alloc() != __x.__alloc())
+    {
+        typedef move_iterator<iterator> _I;
+        insert_after(cbefore_begin(), _I(__x.begin()), _I(__x.end()));
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+                                        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>&
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(const forward_list& __x)
+{
+    if (this != &__x)
+    {
+        base::__copy_assign_alloc(__x);
+        assign(__x.begin(), __x.end());
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__move_assign(forward_list& __x, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    clear();
+    base::__move_assign_alloc(__x);
+    base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __x.__before_begin()->__next_;
+    __x.__before_begin()->__next_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__move_assign(forward_list& __x, false_type)
+{
+    if (base::__alloc() == __x.__alloc())
+        __move_assign(__x, true_type());
+    else
+    {
+        typedef move_iterator<iterator> _I;
+        assign(_I(__x.begin()), _I(__x.end()));
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>&
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(forward_list&& __x)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(
+             __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    __move_assign(__x, integral_constant<bool,
+          __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>&
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
+{
+    iterator __i = before_begin();
+    iterator __j = _VSTD::next(__i);
+    iterator __e = end();
+    for (; __j != __e && __f != __l; ++__i, ++__j, ++__f)
+        *__j = *__f;
+    if (__j == __e)
+        insert_after(__i, __f, __l);
+    else
+        erase_after(__i, __e);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    iterator __i = before_begin();
+    iterator __j = _VSTD::next(__i);
+    iterator __e = end();
+    for (; __j != __e && __n > 0; --__n, ++__i, ++__j)
+        *__j = __v;
+    if (__j == __e)
+        insert_after(__i, __n, __v);
+    else
+        erase_after(__i, __e);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace_front(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1), _D(__a, 1));
+    __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_),
+                                  _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __h->__next_ = base::__before_begin()->__next_;
+    base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __h.release();
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_front(value_type&& __v)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1), _D(__a, 1));
+    __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), _VSTD::move(__v));
+    __h->__next_ = base::__before_begin()->__next_;
+    base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __h.release();
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_front(const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1), _D(__a, 1));
+    __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), __v);
+    __h->__next_ = base::__before_begin()->__next_;
+    base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __h.release();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::pop_front()
+{
+    __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+    __node_pointer __p = base::__before_begin()->__next_;
+    base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __p->__next_;
+    __node_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_));
+    __node_traits::deallocate(__a, __p, 1);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace_after(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_pointer const __r = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_);
+    __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1), _D(__a, 1));
+    __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_),
+                                  _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __h->__next_ = __r->__next_;
+    __r->__next_ = __h.release();
+    return iterator(__r->__next_);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert_after(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v)
+{
+    __node_pointer const __r = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_);
+    __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1), _D(__a, 1));
+    __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), _VSTD::move(__v));
+    __h->__next_ = __r->__next_;
+    __r->__next_ = __h.release();
+    return iterator(__r->__next_);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert_after(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_pointer const __r = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_);
+    __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1), _D(__a, 1));
+    __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), __v);
+    __h->__next_ = __r->__next_;
+    __r->__next_ = __h.release();
+    return iterator(__r->__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert_after(const_iterator __p, size_type __n,
+                                        const value_type& __v)
+{
+    __node_pointer __r = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_);
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+        unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1), _D(__a, 1));
+        __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), __v);
+        __node_pointer __first = __h.release();
+        __node_pointer __last = __first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (--__n; __n != 0; --__n, __last = __last->__next_)
+            {
+                __h.reset(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1));
+                __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), __v);
+                __last->__next_ = __h.release();
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            while (__first != nullptr)
+            {
+                __node_pointer __next = __first->__next_;
+                __node_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__first->__value_));
+                __node_traits::deallocate(__a, __first, 1);
+                __first = __next;
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __last->__next_ = __r->__next_;
+        __r->__next_ = __first;
+        __r = __last;
+    }
+    return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+>::type
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert_after(const_iterator __p,
+                                        _InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
+{
+    __node_pointer __r = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_);
+    if (__f != __l)
+    {
+        __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+        unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1), _D(__a, 1));
+        __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), *__f);
+        __node_pointer __first = __h.release();
+        __node_pointer __last = __first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (++__f; __f != __l; ++__f, __last = __last->__next_)
+            {
+                __h.reset(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1));
+                __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), *__f);
+                __last->__next_ = __h.release();
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            while (__first != nullptr)
+            {
+                __node_pointer __next = __first->__next_;
+                __node_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__first->__value_));
+                __node_traits::deallocate(__a, __first, 1);
+                __first = __next;
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __last->__next_ = __r->__next_;
+        __r->__next_ = __first;
+        __r = __last;
+    }
+    return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::erase_after(const_iterator __f)
+{
+    __node_pointer __p = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__f.__ptr_);
+    __node_pointer __n = __p->__next_;
+    __p->__next_ = __n->__next_;
+    __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+    __node_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__n->__value_));
+    __node_traits::deallocate(__a, __n, 1);
+    return iterator(__p->__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::erase_after(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+{
+    __node_pointer __e = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__l.__ptr_);
+    if (__f != __l)
+    {
+        __node_pointer __p = const_cast<__node_pointer>(__f.__ptr_);
+        __node_pointer __n = __p->__next_;
+        if (__n != __e)
+        {
+            __p->__next_ = __e;
+            __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+            do
+            {
+                __p = __n->__next_;
+                __node_traits::destroy(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__n->__value_));
+                __node_traits::deallocate(__a, __n, 1);
+                __n = __p;
+            } while (__n != __e);
+        }
+    }
+    return iterator(__e);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(size_type __n)
+{
+    size_type __sz = 0;
+    iterator __p = before_begin();
+    iterator __i = begin();
+    iterator __e = end();
+    for (; __i != __e && __sz < __n; ++__p, ++__i, ++__sz)
+        ;
+    if (__i != __e)
+        erase_after(__p, __e);
+    else
+    {
+        __n -= __sz;
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(nullptr, _D(__a, 1));
+            for (__node_pointer __ptr = __p.__ptr_; __n > 0; --__n,
+                                                         __ptr = __ptr->__next_)
+            {
+                __h.reset(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1));
+                __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_));
+                __h->__next_ = nullptr;
+                __ptr->__next_ = __h.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __v)
+{
+    size_type __sz = 0;
+    iterator __p = before_begin();
+    iterator __i = begin();
+    iterator __e = end();
+    for (; __i != __e && __sz < __n; ++__p, ++__i, ++__sz)
+        ;
+    if (__i != __e)
+        erase_after(__p, __e);
+    else
+    {
+        __n -= __sz;
+        if (__n > 0)
+        {
+            __node_allocator& __a = base::__alloc();
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__node, _D> __h(nullptr, _D(__a, 1));
+            for (__node_pointer __ptr = __p.__ptr_; __n > 0; --__n,
+                                                         __ptr = __ptr->__next_)
+            {
+                __h.reset(__node_traits::allocate(__a, 1));
+                __node_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), __v);
+                __h->__next_ = nullptr;
+                __ptr->__next_ = __h.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p,
+                                        forward_list& __x)
+{
+    if (!__x.empty())
+    {
+        if (__p.__ptr_->__next_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            const_iterator __lm1 = __x.before_begin();
+            while (__lm1.__ptr_->__next_ != nullptr)
+                ++__lm1;
+            const_cast<__node_pointer>(__lm1.__ptr_)->__next_ =
+                const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_)->__next_;
+        }
+        const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_)->__next_ =
+            const_cast<__node_pointer>(__x.__before_begin())->__next_;
+        const_cast<__node_pointer>(__x.__before_begin())->__next_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p,
+                                        forward_list& __x,
+                                        const_iterator __i)
+{
+    const_iterator __lm1 = _VSTD::next(__i);
+    if (__p != __i && __p != __lm1)
+    {
+        const_cast<__node_pointer>(__i.__ptr_)->__next_ =
+            const_cast<__node_pointer>(__lm1.__ptr_)->__next_;
+        const_cast<__node_pointer>(__lm1.__ptr_)->__next_ =
+            const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_)->__next_;
+        const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_)->__next_ =
+            const_cast<__node_pointer>(__lm1.__ptr_);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p,
+                                        forward_list& __x,
+                                        const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+{
+    if (__f != __l && __p != __f)
+    {
+        const_iterator __lm1 = __f;
+        while (__lm1.__ptr_->__next_ != __l.__ptr_)
+            ++__lm1;
+        if (__f != __lm1)
+        {
+            const_cast<__node_pointer>(__lm1.__ptr_)->__next_ =
+                const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_)->__next_;
+            const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_)->__next_ =
+                const_cast<__node_pointer>(__f.__ptr_)->__next_;
+            const_cast<__node_pointer>(__f.__ptr_)->__next_ =
+                const_cast<__node_pointer>(__l.__ptr_);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p,
+                                        forward_list&& __x)
+{
+    splice_after(__p, __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p,
+                                        forward_list&& __x,
+                                        const_iterator __i)
+{
+    splice_after(__p, __x, __i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p,
+                                        forward_list&& __x,
+                                        const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+{
+    splice_after(__p, __x, __f, __l);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::remove(const value_type& __v)
+{
+    iterator __e = end();
+    for (iterator __i = before_begin(); __i.__ptr_->__next_ != nullptr;)
+    {
+        if (__i.__ptr_->__next_->__value_ == __v)
+        {
+            iterator __j = _VSTD::next(__i, 2);
+            for (; __j != __e && *__j == __v; ++__j)
+                ;
+            erase_after(__i, __j);
+            if (__j == __e)
+                break;
+            __i = __j;
+        }
+        else
+            ++__i;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Predicate>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::remove_if(_Predicate __pred)
+{
+    iterator __e = end();
+    for (iterator __i = before_begin(); __i.__ptr_->__next_ != nullptr;)
+    {
+        if (__pred(__i.__ptr_->__next_->__value_))
+        {
+            iterator __j = _VSTD::next(__i, 2);
+            for (; __j != __e && __pred(*__j); ++__j)
+                ;
+            erase_after(__i, __j);
+            if (__j == __e)
+                break;
+            __i = __j;
+        }
+        else
+            ++__i;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _BinaryPredicate>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::unique(_BinaryPredicate __binary_pred)
+{
+    for (iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e;)
+    {
+        iterator __j = _VSTD::next(__i);
+        for (; __j != __e && __binary_pred(*__i, *__j); ++__j)
+            ;
+        if (__i.__ptr_->__next_ != __j.__ptr_)
+            erase_after(__i, __j);
+        __i = __j;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Compare>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::merge(forward_list& __x, _Compare __comp)
+{
+    if (this != &__x)
+    {
+        base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __merge(base::__before_begin()->__next_,
+                                                    __x.__before_begin()->__next_,
+                                                    __comp);
+        __x.__before_begin()->__next_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Compare>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__node_pointer
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__merge(__node_pointer __f1, __node_pointer __f2,
+                                   _Compare& __comp)
+{
+    if (__f1 == nullptr)
+        return __f2;
+    if (__f2 == nullptr)
+        return __f1;
+    __node_pointer __r;
+    if (__comp(__f2->__value_, __f1->__value_))
+    {
+        __node_pointer __t = __f2;
+        while (__t->__next_ != nullptr &&
+                             __comp(__t->__next_->__value_, __f1->__value_))
+            __t = __t->__next_;
+        __r = __f2;
+        __f2 = __t->__next_;
+        __t->__next_ = __f1;
+    }
+    else
+        __r = __f1;
+    __node_pointer __p = __f1;
+    __f1 = __f1->__next_;
+    while (__f1 != nullptr && __f2 != nullptr)
+    {
+        if (__comp(__f2->__value_, __f1->__value_))
+        {
+            __node_pointer __t = __f2;
+            while (__t->__next_ != nullptr &&
+                                 __comp(__t->__next_->__value_, __f1->__value_))
+                __t = __t->__next_;
+            __p->__next_ = __f2;
+            __f2 = __t->__next_;
+            __t->__next_ = __f1;
+        }
+        __p = __f1;
+        __f1 = __f1->__next_;
+    }
+    if (__f2 != nullptr)
+        __p->__next_ = __f2;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::sort(_Compare __comp)
+{
+    base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __sort(base::__before_begin()->__next_,
+                                       _VSTD::distance(begin(), end()), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Compare>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__node_pointer
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__sort(__node_pointer __f1, difference_type __sz,
+                                  _Compare& __comp)
+{
+    switch (__sz)
+    {
+    case 0:
+    case 1:
+        return __f1;
+    case 2:
+        if (__comp(__f1->__next_->__value_, __f1->__value_))
+        {
+            __node_pointer __t = __f1->__next_;
+            __t->__next_ = __f1;
+            __f1->__next_ = nullptr;
+            __f1 = __t;
+        }
+        return __f1;
+    }
+    difference_type __sz1 = __sz / 2;
+    difference_type __sz2 = __sz - __sz1;
+    __node_pointer __t = _VSTD::next(iterator(__f1), __sz1 - 1).__ptr_;
+    __node_pointer __f2 = __t->__next_;
+    __t->__next_ = nullptr;
+    return __merge(__sort(__f1, __sz1, __comp),
+                   __sort(__f2, __sz2, __comp), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::reverse() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __node_pointer __p = base::__before_begin()->__next_;
+    if (__p != nullptr)
+    {
+        __node_pointer __f = __p->__next_;
+        __p->__next_ = nullptr;
+        while (__f != nullptr)
+        {
+            __node_pointer __t = __f->__next_;
+            __f->__next_ = __p;
+            __p = __f;
+            __f = __t;
+        }
+        base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __p;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+bool operator==(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x,
+                const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    typedef forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc> _C;
+    typedef typename _C::const_iterator _I;
+    _I __ix = __x.begin();
+    _I __ex = __x.end();
+    _I __iy = __y.begin();
+    _I __ey = __y.end();
+    for (; __ix != __ex && __iy != __ey; ++__ix, ++__iy)
+        if (!(*__ix == *__iy))
+            return false;
+    return (__ix == __ex) == (__iy == __ey);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator!=(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x,
+                const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator< (const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x,
+                const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(),
+                                         __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator> (const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x,
+                const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator>=(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x,
+                const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator<=(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x,
+                const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_FORWARD_LIST
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/fstream b/system/include/libcxx/fstream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7034aab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/fstream
@@ -0,0 +1,1394 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===------------------------- fstream ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_FSTREAM
+
+/*
+    fstream synopsis
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_filebuf
+    : public basic_streambuf<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // 27.9.1.2 Constructors/destructor:
+    basic_filebuf();
+    basic_filebuf(basic_filebuf&& rhs);
+    virtual ~basic_filebuf();
+
+    // 27.9.1.3 Assign/swap:
+    basic_filebuf& operator=(basic_filebuf&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_filebuf& rhs);
+
+    // 27.9.1.4 Members:
+    bool is_open() const;
+    basic_filebuf* open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode);
+    basic_filebuf* open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode);
+    basic_filebuf* close();
+
+protected:
+    // 27.9.1.5 Overridden virtual functions:
+    virtual streamsize showmanyc();
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type uflow();
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual int sync();
+    virtual void imbue(const locale& loc);
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_filebuf<charT, traits>& x, basic_filebuf<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_filebuf<char>    filebuf;
+typedef basic_filebuf<wchar_t> wfilebuf;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_ifstream
+    : public basic_istream<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    basic_ifstream();
+    explicit basic_ifstream(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
+    explicit basic_ifstream(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
+    basic_ifstream(basic_ifstream&& rhs);
+
+    basic_ifstream& operator=(basic_ifstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ifstream& rhs);
+
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    bool is_open() const;
+    void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
+    void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
+    void close();
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_ifstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ifstream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_ifstream<char>    ifstream;
+typedef basic_ifstream<wchar_t> wifstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_ofstream
+    : public basic_ostream<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    basic_ofstream();
+    explicit basic_ofstream(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_ofstream(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+    basic_ofstream(basic_ofstream&& rhs);
+
+    basic_ofstream& operator=(basic_ofstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ofstream& rhs);
+
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    bool is_open() const;
+    void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+    void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+    void close();
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_ofstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ofstream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_ofstream<char>    ofstream;
+typedef basic_ofstream<wchar_t> wofstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits=char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_fstream
+    : public basic_iostream<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    basic_fstream();
+    explicit basic_fstream(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_fstream(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out);
+    basic_fstream(basic_fstream&& rhs);
+
+    basic_fstream& operator=(basic_fstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_fstream& rhs);
+
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    bool is_open() const;
+    void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out);
+    void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out);
+    void close();
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void swap(basic_fstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_fstream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_fstream<char>    fstream;
+typedef basic_fstream<wchar_t> wfstream;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <istream>
+#include <__locale>
+#include <cstdio>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_filebuf
+    : public basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                           char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                          traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type   int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type   pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type   off_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::state_type state_type;
+
+    // 27.9.1.2 Constructors/destructor:
+    basic_filebuf();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_filebuf(basic_filebuf&& __rhs);
+#endif
+    virtual ~basic_filebuf();
+
+    // 27.9.1.3 Assign/swap:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_filebuf& operator=(basic_filebuf&& __rhs);
+#endif
+    void swap(basic_filebuf& __rhs);
+
+    // 27.9.1.4 Members:
+    bool is_open() const;
+    basic_filebuf* open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode);
+    basic_filebuf* open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode);
+    basic_filebuf* close();
+
+protected:
+    // 27.9.1.5 Overridden virtual functions:
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* setbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                             ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type __sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual int sync();
+    virtual void imbue(const locale& __loc);
+
+private:
+    char*       __extbuf_;
+    const char* __extbufnext_;
+    const char* __extbufend_;
+    char __extbuf_min_[8];
+    size_t __ebs_;
+    char_type* __intbuf_;
+    size_t __ibs_;
+    FILE* __file_;
+    const codecvt<char_type, char, state_type>* __cv_;
+    state_type __st_;
+    ios_base::openmode __om_;
+    ios_base::openmode __cm_;
+    bool __owns_eb_;
+    bool __owns_ib_;
+    bool __always_noconv_;
+
+    bool __read_mode();
+    void __write_mode();
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_filebuf()
+    : __extbuf_(0),
+      __extbufnext_(0),
+      __extbufend_(0),
+      __ebs_(0),
+      __intbuf_(0),
+      __ibs_(0),
+      __file_(0),
+      __cv_(&use_facet<codecvt<char_type, char, state_type> >(this->getloc())),
+      __st_(),
+      __om_(0),
+      __cm_(0),
+      __owns_eb_(false),
+      __owns_ib_(false),
+      __always_noconv_(__cv_->always_noconv())
+{
+    setbuf(0, 4096);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_filebuf(basic_filebuf&& __rhs)
+    : basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>(__rhs)
+{
+    if (__rhs.__extbuf_ == __rhs.__extbuf_min_)
+    {
+        __extbuf_ = __extbuf_min_;
+        __extbufnext_ = __extbuf_ + (__rhs.__extbufnext_ - __rhs.__extbuf_);
+        __extbufend_ = __extbuf_ + (__rhs.__extbufend_ - __rhs.__extbuf_);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __extbuf_ = __rhs.__extbuf_;
+        __extbufnext_ = __rhs.__extbufnext_;
+        __extbufend_ = __rhs.__extbufend_;
+    }
+    __ebs_ = __rhs.__ebs_;
+    __intbuf_ = __rhs.__intbuf_;
+    __ibs_ = __rhs.__ibs_;
+    __file_ = __rhs.__file_;
+    __cv_ = __rhs.__cv_;
+    __st_ = __rhs.__st_;
+    __om_ = __rhs.__om_;
+    __cm_ = __rhs.__cm_;
+    __owns_eb_ = __rhs.__owns_eb_;
+    __owns_ib_ = __rhs.__owns_ib_;
+    __always_noconv_ = __rhs.__always_noconv_;
+    if (__rhs.pbase())
+    {
+        if (__rhs.pbase() == __rhs.__intbuf_)
+            this->setp(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + (__rhs. epptr() - __rhs.pbase()));
+        else
+            this->setp((char_type*)__extbuf_,
+                       (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__rhs. epptr() - __rhs.pbase()));
+        this->pbump(__rhs. pptr() - __rhs.pbase());
+    }
+    else if (__rhs.eback())
+    {
+        if (__rhs.eback() == __rhs.__intbuf_)
+            this->setg(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + (__rhs.gptr() - __rhs.eback()),
+                                  __intbuf_ + (__rhs.egptr() - __rhs.eback()));
+        else
+            this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_,
+                       (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__rhs.gptr() - __rhs.eback()),
+                       (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__rhs.egptr() - __rhs.eback()));
+    }
+    __rhs.__extbuf_ = 0;
+    __rhs.__extbufnext_ = 0;
+    __rhs.__extbufend_ = 0;
+    __rhs.__ebs_ = 0;
+    __rhs.__intbuf_ = 0;
+    __rhs.__ibs_ = 0;
+    __rhs.__file_ = 0;
+    __rhs.__st_ = state_type();
+    __rhs.__om_ = 0;
+    __rhs.__cm_ = 0;
+    __rhs.__owns_eb_ = false;
+    __rhs.__owns_ib_ = false;
+    __rhs.setg(0, 0, 0);
+    __rhs.setp(0, 0);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_filebuf&& __rhs)
+{
+    close();
+    swap(__rhs);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_filebuf()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        close();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__owns_eb_)
+        delete [] __extbuf_;
+    if (__owns_ib_)
+        delete [] __intbuf_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_filebuf& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    if (__extbuf_ != __extbuf_min_ && __rhs.__extbuf_ != __rhs.__extbuf_min_)
+    {
+        _VSTD::swap(__extbuf_, __rhs.__extbuf_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__extbufnext_, __rhs.__extbufnext_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__extbufend_, __rhs.__extbufend_);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t __ln = __extbufnext_ - __extbuf_;
+        ptrdiff_t __le = __extbufend_ - __extbuf_;
+        ptrdiff_t __rn = __rhs.__extbufnext_ - __rhs.__extbuf_;
+        ptrdiff_t __re = __rhs.__extbufend_ - __rhs.__extbuf_;
+        if (__extbuf_ == __extbuf_min_ && __rhs.__extbuf_ != __rhs.__extbuf_min_)
+        {
+            __extbuf_ = __rhs.__extbuf_;
+            __rhs.__extbuf_ = __rhs.__extbuf_min_;
+        }
+        else if (__extbuf_ != __extbuf_min_ && __rhs.__extbuf_ == __rhs.__extbuf_min_)
+        {
+            __rhs.__extbuf_ = __extbuf_;
+            __extbuf_ = __extbuf_min_;
+        }
+        __extbufnext_ = __extbuf_ + __rn;
+        __extbufend_ = __extbuf_ + __re;
+        __rhs.__extbufnext_ = __rhs.__extbuf_ + __ln;
+        __rhs.__extbufend_ = __rhs.__extbuf_ + __le;
+    }
+    _VSTD::swap(__ebs_, __rhs.__ebs_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__intbuf_, __rhs.__intbuf_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__ibs_, __rhs.__ibs_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__file_, __rhs.__file_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__cv_, __rhs.__cv_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__st_, __rhs.__st_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__om_, __rhs.__om_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__cm_, __rhs.__cm_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__owns_eb_, __rhs.__owns_eb_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__owns_ib_, __rhs.__owns_ib_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__always_noconv_, __rhs.__always_noconv_);
+    if (this->eback() == (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_)
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t __n = this->gptr() - this->eback();
+        ptrdiff_t __e = this->egptr() - this->eback();
+        this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_min_,
+                   (char_type*)__extbuf_min_ + __n,
+                   (char_type*)__extbuf_min_ + __e);
+    }
+    else if (this->pbase() == (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_)
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t __n = this->pptr() - this->pbase();
+        ptrdiff_t __e = this->epptr() - this->pbase();
+        this->setp((char_type*)__extbuf_min_,
+                   (char_type*)__extbuf_min_ + __e);
+        this->pbump(__n);
+    }
+    if (__rhs.eback() == (char_type*)__extbuf_min_)
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t __n = __rhs.gptr() - __rhs.eback();
+        ptrdiff_t __e = __rhs.egptr() - __rhs.eback();
+        __rhs.setg((char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_,
+                   (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_ + __n,
+                   (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_ + __e);
+    }
+    else if (__rhs.pbase() == (char_type*)__extbuf_min_)
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t __n = __rhs.pptr() - __rhs.pbase();
+        ptrdiff_t __e = __rhs.epptr() - __rhs.pbase();
+        __rhs.setp((char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_,
+                   (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_ + __e);
+        __rhs.pbump(__n);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::is_open() const
+{
+    return __file_ != 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+{
+    basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* __rt = 0;
+    if (__file_ == 0)
+    {
+        __rt = this;
+        const char* __mdstr;
+        switch (__mode & ~ios_base::ate)
+        {
+        case ios_base::out:
+        case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc:
+            __mdstr = "w";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::out | ios_base::app:
+        case ios_base::app:
+            __mdstr = "a";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::in:
+            __mdstr = "r";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::in | ios_base::out:
+            __mdstr = "r+";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc:
+            __mdstr = "w+";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::app:
+        case ios_base::in | ios_base::app:
+            __mdstr = "a+";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::out | ios_base::binary:
+        case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary:
+            __mdstr = "wb";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::out | ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+        case ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+            __mdstr = "ab";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::in | ios_base::binary:
+            __mdstr = "rb";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::binary:
+            __mdstr = "r+b";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary:
+            __mdstr = "w+b";
+            break;
+        case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+        case ios_base::in | ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+            __mdstr = "a+b";
+            break;
+        default:
+            __rt = 0;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (__rt)
+        {
+            __file_ = fopen(__s, __mdstr);
+            if (__file_)
+            {
+                __om_ = __mode;
+                if (__mode & ios_base::ate)
+                {
+                    if (fseek(__file_, 0, SEEK_END))
+                    {
+                        fclose(__file_);
+                        __file_ = 0;
+                        __rt = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+                __rt = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    return __rt;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+{
+    return open(__s.c_str(), __mode);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::close()
+{
+    basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* __rt = 0;
+    if (__file_)
+    {
+        __rt = this;
+        unique_ptr<FILE, int(*)(FILE*)> __h(__file_, fclose);
+        if ((__cm_ & ios_base::out) && sync())
+            __rt = 0;
+        if (fclose(__h.release()) == 0)
+            __file_ = 0;
+        else
+            __rt = 0;
+    }
+    return __rt;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::underflow()
+{
+    if (__file_ == 0)
+        return traits_type::eof();
+    bool __initial = __read_mode();
+    char_type __1buf;
+    if (this->gptr() == 0)
+        this->setg(&__1buf, &__1buf+1, &__1buf+1);
+    const size_t __unget_sz = __initial ? 0 : min<size_t>((this->egptr() - this->eback()) / 2, 4);
+    int_type __c = traits_type::eof();
+    if (this->gptr() == this->egptr())
+    {
+        memmove(this->eback(), this->egptr() - __unget_sz, __unget_sz * sizeof(char_type));
+        if (__always_noconv_)
+        {
+            size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(this->egptr() - this->eback() - __unget_sz);
+            __nmemb = fread(this->eback() + __unget_sz, 1, __nmemb, __file_);
+            if (__nmemb != 0)
+            {
+                this->setg(this->eback(),
+                           this->eback() + __unget_sz,
+                           this->eback() + __unget_sz + __nmemb);
+                __c = traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            memmove(__extbuf_, __extbufnext_, __extbufend_ - __extbufnext_);
+            __extbufnext_ = __extbuf_ + (__extbufend_ - __extbufnext_);
+            __extbufend_ = __extbuf_ + (__extbuf_ == __extbuf_min_ ? sizeof(__extbuf_min_) : __ebs_);
+            size_t __nmemb = _VSTD::min(static_cast<size_t>(this->egptr() - this->eback() - __unget_sz),
+                                 static_cast<size_t>(__extbufend_ - __extbufnext_));
+            codecvt_base::result __r;
+            state_type __svs = __st_;
+            size_t __nr = fread((void*)__extbufnext_, 1, __nmemb, __file_);
+            if (__nr != 0)
+            {
+                __extbufend_ = __extbufnext_ + __nr;
+                char_type*  __inext;
+                __r = __cv_->in(__st_, __extbuf_, __extbufend_, __extbufnext_,
+                                       this->eback() + __unget_sz,
+                                       this->egptr(), __inext);
+                if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv)
+                {
+                    this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbufend_);
+                    __c = traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+                }
+                else if (__inext != this->eback() + __unget_sz)
+                {
+                    this->setg(this->eback(), this->eback() + __unget_sz, __inext);
+                    __c = traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        __c = traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+    if (this->eback() == &__1buf)
+        this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+    return __c;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pbackfail(int_type __c)
+{
+    if (__file_ && this->eback() < this->gptr())
+    {
+        if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof()))
+        {
+            this->gbump(-1);
+            return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+        }
+        if ((__om_ & ios_base::out) ||
+            traits_type::eq(traits_type::to_char_type(__c), this->gptr()[-1]))
+        {
+            this->gbump(-1);
+            *this->gptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+            return __c;
+        }
+    }
+    return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::overflow(int_type __c)
+{
+    if (__file_ == 0)
+        return traits_type::eof();
+    __write_mode();
+    char_type __1buf;
+    char_type* __pb_save = this->pbase();
+    char_type* __epb_save = this->epptr();
+    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof()))
+    {
+        if (this->pptr() == 0)
+            this->setp(&__1buf, &__1buf+1);
+        *this->pptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+        this->pbump(1);
+    }
+    if (this->pptr() != this->pbase())
+    {
+        if (__always_noconv_)
+        {
+            size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(this->pptr() - this->pbase());
+            if (fwrite(this->pbase(), sizeof(char_type), __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+                return traits_type::eof();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            char* __extbe = __extbuf_;
+            codecvt_base::result __r;
+            do
+            {
+                const char_type* __e;
+                __r = __cv_->out(__st_, this->pbase(), this->pptr(), __e,
+                                        __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+                if (__e == this->pbase())
+                    return traits_type::eof();
+                if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv)
+                {
+                    size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(this->pptr() - this->pbase());
+                    if (fwrite(this->pbase(), 1, __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+                        return traits_type::eof();
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok || __r == codecvt_base::partial)
+                {
+                    size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(__extbe - __extbuf_);
+                    if (fwrite(__extbuf_, 1, __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+                        return traits_type::eof();
+                    if (__r == codecvt_base::partial)
+                    {
+                        this->setp((char_type*)__e, this->pptr());
+                        this->pbump(this->epptr() - this->pbase());
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    return traits_type::eof();
+            } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+        }
+        this->setp(__pb_save, __epb_save);
+    }
+    return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::setbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+    this->setp(0, 0);
+    if (__owns_eb_)
+        delete [] __extbuf_;
+    if (__owns_ib_)
+        delete [] __intbuf_;
+    __ebs_ = __n;
+    if (__ebs_ > sizeof(__extbuf_min_))
+    {
+        if (__always_noconv_ && __s)
+        {
+            __extbuf_ = (char*)__s;
+            __owns_eb_ = false;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __extbuf_ = new char[__ebs_];
+            __owns_eb_ = true;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __extbuf_ = __extbuf_min_;
+        __ebs_ = sizeof(__extbuf_min_);
+        __owns_eb_ = false;
+    }
+    if (!__always_noconv_)
+    {
+        __ibs_ = max<streamsize>(__n, sizeof(__extbuf_min_));
+        if (__s && __ibs_ >= sizeof(__extbuf_min_))
+        {
+            __intbuf_ = __s;
+            __owns_ib_ = false;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __intbuf_ = new char_type[__ibs_];
+            __owns_ib_ = true;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __ibs_ = 0;
+        __intbuf_ = 0;
+        __owns_ib_ = false;
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                                        ios_base::openmode)
+{
+    int __width = __cv_->encoding();
+    if (__file_ == 0 || (__width <= 0 && __off != 0) || sync())
+        return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+    // __width > 0 || __off == 0
+    int __whence;
+    switch (__way)
+    {
+    case ios_base::beg:
+        __whence = SEEK_SET;
+        break;
+    case ios_base::cur:
+        __whence = SEEK_CUR;
+        break;
+    case ios_base::end:
+        __whence = SEEK_END;
+        break;
+    default:
+        return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+    }
+    if (fseeko(__file_, __width > 0 ? __width * __off : 0, __whence))
+        return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+    pos_type __r = ftello(__file_);
+    __r.state(__st_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode)
+{
+    if (__file_ == 0 || sync())
+        return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+    if (fseeko(__file_, __sp, SEEK_SET))
+        return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+    return __sp;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+int
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sync()
+{
+    if (__file_ == 0)
+        return 0;
+    if (__cm_ & ios_base::out)
+    {
+        if (this->pptr() != this->pbase())
+            if (overflow() == traits_type::eof())
+                return -1;
+        codecvt_base::result __r;
+        do
+        {
+            char* __extbe;
+            __r = __cv_->unshift(__st_, __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+            size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(__extbe - __extbuf_);
+            if (fwrite(__extbuf_, 1, __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+                return -1;
+        } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+        if (__r == codecvt_base::error)
+            return -1;
+        if (fflush(__file_))
+            return -1;
+    }
+    else if (__cm_ & ios_base::in)
+    {
+        off_type __c;
+        if (__always_noconv_)
+            __c = this->egptr() - this->gptr();
+        else
+        {
+            int __width = __cv_->encoding();
+            __c = __extbufend_ - __extbufnext_;
+            if (__width > 0)
+                __c += __width * (this->egptr() - this->gptr());
+            else
+            {
+                if (this->gptr() != this->egptr())
+                {
+                    reverse(this->gptr(), this->egptr());
+                    codecvt_base::result __r;
+                    const char_type* __e = this->gptr();
+                    char* __extbe;
+                    do
+                    {
+                        __r = __cv_->out(__st_, __e, this->egptr(), __e,
+                                         __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+                        switch (__r)
+                        {
+                        case codecvt_base::noconv:
+                            __c += this->egptr() - this->gptr();
+                            break;
+                        case codecvt_base::ok:
+                        case codecvt_base::partial:
+                            __c += __extbe - __extbuf_;
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            return -1;
+                        }
+                    } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (fseeko(__file_, -__c, SEEK_CUR))
+            return -1;
+        this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+        __cm_ = 0;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::imbue(const locale& __loc)
+{
+    sync();
+    __cv_ = &use_facet<codecvt<char_type, char, state_type> >(__loc);
+    bool __old_anc = __always_noconv_;
+    __always_noconv_ = __cv_->always_noconv();
+    if (__old_anc != __always_noconv_)
+    {
+        this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+        this->setp(0, 0);
+        // invariant, char_type is char, else we couldn't get here
+        if (__always_noconv_)  // need to dump __intbuf_
+        {
+            if (__owns_eb_)
+                delete [] __extbuf_;
+            __owns_eb_ = __owns_ib_;
+            __ebs_ = __ibs_;
+            __extbuf_ = (char*)__intbuf_;
+            __ibs_ = 0;
+            __intbuf_ = 0;
+            __owns_ib_ = false;
+        }
+        else  // need to obtain an __intbuf_.
+        {     // If __extbuf_ is user-supplied, use it, else new __intbuf_
+            if (!__owns_eb_ && __extbuf_ != __extbuf_min_)
+            {
+                __ibs_ = __ebs_;
+                __intbuf_ = (char_type*)__extbuf_;
+                __owns_ib_ = false;
+                __extbuf_ = new char[__ebs_];
+                __owns_eb_ = true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __ibs_ = __ebs_;
+                __intbuf_ = new char_type[__ibs_];
+                __owns_ib_ = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+bool
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::__read_mode()
+{
+    if (!(__cm_ & ios_base::in))
+    {
+        this->setp(0, 0);
+        if (__always_noconv_)
+            this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_,
+                       (char_type*)__extbuf_ + __ebs_,
+                       (char_type*)__extbuf_ + __ebs_);
+        else
+            this->setg(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + __ibs_, __intbuf_ + __ibs_);
+        __cm_ = ios_base::in;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::__write_mode()
+{
+    if (!(__cm_ & ios_base::out))
+    {
+        this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+        if (__ebs_ > sizeof(__extbuf_min_))
+        {
+            if (__always_noconv_)
+                this->setp((char_type*)__extbuf_,
+                           (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__ebs_ - 1));
+            else
+                this->setp(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + (__ibs_ - 1));
+        }
+        else
+            this->setp(0, 0);
+        __cm_ = ios_base::out;
+    }
+}
+
+// basic_ifstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ifstream
+    : public basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    basic_ifstream();
+    explicit basic_ifstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+    explicit basic_ifstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_ifstream(basic_ifstream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_ifstream& operator=(basic_ifstream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+    void swap(basic_ifstream& __rhs);
+
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    bool is_open() const;
+    void open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+    void open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+    void close();
+
+private:
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type> __sb_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ifstream()
+    : basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ifstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in) == 0)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ifstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in) == 0)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ifstream(basic_ifstream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>(_VSTD::move(__rhs)),
+      __sb_(_VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_))
+{
+    this->set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_ifstream&& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(_VSTD::move(__rhs));
+    __sb_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_ifstream& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf() const
+{
+    return const_cast<basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>*>(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::is_open() const
+{
+    return __sb_.is_open();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in))
+        this->clear();
+    else
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in))
+        this->clear();
+    else
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::close()
+{
+    if (__sb_.close() == 0)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+// basic_ofstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ofstream
+    : public basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    basic_ofstream();
+    explicit basic_ofstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_ofstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_ofstream(basic_ofstream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_ofstream& operator=(basic_ofstream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+    void swap(basic_ofstream& __rhs);
+
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    bool is_open() const;
+    void open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+    void open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+    void close();
+
+private:
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type> __sb_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ofstream()
+    : basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ofstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out) == 0)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ofstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out) == 0)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ofstream(basic_ofstream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>(_VSTD::move(__rhs)),
+      __sb_(_VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_))
+{
+    this->set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_ofstream&& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(_VSTD::move(__rhs));
+    __sb_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_ofstream& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf() const
+{
+    return const_cast<basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>*>(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::is_open() const
+{
+    return __sb_.is_open();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out))
+        this->clear();
+    else
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out))
+        this->clear();
+    else
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::close()
+{
+    if (__sb_.close() == 0)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+// basic_fstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_fstream
+    : public basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    basic_fstream();
+    explicit basic_fstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_fstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_fstream(basic_fstream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_fstream& operator=(basic_fstream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+    void swap(basic_fstream& __rhs);
+
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    bool is_open() const;
+    void open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    void open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    void close();
+
+private:
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type> __sb_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_fstream()
+    : basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_fstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode) == 0)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_fstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode) == 0)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_fstream(basic_fstream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>(_VSTD::move(__rhs)),
+      __sb_(_VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_))
+{
+    this->set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_fstream&& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(_VSTD::move(__rhs));
+    __sb_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_fstream& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf() const
+{
+    return const_cast<basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>*>(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::is_open() const
+{
+    return __sb_.is_open();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode))
+        this->clear();
+    else
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+{
+    if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode))
+        this->clear();
+    else
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::close()
+{
+    if (__sb_.close() == 0)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_FSTREAM
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/functional b/system/include/libcxx/functional
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6db7ac48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/functional
@@ -0,0 +1,1997 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===------------------------ functional ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL
+#define _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL
+
+/*
+    functional synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Arg, class Result>
+struct unary_function
+{
+    typedef Arg    argument_type;
+    typedef Result result_type;
+};
+
+template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Result>
+struct binary_function
+{
+    typedef Arg1   first_argument_type;
+    typedef Arg2   second_argument_type;
+    typedef Result result_type;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class reference_wrapper
+    : public unary_function<T1, R> // if wrapping a unary functor
+    : public binary_function<T1, T2, R> // if wraping a binary functor
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef T type;
+    typedef see below result_type; // Not always defined
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy
+    reference_wrapper(T&) noexcept;
+    reference_wrapper(T&&) = delete; // do not bind to temps
+    reference_wrapper(const reference_wrapper<T>& x) noexcept;
+
+    // assignment
+    reference_wrapper& operator=(const reference_wrapper<T>& x) noexcept;
+
+    // access
+    operator T& () const noexcept;
+    T& get() const noexcept;
+
+    // invoke
+    template <class... ArgTypes>
+      typename result_of<T(ArgTypes...)>::type
+          operator() (ArgTypes&&...) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> reference_wrapper<T> ref(T& t) noexcept;
+template <class T> void ref(const T&& t) = delete;
+template <class T> reference_wrapper<T> ref(reference_wrapper<T>t) noexcept;
+
+template <class T> reference_wrapper<const T> cref(const T& t) noexcept;
+template <class T> void cref(const T&& t) = delete;
+template <class T> reference_wrapper<const T> cref(reference_wrapper<T> t) noexcept;
+
+template <class T>
+struct plus : binary_function<T, T, T>
+{
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct minus : binary_function<T, T, T>
+{
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct multiplies : binary_function<T, T, T>
+{
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct divides : binary_function<T, T, T>
+{
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct modulus : binary_function<T, T, T>
+{
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct negate : unary_function<T, T>
+{
+    T operator()(const T& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct equal_to : binary_function<T, T, bool>
+{
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct not_equal_to : binary_function<T, T, bool>
+{
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct greater : binary_function<T, T, bool>
+{
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct less : binary_function<T, T, bool>
+{
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct greater_equal : binary_function<T, T, bool>
+{
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct less_equal : binary_function<T, T, bool>
+{
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct logical_and : binary_function<T, T, bool>
+{
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct logical_or : binary_function<T, T, bool>
+{
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct logical_not : unary_function<T, bool>
+{
+    bool operator()(const T& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class Predicate>
+class unary_negate
+    : public unary_function<typename Predicate::argument_type, bool>
+{
+public:
+    explicit unary_negate(const Predicate& pred);
+    bool operator()(const typename Predicate::argument_type& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class Predicate> unary_negate<Predicate> not1(const Predicate& pred);
+
+template <class Predicate>
+class binary_negate
+    : public binary_function<typename Predicate::first_argument_type,
+                             typename Predicate::second_argument_type,
+                             bool>
+{
+public:
+    explicit binary_negate(const Predicate& pred);
+    bool operator()(const typename Predicate::first_argument_type& x,
+                    const typename Predicate::second_argument_type& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class Predicate> binary_negate<Predicate> not2(const Predicate& pred);
+
+template<class T> struct is_bind_expression;
+template<class T> struct is_placeholder;
+
+template<class Fn, class... BoundArgs>
+  unspecified bind(Fn&&, BoundArgs&&...);
+template<class R, class Fn, class... BoundArgs>
+  unspecified bind(Fn&&, BoundArgs&&...);
+
+namespace placeholders {
+  // M is the implementation-defined number of placeholders
+  extern unspecified _1;
+  extern unspecified _2;
+  .
+  .
+  .
+  extern unspecified _M;
+}
+
+template <class Operation>
+class binder1st
+    : public unary_function<typename Operation::second_argument_type,
+                            typename Operation::result_type>
+{
+protected:
+    Operation                               op;
+    typename Operation::first_argument_type value;
+public:
+    binder1st(const Operation& x, const typename Operation::first_argument_type y);
+    typename Operation::result_type operator()(      typename Operation::second_argument_type& x) const;
+    typename Operation::result_type operator()(const typename Operation::second_argument_type& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class Operation, class T>
+binder1st<Operation> bind1st(const Operation& op, const T& x);
+
+template <class Operation>
+class binder2nd
+    : public unary_function<typename Operation::first_argument_type,
+                            typename Operation::result_type>
+{
+protected:
+    Operation                                op;
+    typename Operation::second_argument_type value;
+public:
+    binder2nd(const Operation& x, const typename Operation::second_argument_type y);
+    typename Operation::result_type operator()(      typename Operation::first_argument_type& x) const;
+    typename Operation::result_type operator()(const typename Operation::first_argument_type& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class Operation, class T>
+binder2nd<Operation> bind2nd(const Operation& op, const T& x);
+
+template <class Arg, class Result>
+class pointer_to_unary_function : public unary_function<Arg, Result>
+{
+public:
+    explicit pointer_to_unary_function(Result (*f)(Arg));
+    Result operator()(Arg x) const;
+};
+
+template <class Arg, class Result>
+pointer_to_unary_function<Arg,Result> ptr_fun(Result (*f)(Arg));
+
+template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Result>
+class pointer_to_binary_function : public binary_function<Arg1, Arg2, Result>
+{
+public:
+    explicit pointer_to_binary_function(Result (*f)(Arg1, Arg2));
+    Result operator()(Arg1 x, Arg2 y) const;
+};
+
+template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Result>
+pointer_to_binary_function<Arg1,Arg2,Result> ptr_fun(Result (*f)(Arg1,Arg2));
+
+template<class S, class T>
+class mem_fun_t : public unary_function<T*, S>
+{
+public:
+    explicit mem_fun_t(S (T::*p)());
+    S operator()(T* p) const;
+};
+
+template<class S, class T, class A>
+class mem_fun1_t : public binary_function<T*, A, S>
+{
+public:
+    explicit mem_fun1_t(S (T::*p)(A));
+    S operator()(T* p, A x) const;
+};
+
+template<class S, class T>          mem_fun_t<S,T>    mem_fun(S (T::*f)());
+template<class S, class T, class A> mem_fun1_t<S,T,A> mem_fun(S (T::*f)(A));
+
+template<class S, class T>
+class mem_fun_ref_t : public unary_function<T, S>
+{
+public:
+    explicit mem_fun_ref_t(S (T::*p)());
+    S operator()(T& p) const;
+};
+
+template<class S, class T, class A>
+class mem_fun1_ref_t : public binary_function<T, A, S>
+{
+public:
+    explicit mem_fun1_ref_t(S (T::*p)(A));
+    S operator()(T& p, A x) const;
+};
+
+template<class S, class T>          mem_fun_ref_t<S,T>    mem_fun_ref(S (T::*f)());
+template<class S, class T, class A> mem_fun1_ref_t<S,T,A> mem_fun_ref(S (T::*f)(A));
+
+template <class S, class T>
+class const_mem_fun_t : public unary_function<const T*, S>
+{
+public:
+    explicit const_mem_fun_t(S (T::*p)() const);
+    S operator()(const T* p) const;
+};
+
+template <class S, class T, class A>
+class const_mem_fun1_t : public binary_function<const T*, A, S>
+{
+public:
+    explicit const_mem_fun1_t(S (T::*p)(A) const);
+    S operator()(const T* p, A x) const;
+};
+
+template <class S, class T>          const_mem_fun_t<S,T>    mem_fun(S (T::*f)() const);
+template <class S, class T, class A> const_mem_fun1_t<S,T,A> mem_fun(S (T::*f)(A) const);
+
+template <class S, class T>
+class const_mem_fun_ref_t : public unary_function<T, S>
+{
+public:
+    explicit const_mem_fun_ref_t(S (T::*p)() const);
+    S operator()(const T& p) const;
+};
+
+template <class S, class T, class A>
+class const_mem_fun1_ref_t : public binary_function<T, A, S>
+{
+public:
+    explicit const_mem_fun1_ref_t(S (T::*p)(A) const);
+    S operator()(const T& p, A x) const;
+};
+
+template <class S, class T>          const_mem_fun_ref_t<S,T>    mem_fun_ref(S (T::*f)() const);
+template <class S, class T, class A> const_mem_fun1_ref_t<S,T,A> mem_fun_ref(S (T::*f)(A) const);
+
+template<class R, class T> unspecified mem_fn(R T::*);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...));
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) const);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) volatile);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) const volatile);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) &);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) const &);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) volatile &);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) const volatile &);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) &&);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) const &&);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) volatile &&);
+template<class R, class T, class... Args> unspecified mem_fn(R (T::*)(Args...) const volatile &&);
+
+class bad_function_call
+    : public exception
+{
+};
+
+template<class> class function; // undefined
+
+template<class R, class... ArgTypes>
+class function<R(ArgTypes...)>
+  : public unary_function<T1, R>      // iff sizeof...(ArgTypes) == 1 and
+                                      // ArgTypes contains T1
+  : public binary_function<T1, T2, R> // iff sizeof...(ArgTypes) == 2 and
+                                      // ArgTypes contains T1 and T2
+{
+public:
+    typedef R result_type;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    function() noexcept;
+    function(nullptr_t) noexcept;
+    function(const function&);
+    function(function&&) noexcept;
+    template<class F>
+      function(F);
+    template<Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&) noexcept;
+    template<Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+    template<Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, const function&);
+    template<Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, function&&);
+    template<class F, Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, F);
+
+    function& operator=(const function&);
+    function& operator=(function&&) noexcept;
+    function& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;
+    template<class F>
+      function& operator=(F&&);
+    template<class F>
+      function& operator=(reference_wrapper<F>) noexcept;
+
+    ~function();
+
+    // function modifiers:
+    void swap(function&) noexcept;
+    template<class F, class Alloc>
+      void assign(F&&, const Alloc&);
+
+    // function capacity:
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+
+    // function invocation:
+    R operator()(ArgTypes...) const;
+
+    // function target access:
+    const std::type_info& target_type() const noexcept;
+    template <typename T>       T* target() noexcept;
+    template <typename T> const T* target() const noexcept;
+};
+
+// Null pointer comparisons:
+template <class R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  bool operator==(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+
+template <class R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  bool operator==(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;
+
+template <class R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  bool operator!=(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+
+template <class  R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class  R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  void swap(function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;
+
+template <class T> struct hash;
+
+template <> struct hash<bool>;
+template <> struct hash<char>;
+template <> struct hash<signed char>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned char>;
+template <> struct hash<char16_t>;
+template <> struct hash<char32_t>;
+template <> struct hash<wchar_t>;
+template <> struct hash<short>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned short>;
+template <> struct hash<int>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned int>;
+template <> struct hash<long>;
+template <> struct hash<long long>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned long>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned long long>;
+
+template <> struct hash<float>;
+template <> struct hash<double>;
+template <> struct hash<long double>;
+
+template<class T> struct hash<T*>;
+
+}  // std
+
+POLICY:  For non-variadic implementations, the number of arguments is limited
+         to 3.  It is hoped that the need for non-variadic implementations
+         will be minimal.
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <exception>
+#include <memory>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#include <__functional_base>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE plus : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x + __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE minus : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x - __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multiplies : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x * __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE divides : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x / __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE modulus : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x % __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE negate : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return -__x;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE equal_to : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x == __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE not_equal_to : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x != __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE greater : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x > __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE less : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x < __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE greater_equal : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x >= __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE less_equal : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x <= __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE logical_and : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x && __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE logical_or : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x || __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE logical_not : unary_function<_Tp, bool>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return !__x;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE bit_and : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x & __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE bit_or : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x | __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE bit_xor : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x ^ __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unary_negate
+    : public unary_function<typename _Predicate::argument_type, bool>
+{
+    _Predicate __pred_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit unary_negate(const _Predicate& __pred)
+        : __pred_(__pred) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const typename _Predicate::argument_type& __x) const
+        {return !__pred_(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unary_negate<_Predicate>
+not1(const _Predicate& __pred) {return unary_negate<_Predicate>(__pred);}
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE binary_negate
+    : public binary_function<typename _Predicate::first_argument_type,
+                             typename _Predicate::second_argument_type,
+                             bool>
+{
+    _Predicate __pred_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit binary_negate(const _Predicate& __pred)
+        : __pred_(__pred) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator()(const typename _Predicate::first_argument_type& __x,
+                    const typename _Predicate::second_argument_type& __y) const
+        {return !__pred_(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+binary_negate<_Predicate>
+not2(const _Predicate& __pred) {return binary_negate<_Predicate>(__pred);}
+
+template <class __Operation>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE binder1st
+    : public unary_function<typename __Operation::second_argument_type,
+                            typename __Operation::result_type>
+{
+protected:
+    __Operation                               op;
+    typename __Operation::first_argument_type value;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY binder1st(const __Operation& __x,
+                               const typename __Operation::first_argument_type __y)
+        : op(__x), value(__y) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY typename __Operation::result_type operator()
+        (typename __Operation::second_argument_type& __x) const
+            {return op(value, __x);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY typename __Operation::result_type operator()
+        (const typename __Operation::second_argument_type& __x) const
+            {return op(value, __x);}
+};
+
+template <class __Operation, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+binder1st<__Operation>
+bind1st(const __Operation& __op, const _Tp& __x)
+    {return binder1st<__Operation>(__op, __x);}
+
+template <class __Operation>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE binder2nd
+    : public unary_function<typename __Operation::first_argument_type,
+                            typename __Operation::result_type>
+{
+protected:
+    __Operation                                op;
+    typename __Operation::second_argument_type value;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    binder2nd(const __Operation& __x, const typename __Operation::second_argument_type __y)
+        : op(__x), value(__y) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY typename __Operation::result_type operator()
+        (      typename __Operation::first_argument_type& __x) const
+            {return op(__x, value);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY typename __Operation::result_type operator()
+        (const typename __Operation::first_argument_type& __x) const
+            {return op(__x, value);}
+};
+
+template <class __Operation, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+binder2nd<__Operation>
+bind2nd(const __Operation& __op, const _Tp& __x)
+    {return binder2nd<__Operation>(__op, __x);}
+
+template <class _Arg, class _Result>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE pointer_to_unary_function
+    : public unary_function<_Arg, _Result>
+{
+    _Result (*__f_)(_Arg);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit pointer_to_unary_function(_Result (*__f)(_Arg))
+        : __f_(__f) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Result operator()(_Arg __x) const
+        {return __f_(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Arg, class _Result>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pointer_to_unary_function<_Arg,_Result>
+ptr_fun(_Result (*__f)(_Arg))
+    {return pointer_to_unary_function<_Arg,_Result>(__f);}
+
+template <class _Arg1, class _Arg2, class _Result>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE pointer_to_binary_function
+    : public binary_function<_Arg1, _Arg2, _Result>
+{
+    _Result (*__f_)(_Arg1, _Arg2);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit pointer_to_binary_function(_Result (*__f)(_Arg1, _Arg2))
+        : __f_(__f) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Result operator()(_Arg1 __x, _Arg2 __y) const
+        {return __f_(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Arg1, class _Arg2, class _Result>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pointer_to_binary_function<_Arg1,_Arg2,_Result>
+ptr_fun(_Result (*__f)(_Arg1,_Arg2))
+    {return pointer_to_binary_function<_Arg1,_Arg2,_Result>(__f);}
+
+template<class _Sp, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE mem_fun_t : public unary_function<_Tp*, _Sp>
+{
+    _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)();
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit mem_fun_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)())
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Sp operator()(_Tp* __p) const
+        {return (__p->*__p_)();}
+};
+
+template<class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE mem_fun1_t : public binary_function<_Tp*, _Ap, _Sp>
+{
+    _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)(_Ap);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit mem_fun1_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)(_Ap))
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Sp operator()(_Tp* __p, _Ap __x) const
+        {return (__p->*__p_)(__x);}
+};
+
+template<class _Sp, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+mem_fun_t<_Sp,_Tp>
+mem_fun(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)())
+    {return mem_fun_t<_Sp,_Tp>(__f);}
+
+template<class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+mem_fun1_t<_Sp,_Tp,_Ap>
+mem_fun(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)(_Ap))
+    {return mem_fun1_t<_Sp,_Tp,_Ap>(__f);}
+
+template<class _Sp, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE mem_fun_ref_t : public unary_function<_Tp, _Sp>
+{
+    _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)();
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit mem_fun_ref_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)())
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Sp operator()(_Tp& __p) const
+        {return (__p.*__p_)();}
+};
+
+template<class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE mem_fun1_ref_t : public binary_function<_Tp, _Ap, _Sp>
+{
+    _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)(_Ap);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit mem_fun1_ref_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)(_Ap))
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Sp operator()(_Tp& __p, _Ap __x) const
+        {return (__p.*__p_)(__x);}
+};
+
+template<class _Sp, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+mem_fun_ref_t<_Sp,_Tp>
+mem_fun_ref(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)())
+    {return mem_fun_ref_t<_Sp,_Tp>(__f);}
+
+template<class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+mem_fun1_ref_t<_Sp,_Tp,_Ap>
+mem_fun_ref(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)(_Ap))
+    {return mem_fun1_ref_t<_Sp,_Tp,_Ap>(__f);}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE const_mem_fun_t : public unary_function<const _Tp*, _Sp>
+{
+    _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)() const;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit const_mem_fun_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)() const)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Sp operator()(const _Tp* __p) const
+        {return (__p->*__p_)();}
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE const_mem_fun1_t : public binary_function<const _Tp*, _Ap, _Sp>
+{
+    _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)(_Ap) const;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit const_mem_fun1_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)(_Ap) const)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Sp operator()(const _Tp* __p, _Ap __x) const
+        {return (__p->*__p_)(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const_mem_fun_t<_Sp,_Tp>
+mem_fun(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)() const)
+    {return const_mem_fun_t<_Sp,_Tp>(__f);}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const_mem_fun1_t<_Sp,_Tp,_Ap>
+mem_fun(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)(_Ap) const)
+    {return const_mem_fun1_t<_Sp,_Tp,_Ap>(__f);}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE const_mem_fun_ref_t : public unary_function<_Tp, _Sp>
+{
+    _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)() const;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit const_mem_fun_ref_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)() const)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Sp operator()(const _Tp& __p) const
+        {return (__p.*__p_)();}
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE const_mem_fun1_ref_t
+    : public binary_function<_Tp, _Ap, _Sp>
+{
+    _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)(_Ap) const;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit const_mem_fun1_ref_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)(_Ap) const)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Sp operator()(const _Tp& __p, _Ap __x) const
+        {return (__p.*__p_)(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const_mem_fun_ref_t<_Sp,_Tp>
+mem_fun_ref(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)() const)
+    {return const_mem_fun_ref_t<_Sp,_Tp>(__f);}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const_mem_fun1_ref_t<_Sp,_Tp,_Ap>
+mem_fun_ref(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)(_Ap) const)
+    {return const_mem_fun1_ref_t<_Sp,_Tp,_Ap>(__f);}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#include <__functional_03>
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __mem_fn
+    : public __weak_result_type<_Tp>
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Tp type;
+private:
+    type __f_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __mem_fn(type __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+
+    // invoke
+    template <class... _ArgTypes>
+       _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+       typename __invoke_return<type, _ArgTypes...>::type
+          operator() (_ArgTypes&&... __args)
+          {
+              return __invoke(__f_, _VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+          }
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _T>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R _T::*>
+mem_fn(_R _T::* __pm)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R _T::*>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class ..._Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_Args...)>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_Args...))
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_Args...)>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class ..._Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_Args...) const>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_Args...) const)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_Args...) const>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class ..._Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_Args...) volatile>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_Args...) volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_Args...) volatile>(__pm);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _T, class ..._Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_Args...) const volatile>
+mem_fn(_R (_T::* __pm)(_Args...) const volatile)
+{
+    return __mem_fn<_R (_T::*)(_Args...) const volatile>(__pm);
+}
+
+// bad_function_call
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI bad_function_call
+    : public exception
+{
+};
+
+template<class _Fp> class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE function; // undefined
+
+namespace __function
+{
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function
+{
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A1>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_R(_A1)>
+    : public unary_function<_A1, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function
+{
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_R(_A1, _A2)>
+    : public binary_function<_A1, _A2, _R>
+{
+};
+
+template<class _Fp> class __base;
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class __base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>
+{
+    __base(const __base&);
+    __base& operator=(const __base&);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __base() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY virtual ~__base() {}
+    virtual __base* __clone() const = 0;
+    virtual void __clone(__base*) const = 0;
+    virtual void destroy() _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate() _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+    virtual _R operator()(_ArgTypes&& ...) = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _FD, class _Alloc, class _FB> class __func;
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class __func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>
+    : public  __base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>
+{
+    __compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc> __f_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __func(_F __f) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __func(_F __f, _Alloc __a) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f), _VSTD::move(__a)) {}
+    virtual __base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>* __clone() const;
+    virtual void __clone(__base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>*) const;
+    virtual void destroy() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual _R operator()(_ArgTypes&& ... __arg);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+__base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::__clone() const
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__func, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+    ::new (__hold.get()) __func(__f_.first(), _Alloc(__a));
+    return __hold.release();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::__clone(__base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>* __p) const
+{
+    ::new (__p) __func(__f_.first(), __f_.second());
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::destroy() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::destroy_deallocate() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+_R
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes&& ... __arg)
+{
+    return __invoke(__f_.first(), _VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+const void*
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::target(const type_info& __ti) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__ti == typeid(_F))
+        return &__f_.first();
+    return (const void*)0;
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+const std::type_info&
+__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::target_type() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return typeid(_F);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+}  // __function
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>
+    : public __function::__maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>,
+      public __function::__maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>
+{
+    typedef __function::__base<_R(_ArgTypes...)> __base;
+    aligned_storage<3*sizeof(void*)>::type __buf_;
+    __base* __f_;
+
+    template <class _F>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(const _F&) {return true;}
+    template <class _R2, class ..._A>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (*__p)(_A...)) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class ..._A>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_A...)) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class ..._A>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_A...) const) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class ..._A>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_A...) volatile) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class _C, class ..._A>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(_R2 (_C::*__p)(_A...) const volatile) {return __p;}
+    template <class _R2, class ..._A>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static bool __not_null(const function<_R(_A...)>& __p) {return __p;}
+
+    template <class _F, bool = __invokable<_F&, _ArgTypes...>::value>
+        struct __callable;
+    template <class _F>
+        struct __callable<_F, true>
+        {
+            static const bool value =
+                is_convertible<typename __invoke_of<_F&, _ArgTypes...>::type,
+                               _R>::value;
+        };
+    template <class _F>
+        struct __callable<_F, false>
+        {
+            static const bool value = false;
+        };
+public:
+    typedef _R result_type;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    function() _NOEXCEPT : __f_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    function(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __f_(0) {}
+    function(const function&);
+    function(function&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _F>
+      function(_F,
+               typename enable_if<__callable<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&) _NOEXCEPT : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __f_(0) {}
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function&);
+    template<class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, function&&);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _F __f,
+               typename enable_if<__callable<_F>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    function& operator=(const function&);
+    function& operator=(function&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+    function& operator=(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _F>
+      typename enable_if
+      <
+        __callable<typename decay<_F>::type>::value,
+        function&
+      >::type
+      operator=(_F&&);
+
+    ~function();
+
+    // function modifiers:
+    void swap(function&) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      void assign(_F&& __f, const _Alloc& __a)
+        {function(allocator_arg, __a, _VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)).swap(*this);}
+
+    // function capacity:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    /*explicit*/ operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT {return __f_;}
+
+    // deleted overloads close possible hole in the type system
+    template<class _R2, class... _ArgTypes2>
+      bool operator==(const function<_R2(_ArgTypes2...)>&) const = delete;
+    template<class _R2, class... _ArgTypes2>
+      bool operator!=(const function<_R2(_ArgTypes2...)>&) const = delete;
+public:
+    // function invocation:
+    _R operator()(_ArgTypes...) const;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    // function target access:
+    const std::type_info& target_type() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    template <typename _T> _T* target() _NOEXCEPT;
+    template <typename _T> const _T* target() const _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::function(const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+template <class _Alloc>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&,
+                                     const function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (const __base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+        __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::function(function&& __f) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+template <class _Alloc>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&,
+                                     function&& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+template <class _F>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::function(_F __f,
+                                     typename enable_if<__callable<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, allocator<_F>, _R(_ArgTypes...)> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_F>::value)
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(_VSTD::move(__f));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef allocator<_FF> _A;
+            _A __a;
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(_VSTD::move(__f), allocator<_F>(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+template <class _F, class _Alloc>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0, _F __f,
+                                     typename enable_if<__callable<_F>::value>::type*)
+    : __f_(0)
+{
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    if (__not_null(__f))
+    {
+        typedef __function::__func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)> _FF;
+        if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_F>::value)
+        {
+            __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+            ::new (__f_) _FF(_VSTD::move(__f));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>
+#else
+                rebind_alloc<_FF>::other
+#endif
+                                                         _A;
+            _A __a(__a0);
+            typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+            unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+            ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(_VSTD::move(__f), _Alloc(__a));
+            __f_ = __hold.release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>&
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(const function& __f)
+{
+    function(__f).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>&
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(function&& __f) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+    __f_ = 0;
+    if (__f.__f_ == 0)
+        __f_ = 0;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>&
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+    __f_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+template <class _F>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::template __callable<typename decay<_F>::type>::value,
+    function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>&
+>::type
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(_F&& __f)
+{
+    function(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::~function()
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::swap(function& __f) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_ && __f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        typename aligned_storage<sizeof(__buf_)>::type __tempbuf;
+        __base* __t = (__base*)&__tempbuf;
+        __f_->__clone(__t);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = 0;
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = 0;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __t->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __t->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_->__clone((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f.__f_->__clone((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = __f_;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+    }
+    else
+        _VSTD::swap(__f_, __f.__f_);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+_R
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes... __arg) const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        throw bad_function_call();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return (*__f_)(_VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+const std::type_info&
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::target_type() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return typeid(void);
+    return __f_->target_type();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+template <typename _T>
+_T*
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::target() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (_T*)0;
+    return (_T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+template <typename _T>
+const _T*
+function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::target() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__f_ == 0)
+        return (const _T*)0;
+    return (const _T*)__f_->target(typeid(_T));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _R, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>& __f, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {return !__f;}
+
+template <class _R, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(nullptr_t, const function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>& __f) _NOEXCEPT {return !__f;}
+
+template <class _R, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>& __f, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {return (bool)__f;}
+
+template <class _R, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(nullptr_t, const function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>& __f) _NOEXCEPT {return (bool)__f;}
+
+template <class _R, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>& __x, function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{return __x.swap(__y);}
+
+template<class _Tp> struct __is_bind_expression : public false_type {};
+template<class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_bind_expression
+    : public __is_bind_expression<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+template<class _Tp> struct __is_placeholder : public integral_constant<int, 0> {};
+template<class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_placeholder
+    : public __is_placeholder<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+namespace placeholders
+{
+
+template <int _N> struct __ph {};
+
+extern __ph<1>   _1;
+extern __ph<2>   _2;
+extern __ph<3>   _3;
+extern __ph<4>   _4;
+extern __ph<5>   _5;
+extern __ph<6>   _6;
+extern __ph<7>   _7;
+extern __ph<8>   _8;
+extern __ph<9>   _9;
+extern __ph<10> _10;
+
+}  // placeholders
+
+template<int _N>
+struct __is_placeholder<placeholders::__ph<_N> >
+    : public integral_constant<int, _N> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Uj>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp&
+__mu(reference_wrapper<_Tp> __t, _Uj&)
+{
+    return __t.get();
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, class ..._Uj, size_t ..._Indx>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __invoke_of<_Ti&, _Uj...>::type
+__mu_expand(_Ti& __ti, tuple<_Uj...>& __uj, __tuple_indices<_Indx...>)
+{
+    return __ti(_VSTD::forward<_Uj>(get<_Indx>(__uj))...);
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, class ..._Uj>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value,
+    typename __invoke_of<_Ti&, _Uj...>::type
+>::type
+__mu(_Ti& __ti, tuple<_Uj...>& __uj)
+{
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Uj)>::type __indices;
+    return  __mu_expand(__ti, __uj, __indices());
+}
+
+template <bool IsPh, class _Ti, class _Uj>
+struct __mu_return2 {};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _Uj>
+struct __mu_return2<true, _Ti, _Uj>
+{
+    typedef typename tuple_element<is_placeholder<_Ti>::value - 1, _Uj>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _Uj>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    0 < is_placeholder<_Ti>::value,
+    typename __mu_return2<0 < is_placeholder<_Ti>::value, _Ti, _Uj>::type
+>::type
+__mu(_Ti&, _Uj& __uj)
+{
+    const size_t _Indx = is_placeholder<_Ti>::value - 1;
+    return _VSTD::forward<typename tuple_element<_Indx, _Uj>::type>(get<_Indx>(__uj));
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, class _Uj>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value &&
+    is_placeholder<_Ti>::value == 0 &&
+    !__is_reference_wrapper<_Ti>::value,
+    _Ti&
+>::type
+__mu(_Ti& __ti, _Uj& __uj)
+{
+    return __ti;
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, bool IsReferenceWrapper, bool IsBindEx, bool IsPh,
+          class _TupleUj>
+struct ____mu_return;
+
+template <class _Ti, class ..._Uj>
+struct ____mu_return<_Ti, false, true, false, tuple<_Uj...> >
+{
+    typedef typename __invoke_of<_Ti&, _Uj...>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct ____mu_return<_Ti, false, false, true, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef typename tuple_element<is_placeholder<_Ti>::value - 1,
+                                   _TupleUj>::type&& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct ____mu_return<_Ti, true, false, false, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef typename _Ti::type& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct ____mu_return<_Ti, false, false, false, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef _Ti& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct __mu_return
+    : public ____mu_return<_Ti,
+                           __is_reference_wrapper<_Ti>::value,
+                           is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value,
+                           0 < is_placeholder<_Ti>::value,
+                           _TupleUj>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _F, class _BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __bind_return;
+
+template <class _F, class ..._BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __bind_return<_F, tuple<_BoundArgs...>, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef typename __invoke_of
+    <
+        _F&,
+        typename __mu_return
+        <
+            _BoundArgs,
+            _TupleUj
+        >::type...
+    >::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _F, class ..._BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __bind_return<_F, const tuple<_BoundArgs...>, _TupleUj>
+{
+    typedef typename __invoke_of
+    <
+        _F&,
+        typename __mu_return
+        <
+            const _BoundArgs,
+            _TupleUj
+        >::type...
+    >::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _F, class _BoundArgs, size_t ..._Indx, class _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __bind_return<_F, _BoundArgs, _Args>::type
+__apply_functor(_F& __f, _BoundArgs& __bound_args, __tuple_indices<_Indx...>,
+                _Args&& __args)
+{
+    return __invoke(__f, __mu(get<_Indx>(__bound_args), __args)...);
+}
+
+template<class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+class __bind
+    : public __weak_result_type<typename decay<_F>::type>
+{
+    typedef typename decay<_F>::type _Fd;
+    typedef tuple<typename decay<_BoundArgs>::type...> _Td;
+    _Fd __f_;
+    _Td __bound_args_;
+
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_BoundArgs)>::type __indices;
+public:
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bind(const __bind& __b)
+        : __f_(__b.__f_),
+          __bound_args_(__b.__bound_args_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bind& operator=(const __bind& __b)
+    {
+        __f_ = __b.__f_;
+        __bound_args_ = __b.__bound_args_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bind(__bind&& __b)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::move(__b.__f_)),
+          __bound_args_(_VSTD::move(__b.__bound_args_)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bind& operator=(__bind&& __b)
+    {
+        __f_ = _VSTD::move(__b.__f_);
+        __bound_args_ = _VSTD::move(__b.__bound_args_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    template <class _G, class ..._BA>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      explicit __bind(_G&& __f, _BA&& ...__bound_args)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::forward<_G>(__f)),
+          __bound_args_(_VSTD::forward<_BA>(__bound_args)...) {}
+
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename __bind_return<_Fd, _Td, tuple<_Args&&...> >::type
+        operator()(_Args&& ...__args)
+        {
+            return __apply_functor(__f_, __bound_args_, __indices(),
+                                  tuple<_Args&&...>(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+        }
+
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename __bind_return<_Fd, _Td, tuple<_Args&&...> >::type
+        operator()(_Args&& ...__args) const
+        {
+            return __apply_functor(__f_, __bound_args_, __indices(),
+                                   tuple<_Args&&...>(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+        }
+};
+
+template<class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+struct __is_bind_expression<__bind<_F, _BoundArgs...> > : public true_type {};
+
+template<class _R, class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+class __bind_r
+    : public __bind<_F, _BoundArgs...>
+{
+    typedef __bind<_F, _BoundArgs...> base;
+public:
+    typedef _R result_type;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bind_r(const __bind_r& __b)
+        : base(_VSTD::forward<const base&>(__b)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bind_r& operator=(const __bind_r& __b)
+    {
+        base::operator=(_VSTD::forward<const base&>(__b));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bind_r(__bind_r&& __b)
+        : base(_VSTD::forward<base>(__b)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bind_r& operator=(__bind_r&& __b)
+    {
+        base::operator=(_VSTD::forward<base>(__b));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    template <class _G, class ..._BA>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      explicit __bind_r(_G&& __f, _BA&& ...__bound_args)
+        : base(_VSTD::forward<_G>(__f),
+               _VSTD::forward<_BA>(__bound_args)...) {}
+
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type
+        operator()(_Args&& ...__args)
+        {
+            return base::operator()(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        }
+
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type
+        operator()(_Args&& ...__args) const
+        {
+            return base::operator()(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        }
+};
+
+template<class _R, class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+struct __is_bind_expression<__bind_r<_R, _F, _BoundArgs...> > : public true_type {};
+
+template<class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bind<_F, _BoundArgs...>
+bind(_F&& __f, _BoundArgs&&... __bound_args)
+{
+    typedef __bind<_F, _BoundArgs...> type;
+    return type(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f), _VSTD::forward<_BoundArgs>(__bound_args)...);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class _F, class ..._BoundArgs>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__bind_r<_R, _F, _BoundArgs...>
+bind(_F&& __f, _BoundArgs&&... __bound_args)
+{
+    typedef __bind_r<_R, _F, _BoundArgs...> type;
+    return type(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f), _VSTD::forward<_BoundArgs>(__bound_args)...);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<bool>
+    : public unary_function<bool, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(bool __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<char>
+    : public unary_function<char, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(char __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<signed char>
+    : public unary_function<signed char, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(signed char __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<unsigned char>
+    : public unary_function<unsigned char, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(unsigned char __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<char16_t>
+    : public unary_function<char16_t, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(char16_t __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<char32_t>
+    : public unary_function<char32_t, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(char32_t __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<wchar_t>
+    : public unary_function<wchar_t, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(wchar_t __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<short>
+    : public unary_function<short, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(short __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<unsigned short>
+    : public unary_function<unsigned short, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(unsigned short __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<int>
+    : public unary_function<int, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(int __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<unsigned int>
+    : public unary_function<unsigned int, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(unsigned int __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<long>
+    : public unary_function<long, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(long __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<unsigned long>
+    : public unary_function<unsigned long, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(unsigned long __v) const _NOEXCEPT {return static_cast<size_t>(__v);}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<long long>
+    : public unary_function<long long, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(long long __v) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        size_t __r = 0;
+        const size_t* const __p = reinterpret_cast<const size_t*>(&__v);
+        for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < sizeof(argument_type)/sizeof(size_t); ++__i)
+            __r ^= __p[__i];
+        return __r;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<unsigned long long>
+    : public unary_function<unsigned long long, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(unsigned long long __v) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        size_t __r = 0;
+        const size_t* const __p = reinterpret_cast<const size_t*>(&__v);
+        for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < sizeof(argument_type)/sizeof(size_t); ++__i)
+            __r ^= __p[__i];
+        return __r;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<float>
+    : public unary_function<float, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(float __v) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (__v == 0)
+            return 0;
+        const size_t* const __p = reinterpret_cast<const size_t*>(&__v);
+        return *__p;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<double>
+    : public unary_function<double, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(double __v) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (__v == 0)
+            return 0;
+        size_t __r = 0;
+        const size_t* const __p = reinterpret_cast<const size_t*>(&__v);
+        for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < sizeof(argument_type)/sizeof(size_t); ++__i)
+            __r ^= __p[__i];
+        return __r;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<long double>
+    : public unary_function<long double, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(long double __v) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (__v == 0)
+            return 0;
+        size_t __r = 0;
+        const size_t* const __p = reinterpret_cast<const size_t*>(&__v);
+        for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < sizeof(argument_type)/sizeof(size_t); ++__i)
+            __r ^= __p[__i];
+        return __r;
+    }
+};
+
+// struct hash<T*> in <memory>
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/future b/system/include/libcxx/future
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62529d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/future
@@ -0,0 +1,2515 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- future -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FUTURE
+#define _LIBCPP_FUTURE
+
+/*
+    future synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+enum class future_errc
+{
+    broken_promise,
+    future_already_retrieved,
+    promise_already_satisfied,
+    no_state
+};
+
+enum class launch
+{
+    async = 1,
+    deferred = 2,
+    any = async | deferred
+};
+
+enum class future_status
+{
+    ready,
+    timeout,
+    deferred
+};
+
+template <> struct is_error_code_enum<future_errc> : public true_type { };
+error_code make_error_code(future_errc e);
+error_condition make_error_condition(future_errc e);
+
+const error_category& future_category();
+
+class future_error
+    : public logic_error
+{
+public:
+    future_error(error_code ec);  // exposition only
+
+    const error_code& code() const throw();
+    const char*       what() const throw();
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class promise
+{
+public:
+    promise();
+    template <class Allocator>
+        promise(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator& a);
+    promise(promise&& rhs);
+    promise(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    ~promise();
+
+    // assignment
+    promise& operator=(promise&& rhs);
+    promise& operator=(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    void swap(promise& other);
+
+    // retrieving the result
+    future<R> get_future();
+
+    // setting the result
+    void set_value(const R& r);
+    void set_value(R&& r);
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr p);
+
+    // setting the result with deferred notification
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(const R& r);
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(R&& r);
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr p);
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class promise<R&>
+{
+public:
+    promise();
+    template <class Allocator>
+        promise(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator& a);
+    promise(promise&& rhs);
+    promise(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    ~promise();
+
+    // assignment
+    promise& operator=(promise&& rhs);
+    promise& operator=(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    void swap(promise& other);
+
+    // retrieving the result
+    future<R&> get_future();
+
+    // setting the result
+    void set_value(R& r);
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr p);
+
+    // setting the result with deferred notification
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(R&);
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr p);
+};
+
+template <>
+class promise<void>
+{
+public:
+    promise();
+    template <class Allocator>
+        promise(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator& a);
+    promise(promise&& rhs);
+    promise(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    ~promise();
+
+    // assignment
+    promise& operator=(promise&& rhs);
+    promise& operator=(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    void swap(promise& other);
+
+    // retrieving the result
+    future<void> get_future();
+
+    // setting the result
+    void set_value();
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr p);
+
+    // setting the result with deferred notification
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit();
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr p);
+};
+
+template <class R> void swap(promise<R>& x, promise<R>& y);
+
+template <class R, class Alloc>
+    struct uses_allocator<promise<R>, Alloc> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class R>
+class future
+{
+public:
+    future();
+    future(future&&);
+    future(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    ~future();
+    future& operator=(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    future& operator=(future&&);
+    shared_future<R> share() &&;
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    R get();
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class future<R&>
+{
+public:
+    future();
+    future(future&&);
+    future(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    ~future();
+    future& operator=(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    future& operator=(future&&);
+    shared_future<R&> share() &&;
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    R& get();
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+class future<void>
+{
+public:
+    future();
+    future(future&&);
+    future(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    ~future();
+    future& operator=(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    future& operator=(future&&);
+    shared_future<void> share() &&;
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    void get();
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class shared_future
+{
+public:
+    shared_future();
+    shared_future(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future(future<R>&&);
+    shared_future(shared_future&& rhs);
+    ~shared_future();
+    shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& rhs);
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    const R& get() const;
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class shared_future<R&>
+{
+public:
+    shared_future();
+    shared_future(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future(future<R&>&&);
+    shared_future(shared_future&& rhs);
+    ~shared_future();
+    shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& rhs);
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    R& get() const;
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+class shared_future<void>
+{
+public:
+    shared_future();
+    shared_future(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future(future<void>&&);
+    shared_future(shared_future&& rhs);
+    ~shared_future();
+    shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& rhs);
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    void get() const;
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <class F, class... Args>
+  future<typename result_of<F(Args...)>::type>
+  async(F&& f, Args&&... args);
+
+template <class F, class... Args>
+  future<typename result_of<F(Args...)>::type>
+  async(launch policy, F&& f, Args&&... args);
+
+template <class> class packaged_task; // undefined
+
+template <class R, class... ArgTypes>
+class packaged_task<R(ArgTypes...)>
+{
+public:
+    typedef R result_type;
+
+    // construction and destruction
+    packaged_task();
+    template <class F>
+        explicit packaged_task(F&& f);
+    template <class F, class Allocator>
+        explicit packaged_task(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator& a, F&& f);
+    ~packaged_task();
+
+    // no copy
+    packaged_task(packaged_task&) = delete;
+    packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&) = delete;
+
+    // move support
+    packaged_task(packaged_task&& other);
+    packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&& other);
+    void swap(packaged_task& other);
+
+    bool valid() const;
+
+    // result retrieval
+    future<R> get_future();
+
+    // execution
+    void operator()(ArgTypes... );
+    void make_ready_at_thread_exit(ArgTypes...);
+
+    void reset();
+};
+
+template <class R>
+  void swap(packaged_task<R(ArgTypes...)&, packaged_task<R(ArgTypes...)>&);
+
+template <class R, class Alloc> struct uses_allocator<packaged_task<R>, Alloc>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <memory>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <exception>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+//enum class future_errc
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE future_errc
+{
+enum _ {
+    broken_promise,
+    future_already_retrieved,
+    promise_already_satisfied,
+    no_state
+};
+
+    _ __v_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY future_errc(_ __v) : __v_(__v) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator int() const {return __v_;}
+
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_error_code_enum<future_errc> : public true_type {};
+
+//enum class launch
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE launch
+{
+enum _ {
+    async = 1,
+    deferred = 2,
+    any = async | deferred
+};
+
+    _ __v_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY launch(_ __v) : __v_(__v) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator int() const {return __v_;}
+
+};
+
+//enum class future_status
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE future_status
+{
+enum _ {
+    ready,
+    timeout,
+    deferred
+};
+
+    _ __v_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY future_status(_ __v) : __v_(__v) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator int() const {return __v_;}
+
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE
+const error_category& future_category();
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+error_code
+make_error_code(future_errc __e)
+{
+    return error_code(static_cast<int>(__e), future_category());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+error_condition
+make_error_condition(future_errc __e)
+{
+    return error_condition(static_cast<int>(__e), future_category());
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI future_error
+    : public logic_error
+{
+    error_code __ec_;
+public:
+    future_error(error_code __ec);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const error_code& code() const throw() {return __ec_;}
+
+    virtual ~future_error() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class __assoc_sub_state
+    : public __shared_count
+{
+protected:
+    exception_ptr __exception_;
+    mutable mutex __mut_;
+    mutable condition_variable __cv_;
+    unsigned __state_;
+
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+    void __sub_wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk);
+public:
+    enum
+    {
+        __constructed = 1,
+        __future_attached = 2,
+        ready = 4,
+        deferred = 8
+    };
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __assoc_sub_state() : __state_(0) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool __has_value() const
+        {return (__state_ & __constructed) || (__exception_ != nullptr);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __set_future_attached() {__state_ |= __future_attached;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool __has_future_attached() const {return __state_ & __future_attached;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __set_deferred() {__state_ |= deferred;}
+
+    void __make_ready();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool __is_ready() const {return __state_ & ready;}
+
+    void set_value();
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit();
+
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr __p);
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p);
+
+    void copy();
+
+    void wait();
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const;
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const;
+
+    virtual void __execute();
+};
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+future_status
+__assoc_sub_state::wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+    if (__state_ & deferred)
+        return future_status::deferred;
+    while (!(__state_ & ready) && _Clock::now() < __abs_time)
+        __cv_.wait_until(__lk, __abs_time);
+    if (__state_ & ready)
+        return future_status::ready;
+    return future_status::timeout;
+}
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+future_status
+__assoc_sub_state::wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const
+{
+    return wait_until(chrono::steady_clock::now() + __rel_time);
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+class __assoc_state
+    : public __assoc_sub_state
+{
+    typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+    typedef typename aligned_storage<sizeof(_R), alignment_of<_R>::value>::type _U;
+protected:
+    _U __value_;
+
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+public:
+
+    template <class _Arg>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+        void set_value(_Arg&& __arg);
+#else
+        void set_value(_Arg& __arg);
+#endif
+
+    template <class _Arg>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+        void set_value_at_thread_exit(_Arg&& __arg);
+#else
+        void set_value_at_thread_exit(_Arg& __arg);
+#endif
+
+    _R move();
+    typename add_lvalue_reference<_R>::type copy();
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+__assoc_state<_R>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (this->__state_ & base::__constructed)
+        reinterpret_cast<_R*>(&__value_)->~_R();
+    delete this;
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+template <class _Arg>
+void
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+__assoc_state<_R>::set_value(_Arg&& __arg)
+#else
+__assoc_state<_R>::set_value(_Arg& __arg)
+#endif
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (this->__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+#endif
+    ::new(&__value_) _R(_VSTD::forward<_Arg>(__arg));
+    this->__state_ |= base::__constructed | base::ready;
+    __lk.unlock();
+    __cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+template <class _Arg>
+void
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+__assoc_state<_R>::set_value_at_thread_exit(_Arg&& __arg)
+#else
+__assoc_state<_R>::set_value_at_thread_exit(_Arg& __arg)
+#endif
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (this->__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+#endif
+    ::new(&__value_) _R(_VSTD::forward<_Arg>(__arg));
+    this->__state_ |= base::__constructed;
+    __thread_local_data()->__make_ready_at_thread_exit(this);
+    __lk.unlock();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+_R
+__assoc_state<_R>::move()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+    this->__sub_wait(__lk);
+    if (this->__exception_ != nullptr)
+        rethrow_exception(this->__exception_);
+    return _VSTD::move(*reinterpret_cast<_R*>(&__value_));
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+typename add_lvalue_reference<_R>::type
+__assoc_state<_R>::copy()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+    this->__sub_wait(__lk);
+    if (this->__exception_ != nullptr)
+        rethrow_exception(this->__exception_);
+    return *reinterpret_cast<_R*>(&__value_);
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+class __assoc_state<_R&>
+    : public __assoc_sub_state
+{
+    typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+    typedef _R* _U;
+protected:
+    _U __value_;
+
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+public:
+
+    void set_value(_R& __arg);
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(_R& __arg);
+
+    _R& copy();
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+__assoc_state<_R&>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    delete this;
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+__assoc_state<_R&>::set_value(_R& __arg)
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (this->__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+#endif
+    __value_ = &__arg;
+    this->__state_ |= base::__constructed | base::ready;
+    __lk.unlock();
+    __cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+__assoc_state<_R&>::set_value_at_thread_exit(_R& __arg)
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (this->__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+#endif
+    __value_ = &__arg;
+    this->__state_ |= base::__constructed;
+    __thread_local_data()->__make_ready_at_thread_exit(this);
+    __lk.unlock();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+_R&
+__assoc_state<_R&>::copy()
+{
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+    this->__sub_wait(__lk);
+    if (this->__exception_ != nullptr)
+        rethrow_exception(this->__exception_);
+    return *__value_;
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _Alloc>
+class __assoc_state_alloc
+    : public __assoc_state<_R>
+{
+    typedef __assoc_state<_R> base;
+    _Alloc __alloc_;
+
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __assoc_state_alloc(const _Alloc& __a)
+        : __alloc_(__a) {}
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Alloc>
+void
+__assoc_state_alloc<_R, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (this->__state_ & base::__constructed)
+        reinterpret_cast<_R*>(&this->__value_)->~_R();
+    typename _Alloc::template rebind<__assoc_state_alloc>::other __a(__alloc_);
+    this->~__assoc_state_alloc();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _Alloc>
+class __assoc_state_alloc<_R&, _Alloc>
+    : public __assoc_state<_R&>
+{
+    typedef __assoc_state<_R&> base;
+    _Alloc __alloc_;
+
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __assoc_state_alloc(const _Alloc& __a)
+        : __alloc_(__a) {}
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Alloc>
+void
+__assoc_state_alloc<_R&, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    typename _Alloc::template rebind<__assoc_state_alloc>::other __a(__alloc_);
+    this->~__assoc_state_alloc();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __assoc_sub_state_alloc
+    : public __assoc_sub_state
+{
+    typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+    _Alloc __alloc_;
+
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __assoc_sub_state_alloc(const _Alloc& __a)
+        : __alloc_(__a) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+void
+__assoc_sub_state_alloc<_Alloc>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    this->~base();
+    typename _Alloc::template rebind<__assoc_sub_state_alloc>::other __a(__alloc_);
+    this->~__assoc_sub_state_alloc();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+class __deferred_assoc_state
+    : public __assoc_state<_R>
+{
+    typedef __assoc_state<_R> base;
+
+    _F __func_;
+
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    explicit __deferred_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+#endif
+
+    virtual void __execute();
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__deferred_assoc_state<_R, _F>::__deferred_assoc_state(_F&& __f)
+    : __func_(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f))
+{
+    this->__set_deferred();
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+void
+__deferred_assoc_state<_R, _F>::__execute()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        this->set_value(__func_());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->set_exception(current_exception());
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _F>
+class __deferred_assoc_state<void, _F>
+    : public __assoc_sub_state
+{
+    typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+
+    _F __func_;
+
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    explicit __deferred_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+#endif
+
+    virtual void __execute();
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__deferred_assoc_state<void, _F>::__deferred_assoc_state(_F&& __f)
+    : __func_(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f))
+{
+    this->__set_deferred();
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _F>
+void
+__deferred_assoc_state<void, _F>::__execute()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __func_();
+        this->set_value();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->set_exception(current_exception());
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+class __async_assoc_state
+    : public __assoc_state<_R>
+{
+    typedef __assoc_state<_R> base;
+
+    _F __func_;
+
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    explicit __async_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+#endif
+
+    virtual void __execute();
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__async_assoc_state<_R, _F>::__async_assoc_state(_F&& __f)
+    : __func_(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f))
+{
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+void
+__async_assoc_state<_R, _F>::__execute()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        this->set_value(__func_());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->set_exception(current_exception());
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+void
+__async_assoc_state<_R, _F>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    this->wait();
+    base::__on_zero_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _F>
+class __async_assoc_state<void, _F>
+    : public __assoc_sub_state
+{
+    typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+
+    _F __func_;
+
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    explicit __async_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+#endif
+
+    virtual void __execute();
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__async_assoc_state<void, _F>::__async_assoc_state(_F&& __f)
+    : __func_(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f))
+{
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _F>
+void
+__async_assoc_state<void, _F>::__execute()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __func_();
+        this->set_value();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->set_exception(current_exception());
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _F>
+void
+__async_assoc_state<void, _F>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    this->wait();
+    base::__on_zero_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _R> class promise;
+template <class _R> class shared_future;
+
+// future
+
+template <class _R> class future;
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+future<_R>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+__make_deferred_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+#else
+__make_deferred_assoc_state(_F __f);
+#endif
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+future<_R>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+__make_async_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+#else
+__make_async_assoc_state(_F __f);
+#endif
+
+template <class _R>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE future
+{
+    __assoc_state<_R>* __state_;
+
+    explicit future(__assoc_state<_R>* __state);
+
+    template <class> friend class promise;
+    template <class> friend class shared_future;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_async_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+#else
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_F __f);
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_async_assoc_state(_F __f);
+#endif
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future() : __state_(nullptr) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future(future&& __rhs)
+        : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {__rhs.__state_ = nullptr;}
+    future(const future&) = delete;
+    future& operator=(const future&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future& operator=(future&& __rhs)
+        {
+            future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    future(const future&);
+    future& operator=(const future&);
+public:
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~future();
+    shared_future<_R> share();
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    _R get();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(future& __rhs) {_VSTD::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_);}
+
+    // functions to check state
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool valid() const {return __state_ != nullptr;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void wait() const {__state_->wait();}
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);}
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);}
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+future<_R>::future(__assoc_state<_R>* __state)
+    : __state_(__state)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_->__has_future_attached())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::future_already_retrieved));
+#endif
+    __state_->__add_shared();
+    __state_->__set_future_attached();
+}
+
+struct __release_shared_count
+{
+    void operator()(__shared_count* p) {p->__release_shared();}
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+future<_R>::~future()
+{
+    if (__state_)
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+_R
+future<_R>::get()
+{
+    unique_ptr<__shared_count, __release_shared_count> __(__state_);
+    __assoc_state<_R>* __s = __state_;
+    __state_ = nullptr;
+    return __s->move();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE future<_R&>
+{
+    __assoc_state<_R&>* __state_;
+
+    explicit future(__assoc_state<_R&>* __state);
+
+    template <class> friend class promise;
+    template <class> friend class shared_future;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_async_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+#else
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_F __f);
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_async_assoc_state(_F __f);
+#endif
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future() : __state_(nullptr) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future(future&& __rhs)
+        : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {__rhs.__state_ = nullptr;}
+    future(const future&) = delete;
+    future& operator=(const future&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future& operator=(future&& __rhs)
+        {
+            future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    future(const future&);
+    future& operator=(const future&);
+public:
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~future();
+    shared_future<_R&> share();
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    _R& get();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(future& __rhs) {_VSTD::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_);}
+
+    // functions to check state
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool valid() const {return __state_ != nullptr;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void wait() const {__state_->wait();}
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);}
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);}
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+future<_R&>::future(__assoc_state<_R&>* __state)
+    : __state_(__state)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_->__has_future_attached())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::future_already_retrieved));
+#endif
+    __state_->__add_shared();
+    __state_->__set_future_attached();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+future<_R&>::~future()
+{
+    if (__state_)
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+_R&
+future<_R&>::get()
+{
+    unique_ptr<__shared_count, __release_shared_count> __(__state_);
+    __assoc_state<_R&>* __s = __state_;
+    __state_ = nullptr;
+    return __s->copy();
+}
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE future<void>
+{
+    __assoc_sub_state* __state_;
+
+    explicit future(__assoc_sub_state* __state);
+
+    template <class> friend class promise;
+    template <class> friend class shared_future;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_async_assoc_state(_F&& __f);
+#else
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_F __f);
+    template <class _R1, class _F>
+        friend future<_R1> __make_async_assoc_state(_F __f);
+#endif
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future() : __state_(nullptr) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future(future&& __rhs)
+        : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {__rhs.__state_ = nullptr;}
+    future(const future&) = delete;
+    future& operator=(const future&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future& operator=(future&& __rhs)
+        {
+            future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    future(const future&);
+    future& operator=(const future&);
+public:
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~future();
+    shared_future<void> share();
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    void get();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(future& __rhs) {_VSTD::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_);}
+
+    // functions to check state
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool valid() const {return __state_ != nullptr;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void wait() const {__state_->wait();}
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);}
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);}
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(future<_R>& __x, future<_R>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+// promise<R>
+
+template <class _Callable> class packaged_task;
+
+template <class _R>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE promise
+{
+    __assoc_state<_R>* __state_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit promise(nullptr_t) : __state_(nullptr) {}
+
+    template <class> friend class packaged_task;
+public:
+    promise();
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    promise(promise&& __rhs)
+        : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {__rhs.__state_ = nullptr;}
+    promise(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    promise(const promise& __rhs);
+public:
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~promise();
+
+    // assignment
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    promise& operator=(promise&& __rhs)
+        {
+            promise(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+    promise& operator=(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    promise& operator=(const promise& __rhs);
+public:
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(promise& __rhs) {_VSTD::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_);}
+
+    // retrieving the result
+    future<_R> get_future();
+
+    // setting the result
+    void set_value(const _R& __r);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void set_value(_R&& __r);
+#endif
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr __p);
+
+    // setting the result with deferred notification
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(const _R& __r);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(_R&& __r);
+#endif
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p);
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+promise<_R>::promise()
+    : __state_(new __assoc_state<_R>)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+template <class _Alloc>
+promise<_R>::promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0)
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__assoc_state_alloc<_R, _Alloc> >::other _A2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+    _A2 __a(__a0);
+    unique_ptr<__assoc_state_alloc<_R, _Alloc>, _D2> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D2(__a, 1));
+    ::new(__hold.get()) __assoc_state_alloc<_R, _Alloc>(__a0);
+    __state_ = __hold.release();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+promise<_R>::~promise()
+{
+    if (__state_)
+    {
+        if (!__state_->__has_value() && __state_->use_count() > 1)
+            __state_->set_exception(make_exception_ptr(
+                      future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::broken_promise))
+                                                      ));
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+future<_R>
+promise<_R>::get_future()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    return future<_R>(__state_);
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R>::set_value(const _R& __r)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_value(__r);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R>::set_value(_R&& __r)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_value(_VSTD::move(__r));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R>::set_exception(exception_ptr __p)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_exception(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R>::set_value_at_thread_exit(const _R& __r)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_value_at_thread_exit(__r);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R>::set_value_at_thread_exit(_R&& __r)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_value_at_thread_exit(_VSTD::move(__r));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R>::set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_exception_at_thread_exit(__p);
+}
+
+// promise<R&>
+
+template <class _R>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE promise<_R&>
+{
+    __assoc_state<_R&>* __state_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit promise(nullptr_t) : __state_(nullptr) {}
+
+    template <class> friend class packaged_task;
+
+public:
+    promise();
+    template <class _Allocator>
+        promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Allocator& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    promise(promise&& __rhs)
+        : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {__rhs.__state_ = nullptr;}
+    promise(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    promise(const promise& __rhs);
+public:
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~promise();
+
+    // assignment
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    promise& operator=(promise&& __rhs)
+        {
+            promise(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+    promise& operator=(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    promise& operator=(const promise& __rhs);
+public:
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(promise& __rhs) {_VSTD::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_);}
+
+    // retrieving the result
+    future<_R&> get_future();
+
+    // setting the result
+    void set_value(_R& __r);
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr __p);
+
+    // setting the result with deferred notification
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(_R&);
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p);
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+promise<_R&>::promise()
+    : __state_(new __assoc_state<_R&>)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+template <class _Alloc>
+promise<_R&>::promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0)
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__assoc_state_alloc<_R&, _Alloc> >::other _A2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+    _A2 __a(__a0);
+    unique_ptr<__assoc_state_alloc<_R&, _Alloc>, _D2> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D2(__a, 1));
+    ::new(__hold.get()) __assoc_state_alloc<_R&, _Alloc>(__a0);
+    __state_ = __hold.release();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+promise<_R&>::~promise()
+{
+    if (__state_)
+    {
+        if (!__state_->__has_value() && __state_->use_count() > 1)
+            __state_->set_exception(make_exception_ptr(
+                      future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::broken_promise))
+                                                      ));
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+future<_R&>
+promise<_R&>::get_future()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    return future<_R&>(__state_);
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R&>::set_value(_R& __r)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_value(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R&>::set_exception(exception_ptr __p)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_exception(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R&>::set_value_at_thread_exit(_R& __r)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_value_at_thread_exit(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+void
+promise<_R&>::set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif
+    __state_->set_exception_at_thread_exit(__p);
+}
+
+// promise<void>
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE promise<void>
+{
+    __assoc_sub_state* __state_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit promise(nullptr_t) : __state_(nullptr) {}
+
+    template <class> friend class packaged_task;
+
+public:
+    promise();
+    template <class _Allocator>
+        promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Allocator& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    promise(promise&& __rhs)
+        : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {__rhs.__state_ = nullptr;}
+    promise(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    promise(const promise& __rhs);
+public:
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~promise();
+
+    // assignment
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    promise& operator=(promise&& __rhs)
+        {
+            promise(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+    promise& operator=(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    promise& operator=(const promise& __rhs);
+public:
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(promise& __rhs) {_VSTD::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_);}
+
+    // retrieving the result
+    future<void> get_future();
+
+    // setting the result
+    void set_value();
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr __p);
+
+    // setting the result with deferred notification
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit();
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p);
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+promise<void>::promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0)
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__assoc_sub_state_alloc<_Alloc> >::other _A2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+    _A2 __a(__a0);
+    unique_ptr<__assoc_sub_state_alloc<_Alloc>, _D2> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D2(__a, 1));
+    ::new(__hold.get()) __assoc_sub_state_alloc<_Alloc>(__a0);
+    __state_ = __hold.release();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(promise<_R>& __x, promise<_R>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _Alloc>
+    struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE uses_allocator<promise<_R>, _Alloc>
+        : public true_type {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// packaged_task
+
+template<class _Fp> class __packaged_task_base;
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class __packaged_task_base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>
+{
+    __packaged_task_base(const __packaged_task_base&);
+    __packaged_task_base& operator=(const __packaged_task_base&);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __packaged_task_base() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual ~__packaged_task_base() {}
+    virtual void __move_to(__packaged_task_base*) = 0;
+    virtual void destroy() = 0;
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate() = 0;
+    virtual _R operator()(_ArgTypes&& ...) = 0;
+};
+
+template<class _FD, class _Alloc, class _FB> class __packaged_task_func;
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class __packaged_task_func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>
+    : public  __packaged_task_base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>
+{
+    __compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc> __f_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __packaged_task_func(const _F& __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __packaged_task_func(_F&& __f) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __packaged_task_func(const _F& __f, const _Alloc& __a)
+        : __f_(__f, __a) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __packaged_task_func(_F&& __f, const _Alloc& __a)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f), __a) {}
+    virtual void __move_to(__packaged_task_base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>*);
+    virtual void destroy();
+    virtual void destroy_deallocate();
+    virtual _R operator()(_ArgTypes&& ... __args);
+};
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+__packaged_task_func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::__move_to(
+                              __packaged_task_base<_R(_ArgTypes...)>* __p)
+{
+    ::new (__p) __packaged_task_func(_VSTD::move(__f_.first()), _VSTD::move(__f_.second()));
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+__packaged_task_func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::destroy()
+{
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+__packaged_task_func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::destroy_deallocate()
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<__packaged_task_func>::other _A;
+    _A __a(__f_.second());
+    __f_.~__compressed_pair<_F, _Alloc>();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template<class _F, class _Alloc, class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+_R
+__packaged_task_func<_F, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes&& ... __arg)
+{
+    return __invoke(__f_.first(), _VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Callable> class __packaged_task_function;
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class __packaged_task_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>
+{
+    typedef __packaged_task_base<_R(_ArgTypes...)> __base;
+    aligned_storage<3*sizeof(void*)>::type __buf_;
+    __base* __f_;
+
+public:
+    typedef _R result_type;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __packaged_task_function() : __f_(nullptr) {}
+    template<class _F>
+      __packaged_task_function(_F&& __f);
+    template<class _F, class _Alloc>
+      __packaged_task_function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _F&& __f);
+
+    __packaged_task_function(__packaged_task_function&&);
+    __packaged_task_function& operator=(__packaged_task_function&&);
+
+    __packaged_task_function(const __packaged_task_function&) =  delete;
+    __packaged_task_function& operator=(const __packaged_task_function&) =  delete;
+
+    ~__packaged_task_function();
+
+    void swap(__packaged_task_function&);
+
+    _R operator()(_ArgTypes...) const;
+};
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+__packaged_task_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::__packaged_task_function(__packaged_task_function&& __f)
+{
+    if (__f.__f_ == nullptr)
+        __f_ = nullptr;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__move_to(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+template <class _F>
+__packaged_task_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::__packaged_task_function(_F&& __f)
+    : __f_(nullptr)
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_F>::type _FR;
+    typedef __packaged_task_func<_FR, allocator<_FR>, _R(_ArgTypes...)> _FF;
+    if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        ::new (__f_) _FF(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        typedef allocator<_FF> _A;
+        _A __a;
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+        unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+        ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f), allocator<_FR>(__a));
+        __f_ = __hold.release();
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+template <class _F, class _Alloc>
+__packaged_task_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::__packaged_task_function(
+                                  allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0, _F&& __f)
+    : __f_(nullptr)
+{
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_F>::type _FR;
+    typedef __packaged_task_func<_FR, _Alloc, _R(_ArgTypes...)> _FF;
+    if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_))
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        ::new (__f_) _FF(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<_FF>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<_FF>::other
+#endif
+                                                     _A;
+        _A __a(__a0);
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<_A> _D;
+        unique_ptr<__base, _D> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D(__a, 1));
+        ::new (__hold.get()) _FF(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f), _Alloc(__a));
+        __f_ = __hold.release();
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+__packaged_task_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>&
+__packaged_task_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(__packaged_task_function&& __f)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+    __f_ = nullptr;
+    if (__f.__f_ == nullptr)
+        __f_ = nullptr;
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __f.__f_->__move_to(__f_);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+__packaged_task_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::~__packaged_task_function()
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+        __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+        __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+__packaged_task_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::swap(__packaged_task_function& __f)
+{
+    if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_ && __f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        typename aligned_storage<sizeof(__buf_)>::type __tempbuf;
+        __base* __t = (__base*)&__tempbuf;
+        __f_->__move_to(__t);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = nullptr;
+        __f.__f_->__move_to((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = nullptr;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+        __t->__move_to((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __t->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_)
+    {
+        __f_->__move_to((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+        __f_->destroy();
+        __f_ = __f.__f_;
+        __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+    }
+    else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_)
+    {
+        __f.__f_->__move_to((__base*)&__buf_);
+        __f.__f_->destroy();
+        __f.__f_ = __f_;
+        __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+    }
+    else
+        _VSTD::swap(__f_, __f.__f_);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_R
+__packaged_task_function<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes... __arg) const
+{
+    return (*__f_)(_VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE packaged_task<_R(_ArgTypes...)>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _R result_type;
+
+private:
+    __packaged_task_function<result_type(_ArgTypes...)> __f_;
+    promise<result_type>                                __p_;
+
+public:
+    // construction and destruction
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    packaged_task() : __p_(nullptr) {}
+    template <class _F>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit packaged_task(_F&& __f) : __f_(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)) {}
+    template <class _F, class _Allocator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit packaged_task(allocator_arg_t, const _Allocator& __a, _F&& __f)
+             : __f_(allocator_arg, __a, _VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)),
+               __p_(allocator_arg, __a) {}
+    // ~packaged_task() = default;
+
+    // no copy
+    packaged_task(packaged_task&) = delete;
+    packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&) = delete;
+
+    // move support
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    packaged_task(packaged_task&& __other)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::move(__other.__f_)), __p_(_VSTD::move(__other.__p_)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&& __other)
+    {
+        __f_ = _VSTD::move(__other.__f_);
+        __p_ = _VSTD::move(__other.__p_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(packaged_task& __other)
+    {
+        __f_.swap(__other.__f_);
+        __p_.swap(__other.__p_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool valid() const {return __p_.__state_ != nullptr;}
+
+    // result retrieval
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future<result_type> get_future() {return __p_.get_future();}
+
+    // execution
+    void operator()(_ArgTypes... __args);
+    void make_ready_at_thread_exit(_ArgTypes... __args);
+
+    void reset();
+};
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+packaged_task<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes... __args)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__p_.__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+    if (__p_.__state_->__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __p_.set_value(__f_(_VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __p_.set_exception(current_exception());
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+packaged_task<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::make_ready_at_thread_exit(_ArgTypes... __args)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__p_.__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+    if (__p_.__state_->__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __p_.set_value_at_thread_exit(__f_(_VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __p_.set_exception_at_thread_exit(current_exception());
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class _R, class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+packaged_task<_R(_ArgTypes...)>::reset()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (!valid())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __p_ = promise<result_type>();
+}
+
+template<class ..._ArgTypes>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE packaged_task<void(_ArgTypes...)>
+{
+public:
+    typedef void result_type;
+
+private:
+    __packaged_task_function<result_type(_ArgTypes...)> __f_;
+    promise<result_type>                                __p_;
+
+public:
+    // construction and destruction
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    packaged_task() : __p_(nullptr) {}
+    template <class _F>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit packaged_task(_F&& __f) : __f_(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)) {}
+    template <class _F, class _Allocator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit packaged_task(allocator_arg_t, const _Allocator& __a, _F&& __f)
+             : __f_(allocator_arg, __a, _VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)),
+               __p_(allocator_arg, __a) {}
+    // ~packaged_task() = default;
+
+    // no copy
+    packaged_task(packaged_task&) = delete;
+    packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&) = delete;
+
+    // move support
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    packaged_task(packaged_task&& __other)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::move(__other.__f_)), __p_(_VSTD::move(__other.__p_)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&& __other)
+    {
+        __f_ = _VSTD::move(__other.__f_);
+        __p_ = _VSTD::move(__other.__p_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(packaged_task& __other)
+    {
+        __f_.swap(__other.__f_);
+        __p_.swap(__other.__p_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool valid() const {return __p_.__state_ != nullptr;}
+
+    // result retrieval
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    future<result_type> get_future() {return __p_.get_future();}
+
+    // execution
+    void operator()(_ArgTypes... __args);
+    void make_ready_at_thread_exit(_ArgTypes... __args);
+
+    void reset();
+};
+
+template<class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+packaged_task<void(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes... __args)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__p_.__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+    if (__p_.__state_->__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __f_(_VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+        __p_.set_value();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __p_.set_exception(current_exception());
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+packaged_task<void(_ArgTypes...)>::make_ready_at_thread_exit(_ArgTypes... __args)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__p_.__state_ == nullptr)
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+    if (__p_.__state_->__has_value())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied));
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __f_(_VSTD::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+        __p_.set_value_at_thread_exit();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __p_.set_exception_at_thread_exit(current_exception());
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class ..._ArgTypes>
+void
+packaged_task<void(_ArgTypes...)>::reset()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (!valid())
+        throw future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::no_state));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __p_ = promise<result_type>();
+}
+
+template <class _Callable>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(packaged_task<_Callable>& __x, packaged_task<_Callable>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Callable, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE uses_allocator<packaged_task<_Callable>, _Alloc>
+    : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+future<_R>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+__make_deferred_assoc_state(_F&& __f)
+#else
+__make_deferred_assoc_state(_F __f)
+#endif
+{
+    unique_ptr<__deferred_assoc_state<_R, _F>, __release_shared_count>
+        __h(new __deferred_assoc_state<_R, _F>(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)));
+    return future<_R>(__h.get());
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _F>
+future<_R>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+__make_async_assoc_state(_F&& __f)
+#else
+__make_async_assoc_state(_F __f)
+#endif
+{
+    unique_ptr<__async_assoc_state<_R, _F>, __release_shared_count>
+        __h(new __async_assoc_state<_R, _F>(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)));
+    _VSTD::thread(&__async_assoc_state<_R, _F>::__execute, __h.get()).detach();
+    return future<_R>(__h.get());
+}
+
+template <class _F, class... _Args>
+class __async_func
+{
+    tuple<_F, _Args...> __f_;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename __invoke_of<_F, _Args...>::type _R;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __async_func(_F&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f), _VSTD::move(__args)...) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __async_func(__async_func&& __f) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f.__f_)) {}
+
+    _R operator()()
+    {
+        typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<1+sizeof...(_Args), 1>::type _Index;
+        return __execute(_Index());
+    }
+private:
+    template <size_t ..._Indices>
+    _R
+    __execute(__tuple_indices<_Indices...>)
+    {
+        return __invoke(_VSTD::move(_VSTD::get<0>(__f_)), _VSTD::move(_VSTD::get<_Indices>(__f_))...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _F, class... _Args>
+future<typename __invoke_of<typename decay<_F>::type, typename decay<_Args>::type...>::type>
+async(launch __policy, _F&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    typedef __async_func<typename decay<_F>::type, typename decay<_Args>::type...> _BF;
+    typedef typename _BF::_R _R;
+    future<_R> __r;
+    if (__policy & launch::async)
+        __r = _VSTD::__make_async_assoc_state<_R>(_BF(__decay_copy(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)),
+                                                     __decay_copy(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args))...));
+    else if (__policy & launch::deferred)
+        __r = _VSTD::__make_deferred_assoc_state<_R>(_BF(__decay_copy(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)),
+                                                        __decay_copy(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args))...));
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _F, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+future<typename __invoke_of<typename decay<_F>::type, typename decay<_Args>::type...>::type>
+async(_F&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    return _VSTD::async(launch::any, _VSTD::forward<_F>(__f),
+                                    _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// shared_future
+
+template <class _R>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE shared_future
+{
+    __assoc_state<_R>* __state_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future() : __state_(nullptr) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future(const shared_future& __rhs) : __state_(__rhs.__state_)
+        {if (__state_) __state_->__add_shared();}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future(future<_R>&& __f) : __state_(__f.__state_)
+        {__f.__state_ = nullptr;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future(shared_future&& __rhs) : __state_(__rhs.__state_)
+        {__rhs.__state_ = nullptr;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~shared_future();
+    shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& __rhs);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& __rhs)
+        {
+            shared_future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _R& get() const {return __state_->copy();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(shared_future& __rhs) {_VSTD::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_);}
+
+    // functions to check state
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool valid() const {return __state_ != nullptr;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void wait() const {__state_->wait();}
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);}
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);}
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+shared_future<_R>::~shared_future()
+{
+    if (__state_)
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+shared_future<_R>&
+shared_future<_R>::operator=(const shared_future& __rhs)
+{
+    if (__rhs.__state_)
+        __rhs.__state_->__add_shared();
+    if (__state_)
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+    __state_ = __rhs.__state_;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE shared_future<_R&>
+{
+    __assoc_state<_R&>* __state_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future() : __state_(nullptr) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future(const shared_future& __rhs) : __state_(__rhs.__state_)
+        {if (__state_) __state_->__add_shared();}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future(future<_R&>&& __f) : __state_(__f.__state_)
+        {__f.__state_ = nullptr;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future(shared_future&& __rhs) : __state_(__rhs.__state_)
+        {__rhs.__state_ = nullptr;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~shared_future();
+    shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& __rhs);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& __rhs)
+        {
+            shared_future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _R& get() const {return __state_->copy();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(shared_future& __rhs) {_VSTD::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_);}
+
+    // functions to check state
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool valid() const {return __state_ != nullptr;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void wait() const {__state_->wait();}
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);}
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);}
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+shared_future<_R&>::~shared_future()
+{
+    if (__state_)
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+shared_future<_R&>&
+shared_future<_R&>::operator=(const shared_future& __rhs)
+{
+    if (__rhs.__state_)
+        __rhs.__state_->__add_shared();
+    if (__state_)
+        __state_->__release_shared();
+    __state_ = __rhs.__state_;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE shared_future<void>
+{
+    __assoc_sub_state* __state_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future() : __state_(nullptr) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future(const shared_future& __rhs) : __state_(__rhs.__state_)
+        {if (__state_) __state_->__add_shared();}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future(future<void>&& __f) : __state_(__f.__state_)
+        {__f.__state_ = nullptr;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future(shared_future&& __rhs) : __state_(__rhs.__state_)
+        {__rhs.__state_ = nullptr;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    ~shared_future();
+    shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& __rhs);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& __rhs)
+        {
+            shared_future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void get() const {__state_->copy();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(shared_future& __rhs) {_VSTD::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_);}
+
+    // functions to check state
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool valid() const {return __state_ != nullptr;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void wait() const {__state_->wait();}
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);}
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const
+            {return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);}
+};
+
+template <class _R>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(shared_future<_R>& __x, shared_future<_R>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_future<_R>
+future<_R>::share()
+{
+    return shared_future<_R>(_VSTD::move(*this));
+}
+
+template <class _R>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_future<_R&>
+future<_R&>::share()
+{
+    return shared_future<_R&>(_VSTD::move(*this));
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_future<void>
+future<void>::share()
+{
+    return shared_future<void>(_VSTD::move(*this));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_FUTURE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/initializer_list b/system/include/libcxx/initializer_list
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..745d3bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/initializer_list
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------- initializer_list -----------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_INITIALIZER_LIST
+#define _LIBCPP_INITIALIZER_LIST
+
+/*
+    initializer_list synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class E>
+class initializer_list
+{
+public:
+    typedef E        value_type;
+    typedef const E& reference;
+    typedef const E& const_reference;
+    typedef size_t   size_type;
+
+    typedef const E* iterator;
+    typedef const E* const_iterator;
+
+    initializer_list() noexcept;
+
+    size_t   size()  const noexcept;
+    const E* begin() const noexcept;
+    const E* end()   const noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class E> const E* begin(initializer_list<E> il) noexcept;
+template<class E> const E* end(initializer_list<E> il) noexcept;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+namespace std  // purposefully not versioned
+{
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template<class _E>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE initializer_list
+{
+    const _E* __begin_;
+    size_t    __size_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    initializer_list(const _E* __b, size_t __s) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __begin_(__b),
+          __size_(__s)
+        {}
+public:
+    typedef _E        value_type;
+    typedef const _E& reference;
+    typedef const _E& const_reference;
+    typedef size_t    size_type;
+
+    typedef const _E* iterator;
+    typedef const _E* const_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE initializer_list() _NOEXCEPT : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE size_t    size()  const _NOEXCEPT {return __size_;}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE const _E* begin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __begin_;}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE const _E* end()   const _NOEXCEPT {return __begin_ + __size_;}
+};
+
+template<class _E>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _E*
+begin(initializer_list<_E> __il) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __il.begin();
+}
+
+template<class _E>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _E*
+end(initializer_list<_E> __il) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __il.end();
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+}  // std
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_INITIALIZER_LIST
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/iomanip b/system/include/libcxx/iomanip
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a407360f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/iomanip
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- iomanip ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_IOMANIP
+#define _LIBCPP_IOMANIP
+
+/*
+    iomanip synopsis
+
+// types T1, T2, ... are unspecified implementation types
+T1 resetiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags mask);
+T2 setiosflags (ios_base::fmtflags mask);
+T3 setbase(int base);
+template<charT> T4 setfill(charT c);
+T5 setprecision(int n);
+T6 setw(int n);
+template <class moneyT> T7 get_money(moneyT& mon, bool intl = false);
+template <class charT, class moneyT> T8 put_money(const moneyT& mon, bool intl = false);
+template <class charT> T9 get_time(struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt);
+template <class charT> T10 put_time(const struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <istream>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// resetiosflags
+
+class __iom_t1
+{
+    ios_base::fmtflags __mask_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __iom_t1(ios_base::fmtflags __m) : __mask_(__m) {}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t1& __x)
+    {
+        __is.unsetf(__x.__mask_);
+        return __is;
+    }
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t1& __x)
+    {
+        __os.unsetf(__x.__mask_);
+        return __os;
+    }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t1
+resetiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags __mask)
+{
+    return __iom_t1(__mask);
+}
+
+// setiosflags
+
+class __iom_t2
+{
+    ios_base::fmtflags __mask_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __iom_t2(ios_base::fmtflags __m) : __mask_(__m) {}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t2& __x)
+    {
+        __is.setf(__x.__mask_);
+        return __is;
+    }
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t2& __x)
+    {
+        __os.setf(__x.__mask_);
+        return __os;
+    }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t2
+setiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags __mask)
+{
+    return __iom_t2(__mask);
+}
+
+// setbase
+
+class __iom_t3
+{
+    int __base_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __iom_t3(int __b) : __base_(__b) {}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t3& __x)
+    {
+        __is.setf(__x.__base_ == 8  ? ios_base::oct :
+                  __x.__base_ == 10 ? ios_base::dec :
+                  __x.__base_ == 16 ? ios_base::hex :
+                  ios_base::fmtflags(0), ios_base::basefield);
+        return __is;
+    }
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t3& __x)
+    {
+        __os.setf(__x.__base_ == 8  ? ios_base::oct :
+                  __x.__base_ == 10 ? ios_base::dec :
+                  __x.__base_ == 16 ? ios_base::hex :
+                  ios_base::fmtflags(0), ios_base::basefield);
+        return __os;
+    }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t3
+setbase(int __base)
+{
+    return __iom_t3(__base);
+}
+
+// setfill
+
+template<class _CharT>
+class __iom_t4
+{
+    _CharT __fill_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __iom_t4(_CharT __c) : __fill_(__c) {}
+
+    template <class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t4& __x)
+    {
+        __os.fill(__x.__fill_);
+        return __os;
+    }
+};
+
+template<class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t4<_CharT>
+setfill(_CharT __c)
+{
+    return __iom_t4<_CharT>(__c);
+}
+
+// setprecision
+
+class __iom_t5
+{
+    int __n_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __iom_t5(int __n) : __n_(__n) {}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t5& __x)
+    {
+        __is.precision(__x.__n_);
+        return __is;
+    }
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t5& __x)
+    {
+        __os.precision(__x.__n_);
+        return __os;
+    }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t5
+setprecision(int __n)
+{
+    return __iom_t5(__n);
+}
+
+// setw
+
+class __iom_t6
+{
+    int __n_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __iom_t6(int __n) : __n_(__n) {}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t6& __x)
+    {
+        __is.width(__x.__n_);
+        return __is;
+    }
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t6& __x)
+    {
+        __os.width(__x.__n_);
+        return __os;
+    }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t6
+setw(int __n)
+{
+    return __iom_t6(__n);
+}
+
+// get_money
+
+template <class _MoneyT> class __iom_t7;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _MoneyT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t7<_MoneyT>& __x);
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+class __iom_t7
+{
+    _MoneyT& __mon_;
+    bool __intl_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __iom_t7(_MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl)
+        : __mon_(__mon), __intl_(__intl) {}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _M>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t7<_M>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _MoneyT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t7<_MoneyT>& __x)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__is);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _I;
+            typedef money_get<_CharT, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            const _F& __mf = use_facet<_F>(__is.getloc());
+            __mf.get(_I(__is), _I(), __x.__intl_, __is, __err, __x.__mon_);
+            __is.setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t7<_MoneyT>
+get_money(_MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl = false)
+{
+    return __iom_t7<_MoneyT>(__mon, __intl);
+}
+
+// put_money
+
+template <class _MoneyT> class __iom_t8;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _MoneyT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t8<_MoneyT>& __x);
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+class __iom_t8
+{
+    const _MoneyT& __mon_;
+    bool __intl_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __iom_t8(const _MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl)
+        : __mon_(__mon), __intl_(__intl) {}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _M>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t8<_M>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _MoneyT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t8<_MoneyT>& __x)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _O;
+            typedef money_put<_CharT, _O> _F;
+            const _F& __mf = use_facet<_F>(__os.getloc());
+            if (__mf.put(_O(__os), __x.__intl_, __os, __os.fill(), __x.__mon_).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t8<_MoneyT>
+put_money(const _MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl = false)
+{
+    return __iom_t8<_MoneyT>(__mon, __intl);
+}
+
+// get_time
+
+template <class _CharT> class __iom_t9;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t9<_CharT>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __iom_t9
+{
+    tm* __tm_;
+    const _CharT* __fmt_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __iom_t9(tm* __tm, const _CharT* __fmt)
+        : __tm_(__tm), __fmt_(__fmt) {}
+
+    template <class _C, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_C, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_C, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t9<_C>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t9<_CharT>& __x)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__is);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _I;
+            typedef time_get<_CharT, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            const _F& __tf = use_facet<_F>(__is.getloc());
+            __tf.get(_I(__is), _I(), __is, __err, __x.__tm_,
+                     __x.__fmt_, __x.__fmt_ + _Traits::length(__x.__fmt_));
+            __is.setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t9<_CharT>
+get_time(tm* __tm, const _CharT* __fmt)
+{
+    return __iom_t9<_CharT>(__tm, __fmt);
+}
+
+// put_time
+
+template <class _CharT> class __iom_t10;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t10<_CharT>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __iom_t10
+{
+    const tm* __tm_;
+    const _CharT* __fmt_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __iom_t10(const tm* __tm, const _CharT* __fmt)
+        : __tm_(__tm), __fmt_(__fmt) {}
+
+    template <class _C, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_C, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_C, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t10<_C>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t10<_CharT>& __x)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _O;
+            typedef time_put<_CharT, _O> _F;
+            const _F& __tf = use_facet<_F>(__os.getloc());
+            if (__tf.put(_O(__os), __os, __os.fill(), __x.__tm_,
+                         __x.__fmt_, __x.__fmt_ + _Traits::length(__x.__fmt_)).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__iom_t10<_CharT>
+put_time(const tm* __tm, const _CharT* __fmt)
+{
+    return __iom_t10<_CharT>(__tm, __fmt);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_IOMANIP
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ios b/system/include/libcxx/ios
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2f2b6fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ios
@@ -0,0 +1,985 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- ios -------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_IOS
+#define _LIBCPP_IOS
+
+/*
+    ios synopsis
+
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+typedef OFF_T streamoff;
+typedef SZ_T streamsize;
+template <class stateT> class fpos;
+
+class ios_base
+{
+public:
+    class failure;
+
+    typedef T1 fmtflags;
+    static const fmtflags boolalpha;
+    static const fmtflags dec;
+    static const fmtflags fixed;
+    static const fmtflags hex;
+    static const fmtflags internal;
+    static const fmtflags left;
+    static const fmtflags oct;
+    static const fmtflags right;
+    static const fmtflags scientific;
+    static const fmtflags showbase;
+    static const fmtflags showpoint;
+    static const fmtflags showpos;
+    static const fmtflags skipws;
+    static const fmtflags unitbuf;
+    static const fmtflags uppercase;
+    static const fmtflags adjustfield;
+    static const fmtflags basefield;
+    static const fmtflags floatfield;
+
+    typedef T2 iostate;
+    static const iostate badbit;
+    static const iostate eofbit;
+    static const iostate failbit;
+    static const iostate goodbit;
+
+    typedef T3 openmode;
+    static const openmode app;
+    static const openmode ate;
+    static const openmode binary;
+    static const openmode in;
+    static const openmode out;
+    static const openmode trunc;
+
+    typedef T4 seekdir;
+    static const seekdir beg;
+    static const seekdir cur;
+    static const seekdir end;
+
+    class Init;
+
+    // 27.5.2.2 fmtflags state:
+    fmtflags flags() const;
+    fmtflags flags(fmtflags fmtfl);
+    fmtflags setf(fmtflags fmtfl);
+    fmtflags setf(fmtflags fmtfl, fmtflags mask);
+    void unsetf(fmtflags mask);
+
+    streamsize precision() const;
+    streamsize precision(streamsize prec);
+    streamsize width() const;
+    streamsize width(streamsize wide);
+
+    // 27.5.2.3 locales:
+    locale imbue(const locale& loc);
+    locale getloc() const;
+
+    // 27.5.2.5 storage:
+    static int xalloc();
+    long& iword(int index);
+    void*& pword(int index);
+
+    // destructor
+    virtual ~ios_base();
+
+    // 27.5.2.6 callbacks;
+    enum event { erase_event, imbue_event, copyfmt_event };
+    typedef void (*event_callback)(event, ios_base&, int index);
+    void register_callback(event_callback fn, int index);
+
+    ios_base(const ios_base&) = delete;
+    ios_base& operator=(const ios_base&) = delete;
+
+    static bool sync_with_stdio(bool sync = true);
+
+protected:
+    ios_base();
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_ios
+    : public ios_base
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT char_type;
+    typedef typename traits::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits::off_type off_type;
+    typedef traits traits_type;
+
+    operator unspecified-bool-type() const;
+    bool operator!() const;
+    iostate rdstate() const;
+    void clear(iostate state = goodbit);
+    void setstate(iostate state);
+    bool good() const;
+    bool eof() const;
+    bool fail() const;
+    bool bad() const;
+
+    iostate exceptions() const;
+    void exceptions(iostate except);
+
+    // 27.5.4.1 Constructor/destructor:
+    explicit basic_ios(basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* sb);
+    virtual ~basic_ios();
+
+    // 27.5.4.2 Members:
+    basic_ostream<charT,traits>* tie() const;
+    basic_ostream<charT,traits>* tie(basic_ostream<charT,traits>* tiestr);
+
+    basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* rdbuf() const;
+    basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* rdbuf(basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* sb);
+
+    basic_ios& copyfmt(const basic_ios& rhs);
+
+    char_type fill() const;
+    char_type fill(char_type ch);
+
+    locale imbue(const locale& loc);
+
+    char narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const;
+    char_type widen(char c) const;
+
+    basic_ios(const basic_ios& ) = delete;
+    basic_ios& operator=(const basic_ios&) = delete;
+
+protected:
+    basic_ios();
+    void init(basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* sb);
+    void move(basic_ios& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ios& rhs);
+    void set_rdbuf(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
+};
+
+// 27.5.5, manipulators:
+ios_base& boolalpha (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noboolalpha(ios_base& str);
+ios_base& showbase (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noshowbase (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& showpoint (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noshowpoint(ios_base& str);
+ios_base& showpos (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noshowpos (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& skipws (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noskipws (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& uppercase (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& nouppercase(ios_base& str);
+ios_base& unitbuf (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& nounitbuf (ios_base& str);
+
+// 27.5.5.2 adjustfield:
+ios_base& internal (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& left (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& right (ios_base& str);
+
+// 27.5.5.3 basefield:
+ios_base& dec (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& hex (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& oct (ios_base& str);
+
+// 27.5.5.4 floatfield:
+ios_base& fixed (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& scientific (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& hexfloat (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& defaultfloat(ios_base& str);
+
+// 27.5.5.5 error reporting:
+enum class io_errc
+{
+    stream = 1
+};
+
+concept_map ErrorCodeEnum<io_errc> { };
+error_code make_error_code(io_errc e);
+error_condition make_error_condition(io_errc e);
+storage-class-specifier const error_category& iostream_category;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <__locale>
+#include <system_error>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+typedef ptrdiff_t streamsize;
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ios_base
+{
+public:
+    class failure;
+
+    typedef unsigned int fmtflags;
+    static const fmtflags boolalpha   = 0x0001;
+    static const fmtflags dec         = 0x0002;
+    static const fmtflags fixed       = 0x0004;
+    static const fmtflags hex         = 0x0008;
+    static const fmtflags internal    = 0x0010;
+    static const fmtflags left        = 0x0020;
+    static const fmtflags oct         = 0x0040;
+    static const fmtflags right       = 0x0080;
+    static const fmtflags scientific  = 0x0100;
+    static const fmtflags showbase    = 0x0200;
+    static const fmtflags showpoint   = 0x0400;
+    static const fmtflags showpos     = 0x0800;
+    static const fmtflags skipws      = 0x1000;
+    static const fmtflags unitbuf     = 0x2000;
+    static const fmtflags uppercase   = 0x4000;
+    static const fmtflags adjustfield = left | right | internal;
+    static const fmtflags basefield   = dec | oct | hex;
+    static const fmtflags floatfield  = scientific | fixed;
+
+    typedef unsigned int iostate;
+    typedef iostate      io_state;
+    static const iostate badbit  = 0x1;
+    static const iostate eofbit  = 0x2;
+    static const iostate failbit = 0x4;
+    static const iostate goodbit = 0x0;
+
+    typedef unsigned int openmode;
+    typedef openmode     open_mode;
+    static const openmode app    = 0x01;
+    static const openmode ate    = 0x02;
+    static const openmode binary = 0x04;
+    static const openmode in     = 0x08;
+    static const openmode out    = 0x10;
+    static const openmode trunc  = 0x20;
+
+    enum seekdir {beg, cur, end};
+    typedef seekdir seek_dir;
+
+    typedef _VSTD::streamoff streamoff;
+    typedef _VSTD::streampos streampos;
+
+    class Init;
+
+    // 27.5.2.2 fmtflags state:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY fmtflags flags() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY fmtflags flags(fmtflags __fmtfl);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY fmtflags setf(fmtflags __fmtfl);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY fmtflags setf(fmtflags __fmtfl, fmtflags __mask);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void unsetf(fmtflags __mask);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY streamsize precision() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY streamsize precision(streamsize __prec);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY streamsize width() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY streamsize width(streamsize __wide);
+
+    // 27.5.2.3 locales:
+    locale imbue(const locale& __loc);
+    locale getloc() const;
+
+    // 27.5.2.5 storage:
+    static int xalloc();
+    long& iword(int __index);
+    void*& pword(int __index);
+
+    // destructor
+    virtual ~ios_base();
+
+    // 27.5.2.6 callbacks;
+    enum event { erase_event, imbue_event, copyfmt_event };
+    typedef void (*event_callback)(event, ios_base&, int __index);
+    void register_callback(event_callback __fn, int __index);
+
+private:
+    ios_base(const ios_base&); // = delete;
+    ios_base& operator=(const ios_base&); // = delete;
+
+public:
+    static bool sync_with_stdio(bool __sync = true);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iostate rdstate() const;
+    void clear(iostate __state = goodbit);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void setstate(iostate __state);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool good() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool eof() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool fail() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool bad() const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iostate exceptions() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void exceptions(iostate __except);
+
+    void __set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    void __set_failbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ios_base() {// purposefully does no initialization
+               }
+
+    void init(void* __sb);
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE void* rdbuf() const {return __rdbuf_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    void rdbuf(void* __sb)
+    {
+        __rdbuf_ = __sb;
+        clear();
+    }
+
+    void __call_callbacks(event);
+    void copyfmt(const ios_base&);
+    void move(ios_base&);
+    void swap(ios_base&);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    void set_rdbuf(void* __sb)
+    {
+        __rdbuf_ = __sb;
+    }
+
+private:
+    // All data members must be scalars
+    fmtflags        __fmtflags_;
+    streamsize      __precision_;
+    streamsize      __width_;
+    iostate         __rdstate_;
+    iostate         __exceptions_;
+    void*           __rdbuf_;
+    void*           __loc_;
+    event_callback* __fn_;
+    int*            __index_;
+    size_t          __event_size_;
+    size_t          __event_cap_;
+    static int      __xindex_;
+    long*           __iarray_;
+    size_t          __iarray_size_;
+    size_t          __iarray_cap_;
+    void**          __parray_;
+    size_t          __parray_size_;
+    size_t          __parray_cap_;
+};
+
+//enum class io_errc
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE io_errc
+{
+enum _ {
+    stream = 1
+};
+    _ __v_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE io_errc(_ __v) : __v_(__v) {}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE operator int() const {return __v_;}
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_error_code_enum<io_errc> : public true_type { };
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_error_code_enum<io_errc::_> : public true_type { };
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE
+const error_category& iostream_category();
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+error_code
+make_error_code(io_errc __e)
+{
+    return error_code(static_cast<int>(__e), iostream_category());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+error_condition
+make_error_condition(io_errc __e)
+{
+    return error_condition(static_cast<int>(__e), iostream_category());
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI ios_base::failure
+    : public system_error
+{
+public:
+    explicit failure(const string& __msg, const error_code& __ec = io_errc::stream);
+    explicit failure(const char* __msg, const error_code& __ec = io_errc::stream);
+    virtual ~failure() throw();
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ios_base::Init
+{
+public:
+    Init();
+    ~Init();
+};
+
+// fmtflags
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base::fmtflags
+ios_base::flags() const
+{
+    return __fmtflags_;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base::fmtflags
+ios_base::flags(fmtflags __fmtfl)
+{
+    fmtflags __r = __fmtflags_;
+    __fmtflags_ = __fmtfl;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base::fmtflags
+ios_base::setf(fmtflags __fmtfl)
+{
+    fmtflags __r = __fmtflags_;
+    __fmtflags_ |= __fmtfl;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+ios_base::unsetf(fmtflags __mask)
+{
+    __fmtflags_ &= ~__mask;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base::fmtflags
+ios_base::setf(fmtflags __fmtfl, fmtflags __mask)
+{
+    fmtflags __r = __fmtflags_;
+    unsetf(__mask);
+    __fmtflags_ |= __fmtfl & __mask;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// precision
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+streamsize
+ios_base::precision() const
+{
+    return __precision_;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+streamsize
+ios_base::precision(streamsize __prec)
+{
+    streamsize __r = __precision_;
+    __precision_ = __prec;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// width
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+streamsize
+ios_base::width() const
+{
+    return __width_;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+streamsize
+ios_base::width(streamsize __wide)
+{
+    streamsize __r = __width_;
+    __width_ = __wide;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// iostate
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base::iostate
+ios_base::rdstate() const
+{
+    return __rdstate_;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+ios_base::setstate(iostate __state)
+{
+    clear(__rdstate_ | __state);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+ios_base::good() const
+{
+    return __rdstate_ == 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+ios_base::eof() const
+{
+    return __rdstate_ & eofbit;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+ios_base::fail() const
+{
+    return __rdstate_ & (failbit | badbit);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+ios_base::bad() const
+{
+    return __rdstate_ & badbit;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base::iostate
+ios_base::exceptions() const
+{
+    return __exceptions_;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+ios_base::exceptions(iostate __except)
+{
+    __exceptions_ = __except;
+    clear(__rdstate_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ios
+    : public ios_base
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef _CharT char_type;
+    typedef _Traits traits_type;
+
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE // explicit
+        operator bool() const {return !fail();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool operator!() const    {return  fail();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE iostate rdstate() const   {return ios_base::rdstate();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE void clear(iostate __state = goodbit) {ios_base::clear(__state);}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE void setstate(iostate __state) {ios_base::setstate(__state);}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool good() const {return ios_base::good();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool eof() const  {return ios_base::eof();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool fail() const {return ios_base::fail();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE bool bad() const  {return ios_base::bad();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE iostate exceptions() const {return ios_base::exceptions();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE void exceptions(iostate __except) {ios_base::exceptions(__except);}
+
+    // 27.5.4.1 Constructor/destructor:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit basic_ios(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits_type>* __sb);
+    virtual ~basic_ios();
+
+    // 27.5.4.2 Members:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* tie() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* tie(basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* __tiestr);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+
+    basic_ios& copyfmt(const basic_ios& __rhs);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    char_type fill() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    char_type fill(char_type __ch);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    locale imbue(const locale& __loc);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    char narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    char_type widen(char __c) const;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    basic_ios() {// purposefully does no initialization
+                }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    void init(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    void move(basic_ios& __rhs);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    void move(basic_ios&& __rhs) {move(__rhs);}
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    void swap(basic_ios& __rhs);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY 
+    void set_rdbuf(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+private:
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* __tie_;
+    char_type __fill_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ios(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits_type>* __sb)
+{
+    init(__sb);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_ios()
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::init(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+{
+    ios_base::init(__sb);
+    __tie_ = 0;
+    __fill_ = widen(' ');
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::tie() const
+{
+    return __tie_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::tie(basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* __tiestr)
+{
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* __r = __tie_;
+    __tie_ = __tiestr;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf() const
+{
+    return static_cast<basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>*>(ios_base::rdbuf());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+{
+    basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __r = rdbuf();
+    ios_base::rdbuf(__sb);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+locale
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::imbue(const locale& __loc)
+{
+    locale __r = getloc();
+    ios_base::imbue(__loc);
+    if (rdbuf())
+        rdbuf()->pubimbue(__loc);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+char
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(getloc()).narrow(__c, __dfault);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_CharT
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::widen(char __c) const
+{
+    return use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(getloc()).widen(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_CharT
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::fill() const
+{
+    return __fill_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_CharT
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::fill(char_type __ch)
+{
+    char_type __r = __fill_;
+    __fill_ = __ch;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::copyfmt(const basic_ios& __rhs)
+{
+    if (this != &__rhs)
+    {
+        __call_callbacks(erase_event);
+        ios_base::copyfmt(__rhs);
+        __tie_ = __rhs.__tie_;
+        __fill_ = __rhs.__fill_;
+        __call_callbacks(copyfmt_event);
+        exceptions(__rhs.exceptions());
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::move(basic_ios& __rhs)
+{
+    ios_base::move(__rhs);
+    __tie_ = __rhs.__tie_;
+    __rhs.__tie_ = 0;
+    __fill_ = __rhs.__fill_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_ios& __rhs)
+{
+    ios_base::swap(__rhs);
+    _VSTD::swap(__tie_, __rhs.__tie_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__fill_, __rhs.__fill_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::set_rdbuf(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+{
+    ios_base::set_rdbuf(__sb);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+boolalpha(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::boolalpha);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+noboolalpha(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.unsetf(ios_base::boolalpha);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+showbase(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::showbase);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+noshowbase(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.unsetf(ios_base::showbase);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+showpoint(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::showpoint);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+noshowpoint(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.unsetf(ios_base::showpoint);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+showpos(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::showpos);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+noshowpos(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.unsetf(ios_base::showpos);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+skipws(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::skipws);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+noskipws(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.unsetf(ios_base::skipws);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+uppercase(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::uppercase);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+nouppercase(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.unsetf(ios_base::uppercase);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+unitbuf(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::unitbuf);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+nounitbuf(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.unsetf(ios_base::unitbuf);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+internal(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::internal, ios_base::adjustfield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+left(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::left, ios_base::adjustfield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+right(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::right, ios_base::adjustfield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+dec(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::dec, ios_base::basefield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+hex(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::hex, ios_base::basefield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+oct(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::oct, ios_base::basefield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+fixed(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+scientific(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::scientific, ios_base::floatfield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+hexfloat(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.setf(ios_base::fixed | ios_base::scientific, ios_base::floatfield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+ios_base&
+defaultfloat(ios_base& __str)
+{
+    __str.unsetf(ios_base::floatfield);
+    return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_IOS
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/iosfwd b/system/include/libcxx/iosfwd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..852d9e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/iosfwd
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- iosfwd -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_IOSFWD
+#define _LIBCPP_IOSFWD
+
+/*
+    iosfwd synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class charT> struct char_traits;
+template<class T>     class allocator;
+
+class ios_base;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_ios;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_streambuf;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_istream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_ostream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_iostream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+    class basic_stringbuf;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+    class basic_istringstream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+    class basic_ostringstream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+    class basic_stringstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_filebuf;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_ifstream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_ofstream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_fstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class istreambuf_iterator;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class ostreambuf_iterator;
+
+typedef basic_ios<char>              ios;
+typedef basic_ios<wchar_t>           wios;
+
+typedef basic_streambuf<char>        streambuf;
+typedef basic_istream<char>          istream;
+typedef basic_ostream<char>          ostream;
+typedef basic_iostream<char>         iostream;
+
+typedef basic_stringbuf<char>        stringbuf;
+typedef basic_istringstream<char>    istringstream;
+typedef basic_ostringstream<char>    ostringstream;
+typedef basic_stringstream<char>     stringstream;
+
+typedef basic_filebuf<char>          filebuf;
+typedef basic_ifstream<char>         ifstream;
+typedef basic_ofstream<char>         ofstream;
+typedef basic_fstream<char>          fstream;
+
+typedef basic_streambuf<wchar_t>     wstreambuf;
+typedef basic_istream<wchar_t>       wistream;
+typedef basic_ostream<wchar_t>       wostream;
+typedef basic_iostream<wchar_t>      wiostream;
+
+typedef basic_stringbuf<wchar_t>     wstringbuf;
+typedef basic_istringstream<wchar_t> wistringstream;
+typedef basic_ostringstream<wchar_t> wostringstream;
+typedef basic_stringstream<wchar_t>  wstringstream;
+
+typedef basic_filebuf<wchar_t>       wfilebuf;
+typedef basic_ifstream<wchar_t>      wifstream;
+typedef basic_ofstream<wchar_t>      wofstream;
+typedef basic_fstream<wchar_t>       wfstream;
+
+template <class state> class fpos;
+typedef fpos<char_traits<char>::state_type>    streampos;
+typedef fpos<char_traits<wchar_t>::state_type> wstreampos;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <wchar.h>  // for mbstate_t
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class ios_base;
+
+template<class _CharT>  struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE char_traits;
+template<class _Tp>     class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE allocator;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ios;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_streambuf;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_istream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ostream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_iostream;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_stringbuf;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_istringstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ostringstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_stringstream;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_filebuf;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ifstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ofstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_fstream;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE istreambuf_iterator;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ostreambuf_iterator;
+
+typedef basic_ios<char>              ios;
+typedef basic_ios<wchar_t>           wios;
+
+typedef basic_streambuf<char>        streambuf;
+typedef basic_istream<char>          istream;
+typedef basic_ostream<char>          ostream;
+typedef basic_iostream<char>         iostream;
+
+typedef basic_stringbuf<char>        stringbuf;
+typedef basic_istringstream<char>    istringstream;
+typedef basic_ostringstream<char>    ostringstream;
+typedef basic_stringstream<char>     stringstream;
+
+typedef basic_filebuf<char>          filebuf;
+typedef basic_ifstream<char>         ifstream;
+typedef basic_ofstream<char>         ofstream;
+typedef basic_fstream<char>          fstream;
+
+typedef basic_streambuf<wchar_t>     wstreambuf;
+typedef basic_istream<wchar_t>       wistream;
+typedef basic_ostream<wchar_t>       wostream;
+typedef basic_iostream<wchar_t>      wiostream;
+
+typedef basic_stringbuf<wchar_t>     wstringbuf;
+typedef basic_istringstream<wchar_t> wistringstream;
+typedef basic_ostringstream<wchar_t> wostringstream;
+typedef basic_stringstream<wchar_t>  wstringstream;
+
+typedef basic_filebuf<wchar_t>       wfilebuf;
+typedef basic_ifstream<wchar_t>      wifstream;
+typedef basic_ofstream<wchar_t>      wofstream;
+typedef basic_fstream<wchar_t>       wfstream;
+
+template <class _State>             class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE fpos;
+typedef fpos<mbstate_t>    streampos;
+typedef fpos<mbstate_t>    wstreampos;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+typedef fpos<mbstate_t>    u16streampos;
+typedef fpos<mbstate_t>    u32streampos;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+
+typedef long long streamoff;        // for char_traits in <string>
+
+template <class _CharT,             // for <stdexcept>
+          class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_string;
+typedef basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> > string;
+typedef basic_string<wchar_t, char_traits<wchar_t>, allocator<wchar_t> > wstring;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_IOSFWD
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/iostream b/system/include/libcxx/iostream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e828b54f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/iostream
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- iostream ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_IOSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_IOSTREAM
+
+/*
+    iostream synopsis
+
+#include <ios>
+#include <streambuf>
+#include <istream>
+#include <ostream>
+
+namespace std {
+
+extern istream cin;
+extern ostream cout;
+extern ostream cerr;
+extern ostream clog;
+extern wistream wcin;
+extern wostream wcout;
+extern wostream wcerr;
+extern wostream wclog;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ios>
+#include <streambuf>
+#include <istream>
+#include <ostream>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+extern _LIBCPP_VISIBLE istream cin;
+extern _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ostream cout;
+extern _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ostream cerr;
+extern _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ostream clog;
+extern _LIBCPP_VISIBLE wistream wcin;
+extern _LIBCPP_VISIBLE wostream wcout;
+extern _LIBCPP_VISIBLE wostream wcerr;
+extern _LIBCPP_VISIBLE wostream wclog;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_IOSTREAM
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/istream b/system/include/libcxx/istream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de8aa106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/istream
@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- istream ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ISTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_ISTREAM
+
+/*
+    istream synopsis
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_istream
+    : virtual public basic_ios<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types (inherited from basic_ios (27.5.4)):
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // 27.7.1.1.1 Constructor/destructor:
+    explicit basic_istream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* sb);
+    basic_istream(basic_istream&& rhs);
+    virtual ~basic_istream();
+
+    // 27.7.1.1.2 Assign/swap:
+    basic_istream& operator=(basic_istream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_istream& rhs);
+
+    // 27.7.1.1.3 Prefix/suffix:
+    class sentry;
+
+    // 27.7.1.2 Formatted input:
+    basic_istream& operator>>(basic_istream& (*pf)(basic_istream&));
+    basic_istream& operator>>(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&
+                              (*pf)(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&));
+    basic_istream& operator>>(ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&));
+    basic_istream& operator>>(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* sb);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(bool& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(short& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned short& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(int& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned int& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(long& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned long& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(long long& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned long long& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(float& f);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(double& f);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(long double& f);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(void*& p);
+
+    // 27.7.1.3 Unformatted input:
+    streamsize gcount() const;
+    int_type get();
+    basic_istream& get(char_type& c);
+    basic_istream& get(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    basic_istream& get(char_type* s, streamsize n, char_type delim);
+    basic_istream& get(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits_type>& sb);
+    basic_istream& get(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits_type>& sb, char_type delim);
+
+    basic_istream& getline(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    basic_istream& getline(char_type* s, streamsize n, char_type delim);
+
+    basic_istream& ignore(streamsize n = 1, int_type delim = traits_type::eof());
+    int_type peek();
+    basic_istream& read (char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    streamsize readsome(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+
+    basic_istream& putback(char_type c);
+    basic_istream& unget();
+    int sync();
+
+    pos_type tellg();
+    basic_istream& seekg(pos_type);
+    basic_istream& seekg(off_type, ios_base::seekdir);
+};
+
+// 27.7.1.2.3 character extraction templates:
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_istream<charT,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT,traits>&, charT&);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_istream<char,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char,traits>&, unsigned char&);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_istream<char,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char,traits>&, signed char&);
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_istream<charT,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT,traits>&, charT*);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_istream<char,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char,traits>&, unsigned char*);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_istream<char,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char,traits>&, signed char*);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_istream<charT, traits>& x, basic_istream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_istream<char> istream;
+typedef basic_istream<wchar_t> wistream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_iostream :
+    public basic_istream<charT,traits>,
+    public basic_ostream<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // constructor/destructor
+    explicit basic_iostream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* sb);
+    basic_iostream(basic_iostream&& rhs);
+    virtual ~basic_iostream();
+
+    // assign/swap
+    basic_iostream& operator=(basic_iostream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_iostream& rhs);
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_iostream<charT, traits>& x, basic_iostream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_iostream<char> iostream;
+typedef basic_iostream<wchar_t> wiostream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  basic_istream<charT,traits>&
+  ws(basic_istream<charT,traits>& is);
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class T>
+  basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>&& is, T& x);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ostream>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_istream
+    : virtual public basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+    streamsize __gc_;
+public:
+    // types (inherited from basic_ios (27.5.4)):
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // 27.7.1.1.1 Constructor/destructor:
+    explicit basic_istream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+    virtual ~basic_istream();
+protected:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_istream(basic_istream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+
+    // 27.7.1.1.2 Assign/swap:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_istream& operator=(basic_istream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+    void swap(basic_istream& __rhs);
+public:
+
+    // 27.7.1.1.3 Prefix/suffix:
+    class sentry;
+
+    // 27.7.1.2 Formatted input:
+    basic_istream& operator>>(basic_istream& (*__pf)(basic_istream&));
+    basic_istream& operator>>(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&
+                              (*__pf)(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&));
+    basic_istream& operator>>(ios_base& (*__pf)(ios_base&));
+    basic_istream& operator>>(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(bool& __n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(short& __n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned short& __n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(int& __n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned int& __n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(long& __n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned long& __n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(long long& __n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned long long& __n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(float& __f);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(double& __f);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(long double& __f);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(void*& __p);
+
+    // 27.7.1.3 Unformatted input:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    streamsize gcount() const {return __gc_;}
+    int_type get();
+    basic_istream& get(char_type& __c);
+    basic_istream& get(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+    basic_istream& get(char_type* __s, streamsize __n, char_type __dlm);
+    basic_istream& get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>& __sb);
+    basic_istream& get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>& __sb, char_type __dlm);
+
+    basic_istream& getline(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+    basic_istream& getline(char_type* __s, streamsize __n, char_type __dlm);
+
+    basic_istream& ignore(streamsize __n = 1, int_type __dlm = traits_type::eof());
+    int_type peek();
+    basic_istream& read (char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+    streamsize readsome(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+
+    basic_istream& putback(char_type __c);
+    basic_istream& unget();
+    int sync();
+
+    pos_type tellg();
+    basic_istream& seekg(pos_type __pos);
+    basic_istream& seekg(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __dir);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry
+{
+    bool __ok_;
+
+    sentry(const sentry&); // = delete;
+    sentry& operator=(const sentry&); // = delete;
+
+public:
+    explicit sentry(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bool __noskipws = false);
+//    ~sentry() = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    // explicit
+        operator bool() const {return __ok_;}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry::sentry(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+                                               bool __noskipws)
+    : __ok_(false)
+{
+    if (__is.good())
+    {
+        if (__is.tie())
+            __is.tie()->flush();
+        if (!__noskipws && (__is.flags() & ios_base::skipws))
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _I;
+            const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+            _I __i(__is);
+            _I __eof;
+            for (; __i != __eof; ++__i)
+                if (!__ct.is(__ct.space, *__i))
+                    break;
+            if (__i == __eof)
+                __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit | ios_base::eofbit);
+        }
+        __ok_ = __is.good();
+    }
+    else
+        __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_istream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+    : __gc_(0)
+{
+    this->init(__sb);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_istream(basic_istream&& __rhs)
+    : __gc_(__rhs.__gc_)
+{
+    __rhs.__gc_ = 0;
+    this->move(__rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_istream&& __rhs)
+{
+    swap(__rhs);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_istream()
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_istream& __rhs)
+{
+    _VSTD::swap(__gc_, __rhs.__gc_);
+    basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(unsigned short& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(unsigned int& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(long& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(unsigned long& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(long long& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(unsigned long long& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(float& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(double& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(long double& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(bool& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(void*& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __n);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(short& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            long __temp;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __temp);
+            if (__temp < numeric_limits<short>::min())
+            {
+                __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                __n = numeric_limits<short>::min();
+            }
+            else if (__temp > numeric_limits<short>::max())
+            {
+                __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                __n = numeric_limits<short>::max();
+            }
+            else
+                __n = static_cast<short>(__temp);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(int& __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef istreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> _I;
+            typedef num_get<char_type, _I> _F;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            long __temp;
+            use_facet<_F>(this->getloc()).get(_I(*this), _I(), *this, __err, __temp);
+            if (__temp < numeric_limits<int>::min())
+            {
+                __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                __n = numeric_limits<int>::min();
+            }
+            else if (__temp > numeric_limits<int>::max())
+            {
+                __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                __n = numeric_limits<int>::max();
+            }
+            else
+                __n = static_cast<int>(__temp);
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(basic_istream& (*__pf)(basic_istream&))
+{
+    return __pf(*this);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&
+                                           (*__pf)(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&))
+{
+    __pf(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(ios_base& (*__pf)(ios_base&))
+{
+    __pf(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _CharT* __s)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            streamsize __n = __is.width();
+            if (__n <= 0)
+                __n = numeric_limits<streamsize>::max() / sizeof(_CharT) - 1;
+            streamsize __c = 0;
+            const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            while (__c < __n-1)
+            {
+                typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sgetc();
+                if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof()))
+                {
+                   __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                   break;
+                }
+                _CharT __ch = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+                if (__ct.is(__ct.space, __ch))
+                    break;
+                *__s++ = __ch;
+                ++__c;
+                 __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+            }
+            *__s = _CharT();
+            __is.width(0);
+            if (__c == 0)
+               __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+            __is.setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __is;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, unsigned char* __s)
+{
+    return __is >> (char*)__s;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, signed char* __s)
+{
+    return __is >> (char*)__s;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _CharT& __c)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+            if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof()))
+                __is.setstate(ios_base::eofbit | ios_base::failbit);
+            else
+                __c = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __is;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, unsigned char& __c)
+{
+    return __is >> (char&)__c;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, signed char& __c)
+{
+    return __is >> (char&)__c;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this, true);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            if (__sb)
+            {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                try
+                {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+                    while (true)
+                    {
+                        typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+                        if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof()))
+                        {
+                           __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                           break;
+                        }
+                        if (traits_type::eq_int_type(
+                                __sb->sputc(traits_type::to_char_type(__i)),
+                                traits_type::eof()))
+                            break;
+                        ++__gc_;
+                        this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+                    }
+                    if (__gc_ == 0)
+                       __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                    this->setstate(__err);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                }
+                catch (...)
+                {
+                    if (__gc_ == 0)
+                        this->__set_failbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+                }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            }
+            else
+                this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::get()
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+    int_type __r = traits_type::eof();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this, true);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            __r = this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+            if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__r, traits_type::eof()))
+               this->setstate(ios_base::failbit | ios_base::eofbit);
+            else
+                __gc_ = 1;
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::get(char_type& __c)
+{
+    int_type __ch = get();
+    if (__ch != traits_type::eof())
+        __c = traits_type::to_char_type(__ch);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::get(char_type* __s, streamsize __n, char_type __dlm)
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            if (__n > 0)
+            {
+                ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+                while (__gc_ < __n-1)
+                {
+                    int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+                    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof()))
+                    {
+                       __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                       break;
+                    }
+                    char_type __ch = traits_type::to_char_type(__i);
+                    if (traits_type::eq(__ch, __dlm))
+                        break;
+                    *__s++ = __ch;
+                    ++__gc_;
+                     this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+                }
+                *__s = char_type();
+                if (__gc_ == 0)
+                   __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                this->setstate(__err);
+            }
+            else
+                this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::get(char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    return get(__s, __n, this->widen('\n'));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>& __sb,
+                                    char_type __dlm)
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            try
+            {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+                    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof()))
+                    {
+                       __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                       break;
+                    }
+                    char_type __ch = traits_type::to_char_type(__i);
+                    if (traits_type::eq(__ch, __dlm))
+                        break;
+                    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__sb.sputc(__ch), traits_type::eof()))
+                        break;
+                    ++__gc_;
+                    this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+                }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            }
+            catch (...)
+            {
+            }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__gc_ == 0)
+               __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>& __sb)
+{
+    return get(__sb, this->widen('\n'));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::getline(char_type* __s, streamsize __n, char_type __dlm)
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+                if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof()))
+                {
+                   __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                   break;
+                }
+                char_type __ch = traits_type::to_char_type(__i);
+                if (traits_type::eq(__ch, __dlm))
+                {
+                    this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+                    ++__gc_;
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (__gc_ >= __n-1)
+                {
+                    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                    break;
+                }
+                *__s++ = __ch;
+                this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+                ++__gc_;
+            }
+            if (__n > 0)
+                *__s = char_type();
+            if (__gc_ == 0)
+               __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::getline(char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    return getline(__s, __n, this->widen('\n'));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::ignore(streamsize __n, int_type __dlm)
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            if (__n == numeric_limits<streamsize>::max())
+            {
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+                    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof()))
+                    {
+                       __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                       break;
+                    }
+                    ++__gc_;
+                    char_type __ch = traits_type::to_char_type(__i);
+                    if (traits_type::eq(__ch, __dlm))
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                while (__gc_ < __n)
+                {
+                    typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+                    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof()))
+                    {
+                       __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                       break;
+                    }
+                    ++__gc_;
+                    char_type __ch = traits_type::to_char_type(__i);
+                    if (traits_type::eq(__ch, __dlm))
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+            this->setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::peek()
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+    int_type __r = traits_type::eof();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+            __r = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::read(char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            for (; __gc_ < __n; ++__gc_)
+            {
+                typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+                if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof()))
+                {
+                   this->setstate(ios_base::failbit | ios_base::eofbit);
+                   break;
+                }
+                *__s++ = traits_type::to_char_type(__i);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+streamsize
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::readsome(char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    streamsize __c = this->rdbuf()->in_avail();
+    switch (__c)
+    {
+    case -1:
+        this->setstate(ios_base::eofbit);
+        break;
+    case 0:
+        break;
+    default:
+        read(__s, _VSTD::min(__c, __n));
+        break;
+    }
+    return __gc_;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::putback(char_type __c)
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            if (this->rdbuf() == 0 || this->rdbuf()->sputbackc(__c) == traits_type::eof())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+        }
+        else
+            this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::unget()
+{
+    __gc_ = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            if (this->rdbuf() == 0 || this->rdbuf()->sungetc() == traits_type::eof())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+        }
+        else
+            this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+int
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sync()
+{
+    int __r = 0;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            if (this->rdbuf() == 0)
+                return -1;
+            if (this->rdbuf()->pubsync() == -1)
+            {
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::tellg()
+{
+    pos_type __r(-1);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+            __r = this->rdbuf()->pubseekoff(0, ios_base::cur, ios_base::in);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::seekg(pos_type __pos)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+            if (this->rdbuf()->pubseekpos(__pos, ios_base::in) == pos_type(-1))
+                this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::seekg(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __dir)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this, true);
+        if (__sen)
+            this->rdbuf()->pubseekoff(__off, __dir, ios_base::in);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+ws(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+            while (true)
+            {
+                typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sgetc();
+                if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof()))
+                {
+                   __is.setstate(ios_base::eofbit);
+                   break;
+                }
+                if (!__ct.is(__ct.space, _Traits::to_char_type(__i)))
+                    break;
+                __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+            }
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __is;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is, _Tp& __x)
+{
+    __is >> __x;
+    return __is;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_iostream
+    : public basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>,
+      public basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // constructor/destructor
+    explicit basic_iostream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+    virtual ~basic_iostream();
+protected:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_iostream(basic_iostream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+
+    // assign/swap
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_iostream& operator=(basic_iostream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+    void swap(basic_iostream& __rhs);
+public:
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_iostream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+    : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(__sb)
+{
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_iostream(basic_iostream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(_VSTD::move(__rhs))
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_iostream&& __rhs)
+{
+    swap(__rhs);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_iostream()
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_iostream& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            __str.clear();
+            streamsize __n = __is.width();
+            if (__n <= 0)
+                __n = __str.max_size();
+            if (__n <= 0)
+                __n = numeric_limits<streamsize>::max();
+            streamsize __c = 0;
+            const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            while (__c < __n)
+            {
+                typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sgetc();
+                if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof()))
+                {
+                   __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                   break;
+                }
+                _CharT __ch = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+                if (__ct.is(__ct.space, __ch))
+                    break;
+                __str.push_back(__ch);
+                ++__c;
+                 __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+            }
+            __is.width(0);
+            if (__c == 0)
+               __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+            __is.setstate(__err);
+        }
+        else
+            __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __is;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _CharT __dlm)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is, true);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            __str.clear();
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+                if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof()))
+                {
+                   __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                   break;
+                }
+                _CharT __ch = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+                if (_Traits::eq(__ch, __dlm))
+                    break;
+                __str.push_back(__ch);
+                if (__str.size() == __str.max_size())
+                {
+                    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (__str.empty())
+               __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+            __is.setstate(__err);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __is;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str)
+{
+    return getline(__is, __str, __is.widen('\n'));
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is,
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _CharT __dlm)
+{
+    return getline(__is, __str, __dlm);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is,
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str)
+{
+    return getline(__is, __str, __is.widen('\n'));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Size>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bitset<_Size>& __x)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is);
+        if (__sen)
+        {
+            basic_string<_CharT, _Traits> __str;
+            const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+            streamsize __c = 0;
+            ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+            _CharT __zero = __ct.widen('0');
+            _CharT __one = __ct.widen('1');
+            while (__c < _Size)
+            {
+                typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sgetc();
+                if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof()))
+                {
+                   __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+                   break;
+                }
+                _CharT __ch = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+                if (!_Traits::eq(__ch, __zero) && !_Traits::eq(__ch, __one))
+                    break;
+                __str.push_back(__ch);
+                ++__c;
+                 __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+            }
+            __x = bitset<_Size>(__str);
+            if (__c == 0)
+               __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+            __is.setstate(__err);
+        }
+        else
+            __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __is;
+}
+
+extern template class basic_istream<char>;
+extern template class basic_istream<wchar_t>;
+extern template class basic_iostream<char>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_ISTREAM
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/iterator b/system/include/libcxx/iterator
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05019fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/iterator
@@ -0,0 +1,1802 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- iterator ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ITERATOR
+#define _LIBCPP_ITERATOR
+
+/*
+    iterator synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class Iterator>
+struct iterator_traits
+{
+    typedef typename Iterator::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename Iterator::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename Iterator::pointer pointer;
+    typedef typename Iterator::reference reference;
+    typedef typename Iterator::iterator_category iterator_category;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+struct iterator_traits<T*>
+{
+    typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+    typedef T value_type;
+    typedef T* pointer;
+    typedef T& reference;
+    typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+struct iterator_traits<const T*>
+{
+    typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+    typedef T value_type;
+    typedef const T* pointer;
+    typedef const T& reference;
+    typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+};
+
+template<class Category, class T, class Distance = ptrdiff_t,
+         class Pointer = T*, class Reference = T&>
+struct iterator
+{
+    typedef T         value_type;
+    typedef Distance  difference_type;
+    typedef Pointer   pointer;
+    typedef Reference reference;
+    typedef Category  iterator_category;
+};
+
+struct input_iterator_tag  {};
+struct output_iterator_tag {};
+struct forward_iterator_tag       : public input_iterator_tag         {};
+struct bidirectional_iterator_tag : public forward_iterator_tag       {};
+struct random_access_iterator_tag : public bidirectional_iterator_tag {};
+
+// extension: second argument not conforming to C++03
+template <class InputIterator>
+void advance(InputIterator& i,
+             typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type n);
+
+template <class InputIterator>
+typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type
+distance(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+template <class Iterator>
+class reverse_iterator
+    : public iterator<typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category,
+                      typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type,
+                      typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type,
+                      typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer,
+                      typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference>
+{
+protected:
+    Iterator current;
+public:
+    typedef Iterator                                            iterator_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer         pointer;
+
+    reverse_iterator();
+    explicit reverse_iterator(Iterator x);
+    template <class U> reverse_iterator(const reverse_iterator<U>& u);
+    Iterator base() const;
+    reference operator*() const;
+    pointer   operator->() const;
+    reverse_iterator& operator++();
+    reverse_iterator  operator++(int);
+    reverse_iterator& operator--();
+    reverse_iterator  operator--(int);
+    reverse_iterator  operator+ (difference_type n) const;
+    reverse_iterator& operator+=(difference_type n);
+    reverse_iterator  operator- (difference_type n) const;
+    reverse_iterator& operator-=(difference_type n);
+    reference         operator[](difference_type n) const;
+};
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+bool
+operator==(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+bool
+operator<(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+bool
+operator!=(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+bool
+operator>(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+bool
+operator>=(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+bool
+operator<=(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+typename reverse_iterator<Iterator1>::difference_type
+operator-(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator>
+reverse_iterator<Iterator>
+operator+(typename reverse_iterator<Iterator>::difference_type n, const reverse_iterator<Iterator>& x);
+
+template <class Container>
+class back_insert_iterator
+{
+protected:
+    Container* container;
+public:
+    typedef Container                   container_type;
+    typedef void                        value_type;
+    typedef void                        difference_type;
+    typedef back_insert_iterator<Cont>& reference;
+    typedef void                        pointer;
+
+    explicit back_insert_iterator(Container& x);
+    back_insert_iterator& operator=(const typename Container::value_type& value);
+    back_insert_iterator& operator*();
+    back_insert_iterator& operator++();
+    back_insert_iterator  operator++(int);
+};
+
+template <class Container> back_insert_iterator<Container> back_inserter(Container& x);
+
+template <class Container>
+class front_insert_iterator
+{
+protected:
+    Container* container;
+public:
+    typedef Container                    container_type;
+    typedef void                         value_type;
+    typedef void                         difference_type;
+    typedef front_insert_iterator<Cont>& reference;
+    typedef void                         pointer;
+
+    explicit front_insert_iterator(Container& x);
+    front_insert_iterator& operator=(const typename Container::value_type& value);
+    front_insert_iterator& operator*();
+    front_insert_iterator& operator++();
+    front_insert_iterator  operator++(int);
+};
+
+template <class Container> front_insert_iterator<Container> front_inserter(Container& x);
+
+template <class Container>
+class insert_iterator
+{
+protected:
+    Container* container;
+    typename Container::iterator iter;
+public:
+    typedef Container              container_type;
+    typedef void                   value_type;
+    typedef void                   difference_type;
+    typedef insert_iterator<Cont>& reference;
+    typedef void                   pointer;
+
+    insert_iterator(Container& x, typename Container::iterator i);
+    insert_iterator& operator=(const typename Container::value_type& value);
+    insert_iterator& operator*();
+    insert_iterator& operator++();
+    insert_iterator& operator++(int);
+};
+
+template <class Container, class Iterator>
+insert_iterator<Container> inserter(Container& x, Iterator i);
+
+template <class T, class charT = char, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Distance = ptrdiff_t>
+class istream_iterator
+    : public iterator<input_iterator_tag, T, Distance, const T*, const T&>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT char_type;
+    typedef traits traits_type;
+    typedef basic_istream<charT,traits> istream_type;
+
+    istream_iterator();
+    istream_iterator(istream_type& s);
+    istream_iterator(const istream_iterator& x);
+    ~istream_iterator();
+
+    const T& operator*() const;
+    const T* operator->() const;
+    istream_iterator& operator++();
+    istream_iterator  operator++(int);
+};
+
+template <class T, class charT, class traits, class Distance>
+bool operator==(const istream_iterator<T,charT,traits,Distance>& x,
+                const istream_iterator<T,charT,traits,Distance>& y);
+template <class T, class charT, class traits, class Distance>
+bool operator!=(const istream_iterator<T,charT,traits,Distance>& x,
+                const istream_iterator<T,charT,traits,Distance>& y);
+
+template <class T, class charT = char, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class ostream_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void ,void>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT char_type;
+    typedef traits traits_type;
+    typedef basic_ostream<charT,traits> ostream_type;
+
+    ostream_iterator(ostream_type& s);
+    ostream_iterator(ostream_type& s, const charT* delimiter);
+    ostream_iterator(const ostream_iterator& x);
+    ~ostream_iterator();
+    ostream_iterator& operator=(const T& value);
+
+    ostream_iterator& operator*();
+    ostream_iterator& operator++();
+    ostream_iterator& operator++(int);
+};
+
+template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class istreambuf_iterator
+    : public iterator<input_iterator_tag, charT,
+                      typename traits::off_type, unspecified,
+                      charT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                         char_type;
+    typedef traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits::int_type     int_type;
+    typedef basic_streambuf<charT,traits> streambuf_type;
+    typedef basic_istream<charT,traits>   istream_type;
+
+    istreambuf_iterator() throw();
+    istreambuf_iterator(istream_type& s) throw();
+    istreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type* s) throw();
+    istreambuf_iterator(a-private-type) throw();
+
+    charT                operator*() const;
+    pointer operator->() const;
+    istreambuf_iterator& operator++();
+    a-private-type       operator++(int);
+
+    bool equal(const istreambuf_iterator& b) const;
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+bool operator==(const istreambuf_iterator<charT,traits>& a,
+                const istreambuf_iterator<charT,traits>& b);
+template <class charT, class traits>
+bool operator!=(const istreambuf_iterator<charT,traits>& a,
+                const istreambuf_iterator<charT,traits>& b);
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class ostreambuf_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                         char_type;
+    typedef traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef basic_streambuf<charT,traits> streambuf_type;
+    typedef basic_ostream<charT,traits>   ostream_type;
+
+    ostreambuf_iterator(ostream_type& s) throw();
+    ostreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type* s) throw();
+    ostreambuf_iterator& operator=(charT c);
+    ostreambuf_iterator& operator*();
+    ostreambuf_iterator& operator++();
+    ostreambuf_iterator& operator++(int);
+    bool failed() const throw();
+};
+
+template <class C> auto begin(C& c) -> decltype(c.begin());
+template <class C> auto begin(const C& c) -> decltype(c.begin());
+template <class C> auto end(C& c) -> decltype(c.end());
+template <class C> auto end(const C& c) -> decltype(c.end());
+template <class T, size_t N> T* begin(T (&array)[N]);
+template <class T, size_t N> T* end(T (&array)[N]);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+#include <cassert>
+#endif
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE input_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE output_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE forward_iterator_tag       : public input_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE bidirectional_iterator_tag : public forward_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE random_access_iterator_tag : public bidirectional_iterator_tag {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_iterator_category
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::iterator_category* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, bool> struct ____iterator_traits {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct ____iterator_traits<_Iter, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Iter::difference_type   difference_type;
+    typedef typename _Iter::value_type        value_type;
+    typedef typename _Iter::pointer           pointer;
+    typedef typename _Iter::reference         reference;
+    typedef typename _Iter::iterator_category iterator_category;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, bool> struct __iterator_traits {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __iterator_traits<_Iter, true>
+    :  ____iterator_traits
+      <
+        _Iter,
+        is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, input_iterator_tag>::value ||
+        is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, output_iterator_tag>::value
+      >
+{};
+
+// iterator_traits<Iterator> will only have the nested types if Iterator::iterator_category
+//    exists.  Else iterator_traits<Iterator> will be an empty class.  This is a
+//    conforming extension which allows some programs to compile and behave as
+//    the client expects instead of failing at compile time.
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE iterator_traits
+    : __iterator_traits<_Iter, __has_iterator_category<_Iter>::value> {};
+
+template<class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE iterator_traits<_Tp*>
+{
+    typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+    typedef typename remove_const<_Tp>::type value_type;
+    typedef _Tp* pointer;
+    typedef _Tp& reference;
+    typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_iterator_category<iterator_traits<_Tp> >::value>
+struct __has_iterator_category_convertible_to
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_convertible<typename iterator_traits<_Tp>::iterator_category, _Up>::value>
+{};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, _Up, false> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_input_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, input_iterator_tag> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_forward_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, forward_iterator_tag> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_bidirectional_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, bidirectional_iterator_tag> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_random_access_iterator : public __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, random_access_iterator_tag> {};
+
+template<class _Category, class _Tp, class _Distance = ptrdiff_t,
+         class _Pointer = _Tp*, class _Reference = _Tp&>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE iterator
+{
+    typedef _Tp        value_type;
+    typedef _Distance  difference_type;
+    typedef _Pointer   pointer;
+    typedef _Reference reference;
+    typedef _Category  iterator_category;
+};
+
+template <class _InputIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void __advance(_InputIter& __i,
+             typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::difference_type __n, input_iterator_tag)
+{
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+        ++__i;
+}
+
+template <class _BiDirIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void __advance(_BiDirIter& __i,
+             typename iterator_traits<_BiDirIter>::difference_type __n, bidirectional_iterator_tag)
+{
+    if (__n >= 0)
+        for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+            ++__i;
+    else
+        for (; __n < 0; ++__n)
+            --__i;
+}
+
+template <class _RandIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void __advance(_RandIter& __i,
+             typename iterator_traits<_RandIter>::difference_type __n, random_access_iterator_tag)
+{
+   __i += __n;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void advance(_InputIter& __i,
+             typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::difference_type __n)
+{
+    __advance(__i, __n, typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+template <class _InputIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::difference_type
+__distance(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last, input_iterator_tag)
+{
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::difference_type __r(0);
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        ++__r;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _RandIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename iterator_traits<_RandIter>::difference_type
+__distance(_RandIter __first, _RandIter __last, random_access_iterator_tag)
+{
+    return __last - __first;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::difference_type
+distance(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last)
+{
+    return __distance(__first, __last, typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIter
+next(_ForwardIter __x,
+     typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIter>::difference_type __n = 1,
+     typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIter>::value>::type* = 0)
+{
+    _VSTD::advance(__x, __n);
+    return __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BidiretionalIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_BidiretionalIter
+prev(_BidiretionalIter __x,
+     typename iterator_traits<_BidiretionalIter>::difference_type __n = 1,
+     typename enable_if<__is_bidirectional_iterator<_BidiretionalIter>::value>::type* = 0)
+{
+    _VSTD::advance(__x, -__n);
+    return __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Iter>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE reverse_iterator
+    : public iterator<typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category,
+                      typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type,
+                      typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::difference_type,
+                      typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::pointer,
+                      typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::reference>
+{
+private:
+    mutable _Iter __t;
+protected:
+    _Iter current;
+public:
+    typedef _Iter                                            iterator_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::pointer         pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator() : current() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit reverse_iterator(_Iter __x) : __t(__x), current(__x) {}
+    template <class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator(const reverse_iterator<_Up>& __u)
+        : __t(__u.base()), current(__u.base()) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Iter base() const {return current;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator*() const {__t = current; return *--__t;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer  operator->() const {return &(operator*());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator& operator++() {--current; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator  operator++(int)
+        {reverse_iterator __tmp(*this); --current; return __tmp;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator& operator--() {++current; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator  operator--(int)
+        {reverse_iterator __tmp(*this); ++current; return __tmp;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator  operator+ (difference_type __n) const
+        {return reverse_iterator(current - __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator& operator+=(difference_type __n)
+        {current -= __n; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator  operator- (difference_type __n) const
+        {return reverse_iterator(current + __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reverse_iterator& operator-=(difference_type __n)
+        {current += __n; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference         operator[](difference_type __n) const
+        {return current[-__n-1];}
+};
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() > __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() != __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() < __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() <= __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() >= __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename reverse_iterator<_Iter1>::difference_type
+operator-(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __y.base() - __x.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+reverse_iterator<_Iter>
+operator+(typename reverse_iterator<_Iter>::difference_type __n, const reverse_iterator<_Iter>& __x)
+{
+    return reverse_iterator<_Iter>(__x.base() - __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Container>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE back_insert_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag,
+                      void,
+                      void,
+                      void,
+                      back_insert_iterator<_Container>&>
+{
+protected:
+    _Container* container;
+public:
+    typedef _Container container_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit back_insert_iterator(_Container& __x) : container(&__x) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY back_insert_iterator& operator=(const typename _Container::value_type& __value)
+        {container->push_back(__value); return *this;}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY back_insert_iterator& operator=(typename _Container::value_type&& __value)
+        {container->push_back(_VSTD::move(__value)); return *this;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY back_insert_iterator& operator*()     {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY back_insert_iterator& operator++()    {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY back_insert_iterator  operator++(int) {return *this;}
+};
+
+template <class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+back_insert_iterator<_Container>
+back_inserter(_Container& __x)
+{
+    return back_insert_iterator<_Container>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Container>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE front_insert_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag,
+                      void,
+                      void,
+                      void,
+                      front_insert_iterator<_Container>&>
+{
+protected:
+    _Container* container;
+public:
+    typedef _Container container_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit front_insert_iterator(_Container& __x) : container(&__x) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY front_insert_iterator& operator=(const typename _Container::value_type& __value)
+        {container->push_front(__value); return *this;}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY front_insert_iterator& operator=(typename _Container::value_type&& __value)
+        {container->push_front(_VSTD::move(__value)); return *this;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY front_insert_iterator& operator*()     {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY front_insert_iterator& operator++()    {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY front_insert_iterator  operator++(int) {return *this;}
+};
+
+template <class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+front_insert_iterator<_Container>
+front_inserter(_Container& __x)
+{
+    return front_insert_iterator<_Container>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Container>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE insert_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag,
+                      void,
+                      void,
+                      void,
+                      insert_iterator<_Container>&>
+{
+protected:
+    _Container* container;
+    typename _Container::iterator iter;
+public:
+    typedef _Container container_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY insert_iterator(_Container& __x, typename _Container::iterator __i)
+        : container(&__x), iter(__i) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY insert_iterator& operator=(const typename _Container::value_type& __value)
+        {iter = container->insert(iter, __value); ++iter; return *this;}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY insert_iterator& operator=(typename _Container::value_type&& __value)
+        {iter = container->insert(iter, _VSTD::move(__value)); ++iter; return *this;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY insert_iterator& operator*()        {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY insert_iterator& operator++()       {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY insert_iterator& operator++(int)    {return *this;}
+};
+
+template <class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+insert_iterator<_Container>
+inserter(_Container& __x, typename _Container::iterator __i)
+{
+    return insert_iterator<_Container>(__x, __i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT = char,
+          class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>, class _Distance = ptrdiff_t>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE istream_iterator
+    : public iterator<input_iterator_tag, _Tp, _Distance, const _Tp*, const _Tp&>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT char_type;
+    typedef _Traits traits_type;
+    typedef basic_istream<_CharT,_Traits> istream_type;
+private:
+    istream_type* __in_stream_;
+    _Tp __value_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY istream_iterator() : __in_stream_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY istream_iterator(istream_type& __s) : __in_stream_(&__s)
+        {
+            if (!(*__in_stream_ >> __value_))
+                __in_stream_ = 0;
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const _Tp& operator*() const {return __value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const _Tp* operator->() const {return &(operator*());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY istream_iterator& operator++()
+        {
+            if (!(*__in_stream_ >> __value_))
+                __in_stream_ = 0;
+            return *this;
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY istream_iterator  operator++(int)
+        {istream_iterator __t(*this); ++(*this); return __t;}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const istream_iterator& __x, const istream_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__in_stream_ == __y.__in_stream_;}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const istream_iterator& __x, const istream_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT = char, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ostream_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT char_type;
+    typedef _Traits traits_type;
+    typedef basic_ostream<_CharT,_Traits> ostream_type;
+private:
+    ostream_type* __out_stream_;
+    const char_type* __delim_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostream_iterator(ostream_type& __s)
+        : __out_stream_(&__s), __delim_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostream_iterator(ostream_type& __s, const _CharT* __delimiter)
+        : __out_stream_(&__s), __delim_(__delimiter) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostream_iterator& operator=(const _Tp& __value)
+        {
+            *__out_stream_ << __value;
+            if (__delim_)
+                *__out_stream_ << __delim_;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostream_iterator& operator*()     {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostream_iterator& operator++()    {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostream_iterator& operator++(int) {return *this;}
+};
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE istreambuf_iterator
+    : public iterator<input_iterator_tag, _CharT,
+                      typename _Traits::off_type, _CharT*,
+                      _CharT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                          char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename _Traits::int_type      int_type;
+    typedef basic_streambuf<_CharT,_Traits> streambuf_type;
+    typedef basic_istream<_CharT,_Traits>   istream_type;
+private:
+    streambuf_type* __sbuf_;
+
+    class __proxy
+    {
+        char_type __keep_;
+        streambuf_type* __sbuf_;
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __proxy(char_type __c, streambuf_type* __s)
+            : __keep_(__c), __sbuf_(__s) {}
+        friend class istreambuf_iterator;
+    public:
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY char_type operator*() const {return __keep_;}
+    };
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __test_for_eof()
+    {
+        if (__sbuf_ && traits_type::eq_int_type(__sbuf_->sgetc(), traits_type::eof()))
+            __sbuf_ = 0;
+    }
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY istreambuf_iterator() throw() : __sbuf_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY istreambuf_iterator(istream_type& __s) throw()
+        : __sbuf_(__s.rdbuf()) {__test_for_eof();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY istreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type* __s) throw()
+        : __sbuf_(__s) {__test_for_eof();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY istreambuf_iterator(const __proxy& __p) throw()
+        : __sbuf_(__p.__sbuf_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _CharT     operator*() const {return __sbuf_->sgetc();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY char_type* operator->() const {return nullptr;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY istreambuf_iterator& operator++()
+        {
+            if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__sbuf_->snextc(), traits_type::eof()))
+                __sbuf_ = 0;
+            return *this;
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __proxy              operator++(int)
+        {
+            char_type __c = __sbuf_->sgetc();
+            ++(*this);
+            return __proxy(__c, __sbuf_);
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool equal(const istreambuf_iterator& __b) const
+        {return (__sbuf_ == 0) == (__b.__sbuf_ == 0);}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator==(const istreambuf_iterator<_CharT,_Traits>& __a,
+                const istreambuf_iterator<_CharT,_Traits>& __b)
+                {return __a.equal(__b);}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator!=(const istreambuf_iterator<_CharT,_Traits>& __a,
+                const istreambuf_iterator<_CharT,_Traits>& __b)
+                {return !__a.equal(__b);}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ostreambuf_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                          char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef basic_streambuf<_CharT,_Traits> streambuf_type;
+    typedef basic_ostream<_CharT,_Traits>   ostream_type;
+private:
+    streambuf_type* __sbuf_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostreambuf_iterator(ostream_type& __s) throw()
+        : __sbuf_(__s.rdbuf()) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type* __s) throw()
+        : __sbuf_(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostreambuf_iterator& operator=(_CharT __c)
+        {
+            if (__sbuf_ && traits_type::eq_int_type(__sbuf_->sputc(__c), traits_type::eof()))
+                __sbuf_ = 0;
+            return *this;
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostreambuf_iterator& operator*()     {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostreambuf_iterator& operator++()    {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ostreambuf_iterator& operator++(int) {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool failed() const throw() {return __sbuf_ == 0;}
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE move_iterator
+{
+private:
+    _Iter __i;
+public:
+    typedef _Iter                                            iterator_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::iterator_category iterator_category;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::pointer pointer;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    typedef value_type&& reference;
+#else
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::reference reference;
+#endif
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator() : __i() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit move_iterator(_Iter __x) : __i(__x) {}
+    template <class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator(const move_iterator<_Up>& __u)
+        : __i(__u.base()) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Iter base() const {return __i;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator*() const {
+      return static_cast<reference>(*__i);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer  operator->() const {
+      typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::reference __ref = *__i;
+      return &__ref;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator& operator++() {++__i; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator  operator++(int)
+        {move_iterator __tmp(*this); ++__i; return __tmp;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator& operator--() {--__i; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator  operator--(int)
+        {move_iterator __tmp(*this); --__i; return __tmp;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator  operator+ (difference_type __n) const
+        {return move_iterator(__i + __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator& operator+=(difference_type __n)
+        {__i += __n; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator  operator- (difference_type __n) const
+        {return move_iterator(__i - __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY move_iterator& operator-=(difference_type __n)
+        {__i -= __n; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference         operator[](difference_type __n) const
+    {
+      return static_cast<reference>(__i[__n]);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() < __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() != __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() > __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() >= __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() <= __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename move_iterator<_Iter1>::difference_type
+operator-(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() - __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+move_iterator<_Iter>
+operator+(typename move_iterator<_Iter>::difference_type __n, const move_iterator<_Iter>& __x)
+{
+    return move_iterator<_Iter>(__x.base() + __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+move_iterator<_Iter>
+make_move_iterator(const _Iter& __i)
+{
+    return move_iterator<_Iter>(__i);
+}
+
+// __wrap_iter
+
+template <class _Iter> class __wrap_iter;
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator==(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator<(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator!=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator>(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator>=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator<=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+typename __wrap_iter<_Iter1>::difference_type
+operator-(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Iter>
+__wrap_iter<_Iter>
+operator+(typename __wrap_iter<_Iter>::difference_type, const __wrap_iter<_Iter>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _I, class _O> _O copy(_I, _I, _O);
+template <class _B1, class _B2> _B2 copy_backward(_B1, _B1, _B2);
+template <class _I, class _O> _O move(_I, _I, _O);
+template <class _B1, class _B2> _B2 move_backward(_B1, _B1, _B2);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value,
+    _Tp*
+>::type
+__unwrap_iter(__wrap_iter<_Tp*>);
+
+template <class _Iter>
+class __wrap_iter
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Iter                                                      iterator_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::iterator_category iterator_category;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::value_type        value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::difference_type   difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::pointer           pointer;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::reference         reference;
+private:
+    iterator_type __i;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        __get_db()->__insert_i(this);
+#endif
+    }
+    template <class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter(const __wrap_iter<_Up>& __u,
+        typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Up, iterator_type>::value>::type* = 0) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __i(__u.base())
+    {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        __get_db()->__iterator_copy(this, &__u);
+#endif
+    }
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __wrap_iter(const __wrap_iter& __x)
+        : __i(__x.base())
+    {
+        __get_db()->__iterator_copy(this, &__x);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __wrap_iter& operator=(const __wrap_iter& __x)
+    {
+        if (this != &__x)
+        {
+            __get_db()->__iterator_copy(this, &__x);
+            __i = __x.__i;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ~__wrap_iter()
+    {
+        __get_db()->__erase_i(this);
+    }
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator*() const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__dereferenceable(this),
+                       "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable iterator");
+#endif
+        return *__i;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer  operator->() const _NOEXCEPT {return &(operator*());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter& operator++() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__dereferenceable(this),
+                       "Attempted to increment non-incrementable iterator");
+#endif
+        ++__i;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter  operator++(int) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__wrap_iter __tmp(*this); ++(*this); return __tmp;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter& operator--() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__decrementable(this),
+                       "Attempted to decrement non-decrementable iterator");
+#endif
+        --__i;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter  operator--(int) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__wrap_iter __tmp(*this); --(*this); return __tmp;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter  operator+ (difference_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {__wrap_iter __w(*this); __w += __n; return __w;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter& operator+=(difference_type __n) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__addable(this, __n),
+                   "Attempted to add/subtract iterator outside of valid range");
+#endif
+        __i += __n;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter  operator- (difference_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return *this + (-__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter& operator-=(difference_type __n) _NOEXCEPT
+        {*this += -__n; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference        operator[](difference_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__subscriptable(this, __n),
+                   "Attempted to subscript iterator outside of valid range");
+#endif
+        return __i[__n];
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator_type base() const _NOEXCEPT {return __i;}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter(iterator_type __x) _NOEXCEPT : __i(__x) {}
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __wrap_iter(const void* __p, iterator_type __x) : __i(__x)
+    {
+        __get_db()->__insert_ic(this, __p);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    template <class _Up> friend class __wrap_iter;
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc> friend class basic_string;
+    template <class _Tp, class _Alloc> friend class vector;
+
+    template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator==(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator<(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator!=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator>(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator>=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator<=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    typename __wrap_iter<_Iter1>::difference_type
+    operator-(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _Iter1>
+    friend
+    __wrap_iter<_Iter1>
+    operator+(typename __wrap_iter<_Iter1>::difference_type, const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class _I, class _O> friend _O copy(_I, _I, _O);
+    template <class _B1, class _B2> friend _B2 copy_backward(_B1, _B1, _B2);
+    template <class _I, class _O> friend _O move(_I, _I, _O);
+    template <class _B1, class _B2> friend _B2 move_backward(_B1, _B1, _B2);
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+    friend
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value,
+        _Tp*
+    >::type
+    __unwrap_iter(__wrap_iter<_Tp*>);
+};
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__comparable(&__x, &__y),
+                   "Attempted to compare incomparable iterators");
+#endif
+    return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__comparable(&__x, &__y),
+                   "Attempted to compare incomparable iterators");
+#endif
+    return __x.base() < __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __wrap_iter<_Iter1>::difference_type
+operator-(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__comparable(&__x, &__y),
+                   "Attempted to subtract incompatible iterators");
+#endif
+    return __x.base() - __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__wrap_iter<_Iter>
+operator+(typename __wrap_iter<_Iter>::difference_type __n,
+          __wrap_iter<_Iter> __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __x += __n;
+    return __x;
+}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+
+// __debug_iter
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter> class __debug_iter;
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator==(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>&);
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator<(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>&);
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator!=(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>&);
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator>(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>&);
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator>=(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>&);
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+bool
+operator<=(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>&);
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+typename __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>::difference_type
+operator-(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>&);
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>
+operator+(typename __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::difference_type, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>&);
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+class __debug_iter
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Iter                                                      iterator_type;
+    typedef _Container                                                 __container_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::iterator_category iterator_category;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::value_type        value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::difference_type   difference_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::pointer           pointer;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::reference         reference;
+private:
+    iterator_type __i;
+    __debug_iter* __next;
+    __container_type* __cont;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter() : __next(0), __cont(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter(const __debug_iter& __x)
+        : __i(__x.base()), __next(0), __cont(0) {__set_owner(__x.__cont);}
+    __debug_iter& operator=(const __debug_iter& __x);
+    template <class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Up>& __u,
+        typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Up, iterator_type>::value>::type* = 0)
+        : __i(__u.base()), __next(0), __cont(0) {__set_owner(__u.__cont);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ~__debug_iter() {__remove_owner();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference operator*() const {assert(__is_deref()); return *__i;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer  operator->() const {return &(operator*());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter& operator++() {assert(__can_increment()); ++__i; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter  operator++(int)
+        {__debug_iter __tmp(*this); operator++(); return __tmp;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter& operator--() {assert(__can_decrement()); --__i; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter  operator--(int)
+        {__debug_iter __tmp(*this); operator--(); return __tmp;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter  operator+ (difference_type __n) const
+        {__debug_iter __t(*this); __t += __n; return __t;}
+    __debug_iter& operator+=(difference_type __n);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter  operator- (difference_type __n) const
+        {__debug_iter __t(*this); __t -= __n; return __t;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter& operator-=(difference_type __n)
+        {*this += -__n; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference        operator[](difference_type __n) const
+        {return *(*this + __n);}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __debug_iter(const __container_type* __c, iterator_type __x)
+        : __i(__x), __next(0), __cont(0) {__set_owner(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator_type base() const {return __i;}
+
+    void __set_owner(const __container_type* __c);
+    void __remove_owner();
+    static void __remove_all(__container_type* __c);
+    static void swap(__container_type* __x, __container_type* __y);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool __is_deref() const
+        {return __is_deref(__is_random_access_iterator<iterator_type>());}
+    bool __is_deref(false_type) const;
+    bool __is_deref(true_type) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool __can_decrement() const
+        {return __can_decrement(integral_constant<int, is_pointer<iterator_type>::value ? 2:
+                                                       __is_random_access_iterator<iterator_type>::value ? 1 : 0>());}
+    bool __can_decrement(integral_constant<int, 0>) const;
+    bool __can_decrement(integral_constant<int, 1>) const;
+    bool __can_decrement(integral_constant<int, 2>) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool __can_increment() const
+        {return __can_increment(integral_constant<int, is_pointer<iterator_type>::value ? 2:
+                                                       __is_random_access_iterator<iterator_type>::value ? 1 : 0>());}
+    bool __can_increment(integral_constant<int, 0>) const;
+    bool __can_increment(integral_constant<int, 1>) const;
+    bool __can_increment(integral_constant<int, 2>) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool __can_add(difference_type __n) const
+        {return __can_add(__n, is_pointer<iterator_type>());}
+    bool __can_add(difference_type __n, false_type) const;
+    bool __can_add(difference_type __n, true_type) const;
+
+    template <class _Cp, class _Up> friend class __debug_iter;
+    friend class _Container::__self;
+
+    template <class _Cp, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator==(const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter2>&);
+
+    template <class _Cp, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator<(const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter2>&);
+
+    template <class _Cp, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator!=(const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter2>&);
+
+    template <class _Cp, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator>(const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter2>&);
+
+    template <class _Cp, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator>=(const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter2>&);
+
+    template <class _Cp, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator<=(const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter2>&);
+
+    template <class _Cp, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+    friend
+    typename __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>::difference_type
+    operator-(const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>&, const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter2>&);
+
+    template <class _Cp, class _Iter1>
+    friend
+    __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>
+    operator+(typename __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>::difference_type, const __debug_iter<_Cp, _Iter1>&);
+};
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>&
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::operator=(const __debug_iter& __x)
+{
+    if (this != &__x)
+    {
+        __remove_owner();
+        __i = __x.__i;
+        __set_owner(__x.__cont);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+void
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__set_owner(const __container_type* __c)
+{
+    __cont = const_cast<__container_type*>(__c);
+    __debug_iter*& __head = __cont->__get_iterator_list(this);
+    __next = __head;
+    __head = this;
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+void
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__remove_owner()
+{
+    if (__cont)
+    {
+        __debug_iter*& __head = __cont->__get_iterator_list(this);
+        if (__head == this)
+            __head = __next;
+        else
+        {
+            __debug_iter* __prev = __head;
+            for (__debug_iter* __p = __head->__next; __p != this; __p = __p->__next)
+                __prev = __p;
+            __prev->__next = __next;
+        }
+        __cont = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+void
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__remove_all(__container_type* __c)
+{
+    __debug_iter*& __head = __c->__get_iterator_list((__debug_iter*)0);
+    __debug_iter* __p = __head;
+    __head = 0;
+    while (__p)
+    {
+        __p->__cont = 0;
+        __debug_iter* __n = __p->__next;
+        __p->__next = 0;
+        __p = __n;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+void
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::swap(__container_type* __x, __container_type* __y)
+{
+    __debug_iter*& __head_x = __x->__get_iterator_list((__debug_iter*)0);
+    __debug_iter*& __head_y = __y->__get_iterator_list((__debug_iter*)0);
+    __debug_iter* __p = __head_x;
+    __head_x = __head_y;
+    __head_y = __p;
+    for (__p = __head_x; __p; __p = __p->__next)
+        __p->__cont = __x;
+    for (__p = __head_y; __p; __p = __p->__next)
+        __p->__cont = __y;
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__is_deref(false_type) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    return __i != __cont->end().base();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__is_deref(true_type) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    return __i < __cont->end().base();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__can_decrement(integral_constant<int, 0>) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    return __i != __cont->begin().base();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__can_decrement(integral_constant<int, 1>) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    iterator_type __b = __cont->begin().base();
+    return __b < __i && __i <= __b + __cont->size();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__can_decrement(integral_constant<int, 2>) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    iterator_type __b = __cont->begin().base();
+    return __b < __i && __i <= __b + __cont->size();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__can_increment(integral_constant<int, 0>) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    return __i != __cont->end().base();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__can_increment(integral_constant<int, 1>) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    iterator_type __b = __cont->begin().base();
+    return __b <= __i && __i < __b + __cont->size();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__can_increment(integral_constant<int, 2>) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    iterator_type __b = __cont->begin().base();
+    return __b <= __i && __i < __b + __cont->size();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__can_add(difference_type __n, false_type) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    iterator_type __b = __cont->begin().base();
+    iterator_type __j = __i + __n;
+    return __b <= __j && __j <= __b + __cont->size();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+bool
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::__can_add(difference_type __n, true_type) const
+{
+    if (__cont == 0)
+        return false;
+    iterator_type __b = __cont->begin().base();
+    iterator_type __j = __i + __n;
+    return __b <= __j && __j <= __b + __cont->size();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>&
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::operator+=(difference_type __n)
+{
+    assert(__can_add(__n));
+    __i += __n;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>& __x, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    assert(__x.__cont && __x.__cont == __y.__cont);
+    return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>& __x, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>& __x, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    assert(__x.__cont && __x.__cont == __y.__cont);
+    return __x.base() < __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>& __x, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>& __x, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>& __x, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>::difference_type
+operator-(const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter1>& __x, const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter2>& __y)
+{
+    assert(__x.__cont && __x.__cont == __y.__cont);
+    return __x.base() - __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Container, class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>
+operator+(typename __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>::difference_type __n,
+          const __debug_iter<_Container, _Iter>& __x)
+{
+    return __x + __n;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TRAILING_RETURN)
+
+template <class _C>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+auto
+begin(_C& __c) -> decltype(__c.begin())
+{
+    return __c.begin();
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+auto
+begin(const _C& __c) -> decltype(__c.begin())
+{
+    return __c.begin();
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+auto
+end(_C& __c) -> decltype(__c.end())
+{
+    return __c.end();
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+auto
+end(const _C& __c) -> decltype(__c.end())
+{
+    return __c.end();
+}
+
+#else  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TRAILING_RETURN)
+
+template <class _C>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename _C::iterator
+begin(_C& __c)
+{
+    return __c.begin();
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename _C::const_iterator
+begin(const _C& __c)
+{
+    return __c.begin();
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename _C::iterator
+end(_C& __c)
+{
+    return __c.end();
+}
+
+template <class _C>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename _C::const_iterator
+end(const _C& __c)
+{
+    return __c.end();
+}
+
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TRAILING_RETURN)
+
+template <class _T, size_t _N>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_T*
+begin(_T (&__array)[_N])
+{
+    return __array;
+}
+
+template <class _T, size_t _N>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_T*
+end(_T (&__array)[_N])
+{
+    return __array + _N;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_ITERATOR
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/limits b/system/include/libcxx/limits
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..989964e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/limits
@@ -0,0 +1,613 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- limits ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_LIMITS
+#define _LIBCPP_LIMITS
+
+/*
+    limits synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class T>
+class numeric_limits
+{
+public:
+    static const bool is_specialized = false;
+    static T min() noexcept;
+    static T max() noexcept;
+    static T lowest() noexcept;
+
+    static const int  digits = 0;
+    static const int  digits10 = 0;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = 0;
+    static const bool is_signed = false;
+    static const bool is_integer = false;
+    static const bool is_exact = false;
+    static const int  radix = 0;
+    static T epsilon() noexcept;
+    static T round_error() noexcept;
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = 0;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = 0;
+    static const int  max_exponent = 0;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = 0;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = false;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = false;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = false;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_absent;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = false;
+    static T infinity() noexcept;
+    static T quiet_NaN() noexcept;
+    static T signaling_NaN() noexcept;
+    static T denorm_min() noexcept;
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = false;
+    static const bool is_bounded = false;
+    static const bool is_modulo = false;
+
+    static const bool traps = false;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = false;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = round_toward_zero;
+};
+
+enum float_round_style
+{
+    round_indeterminate       = -1,
+    round_toward_zero         =  0,
+    round_to_nearest          =  1,
+    round_toward_infinity     =  2,
+    round_toward_neg_infinity =  3
+};
+
+enum float_denorm_style
+{
+    denorm_indeterminate = -1,
+    denorm_absent = 0,
+    denorm_present = 1
+};
+
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv bool>;
+
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv char>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv signed char>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned char>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv wchar_t>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv char16_t>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv char32_t>;
+
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv short>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv int>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv long>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv long long>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned short>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned int>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned long>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned long long>;
+
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv float>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv double>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv long double>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+enum float_round_style
+{
+    round_indeterminate       = -1,
+    round_toward_zero         =  0,
+    round_to_nearest          =  1,
+    round_toward_infinity     =  2,
+    round_toward_neg_infinity =  3
+};
+
+enum float_denorm_style
+{
+    denorm_indeterminate = -1,
+    denorm_absent = 0,
+    denorm_present = 1
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits
+{
+protected:
+    typedef _Tp type;
+
+    static const bool is_specialized = false;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return type();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return type();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return type();}
+
+    static const int  digits = 0;
+    static const int  digits10 = 0;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = 0;
+    static const bool is_signed = false;
+    static const bool is_integer = false;
+    static const bool is_exact = false;
+    static const int  radix = 0;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return type();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return type();}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = 0;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = 0;
+    static const int  max_exponent = 0;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = 0;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = false;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = false;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = false;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_absent;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = false;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return type();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return type();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return type();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return type();}
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = false;
+    static const bool is_bounded = false;
+    static const bool is_modulo = false;
+
+    static const bool traps = false;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = false;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = round_toward_zero;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, int digits, bool is_signed>
+struct __libcpp_compute_min
+{
+    static const _Tp value = _Tp(_Tp(1) << digits);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, int digits>
+struct __libcpp_compute_min<_Tp, digits, false>
+{
+    static const _Tp value = _Tp(0);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<_Tp, true>
+{
+protected:
+    typedef _Tp type;
+
+    static const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+    static const bool is_signed = type(-1) < type(0);
+    static const int  digits = static_cast<int>(sizeof(type) * __CHAR_BIT__ - is_signed);
+    static const int  digits10 = digits * 3 / 10;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = 0;
+    static const type __min = __libcpp_compute_min<type, digits, is_signed>::value;
+    static const type __max = is_signed ? type(type(~0) ^ __min) : type(~0);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return __min;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return __max;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return min();}
+
+    static const bool is_integer = true;
+    static const bool is_exact = true;
+    static const int  radix = 2;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = 0;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = 0;
+    static const int  max_exponent = 0;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = 0;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = false;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = false;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = false;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_absent;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = false;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = false;
+    static const bool is_bounded = true;
+    static const bool is_modulo = true;
+
+#if __i386__ || __x86_64__
+    static const bool traps = true;
+#else
+    static const bool traps = false;
+#endif
+    static const bool tinyness_before = false;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = round_toward_zero;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<bool, true>
+{
+protected:
+    typedef bool type;
+
+    static const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+    static const bool is_signed = false;
+    static const int  digits = 1;
+    static const int  digits10 = 0;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = 0;
+    static const type __min = false;
+    static const type __max = true;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return __min;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return __max;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return min();}
+
+    static const bool is_integer = true;
+    static const bool is_exact = true;
+    static const int  radix = 2;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = 0;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = 0;
+    static const int  max_exponent = 0;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = 0;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = false;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = false;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = false;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_absent;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = false;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return type(0);}
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = false;
+    static const bool is_bounded = true;
+    static const bool is_modulo = false;
+
+    static const bool traps = false;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = false;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = round_toward_zero;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<float, true>
+{
+protected:
+    typedef float type;
+
+    static const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+    static const bool is_signed = true;
+    static const int  digits = __FLT_MANT_DIG__;
+    static const int  digits10 = __FLT_DIG__;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = 2+(digits * 30103)/100000;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return __FLT_MIN__;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return __FLT_MAX__;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return -max();}
+
+    static const bool is_integer = false;
+    static const bool is_exact = false;
+    static const int  radix = __FLT_RADIX__;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return __FLT_EPSILON__;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return 0.5F;}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = __FLT_MIN_EXP__;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = __FLT_MIN_10_EXP__;
+    static const int  max_exponent = __FLT_MAX_EXP__;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = __FLT_MAX_10_EXP__;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = true;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = true;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = true;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_present;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = false;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return __builtin_huge_valf();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __builtin_nanf("");}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __builtin_nansf("");}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return __FLT_DENORM_MIN__;}
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = true;
+    static const bool is_bounded = true;
+    static const bool is_modulo = false;
+
+    static const bool traps = false;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = false;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = round_to_nearest;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<double, true>
+{
+protected:
+    typedef double type;
+
+    static const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+    static const bool is_signed = true;
+    static const int  digits = __DBL_MANT_DIG__;
+    static const int  digits10 = __DBL_DIG__;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = 2+(digits * 30103)/100000;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return __DBL_MIN__;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return __DBL_MAX__;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return -max();}
+
+    static const bool is_integer = false;
+    static const bool is_exact = false;
+    static const int  radix = __FLT_RADIX__;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return __DBL_EPSILON__;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return 0.5;}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = __DBL_MIN_EXP__;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = __DBL_MIN_10_EXP__;
+    static const int  max_exponent = __DBL_MAX_EXP__;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = __DBL_MAX_10_EXP__;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = true;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = true;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = true;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_present;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = false;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return __builtin_huge_val();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __builtin_nan("");}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __builtin_nans("");}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return __DBL_DENORM_MIN__;}
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = true;
+    static const bool is_bounded = true;
+    static const bool is_modulo = false;
+
+    static const bool traps = false;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = false;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = round_to_nearest;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<long double, true>
+{
+protected:
+    typedef long double type;
+
+    static const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+    static const bool is_signed = true;
+    static const int  digits = __LDBL_MANT_DIG__;
+    static const int  digits10 = __LDBL_DIG__;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = 2+(digits * 30103)/100000;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return __LDBL_MIN__;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return __LDBL_MAX__;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return -max();}
+
+    static const bool is_integer = false;
+    static const bool is_exact = false;
+    static const int  radix = __FLT_RADIX__;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return __LDBL_EPSILON__;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return 0.5;}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = __LDBL_MIN_EXP__;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = __LDBL_MIN_10_EXP__;
+    static const int  max_exponent = __LDBL_MAX_EXP__;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = __LDBL_MAX_10_EXP__;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = true;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = true;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = true;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_present;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = false;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return __builtin_huge_vall();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __builtin_nanl("");}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __builtin_nansl("");}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return __LDBL_DENORM_MIN__;}
+
+#if (defined(__ppc__) || defined(__ppc64__))
+    static const bool is_iec559 = false;
+#else
+    static const bool is_iec559 = true;
+#endif
+    static const bool is_bounded = true;
+    static const bool is_modulo = false;
+
+    static const bool traps = false;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = false;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = round_to_nearest;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numeric_limits
+    : private __libcpp_numeric_limits<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type>
+{
+    typedef __libcpp_numeric_limits<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> __base;
+    typedef typename __base::type type;
+public:
+    static const bool is_specialized = __base::is_specialized;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::min();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::max();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::lowest();}
+
+    static const int  digits = __base::digits;
+    static const int  digits10 = __base::digits10;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = __base::max_digits10;
+    static const bool is_signed = __base::is_signed;
+    static const bool is_integer = __base::is_integer;
+    static const bool is_exact = __base::is_exact;
+    static const int  radix = __base::radix;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::epsilon();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::round_error();}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = __base::min_exponent;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = __base::min_exponent10;
+    static const int  max_exponent = __base::max_exponent;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = __base::max_exponent10;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = __base::has_infinity;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = __base::has_quiet_NaN;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = __base::has_signaling_NaN;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = __base::has_denorm;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = __base::has_denorm_loss;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::infinity();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::quiet_NaN();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::signaling_NaN();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::denorm_min();}
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = __base::is_iec559;
+    static const bool is_bounded = __base::is_bounded;
+    static const bool is_modulo = __base::is_modulo;
+
+    static const bool traps = __base::traps;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = __base::tinyness_before;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = __base::round_style;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numeric_limits<const _Tp>
+    : private numeric_limits<_Tp>
+{
+    typedef numeric_limits<_Tp> __base;
+    typedef _Tp type;
+public:
+    static const bool is_specialized = __base::is_specialized;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::min();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::max();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::lowest();}
+
+    static const int  digits = __base::digits;
+    static const int  digits10 = __base::digits10;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = __base::max_digits10;
+    static const bool is_signed = __base::is_signed;
+    static const bool is_integer = __base::is_integer;
+    static const bool is_exact = __base::is_exact;
+    static const int  radix = __base::radix;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::epsilon();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::round_error();}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = __base::min_exponent;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = __base::min_exponent10;
+    static const int  max_exponent = __base::max_exponent;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = __base::max_exponent10;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = __base::has_infinity;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = __base::has_quiet_NaN;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = __base::has_signaling_NaN;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = __base::has_denorm;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = __base::has_denorm_loss;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::infinity();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::quiet_NaN();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::signaling_NaN();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::denorm_min();}
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = __base::is_iec559;
+    static const bool is_bounded = __base::is_bounded;
+    static const bool is_modulo = __base::is_modulo;
+
+    static const bool traps = __base::traps;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = __base::tinyness_before;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = __base::round_style;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numeric_limits<volatile _Tp>
+    : private numeric_limits<_Tp>
+{
+    typedef numeric_limits<_Tp> __base;
+    typedef _Tp type;
+public:
+    static const bool is_specialized = __base::is_specialized;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::min();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::max();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::lowest();}
+
+    static const int  digits = __base::digits;
+    static const int  digits10 = __base::digits10;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = __base::max_digits10;
+    static const bool is_signed = __base::is_signed;
+    static const bool is_integer = __base::is_integer;
+    static const bool is_exact = __base::is_exact;
+    static const int  radix = __base::radix;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::epsilon();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::round_error();}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = __base::min_exponent;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = __base::min_exponent10;
+    static const int  max_exponent = __base::max_exponent;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = __base::max_exponent10;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = __base::has_infinity;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = __base::has_quiet_NaN;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = __base::has_signaling_NaN;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = __base::has_denorm;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = __base::has_denorm_loss;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::infinity();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::quiet_NaN();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::signaling_NaN();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::denorm_min();}
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = __base::is_iec559;
+    static const bool is_bounded = __base::is_bounded;
+    static const bool is_modulo = __base::is_modulo;
+
+    static const bool traps = __base::traps;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = __base::tinyness_before;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = __base::round_style;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE numeric_limits<const volatile _Tp>
+    : private numeric_limits<_Tp>
+{
+    typedef numeric_limits<_Tp> __base;
+    typedef _Tp type;
+public:
+    static const bool is_specialized = __base::is_specialized;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type min() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::min();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type max() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::max();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type lowest() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::lowest();}
+
+    static const int  digits = __base::digits;
+    static const int  digits10 = __base::digits10;
+    static const int  max_digits10 = __base::max_digits10;
+    static const bool is_signed = __base::is_signed;
+    static const bool is_integer = __base::is_integer;
+    static const bool is_exact = __base::is_exact;
+    static const int  radix = __base::radix;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::epsilon();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::round_error();}
+
+    static const int  min_exponent = __base::min_exponent;
+    static const int  min_exponent10 = __base::min_exponent10;
+    static const int  max_exponent = __base::max_exponent;
+    static const int  max_exponent10 = __base::max_exponent10;
+
+    static const bool has_infinity = __base::has_infinity;
+    static const bool has_quiet_NaN = __base::has_quiet_NaN;
+    static const bool has_signaling_NaN = __base::has_signaling_NaN;
+    static const float_denorm_style has_denorm = __base::has_denorm;
+    static const bool has_denorm_loss = __base::has_denorm_loss;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::infinity();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::quiet_NaN();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::signaling_NaN();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {return __base::denorm_min();}
+
+    static const bool is_iec559 = __base::is_iec559;
+    static const bool is_bounded = __base::is_bounded;
+    static const bool is_modulo = __base::is_modulo;
+
+    static const bool traps = __base::traps;
+    static const bool tinyness_before = __base::tinyness_before;
+    static const float_round_style round_style = __base::round_style;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_LIMITS
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/list b/system/include/libcxx/list
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..900e2ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/list
@@ -0,0 +1,1676 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- list ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_LIST
+#define _LIBCPP_LIST
+
+/*
+    list synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Alloc = allocator<T> >
+class list
+{
+public:
+
+    // types:
+    typedef T value_type;
+    typedef Alloc allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer const_pointer;
+    typedef implementation-defined iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined const_iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined size_type;
+    typedef implementation-defined difference_type;
+    typedef reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+    typedef reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    list()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit list(const allocator_type& a);
+    explicit list(size_type n);
+    list(size_type n, const value_type& value);
+    list(size_type n, const value_type& value, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class Iter>
+        list(Iter first, Iter last);
+    template <class Iter>
+        list(Iter first, Iter last, const allocator_type& a);
+    list(const list& x);
+    list(const list&, const allocator_type& a);
+    list(list&& x)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    list(list&&, const allocator_type& a);
+    list(initializer_list<value_type>);
+    list(initializer_list<value_type>, const allocator_type& a);
+
+    ~list();
+
+    list& operator=(const list& x);
+    list& operator=(list&& x)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    list& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+    template <class Iter>
+        void assign(Iter first, Iter last);
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& t);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
+
+    reference front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        void emplace_front(Args&&... args);
+    void pop_front();
+    template <class... Args>
+        void emplace_back(Args&&... args);
+    void pop_back();
+    void push_front(const value_type& x);
+    void push_front(value_type&& x);
+    void push_back(const value_type& x);
+    void push_back(value_type&& x);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type&& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, size_type n, const value_type& x);
+    template <class Iter>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, Iter first, Iter last);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position, const_iterator last);
+
+    void resize(size_type sz);
+    void resize(size_type sz, const value_type& c);
+
+    void swap(list&)
+        noexcept(!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                 __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list& x);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list&& x);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list& x, const_iterator i);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list&& x, const_iterator i);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list& x, const_iterator first,
+                                                  const_iterator last);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list&& x, const_iterator first,
+                                                  const_iterator last);
+
+    void remove(const value_type& value);
+    template <class Pred> void remove_if(Pred pred);
+    void unique();
+    template <class BinaryPredicate>
+        void unique(BinaryPredicate binary_pred);
+    void merge(list& x);
+    void merge(list&& x);
+    template <class Compare>
+        void merge(list& x, Compare comp);
+    template <class Compare>
+        void merge(list&& x, Compare comp);
+    void sort();
+    template <class Compare>
+        void sort(Compare comp);
+    void reverse() noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator==(const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator< (const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator!=(const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator> (const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator>=(const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator<=(const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    void swap(list<T,Alloc>& x, list<T,Alloc>& y)
+         noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <limits>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr> struct __list_node;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __list_node_base
+{
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+        rebind<__list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> > pointer;
+#else
+        rebind<__list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> >::other pointer;
+#endif
+
+    pointer __prev_;
+    pointer __next_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_node_base()
+        : __prev_(static_cast<pointer>(this)),
+          __next_(static_cast<pointer>(this))
+          {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __list_node
+    : public __list_node_base<_Tp, _VoidPtr>
+{
+    _Tp __value_;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc> class list;
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc> class __list_imp;
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr> class __list_const_iterator;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __list_iterator
+{
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+        rebind<__list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> > __node_pointer;
+#else
+        rebind<__list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> >::other __node_pointer;
+#endif
+
+    __node_pointer __ptr_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __list_iterator(__node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+
+    template<class, class> friend class list;
+    template<class, class> friend class __list_imp;
+    template<class, class> friend class __list_const_iterator;
+public:
+    typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag       iterator_category;
+    typedef _Tp                              value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                      reference;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                             pointer;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<pointer>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return __ptr_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return &(operator*());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_iterator& operator++() {__ptr_ = __ptr_->__next_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_iterator operator++(int) {__list_iterator __t(*this); ++(*this); return __t;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_iterator& operator--() {__ptr_ = __ptr_->__prev_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_iterator operator--(int) {__list_iterator __t(*this); --(*this); return __t;}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __list_iterator& __x, const __list_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+     bool operator!=(const __list_iterator& __x, const __list_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __list_const_iterator
+{
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+        rebind<const __list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> > __node_pointer;
+#else
+        rebind<const __list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> >::other __node_pointer;
+#endif
+
+    __node_pointer __ptr_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __list_const_iterator(__node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+
+    template<class, class> friend class list;
+    template<class, class> friend class __list_imp;
+public:
+    typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag       iterator_category;
+    typedef _Tp                              value_type;
+    typedef const value_type&                reference;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<const value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<const value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                             pointer;
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<pointer>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_const_iterator(__list_iterator<_Tp, _VoidPtr> __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p.__ptr_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return __ptr_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return &(operator*());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_const_iterator& operator++() {__ptr_ = __ptr_->__next_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_const_iterator operator++(int) {__list_const_iterator __t(*this); ++(*this); return __t;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_const_iterator& operator--() {__ptr_ = __ptr_->__prev_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __list_const_iterator operator--(int) {__list_const_iterator __t(*this); --(*this); return __t;}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __list_const_iterator& __x, const __list_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __list_const_iterator& __x, const __list_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+class __list_imp
+{
+    __list_imp(const __list_imp&);
+    __list_imp& operator=(const __list_imp&);
+protected:
+    typedef _Tp                                                     value_type;
+    typedef _Alloc                                                  allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>                        __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type                      size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::void_pointer                   __void_pointer;
+    typedef __list_iterator<value_type, __void_pointer>             iterator;
+    typedef __list_const_iterator<value_type, __void_pointer>       const_iterator;
+    typedef __list_node_base<value_type, __void_pointer>            __node_base;
+    typedef __list_node<value_type, __void_pointer>                 __node;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                rebind_alloc<__node>
+#else
+                rebind_alloc<__node>::other
+#endif
+                                                                     __node_allocator;
+    typedef allocator_traits<__node_allocator>                       __node_alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __node_alloc_traits::pointer                    __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename __node_alloc_traits::const_pointer              __node_const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer                         pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer                   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type                 difference_type;
+
+    __node_base __end_;
+    __compressed_pair<size_type, __node_allocator> __size_alloc_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          size_type& __sz() _NOEXCEPT {return __size_alloc_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const size_type& __sz() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __size_alloc_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          __node_allocator& __node_alloc() _NOEXCEPT
+          {return __size_alloc_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const __node_allocator& __node_alloc() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __size_alloc_.second();}
+
+    static void __unlink_nodes(__node_base& __f, __node_base& __l) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    __list_imp()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value);
+    __list_imp(const allocator_type& __a);
+    ~__list_imp();
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __sz() == 0;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return       iterator(__end_.__next_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const  _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(__end_.__next_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator end() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return       iterator(static_cast<__node_pointer>      (&__end_));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(&__end_));}
+
+    void swap(__list_imp& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __list_imp& __c)
+        {__copy_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__list_imp& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !__node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {__move_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__node_allocator& __x, __node_allocator& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {__swap_alloc(__x, __y, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__node_allocator& __x, __node_allocator& __y, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {
+            using _VSTD::swap;
+            swap(__x, __y);
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__node_allocator& __x, __node_allocator& __y, false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __list_imp& __c, true_type)
+        {
+            if (__node_alloc() != __c.__node_alloc())
+                clear();
+            __node_alloc() = __c.__node_alloc();
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __list_imp& __c, false_type)
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__list_imp& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {
+            __node_alloc() = _VSTD::move(__c.__node_alloc());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__list_imp& __c, false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+};
+
+// Unlink nodes [__f, __l]
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::__unlink_nodes(__node_base& __f, __node_base& __l)
+    _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __f.__prev_->__next_ = __l.__next_;
+    __l.__next_->__prev_ = __f.__prev_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::__list_imp()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+    : __size_alloc_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::__list_imp(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __size_alloc_(0, __node_allocator(__a))
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+__list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::~__list_imp()
+{
+    clear();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+__list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::clear() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (!empty())
+    {
+        __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+        iterator __f = begin();
+        iterator __l = end();
+        __unlink_nodes(*__f.__ptr_, *__l.__ptr_->__prev_);
+        __sz() = 0;
+        while (__f != __l)
+        {
+            __node& __n = *__f.__ptr_;
+            ++__f;
+            __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n.__value_));
+            __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n), 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+__list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::swap(__list_imp& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+{
+    using _VSTD::swap;
+    __swap_alloc(__node_alloc(), __c.__node_alloc());
+    swap(__sz(), __c.__sz());
+    swap(__end_, __c.__end_);
+    if (__sz() == 0)
+        __end_.__next_ = __end_.__prev_ = &static_cast<__node&>(__end_);
+    else
+        __end_.__prev_->__next_ = __end_.__next_->__prev_
+                                = &static_cast<__node&>(__end_);
+    if (__c.__sz() == 0)
+        __c.__end_.__next_ = __c.__end_.__prev_
+                           = &static_cast<__node&>(__c.__end_);
+    else
+        __c.__end_.__prev_->__next_ = __c.__end_.__next_->__prev_
+                                    = &static_cast<__node&>(__c.__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc = allocator<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE list
+    : private __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>
+{
+    typedef __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc> base;
+    typedef typename base::__node              __node;
+    typedef typename base::__node_allocator    __node_allocator;
+    typedef typename base::__node_pointer      __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename base::__node_alloc_traits __node_alloc_traits;
+
+public:
+    typedef _Tp                                      value_type;
+    typedef _Alloc                                   allocator_type;
+    static_assert((is_same<value_type, typename allocator_type::value_type>::value),
+                  "Invalid allocator::value_type");
+    typedef value_type&                              reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                        const_reference;
+    typedef typename base::pointer                   pointer;
+    typedef typename base::const_pointer             const_pointer;
+    typedef typename base::size_type                 size_type;
+    typedef typename base::difference_type           difference_type;
+    typedef typename base::iterator                  iterator;
+    typedef typename base::const_iterator            const_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>         reverse_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>   const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    list()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    list(const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {}
+    list(size_type __n);
+    list(size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+    list(size_type __n, const value_type& __x, const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InpIter>
+        list(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l,
+             typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _InpIter>
+        list(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l, const allocator_type& __a,
+             typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    list(const list& __c);
+    list(const list& __c, const allocator_type& __a);
+    list& operator=(const list& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    list(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    list(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    list(list&& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value);
+    list(list&& __c, const allocator_type& __a);
+    list& operator=(list&& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    list& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {assign(__il.begin(), __il.end()); return *this;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    template <class _InpIter>
+        void assign(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l,
+             typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+    void assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT     {return base::__sz();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT         {return base::empty();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return numeric_limits<difference_type>::max();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT        {return base::begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin()  const _NOEXCEPT {return base::begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator end() _NOEXCEPT          {return base::end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()    const _NOEXCEPT {return base::end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return base::begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend()   const _NOEXCEPT {return base::end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return       reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin()  const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return       reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()    const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reference front()        {return base::__end_.__next_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference front() const  {return base::__end_.__next_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reference back()         {return base::__end_.__prev_->__value_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference back()  const  {return base::__end_.__prev_->__value_;}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void push_front(value_type&& __x);
+    void push_back(value_type&& __x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args>
+       void emplace_front(_Args&&... __args);
+    template <class... _Args>
+        void emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+    template <class... _Args>
+        iterator emplace(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __x);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    void push_front(const value_type& __x);
+    void push_back(const value_type& __x);
+
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+    template <class _InpIter>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator __p, _InpIter __f, _InpIter __l,
+             typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type* = 0);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {return insert(__p, __il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif   // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(list& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<__node_allocator>::value)
+        {base::swap(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {base::clear();}
+
+    void pop_front();
+    void pop_back();
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+
+    void resize(size_type __n);
+    void resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+
+    void splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void splice(const_iterator __p, list&& __c) {splice(__p, __c);}
+#endif
+    void splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c, const_iterator __i);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void splice(const_iterator __p, list&& __c, const_iterator __i)
+        {splice(__p, __c, __i);}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void splice(const_iterator __p, list&& __c, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+        {splice(__p, __c, __f, __l);}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    void remove(const value_type& __x);
+    template <class _Pred> void remove_if(_Pred __pred);
+    void unique();
+    template <class _BinaryPred>
+        void unique(_BinaryPred __binary_pred);
+    void merge(list& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void merge(list&& __c) {merge(__c);}
+#endif
+    template <class _Comp>
+        void merge(list& __c, _Comp __comp);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Comp>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void merge(list&& __c, _Comp __comp) {merge(__c, __comp);}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void sort();
+    template <class _Comp>
+        void sort(_Comp __comp);
+
+    void reverse() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+    static void __link_nodes(__node& __p, __node& __f, __node& __l);
+    iterator __iterator(size_type __n);
+    template <class _Comp>
+        static iterator __sort(iterator __f1, iterator __e2, size_type __n, _Comp& __comp);
+
+    void __move_assign(list& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value);
+    void __move_assign(list& __c, false_type);
+};
+
+// Link in nodes [__f, __l] just prior to __p
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__link_nodes(__node& __p, __node& __f, __node& __l)
+{
+    __p.__prev_->__next_ = &__f;
+    __f.__prev_ = __p.__prev_;
+    __p.__prev_ = &__l;
+    __l.__next_ = &__p;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__iterator(size_type __n)
+{
+    return __n <= base::__sz() / 2 ? _VSTD::next(begin(), __n)
+                                   : _VSTD::prev(end(), base::__sz() - __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(size_type __n)
+{
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+        emplace_back();
+#else
+        push_back(value_type());
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(size_type __n, const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+        push_back(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(size_type __n, const value_type& __x, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+        push_back(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InpIter>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l,
+                        typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    for (; __f != __l; ++__f)
+        push_back(*__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InpIter>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l, const allocator_type& __a,
+                        typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type*)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+    for (; __f != __l; ++__f)
+        push_back(*__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(const list& __c)
+    : base(allocator_type(
+           __node_alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(
+                __c.__node_alloc())))
+{
+    for (const_iterator __i = __c.begin(), __e = __c.end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+        push_back(*__i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(const list& __c, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+    for (const_iterator __i = __c.begin(), __e = __c.end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+        push_back(*__i);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+    for (typename initializer_list<value_type>::const_iterator __i = __il.begin(),
+            __e = __il.end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+        push_back(*__i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    for (typename initializer_list<value_type>::const_iterator __i = __il.begin(),
+            __e = __il.end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+        push_back(*__i);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>&
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(const list& __c)
+{
+    if (this != &__c)
+    {
+        base::__copy_assign_alloc(__c);
+        assign(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(list&& __c)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+    : base(allocator_type(_VSTD::move(__c.__node_alloc())))
+{
+    splice(end(), __c);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(list&& __c, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : base(__a)
+{
+    if (__a == __c.get_allocator())
+        splice(end(), __c);
+    else
+    {
+        typedef move_iterator<iterator> _I;
+        assign(_I(__c.begin()), _I(__c.end()));
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>&
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(list&& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+{
+    __move_assign(__c, integral_constant<bool,
+          __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__move_assign(list& __c, false_type)
+{
+    if (base::__node_alloc() != __c.__node_alloc())
+    {
+        typedef move_iterator<iterator> _I;
+        assign(_I(__c.begin()), _I(__c.end()));
+    }
+    else
+        __move_assign(__c, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__move_assign(list& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+{
+    clear();
+    base::__move_assign_alloc(__c);
+    splice(end(), __c);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InpIter>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l,
+                          typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    iterator __i = begin();
+    iterator __e = end();
+    for (; __f != __l && __i != __e; ++__f, ++__i)
+        *__i = *__f;
+    if (__i == __e)
+        insert(__e, __f, __l);
+    else
+        erase(__i, __e);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __x)
+{
+    iterator __i = begin();
+    iterator __e = end();
+    for (; __n > 0 && __i != __e; --__n, ++__i)
+        *__i = __x;
+    if (__i == __e)
+        insert(__e, __n, __x);
+    else
+        erase(__i, __e);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Alloc
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return allocator_type(base::__node_alloc());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __x)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+    __hold->__prev_ = 0;
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), __x);
+    __link_nodes(const_cast<__node&>(*__p.__ptr_), *__hold, *__hold);
+    ++base::__sz();
+    return iterator(__hold.release());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __x)
+{
+    iterator __r(const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_));
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        size_type __ds = 0;
+        __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+        unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+        __hold->__prev_ = 0;
+        __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), __x);
+        ++__ds;
+        __r = iterator(__hold.get());
+        __hold.release();
+        iterator __e = __r;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (--__n; __n != 0; --__n, ++__e, ++__ds)
+            {
+                __hold.reset(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1));
+                __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), __x);
+                __e.__ptr_->__next_ = __hold.get();
+                __hold->__prev_ = __e.__ptr_;
+                __hold.release();
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(*__e));
+                __node_pointer __prev = __e.__ptr_->__prev_;
+                __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__na, __e.__ptr_, 1);
+                if (__prev == 0)
+                    break;
+                __e = iterator(__prev);
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __link_nodes(const_cast<__node&>(*__p.__ptr_), *__r.__ptr_, *__e.__ptr_);
+        base::__sz() += __ds;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InpIter>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert(const_iterator __p, _InpIter __f, _InpIter __l,
+             typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator<_InpIter>::value>::type*)
+{
+    iterator __r(const_cast<__node_pointer>(__p.__ptr_));
+    if (__f != __l)
+    {
+        size_type __ds = 0;
+        __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+        unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+        __hold->__prev_ = 0;
+        __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), *__f);
+        ++__ds;
+        __r = iterator(__hold.get());
+        __hold.release();
+        iterator __e = __r;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (++__f; __f != __l; ++__f, ++__e, ++__ds)
+            {
+                __hold.reset(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1));
+                __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), *__f);
+                __e.__ptr_->__next_ = __hold.get();
+                __hold->__prev_ = __e.__ptr_;
+                __hold.release();
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(*__e));
+                __node_pointer __prev = __e.__ptr_->__prev_;
+                __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__na, __e.__ptr_, 1);
+                if (__prev == 0)
+                    break;
+                __e = iterator(__prev);
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __link_nodes(const_cast<__node&>(*__p.__ptr_), *__r.__ptr_, *__e.__ptr_);
+        base::__sz() += __ds;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_front(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), __x);
+    __link_nodes(*base::__end_.__next_, *__hold, *__hold);
+    ++base::__sz();
+    __hold.release();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), __x);
+    __link_nodes(static_cast<__node&>(base::__end_), *__hold, *__hold);
+    ++base::__sz();
+    __hold.release();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_front(value_type&& __x)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), _VSTD::move(__x));
+    __link_nodes(*base::__end_.__next_, *__hold, *__hold);
+    ++base::__sz();
+    __hold.release();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(value_type&& __x)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), _VSTD::move(__x));
+    __link_nodes(static_cast<__node&>(base::__end_), *__hold, *__hold);
+    ++base::__sz();
+    __hold.release();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace_front(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __link_nodes(*base::__end_.__next_, *__hold, *__hold);
+    ++base::__sz();
+    __hold.release();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace_back(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __link_nodes(static_cast<__node&>(base::__end_), *__hold, *__hold);
+    ++base::__sz();
+    __hold.release();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+    __hold->__prev_ = 0;
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __link_nodes(const_cast<__node&>(*__p.__ptr_), *__hold, *__hold);
+    ++base::__sz();
+    return iterator(__hold.release());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __x)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+    __hold->__prev_ = 0;
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), _VSTD::move(__x));
+    __link_nodes(const_cast<__node&>(*__p.__ptr_), *__hold, *__hold);
+    ++base::__sz();
+    return iterator(__hold.release());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::pop_front()
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    __node& __n = *base::__end_.__next_;
+    base::__unlink_nodes(__n, __n);
+    --base::__sz();
+    __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n.__value_));
+    __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n), 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::pop_back()
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    __node& __n = *base::__end_.__prev_;
+    base::__unlink_nodes(__n, __n);
+    --base::__sz();
+    __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n.__value_));
+    __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n), 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::erase(const_iterator __p)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+    __node& __n = const_cast<__node&>(*__p.__ptr_);
+    __node_pointer __r = __n.__next_;
+    base::__unlink_nodes(__n, __n);
+    --base::__sz();
+    __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n.__value_));
+    __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n), 1);
+    return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+{
+    if (__f != __l)
+    {
+        __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+        base::__unlink_nodes(const_cast<__node&>(*__f.__ptr_), *__l.__ptr_->__prev_);
+        while (__f != __l)
+        {
+            __node& __n = const_cast<__node&>(*__f.__ptr_);
+            ++__f;
+            --base::__sz();
+            __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n.__value_));
+            __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__n), 1);
+        }
+    }
+    return iterator(const_cast<__node_pointer>(__l.__ptr_));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n < base::__sz())
+        erase(__iterator(__n), end());
+    else if (__n > base::__sz())
+    {
+        __n -= base::__sz();
+        size_type __ds = 0;
+        __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+        unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+        __hold->__prev_ = 0;
+        __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_));
+        ++__ds;
+        iterator __r = iterator(__hold.release());
+        iterator __e = __r;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (--__n; __n != 0; --__n, ++__e, ++__ds)
+            {
+                __hold.reset(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1));
+                __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_));
+                __e.__ptr_->__next_ = __hold.get();
+                __hold->__prev_ = __e.__ptr_;
+                __hold.release();
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(*__e));
+                __node_pointer __prev = __e.__ptr_->__prev_;
+                __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__na, __e.__ptr_, 1);
+                if (__prev == 0)
+                    break;
+                __e = iterator(__prev);
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __link_nodes(static_cast<__node&>(base::__end_), *__r.__ptr_, *__e.__ptr_);
+        base::__sz() += __ds;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __x)
+{
+    if (__n < base::__sz())
+        erase(__iterator(__n), end());
+    else if (__n > base::__sz())
+    {
+        __n -= base::__sz();
+        size_type __ds = 0;
+        __node_allocator& __na = base::__node_alloc();
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+        unique_ptr<__node, _D> __hold(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na, 1));
+        __hold->__prev_ = 0;
+        __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), __x);
+        ++__ds;
+        iterator __r = iterator(__hold.release());
+        iterator __e = __r;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (--__n; __n != 0; --__n, ++__e, ++__ds)
+            {
+                __hold.reset(__node_alloc_traits::allocate(__na, 1));
+                __node_alloc_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__hold->__value_), __x);
+                __e.__ptr_->__next_ = __hold.get();
+                __hold->__prev_ = __e.__ptr_;
+                __hold.release();
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__na, _VSTD::addressof(*__e));
+                __node_pointer __prev = __e.__ptr_->__prev_;
+                __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__na, __e.__ptr_, 1);
+                if (__prev == 0)
+                    break;
+                __e = iterator(__prev);
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __link_nodes(static_cast<__node&>(base::__end_), *__r.__ptr_, *__e.__ptr_);
+        base::__sz() += __ds;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c)
+{
+    if (!__c.empty())
+    {
+        __node& __f = *__c.__end_.__next_;
+        __node& __l = *__c.__end_.__prev_;
+        base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __l);
+        __link_nodes(const_cast<__node&>(*__p.__ptr_), __f, __l);
+        base::__sz() += __c.__sz();
+        __c.__sz() = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c, const_iterator __i)
+{
+    if (__p != __i && __p != _VSTD::next(__i))
+    {
+        __node& __f = const_cast<__node&>(*__i.__ptr_);
+        base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __f);
+        __link_nodes(const_cast<__node&>(*__p.__ptr_), __f, __f);
+        --__c.__sz();
+        ++base::__sz();
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+{
+    if (__f != __l)
+    {
+        if (this != &__c)
+        {
+            size_type __s = _VSTD::distance(__f, __l);
+            __c.__sz() -= __s;
+            base::__sz() += __s;
+        }
+        __node& __first = const_cast<__node&>(*__f.__ptr_);
+        --__l;
+        __node& __last = const_cast<__node&>(*__l.__ptr_);
+        base::__unlink_nodes(__first, __last);
+        __link_nodes(const_cast<__node&>(*__p.__ptr_), __first, __last);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::remove(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e;)
+    {
+        if (*__i == __x)
+        {
+            iterator __j = _VSTD::next(__i);
+            for (; __j != __e && *__j == __x; ++__j)
+                ;
+            __i = erase(__i, __j);
+        }
+        else
+            ++__i;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Pred>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::remove_if(_Pred __pred)
+{
+    for (iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e;)
+    {
+        if (__pred(*__i))
+        {
+            iterator __j = _VSTD::next(__i);
+            for (; __j != __e && __pred(*__j); ++__j)
+                ;
+            __i = erase(__i, __j);
+        }
+        else
+            ++__i;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::unique()
+{
+    unique(__equal_to<value_type>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _BinaryPred>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::unique(_BinaryPred __binary_pred)
+{
+    for (iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e;)
+    {
+        iterator __j = _VSTD::next(__i);
+        for (; __j != __e && __binary_pred(*__i, *__j); ++__j)
+            ;
+        if (++__i != __j)
+            __i = erase(__i, __j);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::merge(list& __c)
+{
+    merge(__c, __less<value_type>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Comp>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::merge(list& __c, _Comp __comp)
+{
+    if (this != &__c)
+    {
+        iterator __f1 = begin();
+        iterator __e1 = end();
+        iterator __f2 = __c.begin();
+        iterator __e2 = __c.end();
+        while (__f1 != __e1 && __f2 != __e2)
+        {
+            if (__comp(*__f2, *__f1))
+            {
+                size_type __ds = 1;
+                iterator __m2 = _VSTD::next(__f2);
+                for (; __m2 != __e2 && __comp(*__m2, *__f1); ++__m2, ++__ds)
+                    ;
+                base::__sz() += __ds;
+                __c.__sz() -= __ds;
+                __node& __f = *__f2.__ptr_;
+                __node& __l = *__m2.__ptr_->__prev_;
+                __f2 = __m2;
+                base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __l);
+                __m2 = _VSTD::next(__f1);
+                __link_nodes(*__f1.__ptr_, __f, __l);
+                __f1 = __m2;
+            }
+            else
+                ++__f1;
+        }
+        splice(__e1, __c);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::sort()
+{
+    sort(__less<value_type>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Comp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::sort(_Comp __comp)
+{
+    __sort(begin(), end(), base::__sz(), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Comp>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__sort(iterator __f1, iterator __e2, size_type __n, _Comp& __comp)
+{
+    switch (__n)
+    {
+    case 0:
+    case 1:
+        return __f1;
+    case 2:
+        if (__comp(*--__e2, *__f1))
+        {
+            __node& __f = *__e2.__ptr_;
+            base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __f);
+            __link_nodes(*__f1.__ptr_, __f, __f);
+            return __e2;
+        }
+        return __f1;
+    }
+    size_type __n2 = __n / 2;
+    iterator __e1 = _VSTD::next(__f1, __n2);
+    iterator  __r = __f1 = __sort(__f1, __e1, __n2, __comp);
+    iterator __f2 = __e1 = __sort(__e1, __e2, __n - __n2, __comp);
+    if (__comp(*__f2, *__f1))
+    {
+        iterator __m2 = _VSTD::next(__f2);
+        for (; __m2 != __e2 && __comp(*__m2, *__f1); ++__m2)
+            ;
+        __node& __f = *__f2.__ptr_;
+        __node& __l = *__m2.__ptr_->__prev_;
+        __r = __f2;
+        __e1 = __f2 = __m2;
+        base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __l);
+        __m2 = _VSTD::next(__f1);
+        __link_nodes(*__f1.__ptr_, __f, __l);
+        __f1 = __m2;
+    }
+    else
+        ++__f1;
+    while (__f1 != __e1 && __f2 != __e2)
+    {
+        if (__comp(*__f2, *__f1))
+        {
+            iterator __m2 = _VSTD::next(__f2);
+            for (; __m2 != __e2 && __comp(*__m2, *__f1); ++__m2)
+                ;
+            __node& __f = *__f2.__ptr_;
+            __node& __l = *__m2.__ptr_->__prev_;
+            if (__e1 == __f2)
+                __e1 = __m2;
+            __f2 = __m2;
+            base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __l);
+            __m2 = _VSTD::next(__f1);
+            __link_nodes(*__f1.__ptr_, __f, __l);
+            __f1 = __m2;
+        }
+        else
+            ++__f1;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::reverse() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (base::__sz() > 1)
+    {
+        iterator __e = end();
+        for (iterator __i = begin(); __i != __e; --__i)
+            _VSTD::swap(__i.__ptr_->__prev_, __i.__ptr_->__next_);
+        _VSTD::swap(__e.__ptr_->__prev_, __e.__ptr_->__next_);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.size() == __y.size() && _VSTD::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_LIST
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/locale b/system/include/libcxx/locale
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..153038ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/locale
@@ -0,0 +1,4507 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- locale ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_LOCALE
+#define _LIBCPP_LOCALE
+
+/*
+    locale synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class locale
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    class facet;
+    class id;
+
+    typedef int category;
+    static const category // values assigned here are for exposition only
+        none     = 0x000,
+        collate  = 0x010,
+        ctype    = 0x020,
+        monetary = 0x040,
+        numeric  = 0x080,
+        time     = 0x100,
+        messages = 0x200,
+        all = collate | ctype | monetary | numeric | time | messages;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    locale() noexcept;
+    locale(const locale& other) noexcept;
+    explicit locale(const char* std_name);
+    explicit locale(const string& std_name);
+    locale(const locale& other, const char* std_name, category);
+    locale(const locale& other, const string& std_name, category);
+    template <class Facet> locale(const locale& other, Facet* f);
+    locale(const locale& other, const locale& one, category);
+
+    ~locale(); // not virtual
+
+    const locale& operator=(const locale& other) noexcept;
+
+    template <class Facet> locale combine(const locale& other) const;
+
+    // locale operations:
+    basic_string<char> name() const;
+    bool operator==(const locale& other) const;
+    bool operator!=(const locale& other) const;
+    template <class charT, class Traits, class Allocator>
+      bool operator()(const basic_string<charT,Traits,Allocator>& s1,
+                      const basic_string<charT,Traits,Allocator>& s2) const;
+
+    // global locale objects:
+    static locale global(const locale&);
+    static const locale& classic();
+};
+
+template <class Facet> const Facet& use_facet(const locale&);
+template <class Facet> bool has_facet(const locale&) noexcept;
+
+// 22.3.3, convenience interfaces:
+template <class charT> bool isspace (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isprint (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool iscntrl (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isupper (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool islower (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isalpha (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isdigit (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool ispunct (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isxdigit(charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isalnum (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isgraph (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> charT toupper(charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> charT tolower(charT c, const locale& loc);
+
+template<class Codecvt, class Elem = wchar_t,
+         class Wide_alloc = allocator<Elem>,
+         class Byte_alloc = allocator<char>>
+class wstring_convert
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, Byte_alloc> byte_string;
+    typedef basic_string<Elem, char_traits<Elem>, Wide_alloc> wide_string;
+    typedef typename Codecvt::state_type                      state_type;
+    typedef typename wide_string::traits_type::int_type       int_type;
+
+    wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt = new Codecvt);
+    wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt, state_type state);
+    wstring_convert(const byte_string& byte_err,
+                    const wide_string& wide_err = wide_string());
+    ~wstring_convert();
+
+    wide_string from_bytes(char byte);
+    wide_string from_bytes(const char* ptr);
+    wide_string from_bytes(const byte_string& str);
+    wide_string from_bytes(const char* first, const char* last);
+
+    byte_string to_bytes(Elem wchar);
+    byte_string to_bytes(const Elem* wptr);
+    byte_string to_bytes(const wide_string& wstr);
+    byte_string to_bytes(const Elem* first, const Elem* last);
+
+    size_t converted() const;
+    state_type state() const;
+};
+
+template <class Codecvt, class Elem = wchar_t, class Tr = char_traits<Elem>>
+class wbuffer_convert
+    : public basic_streambuf<Elem, Tr>
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename Tr::state_type state_type;
+
+    wbuffer_convert(streambuf* bytebuf = 0, Codecvt* pcvt = new Codecvt,
+                    state_type state = state_type());
+
+    streambuf* rdbuf() const;
+    streambuf* rdbuf(streambuf* bytebuf);
+
+    state_type state() const;
+};
+
+// 22.4.1 and 22.4.1.3, ctype:
+class ctype_base;
+template <class charT> class ctype;
+template <> class ctype<char>; // specialization
+template <class charT> class ctype_byname;
+template <> class ctype_byname<char>; // specialization
+
+class codecvt_base;
+template <class internT, class externT, class stateT> class codecvt;
+template <class internT, class externT, class stateT> class codecvt_byname;
+
+// 22.4.2 and 22.4.3, numeric:
+template <class charT, class InputIterator> class num_get;
+template <class charT, class OutputIterator> class num_put;
+template <class charT> class numpunct;
+template <class charT> class numpunct_byname;
+
+// 22.4.4, col lation:
+template <class charT> class collate;
+template <class charT> class collate_byname;
+
+// 22.4.5, date and time:
+class time_base;
+template <class charT, class InputIterator> class time_get;
+template <class charT, class InputIterator> class time_get_byname;
+template <class charT, class OutputIterator> class time_put;
+template <class charT, class OutputIterator> class time_put_byname;
+
+// 22.4.6, money:
+class money_base;
+template <class charT, class InputIterator> class money_get;
+template <class charT, class OutputIterator> class money_put;
+template <class charT, bool Intl> class moneypunct;
+template <class charT, bool Intl> class moneypunct_byname;
+
+// 22.4.7, message retrieval:
+class messages_base;
+template <class charT> class messages;
+template <class charT> class messages_byname;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__locale>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ios>
+#include <streambuf>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#if !__APPLE__
+#include <cstdarg>
+#endif
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <ctime>
+#if _WIN32
+#include <support/win32/support.h> // vasprintf
+#else // _WIN32
+// XXX Emscripten #include <nl_types.h>
+#endif  // !_WIN32
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+// Get the C locale object
+locale_t __cloc();
+#endif
+
+typedef _VSTD::remove_pointer<locale_t>::type __locale_struct;
+typedef _VSTD::unique_ptr<__locale_struct, decltype(&freelocale)> __locale_unique_ptr;
+typedef _VSTD::unique_ptr<__locale_struct, decltype(&uselocale)> __locale_raii;
+
+// OSX has nice foo_l() functions that let you turn off use of the global
+// locale.  Linux, not so much.  The following functions avoid the locale when
+// that's possible and otherwise do the wrong thing.  FIXME.
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+decltype(MB_CUR_MAX_L(_VSTD::declval<locale_t>()))
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__mb_cur_max_l(locale_t __l)
+{
+  return MB_CUR_MAX_L(__l);
+}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+decltype(MB_CUR_MAX) __mb_cur_max_l(locale_t __l)
+{
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return MB_CUR_MAX;
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+wint_t __btowc_l(int __c, locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+  return btowc_l(__c, __l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return btowc(__c);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+int __wctob_l(wint_t __c, locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  return wctob_l(__c, __l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return wctob(__c);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+size_t __wcsnrtombs_l(char *__dest, const wchar_t **__src, size_t __nwc,
+                      size_t __len, mbstate_t *__ps, locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  return wcsnrtombs_l(__dest, __src, __nwc, __len, __ps, __l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return wcsnrtombs(__dest, __src, __nwc, __len, __ps);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+size_t __wcrtomb_l(char *__s, wchar_t __wc, mbstate_t *__ps, locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  return wcrtomb_l(__s, __wc, __ps, __l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return wcrtomb(__s, __wc, __ps);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+size_t __mbsnrtowcs_l(wchar_t * __dest, const char **__src, size_t __nms,
+                      size_t __len, mbstate_t *__ps, locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  return mbsnrtowcs_l(__dest, __src, __nms, __len, __ps, __l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return mbsnrtowcs(__dest, __src, __nms, __len, __ps);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+size_t __mbrtowc_l(wchar_t *__pwc, const char *__s, size_t __n,
+                   mbstate_t *__ps, locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  return mbrtowc_l(__pwc, __s, __n, __ps, __l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return mbrtowc(__pwc, __s, __n, __ps);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+int __mbtowc_l(wchar_t *__pwc, const char *__pmb, size_t __max, locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  return mbtowc_l(__pwc, __pmb, __max, __l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return mbtowc(__pwc, __pmb, __max);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+size_t __mbrlen_l(const char *__s, size_t __n, mbstate_t *__ps, locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  return mbrlen_l(__s, __n, __ps, __l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return mbrlen(__s, __n, __ps);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+lconv *__localeconv_l(locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  return localeconv_l(__l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return localeconv();
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+size_t __mbsrtowcs_l(wchar_t *__dest, const char **__src, size_t __len,
+                     mbstate_t *__ps, locale_t __l)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  return mbsrtowcs_l(__dest, __src, __len, __ps, __l);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  return mbsrtowcs(__dest, __src, __len, __ps);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+int __sprintf_l(char *__s, locale_t __l, const char *__format, ...) {
+  va_list __va;
+  va_start(__va, __format);
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  int __res = vsprintf_l(__s, __l, __format, __va);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  int __res = vsprintf(__s, __format, __va);
+#endif
+  va_end(__va);
+  return __res;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+int __snprintf_l(char *__s, size_t __n, locale_t __l, const char *__format, ...) {
+  va_list __va;
+  va_start(__va, __format);
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  int __res = vsnprintf_l(__s, __n, __l, __format, __va);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  int __res = vsnprintf(__s, __n, __format, __va);
+#endif
+  va_end(__va);
+  return __res;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+int __asprintf_l(char **__s, locale_t __l, const char *__format, ...) {
+  va_list __va;
+  va_start(__va, __format);
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  int __res = vasprintf_l(__s, __l, __format, __va);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  int __res = vasprintf(__s, __format, __va);
+#endif
+  va_end(__va);
+  return __res;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline
+int __sscanf_l(const char *__s, locale_t __l, const char *__format, ...) {
+  va_list __va;
+  va_start(__va, __format);
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+  int __res = vsscanf_l(__s, __l, __format, __va);
+#else
+  __locale_raii __current(uselocale(__l), uselocale);
+  int __res = vsscanf(__s, __format, __va);
+#endif
+  va_end(__va);
+  return __res;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+
+// __scan_keyword
+// Scans [__b, __e) until a match is found in the basic_strings range
+//  [__kb, __ke) or until it can be shown that there is no match in [__kb, __ke).
+//  __b will be incremented (visibly), consuming CharT until a match is found
+//  or proved to not exist.  A keyword may be "", in which will match anything.
+//  If one keyword is a prefix of another, and the next CharT in the input
+//  might match another keyword, the algorithm will attempt to find the longest
+//  matching keyword.  If the longer matching keyword ends up not matching, then
+//  no keyword match is found.  If no keyword match is found, __ke is returned
+//  and failbit is set in __err.
+//  Else an iterator pointing to the matching keyword is found.  If more than
+//  one keyword matches, an iterator to the first matching keyword is returned.
+//  If on exit __b == __e, eofbit is set in __err.  If __case_senstive is false,
+//  __ct is used to force to lower case before comparing characters.
+//  Examples:
+//  Keywords:  "a", "abb"
+//  If the input is "a", the first keyword matches and eofbit is set.
+//  If the input is "abc", no match is found and "ab" are consumed.
+template <class _InputIterator, class _ForwardIterator, class _Ctype>
+_LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+_ForwardIterator
+__scan_keyword(_InputIterator& __b, _InputIterator __e,
+               _ForwardIterator __kb, _ForwardIterator __ke,
+               const _Ctype& __ct, ios_base::iostate& __err,
+               bool __case_sensitive = true)
+{
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type _CharT;
+    size_t __nkw = _VSTD::distance(__kb, __ke);
+    const unsigned char __doesnt_match = '\0';
+    const unsigned char __might_match = '\1';
+    const unsigned char __does_match = '\2';
+    unsigned char __statbuf[100];
+    unsigned char* __status = __statbuf;
+    unique_ptr<unsigned char, void(*)(void*)> __stat_hold(0, free);
+    if (__nkw > sizeof(__statbuf))
+    {
+        __status = (unsigned char*)malloc(__nkw);
+        if (__status == 0)
+            __throw_bad_alloc();
+        __stat_hold.reset(__status);
+    }
+    size_t __n_might_match = __nkw;  // At this point, any keyword might match
+    size_t __n_does_match = 0;       // but none of them definitely do
+    // Initialize all statuses to __might_match, except for "" keywords are __does_match
+    unsigned char* __st = __status;
+    for (_ForwardIterator __ky = __kb; __ky != __ke; ++__ky, ++__st)
+    {
+        if (!__ky->empty())
+            *__st = __might_match;
+        else
+        {
+            *__st = __does_match;
+            --__n_might_match;
+            ++__n_does_match;
+        }
+    }
+    // While there might be a match, test keywords against the next CharT
+    for (size_t __indx = 0; __b != __e && __n_might_match > 0; ++__indx)
+    {
+        // Peek at the next CharT but don't consume it
+        _CharT __c = *__b;
+        if (!__case_sensitive)
+            __c = __ct.toupper(__c);
+        bool __consume = false;
+        // For each keyword which might match, see if the __indx character is __c
+        // If a match if found, consume __c
+        // If a match is found, and that is the last character in the keyword,
+        //    then that keyword matches.
+        // If the keyword doesn't match this character, then change the keyword
+        //    to doesn't match
+        __st = __status;
+        for (_ForwardIterator __ky = __kb; __ky != __ke; ++__ky, ++__st)
+        {
+            if (*__st == __might_match)
+            {
+                _CharT __kc = (*__ky)[__indx];
+                if (!__case_sensitive)
+                    __kc = __ct.toupper(__kc);
+                if (__c == __kc)
+                {
+                    __consume = true;
+                    if (__ky->size() == __indx+1)
+                    {
+                        *__st = __does_match;
+                        --__n_might_match;
+                        ++__n_does_match;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    *__st = __doesnt_match;
+                    --__n_might_match;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // consume if we matched a character
+        if (__consume)
+        {
+            ++__b;
+            // If we consumed a character and there might be a matched keyword that
+            //   was marked matched on a previous iteration, then such keywords
+            //   which are now marked as not matching.
+            if (__n_might_match + __n_does_match > 1)
+            {
+                __st = __status;
+                for (_ForwardIterator __ky = __kb; __ky != __ke; ++__ky, ++__st)
+                {
+                    if (*__st == __does_match && __ky->size() != __indx+1)
+                    {
+                        *__st = __doesnt_match;
+                        --__n_does_match;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // We've exited the loop because we hit eof and/or we have no more "might matches".
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    // Return the first matching result
+    for (__st = __status; __kb != __ke; ++__kb, ++__st)
+        if (*__st == __does_match)
+            break;
+    if (__kb == __ke)
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+    return __kb;
+}
+
+struct __num_get_base
+{
+    static const int __num_get_buf_sz = 40;
+
+    static int __get_base(ios_base&);
+    static const char __src[33];
+};
+
+void __check_grouping(const string& __grouping, unsigned* __g, unsigned* __g_end,
+                      ios_base::iostate& __err);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct __num_get
+    : protected __num_get_base
+{
+    static string __stage2_int_prep(ios_base& __iob, _CharT* __atoms, _CharT& __thousands_sep);
+    static string __stage2_float_prep(ios_base& __iob, _CharT* __atoms, _CharT& __decimal_point,
+                                      _CharT& __thousands_sep);
+    static int __stage2_int_loop(_CharT __ct, int __base, char* __a, char*& __a_end,
+                  unsigned& __dc, _CharT __thousands_sep, const string& __grouping,
+                  unsigned* __g, unsigned*& __g_end, _CharT* __atoms);
+    static int __stage2_float_loop(_CharT __ct, bool& __in_units, char& __exp,
+                                   char* __a, char*& __a_end,
+                                   _CharT __decimal_point, _CharT __thousands_sep,
+                                   const string& __grouping, unsigned* __g,
+                                   unsigned*& __g_end, unsigned& __dc, _CharT* __atoms);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+string
+__num_get<_CharT>::__stage2_int_prep(ios_base& __iob, _CharT* __atoms, _CharT& __thousands_sep)
+{
+    locale __loc = __iob.getloc();
+    use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).widen(__src, __src + 26, __atoms);
+    const numpunct<_CharT>& __np = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__loc);
+    __thousands_sep = __np.thousands_sep();
+    return __np.grouping();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+string
+__num_get<_CharT>::__stage2_float_prep(ios_base& __iob, _CharT* __atoms, _CharT& __decimal_point,
+                    _CharT& __thousands_sep)
+{
+    locale __loc = __iob.getloc();
+    use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).widen(__src, __src + 32, __atoms);
+    const numpunct<_CharT>& __np = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__loc);
+    __decimal_point = __np.decimal_point();
+    __thousands_sep = __np.thousands_sep();
+    return __np.grouping();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int
+__num_get<_CharT>::__stage2_int_loop(_CharT __ct, int __base, char* __a, char*& __a_end,
+                  unsigned& __dc, _CharT __thousands_sep, const string& __grouping,
+                  unsigned* __g, unsigned*& __g_end, _CharT* __atoms)
+{
+    if (__a_end == __a && (__ct == __atoms[24] || __ct == __atoms[25]))
+    {
+        *__a_end++ = __ct == __atoms[24] ? '+' : '-';
+        __dc = 0;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (__ct == __thousands_sep && __grouping.size() != 0)
+    {
+        if (__g_end-__g < __num_get_buf_sz)
+        {
+            *__g_end++ = __dc;
+            __dc = 0;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    ptrdiff_t __f = find(__atoms, __atoms + 26, __ct) - __atoms;
+    if (__f >= 24)
+        return -1;
+    switch (__base)
+    {
+    case 8:
+    case 10:
+        if (__f >= __base)
+            return -1;
+        break;
+    case 16:
+        if (__f < 22)
+            break;
+        if (__a_end != __a && __a_end - __a <= 2 && __a_end[-1] == '0')
+        {
+            __dc = 0;
+            *__a_end++ = __src[__f];
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (__a_end-__a < __num_get_buf_sz - 1)
+        *__a_end++ = __src[__f];
+    ++__dc;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int
+__num_get<_CharT>::__stage2_float_loop(_CharT __ct, bool& __in_units, char& __exp, char* __a, char*& __a_end,
+                    _CharT __decimal_point, _CharT __thousands_sep, const string& __grouping,
+                    unsigned* __g, unsigned*& __g_end, unsigned& __dc, _CharT* __atoms)
+{
+    if (__ct == __decimal_point)
+    {
+        if (!__in_units)
+            return -1;
+        __in_units = false;
+        *__a_end++ = '.';
+        if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end-__g < __num_get_buf_sz)
+            *__g_end++ = __dc;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (__ct == __thousands_sep && __grouping.size() != 0)
+    {
+        if (!__in_units)
+            return -1;
+        if (__g_end-__g < __num_get_buf_sz)
+        {
+            *__g_end++ = __dc;
+            __dc = 0;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    ptrdiff_t __f = find(__atoms, __atoms + 32, __ct) - __atoms;
+    if (__f >= 32)
+        return -1;
+    char __x = __src[__f];
+    if (__a_end-__a < __num_get_buf_sz - 1)
+        *__a_end++ = __x;
+    if (__x == 'x' || __x == 'X')
+        __exp = 'P';
+    else if ((__x & 0xDF) == __exp)
+    {
+        __in_units = false;
+        if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end-__g < __num_get_buf_sz)
+            *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    }
+    if (__f >= 22)
+        return 0;
+    ++__dc;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+extern template class __num_get<char>;
+extern template class __num_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator = istreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE num_get
+    : public locale::facet,
+      private __num_get<_CharT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT char_type;
+    typedef _InputIterator iter_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit num_get(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, bool& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, long& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, long long& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned short& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned int& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned long& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned long long& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, float& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, double& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, long double& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, void*& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~num_get() {}
+
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, bool& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, long& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, long long& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned short& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned int& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned long& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned long long& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, float& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, double& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, long double& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, void*& __v) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+locale::id
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::id;
+
+/* XXX Emscripten
+template <class _Tp>
+_Tp
+__num_get_signed_integral(const char* __a, const char* __a_end,
+                          ios_base::iostate& __err, int __base)
+{
+    if (__a != __a_end)
+    {
+        int __save_errno = errno;
+        errno = 0;
+        char *__p2;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+        long long __ll = strtoll_l(__a, &__p2, __base, 0);
+#else
+        long long __ll = strtoll_l(__a, &__p2, __base, __cloc());
+#endif
+        int __current_errno = errno;
+        if (__current_errno == 0)
+            errno = __save_errno;
+        if (__p2 != __a_end)
+        {
+            __err = ios_base::failbit;
+            return 0;
+        }
+        else if (__current_errno == ERANGE         ||
+                 __ll < numeric_limits<_Tp>::min() ||
+                 numeric_limits<_Tp>::max() < __ll)
+        {
+            __err = ios_base::failbit;
+            if (__ll > 0)
+                return numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+            else
+                return numeric_limits<_Tp>::min();
+        }
+        return static_cast<_Tp>(__ll);
+    }
+    __err = ios_base::failbit;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_Tp
+__num_get_unsigned_integral(const char* __a, const char* __a_end,
+                            ios_base::iostate& __err, int __base)
+{
+    if (__a != __a_end)
+    {
+        if (*__a == '-')
+        {
+            __err = ios_base::failbit;
+            return 0;
+        }
+        int __save_errno = errno;
+        errno = 0;
+        char *__p2;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+        unsigned long long __ll = strtoull_l(__a, &__p2, __base, 0);
+#else
+        unsigned long long __ll = strtoull_l(__a, &__p2, __base, __cloc());
+#endif
+        int __current_errno = errno;
+        if (__current_errno == 0)
+            errno = __save_errno;
+        if (__p2 != __a_end)
+        {
+            __err = ios_base::failbit;
+            return 0;
+        }
+        else if (__current_errno == ERANGE ||
+                 numeric_limits<_Tp>::max() < __ll)
+        {
+            __err = ios_base::failbit;
+            return numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+        }
+        return static_cast<_Tp>(__ll);
+    }
+    __err = ios_base::failbit;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_Tp
+__num_get_float(const char* __a, const char* __a_end, ios_base::iostate& __err)
+{
+    if (__a != __a_end)
+    {
+        char *__p2;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+        long double __ld = strtold_l(__a, &__p2, 0);
+#else
+        long double __ld = strtold_l(__a, &__p2, __cloc());
+#endif
+        if (__p2 != __a_end)
+        {
+            __err = ios_base::failbit;
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return static_cast<_Tp>(__ld);
+    }
+    __err = ios_base::failbit;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        bool& __v) const
+{
+    if ((__iob.flags() & ios_base::boolalpha) == 0)
+    {
+        long __lv = -1;
+        __b = do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __lv);
+        switch (__lv)
+        {
+        case 0:
+            __v = false;
+            break;
+        case 1:
+            __v = true;
+            break;
+        default:
+            __v = true;
+            __err = ios_base::failbit;
+            break;
+        }
+        return __b;
+    }
+    const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__iob.getloc());
+    const numpunct<_CharT>& __np = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__iob.getloc());
+    typedef typename numpunct<_CharT>::string_type string_type;
+    const string_type __names[2] = {__np.truename(), __np.falsename()};
+    const string_type* __i = __scan_keyword(__b, __e, __names, __names+2,
+                                            __ct, __err);
+    __v = __i == __names;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        long& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1
+    int __base = this->__get_base(__iob);
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[26];
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __atoms, __thousands_sep);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc,
+                                    __thousands_sep, __grouping, __g, __g_end,
+                                    __atoms))
+            break;
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end-__g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    // Stage 3
+    __v = __num_get_signed_integral<long>(__a, __a_end, __err, __base);
+    // Digit grouping checked
+    __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        long long& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1
+    int __base = this->__get_base(__iob);
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[26];
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __atoms, __thousands_sep);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc,
+                                    __thousands_sep, __grouping, __g, __g_end,
+                                    __atoms))
+            break;
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end-__g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    // Stage 3
+    __v = __num_get_signed_integral<long long>(__a, __a_end, __err, __base);
+    // Digit grouping checked
+    __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        unsigned short& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1
+    int __base = this->__get_base(__iob);
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[26];
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __atoms, __thousands_sep);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc,
+                                    __thousands_sep, __grouping, __g, __g_end,
+                                    __atoms))
+            break;
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end-__g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    // Stage 3
+    __v = __num_get_unsigned_integral<unsigned short>(__a, __a_end, __err, __base);
+    // Digit grouping checked
+    __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        unsigned int& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1
+    int __base = this->__get_base(__iob);
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[26];
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __atoms, __thousands_sep);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc,
+                                    __thousands_sep, __grouping, __g, __g_end,
+                                    __atoms))
+            break;
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end-__g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    // Stage 3
+    __v = __num_get_unsigned_integral<unsigned int>(__a, __a_end, __err, __base);
+    // Digit grouping checked
+    __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        unsigned long& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1
+    int __base = this->__get_base(__iob);
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[26];
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __atoms, __thousands_sep);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc,
+                                    __thousands_sep, __grouping, __g, __g_end,
+                                    __atoms))
+            break;
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end-__g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    // Stage 3
+    __v = __num_get_unsigned_integral<unsigned long>(__a, __a_end, __err, __base);
+    // Digit grouping checked
+    __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        unsigned long long& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1
+    int __base = this->__get_base(__iob);
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[26];
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __atoms, __thousands_sep);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc,
+                                    __thousands_sep, __grouping, __g, __g_end,
+                                    __atoms))
+            break;
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end-__g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    // Stage 3
+    __v = __num_get_unsigned_integral<unsigned long long>(__a, __a_end, __err, __base);
+    // Digit grouping checked
+    __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        float& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1, nothing to do
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[32];
+    char_type __decimal_point;
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping = this->__stage2_float_prep(__iob, __atoms,
+                                                  __decimal_point,
+                                                  __thousands_sep);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    bool __in_units = true;
+    char __exp = 'E';
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_float_loop(*__b, __in_units, __exp, __a, __a_end,
+                                      __decimal_point, __thousands_sep,
+                                      __grouping, __g, __g_end,
+                                      __dc, __atoms))
+            break;
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __in_units && __g_end-__g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    // Stage 3
+    __v = __num_get_float<float>(__a, __a_end, __err);
+    // Digit grouping checked
+    __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        double& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1, nothing to do
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[32];
+    char_type __decimal_point;
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping = this->__stage2_float_prep(__iob, __atoms,
+                                                  __decimal_point,
+                                                  __thousands_sep);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    bool __in_units = true;
+    char __exp = 'E';
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_float_loop(*__b, __in_units, __exp, __a, __a_end,
+                                      __decimal_point, __thousands_sep,
+                                      __grouping, __g, __g_end,
+                                      __dc, __atoms))
+            break;
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __in_units && __g_end-__g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    // Stage 3
+    __v = __num_get_float<double>(__a, __a_end, __err);
+    // Digit grouping checked
+    __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        long double& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1, nothing to do
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[32];
+    char_type __decimal_point;
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping = this->__stage2_float_prep(__iob, __atoms,
+                                                  __decimal_point,
+                                                  __thousands_sep);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    bool __in_units = true;
+    char __exp = 'E';
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_float_loop(*__b, __in_units, __exp, __a, __a_end,
+                                      __decimal_point, __thousands_sep,
+                                      __grouping, __g, __g_end,
+                                      __dc, __atoms))
+            break;
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __in_units && __g_end-__g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    // Stage 3
+    __v = __num_get_float<long double>(__a, __a_end, __err);
+    // Digit grouping checked
+    __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                        ios_base& __iob,
+                                        ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                        void*& __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1
+    int __base = 16;
+    // Stage 2
+    char_type __atoms[26];
+    char_type __thousands_sep;
+    string __grouping;
+    use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__iob.getloc()).widen(__num_get_base::__src,
+                                                    __num_get_base::__src + 26, __atoms);
+    char __a[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz] = {0};
+    char* __a_end = __a;
+    unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+    unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+    unsigned __dc = 0;
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+        if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc,
+                                    __thousands_sep, __grouping,
+                                    __g, __g_end, __atoms))
+            break;
+    // Stage 3
+    __a[sizeof(__a)-1] = 0;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    if (sscanf_l(__a, 0, "%p", &__v) != 1)
+#else
+    if (__sscanf_l(__a, __cloc(), "%p", &__v) != 1)
+#endif
+        __err = ios_base::failbit;
+    // EOF checked
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+*/
+
+extern template class num_get<char>;
+extern template class num_get<wchar_t>;
+
+struct __num_put_base
+{
+protected:
+    static void __format_int(char* __fmt, const char* __len, bool __signd,
+                             ios_base::fmtflags __flags);
+    static bool __format_float(char* __fmt, const char* __len,
+                               ios_base::fmtflags __flags);
+    static char* __identify_padding(char* __nb, char* __ne,
+                                    const ios_base& __iob);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct __num_put
+    : protected __num_put_base
+{
+    static void __widen_and_group_int(char* __nb, char* __np, char* __ne,
+                                      _CharT* __ob, _CharT*& __op, _CharT*& __oe,
+                                      const locale& __loc);
+    static void __widen_and_group_float(char* __nb, char* __np, char* __ne,
+                                        _CharT* __ob, _CharT*& __op, _CharT*& __oe,
+                                        const locale& __loc);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__num_put<_CharT>::__widen_and_group_int(char* __nb, char* __np, char* __ne,
+                                         _CharT* __ob, _CharT*& __op, _CharT*& __oe,
+                                         const locale& __loc)
+{
+    const ctype<_CharT>&    __ct = use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >   (__loc);
+    const numpunct<_CharT>& __npt = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__loc);
+    string __grouping = __npt.grouping();
+    if (__grouping.empty())
+    {
+        __ct.widen(__nb, __ne, __ob);
+        __oe = __ob + (__ne - __nb);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __oe = __ob;
+        char* __nf = __nb;
+        if (*__nf == '-' || *__nf == '+')
+            *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+        if (__ne - __nf >= 2 && __nf[0] == '0' && (__nf[1] == 'x' ||
+                                                   __nf[1] == 'X'))
+        {
+            *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+            *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+        }
+        reverse(__nf, __ne);
+        _CharT __thousands_sep = __npt.thousands_sep();
+        unsigned __dc = 0;
+        unsigned __dg = 0;
+        for (char* __p = __nf; __p < __ne; ++__p)
+        {
+            if (static_cast<unsigned>(__grouping[__dg]) > 0 &&
+                __dc == static_cast<unsigned>(__grouping[__dg]))
+            {
+                *__oe++ = __thousands_sep;
+                __dc = 0;
+                if (__dg < __grouping.size()-1)
+                    ++__dg;
+            }
+            *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__p);
+            ++__dc;
+        }
+        reverse(__ob + (__nf - __nb), __oe);
+    }
+    if (__np == __ne)
+        __op = __oe;
+    else
+        __op = __ob + (__np - __nb);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__num_put<_CharT>::__widen_and_group_float(char* __nb, char* __np, char* __ne,
+                                           _CharT* __ob, _CharT*& __op, _CharT*& __oe,
+                                           const locale& __loc)
+;/* XXX Emscripten {
+    const ctype<_CharT>&    __ct = use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >   (__loc);
+    const numpunct<_CharT>& __npt = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__loc);
+    string __grouping = __npt.grouping();
+    __oe = __ob;
+    char* __nf = __nb;
+    if (*__nf == '-' || *__nf == '+')
+        *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+    char* __ns;
+    if (__ne - __nf >= 2 && __nf[0] == '0' && (__nf[1] == 'x' ||
+                                               __nf[1] == 'X'))
+    {
+        *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+        *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+        for (__ns = __nf; __ns < __ne; ++__ns)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+            if (!isxdigit_l(*__ns, 0))
+#else
+            if (!isxdigit_l(*__ns, __cloc()))
+#endif
+                break;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (__ns = __nf; __ns < __ne; ++__ns)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+            if (!isdigit_l(*__ns, 0))
+#else
+            if (!isdigit_l(*__ns, __cloc()))
+#endif
+                break;
+    }
+    if (__grouping.empty())
+    {
+        __ct.widen(__nf, __ns, __oe);
+        __oe += __ns - __nf;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        reverse(__nf, __ns);
+        _CharT __thousands_sep = __npt.thousands_sep();
+        unsigned __dc = 0;
+        unsigned __dg = 0;
+        for (char* __p = __nf; __p < __ns; ++__p)
+        {
+            if (__grouping[__dg] > 0 && __dc == static_cast<unsigned>(__grouping[__dg]))
+            {
+                *__oe++ = __thousands_sep;
+                __dc = 0;
+                if (__dg < __grouping.size()-1)
+                    ++__dg;
+            }
+            *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__p);
+            ++__dc;
+        }
+        reverse(__ob + (__nf - __nb), __oe);
+    }
+    for (__nf = __ns; __nf < __ne; ++__nf)
+    {
+        if (*__nf == '.')
+        {
+            *__oe++ = __npt.decimal_point();
+            ++__nf;
+            break;
+        }
+        else
+            *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf);
+    }
+    __ct.widen(__nf, __ne, __oe);
+    __oe += __ne - __nf;
+    if (__np == __ne)
+        __op = __oe;
+    else
+        __op = __ob + (__np - __nb);
+}
+*/
+
+extern template class __num_put<char>;
+extern template class __num_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator = ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE num_put
+    : public locale::facet,
+      private __num_put<_CharT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT char_type;
+    typedef _OutputIterator iter_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit num_put(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  bool __v) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  long __v) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  long long __v) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  unsigned long __v) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  unsigned long long __v) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  double __v) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  long double __v) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  const void* __v) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~num_put() {}
+
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                             bool __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                             long __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                             long long __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                             unsigned long) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                             unsigned long long) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                             double __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                             long double __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                             const void* __v) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+locale::id
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+_OutputIterator
+__pad_and_output(_OutputIterator __s,
+                 const _CharT* __ob, const _CharT* __op, const _CharT* __oe,
+                 ios_base& __iob, _CharT __fl)
+{
+    streamsize __sz = __oe - __ob;
+    streamsize __ns = __iob.width();
+    if (__ns > __sz)
+        __ns -= __sz;
+    else
+        __ns = 0;
+    for (;__ob < __op; ++__ob, ++__s)
+        *__s = *__ob;
+    for (; __ns; --__ns, ++__s)
+        *__s = __fl;
+    for (; __ob < __oe; ++__ob, ++__s)
+        *__s = *__ob;
+    __iob.width(0);
+    return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                         char_type __fl, bool __v) const
+{
+    if ((__iob.flags() & ios_base::boolalpha) == 0)
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, (unsigned long)__v);
+    const numpunct<char_type>& __np = use_facet<numpunct<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+    typedef typename numpunct<char_type>::string_type string_type;
+    string_type __nm = __v ? __np.truename() : __np.falsename();
+    for (typename string_type::iterator __i = __nm.begin(); __i != __nm.end(); ++__i, ++__s)
+        *__s = *__i;
+    return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                         char_type __fl, long __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1 - Get number in narrow char
+    char __fmt[6] = {'%', 0};
+    const char* __len = "l";
+    this->__format_int(__fmt+1, __len, true, __iob.flags());
+    const unsigned __nbuf = (numeric_limits<long>::digits / 3)
+                          + ((numeric_limits<long>::digits % 3) != 0)
+                          + 1;
+    char __nar[__nbuf];
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    int __nc = sprintf_l(__nar, 0, __fmt, __v);
+#else
+    int __nc = __sprintf_l(__nar, __cloc(), __fmt, __v);
+#endif
+    char* __ne = __nar + __nc;
+    char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nar, __ne, __iob);
+    // Stage 2 - Widen __nar while adding thousands separators
+    char_type __o[2*(__nbuf-1) - 1];
+    char_type* __op;  // pad here
+    char_type* __oe;  // end of output
+    this->__widen_and_group_int(__nar, __np, __ne, __o, __op, __oe, __iob.getloc());
+    // [__o, __oe) contains thousands_sep'd wide number
+    // Stage 3 & 4
+    return __pad_and_output(__s, __o, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                         char_type __fl, long long __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1 - Get number in narrow char
+    char __fmt[8] = {'%', 0};
+    const char* __len = "ll";
+    this->__format_int(__fmt+1, __len, true, __iob.flags());
+    const unsigned __nbuf = (numeric_limits<long long>::digits / 3)
+                          + ((numeric_limits<long long>::digits % 3) != 0)
+                          + 1;
+    char __nar[__nbuf];
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    int __nc = sprintf_l(__nar, 0, __fmt, __v);
+#else
+    int __nc = __sprintf_l(__nar, __cloc(), __fmt, __v);
+#endif
+    char* __ne = __nar + __nc;
+    char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nar, __ne, __iob);
+    // Stage 2 - Widen __nar while adding thousands separators
+    char_type __o[2*(__nbuf-1) - 1];
+    char_type* __op;  // pad here
+    char_type* __oe;  // end of output
+    this->__widen_and_group_int(__nar, __np, __ne, __o, __op, __oe, __iob.getloc());
+    // [__o, __oe) contains thousands_sep'd wide number
+    // Stage 3 & 4
+    return __pad_and_output(__s, __o, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                         char_type __fl, unsigned long __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1 - Get number in narrow char
+    char __fmt[6] = {'%', 0};
+    const char* __len = "l";
+    this->__format_int(__fmt+1, __len, false, __iob.flags());
+    const unsigned __nbuf = (numeric_limits<unsigned long>::digits / 3)
+                          + ((numeric_limits<unsigned long>::digits % 3) != 0)
+                          + 1;
+    char __nar[__nbuf];
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    int __nc = sprintf_l(__nar, 0, __fmt, __v);
+#else
+    int __nc = __sprintf_l(__nar, __cloc(), __fmt, __v);
+#endif
+    char* __ne = __nar + __nc;
+    char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nar, __ne, __iob);
+    // Stage 2 - Widen __nar while adding thousands separators
+    char_type __o[2*(__nbuf-1) - 1];
+    char_type* __op;  // pad here
+    char_type* __oe;  // end of output
+    this->__widen_and_group_int(__nar, __np, __ne, __o, __op, __oe, __iob.getloc());
+    // [__o, __oe) contains thousands_sep'd wide number
+    // Stage 3 & 4
+    return __pad_and_output(__s, __o, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                         char_type __fl, unsigned long long __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1 - Get number in narrow char
+    char __fmt[8] = {'%', 0};
+    const char* __len = "ll";
+    this->__format_int(__fmt+1, __len, false, __iob.flags());
+    const unsigned __nbuf = (numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits / 3)
+                          + ((numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits % 3) != 0)
+                          + 1;
+    char __nar[__nbuf];
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    int __nc = sprintf_l(__nar, 0, __fmt, __v);
+#else
+    int __nc = __sprintf_l(__nar, __cloc(), __fmt, __v);
+#endif
+    char* __ne = __nar + __nc;
+    char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nar, __ne, __iob);
+    // Stage 2 - Widen __nar while adding thousands separators
+    char_type __o[2*(__nbuf-1) - 1];
+    char_type* __op;  // pad here
+    char_type* __oe;  // end of output
+    this->__widen_and_group_int(__nar, __np, __ne, __o, __op, __oe, __iob.getloc());
+    // [__o, __oe) contains thousands_sep'd wide number
+    // Stage 3 & 4
+    return __pad_and_output(__s, __o, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                         char_type __fl, double __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1 - Get number in narrow char
+    char __fmt[8] = {'%', 0};
+    const char* __len = "";
+    bool __specify_precision = this->__format_float(__fmt+1, __len, __iob.flags());
+    const unsigned __nbuf = 30;
+    char __nar[__nbuf];
+    char* __nb = __nar;
+    int __nc;
+    if (__specify_precision)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+        __nc = snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, 0, __fmt,
+                                   (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+#else
+        __nc = __snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, __cloc(), __fmt,
+                            (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+#endif
+    else
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+        __nc = snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, 0, __fmt, __v);
+#else
+        __nc = __snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, __cloc(), __fmt, __v);
+#endif
+    unique_ptr<char, void(*)(void*)> __nbh(0, free);
+    if (__nc > static_cast<int>(__nbuf-1))
+    {
+        if (__specify_precision)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+            __nc = asprintf_l(&__nb, 0, __fmt, (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+#else
+            __nc = __asprintf_l(&__nb, __cloc(), __fmt,
+                              (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+#endif
+        else
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+            __nc = asprintf_l(&__nb, 0, __fmt, __v);
+#else
+            __nc = __asprintf_l(&__nb, __cloc(), __fmt, (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+#endif
+        if (__nb == 0)
+            __throw_bad_alloc();
+        __nbh.reset(__nb);
+    }
+    char* __ne = __nb + __nc;
+    char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nb, __ne, __iob);
+    // Stage 2 - Widen __nar while adding thousands separators
+    char_type __o[2*(__nbuf-1) - 1];
+    char_type* __ob = __o;
+    unique_ptr<char_type, void(*)(void*)> __obh(0, free);
+    if (__nb != __nar)
+    {
+        __ob = (char_type*)malloc((2*__nc)*sizeof(char_type));
+        if (__ob == 0)
+            __throw_bad_alloc();
+        __obh.reset(__ob);
+    }
+    char_type* __op;  // pad here
+    char_type* __oe;  // end of output
+    this->__widen_and_group_float(__nb, __np, __ne, __ob, __op, __oe, __iob.getloc());
+    // [__o, __oe) contains thousands_sep'd wide number
+    // Stage 3 & 4
+    __s = __pad_and_output(__s, __ob, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+    return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                         char_type __fl, long double __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1 - Get number in narrow char
+    char __fmt[8] = {'%', 0};
+    const char* __len = "L";
+    bool __specify_precision = this->__format_float(__fmt+1, __len, __iob.flags());
+    const unsigned __nbuf = 30;
+    char __nar[__nbuf];
+    char* __nb = __nar;
+    int __nc;
+    if (__specify_precision)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+        __nc = snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, 0, __fmt,
+                                   (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+#else
+        __nc = __snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, __cloc(), __fmt,
+                            (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+#endif
+    else
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+        __nc = snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, 0, __fmt, __v);
+#else
+        __nc = __snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, __cloc(), __fmt, __v);
+#endif
+    unique_ptr<char, void(*)(void*)> __nbh(0, free);
+    if (__nc > static_cast<int>(__nbuf-1))
+    {
+        if (__specify_precision)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+            __nc = asprintf_l(&__nb, 0, __fmt, (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+#else
+            __nc = __asprintf_l(&__nb, __cloc(), __fmt,
+                              (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+#endif
+        else
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+            __nc = asprintf_l(&__nb, 0, __fmt, __v);
+#else
+            __nc = __asprintf_l(&__nb, __cloc(), __fmt, __v);
+#endif
+        if (__nb == 0)
+            __throw_bad_alloc();
+        __nbh.reset(__nb);
+    }
+    char* __ne = __nb + __nc;
+    char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nb, __ne, __iob);
+    // Stage 2 - Widen __nar while adding thousands separators
+    char_type __o[2*(__nbuf-1) - 1];
+    char_type* __ob = __o;
+    unique_ptr<char_type, void(*)(void*)> __obh(0, free);
+    if (__nb != __nar)
+    {
+        __ob = (char_type*)malloc((2*__nc)*sizeof(char_type));
+        if (__ob == 0)
+            __throw_bad_alloc();
+        __obh.reset(__ob);
+    }
+    char_type* __op;  // pad here
+    char_type* __oe;  // end of output
+    this->__widen_and_group_float(__nb, __np, __ne, __ob, __op, __oe, __iob.getloc());
+    // [__o, __oe) contains thousands_sep'd wide number
+    // Stage 3 & 4
+    __s = __pad_and_output(__s, __ob, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+    return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                         char_type __fl, const void* __v) const
+{
+    // Stage 1 - Get pointer in narrow char
+    char __fmt[6] = "%p";
+    const unsigned __nbuf = 20;
+    char __nar[__nbuf];
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    int __nc = sprintf_l(__nar, 0, __fmt, __v);
+#else
+    int __nc = __sprintf_l(__nar, __cloc(), __fmt, __v);
+#endif
+    char* __ne = __nar + __nc;
+    char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nar, __ne, __iob);
+    // Stage 2 - Widen __nar
+    char_type __o[2*(__nbuf-1) - 1];
+    char_type* __op;  // pad here
+    char_type* __oe;  // end of output
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+    __ct.widen(__nar, __ne, __o);
+    __oe = __o + (__ne - __nar);
+    if (__np == __ne)
+        __op = __oe;
+    else
+        __op = __o + (__np - __nar);
+    // [__o, __oe) contains wide number
+    // Stage 3 & 4
+    return __pad_and_output(__s, __o, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+extern template class num_put<char>;
+extern template class num_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+int
+__get_up_to_n_digits(_InputIterator& __b, _InputIterator __e,
+                     ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<_CharT>& __ct, int __n)
+{
+    // Precondition:  __n >= 1
+    if (__b == __e)
+    {
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit | ios_base::failbit;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    // get first digit
+    _CharT __c = *__b;
+    if (!__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, __c))
+    {
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    int __r = __ct.narrow(__c, 0) - '0';
+    for (++__b, --__n; __b != __e && __n > 0; ++__b, --__n)
+    {
+        // get next digit
+        __c = *__b;
+        if (!__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, __c))
+            return __r;
+        __r = __r * 10 + __ct.narrow(__c, 0) - '0';
+    }
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE time_base
+{
+public:
+    enum dateorder {no_order, dmy, mdy, ymd, ydm};
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __time_get_c_storage  // purposefully not decorated
+{
+protected:
+    typedef basic_string<_CharT> string_type;
+
+    virtual const string_type* __weeks() const;
+    virtual const string_type* __months() const;
+    virtual const string_type* __am_pm() const;
+    virtual const string_type& __c() const;
+    virtual const string_type& __r() const;
+    virtual const string_type& __x() const;
+    virtual const string_type& __X() const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator = istreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE time_get
+    : public locale::facet,
+      public time_base,
+      private __time_get_c_storage<_CharT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                  char_type;
+    typedef _InputIterator          iter_type;
+    typedef time_base::dateorder    dateorder;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit time_get(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    dateorder date_order() const
+    {
+        return this->do_date_order();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get_time(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                       ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const
+    {
+        return do_get_time(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get_date(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                       ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const
+    {
+        return do_get_date(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get_weekday(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                          ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const
+    {
+        return do_get_weekday(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get_monthname(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                            ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const
+    {
+        return do_get_monthname(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get_year(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                       ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const
+    {
+        return do_get_year(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, tm *__tm,
+                  char __fmt, char __mod = 0) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+    }
+
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm,
+                  const char_type* __fmtb, const char_type* __fmte) const;
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~time_get() {}
+
+    virtual dateorder do_date_order() const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get_time(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                                  ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get_date(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                                  ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get_weekday(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                                     ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get_monthname(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                                       ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get_year(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                                  ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob,
+                             ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm,
+                             char __fmt, char __mod) const;
+private:
+    void __get_white_space(iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                           ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_percent(iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                       const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+
+    void __get_weekdayname(int& __m,
+                           iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                           ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                           const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_monthname(int& __m,
+                         iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                         ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                         const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_day(int& __d,
+                   iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                   ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                   const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_month(int& __m,
+                     iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                     ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                     const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_year(int& __y,
+                   iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                   ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                   const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_year4(int& __y,
+                    iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                    ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                    const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_hour(int& __d,
+                    iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                    ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                    const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_12_hour(int& __h,
+                       iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                       ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                       const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_am_pm(int& __h,
+                     iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                     ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                     const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_minute(int& __m,
+                      iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                      ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                      const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_second(int& __s,
+                      iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                      ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                      const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_weekday(int& __w,
+                       iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                       ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                       const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+    void __get_day_year_num(int& __w,
+                            iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                            ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                            const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+locale::id
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::id;
+
+// time_get primatives
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_weekdayname(int& __w,
+                                                    iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                                    ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                                    const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    // Note:  ignoring case comes from the POSIX strptime spec
+    const string_type* __wk = this->__weeks();
+    int __i = __scan_keyword(__b, __e, __wk, __wk+14, __ct, __err, false) - __wk;
+    if (__i < 14)
+        __w = __i % 7;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_monthname(int& __m,
+                                                  iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                                  ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                                  const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    // Note:  ignoring case comes from the POSIX strptime spec
+    const string_type* __month = this->__months();
+    int __i = __scan_keyword(__b, __e, __month, __month+24, __ct, __err, false) - __month;
+    if (__i < 24)
+        __m = __i % 12;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_day(int& __d,
+                                            iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                            ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                            const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && 1 <= __t && __t <= 31)
+        __d = __t;
+    else
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_month(int& __m,
+                                              iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                              ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                              const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2) - 1;
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 11)
+        __m = __t;
+    else
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_year(int& __y,
+                                             iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                             ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                             const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 4);
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit))
+    {
+        if (__t < 69)
+            __t += 2000;
+        else if (69 <= __t && __t <= 99)
+            __t += 1900;
+        __y = __t - 1900;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_year4(int& __y,
+                                              iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                              ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                              const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 4);
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit))
+        __y = __t - 1900;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_hour(int& __h,
+                                             iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                             ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                             const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 23)
+        __h = __t;
+    else
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_12_hour(int& __h,
+                                                iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                                ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                                const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && 1 <= __t && __t <= 12)
+        __h = __t;
+    else
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_minute(int& __m,
+                                               iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                               ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                               const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 59)
+        __m = __t;
+    else
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_second(int& __s,
+                                               iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                               ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                               const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 60)
+        __s = __t;
+    else
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_weekday(int& __w,
+                                                iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                                ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                                const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 1);
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 6)
+        __w = __t;
+    else
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_day_year_num(int& __d,
+                                                     iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                                     ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                                     const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    int __t = __get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 3);
+    if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 365)
+        __d = __t;
+    else
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_white_space(iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                                    ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                                    const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    for (; __b != __e && __ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__b); ++__b)
+        ;
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_am_pm(int& __h,
+                                              iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                              ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                              const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    const string_type* __ap = this->__am_pm();
+    if (__ap[0].size() + __ap[1].size() == 0)
+    {
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+        return;
+    }
+    int __i = __scan_keyword(__b, __e, __ap, __ap+2, __ct, __err, false) - __ap;
+    if (__i == 0 && __h == 12)
+        __h = 0;
+    else if (__i == 1 && __h < 12)
+        __h += 12;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_percent(iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                                ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                                const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const
+{
+    if (__b == __e)
+    {
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit | ios_base::failbit;
+        return;
+    }
+    if (__ct.narrow(*__b, 0) != '%')
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+    else if(++__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+}
+
+// time_get end primatives
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                      ios_base& __iob,
+                                      ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm,
+                                      const char_type* __fmtb, const char_type* __fmte) const
+{
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+    __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+    while (__fmtb != __fmte && __err == ios_base::goodbit)
+    {
+        if (__b == __e)
+        {
+            __err = ios_base::failbit;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (__ct.narrow(*__fmtb, 0) == '%')
+        {
+            if (++__fmtb == __fmte)
+            {
+                __err = ios_base::failbit;
+                break;
+            }
+            char __cmd = __ct.narrow(*__fmtb, 0);
+            char __opt = '\0';
+            if (__cmd == 'E' || __cmd == '0')
+            {
+                if (++__fmtb == __fmte)
+                {
+                    __err = ios_base::failbit;
+                    break;
+                }
+                __opt = __cmd;
+                __cmd = __ct.narrow(*__fmtb, 0);
+            }
+            __b = do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __cmd, __opt);
+            ++__fmtb;
+        }
+        else if (__ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__fmtb))
+        {
+            for (++__fmtb; __fmtb != __fmte && __ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__fmtb); ++__fmtb)
+                ;
+            for (        ;    __b != __e    && __ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__b);    ++__b)
+                ;
+        }
+        else if (__ct.toupper(*__b) == __ct.toupper(*__fmtb))
+        {
+            ++__b;
+            ++__fmtb;
+        }
+        else
+            __err = ios_base::failbit;
+    }
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+typename time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::dateorder
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_date_order() const
+{
+    return mdy;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_time(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                              ios_base& __iob,
+                                              ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                              tm* __tm) const
+{
+    const char_type __fmt[] = {'%', 'H', ':', '%', 'M', ':', '%', 'S'};
+    return get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt, __fmt + sizeof(__fmt)/sizeof(__fmt[0]));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_date(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                              ios_base& __iob,
+                                              ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                              tm* __tm) const
+{
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+    const string_type& __fmt = this->__x();
+    return get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt.data(), __fmt.data() + __fmt.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_weekday(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                                 ios_base& __iob,
+                                                 ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                                 tm* __tm) const
+{
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+    __get_weekdayname(__tm->tm_wday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_monthname(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                                   ios_base& __iob,
+                                                   ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                                   tm* __tm) const
+{
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+    __get_monthname(__tm->tm_mon, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_year(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                              ios_base& __iob,
+                                              ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                              tm* __tm) const
+{
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+    __get_year(__tm->tm_year, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                         ios_base& __iob,
+                                         ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm,
+                                         char __fmt, char) const
+{
+    __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+    switch (__fmt)
+    {
+    case 'a':
+    case 'A':
+        __get_weekdayname(__tm->tm_wday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'b':
+    case 'B':
+    case 'h':
+        __get_monthname(__tm->tm_mon, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'c':
+        {
+        const string_type& __fmt = this->__c();
+        __b = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt.data(), __fmt.data() + __fmt.size());
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'd':
+    case 'e':
+        __get_day(__tm->tm_mday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'D':
+        {
+        const char_type __fmt[] = {'%', 'm', '/', '%', 'd', '/', '%', 'y'};
+        __b = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt, __fmt + sizeof(__fmt)/sizeof(__fmt[0]));
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'F':
+        {
+        const char_type __fmt[] = {'%', 'Y', '-', '%', 'm', '-', '%', 'd'};
+        __b = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt, __fmt + sizeof(__fmt)/sizeof(__fmt[0]));
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'H':
+        __get_hour(__tm->tm_hour, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'I':
+        __get_12_hour(__tm->tm_hour, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'j':
+        __get_day_year_num(__tm->tm_yday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'm':
+        __get_month(__tm->tm_mon, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'M':
+        __get_minute(__tm->tm_min, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'n':
+    case 't':
+        __get_white_space(__b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'p':
+        __get_am_pm(__tm->tm_hour, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'r':
+        {
+        const char_type __fmt[] = {'%', 'I', ':', '%', 'M', ':', '%', 'S', ' ', '%', 'p'};
+        __b = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt, __fmt + sizeof(__fmt)/sizeof(__fmt[0]));
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'R':
+        {
+        const char_type __fmt[] = {'%', 'H', ':', '%', 'M'};
+        __b = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt, __fmt + sizeof(__fmt)/sizeof(__fmt[0]));
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'S':
+        __get_second(__tm->tm_sec, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'T':
+        {
+        const char_type __fmt[] = {'%', 'H', ':', '%', 'M', ':', '%', 'S'};
+        __b = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt, __fmt + sizeof(__fmt)/sizeof(__fmt[0]));
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'w':
+        __get_weekday(__tm->tm_wday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'x':
+        return do_get_date(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+    case 'X':
+        {
+        const string_type& __fmt = this->__X();
+        __b = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt.data(), __fmt.data() + __fmt.size());
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'y':
+        __get_year(__tm->tm_year, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case 'Y':
+        __get_year4(__tm->tm_year, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    case '%':
+        __get_percent(__b, __e, __err, __ct);
+        break;
+    default:
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+    }
+    return __b;
+}
+
+extern template class time_get<char>;
+extern template class time_get<wchar_t>;
+
+class __time_get
+{
+protected:
+    locale_t __loc_;
+
+    __time_get(const char* __nm);
+    __time_get(const string& __nm);
+    ~__time_get();
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __time_get_storage
+    : public __time_get
+{
+protected:
+    typedef basic_string<_CharT> string_type;
+
+    string_type __weeks_[14];
+    string_type __months_[24];
+    string_type __am_pm_[2];
+    string_type __c_;
+    string_type __r_;
+    string_type __x_;
+    string_type __X_;
+
+    explicit __time_get_storage(const char* __nm);
+    explicit __time_get_storage(const string& __nm);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE ~__time_get_storage() {}
+
+    time_base::dateorder __do_date_order() const;
+
+private:
+    void init(const ctype<_CharT>&);
+    string_type __analyze(char __fmt, const ctype<_CharT>&);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator = istreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE time_get_byname
+    : public time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>,
+      private __time_get_storage<_CharT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef time_base::dateorder    dateorder;
+    typedef _InputIterator          iter_type;
+    typedef _CharT                  char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit time_get_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>(__refs),
+          __time_get_storage<_CharT>(__nm) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit time_get_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>(__refs),
+          __time_get_storage<_CharT>(__nm) {}
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ~time_get_byname() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual dateorder do_date_order() const {return this->__do_date_order();}
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual const string_type* __weeks() const  {return this->__weeks_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual const string_type* __months() const {return this->__months_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual const string_type* __am_pm() const  {return this->__am_pm_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual const string_type& __c() const      {return this->__c_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual const string_type& __r() const      {return this->__r_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual const string_type& __x() const      {return this->__x_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual const string_type& __X() const      {return this->__X_;}
+};
+
+extern template class time_get_byname<char>;
+extern template class time_get_byname<wchar_t>;
+
+class __time_put
+{
+    locale_t __loc_;
+protected:
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE __time_put() : __loc_(0) {}
+#else   // _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE __time_put() : __loc_(__cloc()) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+    __time_put(const char* __nm);
+    __time_put(const string& __nm);
+    ~__time_put();
+    void __do_put(char* __nb, char*& __ne, const tm* __tm,
+                  char __fmt, char __mod) const;
+    void __do_put(wchar_t* __wb, wchar_t*& __we, const tm* __tm,
+                  char __fmt, char __mod) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator = ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE time_put
+    : public locale::facet,
+      private __time_put
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT char_type;
+    typedef _OutputIterator iter_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit time_put(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const tm* __tm,
+                  const char_type* __pb, const char_type* __pe) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  const tm* __tm, char __fmt, char __mod = 0) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~time_put() {}
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base&, char_type, const tm* __tm,
+                             char __fmt, char __mod) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit time_put(const char* __nm, size_t __refs)
+        : locale::facet(__refs),
+          __time_put(__nm) {}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit time_put(const string& __nm, size_t __refs)
+        : locale::facet(__refs),
+          __time_put(__nm) {}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+locale::id
+time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                       char_type __fl, const tm* __tm,
+                                       const char_type* __pb,
+                                       const char_type* __pe) const
+{
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+    for (; __pb != __pe; ++__pb)
+    {
+        if (__ct.narrow(*__pb, 0) == '%')
+        {
+            if (++__pb == __pe)
+            {
+                *__s++ = __pb[-1];
+                break;
+            }
+            char __mod = 0;
+            char __fmt = __ct.narrow(*__pb, 0);
+            if (__fmt == 'E' || __fmt == 'O')
+            {
+                if (++__pb == __pe)
+                {
+                    *__s++ = __pb[-2];
+                    *__s++ = __pb[-1];
+                    break;
+                }
+                __mod = __fmt;
+                __fmt = __ct.narrow(*__pb, 0);
+            }
+            __s = do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+        }
+        else
+            *__s++ = *__pb;
+    }
+    return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob,
+                                          char_type, const tm* __tm,
+                                          char __fmt, char __mod) const
+{
+    char_type __nar[100];
+    char_type* __nb = __nar;
+    char_type* __ne = __nb + 100;
+    __do_put(__nb, __ne, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+    return _VSTD::copy(__nb, __ne, __s);
+}
+
+extern template class time_put<char>;
+extern template class time_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator = ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE time_put_byname
+    : public time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit time_put_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>(__nm, __refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit time_put_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>(__nm, __refs) {}
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~time_put_byname() {}
+};
+
+extern template class time_put_byname<char>;
+extern template class time_put_byname<wchar_t>;
+
+// money_base
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE money_base
+{
+public:
+    enum part {none, space, symbol, sign, value};
+    struct pattern {char field[4];};
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE money_base() {}
+};
+
+// moneypunct
+
+template <class _CharT, bool _International = false>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE moneypunct
+    : public locale::facet,
+      public money_base
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                  char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit moneypunct(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type   decimal_point() const {return do_decimal_point();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type   thousands_sep() const {return do_thousands_sep();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string      grouping()      const {return do_grouping();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string_type curr_symbol()   const {return do_curr_symbol();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string_type positive_sign() const {return do_positive_sign();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string_type negative_sign() const {return do_negative_sign();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE int         frac_digits()   const {return do_frac_digits();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE pattern     pos_format()    const {return do_pos_format();}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE pattern     neg_format()    const {return do_neg_format();}
+
+    static locale::id id;
+    static const bool intl = _International;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~moneypunct() {}
+
+    virtual char_type   do_decimal_point() const {return numeric_limits<char_type>::max();}
+    virtual char_type   do_thousands_sep() const {return numeric_limits<char_type>::max();}
+    virtual string      do_grouping()      const {return string();}
+    virtual string_type do_curr_symbol()   const {return string_type();}
+    virtual string_type do_positive_sign() const {return string_type();}
+    virtual string_type do_negative_sign() const {return string_type(1, '-');}
+    virtual int         do_frac_digits()   const {return 0;}
+    virtual pattern     do_pos_format()    const
+        {pattern __p = {symbol, sign, none, value}; return __p;}
+    virtual pattern     do_neg_format()    const
+        {pattern __p = {symbol, sign, none, value}; return __p;}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, bool _International>
+locale::id
+moneypunct<_CharT, _International>::id;
+
+extern template class moneypunct<char, false>;
+extern template class moneypunct<char, true>;
+extern template class moneypunct<wchar_t, false>;
+extern template class moneypunct<wchar_t, true>;
+
+// moneypunct_byname
+
+template <class _CharT, bool _International = false>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE moneypunct_byname
+    : public moneypunct<_CharT, _International>
+{
+public:
+    typedef money_base::pattern  pattern;
+    typedef _CharT                  char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit moneypunct_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : moneypunct<_CharT, _International>(__refs) {init(__nm);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit moneypunct_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : moneypunct<_CharT, _International>(__refs) {init(__nm.c_str());}
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~moneypunct_byname() {}
+
+    virtual char_type   do_decimal_point() const {return __decimal_point_;}
+    virtual char_type   do_thousands_sep() const {return __thousands_sep_;}
+    virtual string      do_grouping()      const {return __grouping_;}
+    virtual string_type do_curr_symbol()   const {return __curr_symbol_;}
+    virtual string_type do_positive_sign() const {return __positive_sign_;}
+    virtual string_type do_negative_sign() const {return __negative_sign_;}
+    virtual int         do_frac_digits()   const {return __frac_digits_;}
+    virtual pattern     do_pos_format()    const {return __pos_format_;}
+    virtual pattern     do_neg_format()    const {return __neg_format_;}
+
+private:
+    char_type   __decimal_point_;
+    char_type   __thousands_sep_;
+    string      __grouping_;
+    string_type __curr_symbol_;
+    string_type __positive_sign_;
+    string_type __negative_sign_;
+    int         __frac_digits_;
+    pattern     __pos_format_;
+    pattern     __neg_format_;
+
+    void init(const char*);
+};
+
+template<> void moneypunct_byname<char, false>::init(const char*);
+template<> void moneypunct_byname<char, true>::init(const char*);
+template<> void moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>::init(const char*);
+template<> void moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>::init(const char*);
+
+extern template class moneypunct_byname<char, false>;
+extern template class moneypunct_byname<char, true>;
+extern template class moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>;
+extern template class moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>;
+
+// money_get
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __money_get
+{
+protected:
+    typedef _CharT                  char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE __money_get() {}
+
+    static void __gather_info(bool __intl, const locale& __loc,
+                              money_base::pattern& __pat, char_type& __dp,
+                              char_type& __ts, string& __grp,
+                              string_type& __sym, string_type& __psn,
+                              string_type& __nsn, int& __fd);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__money_get<_CharT>::__gather_info(bool __intl, const locale& __loc,
+                                   money_base::pattern& __pat, char_type& __dp,
+                                   char_type& __ts, string& __grp,
+                                   string_type& __sym, string_type& __psn,
+                                   string_type& __nsn, int& __fd)
+{
+    if (__intl)
+    {
+        const moneypunct<char_type, true>& __mp =
+            use_facet<moneypunct<char_type, true> >(__loc);
+        __pat = __mp.neg_format();
+        __nsn = __mp.negative_sign();
+        __psn = __mp.positive_sign();
+        __dp = __mp.decimal_point();
+        __ts = __mp.thousands_sep();
+        __grp = __mp.grouping();
+        __sym = __mp.curr_symbol();
+        __fd = __mp.frac_digits();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        const moneypunct<char_type, false>& __mp =
+            use_facet<moneypunct<char_type, false> >(__loc);
+        __pat = __mp.neg_format();
+        __nsn = __mp.negative_sign();
+        __psn = __mp.positive_sign();
+        __dp = __mp.decimal_point();
+        __ts = __mp.thousands_sep();
+        __grp = __mp.grouping();
+        __sym = __mp.curr_symbol();
+        __fd = __mp.frac_digits();
+    }
+}
+
+extern template class __money_get<char>;
+extern template class __money_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator = istreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE money_get
+    : public locale::facet,
+      private __money_get<_CharT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                  char_type;
+    typedef _InputIterator          iter_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit money_get(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, long double& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __intl, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob,
+                  ios_base::iostate& __err, string_type& __v) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__b, __e, __intl, __iob, __err, __v);
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~money_get() {}
+
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl,
+                             ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                             long double& __v) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl,
+                             ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                             string_type& __v) const;
+
+private:
+    static bool __do_get(iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                         bool __intl, const locale& __loc,
+                         ios_base::fmtflags __flags, ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                         bool& __neg, const ctype<char_type>& __ct,
+                         unique_ptr<char_type, void(*)(void*)>& __wb,
+                         char_type*& __wn, char_type* __we);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+locale::id
+money_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::id;
+
+void __do_nothing(void*);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+void
+__double_or_nothing(unique_ptr<_Tp, void(*)(void*)>& __b, _Tp*& __n, _Tp*& __e)
+{
+    bool __owns = __b.get_deleter() != __do_nothing;
+    size_t __cur_cap = (__e-__b.get()) * sizeof(_Tp);
+    size_t __new_cap = __cur_cap < numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / 2 ?
+                       2 * __cur_cap : numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+    size_t __n_off = __n - __b.get();
+    _Tp* __t = (_Tp*)realloc(__owns ? __b.get() : 0, __new_cap);
+    if (__t == 0)
+        __throw_bad_alloc();
+    if (__owns)
+        __b.release();
+    __b = unique_ptr<_Tp, void(*)(void*)>(__t, free);
+    __new_cap /= sizeof(_Tp);
+    __n = __b.get() + __n_off;
+    __e = __b.get() + __new_cap;
+}
+
+// true == success
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+bool
+money_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__do_get(iter_type& __b, iter_type __e,
+                                            bool __intl, const locale& __loc,
+                                            ios_base::fmtflags __flags,
+                                            ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                            bool& __neg,
+                                            const ctype<char_type>& __ct,
+                                            unique_ptr<char_type, void(*)(void*)>& __wb,
+                                            char_type*& __wn, char_type* __we)
+{
+    const unsigned __bz = 100;
+    unsigned __gbuf[__bz];
+    unique_ptr<unsigned, void(*)(void*)> __gb(__gbuf, __do_nothing);
+    unsigned* __gn = __gb.get();
+    unsigned* __ge = __gn + __bz;
+    money_base::pattern __pat;
+    char_type __dp;
+    char_type __ts;
+    string __grp;
+    string_type __sym;
+    string_type __psn;
+    string_type __nsn;
+    int __fd;
+    __money_get<_CharT>::__gather_info(__intl, __loc, __pat, __dp, __ts, __grp,
+                                       __sym, __psn, __nsn, __fd);
+    const string_type* __trailing_sign = 0;
+    __wn = __wb.get();
+    for (unsigned __p = 0; __p < 4 && __b != __e; ++__p)
+    {
+        switch (__pat.field[__p])
+        {
+        case money_base::space:
+            if (__p != 3)
+            {
+                if (__ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__b))
+                    ++__b;
+                else
+                {
+                    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            // drop through
+        case money_base::none:
+            if (__p != 3)
+            {
+                while (__b != __e && __ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__b))
+                    ++__b;
+            }
+            break;
+        case money_base::sign:
+            if (__psn.size() + __nsn.size() > 0)
+            {
+                if (__psn.size() == 0 || __nsn.size() == 0)
+                {   // sign is optional
+                    if (__psn.size() > 0)
+                    {   // __nsn.size() == 0
+                        if (*__b == __psn[0])
+                        {
+                            ++__b;
+                            if (__psn.size() > 1)
+                                __trailing_sign = &__psn;
+                        }
+                        else
+                            __neg = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (*__b == __nsn[0])  // __nsn.size() > 0 &&  __psn.size() == 0
+                    {
+                        ++__b;
+                        __neg = true;
+                        if (__nsn.size() > 1)
+                            __trailing_sign = &__nsn;
+                    }
+                }
+                else  // sign is required
+                {
+                    if (*__b == __psn[0])
+                    {
+                        ++__b;
+                        if (__psn.size() > 1)
+                            __trailing_sign = &__psn;
+                    }
+                    else if (*__b == __nsn[0])
+                    {
+                        ++__b;
+                        __neg = true;
+                        if (__nsn.size() > 1)
+                            __trailing_sign = &__nsn;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        case money_base::symbol:
+            {
+            bool __more_needed = __trailing_sign ||
+                                 (__p < 2)       ||
+                                 (__p == 2 && __pat.field[3] != static_cast<char>(money_base::none));
+            bool __sb = __flags & ios_base::showbase;
+            if (__sb || __more_needed)
+            {
+                ios_base::iostate __et = ios_base::goodbit;
+                string_type* __k = __scan_keyword(__b, __e, &__sym, &__sym+1,
+                                                  __ct, __et);
+                if (__sb && __k != &__sym)
+                {
+                    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            }
+            break;
+        case money_base::value:
+            {
+            unsigned __ng = 0;
+            for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+            {
+                char_type __c = *__b;
+                if (__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, __c))
+                {
+                    if (__wn == __we)
+                        __double_or_nothing(__wb, __wn, __we);
+                    *__wn++ = __c;
+                    ++__ng;
+                }
+                else if (__grp.size() > 0 && __ng > 0 && __c == __ts)
+                {
+                    if (__gn == __ge)
+                        __double_or_nothing(__gb, __gn, __ge);
+                    *__gn++ = __ng;
+                    __ng = 0;
+                }
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+            if (__gb.get() != __gn && __ng > 0)
+            {
+                if (__gn == __ge)
+                    __double_or_nothing(__gb, __gn, __ge);
+                *__gn++ = __ng;
+            }
+            if (__fd > 0)
+            {
+                if (__b == __e || *__b != __dp)
+                {
+                    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                for (++__b; __fd > 0; --__fd, ++__b)
+                {
+                    if (__b == __e || !__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *__b))
+                    {
+                        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    if (__wn == __we)
+                        __double_or_nothing(__wb, __wn, __we);
+                    *__wn++ = *__b;
+                }
+            }
+            if (__wn == __wb.get())
+            {
+                __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                return false;
+            }
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (__trailing_sign)
+    {
+        for (unsigned __i = 1; __i < __trailing_sign->size(); ++__i, ++__b)
+        {
+            if (__b == __e || *__b != (*__trailing_sign)[__i])
+            {
+                __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (__gb.get() != __gn)
+    {
+        ios_base::iostate __et = ios_base::goodbit;
+        __check_grouping(__grp, __gb.get(), __gn, __et);
+        if (__et)
+        {
+            __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+money_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                          bool __intl, ios_base& __iob,
+                                          ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                          long double& __v) const
+{
+    const unsigned __bz = 100;
+    char_type __wbuf[__bz];
+    unique_ptr<char_type, void(*)(void*)> __wb(__wbuf, __do_nothing);
+    char_type* __wn;
+    char_type* __we = __wbuf + __bz;
+    locale __loc = __iob.getloc();
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc);
+    bool __neg = false;
+    if (__do_get(__b, __e, __intl, __loc, __iob.flags(), __err, __neg, __ct,
+                 __wb, __wn, __we))
+    {
+        const char __src[] = "0123456789";
+        char_type __atoms[sizeof(__src)-1];
+        __ct.widen(__src, __src + (sizeof(__src)-1), __atoms);
+        char __nbuf[__bz];
+        char* __nc = __nbuf;
+        unique_ptr<char, void(*)(void*)> __h(0, free);
+        if (__wn - __wb.get() > __bz-2)
+        {
+            __h.reset((char*)malloc(__wn - __wb.get() + 2));
+            if (__h.get() == 0)
+                __throw_bad_alloc();
+            __nc = __h.get();
+        }
+        if (__neg)
+            *__nc++ = '-';
+        for (const char_type* __w = __wb.get(); __w < __wn; ++__w, ++__nc)
+            *__nc = __src[find(__atoms, __atoms+sizeof(__atoms), *__w) - __atoms];
+        *__nc = char();
+        if (sscanf(__nbuf, "%Lf", &__v) != 1)
+            __throw_runtime_error("money_get error");
+    }
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator
+money_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e,
+                                          bool __intl, ios_base& __iob,
+                                          ios_base::iostate& __err,
+                                          string_type& __v) const
+{
+    const unsigned __bz = 100;
+    char_type __wbuf[__bz];
+    unique_ptr<char_type, void(*)(void*)> __wb(__wbuf, __do_nothing);
+    char_type* __wn;
+    char_type* __we = __wbuf + __bz;
+    locale __loc = __iob.getloc();
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc);
+    bool __neg = false;
+    if (__do_get(__b, __e, __intl, __loc, __iob.flags(), __err, __neg, __ct,
+                 __wb, __wn, __we))
+    {
+        __v.clear();
+        if (__neg)
+            __v.push_back(__ct.widen('-'));
+        char_type __z = __ct.widen('0');
+        char_type* __w;
+        for (__w = __wb.get(); __w < __wn-1; ++__w)
+            if (*__w != __z)
+                break;
+        __v.append(__w, __wn);
+    }
+    if (__b == __e)
+        __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+    return __b;
+}
+
+extern template class money_get<char>;
+extern template class money_get<wchar_t>;
+
+// money_put
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __money_put
+{
+protected:
+    typedef _CharT                  char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE __money_put() {}
+
+    static void __gather_info(bool __intl, bool __neg, const locale& __loc,
+                              money_base::pattern& __pat, char_type& __dp,
+                              char_type& __ts, string& __grp,
+                              string_type& __sym, string_type& __sn,
+                              int& __fd);
+    static void __format(char_type* __mb, char_type*& __mi, char_type*& __me,
+                         ios_base::fmtflags __flags,
+                         const char_type* __db, const char_type* __de,
+                         const ctype<char_type>& __ct, bool __neg,
+                         const money_base::pattern& __pat, char_type __dp,
+                         char_type __ts, const string& __grp,
+                         const string_type& __sym, const string_type& __sn,
+                         int __fd);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__money_put<_CharT>::__gather_info(bool __intl, bool __neg, const locale& __loc,
+                                   money_base::pattern& __pat, char_type& __dp,
+                                   char_type& __ts, string& __grp,
+                                   string_type& __sym, string_type& __sn,
+                                   int& __fd)
+{
+    if (__intl)
+    {
+        const moneypunct<char_type, true>& __mp =
+            use_facet<moneypunct<char_type, true> >(__loc);
+        if (__neg)
+        {
+            __pat = __mp.neg_format();
+            __sn = __mp.negative_sign();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __pat = __mp.pos_format();
+            __sn = __mp.positive_sign();
+        }
+        __dp = __mp.decimal_point();
+        __ts = __mp.thousands_sep();
+        __grp = __mp.grouping();
+        __sym = __mp.curr_symbol();
+        __fd = __mp.frac_digits();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        const moneypunct<char_type, false>& __mp =
+            use_facet<moneypunct<char_type, false> >(__loc);
+        if (__neg)
+        {
+            __pat = __mp.neg_format();
+            __sn = __mp.negative_sign();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __pat = __mp.pos_format();
+            __sn = __mp.positive_sign();
+        }
+        __dp = __mp.decimal_point();
+        __ts = __mp.thousands_sep();
+        __grp = __mp.grouping();
+        __sym = __mp.curr_symbol();
+        __fd = __mp.frac_digits();
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__money_put<_CharT>::__format(char_type* __mb, char_type*& __mi, char_type*& __me,
+                              ios_base::fmtflags __flags,
+                              const char_type* __db, const char_type* __de,
+                              const ctype<char_type>& __ct, bool __neg,
+                              const money_base::pattern& __pat, char_type __dp,
+                              char_type __ts, const string& __grp,
+                              const string_type& __sym, const string_type& __sn,
+                              int __fd)
+{
+    __me = __mb;
+    for (unsigned __p = 0; __p < 4; ++__p)
+    {
+        switch (__pat.field[__p])
+        {
+        case money_base::none:
+            __mi = __me;
+            break;
+        case money_base::space:
+            __mi = __me;
+            *__me++ = __ct.widen(' ');
+            break;
+        case money_base::sign:
+            if (!__sn.empty())
+                *__me++ = __sn[0];
+            break;
+        case money_base::symbol:
+            if (!__sym.empty() && (__flags & ios_base::showbase))
+                __me = _VSTD::copy(__sym.begin(), __sym.end(), __me);
+            break;
+        case money_base::value:
+            {
+            // remember start of value so we can reverse it
+            char_type* __t = __me;
+            // find beginning of digits
+            if (__neg)
+                ++__db;
+            // find end of digits
+            const char_type* __d;
+            for (__d = __db; __d < __de; ++__d)
+                if (!__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *__d))
+                    break;
+            // print fractional part
+            if (__fd > 0)
+            {
+                int __f;
+                for (__f = __fd; __d > __db && __f > 0; --__f)
+                    *__me++ = *--__d;
+                char_type __z = __f > 0 ? __ct.widen('0') : char_type();
+                for (; __f > 0; --__f)
+                    *__me++ = __z;
+                *__me++ = __dp;
+            }
+            // print units part
+            if (__d == __db)
+            {
+                *__me++ = __ct.widen('0');
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                unsigned __ng = 0;
+                unsigned __ig = 0;
+                unsigned __gl = __grp.empty() ? numeric_limits<unsigned>::max()
+                                              : static_cast<unsigned>(__grp[__ig]);
+                while (__d != __db)
+                {
+                    if (__ng == __gl)
+                    {
+                        *__me++ = __ts;
+                        __ng = 0;
+                        if (++__ig < __grp.size())
+                            __gl = __grp[__ig] == numeric_limits<char>::max() ?
+                                        numeric_limits<unsigned>::max() :
+                                        static_cast<unsigned>(__grp[__ig]);
+                    }
+                    *__me++ = *--__d;
+                    ++__ng;
+                }
+            }
+            // reverse it
+            reverse(__t, __me);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    // print rest of sign, if any
+    if (__sn.size() > 1)
+        __me = _VSTD::copy(__sn.begin()+1, __sn.end(), __me);
+    // set alignment
+    if ((__flags & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left)
+        __mi = __me;
+    else if ((__flags & ios_base::adjustfield) != ios_base::internal)
+        __mi = __mb;
+}
+
+extern template class __money_put<char>;
+extern template class __money_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator = ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE money_put
+    : public locale::facet,
+      private __money_put<_CharT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                  char_type;
+    typedef _OutputIterator         iter_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit money_put(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  long double __units) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __intl, __iob, __fl, __units);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    iter_type put(iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                  const string_type& __digits) const
+    {
+        return do_put(__s, __intl, __iob, __fl, __digits);
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~money_put() {}
+
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob,
+                             char_type __fl, long double __units) const;
+    virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob,
+                             char_type __fl, const string_type& __digits) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+locale::id
+money_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+money_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, bool __intl,
+                                           ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                                           long double __units) const
+{
+    // convert to char
+    const size_t __bs = 100;
+    char __buf[__bs];
+    char* __bb = __buf;
+    char_type __digits[__bs];
+    char_type* __db = __digits;
+    size_t __n = snprintf(__bb, __bs, "%.0Lf", __units);
+    unique_ptr<char, void(*)(void*)> __hn(0, free);
+    unique_ptr<char_type, void(*)(void*)> __hd(0, free);
+    // secure memory for digit storage
+    if (__n > __bs-1)
+    {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STABLE_APPLE_ABI
+        __n = asprintf_l(&__bb, 0, "%.0Lf", __units);
+#else
+        __n = __asprintf_l(&__bb, __cloc(), "%.0Lf", __units);
+#endif
+        if (__bb == 0)
+            __throw_bad_alloc();
+        __hn.reset(__bb);
+        __hd.reset((char_type*)malloc(__n * sizeof(char_type)));
+        if (__hd == 0)
+            __throw_bad_alloc();
+        __db = __hd.get();
+    }
+    // gather info
+    locale __loc = __iob.getloc();
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc);
+    __ct.widen(__bb, __bb + __n, __db);
+    bool __neg = __n > 0 && __bb[0] == '-';
+    money_base::pattern __pat;
+    char_type __dp;
+    char_type __ts;
+    string __grp;
+    string_type __sym;
+    string_type __sn;
+    int __fd;
+    this->__gather_info(__intl, __neg, __loc, __pat, __dp, __ts, __grp, __sym, __sn, __fd);
+    // secure memory for formatting
+    char_type __mbuf[__bs];
+    char_type* __mb = __mbuf;
+    unique_ptr<char_type, void(*)(void*)> __hw(0, free);
+    size_t __exn = static_cast<int>(__n) > __fd ?
+                   (__n - __fd) * 2 + __sn.size() + __sym.size() + __fd + 1
+                 : __sn.size() + __sym.size() + __fd + 2;
+    if (__exn > __bs)
+    {
+        __hw.reset((char_type*)malloc(__exn * sizeof(char_type)));
+        __mb = __hw.get();
+        if (__mb == 0)
+            __throw_bad_alloc();
+    }
+    // format
+    char_type* __mi;
+    char_type* __me;
+    this->__format(__mb, __mi, __me, __iob.flags(),
+                   __db, __db + __n, __ct,
+                   __neg, __pat, __dp, __ts, __grp, __sym, __sn, __fd);
+    return __pad_and_output(__s, __mb, __mi, __me, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+money_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, bool __intl,
+                                           ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl,
+                                           const string_type& __digits) const
+{
+    // gather info
+    locale __loc = __iob.getloc();
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct = use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc);
+    bool __neg = __digits.size() > 0 && __digits[0] == __ct.widen('-');
+    money_base::pattern __pat;
+    char_type __dp;
+    char_type __ts;
+    string __grp;
+    string_type __sym;
+    string_type __sn;
+    int __fd;
+    this->__gather_info(__intl, __neg, __loc, __pat, __dp, __ts, __grp, __sym, __sn, __fd);
+    // secure memory for formatting
+    char_type __mbuf[100];
+    char_type* __mb = __mbuf;
+    unique_ptr<char_type, void(*)(void*)> __h(0, free);
+    size_t __exn = __digits.size() > __fd ?
+                   (__digits.size() - __fd) * 2 + __sn.size() + __sym.size() + __fd + 1
+                 : __sn.size() + __sym.size() + __fd + 2;
+    if (__exn > 100)
+    {
+        __h.reset((char_type*)malloc(__exn * sizeof(char_type)));
+        __mb = __h.get();
+        if (__mb == 0)
+            __throw_bad_alloc();
+    }
+    // format
+    char_type* __mi;
+    char_type* __me;
+    this->__format(__mb, __mi, __me, __iob.flags(),
+                   __digits.data(), __digits.data() + __digits.size(), __ct,
+                   __neg, __pat, __dp, __ts, __grp, __sym, __sn, __fd);
+    return __pad_and_output(__s, __mb, __mi, __me, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+extern template class money_put<char>;
+extern template class money_put<wchar_t>;
+
+// messages
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE messages_base
+{
+public:
+    typedef ptrdiff_t catalog;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE messages_base() {}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE messages
+    : public locale::facet,
+      public messages_base
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT               char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<_CharT> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit messages(size_t __refs = 0)
+        : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    catalog open(const basic_string<char>& __nm, const locale& __loc) const
+    {
+        return do_open(__nm, __loc);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    string_type get(catalog __c, int __set, int __msgid,
+                    const string_type& __dflt) const
+    {
+        return do_get(__c, __set, __msgid, __dflt);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    void close(catalog __c) const
+    {
+        do_close(__c);
+    }
+
+    static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~messages() {}
+
+    virtual catalog do_open(const basic_string<char>&, const locale&) const;
+    virtual string_type do_get(catalog, int __set, int __msgid,
+                               const string_type& __dflt) const;
+    virtual void do_close(catalog) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+locale::id
+messages<_CharT>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename messages<_CharT>::catalog
+messages<_CharT>::do_open(const basic_string<char>& __nm, const locale&) const
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+    return -1;
+#else // _WIN32
+    catalog __cat = reinterpret_cast<catalog>(catopen(__nm.c_str(), NL_CAT_LOCALE));
+    if (__cat != -1)
+        __cat = static_cast<catalog>((static_cast<size_t>(__cat) >> 1));
+    return __cat;
+#endif // _WIN32
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename messages<_CharT>::string_type
+messages<_CharT>::do_get(catalog __c, int __set, int __msgid,
+                         const string_type& __dflt) const
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+    return __dflt;
+#else // _WIN32
+    string __ndflt;
+    __narrow_to_utf8<sizeof(char_type)*__CHAR_BIT__>()(back_inserter(__ndflt),
+                                                       __dflt.c_str(),
+                                                       __dflt.c_str() + __dflt.size());
+    if (__c != -1)
+        __c <<= 1;
+    nl_catd __cat = reinterpret_cast<nl_catd>(__c);
+    char* __n = catgets(__cat, __set, __msgid, __ndflt.c_str());
+    string_type __w;
+    __widen_from_utf8<sizeof(char_type)*__CHAR_BIT__>()(back_inserter(__w),
+                                                        __n, __n + strlen(__n));
+    return __w;
+#endif // _WIN32
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+messages<_CharT>::do_close(catalog __c) const
+{
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+    if (__c != -1)
+        __c <<= 1;
+    nl_catd __cat = reinterpret_cast<nl_catd>(__c);
+    catclose(__cat);
+#endif // !_WIN32
+}
+
+extern template class messages<char>;
+extern template class messages<wchar_t>;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE messages_byname
+    : public messages<_CharT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef messages_base::catalog catalog;
+    typedef basic_string<_CharT> string_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit messages_byname(const char*, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : messages<_CharT>(__refs) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    explicit messages_byname(const string&, size_t __refs = 0)
+        : messages<_CharT>(__refs) {}
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    ~messages_byname() {}
+};
+
+extern template class messages_byname<char>;
+extern template class messages_byname<wchar_t>;
+
+template<class _Codecvt, class _Elem = wchar_t,
+         class _Wide_alloc = allocator<_Elem>,
+         class _Byte_alloc = allocator<char> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE wstring_convert
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, _Byte_alloc>   byte_string;
+    typedef basic_string<_Elem, char_traits<_Elem>, _Wide_alloc> wide_string;
+    typedef typename _Codecvt::state_type                        state_type;
+    typedef typename wide_string::traits_type::int_type          int_type;
+
+private:
+    byte_string __byte_err_string_;
+    wide_string __wide_err_string_;
+    _Codecvt* __cvtptr_;
+    state_type __cvtstate_;
+    size_t __cvtcount_;
+
+    wstring_convert(const wstring_convert& __wc);
+    wstring_convert& operator=(const wstring_convert& __wc);
+public:
+    wstring_convert(_Codecvt* __pcvt = new _Codecvt);
+    wstring_convert(_Codecvt* __pcvt, state_type __state);
+    wstring_convert(const byte_string& __byte_err,
+                    const wide_string& __wide_err = wide_string());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    wstring_convert(wstring_convert&& __wc);
+#endif
+    ~wstring_convert();
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    wide_string from_bytes(char __byte)
+        {return from_bytes(&__byte, &__byte+1);}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    wide_string from_bytes(const char* __ptr)
+        {return from_bytes(__ptr, __ptr + char_traits<char>::length(__ptr));}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    wide_string from_bytes(const byte_string& __str)
+        {return from_bytes(__str.data(), __str.data() + __str.size());}
+    wide_string from_bytes(const char* __first, const char* __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    byte_string to_bytes(_Elem __wchar)
+        {return to_bytes(&__wchar, &__wchar+1);}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    byte_string to_bytes(const _Elem* __wptr)
+        {return to_bytes(__wptr, __wptr + char_traits<_Elem>::length(__wptr));}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    byte_string to_bytes(const wide_string& __wstr)
+        {return to_bytes(__wstr.data(), __wstr.data() + __wstr.size());}
+    byte_string to_bytes(const _Elem* __first, const _Elem* __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    size_t converted() const {return __cvtcount_;}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    state_type state() const {return __cvtstate_;}
+};
+
+template<class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Wide_alloc, class _Byte_alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Wide_alloc, _Byte_alloc>::
+    wstring_convert(_Codecvt* __pcvt)
+        : __cvtptr_(__pcvt), __cvtstate_(), __cvtcount_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template<class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Wide_alloc, class _Byte_alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Wide_alloc, _Byte_alloc>::
+    wstring_convert(_Codecvt* __pcvt, state_type __state)
+        : __cvtptr_(__pcvt), __cvtstate_(__state), __cvtcount_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template<class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Wide_alloc, class _Byte_alloc>
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Wide_alloc, _Byte_alloc>::
+    wstring_convert(const byte_string& __byte_err, const wide_string& __wide_err)
+        : __byte_err_string_(__byte_err), __wide_err_string_(__wide_err),
+          __cvtstate_(), __cvtcount_(0)
+{
+    __cvtptr_ = new _Codecvt;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Wide_alloc, class _Byte_alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Wide_alloc, _Byte_alloc>::
+    wstring_convert(wstring_convert&& __wc)
+        : __byte_err_string_(_VSTD::move(__wc.__byte_err_string_)),
+          __wide_err_string_(_VSTD::move(__wc.__wide_err_string_)),
+          __cvtptr_(__wc.__cvtptr_),
+          __cvtstate_(__wc.__cvtstate_), __cvtcount_(__wc.__cvtstate_)
+{
+    __wc.__cvtptr_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Wide_alloc, class _Byte_alloc>
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Wide_alloc, _Byte_alloc>::~wstring_convert()
+{
+    delete __cvtptr_;
+}
+
+template<class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Wide_alloc, class _Byte_alloc>
+typename wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Wide_alloc, _Byte_alloc>::wide_string
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Wide_alloc, _Byte_alloc>::
+    from_bytes(const char* __frm, const char* __frm_end)
+{
+    __cvtcount_ = 0;
+    if (__cvtptr_ != nullptr)
+    {
+        wide_string __ws(2*(__frm_end - __frm), _Elem());
+        __ws.resize(__ws.capacity());
+        codecvt_base::result __r = codecvt_base::ok;
+        state_type __st = __cvtstate_;
+        if (__frm != __frm_end)
+        {
+            _Elem* __to = &__ws[0];
+            _Elem* __to_end = __to + __ws.size();
+            const char* __frm_nxt;
+            do
+            {
+                _Elem* __to_nxt;
+                __r = __cvtptr_->in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt,
+                                          __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+                __cvtcount_ += __frm_nxt - __frm;
+                if (__frm_nxt == __frm)
+                {
+                    __r = codecvt_base::error;
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv)
+                {
+                    __ws.resize(__to - &__ws[0]);
+                    // This only gets executed if _Elem is char
+                    __ws.append((const _Elem*)__frm, (const _Elem*)__frm_end);
+                    __frm = __frm_nxt;
+                    __r = codecvt_base::ok;
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok)
+                {
+                    __ws.resize(__to_nxt - &__ws[0]);
+                    __frm = __frm_nxt;
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::partial)
+                {
+                    ptrdiff_t __s = __to_nxt - &__ws[0];
+                    __ws.resize(2 * __s);
+                    __to = &__ws[0] + __s;
+                    __to_end = &__ws[0] + __ws.size();
+                    __frm = __frm_nxt;
+                }
+            } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial && __frm_nxt < __frm_end);
+        }
+        if (__r == codecvt_base::ok)
+            return __ws;
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__wide_err_string_.empty())
+        throw range_error("wstring_convert: from_bytes error");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __wide_err_string_;
+}
+
+template<class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Wide_alloc, class _Byte_alloc>
+typename wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Wide_alloc, _Byte_alloc>::byte_string
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Wide_alloc, _Byte_alloc>::
+    to_bytes(const _Elem* __frm, const _Elem* __frm_end)
+{
+    __cvtcount_ = 0;
+    if (__cvtptr_ != nullptr)
+    {
+        byte_string __bs(2*(__frm_end - __frm), char());
+        __bs.resize(__bs.capacity());
+        codecvt_base::result __r = codecvt_base::ok;
+        state_type __st = __cvtstate_;
+        if (__frm != __frm_end)
+        {
+            char* __to = &__bs[0];
+            char* __to_end = __to + __bs.size();
+            const _Elem* __frm_nxt;
+            do
+            {
+                char* __to_nxt;
+                __r = __cvtptr_->out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt,
+                                           __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+                __cvtcount_ += __frm_nxt - __frm;
+                if (__frm_nxt == __frm)
+                {
+                    __r = codecvt_base::error;
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv)
+                {
+                    __bs.resize(__to - &__bs[0]);
+                    // This only gets executed if _Elem is char
+                    __bs.append((const char*)__frm, (const char*)__frm_end);
+                    __frm = __frm_nxt;
+                    __r = codecvt_base::ok;
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok)
+                {
+                    __bs.resize(__to_nxt - &__bs[0]);
+                    __frm = __frm_nxt;
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::partial)
+                {
+                    ptrdiff_t __s = __to_nxt - &__bs[0];
+                    __bs.resize(2 * __s);
+                    __to = &__bs[0] + __s;
+                    __to_end = &__bs[0] + __bs.size();
+                    __frm = __frm_nxt;
+                }
+            } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial && __frm_nxt < __frm_end);
+        }
+        if (__r == codecvt_base::ok)
+        {
+            size_t __s = __bs.size();
+            __bs.resize(__bs.capacity());
+            char* __to = &__bs[0] + __s;
+            char* __to_end = __to + __bs.size();
+            do
+            {
+                char* __to_nxt;
+                __r = __cvtptr_->unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+                if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv)
+                {
+                    __bs.resize(__to - &__bs[0]);
+                    __r = codecvt_base::ok;
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok)
+                {
+                    __bs.resize(__to_nxt - &__bs[0]);
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::partial)
+                {
+                    ptrdiff_t __s = __to_nxt - &__bs[0];
+                    __bs.resize(2 * __s);
+                    __to = &__bs[0] + __s;
+                    __to_end = &__bs[0] + __bs.size();
+                }
+            } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+            if (__r == codecvt_base::ok)
+                return __bs;
+        }
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__byte_err_string_.empty())
+        throw range_error("wstring_convert: to_bytes error");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __byte_err_string_;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem = wchar_t, class _Tr = char_traits<_Elem> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE wbuffer_convert
+    : public basic_streambuf<_Elem, _Tr>
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef _Elem                          char_type;
+    typedef _Tr                            traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef typename _Codecvt::state_type  state_type;
+
+private:
+    char*       __extbuf_;
+    const char* __extbufnext_;
+    const char* __extbufend_;
+    char __extbuf_min_[8];
+    size_t __ebs_;
+    char_type* __intbuf_;
+    size_t __ibs_;
+    streambuf* __bufptr_;
+    _Codecvt* __cv_;
+    state_type __st_;
+    ios_base::openmode __cm_;
+    bool __owns_eb_;
+    bool __owns_ib_;
+    bool __always_noconv_;
+
+    wbuffer_convert(const wbuffer_convert&);
+    wbuffer_convert& operator=(const wbuffer_convert&);
+public:
+    wbuffer_convert(streambuf* __bytebuf = 0, _Codecvt* __pcvt = new _Codecvt,
+                    state_type __state = state_type());
+    ~wbuffer_convert();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    streambuf* rdbuf() const {return __bufptr_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    streambuf* rdbuf(streambuf* __bytebuf)
+    {
+        streambuf* __r = __bufptr_;
+        __bufptr_ = __bytebuf;
+        return __r;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    state_type state() const {return __st_;}
+
+protected:
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* setbuf(char_type* __s,
+                                                            streamsize __n);
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                             ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type __sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual int sync();
+
+private:
+    bool __read_mode();
+    void __write_mode();
+    wbuffer_convert* __close();
+};
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::
+    wbuffer_convert(streambuf* __bytebuf, _Codecvt* __pcvt, state_type __state)
+    : __extbuf_(0),
+      __extbufnext_(0),
+      __extbufend_(0),
+      __ebs_(0),
+      __intbuf_(0),
+      __ibs_(0),
+      __bufptr_(__bytebuf),
+      __cv_(__pcvt),
+      __st_(__state),
+      __cm_(0),
+      __owns_eb_(false),
+      __owns_ib_(false),
+      __always_noconv_(__cv_ ? __cv_->always_noconv() : false)
+{
+    setbuf(0, 4096);
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::~wbuffer_convert()
+{
+    __close();
+    delete __cv_;
+    if (__owns_eb_)
+        delete [] __extbuf_;
+    if (__owns_ib_)
+        delete [] __intbuf_;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::int_type
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::underflow()
+{
+    if (__cv_ == 0 || __bufptr_ == 0)
+        return traits_type::eof();
+    bool __initial = __read_mode();
+    char_type __1buf;
+    if (this->gptr() == 0)
+        this->setg(&__1buf, &__1buf+1, &__1buf+1);
+    const size_t __unget_sz = __initial ? 0 : min<size_t>((this->egptr() - this->eback()) / 2, 4);
+    int_type __c = traits_type::eof();
+    if (this->gptr() == this->egptr())
+    {
+        memmove(this->eback(), this->egptr() - __unget_sz, __unget_sz * sizeof(char_type));
+        if (__always_noconv_)
+        {
+            streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<streamsize>(this->egptr() - this->eback() - __unget_sz);
+            __nmemb = __bufptr_->sgetn((char*)this->eback() + __unget_sz, __nmemb);
+            if (__nmemb != 0)
+            {
+                this->setg(this->eback(),
+                           this->eback() + __unget_sz,
+                           this->eback() + __unget_sz + __nmemb);
+                __c = *this->gptr();
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            memmove(__extbuf_, __extbufnext_, __extbufend_ - __extbufnext_);
+            __extbufnext_ = __extbuf_ + (__extbufend_ - __extbufnext_);
+            __extbufend_ = __extbuf_ + (__extbuf_ == __extbuf_min_ ? sizeof(__extbuf_min_) : __ebs_);
+            streamsize __nmemb = _VSTD::min(static_cast<streamsize>(this->egptr() - this->eback() - __unget_sz),
+                                 static_cast<streamsize>(__extbufend_ - __extbufnext_));
+            codecvt_base::result __r;
+            state_type __svs = __st_;
+            streamsize __nr = __bufptr_->sgetn(const_cast<char*>(__extbufnext_), __nmemb);
+            if (__nr != 0)
+            {
+                __extbufend_ = __extbufnext_ + __nr;
+                char_type*  __inext;
+                __r = __cv_->in(__st_, __extbuf_, __extbufend_, __extbufnext_,
+                                       this->eback() + __unget_sz,
+                                       this->egptr(), __inext);
+                if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv)
+                {
+                    this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbufend_);
+                    __c = *this->gptr();
+                }
+                else if (__inext != this->eback() + __unget_sz)
+                {
+                    this->setg(this->eback(), this->eback() + __unget_sz, __inext);
+                    __c = *this->gptr();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        __c = *this->gptr();
+    if (this->eback() == &__1buf)
+        this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+    return __c;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::int_type
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::pbackfail(int_type __c)
+{
+    if (__cv_ != 0 && __bufptr_ != 0 && this->eback() < this->gptr())
+    {
+        if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof()))
+        {
+            this->gbump(-1);
+            return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+        }
+        if (traits_type::eq(traits_type::to_char_type(__c), this->gptr()[-1]))
+        {
+            this->gbump(-1);
+            *this->gptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+            return __c;
+        }
+    }
+    return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::int_type
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::overflow(int_type __c)
+{
+    if (__cv_ == 0 || __bufptr_ == 0)
+        return traits_type::eof();
+    __write_mode();
+    char_type __1buf;
+    char_type* __pb_save = this->pbase();
+    char_type* __epb_save = this->epptr();
+    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof()))
+    {
+        if (this->pptr() == 0)
+            this->setp(&__1buf, &__1buf+1);
+        *this->pptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+        this->pbump(1);
+    }
+    if (this->pptr() != this->pbase())
+    {
+        if (__always_noconv_)
+        {
+            streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<streamsize>(this->pptr() - this->pbase());
+            if (__bufptr_->sputn((const char*)this->pbase(), __nmemb) != __nmemb)
+                return traits_type::eof();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            char* __extbe = __extbuf_;
+            codecvt_base::result __r;
+            do
+            {
+                const char_type* __e;
+                __r = __cv_->out(__st_, this->pbase(), this->pptr(), __e,
+                                        __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+                if (__e == this->pbase())
+                    return traits_type::eof();
+                if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv)
+                {
+                    streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(this->pptr() - this->pbase());
+                    if (__bufptr_->sputn((const char*)this->pbase(), __nmemb) != __nmemb)
+                        return traits_type::eof();
+                }
+                else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok || __r == codecvt_base::partial)
+                {
+                    streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(__extbe - __extbuf_);
+                    if (__bufptr_->sputn(__extbuf_, __nmemb) != __nmemb)
+                        return traits_type::eof();
+                    if (__r == codecvt_base::partial)
+                    {
+                        this->setp((char_type*)__e, this->pptr());
+                        this->pbump(this->epptr() - this->pbase());
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    return traits_type::eof();
+            } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+        }
+        this->setp(__pb_save, __epb_save);
+    }
+    return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+basic_streambuf<_Elem, _Tr>*
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::setbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+    this->setp(0, 0);
+    if (__owns_eb_)
+        delete [] __extbuf_;
+    if (__owns_ib_)
+        delete [] __intbuf_;
+    __ebs_ = __n;
+    if (__ebs_ > sizeof(__extbuf_min_))
+    {
+        if (__always_noconv_ && __s)
+        {
+            __extbuf_ = (char*)__s;
+            __owns_eb_ = false;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __extbuf_ = new char[__ebs_];
+            __owns_eb_ = true;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __extbuf_ = __extbuf_min_;
+        __ebs_ = sizeof(__extbuf_min_);
+        __owns_eb_ = false;
+    }
+    if (!__always_noconv_)
+    {
+        __ibs_ = max<streamsize>(__n, sizeof(__extbuf_min_));
+        if (__s && __ibs_ >= sizeof(__extbuf_min_))
+        {
+            __intbuf_ = __s;
+            __owns_ib_ = false;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __intbuf_ = new char_type[__ibs_];
+            __owns_ib_ = true;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __ibs_ = 0;
+        __intbuf_ = 0;
+        __owns_ib_ = false;
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::pos_type
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                                        ios_base::openmode __om)
+{
+    int __width = __cv_->encoding();
+    if (__cv_ == 0 || __bufptr_ == 0 || (__width <= 0 && __off != 0) || sync())
+        return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+    // __width > 0 || __off == 0
+    switch (__way)
+    {
+    case ios_base::beg:
+        break;
+    case ios_base::cur:
+        break;
+    case ios_base::end:
+        break;
+    default:
+        return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+    }
+    pos_type __r = __bufptr_->pubseekoff(__width * __off, __way, __om);
+    __r.state(__st_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::pos_type
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __wch)
+{
+    if (__cv_ == 0 || __bufptr_ == 0 || sync())
+        return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+    if (__bufptr_->pubseekpos(__sp, __wch) == pos_type(off_type(-1)))
+        return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+    return __sp;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+int
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::sync()
+{
+    if (__cv_ == 0 || __bufptr_ == 0)
+        return 0;
+    if (__cm_ & ios_base::out)
+    {
+        if (this->pptr() != this->pbase())
+            if (overflow() == traits_type::eof())
+                return -1;
+        codecvt_base::result __r;
+        do
+        {
+            char* __extbe;
+            __r = __cv_->unshift(__st_, __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+            streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<streamsize>(__extbe - __extbuf_);
+            if (__bufptr_->sputn(__extbuf_, __nmemb) != __nmemb)
+                return -1;
+        } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+        if (__r == codecvt_base::error)
+            return -1;
+        if (__bufptr_->pubsync())
+            return -1;
+    }
+    else if (__cm_ & ios_base::in)
+    {
+        off_type __c;
+        if (__always_noconv_)
+            __c = this->egptr() - this->gptr();
+        else
+        {
+            int __width = __cv_->encoding();
+            __c = __extbufend_ - __extbufnext_;
+            if (__width > 0)
+                __c += __width * (this->egptr() - this->gptr());
+            else
+            {
+                if (this->gptr() != this->egptr())
+                {
+                    reverse(this->gptr(), this->egptr());
+                    codecvt_base::result __r;
+                    const char_type* __e = this->gptr();
+                    char* __extbe;
+                    do
+                    {
+                        __r = __cv_->out(__st_, __e, this->egptr(), __e,
+                                         __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+                        switch (__r)
+                        {
+                        case codecvt_base::noconv:
+                            __c += this->egptr() - this->gptr();
+                            break;
+                        case codecvt_base::ok:
+                        case codecvt_base::partial:
+                            __c += __extbe - __extbuf_;
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            return -1;
+                        }
+                    } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (__bufptr_->pubseekoff(-__c, ios_base::cur, __cm_) == pos_type(off_type(-1)))
+            return -1;
+        this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+        __cm_ = 0;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+bool
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::__read_mode()
+{
+    if (!(__cm_ & ios_base::in))
+    {
+        this->setp(0, 0);
+        if (__always_noconv_)
+            this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_,
+                       (char_type*)__extbuf_ + __ebs_,
+                       (char_type*)__extbuf_ + __ebs_);
+        else
+            this->setg(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + __ibs_, __intbuf_ + __ibs_);
+        __cm_ = ios_base::in;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+void
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::__write_mode()
+{
+    if (!(__cm_ & ios_base::out))
+    {
+        this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+        if (__ebs_ > sizeof(__extbuf_min_))
+        {
+            if (__always_noconv_)
+                this->setp((char_type*)__extbuf_,
+                           (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__ebs_ - 1));
+            else
+                this->setp(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + (__ibs_ - 1));
+        }
+        else
+            this->setp(0, 0);
+        __cm_ = ios_base::out;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>*
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::__close()
+{
+    wbuffer_convert* __rt = 0;
+    if (__cv_ != 0 && __bufptr_ != 0)
+    {
+        __rt = this;
+        if ((__cm_ & ios_base::out) && sync())
+            __rt = 0;
+    }
+    return __rt;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_LOCALE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/map b/system/include/libcxx/map
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..886aecf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/map
@@ -0,0 +1,1929 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------- map ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MAP
+#define _LIBCPP_MAP
+
+/*
+
+    map synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class map
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef Key                                      key_type;
+    typedef T                                        mapped_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>        value_type;
+    typedef Compare                                  key_compare;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    class value_compare
+        : public binary_function<value_type, value_type, bool>
+    {
+        friend class map;
+    protected:
+        key_compare comp;
+
+        value_compare(key_compare c);
+    public:
+        bool operator()(const value_type& x, const value_type& y) const;
+    };
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    map()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit map(const key_compare& comp);
+    map(const key_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        map(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+            const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        map(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+            const key_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    map(const map& m);
+    map(map&& m)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit map(const allocator_type& a);
+    map(const map& m, const allocator_type& a);
+    map(map&& m, const allocator_type& a);
+    map(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+    map(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    ~map();
+
+    map& operator=(const map& m);
+    map& operator=(map&& m)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_compare>::value);
+    map& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    // iterators:
+          iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+          iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()   const noexcept;
+
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+          reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    bool      empty()    const noexcept;
+    size_type size()     const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    // element access:
+    mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& k);
+    mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& k);
+
+          mapped_type& at(const key_type& k);
+    const mapped_type& at(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& v);
+    template <class P>
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert(P&& p);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& v);
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, P&& p);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void swap(map& m)
+        noexcept(
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_compare>::value &&
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value));
+
+    // observers:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const;
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const;
+
+    // map operations:
+          iterator find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type      count(const key_type& k) const;
+          iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+          iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+};
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator==(const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator< (const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator!=(const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator> (const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator>=(const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator<=(const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+void
+swap(map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x, map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class multimap
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef Key                                      key_type;
+    typedef T                                        mapped_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type,mapped_type>         value_type;
+    typedef Compare                                  key_compare;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    class value_compare
+        : public binary_function<value_type,value_type,bool>
+    {
+        friend class multimap;
+    protected:
+        key_compare comp;
+        value_compare(key_compare c);
+    public:
+        bool operator()(const value_type& x, const value_type& y) const;
+    };
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    multimap()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit multimap(const key_compare& comp);
+    multimap(const key_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp,
+                 const allocator_type& a);
+    multimap(const multimap& m);
+    multimap(multimap&& m)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit multimap(const allocator_type& a);
+    multimap(const multimap& m, const allocator_type& a);
+    multimap(multimap&& m, const allocator_type& a);
+    multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+    multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp,
+             const allocator_type& a);
+    ~multimap();
+
+    multimap& operator=(const multimap& m);
+    multimap& operator=(multimap&& m)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_compare>::value);
+    multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    // iterators:
+          iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+          iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()   const noexcept;
+
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+          reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    bool      empty()    const noexcept;
+    size_type size()     const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const value_type& v);
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(P&& p);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& v);
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, P&& p);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void swap(multimap& m)
+        noexcept(
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_compare>::value &&
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value));
+
+    // observers:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const;
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const;
+
+    // map operations:
+          iterator find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type      count(const key_type& k) const;
+          iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+          iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+};
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator==(const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator< (const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator!=(const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator> (const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator>=(const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator<=(const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+void
+swap(multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+     multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__tree>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+#include <functional>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, bool = is_empty<_Compare>::value>
+class __map_value_compare
+    : private _Compare
+{
+    typedef pair<typename std::remove_const<_Key>::type, _Tp> _P;
+    typedef pair<const _Key, _Tp> _CP;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_value_compare()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Compare>::value)
+        : _Compare() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_value_compare(_Compare c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Compare>::value)
+        : _Compare(c) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _Compare& key_comp() const _NOEXCEPT {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _CP& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _P& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _Key& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x.first, __y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _P& __x, const _CP& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _P& __x, const _P& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _P& __x, const _Key& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x.first, __y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _CP& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _P& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _Key& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare>
+class __map_value_compare<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, false>
+{
+    _Compare comp;
+
+    typedef pair<typename std::remove_const<_Key>::type, _Tp> _P;
+    typedef pair<const _Key, _Tp> _CP;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_value_compare()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Compare>::value)
+        : comp() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_value_compare(_Compare c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Compare>::value)
+        : comp(c) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _Compare& key_comp() const _NOEXCEPT {return comp;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _CP& __y) const
+        {return comp(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _P& __y) const
+        {return comp(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _Key& __y) const
+        {return comp(__x.first, __y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _P& __x, const _CP& __y) const
+        {return comp(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _P& __x, const _P& __y) const
+        {return comp(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _P& __x, const _Key& __y) const
+        {return comp(__x.first, __y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _CP& __y) const
+        {return comp(__x, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _P& __y) const
+        {return comp(__x, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _Key& __y) const
+        {return comp(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+class __map_node_destructor
+{
+    typedef _Allocator                          allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>    __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::value_type::value_type value_type;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer    pointer;
+private:
+    typedef typename value_type::first_type     first_type;
+    typedef typename value_type::second_type    second_type;
+
+    allocator_type& __na_;
+
+    __map_node_destructor& operator=(const __map_node_destructor&);
+
+public:
+    bool __first_constructed;
+    bool __second_constructed;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __map_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __na_(__na),
+          __first_constructed(false),
+          __second_constructed(false)
+        {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_node_destructor(__tree_node_destructor<allocator_type>&& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __na_(__x.__na_),
+          __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed),
+          __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed)
+        {
+            __x.__value_constructed = false;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (__second_constructed)
+            __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_.second));
+        if (__first_constructed)
+            __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_.first));
+        if (__p)
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+    class map;
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+    class multimap;
+template <class _TreeIterator> class __map_const_iterator;
+
+template <class _TreeIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __map_iterator
+{
+    _TreeIterator __i_;
+
+    typedef typename _TreeIterator::__pointer_traits             __pointer_traits;
+    typedef const typename _TreeIterator::value_type::first_type __key_type;
+    typedef typename _TreeIterator::value_type::second_type      __mapped_type;
+public:
+    typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag                           iterator_category;
+    typedef pair<__key_type, __mapped_type>                      value_type;
+    typedef typename _TreeIterator::difference_type              difference_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                          reference;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                                 pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_iterator(_TreeIterator __i) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__i) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return *operator->();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return (pointer)__i_.operator->();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_iterator& operator++() {++__i_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __map_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_iterator& operator--() {--__i_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_iterator operator--(int)
+    {
+        __map_iterator __t(*this);
+        --(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __map_iterator& __x, const __map_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;}
+    friend 
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __map_iterator& __x, const __map_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;}
+
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE map;
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multimap;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _TreeIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __map_const_iterator
+{
+    _TreeIterator __i_;
+
+    typedef typename _TreeIterator::__pointer_traits             __pointer_traits;
+    typedef const typename _TreeIterator::value_type::first_type __key_type;
+    typedef typename _TreeIterator::value_type::second_type      __mapped_type;
+public:
+    typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag                           iterator_category;
+    typedef pair<__key_type, __mapped_type>                      value_type;
+    typedef typename _TreeIterator::difference_type              difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type&                                    reference;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<const value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<const value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                                 pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_const_iterator(_TreeIterator __i) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__i) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_const_iterator(
+            __map_iterator<typename _TreeIterator::__non_const_iterator> __i)
+                _NOEXCEPT
+                : __i_(__i.__i_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return *operator->();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return (pointer)__i_.operator->();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_const_iterator& operator++() {++__i_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_const_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __map_const_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_const_iterator& operator--() {--__i_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __map_const_iterator operator--(int)
+    {
+        __map_const_iterator __t(*this);
+        --(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const __map_const_iterator& __x, const __map_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const __map_const_iterator& __x, const __map_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;}
+
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE map;
+    template <class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multimap;
+    template <class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __tree_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare = less<_Key>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE map
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef _Key                                     key_type;
+    typedef _Tp                                      mapped_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>        value_type;
+    typedef _Compare                                 key_compare;
+    typedef _Allocator                               allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                              reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                        const_reference;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE value_compare
+        : public binary_function<value_type, value_type, bool>
+    {
+        friend class map;
+    protected:
+        key_compare comp;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY value_compare(key_compare c) : comp(c) {}
+    public:
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator()(const value_type& __x, const value_type& __y) const
+            {return comp(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                             __value_type;
+    typedef __map_value_compare<key_type, mapped_type, key_compare> __vc;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                           __allocator_type;
+    typedef __tree<__value_type, __vc, __allocator_type>   __base;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_traits                 __node_traits;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>               __alloc_traits;
+
+    __base __tree_;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer               pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer         const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type             size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type       difference_type;
+    typedef __map_iterator<typename __base::iterator>      iterator;
+    typedef __map_const_iterator<typename __base::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>               reverse_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>         const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit map(const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit map(const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp), __a) {}
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        map(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+            const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp))
+        {
+            insert(__f, __l);
+        }
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        map(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+            const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp), __a)
+        {
+            insert(__f, __l);
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    map(const map& __m)
+        : __tree_(__m.__tree_)
+        {
+            insert(__m.begin(), __m.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    map& operator=(const map& __m)
+        {
+            __tree_ = __m.__tree_;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    map(map&& __m)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value)
+        : __tree_(_VSTD::move(__m.__tree_))
+        {
+        }
+
+    map(map&& __m, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    map& operator=(map&& __m)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__base>::value)
+        {
+            __tree_ = _VSTD::move(__m.__tree_);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    map(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp))
+        {
+            insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    map(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp), __a)
+        {
+            insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    map& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {
+            __tree_.__assign_unique(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit map(const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__a)
+        {
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    map(const map& __m, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__m.__tree_.value_comp(), __a)
+        {
+            insert(__m.begin(), __m.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator end() _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT {return reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return       reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT {return end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return rbegin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT {return rend();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.max_size();}
+
+    mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& __k);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& __k);
+#endif
+
+          mapped_type& at(const key_type& __k);
+    const mapped_type& at(const key_type& __k) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.__alloc();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const {return __tree_.value_comp().key_comp();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const {return value_compare(__tree_.value_comp().key_comp());}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, bool>
+        emplace() {return __tree_.__emplace_unique();}
+
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair<iterator, bool>
+        emplace(_A0&& __a0)
+            {return __tree_.__emplace_unique(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        pair<iterator, bool>
+        emplace(_A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator
+    emplace_hint(const_iterator __p)
+        {return __tree_.__emplace_hint_unique(__p.__i_);}
+
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator
+        emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _A0&& __a0)
+            {return __tree_.__emplace_hint_unique(__p.__i_, _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        iterator
+        emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _P>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert(_P&& __p)
+            {return __tree_.__insert_unique(_VSTD::forward<_P>(__p));}
+
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _P>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator insert(const_iterator __pos, _P&& __p)
+            {return __tree_.__insert_unique(__pos.__i_, _VSTD::forward<_P>(__p));}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, bool>
+        insert(const value_type& __v) {return __tree_.__insert_unique(__v);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator
+        insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v)
+            {return __tree_.__insert_unique(__p.__i_, __v);}
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void insert(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
+        {
+            for (const_iterator __e = cend(); __f != __l; ++__f)
+                insert(__e.__i_, *__f);
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p) {return __tree_.erase(__p.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.__erase_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+        {return __tree_.erase(__f.__i_, __l.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {__tree_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(map& __m)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__base>::value)
+        {__tree_.swap(__m.__tree_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator find(const key_type& __k)             {return __tree_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __tree_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type      count(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.__count_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator,iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+
+private:
+    typedef typename __base::__node                    __node;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_allocator          __node_allocator;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_pointer            __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_const_pointer      __node_const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_base_pointer       __node_base_pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_base_const_pointer __node_base_const_pointer;
+    typedef __map_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    typedef unique_ptr<__node, _D> __node_holder;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __node_holder __construct_node();
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_A0&& __a0);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __node_holder __construct_node(const key_type& __k);
+#endif
+
+    __node_base_pointer&
+        __find_equal_key(__node_base_pointer& __parent, const key_type& __k);
+    __node_base_pointer&
+        __find_equal_key(const_iterator __hint,
+                         __node_base_pointer& __parent, const key_type& __k);
+    __node_base_const_pointer
+        __find_equal_key(__node_base_const_pointer& __parent, const key_type& __k) const;
+};
+
+// Find place to insert if __k doesn't exist
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+// If __k exists, set parent to node of __k and return reference to node of __k
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base_pointer&
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_equal_key(__node_base_pointer& __parent,
+                                                       const key_type& __k)
+{
+    __node_pointer __nd = __tree_.__root();
+    if (__nd != nullptr)
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__tree_.value_comp().key_comp()(__k, __nd->__value_.first))
+            {
+                if (__nd->__left_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return __parent->__left_;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (__tree_.value_comp().key_comp()(__nd->__value_.first, __k))
+            {
+                if (__nd->__right_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return __parent->__right_;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __parent = __nd;
+                return __parent;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    __parent = __tree_.__end_node();
+    return __parent->__left_;
+}
+
+// Find place to insert if __k doesn't exist
+// First check prior to __hint.
+// Next check after __hint.
+// Next do O(log N) search.
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+// If __k exists, set parent to node of __k and return reference to node of __k
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base_pointer&
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_equal_key(const_iterator __hint,
+                                                       __node_base_pointer& __parent,
+                                                       const key_type& __k)
+{
+    if (__hint == end() || __tree_.value_comp().key_comp()(__k, __hint->first))  // check before
+    {
+        // __k < *__hint
+        const_iterator __prior = __hint;
+        if (__prior == begin() || __tree_.value_comp().key_comp()((--__prior)->first, __k))
+        {
+            // *prev(__hint) < __k < *__hint
+            if (__hint.__ptr_->__left_ == nullptr)
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__hint.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__left_;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__prior.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__right_;
+            }
+        }
+        // __k <= *prev(__hint)
+        return __find_equal_key(__parent, __k);
+    }
+    else if (__tree_.value_comp().key_comp()(__hint->first, __k))  // check after
+    {
+        // *__hint < __k
+        const_iterator __next = _VSTD::next(__hint);
+        if (__next == end() || __tree_.value_comp().key_comp()(__k, __next->first))
+        {
+            // *__hint < __k < *next(__hint)
+            if (__hint.__ptr_->__right_ == nullptr)
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__hint.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__right_;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__next.__ptr_);
+                return __parent->__left_;
+            }
+        }
+        // *next(__hint) <= __k
+        return __find_equal_key(__parent, __k);
+    }
+    // else __k == *__hint
+    __parent = const_cast<__node_pointer&>(__hint.__ptr_);
+    return __parent;
+}
+
+// Find __k
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf and
+//    return reference to null leaf iv __k does not exist.
+// If __k exists, set parent to node of __k and return reference to node of __k
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base_const_pointer
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_equal_key(__node_base_const_pointer& __parent,
+                                                       const key_type& __k) const
+{
+    __node_const_pointer __nd = __tree_.__root();
+    if (__nd != nullptr)
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (__tree_.value_comp().key_comp()(__k, __nd->__value_.first))
+            {
+                if (__nd->__left_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return const_cast<const __node_base_const_pointer&>(__parent->__left_);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (__tree_.value_comp().key_comp()(__nd->__value_.first, __k))
+            {
+                if (__nd->__right_ != nullptr)
+                    __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_);
+                else
+                {
+                    __parent = __nd;
+                    return const_cast<const __node_base_const_pointer&>(__parent->__right_);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __parent = __nd;
+                return __parent;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    __parent = __tree_.__end_node();
+    return const_cast<const __node_base_const_pointer&>(__parent->__left_);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::map(map&& __m, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __tree_(_VSTD::move(__m.__tree_), __a)
+{
+    if (__a != __m.get_allocator())
+    {
+        const_iterator __e = cend();
+        while (!__m.empty())
+            __tree_.__insert_unique(__e.__i_,
+                    _VSTD::move(__m.__tree_.remove(__m.begin().__i_)->__value_));
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node()
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __tree_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.first));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.second));
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _A0,
+          class>
+typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node(_A0&& __a0)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __tree_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+          class>
+typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node(_A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __tree_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.first), _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.second), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node(const key_type& __k)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __tree_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.first), __k);
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.second));
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return _VSTD::move(__h);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+_Tp&
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::operator[](const key_type& __k)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal_key(__parent, __k);
+    __node_pointer __r = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+    {
+        __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__k);
+        __tree_.__insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+        __r = __h.release();
+    }
+    return __r->__value_.second;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+_Tp&
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::operator[](key_type&& __k)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal_key(__parent, __k);
+    __node_pointer __r = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+    {
+        __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::move(__k));
+        __tree_.__insert_node_at(__parent, __child, __h.get());
+        __r = __h.release();
+    }
+    return __r->__value_.second;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+_Tp&
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::at(const key_type& __k)
+{
+    __node_base_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal_key(__parent, __k);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+        throw out_of_range("map::at:  key not found");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child)->__value_.second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+const _Tp&
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::at(const key_type& __k) const
+{
+    __node_base_const_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_const_pointer __child = __find_equal_key(__parent, __k);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__child == nullptr)
+        throw out_of_range("map::at:  key not found");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return static_cast<__node_const_pointer>(__child)->__value_.second;
+}
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+          class //= typename enable_if<is_constructible<_Key, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+pair<typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, bool>
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::emplace(_A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0),
+                                         _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    pair<iterator, bool> __r = __tree_.__node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+    if (__r.second)
+        __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+          class //= typename enable_if<is_constructible<_Key, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::emplace_hint(const_iterator __p,
+                                                   _A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0),
+                                         _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    iterator __r = __tree_.__node_insert_unique(__p.__i_, __h.get());
+    if (__r.__i_.__ptr_ == __h.get())
+        __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.size() == __y.size() && _VSTD::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+     map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare = less<_Key>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multimap
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef _Key                                     key_type;
+    typedef _Tp                                      mapped_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>        value_type;
+    typedef _Compare                                 key_compare;
+    typedef _Allocator                               allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                              reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                        const_reference;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE value_compare
+        : public binary_function<value_type, value_type, bool>
+    {
+        friend class multimap;
+    protected:
+        key_compare comp;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        value_compare(key_compare c) : comp(c) {}
+    public:
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator()(const value_type& __x, const value_type& __y) const
+            {return comp(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                             __value_type;
+    typedef __map_value_compare<key_type, mapped_type, key_compare> __vc;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                                    __allocator_type;
+    typedef __tree<__value_type, __vc, __allocator_type>            __base;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_traits                          __node_traits;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>                        __alloc_traits;
+
+    __base __tree_;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer               pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer         const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type             size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type       difference_type;
+    typedef __map_iterator<typename __base::iterator>      iterator;
+    typedef __map_const_iterator<typename __base::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>               reverse_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>         const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit multimap(const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit multimap(const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp), __a) {}
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        multimap(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+            const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp))
+        {
+            insert(__f, __l);
+        }
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        multimap(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+            const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp), __a)
+        {
+            insert(__f, __l);
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multimap(const multimap& __m)
+        : __tree_(__m.__tree_.value_comp(),
+          __alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__m.__tree_.__alloc()))
+        {
+            insert(__m.begin(), __m.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multimap& operator=(const multimap& __m)
+        {
+            __tree_ = __m.__tree_;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multimap(multimap&& __m)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value)
+        : __tree_(_VSTD::move(__m.__tree_))
+        {
+        }
+
+    multimap(multimap&& __m, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multimap& operator=(multimap&& __m)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__base>::value)
+        {
+            __tree_ = _VSTD::move(__m.__tree_);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp))
+        {
+            insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__vc(__comp), __a)
+        {
+            insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {
+            __tree_.__assign_multi(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit multimap(const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__a)
+        {
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multimap(const multimap& __m, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__m.__tree_.value_comp(), __a)
+        {
+            insert(__m.begin(), __m.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator end() _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT {return reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT {return reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin()  const _NOEXCEPT {return begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT {return end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return rbegin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT {return rend();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.max_size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.__alloc();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_compare    key_comp() const {return __tree_.value_comp().key_comp();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_compare  value_comp() const
+        {return value_compare(__tree_.value_comp().key_comp());}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator emplace() {return __tree_.__emplace_multi();}
+
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator
+        emplace(_A0&& __a0)
+            {return __tree_.__emplace_multi(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        iterator
+        emplace(_A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p)
+        {return __tree_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p.__i_);}
+
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator
+        emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _A0&& __a0)
+            {return __tree_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p.__i_, _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        iterator
+        emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _P>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator insert(_P&& __p)
+            {return __tree_.__insert_multi(_VSTD::forward<_P>(__p));}
+
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _P>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator insert(const_iterator __pos, _P&& __p)
+            {return __tree_.__insert_multi(__pos.__i_, _VSTD::forward<_P>(__p));}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const value_type& __v) {return __tree_.__insert_multi(__v);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v)
+            {return __tree_.__insert_multi(__p.__i_, __v);}
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void insert(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
+        {
+            for (const_iterator __e = cend(); __f != __l; ++__f)
+                __tree_.__insert_multi(__e.__i_, *__f);
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p) {return __tree_.erase(__p.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __tree_.__erase_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+        {return __tree_.erase(__f.__i_, __l.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() {__tree_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(multimap& __m)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__base>::value)
+        {__tree_.swap(__m.__tree_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator find(const key_type& __k)             {return __tree_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __tree_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type      count(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.__count_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) const
+            {return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k)
+            {return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) const
+            {return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+            {return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+            {return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+
+private:
+    typedef typename __base::__node                    __node;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_allocator          __node_allocator;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_pointer            __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_const_pointer      __node_const_pointer;
+    typedef __map_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _D;
+    typedef unique_ptr<__node, _D> __node_holder;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __node_holder __construct_node();
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_A0&& __a0);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::multimap(multimap&& __m, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __tree_(_VSTD::move(__m.__tree_), __a)
+{
+    if (__a != __m.get_allocator())
+    {
+        const_iterator __e = cend();
+        while (!__m.empty())
+            __tree_.__insert_multi(__e.__i_,
+                    _VSTD::move(__m.__tree_.remove(__m.begin().__i_)->__value_));
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node()
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __tree_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.first));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.second));
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _A0,
+          class // = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node(_A0&& __a0)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __tree_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_), _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+          class // = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node(_A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __tree_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.first), _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.second), _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+          class //= typename enable_if<is_constructible<_Key, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::emplace(_A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0),
+                                         _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    iterator __r = __tree_.__node_insert_multi(__h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _A0, class ..._Args,
+          class //= typename enable_if<is_constructible<_Key, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::emplace_hint(const_iterator __p,
+                                                        _A0&& __a0,
+                                                        _Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0),
+                                         _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    iterator __r = __tree_.__node_insert_multi(__p.__i_, __h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.size() == __y.size() && _VSTD::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+     multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_MAP
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/memory b/system/include/libcxx/memory
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d272c08c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/memory
@@ -0,0 +1,4193 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- memory ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MEMORY
+#define _LIBCPP_MEMORY
+
+/*
+    memory synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+struct allocator_arg_t { };
+constexpr allocator_arg_t allocator_arg = allocator_arg_t();
+
+template <class T, class Alloc> struct uses_allocator;
+
+template <class Ptr>
+struct pointer_traits
+{
+    typedef Ptr pointer;
+    typedef <details> element_type;
+    typedef <details> difference_type;
+
+    template <class U> using rebind = <details>;
+
+    static pointer pointer_to(<details>);
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct pointer_traits<T*>
+{
+    typedef T* pointer;
+    typedef T element_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+
+    template <class U> using rebind = U*;
+
+    static pointer pointer_to(<details>) noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class Alloc>
+struct allocator_traits
+{
+    typedef Alloc                        allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::value_type
+                                         value_type;
+
+    typedef Alloc::pointer | value_type* pointer;
+    typedef Alloc::const_pointer
+          | pointer_traits<pointer>::rebind<const value_type>
+                                         const_pointer;
+    typedef Alloc::void_pointer
+          | pointer_traits<pointer>::rebind<void>
+                                         void_pointer;
+    typedef Alloc::const_void_pointer
+          | pointer_traits<pointer>::rebind<const void>
+                                         const_void_pointer;
+    typedef Alloc::difference_type
+          | pointer_traits<pointer>::difference_type
+                                         difference_type;
+    typedef Alloc::size_type
+          | make_unsigned<difference_type>::type
+                                         size_type;
+    typedef Alloc::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment
+          | false_type                   propagate_on_container_copy_assignment;
+    typedef Alloc::propagate_on_container_move_assignment
+          | false_type                   propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+    typedef Alloc::propagate_on_container_swap
+          | false_type                   propagate_on_container_swap;
+
+    template <class T> using rebind_alloc  = Alloc::rebind<U>::other | Alloc<T, Args...>;
+    template <class T> using rebind_traits = allocator_traits<rebind_alloc<T>>;
+
+    static pointer allocate(allocator_type& a, size_type n);
+    static pointer allocate(allocator_type& a, size_type n, const_void_pointer hint);
+
+    static void deallocate(allocator_type& a, pointer p, size_type n) noexcept;
+
+    template <class T, class... Args>
+        static void construct(allocator_type& a, T* p, Args&&... args);
+
+    template <class T>
+        static void destroy(allocator_type& a, T* p);
+
+    static size_type max_size(const allocator_type& a);
+
+    static allocator_type
+        select_on_container_copy_construction(const allocator_type& a);
+};
+
+template <>
+class allocator<void>
+{
+public:
+    typedef void*                                 pointer;
+    typedef const void*                           const_pointer;
+    typedef void                                  value_type;
+
+    template <class _Up> struct rebind {typedef allocator<_Up> other;};
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class allocator
+{
+public:
+    typedef size_t                                size_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t                             difference_type;
+    typedef T*                                    pointer;
+    typedef const T*                              const_pointer;
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<T>::type       reference;
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<const T>::type const_reference;
+    typedef T                                     value_type;
+
+    template <class U> struct rebind {typedef allocator<U> other;};
+
+    allocator() noexcept;
+    allocator(const allocator&) noexcept;
+    template <class U> allocator(const allocator<U>&) noexcept;
+    ~allocator();
+    pointer address(reference x) const noexcept;
+    const_pointer address(const_reference x) const noexcept;
+    pointer allocate(size_type, allocator<void>::const_pointer hint = 0);
+    void deallocate(pointer p, size_type n) noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    template<class U, class... Args>
+        void construct(U* p, Args&&... args);
+    template <class U>
+        void destroy(U* p);
+};
+
+template <class T, class U>
+bool operator==(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept;
+
+template <class T, class U>
+bool operator!=(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept;
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class T>
+class raw_storage_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag,
+                      T,                               // purposefully not C++03
+                      ptrdiff_t,                       // purposefully not C++03
+                      T*,                              // purposefully not C++03
+                      raw_storage_iterator&>           // purposefully not C++03
+{
+public:
+    explicit raw_storage_iterator(OutputIterator x);
+    raw_storage_iterator& operator*();
+    raw_storage_iterator& operator=(const T& element);
+    raw_storage_iterator& operator++();
+    raw_storage_iterator  operator++(int);
+};
+
+template <class T> pair<T*,ptrdiff_t> get_temporary_buffer(ptrdiff_t n) noexcept;
+template <class T> void               return_temporary_buffer(T* p) noexcept;
+
+template <class T> T* addressof(T& r) noexcept;
+
+template <class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
+ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, ForwardIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Size, class ForwardIterator>
+ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_copy_n(InputIterator first, Size n, ForwardIterator result);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+void uninitialized_fill(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& x);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
+ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_fill_n(ForwardIterator first, Size n, const T& x);
+
+template <class Y> struct auto_ptr_ref {};
+
+template<class X>
+class auto_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef X element_type;
+
+    explicit auto_ptr(X* p =0) throw();
+    auto_ptr(auto_ptr&) throw();
+    template<class Y> auto_ptr(auto_ptr<Y>&) throw();
+    auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr&) throw();
+    template<class Y> auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr<Y>&) throw();
+    auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr_ref<X> r) throw();
+    ~auto_ptr() throw();
+
+    typename add_lvalue_reference<X>::type operator*() const throw();
+    X* operator->() const throw();
+    X* get() const throw();
+    X* release() throw();
+    void reset(X* p =0) throw();
+
+    auto_ptr(auto_ptr_ref<X>) throw();
+    template<class Y> operator auto_ptr_ref<Y>() throw();
+    template<class Y> operator auto_ptr<Y>() throw();
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct default_delete
+{
+    constexpr default_delete() noexcept = default;
+    template <class U> default_delete(const default_delete<U>&) noexcept;
+
+    void operator()(T*) const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct default_delete<T[]>
+{
+    constexpr default_delete() noexcept = default;
+    void operator()(T*) const noexcept;
+    template <class U> void operator()(U*) const = delete;
+};
+
+template <class T, class D = default_delete<T>>
+class unique_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef see below pointer;
+    typedef T element_type;
+    typedef D deleter_type;
+
+    // constructors
+    constexpr unique_ptr() noexcept;
+    explicit unique_ptr(pointer p) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr(pointer p, see below d1) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr(pointer p, see below d2) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept : unique_ptr() { }
+    template <class U, class E>
+        unique_ptr(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
+    template <class U>
+        unique_ptr(auto_ptr<U>&& u) noexcept;
+
+    // destructor
+    ~unique_ptr();
+
+    // assignment
+    unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
+    template <class U, class E> unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;
+
+    // observers
+    typename add_lvalue_reference<T>::type operator*() const;
+    pointer operator->() const noexcept;
+    pointer get() const noexcept;
+    deleter_type& get_deleter() noexcept;
+    const deleter_type& get_deleter() const noexcept;
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers
+    pointer release() noexcept;
+    void reset(pointer p = pointer()) noexcept;
+    void swap(unique_ptr& u) noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T, class D>
+class unique_ptr<T[], D>
+{
+public:
+    typedef implementation-defined pointer;
+    typedef T element_type;
+    typedef D deleter_type;
+
+    // constructors
+    constexpr unique_ptr() noexcept;
+    explicit unique_ptr(pointer p) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr(pointer p, see below d) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr(pointer p, see below d) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept : unique_ptr() { }
+
+    // destructor
+    ~unique_ptr();
+
+    // assignment
+    unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
+    unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;
+
+    // observers
+    T& operator[](size_t i) const;
+    pointer get() const noexcept;
+    deleter_type& get_deleter() noexcept;
+    const deleter_type& get_deleter() const noexcept;
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers
+    pointer release() noexcept;
+    void reset(pointer p = pointer()) noexcept;
+    void reset(nullptr_t) noexcept;
+    template <class U> void reset(U) = delete;
+    void swap(unique_ptr& u) noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T, class D>
+    void swap(unique_ptr<T, D>& x, unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;
+
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator!=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator==(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator!=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;
+
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator<(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator>(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);
+
+class bad_weak_ptr
+    : public std::exception
+{
+    bad_weak_ptr() noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+class shared_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef T element_type;
+
+    // constructors:
+    constexpr shared_ptr() noexcept;
+    template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(Y* p);
+    template<class Y, class D> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d);
+    template<class Y, class D, class A> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d, A a);
+    template <class D> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d);
+    template <class D, class A> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d, A a);
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r, T *p) noexcept;
+    shared_ptr(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
+    shared_ptr(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr(shared_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<Y>& r);
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr(auto_ptr<Y>&& r);
+    template <class Y, class D> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r);
+    shared_ptr(nullptr_t) : shared_ptr() { }
+
+    // destructor:
+    ~shared_ptr();
+
+    // assignment:
+    shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
+    shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<Y>&& r);
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr<Y>&& r);
+    template <class Y, class D> shared_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r);
+
+    // modifiers:
+    void swap(shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
+    void reset() noexcept;
+    template<class Y> void reset(Y* p);
+    template<class Y, class D> void reset(Y* p, D d);
+    template<class Y, class D, class A> void reset(Y* p, D d, A a);
+
+    // observers:
+    T* get() const noexcept;
+    T& operator*() const noexcept;
+    T* operator->() const noexcept;
+    long use_count() const noexcept;
+    bool unique() const noexcept;
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+    template<class U> bool owner_before(shared_ptr<U> const& b) const;
+    template<class U> bool owner_before(weak_ptr<U> const& b) const;
+};
+
+// shared_ptr comparisons:
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator==(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator!=(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator<(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator>(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator<=(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator>=(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;
+
+template <class T>
+    bool operator==(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator==(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator!=(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator<(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+bool operator<(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator<=(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator>(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator>(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator>=(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
+
+// shared_ptr specialized algorithms:
+template<class T> void swap(shared_ptr<T>& a, shared_ptr<T>& b) noexcept;
+
+// shared_ptr casts:
+template<class T, class U>
+    shared_ptr<T> static_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U> const& r) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    shared_ptr<T> dynamic_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U> const& r) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    shared_ptr<T> const_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U> const& r) noexcept;
+
+// shared_ptr I/O:
+template<class E, class T, class Y>
+    basic_ostream<E, T>& operator<< (basic_ostream<E, T>& os, shared_ptr<Y> const& p);
+
+// shared_ptr get_deleter:
+template<class D, class T> D* get_deleter(shared_ptr<T> const& p) noexcept;
+
+template<class T, class... Args>
+    shared_ptr<T> make_shared(Args&&... args);
+template<class T, class A, class... Args>
+    shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, Args&&... args);
+
+template<class T>
+class weak_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef T element_type;
+
+    // constructors
+    constexpr weak_ptr() noexcept;
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr(shared_ptr<Y> const& r) noexcept;
+    weak_ptr(weak_ptr const& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr(weak_ptr<Y> const& r) noexcept;
+
+    // destructor
+    ~weak_ptr();
+
+    // assignment
+    weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr const& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<Y> const& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<Y> const& r) noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers
+    void swap(weak_ptr& r) noexcept;
+    void reset() noexcept;
+
+    // observers
+    long use_count() const noexcept;
+    bool expired() const noexcept;
+    shared_ptr<T> lock() const noexcept;
+    template<class U> bool owner_before(shared_ptr<U> const& b);
+    template<class U> bool owner_before(weak_ptr<U> const& b);
+};
+
+// weak_ptr specialized algorithms:
+template<class T> void swap(weak_ptr<T>& a, weak_ptr<T>& b) noexcept;
+
+// class owner_less:
+template<class T> struct owner_less;
+
+template<class T>
+struct owner_less<shared_ptr<T>>
+    : binary_function<shared_ptr<T>, shared_ptr<T>, bool>
+{
+    typedef bool result_type;
+    bool operator()(shared_ptr<T> const&, shared_ptr<T> const&) const;
+    bool operator()(shared_ptr<T> const&, weak_ptr<T> const&) const;
+    bool operator()(weak_ptr<T> const&, shared_ptr<T> const&) const;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+struct owner_less<weak_ptr<T>>
+    : binary_function<weak_ptr<T>, weak_ptr<T>, bool>
+{
+    typedef bool result_type;
+    bool operator()(weak_ptr<T> const&, weak_ptr<T> const&) const;
+    bool operator()(shared_ptr<T> const&, weak_ptr<T> const&) const;
+    bool operator()(weak_ptr<T> const&, shared_ptr<T> const&) const;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+class enable_shared_from_this
+{
+protected:
+    constexpr enable_shared_from_this() noexcept;
+    enable_shared_from_this(enable_shared_from_this const&) noexcept;
+    enable_shared_from_this& operator=(enable_shared_from_this const&) noexcept;
+    ~enable_shared_from_this();
+public:
+    shared_ptr<T> shared_from_this();
+    shared_ptr<T const> shared_from_this() const;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+    bool atomic_is_lock_free(const shared_ptr<T>* p);
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T> atomic_load(const shared_ptr<T>* p);
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T> atomic_load_explicit(const shared_ptr<T>* p, memory_order mo);
+template<class T>
+    void atomic_store(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r);
+template<class T>
+    void atomic_store_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r, memory_order mo);
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T> atomic_exchange(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r);
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T>
+    atomic_exchange_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r, memory_order mo);
+template<class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_weak(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v, shared_ptr<T> w);
+template<class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong( shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v, shared_ptr<T> w);
+template<class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v,
+                                          shared_ptr<T> w, memory_order success,
+                                          memory_order failure);
+template<class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v,
+                                            shared_ptr<T> w, memory_order success,
+                                            memory_order failure);
+// Hash support
+template <class T> struct hash;
+template <class T, class D> struct hash<unique_ptr<T, D> >;
+template <class T> struct hash<shared_ptr<T> >;
+
+// Pointer safety
+enum class pointer_safety { relaxed, preferred, strict };
+void declare_reachable(void *p);
+template <class T> T *undeclare_reachable(T *p);
+void declare_no_pointers(char *p, size_t n);
+void undeclare_no_pointers(char *p, size_t n);
+pointer_safety get_pointer_safety() noexcept;
+
+void* align(size_t alignment, size_t size, void*& ptr, size_t& space);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <new>
+#include <utility>
+#include <limits>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <__functional_base>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
+    #include <cassert>
+#endif
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// allocator_arg_t
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE allocator_arg_t { };
+
+extern const allocator_arg_t allocator_arg;
+
+// addressof
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+addressof(_Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return (_Tp*)&(char&)__x;
+}
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC) && !defined(_LIBCPP_PREDEFINED_OBJC_ARC_ADDRESSOF)
+// Objective-C++ Automatic Reference Counting uses qualified pointers
+// that require special addressof() signatures. When
+// _LIBCPP_PREDEFINED_OBJC_ARC_ADDRESSOF is defined, the compiler
+// itself is providing these definitions. Otherwise, we provide them.
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__strong _Tp*
+addressof(__strong _Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+  return &__x;
+}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC_WEAK
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__weak _Tp*
+addressof(__weak _Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+  return &__x;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__autoreleasing _Tp*
+addressof(__autoreleasing _Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+  return &__x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__unsafe_unretained _Tp*
+addressof(__unsafe_unretained _Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+  return &__x;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp> class allocator;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE allocator<void>
+{
+public:
+    typedef void*             pointer;
+    typedef const void*       const_pointer;
+    typedef void              value_type;
+
+    template <class _Up> struct rebind {typedef allocator<_Up> other;};
+};
+
+// pointer_traits
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_element_type
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::element_type* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr, bool = __has_element_type<_Ptr>::value>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type;
+
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Ptr, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Ptr::element_type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Sp, class _Tp, class ..._Args>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _Args...>, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _Args...>::element_type type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Sp, class _Tp, class ..._Args>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _Args...>, false>
+{
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <template <class> class _Sp, class _Tp>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp>, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp>::element_type type;
+};
+
+template <template <class> class _Sp, class _Tp>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp>, false>
+{
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _A0>, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _A0>::element_type type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _A0>, false>
+{
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1>, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1>::element_type type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1>, false>
+{
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                                           class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>::element_type type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                                           class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>, false>
+{
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_difference_type
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::difference_type* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr, bool = __has_difference_type<_Ptr>::value>
+struct __pointer_traits_difference_type
+{
+    typedef ptrdiff_t type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct __pointer_traits_difference_type<_Ptr, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Ptr::difference_type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __has_rebind
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Xp> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Xp> static char __test(typename _Xp::template rebind<_Up>* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_rebind<_Tp, _Up>::value>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    typedef typename _Tp::template rebind<_Up> type;
+#else
+    typedef typename _Tp::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Sp, class _Tp, class ..._Args, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _Args...>, _Up, true>
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _Args...>::template rebind<_Up> type;
+#else
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _Args...>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Sp, class _Tp, class ..._Args, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _Args...>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Sp<_Up, _Args...> type;
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <template <class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp>, _Up, true>
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp>::template rebind<_Up> type;
+#else
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <template <class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Sp<_Up> type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _A0>, _Up, true>
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _A0>::template rebind<_Up> type;
+#else
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _A0>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _A0>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Sp<_Up, _A0> type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                         class _A1, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1>, _Up, true>
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1>::template rebind<_Up> type;
+#else
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                         class _A1, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Sp<_Up, _A0, _A1> type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                                class _A1, class _A2, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>, _Up, true>
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>::template rebind<_Up> type;
+#else
+    typedef typename _Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class, class> class _Sp, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                                class _A1, class _A2, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Sp<_Up, _A0, _A1, _A2> type;
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE pointer_traits
+{
+    typedef _Ptr                                                     pointer;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits_element_type<pointer>::type    element_type;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits_difference_type<pointer>::type difference_type;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    template <class _Up> using rebind = typename __pointer_traits_rebind<pointer, _Up>::type;
+#else
+    template <class _Up> struct rebind
+        {typedef typename __pointer_traits_rebind<pointer, _Up>::type other;};
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+private:
+    struct __nat {};
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static pointer pointer_to(typename conditional<is_void<element_type>::value,
+                                           __nat, element_type>::type& __r)
+        {return pointer::pointer_to(__r);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE pointer_traits<_Tp*>
+{
+    typedef _Tp*      pointer;
+    typedef _Tp       element_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    template <class _Up> using rebind = _Up*;
+#else
+    template <class _Up> struct rebind {typedef _Up* other;};
+#endif
+
+private:
+    struct __nat {};
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static pointer pointer_to(typename conditional<is_void<element_type>::value,
+                                      __nat, element_type>::type& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return _VSTD::addressof(__r);}
+};
+
+// allocator_traits
+
+namespace __has_pointer_type_imp
+{
+    template <class _Up> static __two test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char test(typename _Up::pointer* = 0);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_pointer_type
+    : public integral_constant<bool, sizeof(__has_pointer_type_imp::test<_Tp>(0)) == 1>
+{
+};
+
+namespace __pointer_type_imp
+{
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, bool = __has_pointer_type<_Dp>::value>
+struct __pointer_type
+{
+    typedef typename _Dp::pointer type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp>
+struct __pointer_type<_Tp, _Dp, false>
+{
+    typedef _Tp* type;
+};
+
+}  // __pointer_type_imp
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp>
+struct __pointer_type
+{
+    typedef typename __pointer_type_imp::__pointer_type<_Tp, typename remove_reference<_Dp>::type>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_const_pointer
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::const_pointer* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Ptr, class _Alloc, bool = __has_const_pointer<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __const_pointer
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::const_pointer type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Ptr, class _Alloc>
+struct __const_pointer<_Tp, _Ptr, _Alloc, false>
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<const _Tp> type;
+#else
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<const _Tp>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_void_pointer
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::void_pointer* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr, class _Alloc, bool = __has_void_pointer<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __void_pointer
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::void_pointer type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr, class _Alloc>
+struct __void_pointer<_Ptr, _Alloc, false>
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<void> type;
+#else
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<void>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_const_void_pointer
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::const_void_pointer* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr, class _Alloc, bool = __has_const_void_pointer<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __const_void_pointer
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::const_void_pointer type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr, class _Alloc>
+struct __const_void_pointer<_Ptr, _Alloc, false>
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<const void> type;
+#else
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<const void>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _T>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_T*
+__to_raw_pointer(_T* __p) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __p;
+}
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename pointer_traits<_Pointer>::element_type*
+__to_raw_pointer(_Pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(__p.operator->());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_size_type
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::size_type* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _DiffType, bool = __has_size_type<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __size_type
+{
+    typedef typename make_unsigned<_DiffType>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _DiffType>
+struct __size_type<_Alloc, _DiffType, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::size_type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_propagate_on_container_copy_assignment
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc, bool = __has_propagate_on_container_copy_assignment<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __propagate_on_container_copy_assignment
+{
+    typedef false_type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __propagate_on_container_copy_assignment<_Alloc, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_propagate_on_container_move_assignment
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::propagate_on_container_move_assignment* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc, bool = __has_propagate_on_container_move_assignment<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __propagate_on_container_move_assignment
+{
+    typedef false_type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __propagate_on_container_move_assignment<_Alloc, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::propagate_on_container_move_assignment type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_propagate_on_container_swap
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::propagate_on_container_swap* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc, bool = __has_propagate_on_container_swap<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __propagate_on_container_swap
+{
+    typedef false_type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __propagate_on_container_swap<_Alloc, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::propagate_on_container_swap type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_rebind<_Tp, _Up>::value>
+struct __has_rebind_other
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Xp> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Xp> static char __test(typename _Xp::template rebind<_Up>::other* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __has_rebind_other<_Tp, _Up, false>
+{
+    static const bool value = false;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_rebind_other<_Tp, _Up>::value>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind
+{
+    typedef typename _Tp::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class ..._Args, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _Args...>, _Up, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc<_Tp, _Args...>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class ..._Args, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _Args...>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Alloc<_Up, _Args...> type;
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <template <class> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp>, _Up, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc<_Tp>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+};
+
+template <template <class> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Alloc<_Up> type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class _A0, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _A0>, _Up, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc<_Tp, _A0>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class _A0, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _A0>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Alloc<_Up, _A0> type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                         class _A1, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _A0, _A1>, _Up, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc<_Tp, _A0, _A1>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                         class _A1, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _A0, _A1>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Alloc<_Up, _A0, _A1> type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class, class> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                                class _A1, class _A2, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>, _Up, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class, class, class> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class _A0,
+                                                class _A1, class _A2, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2>, _Up, false>
+{
+    typedef _Alloc<_Up, _A0, _A1, _A2> type;
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _SizeType, class _ConstVoidPtr>
+auto
+__has_allocate_hint_test(_Alloc&& __a, _SizeType&& __sz, _ConstVoidPtr&& __p)
+    -> decltype(__a.allocate(__sz, __p), true_type());
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _SizeType, class _ConstVoidPtr>
+auto
+__has_allocate_hint_test(const _Alloc& __a, _SizeType&& __sz, _ConstVoidPtr&& __p)
+    -> false_type;
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _SizeType, class _ConstVoidPtr>
+struct __has_allocate_hint
+    : integral_constant<bool,
+        is_same<
+            decltype(__has_allocate_hint_test(declval<_Alloc>(),
+                                          declval<_SizeType>(),
+                                          declval<_ConstVoidPtr>())),
+            true_type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _SizeType, class _ConstVoidPtr>
+struct __has_allocate_hint
+    : true_type
+{
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Tp, class ..._Args>
+decltype(_VSTD::declval<_Alloc>().construct(_VSTD::declval<_Tp*>(),
+                                           _VSTD::declval<_Args>()...),
+                                           true_type())
+__has_construct_test(_Alloc&& __a, _Tp* __p, _Args&& ...__args);
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Pointer, class ..._Args>
+false_type
+__has_construct_test(const _Alloc& __a, _Pointer&& __p, _Args&& ...__args);
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Pointer, class ..._Args>
+struct __has_construct
+    : integral_constant<bool,
+        is_same<
+            decltype(__has_construct_test(declval<_Alloc>(),
+                                          declval<_Pointer>(),
+                                          declval<_Args>()...)),
+            true_type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Pointer>
+auto
+__has_destroy_test(_Alloc&& __a, _Pointer&& __p)
+    -> decltype(__a.destroy(__p), true_type());
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Pointer>
+auto
+__has_destroy_test(const _Alloc& __a, _Pointer&& __p)
+    -> false_type;
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Pointer>
+struct __has_destroy
+    : integral_constant<bool,
+        is_same<
+            decltype(__has_destroy_test(declval<_Alloc>(),
+                                        declval<_Pointer>())),
+            true_type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+auto
+__has_max_size_test(_Alloc&& __a)
+    -> decltype(__a.max_size(), true_type());
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+auto
+__has_max_size_test(const volatile _Alloc& __a)
+    -> false_type;
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __has_max_size
+    : integral_constant<bool,
+        is_same<
+            decltype(__has_max_size_test(declval<_Alloc&>())),
+            true_type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+auto
+__has_select_on_container_copy_construction_test(_Alloc&& __a)
+    -> decltype(__a.select_on_container_copy_construction(), true_type());
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+auto
+__has_select_on_container_copy_construction_test(const volatile _Alloc& __a)
+    -> false_type;
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __has_select_on_container_copy_construction
+    : integral_constant<bool,
+        is_same<
+            decltype(__has_select_on_container_copy_construction_test(declval<_Alloc&>())),
+            true_type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Pointer, class ..._Args>
+struct __has_construct
+    : false_type
+{
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Pointer>
+struct __has_destroy
+    : false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __has_max_size
+    : true_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __has_select_on_container_copy_construction
+    : false_type
+{
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Ptr, bool = __has_difference_type<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __alloc_traits_difference_type
+{
+    typedef typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::difference_type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Ptr>
+struct __alloc_traits_difference_type<_Alloc, _Ptr, true>
+{
+    typedef typename _Alloc::difference_type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE allocator_traits
+{
+    typedef _Alloc                              allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::value_type value_type;
+
+    typedef typename __pointer_type<value_type, allocator_type>::type pointer;
+    typedef typename __const_pointer<value_type, pointer, allocator_type>::type const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __void_pointer<pointer, allocator_type>::type void_pointer;
+    typedef typename __const_void_pointer<pointer, allocator_type>::type const_void_pointer;
+
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits_difference_type<allocator_type, pointer>::type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __size_type<allocator_type, difference_type>::type size_type;
+
+    typedef typename __propagate_on_container_copy_assignment<allocator_type>::type
+                     propagate_on_container_copy_assignment;
+    typedef typename __propagate_on_container_move_assignment<allocator_type>::type
+                     propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+    typedef typename __propagate_on_container_swap<allocator_type>::type
+                     propagate_on_container_swap;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    template <class _Tp> using rebind_alloc =
+                  typename __allocator_traits_rebind<allocator_type, _Tp>::type;
+    template <class _Tp> using rebind_traits = allocator_traits<rebind_alloc<_Tp>>;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+    template <class _Tp> struct rebind_alloc
+        {typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<allocator_type, _Tp>::type other;};
+    template <class _Tp> struct rebind_traits
+        {typedef allocator_traits<typename rebind_alloc<_Tp>::other> other;};
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static pointer allocate(allocator_type& __a, size_type __n)
+        {return __a.allocate(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static pointer allocate(allocator_type& __a, size_type __n, const_void_pointer __hint)
+        {return allocate(__a, __n, __hint,
+            __has_allocate_hint<allocator_type, size_type, const_void_pointer>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void deallocate(allocator_type& __a, pointer __p, size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__a.deallocate(__p, __n);}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void construct(allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p, _Args&&... __args)
+            {__construct(__has_construct<allocator_type, pointer, _Args...>(),
+                         __a, __p, _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void construct(allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p)
+            {
+                ::new ((void*)__p) _Tp();
+            }
+    template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void construct(allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p, const _A0& __a0)
+            {
+                ::new ((void*)__p) _Tp(__a0);
+            }
+    template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void construct(allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p, const _A0& __a0,
+                              const _A1& __a1)
+            {
+                ::new ((void*)__p) _Tp(__a0, __a1);
+            }
+    template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void construct(allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p, const _A0& __a0,
+                              const _A1& __a1, const _A2& __a2)
+            {
+                ::new ((void*)__p) _Tp(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+            }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void destroy(allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p)
+            {__destroy(__has_destroy<allocator_type, _Tp*>(), __a, __p);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_type max_size(const allocator_type& __a)
+        {return __max_size(__has_max_size<const allocator_type>(), __a);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static allocator_type
+        select_on_container_copy_construction(const allocator_type& __a)
+            {return select_on_container_copy_construction(
+                __has_select_on_container_copy_construction<const allocator_type>(),
+                __a);}
+
+private:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static pointer allocate(allocator_type& __a, size_type __n,
+        const_void_pointer __hint, true_type)
+        {return __a.allocate(__n, __hint);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static pointer allocate(allocator_type& __a, size_type __n,
+        const_void_pointer __hint, false_type)
+        {return __a.allocate(__n);}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void __construct(true_type, allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p, _Args&&... __args)
+            {__a.construct(__p, _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+    template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void __construct(false_type, allocator_type&, _Tp* __p, _Args&&... __args)
+            {
+                ::new ((void*)__p) _Tp(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+            }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void __destroy(true_type, allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p)
+            {__a.destroy(__p);}
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static void __destroy(false_type, allocator_type&, _Tp* __p)
+            {
+                __p->~_Tp();
+            }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_type __max_size(true_type, const allocator_type& __a)
+            {return __a.max_size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_type __max_size(false_type, const allocator_type&)
+            {return numeric_limits<size_type>::max();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static allocator_type
+        select_on_container_copy_construction(true_type, const allocator_type& __a)
+            {return __a.select_on_container_copy_construction();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static allocator_type
+        select_on_container_copy_construction(false_type, const allocator_type& __a)
+            {return __a;}
+};
+
+// uses_allocator
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_allocator_type
+{
+private:
+    struct __two {char _; char __;};
+    template <class _Up> static __two __test(...);
+    template <class _Up> static char __test(typename _Up::allocator_type* = 0);
+public:
+    static const bool value = sizeof(__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, bool = __has_allocator_type<_Tp>::value>
+struct __uses_allocator
+    : public integral_constant<bool,
+        is_convertible<_Alloc, typename _Tp::allocator_type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct __uses_allocator<_Tp, _Alloc, false>
+    : public false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE uses_allocator
+    : public __uses_allocator<_Tp, _Alloc>
+{
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// uses-allocator construction
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, class ..._Args>
+struct __uses_alloc_ctor_imp
+{
+    static const bool __ua = uses_allocator<_Tp, _Alloc>::value;
+    static const bool __ic =
+        is_constructible<_Tp, allocator_arg_t, _Alloc, _Args...>::value;
+    static const int value = __ua ? 2 - __ic : 0;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, class ..._Args>
+struct __uses_alloc_ctor
+    : integral_constant<int, __uses_alloc_ctor_imp<_Tp, _Alloc, _Args...>::value>
+    {};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// allocator
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE allocator
+{
+public:
+    typedef size_t            size_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t         difference_type;
+    typedef _Tp*              pointer;
+    typedef const _Tp*        const_pointer;
+    typedef _Tp&              reference;
+    typedef const _Tp&        const_reference;
+    typedef _Tp               value_type;
+
+    typedef true_type propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+
+    template <class _Up> struct rebind {typedef allocator<_Up> other;};
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY allocator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    template <class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY allocator(const allocator<_Up>&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer address(reference __x) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return _VSTD::addressof(__x);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_pointer address(const_reference __x) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return _VSTD::addressof(__x);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer allocate(size_type __n, allocator<void>::const_pointer = 0)
+        {return static_cast<pointer>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(_Tp)));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void deallocate(pointer __p, size_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {::operator delete((void*)__p);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return size_type(~0) / sizeof(_Tp);}
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class _Up, class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void
+        construct(_Up* __p, _Args&&... __args)
+        {
+            ::new((void*)__p) _Up(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        }
+#else  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void
+        construct(pointer __p)
+        {
+            ::new((void*)__p) _Tp();
+        }
+# if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES)
+    template <class _A0>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            !is_convertible<_A0, __rv<_A0> >::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        construct(pointer __p, _A0& __a0)
+        {
+            ::new((void*)__p) _Tp(__a0);
+        }
+    template <class _A0>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            !is_convertible<_A0, __rv<_A0> >::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        construct(pointer __p, const _A0& __a0)
+        {
+            ::new((void*)__p) _Tp(__a0);
+        }
+    template <class _A0>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            is_convertible<_A0, __rv<_A0> >::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        construct(pointer __p, _A0 __a0)
+        {
+            ::new((void*)__p) _Tp(_VSTD::move(__a0));
+        }
+# endif  // defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES)
+    template <class _A0, class _A1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void
+        construct(pointer __p, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+        {
+            ::new((void*)__p) _Tp(__a0, __a1);
+        }
+    template <class _A0, class _A1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void
+        construct(pointer __p, const _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+        {
+            ::new((void*)__p) _Tp(__a0, __a1);
+        }
+    template <class _A0, class _A1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void
+        construct(pointer __p, _A0& __a0, const _A1& __a1)
+        {
+            ::new((void*)__p) _Tp(__a0, __a1);
+        }
+    template <class _A0, class _A1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void
+        construct(pointer __p, const _A0& __a0, const _A1& __a1)
+        {
+            ::new((void*)__p) _Tp(__a0, __a1);
+        }
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void destroy(pointer __p) {__p->~_Tp();}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator==(const allocator<_Tp>&, const allocator<_Up>&) _NOEXCEPT {return true;}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator!=(const allocator<_Tp>&, const allocator<_Up>&) _NOEXCEPT {return false;}
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE raw_storage_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag,
+                      _Tp,                                         // purposefully not C++03
+                      ptrdiff_t,                                   // purposefully not C++03
+                      _Tp*,                                        // purposefully not C++03
+                      raw_storage_iterator<_OutputIterator, _Tp>&> // purposefully not C++03
+{
+private:
+    _OutputIterator __x_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit raw_storage_iterator(_OutputIterator __x) : __x_(__x) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY raw_storage_iterator& operator*() {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY raw_storage_iterator& operator=(const _Tp& __element)
+        {::new(&*__x_) _Tp(__element); return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY raw_storage_iterator& operator++() {++__x_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY raw_storage_iterator  operator++(int)
+        {raw_storage_iterator __t(*this); ++__x_; return __t;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+pair<_Tp*, ptrdiff_t>
+get_temporary_buffer(ptrdiff_t __n) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    pair<_Tp*, ptrdiff_t> __r(0, 0);
+    const ptrdiff_t __m = (~ptrdiff_t(0) ^
+                           ptrdiff_t(ptrdiff_t(1) << (sizeof(ptrdiff_t) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1)))
+                           / sizeof(_Tp);
+    if (__n > __m)
+        __n = __m;
+    while (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __r.first = static_cast<_Tp*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(_Tp), nothrow));
+        if (__r.first)
+        {
+            __r.second = __n;
+            break;
+        }
+        __n /= 2;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void return_temporary_buffer(_Tp* __p) _NOEXCEPT {::operator delete(__p);}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct auto_ptr_ref
+{
+    _Tp* __ptr_;
+};
+
+template<class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE auto_ptr
+{
+private:
+    _Tp* __ptr_;
+public:
+    typedef _Tp element_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit auto_ptr(_Tp* __p = 0) throw() : __ptr_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY auto_ptr(auto_ptr& __p) throw() : __ptr_(__p.release()) {}
+    template<class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY auto_ptr(auto_ptr<_Up>& __p) throw()
+        : __ptr_(__p.release()) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr& __p) throw()
+        {reset(__p.release()); return *this;}
+    template<class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr<_Up>& __p) throw()
+        {reset(__p.release()); return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr_ref<_Tp> __p) throw()
+        {reset(__p.__ptr_); return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ~auto_ptr() throw() {delete __ptr_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp& operator*() const throw()
+        {return *__ptr_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp* operator->() const throw() {return __ptr_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp* get() const throw() {return __ptr_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Tp* release() throw()
+    {
+        _Tp* __t = __ptr_;
+        __ptr_ = 0;
+        return __t;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void reset(_Tp* __p = 0) throw()
+    {
+        if (__ptr_ != __p)
+            delete __ptr_;
+        __ptr_ = __p;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY auto_ptr(auto_ptr_ref<_Tp> __p) throw() : __ptr_(__p.__ptr_) {}
+    template<class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator auto_ptr_ref<_Up>() throw()
+        {auto_ptr_ref<_Up> __t; __t.__ptr_ = release(); return __t;}
+    template<class _Up> _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator auto_ptr<_Up>() throw()
+        {return auto_ptr<_Up>(release());}
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE auto_ptr<void>
+{
+public:
+    typedef void element_type;
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, bool = is_same<typename remove_cv<_T1>::type,
+                                                     typename remove_cv<_T2>::type>::value,
+                                bool = is_empty<_T1>::value,
+                                bool = is_empty<_T2>::value>
+struct __libcpp_compressed_pair_switch;
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, bool IsSame>
+struct __libcpp_compressed_pair_switch<_T1, _T2, IsSame, false, false> {enum {value = 0};};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, bool IsSame>
+struct __libcpp_compressed_pair_switch<_T1, _T2, IsSame, true, false>  {enum {value = 1};};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, bool IsSame>
+struct __libcpp_compressed_pair_switch<_T1, _T2, IsSame, false, true>  {enum {value = 2};};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+struct __libcpp_compressed_pair_switch<_T1, _T2, false, true, true>    {enum {value = 3};};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+struct __libcpp_compressed_pair_switch<_T1, _T2, true, true, true>     {enum {value = 1};};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, unsigned = __libcpp_compressed_pair_switch<_T1, _T2>::value>
+class __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp;
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp<_T1, _T2, 0>
+{
+private:
+    _T1 __first_;
+    _T2 __second_;
+public:
+    typedef _T1 _T1_param;
+    typedef _T2 _T2_param;
+
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_T1>::type& _T1_reference;
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_T2>::type& _T2_reference;
+
+    typedef const typename remove_reference<_T1>::type& _T1_const_reference;
+    typedef const typename remove_reference<_T2>::type& _T2_const_reference;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T1_param __t1, int = 0)
+        : __first_(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T2_param __t2, int* = 0)
+        : __second_(_VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T1_param __t1, _T2_param __t2)
+        : __first_(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1)), __second_(_VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)) {}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(const __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : __first_(__p.first()),
+          __second_(__p.second()) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& operator=(const __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            __first_ = __p.first();
+            __second_ = __p.second();
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : __first_(_VSTD::forward<_T1>(__p.first())),
+          __second_(_VSTD::forward<_T2>(__p.second())) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& operator=(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            __first_ = _VSTD::forward<_T1>(__p.first());
+            __second_ = _VSTD::forward<_T2>(__p.second());
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_reference       first() _NOEXCEPT       {return __first_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_const_reference first() const _NOEXCEPT {return __first_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_reference       second() _NOEXCEPT       {return __second_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_const_reference second() const _NOEXCEPT {return __second_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void swap(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value &&
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value)
+    {
+        using _VSTD::swap;
+        swap(__first_, __x.__first_);
+        swap(__second_, __x.__second_);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp<_T1, _T2, 1>
+    : private _T1
+{
+private:
+    _T2 __second_;
+public:
+    typedef _T1 _T1_param;
+    typedef _T2 _T2_param;
+
+    typedef _T1&                                        _T1_reference;
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_T2>::type& _T2_reference;
+
+    typedef const _T1&                                        _T1_const_reference;
+    typedef const typename remove_reference<_T2>::type& _T2_const_reference;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T1_param __t1, int = 0)
+        : _T1(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T2_param __t2, int* = 0)
+        : __second_(_VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T1_param __t1, _T2_param __t2)
+        : _T1(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1)), __second_(_VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)) {}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(const __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : _T1(__p.first()), __second_(__p.second()) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& operator=(const __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            _T1::operator=(__p.first());
+            __second_ = __p.second();
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : _T1(_VSTD::move(__p.first())), __second_(_VSTD::forward<_T2>(__p.second())) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& operator=(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            _T1::operator=(_VSTD::move(__p.first()));
+            __second_ = _VSTD::forward<_T2>(__p.second());
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_reference       first() _NOEXCEPT       {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_const_reference first() const _NOEXCEPT {return *this;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_reference       second() _NOEXCEPT       {return __second_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_const_reference second() const _NOEXCEPT {return __second_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void swap(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value &&
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value)
+    {
+        using _VSTD::swap;
+        swap(__second_, __x.__second_);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp<_T1, _T2, 2>
+    : private _T2
+{
+private:
+    _T1 __first_;
+public:
+    typedef _T1 _T1_param;
+    typedef _T2 _T2_param;
+
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_T1>::type& _T1_reference;
+    typedef _T2&                                        _T2_reference;
+
+    typedef const typename remove_reference<_T1>::type& _T1_const_reference;
+    typedef const _T2&                                        _T2_const_reference;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T1_param __t1)
+        : __first_(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T2_param __t2)
+        : _T2(_VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T1_param __t1, _T2_param __t2)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : _T2(_VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)), __first_(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1)) {}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(const __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : _T2(__p.second()), __first_(__p.first()) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& operator=(const __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            _T2::operator=(__p.second());
+            __first_ = __p.first();
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : _T2(_VSTD::forward<_T2>(__p.second())), __first_(_VSTD::move(__p.first())) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& operator=(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            _T2::operator=(_VSTD::forward<_T2>(__p.second()));
+            __first_ = _VSTD::move(__p.first());
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_reference       first() _NOEXCEPT       {return __first_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_const_reference first() const _NOEXCEPT {return __first_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_reference       second() _NOEXCEPT       {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_const_reference second() const _NOEXCEPT {return *this;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void swap(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value &&
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value)
+    {
+        using _VSTD::swap;
+        swap(__first_, __x.__first_);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp<_T1, _T2, 3>
+    : private _T1,
+      private _T2
+{
+public:
+    typedef _T1 _T1_param;
+    typedef _T2 _T2_param;
+
+    typedef _T1& _T1_reference;
+    typedef _T2& _T2_reference;
+
+    typedef const _T1& _T1_const_reference;
+    typedef const _T2& _T2_const_reference;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T1_param __t1)
+        : _T1(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T2_param __t2)
+        : _T2(_VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(_T1_param __t1, _T2_param __t2)
+        : _T1(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1)), _T2(_VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)) {}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(const __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : _T1(__p.first()), _T2(__p.second()) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& operator=(const __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            _T1::operator=(__p.first());
+            _T2::operator=(__p.second());
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : _T1(_VSTD::move(__p.first())), _T2(_VSTD::move(__p.second())) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& operator=(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            _T1::operator=(_VSTD::move(__p.first()));
+            _T2::operator=(_VSTD::move(__p.second()));
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_reference       first() _NOEXCEPT       {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_const_reference first() const _NOEXCEPT {return *this;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_reference       second() _NOEXCEPT       {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_const_reference second() const _NOEXCEPT {return *this;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void swap(__libcpp_compressed_pair_imp& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value &&
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class __compressed_pair
+    : private __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp<_T1, _T2>
+{
+    typedef __libcpp_compressed_pair_imp<_T1, _T2> base;
+public:
+    typedef typename base::_T1_param _T1_param;
+    typedef typename base::_T2_param _T2_param;
+
+    typedef typename base::_T1_reference _T1_reference;
+    typedef typename base::_T2_reference _T2_reference;
+
+    typedef typename base::_T1_const_reference _T1_const_reference;
+    typedef typename base::_T2_const_reference _T2_const_reference;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __compressed_pair() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __compressed_pair(_T1_param __t1, int = 0)
+        : base(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __compressed_pair(_T2_param __t2, int* = 0)
+        : base(_VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __compressed_pair(_T1_param __t1, _T2_param __t2)
+        : base(_VSTD::forward<_T1_param>(__t1), _VSTD::forward<_T2_param>(__t2)) {}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __compressed_pair(const __compressed_pair& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : base(__p) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __compressed_pair& operator=(const __compressed_pair& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            base::operator=(__p);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __compressed_pair(__compressed_pair&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T2>::value)
+        : base(_VSTD::move(__p)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __compressed_pair& operator=(__compressed_pair&& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T1>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<_T2>::value)
+        {
+            base::operator=(_VSTD::move(__p));
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_reference       first() _NOEXCEPT       {return base::first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T1_const_reference first() const _NOEXCEPT {return base::first();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_reference       second() _NOEXCEPT       {return base::second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _T2_const_reference second() const _NOEXCEPT {return base::second();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void swap(__compressed_pair& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value &&
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value)
+        {base::swap(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(__compressed_pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, __compressed_pair<_T1, _T2>& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value &&
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value)
+    {__x.swap(__y);}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE default_delete
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY default_delete() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    template <class _Up>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY default_delete(const default_delete<_Up>&,
+             typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Up*, _Tp*>::value>::type* = 0) _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void operator() (_Tp* __ptr) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {
+            static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) > 0, "default_delete can not delete incomplete type");
+            delete __ptr;
+        }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE default_delete<_Tp[]>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void operator() (_Tp* __ptr) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {
+            static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) > 0, "default_delete can not delete incomplete type");
+            delete [] __ptr;
+        }
+private:
+    template <class _Up> void operator() (_Up*) const;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp = default_delete<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unique_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp element_type;
+    typedef _Dp deleter_type;
+    typedef typename __pointer_type<_Tp, deleter_type>::type pointer;
+private:
+    __compressed_pair<pointer, deleter_type> __ptr_;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unique_ptr(const unique_ptr&);
+    unique_ptr& operator=(const unique_ptr&);
+    template <class _Up, class _Ep>
+        unique_ptr(const unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&);
+    template <class _Up, class _Ep>
+        unique_ptr& operator=(const unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unique_ptr(unique_ptr&);
+    template <class _Up, class _Ep>
+        unique_ptr(unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&);
+    unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&);
+    template <class _Up, class _Ep>
+        unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    struct __nat {int __for_bool_;};
+
+    typedef       typename remove_reference<deleter_type>::type& _Dp_reference;
+    typedef const typename remove_reference<deleter_type>::type& _Dp_const_reference;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr() _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(pointer())
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_pointer<deleter_type>::value,
+                "unique_ptr constructed with null function pointer deleter");
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(pointer())
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_pointer<deleter_type>::value,
+                "unique_ptr constructed with null function pointer deleter");
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit unique_ptr(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(_VSTD::move(__p))
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_pointer<deleter_type>::value,
+                "unique_ptr constructed with null function pointer deleter");
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(pointer __p, typename conditional<
+                                        is_reference<deleter_type>::value,
+                                        deleter_type,
+                                        typename add_lvalue_reference<const deleter_type>::type>::type __d)
+             _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p, __d) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(pointer __p, typename remove_reference<deleter_type>::type&& __d)
+             _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p, _VSTD::move(__d))
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_reference<deleter_type>::value, "rvalue deleter bound to reference");
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__u.release(), _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__u.get_deleter())) {}
+    template <class _Up, class _Ep>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        unique_ptr(unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&& __u,
+                   typename enable_if
+                      <
+                        !is_array<_Up>::value &&
+                         is_convertible<typename unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>::pointer, pointer>::value &&
+                         is_convertible<_Ep, deleter_type>::value &&
+                         (
+                            !is_reference<deleter_type>::value ||
+                            is_same<deleter_type, _Ep>::value
+                         ),
+                         __nat
+                      >::type = __nat()) _NOEXCEPT
+            : __ptr_(__u.release(), _VSTD::forward<_Ep>(__u.get_deleter())) {}
+
+    template <class _Up>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(auto_ptr<_Up>&& __p,
+                typename enable_if<
+                                      is_convertible<_Up*, _Tp*>::value &&
+                                      is_same<_Dp, default_delete<_Tp> >::value,
+                                      __nat
+                                  >::type = __nat()) _NOEXCEPT
+            : __ptr_(__p.release())
+            {
+            }
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+            {
+                reset(__u.release());
+                __ptr_.second() = _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__u.get_deleter());
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+        template <class _Up, class _Ep>
+            _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            typename enable_if
+            <
+                !is_array<_Up>::value,
+                unique_ptr&
+            >::type
+            operator=(unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+            {
+                reset(__u.release());
+                __ptr_.second() = _VSTD::forward<_Ep>(__u.get_deleter());
+                return *this;
+            }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator __rv<unique_ptr>()
+    {
+        return __rv<unique_ptr>(*this);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(__rv<unique_ptr> __u)
+        : __ptr_(__u->release(), _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__u->get_deleter())) {}
+
+    template <class _Up, class _Ep>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep> __u)
+    {
+        reset(__u.release());
+        __ptr_.second() = _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__u.get_deleter());
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(pointer __p, deleter_type __d)
+        : __ptr_(_VSTD::move(__p), _VSTD::move(__d)) {}
+
+    template <class _Up>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+                typename enable_if<
+                                      is_convertible<_Up*, _Tp*>::value &&
+                                      is_same<_Dp, default_delete<_Tp> >::value,
+                                      unique_ptr&
+                                  >::type
+        operator=(auto_ptr<_Up> __p)
+            {reset(__p.release()); return *this;}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ~unique_ptr() {reset();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        reset();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type operator*() const
+        {return *__ptr_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer operator->() const _NOEXCEPT {return __ptr_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer get() const _NOEXCEPT {return __ptr_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       _Dp_reference get_deleter() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __ptr_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Dp_const_reference get_deleter() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __ptr_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator int __nat::*() const
+             _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __ptr_.first() ? &__nat::__for_bool_ : 0;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer release() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        pointer __t = __ptr_.first();
+        __ptr_.first() = pointer();
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void reset(pointer __p = pointer()) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        pointer __tmp = __ptr_.first();
+        __ptr_.first() = __p;
+        if (__tmp)
+            __ptr_.second()(__tmp);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void swap(unique_ptr& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__ptr_.swap(__u.__ptr_);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unique_ptr<_Tp[], _Dp>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp element_type;
+    typedef _Dp deleter_type;
+    typedef typename __pointer_type<_Tp, deleter_type>::type pointer;
+private:
+    __compressed_pair<pointer, deleter_type> __ptr_;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unique_ptr(const unique_ptr&);
+    unique_ptr& operator=(const unique_ptr&);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unique_ptr(unique_ptr&);
+    template <class _Up>
+        unique_ptr(unique_ptr<_Up>&);
+    unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&);
+    template <class _Up>
+        unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<_Up>&);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    struct __nat {int __for_bool_;};
+
+    typedef       typename remove_reference<deleter_type>::type& _Dp_reference;
+    typedef const typename remove_reference<deleter_type>::type& _Dp_const_reference;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr() _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(pointer())
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_pointer<deleter_type>::value,
+                "unique_ptr constructed with null function pointer deleter");
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(pointer())
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_pointer<deleter_type>::value,
+                "unique_ptr constructed with null function pointer deleter");
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_same<_P, pointer>::value>::type
+             >
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit unique_ptr(_P __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p)
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_pointer<deleter_type>::value,
+                "unique_ptr constructed with null function pointer deleter");
+        }
+
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_same<_P, pointer>::value>::type
+             >
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(_P __p, typename conditional<
+                                       is_reference<deleter_type>::value,
+                                       deleter_type,
+                                       typename add_lvalue_reference<const deleter_type>::type>::type __d)
+             _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p, __d) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(nullptr_t, typename conditional<
+                                       is_reference<deleter_type>::value,
+                                       deleter_type,
+                                       typename add_lvalue_reference<const deleter_type>::type>::type __d)
+             _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(pointer(), __d) {}
+
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_same<_P, pointer>::value ||
+                                         is_same<_P, nullptr_t>::value>::type
+             >
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(_P __p, typename remove_reference<deleter_type>::type&& __d)
+             _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__p, _VSTD::move(__d))
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_reference<deleter_type>::value, "rvalue deleter bound to reference");
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(nullptr_t, typename remove_reference<deleter_type>::type&& __d)
+             _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(pointer(), _VSTD::move(__d))
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_reference<deleter_type>::value, "rvalue deleter bound to reference");
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __ptr_(__u.release(), _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__u.get_deleter())) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+        {
+            reset(__u.release());
+            __ptr_.second() = _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__u.get_deleter());
+            return *this;
+        }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit unique_ptr(pointer __p)
+        : __ptr_(__p)
+        {
+            static_assert(!is_pointer<deleter_type>::value,
+                "unique_ptr constructed with null function pointer deleter");
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(pointer __p, deleter_type __d)
+        : __ptr_(__p, _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__d)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(nullptr_t, deleter_type __d)
+        : __ptr_(pointer(), _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__d)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator __rv<unique_ptr>()
+    {
+        return __rv<unique_ptr>(*this);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr(__rv<unique_ptr> __u)
+        : __ptr_(__u->release(), _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__u->get_deleter())) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr& operator=(__rv<unique_ptr> __u)
+    {
+        reset(__u->release());
+        __ptr_.second() = _VSTD::forward<deleter_type>(__u->get_deleter());
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY ~unique_ptr() {reset();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        reset();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type operator[](size_t __i) const
+        {return __ptr_.first()[__i];}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer get() const _NOEXCEPT {return __ptr_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       _Dp_reference get_deleter() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __ptr_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _Dp_const_reference get_deleter() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __ptr_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator int __nat::*() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __ptr_.first() ? &__nat::__for_bool_ : 0;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pointer release() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        pointer __t = __ptr_.first();
+        __ptr_.first() = pointer();
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_same<_P, pointer>::value>::type
+             >
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void reset(_P __p) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        pointer __tmp = __ptr_.first();
+        __ptr_.first() = __p;
+        if (__tmp)
+            __ptr_.second()(__tmp);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void reset(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        pointer __tmp = __ptr_.first();
+        __ptr_.first() = nullptr;
+        if (__tmp)
+            __ptr_.second()(__tmp);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void reset() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        pointer __tmp = __ptr_.first();
+        __ptr_.first() = nullptr;
+        if (__tmp)
+            __ptr_.second()(__tmp);
+    }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void reset(pointer __p = pointer())
+    {
+        pointer __tmp = __ptr_.first();
+        __ptr_.first() = __p;
+        if (__tmp)
+            __ptr_.second()(__tmp);
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void swap(unique_ptr& __u) {__ptr_.swap(__u.__ptr_);}
+private:
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Up>
+        explicit unique_ptr(_Up);
+    template <class _Up>
+        unique_ptr(_Up __u,
+                   typename conditional<
+                                       is_reference<deleter_type>::value,
+                                       deleter_type,
+                                       typename add_lvalue_reference<const deleter_type>::type>::type,
+                   typename enable_if
+                      <
+                         is_convertible<_Up, pointer>::value,
+                         __nat
+                      >::type = __nat());
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp>& __x, unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {__x.swap(__y);}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {return __x.get() == __y.get();}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {return __x.get() < __y.get();}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {return __y < __x;}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {return !(__y < __x);}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {return !(__x < __y);}
+
+template <class _Tp> struct hash;
+
+template<class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<_Tp*>
+    : public unary_function<_Tp*, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(_Tp* __v) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const size_t* const __p = reinterpret_cast<const size_t*>(&__v);
+        return *__p;
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp> >
+{
+    typedef unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp> argument_type;
+    typedef size_t               result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator()(const argument_type& __ptr) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        typedef typename argument_type::pointer pointer;
+        return hash<pointer>()(__ptr.get());
+    }
+};
+
+struct __destruct_n
+{
+private:
+    size_t size;
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __process(_Tp* __p, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {for (size_t __i = 0; __i < size; ++__i, ++__p) __p->~_Tp();}
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __process(_Tp*, true_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __incr(false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {++size;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __incr(true_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __set(size_t __s, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {size = __s;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __set(size_t, true_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit __destruct_n(size_t __s) _NOEXCEPT
+        : size(__s) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __incr(_Tp*) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__incr(integral_constant<bool, is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value>());}
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __set(size_t __s, _Tp*) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__set(__s, integral_constant<bool, is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value>());}
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void operator()(_Tp* __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__process(__p, integral_constant<bool, is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value>());}
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __allocator_destructor
+{
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+private:
+    _Alloc& __alloc_;
+    size_type __s_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __allocator_destructor(_Alloc& __a, size_type __s)
+             _NOEXCEPT
+        : __alloc_(__a), __s_(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc_, __p, __s_);}
+};
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_copy(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, _ForwardIterator __r)
+{
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(&*__r, __d);
+    for (; __f != __l; ++__f, ++__r, __d.__incr((value_type*)0))
+        ::new(&*__r) value_type(*__f);
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Size, class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_copy_n(_InputIterator __f, _Size __n, _ForwardIterator __r)
+{
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(&*__r, __d);
+    for (; __n > 0; ++__f, ++__r, __d.__incr((value_type*)0), --__n)
+        ::new(&*__r) value_type(*__f);
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+void
+uninitialized_fill(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, const _Tp& __x)
+{
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(&*__f, __d);
+    for (; __f != __l; ++__f, __d.__incr((value_type*)0))
+        ::new(&*__f) value_type(__x);
+    __h.release();
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+_ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_fill_n(_ForwardIterator __f, _Size __n, const _Tp& __x)
+{
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(&*__f, __d);
+    for (; __n > 0; ++__f, --__n, __d.__incr((value_type*)0))
+        ::new(&*__f) value_type(__x);
+    __h.release();
+    return __f;
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI bad_weak_ptr
+    : public std::exception
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~bad_weak_ptr() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual const char* what() const  _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+template<class _Tp> class weak_ptr;
+
+class __shared_count
+{
+    __shared_count(const __shared_count&);
+    __shared_count& operator=(const __shared_count&);
+
+protected:
+    long __shared_owners_;
+    virtual ~__shared_count();
+private:
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __shared_count(long __refs = 0) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __shared_owners_(__refs) {}
+
+    void __add_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+    bool __release_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    long use_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __shared_owners_ + 1;}
+};
+
+class __shared_weak_count
+    : private __shared_count
+{
+    long __shared_weak_owners_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __shared_weak_count(long __refs = 0) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __shared_count(__refs),
+          __shared_weak_owners_(__refs) {}
+protected:
+    virtual ~__shared_weak_count();
+
+public:
+    void __add_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+    void __add_weak() _NOEXCEPT;
+    void __release_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+    void __release_weak() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    long use_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __shared_count::use_count();}
+    __shared_weak_count* lock() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* __get_deleter(const type_info&) const _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+private:
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+class __shared_ptr_pointer
+    : public __shared_weak_count
+{
+    __compressed_pair<__compressed_pair<_Tp, _Dp>, _Alloc> __data_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __shared_ptr_pointer(_Tp __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a)
+        :  __data_(__compressed_pair<_Tp, _Dp>(__p, _VSTD::move(__d)), _VSTD::move(__a)) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    virtual const void* __get_deleter(const type_info&) const _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+
+private:
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+const void*
+__shared_ptr_pointer<_Tp, _Dp, _Alloc>::__get_deleter(const type_info& __t) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __t == typeid(_Dp) ? &__data_.first().second() : 0;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+void
+__shared_ptr_pointer<_Tp, _Dp, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __data_.first().second()(__data_.first().first());
+    __data_.first().second().~_Dp();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+void
+__shared_ptr_pointer<_Tp, _Dp, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    typename _Alloc::template rebind<__shared_ptr_pointer>::other __a(__data_.second());
+    __data_.second().~_Alloc();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+class __shared_ptr_emplace
+    : public __shared_weak_count
+{
+    __compressed_pair<_Alloc, _Tp> __data_;
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __shared_ptr_emplace(_Alloc __a)
+        :  __data_(_VSTD::move(__a)) {}
+
+    template <class ..._Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __shared_ptr_emplace(_Alloc __a, _Args&& ...__args)
+            :  __data_(_VSTD::move(__a), _Tp(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __shared_ptr_emplace(_Alloc __a)
+        :  __data_(__a) {}
+
+    template <class _A0>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __shared_ptr_emplace(_Alloc __a, _A0& __a0)
+            :  __data_(__a, _Tp(__a0)) {}
+
+    template <class _A0, class _A1>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __shared_ptr_emplace(_Alloc __a, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+            :  __data_(__a, _Tp(__a0, __a1)) {}
+
+    template <class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __shared_ptr_emplace(_Alloc __a, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+            :  __data_(__a, _Tp(__a0, __a1, __a2)) {}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+private:
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual void __on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp* get() _NOEXCEPT {return &__data_.second();}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+__shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __data_.second().~_Tp();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void
+__shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    typename _Alloc::template rebind<__shared_ptr_emplace>::other __a(__data_.first());
+    __data_.first().~_Alloc();
+    __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp> class enable_shared_from_this;
+
+template<class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE shared_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp element_type;
+private:
+    element_type*      __ptr_;
+    __shared_weak_count* __cntrl_;
+
+    struct __nat {int __for_bool_;};
+public:
+    shared_ptr() _NOEXCEPT;
+    shared_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp> explicit shared_ptr(_Yp* __p);
+    template<class _Yp, class _Dp> shared_ptr(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d);
+    template<class _Yp, class _Dp, class _Alloc> shared_ptr(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a);
+    template <class _Dp> shared_ptr(nullptr_t __p, _Dp __d);
+    template <class _Dp, class _Alloc> shared_ptr(nullptr_t __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a);
+    template<class _Yp> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<_Yp>& __r, element_type* __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+    shared_ptr(const shared_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp>
+        shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<_Yp>& __r,
+                   typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat>::type = __nat())
+                       _NOEXCEPT;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    shared_ptr(shared_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp> shared_ptr(shared_ptr<_Yp>&& __r,
+                   typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat>::type = __nat())
+                       _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template<class _Yp> explicit shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<_Yp>& __r,
+                   typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat>::type= __nat());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template<class _Yp> shared_ptr(auto_ptr<_Yp>&& __r);
+#else
+    template<class _Yp> shared_ptr(auto_ptr<_Yp> __r);
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    template <class _Yp, class _Dp> shared_ptr(const unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>& __r);// = delete;
+public:
+    template <class _Yp, class _Dp> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>&&,
+       typename enable_if<!is_lvalue_reference<_Dp>::value, __nat>::type = __nat());
+    template <class _Yp, class _Dp> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>&&,
+       typename enable_if<is_lvalue_reference<_Dp>::value, __nat>::type = __nat());
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Yp, class _Dp> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>,
+       typename enable_if<!is_lvalue_reference<_Dp>::value, __nat>::type = __nat());
+    template <class _Yp, class _Dp> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>,
+       typename enable_if<is_lvalue_reference<_Dp>::value, __nat>::type = __nat());
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    ~shared_ptr();
+
+    shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp> shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<_Yp>& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp> shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<_Yp>&& __r);
+    template<class _Yp> shared_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr<_Yp>&& __r);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template<class _Yp> shared_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr<_Yp> __r);
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    template <class _Yp, class _Dp> shared_ptr& operator=(const unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>& __r);// = delete;
+public:
+    template <class _Yp, class _Dp> shared_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>&& __r);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Yp, class _Dp> shared_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp> __r);
+#endif
+
+    void swap(shared_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+    void reset() _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp> void reset(_Yp* __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp, class _Dp> void reset(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d);
+    template<class _Yp, class _Dp, class _Alloc> void reset(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    element_type* get() const _NOEXCEPT {return __ptr_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    typename add_lvalue_reference<element_type>::type operator*() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return *__ptr_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    element_type* operator->() const _NOEXCEPT {return __ptr_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    long use_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __cntrl_ ? __cntrl_->use_count() : 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool unique() const _NOEXCEPT {return use_count() == 1;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    /*explicit*/ operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT {return get() != 0;}
+    template <class _U>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool owner_before(shared_ptr<_U> const& __p) const
+        {return __cntrl_ < __p.__cntrl_;}
+    template <class _U>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool owner_before(weak_ptr<_U> const& __p) const
+        {return __cntrl_ < __p.__cntrl_;}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+    template <class _Dp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        _Dp* __get_deleter() const _NOEXCEPT
+            {return (_Dp*)(__cntrl_ ? __cntrl_->__get_deleter(typeid(_Dp)) : 0);}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template<class ..._Args>
+        static
+        shared_ptr<_Tp>
+        make_shared(_Args&& ...__args);
+
+    template<class _Alloc, class ..._Args>
+        static
+        shared_ptr<_Tp>
+        allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _Args&& ...__args);
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    static shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared();
+
+    template<class _A0>
+        static shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared(_A0&);
+
+    template<class _A0, class _A1>
+        static shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared(_A0&, _A1&);
+
+    template<class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+        static shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared(_A0&, _A1&, _A2&);
+
+    template<class _Alloc>
+        static shared_ptr<_Tp>
+        allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a);
+
+    template<class _Alloc, class _A0>
+        static shared_ptr<_Tp>
+        allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _A0& __a0);
+
+    template<class _Alloc, class _A0, class _A1>
+        static shared_ptr<_Tp>
+        allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1);
+
+    template<class _Alloc, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+        static shared_ptr<_Tp>
+        allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+private:
+
+    template <class _Yp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void
+        __enable_weak_this(const enable_shared_from_this<_Yp>* __e) _NOEXCEPT
+        {
+            if (__e)
+                __e->__weak_this_ = *this;
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __enable_weak_this(const void*) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    template <class _Up> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE shared_ptr;
+    template <class _Up> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE weak_ptr;
+};
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr() _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(0),
+      __cntrl_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(0),
+      __cntrl_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(_Yp* __p)
+    : __ptr_(__p)
+{
+    unique_ptr<_Yp> __hold(__p);
+    typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*, default_delete<_Yp>, allocator<_Yp> > _CntrlBlk;
+    __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__p, default_delete<_Yp>(), allocator<_Yp>());
+    __hold.release();
+    __enable_weak_this(__p);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp, class _Dp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d)
+    : __ptr_(__p)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*, _Dp, allocator<_Yp> > _CntrlBlk;
+        __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__p, __d, allocator<_Yp>());
+        __enable_weak_this(__p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __d(__p);
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Dp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(nullptr_t __p, _Dp __d)
+    : __ptr_(0)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<nullptr_t, _Dp, allocator<_Tp> > _CntrlBlk;
+        __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__p, __d, allocator<_Tp>());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __d(__p);
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a)
+    : __ptr_(__p)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*, _Dp, _Alloc> _CntrlBlk;
+        typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<_CntrlBlk>::other _A2;
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+        _A2 __a2(__a);
+        unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__a2.allocate(1), _D2(__a2, 1));
+        ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__p, __d, __a);
+        __cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+        __enable_weak_this(__p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __d(__p);
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(nullptr_t __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a)
+    : __ptr_(0)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<nullptr_t, _Dp, _Alloc> _CntrlBlk;
+        typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<_CntrlBlk>::other _A2;
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+        _A2 __a2(__a);
+        unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__a2.allocate(1), _D2(__a2, 1));
+        ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__p, __d, __a);
+        __cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __d(__p);
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<_Yp>& __r, element_type *__p) _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(__p),
+      __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_)
+{
+    if (__cntrl_)
+        __cntrl_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(const shared_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_),
+      __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_)
+{
+    if (__cntrl_)
+        __cntrl_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<_Yp>& __r,
+                            typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat>::type)
+         _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_),
+      __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_)
+{
+    if (__cntrl_)
+        __cntrl_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(shared_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_),
+      __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_)
+{
+    __r.__ptr_ = 0;
+    __r.__cntrl_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(shared_ptr<_Yp>&& __r,
+                            typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat>::type)
+         _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_),
+      __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_)
+{
+    __r.__ptr_ = 0;
+    __r.__cntrl_ = 0;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(auto_ptr<_Yp>&& __r)
+#else
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(auto_ptr<_Yp> __r)
+#endif
+    : __ptr_(__r.get())
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*, default_delete<_Yp>, allocator<_Yp> > _CntrlBlk;
+    __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__r.get(), default_delete<_Yp>(), allocator<_Yp>());
+    __enable_weak_this(__r.get());
+    __r.release();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, class _Dp>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>&& __r,
+#else
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp> __r,
+#endif
+           typename enable_if<!is_lvalue_reference<_Dp>::value, __nat>::type)
+    : __ptr_(__r.get())
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*, _Dp, allocator<_Yp> > _CntrlBlk;
+    __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__r.get(), __r.get_deleter(), allocator<_Yp>());
+    __enable_weak_this(__r.get());
+    __r.release();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, class _Dp>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>&& __r,
+#else
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp> __r,
+#endif
+           typename enable_if<is_lvalue_reference<_Dp>::value, __nat>::type)
+    : __ptr_(__r.get())
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*,
+                                 reference_wrapper<typename remove_reference<_Dp>::type>,
+                                 allocator<_Yp> > _CntrlBlk;
+    __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__r.get(), ref(__r.get_deleter()), allocator<_Yp>());
+    __enable_weak_this(__r.get());
+    __r.release();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class ..._Args>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared(_Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, allocator<_Tp> > _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef allocator<_CntrlBlk> _A2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+    _A2 __a2;
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__a2.allocate(1), _D2(__a2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__a2, _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Alloc, class ..._Args>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, _Alloc> _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<_CntrlBlk>::other _A2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+    _A2 __a2(__a);
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__a2.allocate(1), _D2(__a2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__a, _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared()
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, allocator<_Tp> > _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef allocator<_CntrlBlk> _Alloc2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Alloc2> _D2;
+    _Alloc2 __alloc2;
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__alloc2.allocate(1), _D2(__alloc2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__alloc2);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _A0>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared(_A0& __a0)
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, allocator<_Tp> > _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef allocator<_CntrlBlk> _Alloc2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Alloc2> _D2;
+    _Alloc2 __alloc2;
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__alloc2.allocate(1), _D2(__alloc2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__alloc2, __a0);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _A0, class _A1>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared(_A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, allocator<_Tp> > _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef allocator<_CntrlBlk> _Alloc2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Alloc2> _D2;
+    _Alloc2 __alloc2;
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__alloc2.allocate(1), _D2(__alloc2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__alloc2, __a0, __a1);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared(_A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, allocator<_Tp> > _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef allocator<_CntrlBlk> _Alloc2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Alloc2> _D2;
+    _Alloc2 __alloc2;
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__alloc2.allocate(1), _D2(__alloc2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__alloc2, __a0, __a1, __a2);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Alloc>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a)
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, _Alloc> _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<_CntrlBlk>::other _Alloc2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Alloc2> _D2;
+    _Alloc2 __alloc2(__a);
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__alloc2.allocate(1), _D2(__alloc2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__a);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Alloc, class _A0>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, _Alloc> _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<_CntrlBlk>::other _Alloc2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Alloc2> _D2;
+    _Alloc2 __alloc2(__a);
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__alloc2.allocate(1), _D2(__alloc2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__a, __a0);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Alloc, class _A0, class _A1>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, _Alloc> _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<_CntrlBlk>::other _Alloc2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Alloc2> _D2;
+    _Alloc2 __alloc2(__a);
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__alloc2.allocate(1), _D2(__alloc2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__a, __a0, __a1);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Alloc, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    typedef __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, _Alloc> _CntrlBlk;
+    typedef typename _Alloc::template rebind<_CntrlBlk>::other _Alloc2;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Alloc2> _D2;
+    _Alloc2 __alloc2(__a);
+    unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__alloc2.allocate(1), _D2(__alloc2, 1));
+    ::new(__hold2.get()) _CntrlBlk(__a, __a0, __a1, __a2);
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_ = __hold2.get()->get();
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __hold2.release();
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::~shared_ptr()
+{
+    if (__cntrl_)
+        __cntrl_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>&
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(const shared_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    shared_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>&
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(const shared_ptr<_Yp>& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    shared_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>&
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(shared_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    shared_ptr(_VSTD::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>&
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(shared_ptr<_Yp>&& __r)
+{
+    shared_ptr(_VSTD::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>&
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(auto_ptr<_Yp>&& __r)
+{
+    shared_ptr(_VSTD::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, class _Dp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>&
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>&& __r)
+{
+    shared_ptr(_VSTD::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>&
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(auto_ptr<_Yp> __r)
+{
+    shared_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, class _Dp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>&
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp> __r)
+{
+    shared_ptr(_VSTD::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::swap(shared_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    _VSTD::swap(__ptr_, __r.__ptr_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__cntrl_, __r.__cntrl_);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::reset() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    shared_ptr().swap(*this);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::reset(_Yp* __p)
+{
+    shared_ptr(__p).swap(*this);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp, class _Dp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::reset(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d)
+{
+    shared_ptr(__p, __d).swap(*this);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::reset(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a)
+{
+    shared_ptr(__p, __d, __a).swap(*this);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Tp, class ..._Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+make_shared(_Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Alloc, class ..._Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _Args&& ...__args)
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(__a, _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+make_shared()
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+make_shared(_A0& __a0)
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared(__a0);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+make_shared(_A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared(__a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+make_shared(_A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::make_shared(__a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a)
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(__a);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Alloc, class _A0>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _A0& __a0)
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(__a, __a0);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Alloc, class _A0, class _A1>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1)
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(__a, __a0, __a1);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Alloc, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _A0& __a0, _A1& __a1, _A2& __a2)
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>::allocate_shared(__a, __a0, __a1, __a2);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, const shared_ptr<_Up>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __x.get() == __y.get();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, const shared_ptr<_Up>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, const shared_ptr<_Up>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __x.get() < __y.get();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, shared_ptr<_Tp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+static_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Up>& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, static_cast<_Tp*>(__r.get()));
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+dynamic_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Up>& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    _Tp* __p = dynamic_cast<_Tp*>(__r.get());
+    return __p ? shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, __p) : shared_ptr<_Tp>();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, class _Up>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+const_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Up>& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, const_cast<_Tp*>(__r.get()));
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _Dp, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Dp*
+get_deleter(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __p) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __p.template __get_deleter<_Dp>();
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_RTTI
+
+template<class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE weak_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp element_type;
+private:
+    element_type*        __ptr_;
+    __shared_weak_count* __cntrl_;
+
+public:
+    weak_ptr() _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp> weak_ptr(shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __r,
+                   typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat*>::type = 0)
+                        _NOEXCEPT;
+    weak_ptr(weak_ptr const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp> weak_ptr(weak_ptr<_Yp> const& __r,
+                   typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat*>::type = 0)
+                         _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    ~weak_ptr();
+
+    weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp> weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Yp> weak_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    void swap(weak_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+    void reset() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    long use_count() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __cntrl_ ? __cntrl_->use_count() : 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool expired() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __cntrl_ == 0 || __cntrl_->use_count() == 0;}
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> lock() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    template<class _Up>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool owner_before(const shared_ptr<_Up>& __r) const
+        {return __cntrl_ < __r.__cntrl_;}
+    template<class _Up>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool owner_before(const weak_ptr<_Up>& __r) const
+        {return __cntrl_ < __r.__cntrl_;}
+
+    template <class _Up> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE weak_ptr;
+    template <class _Up> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE shared_ptr;
+};
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr() _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(0),
+      __cntrl_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr(weak_ptr const& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_),
+      __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_)
+{
+    if (__cntrl_)
+        __cntrl_->__add_weak();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr(shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __r,
+                        typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat*>::type)
+                         _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_),
+      __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_)
+{
+    if (__cntrl_)
+        __cntrl_->__add_weak();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr(weak_ptr<_Yp> const& __r,
+                        typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat*>::type)
+         _NOEXCEPT
+    : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_),
+      __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_)
+{
+    if (__cntrl_)
+        __cntrl_->__add_weak();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::~weak_ptr()
+{
+    if (__cntrl_)
+        __cntrl_->__release_weak();
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+weak_ptr<_Tp>&
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(weak_ptr const& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    weak_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+weak_ptr<_Tp>&
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(weak_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    weak_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+weak_ptr<_Tp>&
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    weak_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::swap(weak_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    _VSTD::swap(__ptr_, __r.__ptr_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__cntrl_, __r.__cntrl_);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(weak_ptr<_Tp>& __x, weak_ptr<_Tp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::reset() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    weak_ptr().swap(*this);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+template<class _Yp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>::shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<_Yp>& __r,
+                            typename enable_if<is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>::value, __nat>::type)
+    : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_),
+      __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_ ? __r.__cntrl_->lock() : __r.__cntrl_)
+{
+    if (__cntrl_ == 0)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        throw bad_weak_ptr();
+#else
+        assert(!"bad_weak_ptr");
+#endif
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp>
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::lock() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __cntrl_ ? __cntrl_->lock() : __cntrl_;
+    if (__r.__cntrl_)
+        __r.__ptr_ = __ptr_;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp> struct owner_less;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE owner_less<shared_ptr<_Tp> >
+    : binary_function<shared_ptr<_Tp>, shared_ptr<_Tp>, bool>
+{
+    typedef bool result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const
+        {return __x.owner_before(__y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x,   weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const
+        {return __x.owner_before(__y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(  weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const
+        {return __x.owner_before(__y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE owner_less<weak_ptr<_Tp> >
+    : binary_function<weak_ptr<_Tp>, weak_ptr<_Tp>, bool>
+{
+    typedef bool result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(  weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x,   weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const
+        {return __x.owner_before(__y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x,   weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const
+        {return __x.owner_before(__y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(  weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const
+        {return __x.owner_before(__y);}
+};
+
+template<class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE enable_shared_from_this
+{
+    mutable weak_ptr<_Tp> __weak_this_;
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    enable_shared_from_this() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    enable_shared_from_this(enable_shared_from_this const&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    enable_shared_from_this& operator=(enable_shared_from_this const&) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ~enable_shared_from_this() {}
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> shared_from_this()
+        {return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__weak_this_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shared_ptr<_Tp const> shared_from_this() const
+        {return shared_ptr<const _Tp>(__weak_this_);}
+
+    template <class _Up> friend class shared_ptr;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<shared_ptr<_Tp> >
+{
+    typedef shared_ptr<_Tp>      argument_type;
+    typedef size_t               result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator()(const argument_type& __ptr) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return hash<_Tp*>()(__ptr.get());
+    }
+};
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Y>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, shared_ptr<_Y> const& __p);
+
+//enum class
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE pointer_safety
+{
+    enum _
+    {
+        relaxed,
+        preferred,
+        strict
+    };
+
+    _ __v_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer_safety(_ __v) : __v_(__v) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    operator int() const {return __v_;}
+};
+
+void declare_reachable(void* __p);
+void declare_no_pointers(char* __p, size_t __n);
+void undeclare_no_pointers(char* __p, size_t __n);
+pointer_safety get_pointer_safety() _NOEXCEPT;
+void* __undeclare_reachable(void* __p);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+undeclare_reachable(_Tp* __p)
+{
+    return static_cast<_Tp*>(__undeclare_reachable(__p));
+}
+
+void* align(size_t __align, size_t __sz, void*& __ptr, size_t& __space);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_MEMORY
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/mutex b/system/include/libcxx/mutex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b79201a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/mutex
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- mutex ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MUTEX
+#define _LIBCPP_MUTEX
+
+/*
+    mutex synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class mutex
+{
+public:
+     mutex();
+     ~mutex();
+
+    mutex(const mutex&) = delete;
+    mutex& operator=(const mutex&) = delete;
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    void unlock();
+
+    typedef pthread_mutex_t* native_handle_type;
+    native_handle_type native_handle();
+};
+
+class recursive_mutex
+{
+public:
+     recursive_mutex();
+     ~recursive_mutex();
+
+    recursive_mutex(const recursive_mutex&) = delete;
+    recursive_mutex& operator=(const recursive_mutex&) = delete;
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    void unlock();
+
+    typedef pthread_mutex_t* native_handle_type;
+    native_handle_type native_handle();
+};
+
+class timed_mutex
+{
+public:
+     timed_mutex();
+     ~timed_mutex();
+
+    timed_mutex(const timed_mutex&) = delete;
+    timed_mutex& operator=(const timed_mutex&) = delete;
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    void unlock();
+};
+
+class recursive_timed_mutex
+{
+public:
+     recursive_timed_mutex();
+     ~recursive_timed_mutex();
+
+    recursive_timed_mutex(const recursive_timed_mutex&) = delete;
+    recursive_timed_mutex& operator=(const recursive_timed_mutex&) = delete;
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    void unlock();
+};
+
+struct defer_lock_t {};
+struct try_to_lock_t {};
+struct adopt_lock_t {};
+
+constexpr defer_lock_t  defer_lock{};
+constexpr try_to_lock_t try_to_lock{};
+constexpr adopt_lock_t  adopt_lock{};
+
+template <class Mutex>
+class lock_guard
+{
+public:
+    typedef Mutex mutex_type;
+
+    explicit lock_guard(mutex_type& m);
+    lock_guard(mutex_type& m, adopt_lock_t);
+    ~lock_guard();
+
+    lock_guard(lock_guard const&) = delete;
+    lock_guard& operator=(lock_guard const&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class Mutex>
+class unique_lock
+{
+public:
+    typedef Mutex mutex_type;
+    unique_lock();
+    explicit unique_lock(mutex_type& m);
+    unique_lock(mutex_type& m, defer_lock_t);
+    unique_lock(mutex_type& m, try_to_lock_t);
+    unique_lock(mutex_type& m, adopt_lock_t);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        unique_lock(mutex_type& m, const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        unique_lock(mutex_type& m, const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    ~unique_lock();
+
+    unique_lock(unique_lock const&) = delete;
+    unique_lock& operator=(unique_lock const&) = delete;
+
+    unique_lock(unique_lock&& u);
+    unique_lock& operator=(unique_lock&& u);
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+
+    void unlock();
+
+    void swap(unique_lock& u);
+    mutex_type* release();
+
+    bool owns_lock() const;
+    explicit operator bool () const;
+    mutex_type* mutex() const;
+};
+
+template <class Mutex>
+  void swap(unique_lock<Mutex>& x, unique_lock<Mutex>& y);
+
+template <class L1, class L2, class... L3>
+  int try_lock(L1&, L2&, L3&...);
+template <class L1, class L2, class... L3>
+  void lock(L1&, L2&, L3&...);
+
+struct once_flag
+{
+    constexpr once_flag();
+
+    once_flag(const once_flag&) = delete;
+    once_flag& operator=(const once_flag&) = delete;
+};
+
+template<class Callable, class ...Args>
+  void call_once(once_flag& flag, Callable&& func, Args&&... args);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__mutex_base>
+#include <functional>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#include <tuple>
+#endif
+#include "sched.h" /* XXX Emscripten */
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE recursive_mutex
+{
+    pthread_mutex_t __m_;
+
+public:
+     recursive_mutex();
+     ~recursive_mutex();
+
+private:
+    recursive_mutex(const recursive_mutex&); // = delete;
+    recursive_mutex& operator=(const recursive_mutex&); // = delete;
+
+public:
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    void unlock();
+
+    typedef pthread_mutex_t* native_handle_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    native_handle_type native_handle() {return &__m_;}
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE timed_mutex
+{
+    mutex              __m_;
+    condition_variable __cv_;
+    bool               __locked_;
+public:
+     timed_mutex();
+     ~timed_mutex();
+
+private:
+    timed_mutex(const timed_mutex&); // = delete;
+    timed_mutex& operator=(const timed_mutex&); // = delete;
+
+public:
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d)
+            {return try_lock_until(chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d);}
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+    void unlock();
+};
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+bool
+timed_mutex::try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__m_);
+    bool no_timeout = _Clock::now() < __t;
+    while (no_timeout && __locked_)
+        no_timeout = __cv_.wait_until(__lk, __t) == cv_status::no_timeout;
+    if (!__locked_)
+    {
+        __locked_ = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE recursive_timed_mutex
+{
+    mutex              __m_;
+    condition_variable __cv_;
+    size_t             __count_;
+    pthread_t          __id_;
+public:
+     recursive_timed_mutex();
+     ~recursive_timed_mutex();
+
+private:
+    recursive_timed_mutex(const recursive_timed_mutex&); // = delete;
+    recursive_timed_mutex& operator=(const recursive_timed_mutex&); // = delete;
+
+public:
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d)
+            {return try_lock_until(chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d);}
+    template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+    void unlock();
+};
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+bool
+recursive_timed_mutex::try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    pthread_t __id = pthread_self();
+    unique_lock<mutex> lk(__m_);
+    if (pthread_equal(__id, __id_))
+    {
+        if (__count_ == numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
+            return false;
+        ++__count_;
+        return true;
+    }
+    bool no_timeout = _Clock::now() < __t;
+    while (no_timeout && __count_ != 0)
+        no_timeout = __cv_.wait_until(lk, __t) == cv_status::no_timeout;
+    if (__count_ == 0)
+    {
+        __count_ = 1;
+        __id_ = __id;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1>
+int
+try_lock(_L0& __l0, _L1& __l1)
+{
+    unique_lock<_L0> __u0(__l0, try_to_lock);
+    if (__u0.owns_lock())
+    {
+        if (__l1.try_lock())
+        {
+            __u0.release();
+            return -1;
+        }
+        else
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1, class _L2, class... _L3>
+int
+try_lock(_L0& __l0, _L1& __l1, _L2& __l2, _L3&... __l3)
+{
+    int __r = 0;
+    unique_lock<_L0> __u0(__l0, try_to_lock);
+    if (__u0.owns_lock())
+    {
+        __r = try_lock(__l1, __l2, __l3...);
+        if (__r == -1)
+            __u0.release();
+        else
+            ++__r;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1>
+void
+lock(_L0& __l0, _L1& __l1)
+{
+    while (true)
+    {
+        {
+            unique_lock<_L0> __u0(__l0);
+            if (__l1.try_lock())
+            {
+                __u0.release();
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        sched_yield();
+        {
+            unique_lock<_L1> __u1(__l1);
+            if (__l0.try_lock())
+            {
+                __u1.release();
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        sched_yield();
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1, class _L2, class ..._L3>
+void
+__lock_first(int __i, _L0& __l0, _L1& __l1, _L2& __l2, _L3& ...__l3)
+{
+    while (true)
+    {
+        switch (__i)
+        {
+        case 0:
+            {
+                unique_lock<_L0> __u0(__l0);
+                __i = try_lock(__l1, __l2, __l3...);
+                if (__i == -1)
+                {
+                    __u0.release();
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            ++__i;
+            sched_yield();
+            break;
+        case 1:
+            {
+                unique_lock<_L1> __u1(__l1);
+                __i = try_lock(__l2, __l3..., __l0);
+                if (__i == -1)
+                {
+                    __u1.release();
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            if (__i == sizeof...(_L3) + 1)
+                __i = 0;
+            else
+                __i += 2;
+            sched_yield();
+            break;
+        default:
+            __lock_first(__i - 2, __l2, __l3..., __l0, __l1);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1, class _L2, class ..._L3>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+lock(_L0& __l0, _L1& __l1, _L2& __l2, _L3& ...__l3)
+{
+    __lock_first(0, __l0, __l1, __l2, __l3...);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+struct once_flag;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Callable, class... _Args>
+  void call_once(once_flag&, _Callable&&, _Args&&...);
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Callable>
+  void call_once(once_flag&, _Callable);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE once_flag
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    // constexpr
+        once_flag() {}
+
+private:
+    once_flag(const once_flag&); // = delete;
+    once_flag& operator=(const once_flag&); // = delete;
+
+    unsigned long __state_;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template<class _Callable, class... _Args>
+    friend
+    void call_once(once_flag&, _Callable&&, _Args&&...);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template<class _Callable>
+    friend
+    void call_once(once_flag&, _Callable);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _F>
+class __call_once_param
+{
+    _F __f_;
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __call_once_param(_F&& __f) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f)) {}
+#else
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __call_once_param(const _F& __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+#endif
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void operator()()
+    {
+        typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<_F>::value, 1>::type _Index;
+        __execute(_Index());
+    }
+
+private:
+    template <size_t ..._Indices>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __execute(__tuple_indices<_Indices...>)
+    {
+        __invoke(_VSTD::move(_VSTD::get<0>(__f_)), _VSTD::move(_VSTD::get<_Indices>(__f_))...);
+    }
+};
+
+#else
+
+template <class _F>
+class __call_once_param
+{
+    _F __f_;
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __call_once_param(_F&& __f) : __f_(_VSTD::move(__f)) {}
+#else
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __call_once_param(const _F& __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+#endif
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void operator()()
+    {
+        __f_();
+    }
+};
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _F>
+void
+__call_once_proxy(void* __vp)
+{
+    __call_once_param<_F>* __p = static_cast<__call_once_param<_F>*>(__vp);
+    (*__p)();
+}
+
+void __call_once(volatile unsigned long&, void*, void(*)(void*));
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Callable, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+call_once(once_flag& __flag, _Callable&& __func, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    if (__builtin_expect(__flag.__state_ , ~0ul) != ~0ul)
+    {
+        typedef tuple<typename decay<_Callable>::type, typename decay<_Args>::type...> _G;
+        __call_once_param<_G> __p(_G(__decay_copy(_VSTD::forward<_Callable>(__func)),
+                                __decay_copy(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args))...));
+        __call_once(__flag.__state_, &__p, &__call_once_proxy<_G>);
+    }
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template<class _Callable>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+call_once(once_flag& __flag, _Callable __func)
+{
+    if (__flag.__state_ != ~0ul)
+    {
+        __call_once_param<_Callable> __p(__func);
+        __call_once(__flag.__state_, &__p, &__call_once_proxy<_Callable>);
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_MUTEX
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/new b/system/include/libcxx/new
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81c16bdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/new
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------- new ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NEW
+#define _LIBCPP_NEW
+
+/*
+    new synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class bad_alloc
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_alloc() noexcept;
+    bad_alloc(const bad_alloc&) noexcept;
+    bad_alloc& operator=(const bad_alloc&) noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+struct nothrow_t {};
+extern const nothrow_t nothrow;
+typedef void (*new_handler)();
+new_handler set_new_handler(new_handler new_p) noexcept;
+new_handler get_new_handler() noexcept;
+
+}  // std
+
+void* operator new(std::size_t size);                                   // replaceable
+void* operator new(std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;   // replaceable
+void  operator delete(void* ptr) noexcept;                              // replaceable
+void  operator delete(void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;       // replaceable
+
+void* operator new[](std::size_t size);                                 // replaceable
+void* operator new[](std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept; // replaceable
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr) noexcept;                            // replaceable
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;     // replaceable
+
+void* operator new  (std::size_t size, void* ptr) noexcept;
+void* operator new[](std::size_t size, void* ptr) noexcept;
+void  operator delete  (void* ptr, void*) noexcept;
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr, void*) noexcept;
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <exception>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+namespace std  // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI bad_alloc
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_alloc() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual ~bad_alloc() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI bad_array_new_length
+    : public bad_alloc
+{
+public:
+    bad_array_new_length() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual ~bad_array_new_length() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+void __throw_bad_alloc();  // not in C++ spec
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE nothrow_t {};
+extern _LIBCPP_VISIBLE const nothrow_t nothrow;
+typedef void (*new_handler)();
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE new_handler set_new_handler(new_handler) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE new_handler get_new_handler() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+}  // std
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void* operator new(std::size_t __sz)
+#if !__has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+    throw(std::bad_alloc)
+#endif
+;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void* operator new(std::size_t __sz, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void  operator delete(void* __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void  operator delete(void* __p, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void* operator new[](std::size_t __sz)
+#if !__has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+    throw(std::bad_alloc)
+#endif
+;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void* operator new[](std::size_t __sz, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void  operator delete[](void* __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_VISIBLE void  operator delete[](void* __p, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline void* operator new  (std::size_t, void* __p) _NOEXCEPT {return __p;}
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline void* operator new[](std::size_t, void* __p) _NOEXCEPT {return __p;}
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline void  operator delete  (void*, void*) _NOEXCEPT {}
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline void  operator delete[](void*, void*) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NEW
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/numeric b/system/include/libcxx/numeric
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31493990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/numeric
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- numeric ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NUMERIC
+#define _LIBCPP_NUMERIC
+
+/*
+    numeric synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class InputIterator, class T>
+    T
+    accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class T, class BinaryOperation>
+    T
+    accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init, BinaryOperation binary_op);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T>
+    T
+    inner_product(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, T init);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T, class BinaryOperation1, class BinaryOperation2>
+    T
+    inner_product(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2,
+                  T init, BinaryOperation1 binary_op1, BinaryOperation2 binary_op2);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    partial_sum(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
+    OutputIterator
+    partial_sum(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    OutputIterator
+    adjacent_difference(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
+    OutputIterator
+    adjacent_difference(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    void iota(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, T value);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <iterator>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+accumulate(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __init = __init + *__first;
+    return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+accumulate(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init, _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __init = __binary_op(__init, *__first);
+    return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+inner_product(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _Tp __init)
+{
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2)
+        __init = __init + *__first1 * *__first2;
+    return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation1, class _BinaryOperation2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+inner_product(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2,
+              _Tp __init, _BinaryOperation1 __binary_op1, _BinaryOperation2 __binary_op2)
+{
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2)
+        __init = __binary_op1(__init, __binary_op2(*__first1, *__first2));
+    return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+partial_sum(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __t(*__first);
+        *__result = __t;
+        for (++__first, ++__result; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
+        {
+            __t = __t + *__first;
+            *__result = __t;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryOperation>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+partial_sum(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result,
+              _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __t(*__first);
+        *__result = __t;
+        for (++__first, ++__result; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
+        {
+            __t = __binary_op(__t, *__first);
+            *__result = __t;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+adjacent_difference(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __t1(*__first);
+        *__result = __t1;
+        for (++__first, ++__result; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
+        {
+            typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __t2(*__first);
+            *__result = __t2 - __t1;
+            __t1 = __t2;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryOperation>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+adjacent_difference(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result,
+                      _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __t1(*__first);
+        *__result = __t1;
+        for (++__first, ++__result; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__result)
+        {
+            typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __t2(*__first);
+            *__result = __binary_op(__t2, __t1);
+            __t1 = __t2;
+        }
+    }
+    return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+iota(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp __value)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__value)
+        *__first = __value;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NUMERIC
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ostream b/system/include/libcxx/ostream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1a3de9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ostream
@@ -0,0 +1,1293 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- ostream -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_OSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_OSTREAM
+
+/*
+    ostream synopsis
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_ostream
+    : virtual public basic_ios<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types (inherited from basic_ios (27.5.4)):
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // 27.7.2.2 Constructor/destructor:
+    explicit basic_ostream(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits>* sb);
+    basic_ostream(basic_ostream&& rhs);
+    virtual ~basic_ostream();
+
+    // 27.7.2.3 Assign/swap
+    basic_ostream& operator=(basic_ostream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ostream& rhs);
+
+    // 27.7.2.4 Prefix/suffix:
+    class sentry;
+
+    // 27.7.2.6 Formatted output:
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_ostream& (*pf)(basic_ostream&));
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_ios<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_ios<charT,traits>&));
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&));
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(bool n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(short n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned short n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(int n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned int n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(long n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned long n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(long long n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned long long n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(float f);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(double f);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(long double f);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(const void* p);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits>* sb);
+
+    // 27.7.2.7 Unformatted output:
+    basic_ostream& put(char_type c);
+    basic_ostream& write(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    basic_ostream& flush();
+
+    // 27.7.2.5 seeks:
+    pos_type tellp();
+    basic_ostream& seekp(pos_type);
+    basic_ostream& seekp(off_type, ios_base::seekdir);
+};
+
+// 27.7.2.6.4 character inserters
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>&, charT);
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>&, char);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, char);
+
+// signed and unsigned
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, signed char);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, unsigned char);
+
+// NTBS
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>&, const charT*);
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>&, const char*);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, const char*);
+
+// signed and unsigned
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, const signed char*);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, const unsigned char*);
+
+// swap:
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void swap(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ostream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& endl(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& os);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& ends(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& os);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& flush(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& os);
+
+// rvalue stream insertion
+template <class charT, class traits, class T>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&& os, const T& x);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ios>
+#include <streambuf>
+#include <locale>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <bitset>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ostream
+    : virtual public basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types (inherited from basic_ios (27.5.4)):
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // 27.7.2.2 Constructor/destructor:
+    explicit basic_ostream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+    virtual ~basic_ostream();
+protected:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_ostream(basic_ostream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+
+    // 27.7.2.3 Assign/swap
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_ostream& operator=(basic_ostream&& __rhs);
+#endif
+    void swap(basic_ostream& __rhs);
+public:
+
+    // 27.7.2.4 Prefix/suffix:
+    class sentry;
+
+    // 27.7.2.6 Formatted output:
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_ostream& (*__pf)(basic_ostream&));
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&
+                              (*__pf)(basic_ios<char_type,traits_type>&));
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(ios_base& (*__pf)(ios_base&));
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(bool __n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(short __n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned short __n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(int __n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned int __n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(long __n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned long __n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(long long __n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned long long __n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(float __f);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(double __f);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(long double __f);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(const void* __p);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+
+    // 27.7.2.7 Unformatted output:
+    basic_ostream& put(char_type __c);
+    basic_ostream& write(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+    basic_ostream& flush();
+
+    // 27.7.2.5 seeks:
+    pos_type tellp();
+    basic_ostream& seekp(pos_type __pos);
+    basic_ostream& seekp(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __dir);
+
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    basic_ostream() {}  // extension, intentially does not initialize
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry
+{
+    bool __ok_;
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os_;
+
+    sentry(const sentry&); // = delete;
+    sentry& operator=(const sentry&); // = delete;
+
+public:
+    explicit sentry(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os);
+    ~sentry();
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    // explicit
+        operator bool() const {return __ok_;}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry::sentry(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os)
+    : __ok_(false),
+      __os_(__os)
+{
+    if (__os.good())
+    {
+        if (__os.tie())
+            __os.tie()->flush();
+        __ok_ = true;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry::~sentry()
+{
+    if (__os_.rdbuf() && __os_.good() && (__os_.flags() & ios_base::unitbuf)
+                      && !uncaught_exception())
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__os_.rdbuf()->pubsync() == -1)
+                __os_.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ostream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+{
+    this->init(__sb);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ostream(basic_ostream&& __rhs)
+{
+    this->move(__rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_ostream&& __rhs)
+{
+    swap(__rhs);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_ostream()
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_ostream& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(basic_ostream& (*__pf)(basic_ostream&))
+{
+    return __pf(*this);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&
+                                           (*__pf)(basic_ios<char_type,traits_type>&))
+{
+    __pf(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(ios_base& (*__pf)(ios_base&))
+{
+    __pf(*this);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            if (__sb)
+            {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                try
+                {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _I;
+                    typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _O;
+                    _I __i(__sb);
+                    _I __eof;
+                    _O __o(*this);
+                    size_t __c = 0;
+                    for (; __i != __eof; ++__i, ++__o, ++__c)
+                    {
+                        *__o = *__i;
+                        if (__o.failed())
+                            break;
+                    }
+                    if (__c == 0)
+                        this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                }
+                catch (...)
+                {
+                    this->__set_failbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+                }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            }
+            else
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(bool __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(short __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            ios_base::fmtflags __flags = ios_base::flags() & ios_base::basefield;
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(),
+                        __flags == ios_base::oct || __flags == ios_base::hex ?
+                        static_cast<long>(static_cast<unsigned short>(__n))  :
+                        static_cast<long>(__n)).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned short __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), static_cast<unsigned long>(__n)).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(int __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            ios_base::fmtflags __flags = ios_base::flags() & ios_base::basefield;
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(),
+                        __flags == ios_base::oct || __flags == ios_base::hex ?
+                        static_cast<long>(static_cast<unsigned int>(__n))  :
+                        static_cast<long>(__n)).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned int __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), static_cast<unsigned long>(__n)).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned long __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long long __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned long long __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(float __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), static_cast<double>(__n)).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(double __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long double __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(const void* __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _F;
+            const _F& __f = use_facet<_F>(this->getloc());
+            if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _CharT __c)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _I;
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 &__c,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     &__c + 1 :
+                                     &__c,
+                                 &__c + 1,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, char __cn)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            _CharT __c = __os.widen(__cn);
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _I;
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 &__c,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     &__c + 1 :
+                                     &__c,
+                                 &__c + 1,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, char __c)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<char, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<char, _Traits> _I;
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 &__c,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     &__c + 1 :
+                                     &__c,
+                                 &__c + 1,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, signed char __c)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<char, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<char, _Traits> _I;
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 (char*)&__c,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     (char*)&__c + 1 :
+                                     (char*)&__c,
+                                 (char*)&__c + 1,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, unsigned char __c)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<char, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<char, _Traits> _I;
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 (char*)&__c,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     (char*)&__c + 1 :
+                                     (char*)&__c,
+                                 (char*)&__c + 1,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const _CharT* __str)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _I;
+            size_t __len = _Traits::length(__str);
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 __str,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     __str + __len :
+                                     __str,
+                                 __str + __len,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const char* __strn)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _I;
+            size_t __len = char_traits<char>::length(__strn);
+            const int __bs = 100;
+            _CharT __wbb[__bs];
+            _CharT* __wb = __wbb;
+            unique_ptr<_CharT, void(*)(void*)> __h(0, free);
+            if (__len > __bs)
+            {
+                __wb = (_CharT*)malloc(__len*sizeof(_CharT));
+                if (__wb == 0)
+                    __throw_bad_alloc();
+                __h.reset(__wb);
+            }
+            for (_CharT* __p = __wb; *__strn != '\0'; ++__strn, ++__p)
+                *__p = __os.widen(*__strn);
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 __wb,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     __wb + __len :
+                                     __wb,
+                                 __wb + __len,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, const char* __str)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<char, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<char, _Traits> _I;
+            size_t __len = _Traits::length(__str);
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 __str,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     __str + __len :
+                                     __str,
+                                 __str + __len,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, const signed char* __str)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<char, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<char, _Traits> _I;
+            size_t __len = _Traits::length((const char*)__str);
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 (const char*)__str,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     (const char*)__str + __len :
+                                     (const char*)__str,
+                                 (const char*)__str + __len,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template<class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, const unsigned char* __str)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<char, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<char, _Traits> _I;
+            size_t __len = _Traits::length((const char*)__str);
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 (const char*)__str,
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     (const char*)__str + __len :
+                                     (const char*)__str,
+                                 (const char*)__str + __len,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::put(char_type __c)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __s(*this);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _O;
+            _O __o(*this);
+            *__o = __c;
+            if (__o.failed())
+                this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::write(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        sentry __sen(*this);
+        if (__sen && __n)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _O;
+            _O __o(*this);
+            for (; __n; --__n, ++__o, ++__s)
+            {
+                *__o = *__s;
+                if (__o.failed())
+                {
+                    this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::flush()
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (this->rdbuf())
+        {
+            sentry __s(*this);
+            if (__s)
+            {
+                if (this->rdbuf()->pubsync() == -1)
+                    this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+            }
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::tellp()
+{
+    if (this->fail())
+        return pos_type(-1);
+    return this->rdbuf()->pubseekoff(0, ios_base::cur, ios_base::out);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::seekp(pos_type __pos)
+{
+    if (!this->fail())
+    {
+        if (this->rdbuf()->pubseekpos(__pos, ios_base::out) == pos_type(-1))
+            this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::seekp(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __dir)
+{
+    if (!this->fail())
+        this->rdbuf()->pubseekoff(__off, __dir, ios_base::out);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+endl(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os)
+{
+    __os.put(__os.widen('\n'));
+    __os.flush();
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+ends(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os)
+{
+    __os.put(_CharT());
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+flush(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os)
+{
+    __os.flush();
+    return __os;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Stream, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_lvalue_reference<_Stream>::value &&
+    is_base_of<ios_base, _Stream>::value,
+    _Stream&
+>::type
+operator<<(_Stream&& __os, const _Tp& __x)
+{
+    __os << __x;
+    return __os;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+        if (__s)
+        {
+            typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _I;
+            size_t __len = __str.size();
+            if (__pad_and_output(_I(__os),
+                                 __str.data(),
+                                 (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ?
+                                     __str.data() + __len :
+                                     __str.data(),
+                                 __str.data() + __len,
+                                 __os,
+                                 __os.fill()).failed())
+                __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const error_code& __ec)
+{
+    return __os << __ec.category().name() << ':' << __ec.value();
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Y>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, shared_ptr<_Y> const& __p)
+{
+    return __os << __p.get();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Size>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const bitset<_Size>& __x)
+{
+    return __os << __x.template to_string<_CharT, _Traits>
+                        (use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__os.getloc()).widen('0'),
+                         use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__os.getloc()).widen('1'));
+}
+
+extern template class basic_ostream<char>;
+extern template class basic_ostream<wchar_t>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_OSTREAM
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/queue b/system/include/libcxx/queue
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bed5bb7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/queue
@@ -0,0 +1,713 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- queue ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_QUEUE
+#define _LIBCPP_QUEUE
+
+/*
+    queue synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Container = deque<T>>
+class queue
+{
+public:
+    typedef Container                                container_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::size_type       size_type;
+
+protected:
+    container_type c;
+
+public:
+    queue() = default;
+    ~queue() = default;
+
+    queue(const queue& q) = default;
+    queue(queue&& q) = default;
+
+    queue& operator=(const queue& q) = default;
+    queue& operator=(queue&& q) = default;
+
+    explicit queue(const container_type& c);
+    explicit queue(container_type&& c)
+    template <class Alloc>
+        explicit queue(const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        queue(const container_type& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        queue(container_type&& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        queue(const queue& q, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        queue(queue&& q, const Alloc& a);
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+
+    reference       front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference       back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    void push(const value_type& v);
+    void push(value_type&& v);
+    template <class... Args> void emplace(Args&&... args);
+    void pop();
+
+    void swap(queue& q) noexcept(noexcept(swap(c, q.c)));
+};
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator==(const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator< (const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator!=(const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator> (const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator>=(const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator<=(const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  void swap(queue<T, Container>& x, queue<T, Container>& y)
+  noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class T, class Container = vector<T>,
+          class Compare = less<typename Container::value_type>>
+class priority_queue
+{
+public:
+    typedef Container                                container_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::size_type       size_type;
+
+protected:
+    container_type c;
+    Compare comp;
+
+public:
+    priority_queue() = default;
+    ~priority_queue() = default;
+
+    priority_queue(const priority_queue& q) = default;
+    priority_queue(priority_queue&& q) = default;
+
+    priority_queue& operator=(const priority_queue& q) = default;
+    priority_queue& operator=(priority_queue&& q) = default;
+
+    explicit priority_queue(const Compare& comp);
+    priority_queue(const Compare& comp, const container_type& c);
+    explicit priority_queue(const Compare& comp, container_type&& c);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Compare& comp = Compare());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Compare& comp, const container_type& c);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Compare& comp, container_type&& c);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        explicit priority_queue(const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const Compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const Compare& comp, const container_type& c,
+                       const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const Compare& comp, container_type&& c,
+                       const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const priority_queue& q, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(priority_queue&& q, const Alloc& a);
+
+    bool            empty() const;
+    size_type       size() const;
+    const_reference top() const;
+
+    void push(const value_type& v);
+    void push(value_type&& v);
+    template <class... Args> void emplace(Args&&... args);
+    void pop();
+
+    void swap(priority_queue& q)
+        noexcept(noexcept(swap(c, q.c)) && noexcept(swap(comp.q.comp)));
+};
+
+template <class T, class Container, class Compare>
+  void swap(priority_queue<T, Container, Compare>& x,
+            priority_queue<T, Container, Compare>& y)
+            noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <deque>
+#include <vector>
+#include <functional>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container> class queue;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+bool
+operator==(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x,const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+bool
+operator< (const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x,const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container = deque<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE queue
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Container                               container_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::size_type       size_type;
+
+protected:
+    container_type c;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    queue()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<container_type>::value)
+        : c() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    queue(const queue& __q) : c(__q.c) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    queue(queue&& __q)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<container_type>::value)
+        : c(_VSTD::move(__q.c)) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    queue& operator=(const queue& __q) {c = __q.c; return *this;}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    queue& operator=(queue&& __q)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<container_type>::value)
+        {c = _VSTD::move(__q.c); return *this;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit queue(const container_type& __c)  : c(__c) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit queue(container_type&& __c) : c(_VSTD::move(__c)) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit queue(const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(__a) {}
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        queue(const queue& __q, const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(__q.c, __a) {}
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        queue(const container_type& __c, const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(__c, __a) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        queue(container_type&& __c, const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(_VSTD::move(__c), __a) {}
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        queue(queue&& __q, const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(_VSTD::move(__q.c), __a) {}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const {return c.empty();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const  {return c.size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference       front()       {return c.front();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference front() const {return c.front();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference       back()        {return c.back();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference back() const  {return c.back();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void push(const value_type& __v) {c.push_back(__v);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void push(value_type&& __v)      {c.push_back(_VSTD::move(__v));}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void emplace(_Args&&... __args)
+            {c.emplace_back(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void pop() {c.pop_front();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(queue& __q)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<container_type>::value)
+    {
+        using _VSTD::swap;
+        swap(c, __q.c);
+    }
+
+    template <class _T1, class _C1>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool
+    operator==(const queue<_T1, _C1>& __x,const queue<_T1, _C1>& __y);
+
+    template <class _T1, class _C1>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool
+    operator< (const queue<_T1, _C1>& __x,const queue<_T1, _C1>& __y);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x,const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.c == __y.c;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x,const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.c < __y.c;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x,const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x,const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x,const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x,const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE uses_allocator<queue<_Tp, _Container>, _Alloc>
+    : public uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container = vector<_Tp>,
+          class _Compare = less<typename _Container::value_type> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE priority_queue
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Container                               container_type;
+    typedef _Compare                                 value_compare;
+    typedef typename container_type::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::size_type       size_type;
+
+protected:
+    container_type c;
+    value_compare comp;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    priority_queue()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<container_type>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_default_constructible<value_compare>::value)
+        : c(), comp() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    priority_queue(const priority_queue& __q) : c(__q.c), comp(__q.comp) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    priority_queue(priority_queue&& __q)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<container_type>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_compare>::value)
+        : c(_VSTD::move(__q.c)), comp(_VSTD::move(__q.comp)) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    priority_queue& operator=(const priority_queue& __q)
+        {c = __q.c; comp = __q.comp; return *this;}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    priority_queue& operator=(priority_queue&& __q)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<container_type>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value)
+        {c = _VSTD::move(__q.c); comp = _VSTD::move(__q.comp); return *this;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp)
+        : c(), comp(__comp) {}
+    priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    explicit priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c);
+#endif
+    template <class _InputIter>
+        priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                       const value_compare& __comp = value_compare());
+    template <class _InputIter>
+        priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                       const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _InputIter>
+        priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                       const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        explicit priority_queue(const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c,
+                       const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const priority_queue& __q, const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c,
+                       const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        priority_queue(priority_queue&& __q, const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool            empty() const {return c.empty();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type       size() const  {return c.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference top() const   {return c.front();}
+
+    void push(const value_type& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void push(value_type&& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args> void emplace(_Args&&... __args);
+#endif
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void pop();
+
+    void swap(priority_queue& __q)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<container_type>::value &&
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<value_compare>::value);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const _Compare& __comp,
+                                                          const container_type& __c)
+    : c(__c),
+      comp(__comp)
+{
+    _VSTD::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp,
+                                                          container_type&& __c)
+    : c(_VSTD::move(__c)),
+      comp(__comp)
+{
+    _VSTD::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _InputIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                                                          const value_compare& __comp)
+    : c(__f, __l),
+      comp(__comp)
+{
+    _VSTD::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _InputIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                                                          const value_compare& __comp,
+                                                          const container_type& __c)
+    : c(__c),
+      comp(__comp)
+{
+    c.insert(c.end(), __f, __l);
+    _VSTD::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _InputIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l,
+                                                          const value_compare& __comp,
+                                                          container_type&& __c)
+    : c(_VSTD::move(__c)),
+      comp(__comp)
+{
+    c.insert(c.end(), __f, __l);
+    _VSTD::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type*)
+    : c(__a)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp,
+                                                          const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type*)
+    : c(__a),
+      comp(__comp)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp,
+                                                          const container_type& __c,
+                                                          const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type*)
+    : c(__c, __a),
+      comp(__comp)
+{
+    _VSTD::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const priority_queue& __q,
+                                                          const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type*)
+    : c(__q.c, __a),
+      comp(__q.comp)
+{
+    _VSTD::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp,
+                                                          container_type&& __c,
+                                                          const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type*)
+    : c(_VSTD::move(__c), __a),
+      comp(__comp)
+{
+    _VSTD::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(priority_queue&& __q,
+                                                          const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type*)
+    : c(_VSTD::move(__q.c), __a),
+      comp(_VSTD::move(__q.comp))
+{
+    _VSTD::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::push(const value_type& __v)
+{
+    c.push_back(__v);
+    _VSTD::push_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::push(value_type&& __v)
+{
+    c.push_back(_VSTD::move(__v));
+    _VSTD::push_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::emplace(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    c.emplace_back(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    _VSTD::push_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::pop()
+{
+    _VSTD::pop_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+    c.pop_back();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::swap(priority_queue& __q)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<container_type>::value &&
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<value_compare>::value)
+{
+    using _VSTD::swap;
+    swap(c, __q.c);
+    swap(comp, __q.comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>& __x,
+     priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE uses_allocator<priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>, _Alloc>
+    : public uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>
+{
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_QUEUE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/random b/system/include/libcxx/random
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e0860e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/random
@@ -0,0 +1,6599 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- random -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_RANDOM
+#define _LIBCPP_RANDOM
+
+/*
+    random synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+// Engines
+
+template <class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+class linear_congruential_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef UIntType result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr result_type multiplier = a;
+    static constexpr result_type increment = c;
+    static constexpr result_type modulus = m;
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return c == 0u ? 1u: 0u;}
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return m - 1u;}
+    static constexpr result_type default_seed = 1u;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    explicit linear_congruential_engine(result_type s = default_seed);
+    template<class Sseq> explicit linear_congruential_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed(result_type s = default_seed);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+};
+
+template <class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+bool
+operator==(const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& x,
+           const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& y);
+
+template <class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+bool
+operator!=(const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& x,
+           const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& x);
+
+template <class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+class mersenne_twister_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef UIntType result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr size_t word_size = w;
+    static constexpr size_t state_size = n;
+    static constexpr size_t shift_size = m;
+    static constexpr size_t mask_bits = r;
+    static constexpr result_type xor_mask = a;
+    static constexpr size_t tempering_u = u;
+    static constexpr result_type tempering_d = d;
+    static constexpr size_t tempering_s = s;
+    static constexpr result_type tempering_b = b;
+    static constexpr size_t tempering_t = t;
+    static constexpr result_type tempering_c = c;
+    static constexpr size_t tempering_l = l;
+    static constexpr result_type initialization_multiplier = f;
+    static constexpr result_type min () { return 0; }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return 2^w - 1; }
+    static constexpr result_type default_seed = 5489u;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    explicit mersenne_twister_engine(result_type value = default_seed);
+    template<class Sseq> explicit mersenne_twister_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed(result_type value = default_seed);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+};
+
+template <class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& x,
+    const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& y);
+
+template <class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& x,
+    const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& x);
+
+template<class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+class subtract_with_carry_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef UIntType result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr size_t word_size = w;
+    static constexpr size_t short_lag = s;
+    static constexpr size_t long_lag = r;
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return 0; }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return m-1; }
+    static constexpr result_type default_seed = 19780503u;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(result_type value = default_seed);
+    template<class Sseq> explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed(result_type value = default_seed);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+};
+
+template<class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& x,
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& y);
+
+template<class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& x,
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& x);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+class discard_block_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef typename Engine::result_type result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr size_t block_size = p;
+    static constexpr size_t used_block = r;
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return Engine::min(); }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return Engine::max(); }
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    discard_block_engine();
+    explicit discard_block_engine(const Engine& e);
+    explicit discard_block_engine(Engine&& e);
+    explicit discard_block_engine(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> explicit discard_block_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed();
+    void seed(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+
+    // property functions
+    const Engine& base() const;
+};
+
+template<class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& x,
+    const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& y);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& x,
+    const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& x);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+class independent_bits_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef UIntType result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return 0; }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return 2^w - 1; }
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    independent_bits_engine();
+    explicit independent_bits_engine(const Engine& e);
+    explicit independent_bits_engine(Engine&& e);
+    explicit independent_bits_engine(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> explicit independent_bits_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed();
+    void seed(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()(); void discard(unsigned long long z);
+
+    // property functions
+    const Engine& base() const;
+};
+
+template<class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& x,
+    const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& y);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& x,
+    const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& x);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t k>
+class shuffle_order_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef typename Engine::result_type result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr size_t table_size = k;
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return Engine::min; }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return Engine::max; }
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    shuffle_order_engine();
+    explicit shuffle_order_engine(const Engine& e);
+    explicit shuffle_order_engine(Engine&& e);
+    explicit shuffle_order_engine(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> explicit shuffle_order_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed();
+    void seed(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+
+    // property functions
+    const Engine& base() const;
+};
+
+template<class Engine, size_t k>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& x,
+    const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& y);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t k>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& x,
+    const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t k>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t k>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& x);
+
+typedef linear_congruential_engine<uint_fast32_t, 16807, 0, 2147483647>
+                                                                   minstd_rand0;
+typedef linear_congruential_engine<uint_fast32_t, 48271, 0, 2147483647>
+                                                                    minstd_rand;
+typedef mersenne_twister_engine<uint_fast32_t, 32, 624, 397, 31,
+                                0x9908b0df,
+                                11, 0xffffffff,
+                                7,  0x9d2c5680,
+                                15, 0xefc60000,
+                                18, 1812433253>                         mt19937;
+typedef mersenne_twister_engine<uint_fast64_t, 64, 312, 156, 31,
+                                0xb5026f5aa96619e9,
+                                29, 0x5555555555555555,
+                                17, 0x71d67fffeda60000,
+                                37, 0xfff7eee000000000,
+                                43, 6364136223846793005>             mt19937_64;
+typedef subtract_with_carry_engine<uint_fast32_t, 24, 10, 24>     ranlux24_base;
+typedef subtract_with_carry_engine<uint_fast64_t, 48,  5, 12>     ranlux48_base;
+typedef discard_block_engine<ranlux24_base, 223, 23>                   ranlux24;
+typedef discard_block_engine<ranlux48_base, 389, 11>                   ranlux48;
+typedef shuffle_order_engine<minstd_rand0, 256>                         knuth_b;
+typedef minstd_rand                                       default_random_engine;
+
+// Generators
+
+class random_device
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef unsigned int result_type;
+
+    // generator characteristics
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return numeric_limits<result_type>::min(); }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return numeric_limits<result_type>::max(); }
+
+    // constructors
+    explicit random_device(const string& token = "/dev/urandom");
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+
+    // property functions
+    double entropy() const;
+
+    // no copy functions
+    random_device(const random_device& ) = delete;
+    void operator=(const random_device& ) = delete;
+};
+
+// Utilities
+
+class seed_seq
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef uint_least32_t result_type;
+
+    // constructors
+    seed_seq();
+    template<class T>
+        seed_seq(initializer_list<T> il);
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        seed_seq(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end);
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class RandomAccessIterator>
+        void generate(RandomAccessIterator begin, RandomAccessIterator end);
+
+    // property functions
+    size_t size() const;
+    template<class OutputIterator>
+        void param(OutputIterator dest) const;
+
+    // no copy functions
+    seed_seq(const seed_seq&) = delete;
+    void operator=(const seed_seq& ) = delete;
+};
+
+template<class RealType, size_t bits, class URNG>
+    RealType generate_canonical(URNG& g);
+
+// Distributions
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class uniform_int_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef uniform_int_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(IntType a = 0,
+                                    IntType b = numeric_limits<IntType>::max());
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit uniform_int_distribution(IntType a = 0,
+                                    IntType b = numeric_limits<IntType>::max());
+    explicit uniform_int_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const uniform_int_distribution& x,
+                           const uniform_int_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const uniform_int_distribution& x,
+                           const uniform_int_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const uniform_int_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               uniform_int_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class uniform_real_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef uniform_real_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(RealType a = 0,
+                            RealType b = 1);
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit uniform_real_distribution(RealType a = 0.0, RealType b = 1.0);
+    explicit uniform_real_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const uniform_real_distribution& x,
+                           const uniform_real_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const uniform_real_distribution& x,
+                           const uniform_real_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const uniform_real_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               uniform_real_distribution& x);
+};
+
+class bernoulli_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef bool result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef bernoulli_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(double p = 0.5);
+
+        double p() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit bernoulli_distribution(double p = 0.5);
+    explicit bernoulli_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    double p() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const bernoulli_distribution& x,
+                           const bernoulli_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const bernoulli_distribution& x,
+                           const bernoulli_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const bernoulli_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               bernoulli_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class binomial_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef binomial_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(IntType t = 1, double p = 0.5);
+
+        IntType t() const;
+        double p() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit binomial_distribution(IntType t = 1, double p = 0.5);
+    explicit binomial_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    IntType t() const;
+    double p() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const binomial_distribution& x,
+                           const binomial_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const binomial_distribution& x,
+                           const binomial_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const binomial_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               binomial_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class geometric_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef geometric_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(double p = 0.5);
+
+        double p() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit geometric_distribution(double p = 0.5);
+    explicit geometric_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    double p() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const geometric_distribution& x,
+                           const geometric_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const geometric_distribution& x,
+                           const geometric_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const geometric_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               geometric_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class negative_binomial_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef negative_binomial_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type k = 1, double p = 0.5);
+
+        result_type k() const;
+        double p() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit negative_binomial_distribution(result_type k = 1, double p = 0.5);
+    explicit negative_binomial_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type k() const;
+    double p() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const negative_binomial_distribution& x,
+                           const negative_binomial_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const negative_binomial_distribution& x,
+                           const negative_binomial_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const negative_binomial_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               negative_binomial_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class poisson_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef poisson_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(double mean = 1.0);
+
+        double mean() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit poisson_distribution(double mean = 1.0);
+    explicit poisson_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    double mean() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const poisson_distribution& x,
+                           const poisson_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const poisson_distribution& x,
+                           const poisson_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const poisson_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               poisson_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class exponential_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef exponential_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type lambda = 1.0);
+
+        result_type lambda() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit exponential_distribution(result_type lambda = 1.0);
+    explicit exponential_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type lambda() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const exponential_distribution& x,
+                           const exponential_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const exponential_distribution& x,
+                           const exponential_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const exponential_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               exponential_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class gamma_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef gamma_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type alpha = 1, result_type beta = 1);
+
+        result_type alpha() const;
+        result_type beta() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit gamma_distribution(result_type alpha = 1, result_type beta = 1);
+    explicit gamma_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type alpha() const;
+    result_type beta() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const gamma_distribution& x,
+                           const gamma_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const gamma_distribution& x,
+                           const gamma_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const gamma_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               gamma_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class weibull_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef weibull_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type alpha = 1, result_type beta = 1);
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit weibull_distribution(result_type a = 1, result_type b = 1);
+    explicit weibull_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const weibull_distribution& x,
+                           const weibull_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const weibull_distribution& x,
+                           const weibull_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const weibull_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               weibull_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class extreme_value_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef extreme_value_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type a = 0, result_type b = 1);
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit extreme_value_distribution(result_type a = 0, result_type b = 1);
+    explicit extreme_value_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const extreme_value_distribution& x,
+                           const extreme_value_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const extreme_value_distribution& x,
+                           const extreme_value_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const extreme_value_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               extreme_value_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class normal_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef normal_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type mean = 0, result_type stddev = 1);
+
+        result_type mean() const;
+        result_type stddev() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit normal_distribution(result_type mean = 0, result_type stddev = 1);
+    explicit normal_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type mean() const;
+    result_type stddev() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const normal_distribution& x,
+                           const normal_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const normal_distribution& x,
+                           const normal_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const normal_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               normal_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class lognormal_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef lognormal_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type m = 0, result_type s = 1);
+
+        result_type m() const;
+        result_type s() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit lognormal_distribution(result_type m = 0, result_type s = 1);
+    explicit lognormal_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type m() const;
+    result_type s() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const lognormal_distribution& x,
+                           const lognormal_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const lognormal_distribution& x,
+                           const lognormal_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const lognormal_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               lognormal_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class chi_squared_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef chi_squared_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type n = 1);
+
+        result_type n() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit chi_squared_distribution(result_type n = 1);
+    explicit chi_squared_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type n() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const chi_squared_distribution& x,
+                           const chi_squared_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const chi_squared_distribution& x,
+                           const chi_squared_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const chi_squared_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               chi_squared_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class cauchy_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef cauchy_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type a = 0, result_type b = 1);
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit cauchy_distribution(result_type a = 0, result_type b = 1);
+    explicit cauchy_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const cauchy_distribution& x,
+                           const cauchy_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const cauchy_distribution& x,
+                           const cauchy_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const cauchy_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               cauchy_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class fisher_f_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef fisher_f_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type m = 1, result_type n = 1);
+
+        result_type m() const;
+        result_type n() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit fisher_f_distribution(result_type m = 1, result_type n = 1);
+    explicit fisher_f_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type m() const;
+    result_type n() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const fisher_f_distribution& x,
+                           const fisher_f_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const fisher_f_distribution& x,
+                           const fisher_f_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const fisher_f_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               fisher_f_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class student_t_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef student_t_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type n = 1);
+
+        result_type n() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit student_t_distribution(result_type n = 1);
+    explicit student_t_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type n() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const student_t_distribution& x,
+                           const student_t_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const student_t_distribution& x,
+                           const student_t_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const student_t_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               student_t_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class discrete_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef discrete_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        param_type();
+        template<class InputIterator>
+            param_type(InputIterator firstW, InputIterator lastW);
+        param_type(initializer_list<double> wl);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(size_t nw, double xmin, double xmax, UnaryOperation fw);
+
+        vector<double> probabilities() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    discrete_distribution();
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        discrete_distribution(InputIterator firstW, InputIterator lastW);
+    discrete_distribution(initializer_list<double> wl);
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        discrete_distribution(size_t nw, double xmin, double xmax,
+                              UnaryOperation fw);
+    explicit discrete_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    vector<double> probabilities() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const discrete_distribution& x,
+                           const discrete_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const discrete_distribution& x,
+                           const discrete_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const discrete_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               discrete_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class piecewise_constant_distribution
+{
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef piecewise_constant_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        param_type();
+        template<class InputIteratorB, class InputIteratorW>
+            param_type(InputIteratorB firstB, InputIteratorB lastB,
+                       InputIteratorW firstW);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(initializer_list<result_type> bl, UnaryOperation fw);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(size_t nw, result_type xmin, result_type xmax,
+                       UnaryOperation fw);
+
+        vector<result_type> intervals() const;
+        vector<result_type> densities() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    piecewise_constant_distribution();
+    template<class InputIteratorB, class InputIteratorW>
+        piecewise_constant_distribution(InputIteratorB firstB,
+                                        InputIteratorB lastB,
+                                        InputIteratorW firstW);
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        piecewise_constant_distribution(initializer_list<result_type> bl,
+                                        UnaryOperation fw);
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        piecewise_constant_distribution(size_t nw, result_type xmin,
+                                        result_type xmax, UnaryOperation fw);
+    explicit piecewise_constant_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    vector<result_type> intervals() const;
+    vector<result_type> densities() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const piecewise_constant_distribution& x,
+                           const piecewise_constant_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const piecewise_constant_distribution& x,
+                           const piecewise_constant_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const piecewise_constant_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               piecewise_constant_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class piecewise_linear_distribution
+{
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef piecewise_linear_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        param_type();
+        template<class InputIteratorB, class InputIteratorW>
+            param_type(InputIteratorB firstB, InputIteratorB lastB,
+                       InputIteratorW firstW);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(initializer_list<result_type> bl, UnaryOperation fw);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(size_t nw, result_type xmin, result_type xmax,
+                       UnaryOperation fw);
+
+        vector<result_type> intervals() const;
+        vector<result_type> densities() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    piecewise_linear_distribution();
+    template<class InputIteratorB, class InputIteratorW>
+        piecewise_linear_distribution(InputIteratorB firstB,
+                                      InputIteratorB lastB,
+                                      InputIteratorW firstW);
+
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        piecewise_linear_distribution(initializer_list<result_type> bl,
+                                      UnaryOperation fw);
+
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        piecewise_linear_distribution(size_t nw, result_type xmin,
+                                      result_type xmax, UnaryOperation fw);
+
+    explicit piecewise_linear_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    vector<result_type> intervals() const;
+    vector<result_type> densities() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const piecewise_linear_distribution& x,
+                           const piecewise_linear_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const piecewise_linear_distribution& x,
+                           const piecewise_linear_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const piecewise_linear_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               piecewise_linear_distribution& x);
+};
+
+} // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <istream>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <cmath>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __is_seed_sequence
+
+template <class _Sseq, class _Engine>
+struct __is_seed_sequence
+{
+    static const bool value =
+              !is_convertible<_Sseq, typename _Engine::result_type>::value &&
+              !is_same<typename remove_cv<_Sseq>::type, _Engine>::value;
+};
+
+// linear_congruential_engine
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c,
+          unsigned long long __m, unsigned long long _M,
+          bool _MightOverflow = (__a != 0 && __m != 0 && __m-1 > (_M-__c)/__a)>
+struct __lce_ta;
+
+// 64
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c, unsigned long long __m>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, (unsigned long long)(~0), true>
+{
+    typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type next(result_type __x)
+    {
+        // Schrage's algorithm
+        const result_type __q = __m / __a;
+        const result_type __r = __m % __a;
+        const result_type __t0 = __a * (__x % __q);
+        const result_type __t1 = __r * (__x / __q);
+        __x = __t0 + (__t0 < __t1) * __m - __t1;
+        __x += __c - (__x >= __m - __c) * __m;
+        return __x;
+    }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __m>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, 0, __m, (unsigned long long)(~0), true>
+{
+    typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type next(result_type __x)
+    {
+        // Schrage's algorithm
+        const result_type __q = __m / __a;
+        const result_type __r = __m % __a;
+        const result_type __t0 = __a * (__x % __q);
+        const result_type __t1 = __r * (__x / __q);
+        __x = __t0 + (__t0 < __t1) * __m - __t1;
+        return __x;
+    }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c, unsigned long long __m>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, (unsigned long long)(~0), false>
+{
+    typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type next(result_type __x)
+    {
+        return (__a * __x + __c) % __m;
+    }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, 0, (unsigned long long)(~0), false>
+{
+    typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type next(result_type __x)
+    {
+        return __a * __x + __c;
+    }
+};
+
+// 32
+
+template <unsigned long long _A, unsigned long long _C, unsigned long long _M>
+struct __lce_ta<_A, _C, _M, unsigned(~0), true>
+{
+    typedef unsigned result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type next(result_type __x)
+    {
+        const result_type __a = static_cast<result_type>(_A);
+        const result_type __c = static_cast<result_type>(_C);
+        const result_type __m = static_cast<result_type>(_M);
+        // Schrage's algorithm
+        const result_type __q = __m / __a;
+        const result_type __r = __m % __a;
+        const result_type __t0 = __a * (__x % __q);
+        const result_type __t1 = __r * (__x / __q);
+        __x = __t0 + (__t0 < __t1) * __m - __t1;
+        __x += __c - (__x >= __m - __c) * __m;
+        return __x;
+    }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _A, unsigned long long _M>
+struct __lce_ta<_A, 0, _M, unsigned(~0), true>
+{
+    typedef unsigned result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type next(result_type __x)
+    {
+        const result_type __a = static_cast<result_type>(_A);
+        const result_type __m = static_cast<result_type>(_M);
+        // Schrage's algorithm
+        const result_type __q = __m / __a;
+        const result_type __r = __m % __a;
+        const result_type __t0 = __a * (__x % __q);
+        const result_type __t1 = __r * (__x / __q);
+        __x = __t0 + (__t0 < __t1) * __m - __t1;
+        return __x;
+    }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _A, unsigned long long _C, unsigned long long _M>
+struct __lce_ta<_A, _C, _M, unsigned(~0), false>
+{
+    typedef unsigned result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type next(result_type __x)
+    {
+        const result_type __a = static_cast<result_type>(_A);
+        const result_type __c = static_cast<result_type>(_C);
+        const result_type __m = static_cast<result_type>(_M);
+        return (__a * __x + __c) % __m;
+    }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _A, unsigned long long _C>
+struct __lce_ta<_A, _C, 0, unsigned(~0), false>
+{
+    typedef unsigned result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type next(result_type __x)
+    {
+        const result_type __a = static_cast<result_type>(_A);
+        const result_type __c = static_cast<result_type>(_C);
+        return __a * __x + __c;
+    }
+};
+
+// 16
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c, unsigned long long __m, bool __b>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, (unsigned short)(~0), __b>
+{
+    typedef unsigned short result_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type next(result_type __x)
+    {
+        return static_cast<result_type>(__lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, unsigned(~0)>::next(__x));
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+class linear_congruential_engine;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _U, _U _A, _U _C, _U _N>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const linear_congruential_engine<_U, _A, _C, _N>&);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _U, _U _A, _U _C, _U _N>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           linear_congruential_engine<_U, _A, _C, _N>& __x);
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE linear_congruential_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+    result_type __x_;
+
+    static const result_type _M = result_type(~0);
+
+    static_assert(__m == 0 || __a < __m, "linear_congruential_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__m == 0 || __c < __m, "linear_congruential_engine invalid parameters");
+public:
+    static const result_type _Min = __c == 0u ? 1u: 0u;
+    static const result_type _Max = __m - 1u;
+    static_assert(_Min < _Max,           "linear_congruential_engine invalid parameters");
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type multiplier = __a;
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type increment = __c;
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type modulus = __m;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type min() {return _Min;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type max() {return _Max;}
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type default_seed = 1u;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit linear_congruential_engine(result_type __s = default_seed)
+        {seed(__s);}
+    template<class _Sseq> explicit linear_congruential_engine(_Sseq& __q,
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, linear_congruential_engine>::value>::type* = 0)
+        {seed(__q);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed(result_type __s = default_seed)
+        {seed(integral_constant<bool, __m == 0>(),
+              integral_constant<bool, __c == 0>(), __s);}
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, linear_congruential_engine>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        seed(_Sseq& __q)
+            {__seed(__q, integral_constant<unsigned,
+                1 + (__m == 0 ? (sizeof(result_type) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1)/32
+                             :  (__m-1) / 0x100000000ull)>());}
+
+    // generating functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator()()
+        {return __x_ = static_cast<result_type>(__lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, _M>::next(__x_));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void discard(unsigned long long __z) {for (; __z; --__z) operator()();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const linear_congruential_engine& __x,
+                    const linear_congruential_engine& __y)
+        {return __x.__x_ == __y.__x_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const linear_congruential_engine& __x,
+                    const linear_congruential_engine& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+private:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed(true_type, true_type, result_type __s) {__x_ = __s == 0 ? 1 : __s;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed(true_type, false_type, result_type __s) {__x_ = __s;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed(false_type, true_type, result_type __s) {__x_ = __s % __m == 0 ?
+                                                                 1 : __s % __m;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed(false_type, false_type, result_type __s) {__x_ = __s % __m;}
+
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>);
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _U, _U _A, _U _C, _U _N>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const linear_congruential_engine<_U, _A, _C, _N>&);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _U, _U _A, _U _C, _U _N>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               linear_congruential_engine<_U, _A, _C, _N>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+template<class _Sseq>
+void
+linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::__seed(_Sseq& __q,
+                                                 integral_constant<unsigned, 1>)
+{
+    const unsigned __k = 1;
+    uint32_t __ar[__k+3];
+    __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __k + 3);
+    result_type __s = static_cast<result_type>(__ar[3] % __m);
+    __x_ = __c == 0 && __s == 0 ? result_type(1) : __s;
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+template<class _Sseq>
+void
+linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::__seed(_Sseq& __q,
+                                                 integral_constant<unsigned, 2>)
+{
+    const unsigned __k = 2;
+    uint32_t __ar[__k+3];
+    __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __k + 3);
+    result_type __s = static_cast<result_type>((__ar[3] +
+                                                (uint64_t)__ar[4] << 32) % __m);
+    __x_ = __c == 0 && __s == 0 ? result_type(1) : __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __save_flags
+{
+    typedef basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits> __stream_type;
+    typedef typename __stream_type::fmtflags fmtflags;
+
+    __stream_type& __stream_;
+    fmtflags       __fmtflags_;
+    _CharT         __fill_;
+
+    __save_flags(const __save_flags&);
+    __save_flags& operator=(const __save_flags&);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __save_flags(__stream_type& __stream)
+        : __stream_(__stream),
+          __fmtflags_(__stream.flags()),
+          __fill_(__stream.fill())
+        {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ~__save_flags()
+    {
+        __stream_.flags(__fmtflags_);
+        __stream_.fill(__fill_);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left);
+    __os.fill(__os.widen(' '));
+    return __os << __x.__x_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    _UIntType __t;
+    __is >> __t;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.__x_ = __t;
+    return __is;
+}
+
+typedef linear_congruential_engine<uint_fast32_t, 16807, 0, 2147483647>
+                                                                   minstd_rand0;
+typedef linear_congruential_engine<uint_fast32_t, 48271, 0, 2147483647>
+                                                                    minstd_rand;
+typedef minstd_rand                                       default_random_engine;
+// mersenne_twister_engine
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __n, size_t __m, size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a, size_t __u, _UIntType __d, size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b, size_t __t, _UIntType __c, size_t __l, _UIntType __f>
+class mersenne_twister_engine;
+
+template <class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+          _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+          _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+bool
+operator==(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __y);
+
+template <class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+          _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+          _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+bool
+operator!=(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __y);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+          _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+          _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+          _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+          _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                   _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x);
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __n, size_t __m, size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a, size_t __u, _UIntType __d, size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b, size_t __t, _UIntType __c, size_t __l, _UIntType __f>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE mersenne_twister_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+    result_type __x_[__n];
+    size_t      __i_;
+
+    static_assert(  0 <  __m, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__m <= __n, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static const result_type _Dt = numeric_limits<result_type>::digits;
+    static_assert(__w <= _Dt, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(  2 <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__r <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__u <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__s <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__t <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__l <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+public:
+    static const result_type _Min = 0;
+    static const result_type _Max = __w == _Dt ? result_type(~0) :
+                                   (result_type(1) << __w) - result_type(1);
+    static_assert(_Min < _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__a <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__b <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__c <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__d <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__f <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t word_size = __w;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t state_size = __n;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t shift_size = __m;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t mask_bits = __r;
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type xor_mask = __a;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t tempering_u = __u;
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type tempering_d = __d;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t tempering_s = __s;
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type tempering_b = __b;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t tempering_t = __t;
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type tempering_c = __c;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t tempering_l = __l;
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type initialization_multiplier = __f;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type min() { return _Min; }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type max() { return _Max; }
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type default_seed = 5489u;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit mersenne_twister_engine(result_type __sd = default_seed)
+        {seed(__sd);}
+    template<class _Sseq> explicit mersenne_twister_engine(_Sseq& __q,
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, mersenne_twister_engine>::value>::type* = 0)
+        {seed(__q);}
+    void seed(result_type __sd = default_seed);
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, mersenne_twister_engine>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        seed(_Sseq& __q)
+            {__seed(__q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1 + (__w - 1) / 32>());}
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void discard(unsigned long long __z) {for (; __z; --__z) operator()();}
+
+    template <class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+              _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+              _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator==(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                             _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x,
+               const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                             _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __y);
+
+    template <class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+              _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+              _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator!=(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                             _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x,
+               const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                             _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __y);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+              _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+              _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                             _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+              _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+              _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                       _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x);
+private:
+
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>);
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>);
+
+    template <size_t __count>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __count < __w,
+            result_type
+        >::type
+        __lshift(result_type __x) {return (__x << __count) & _Max;}
+
+    template <size_t __count>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            (__count >= __w),
+            result_type
+        >::type
+        __lshift(result_type __x) {return result_type(0);}
+
+    template <size_t __count>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __count < _Dt,
+            result_type
+        >::type
+        __rshift(result_type __x) {return __x >> __count;}
+
+    template <size_t __count>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            (__count >= _Dt),
+            result_type
+        >::type
+        __rshift(result_type __x) {return result_type(0);}
+};
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __n, size_t __m, size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a, size_t __u, _UIntType __d, size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b, size_t __t, _UIntType __c, size_t __l, _UIntType __f>
+void
+mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b,
+    __t, __c, __l, __f>::seed(result_type __sd)
+{   // __w >= 2
+    __x_[0] = __sd & _Max;
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __x_[__i] = (__f * (__x_[__i-1] ^ __rshift<__w - 2>(__x_[__i-1])) + __i) & _Max;
+    __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __n, size_t __m, size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a, size_t __u, _UIntType __d, size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b, size_t __t, _UIntType __c, size_t __l, _UIntType __f>
+template<class _Sseq>
+void
+mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b,
+    __t, __c, __l, __f>::__seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>)
+{
+    const unsigned __k = 1;
+    uint32_t __ar[__n * __k];
+    __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __n * __k);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>(__ar[__i] & _Max);
+    const result_type __mask = __r == _Dt ? result_type(~0) :
+                                       (result_type(1) << __r) - result_type(1);
+    __i_ = 0;
+    if ((__x_[0] & ~__mask) == 0)
+    {
+        for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+            if (__x_[__i] != 0)
+                return;
+        __x_[0] = _Max;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __n, size_t __m, size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a, size_t __u, _UIntType __d, size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b, size_t __t, _UIntType __c, size_t __l, _UIntType __f>
+template<class _Sseq>
+void
+mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b,
+    __t, __c, __l, __f>::__seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>)
+{
+    const unsigned __k = 2;
+    uint32_t __ar[__n * __k];
+    __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __n * __k);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>(
+            (__ar[2 * __i] + ((uint64_t)__ar[2 * __i + 1] << 32)) & _Max);
+    const result_type __mask = __r == _Dt ? result_type(~0) :
+                                       (result_type(1) << __r) - result_type(1);
+    __i_ = 0;
+    if ((__x_[0] & ~__mask) == 0)
+    {
+        for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+            if (__x_[__i] != 0)
+                return;
+        __x_[0] = _Max;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __n, size_t __m, size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a, size_t __u, _UIntType __d, size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b, size_t __t, _UIntType __c, size_t __l, _UIntType __f>
+_UIntType
+mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b,
+    __t, __c, __l, __f>::operator()()
+{
+    const size_t __j = (__i_ + 1) % __n;
+    const result_type __mask = __r == _Dt ? result_type(~0) :
+                                       (result_type(1) << __r) - result_type(1);
+    const result_type _Y = (__x_[__i_] & ~__mask) | (__x_[__j] & __mask);
+    const size_t __k = (__i_ + __m) % __n;
+    __x_[__i_] = __x_[__k] ^ __rshift<1>(_Y) ^ (__a * (_Y & 1));
+    result_type __z = __x_[__i_] ^ (__rshift<__u>(__x_[__i_]) & __d);
+    __i_ = __j;
+    __z ^= __lshift<__s>(__z) & __b;
+    __z ^= __lshift<__t>(__z) & __c;
+    return __z ^ __rshift<__l>(__z);
+}
+
+template <class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+          _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+          _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+bool
+operator==(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.__i_ == __y.__i_)
+        return _VSTD::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + _N, __y.__x_);
+    if (__x.__i_ == 0 || __y.__i_ == 0)
+    {
+        size_t __j = _VSTD::min(_N - __x.__i_, _N - __y.__i_);
+        if (!_VSTD::equal(__x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __x.__x_ + __x.__i_ + __j,
+                         __y.__x_ + __y.__i_))
+            return false;
+        if (__x.__i_ == 0)
+            return _VSTD::equal(__x.__x_ + __j, __x.__x_ + _N, __y.__x_);
+        return _VSTD::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + (_N - __j), __y.__x_ + __j);
+    }
+    if (__x.__i_ < __y.__i_)
+    {
+        size_t __j = _N - __y.__i_;
+        if (!_VSTD::equal(__x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __x.__x_ + (__x.__i_ + __j),
+                         __y.__x_ + __y.__i_))
+            return false;
+        if (!_VSTD::equal(__x.__x_ + (__x.__i_ + __j), __x.__x_ + _N,
+                         __y.__x_))
+            return false;
+        return _VSTD::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + __x.__i_,
+                           __y.__x_ + (_N - (__x.__i_ + __j)));
+    }
+    size_t __j = _N - __x.__i_;
+    if (!_VSTD::equal(__y.__x_ + __y.__i_, __y.__x_ + (__y.__i_ + __j),
+                     __x.__x_ + __x.__i_))
+        return false;
+    if (!_VSTD::equal(__y.__x_ + (__y.__i_ + __j), __y.__x_ + _N,
+                     __x.__x_))
+        return false;
+    return _VSTD::equal(__y.__x_, __y.__x_ + __y.__i_,
+                       __x.__x_ + (_N - (__y.__i_ + __j)));
+}
+
+template <class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+          _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+          _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+          _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+          _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                         _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    __os << __x.__x_[__x.__i_];
+    for (size_t __j = __x.__i_ + 1; __j < _N; ++__j)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__x_[__j];
+    for (size_t __j = 0; __j < __x.__i_; ++__j)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__x_[__j];
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _N, size_t _M, size_t _R,
+          _UI _A, size_t _U, _UI _D, size_t _S,
+          _UI _B, size_t _T, _UI _C, size_t _L, _UI _F>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           mersenne_twister_engine<_UI, _W, _N, _M, _R, _A, _U, _D, _S,
+                                   _B, _T, _C, _L, _F>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    _UI __t[_N];
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _N; ++__i)
+        __is >> __t[__i];
+    if (!__is.fail())
+    {
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _N; ++__i)
+            __x.__x_[__i] = __t[__i];
+        __x.__i_ = 0;
+    }
+    return __is;
+}
+
+typedef mersenne_twister_engine<uint_fast32_t, 32, 624, 397, 31,
+                                0x9908b0df, 11, 0xffffffff,
+                                7,  0x9d2c5680,
+                                15, 0xefc60000,
+                                18, 1812433253>                         mt19937;
+typedef mersenne_twister_engine<uint_fast64_t, 64, 312, 156, 31,
+                                0xb5026f5aa96619e9ULL, 29, 0x5555555555555555ULL,
+                                17, 0x71d67fffeda60000ULL,
+                                37, 0xfff7eee000000000ULL,
+                                43, 6364136223846793005ULL>          mt19937_64;
+
+// subtract_with_carry_engine
+
+template<class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+class subtract_with_carry_engine;
+
+template<class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x,
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __y);
+
+template<class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x,
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __y);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x);
+
+template<class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE subtract_with_carry_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+    result_type __x_[__r];
+    result_type  __c_;
+    size_t      __i_;
+
+    static const result_type _Dt = numeric_limits<result_type>::digits;
+    static_assert(  0 <  __w, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__w <= _Dt, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(  0 <  __s, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__s <  __r, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+public:
+    static const result_type _Min = 0;
+    static const result_type _Max = __w == _Dt ? result_type(~0) :
+                                   (result_type(1) << __w) - result_type(1);
+    static_assert(_Min < _Max, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t word_size = __w;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t short_lag = __s;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t long_lag = __r;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type min() { return _Min; }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type max() { return _Max; }
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type default_seed = 19780503u;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(result_type __sd = default_seed)
+        {seed(__sd);}
+    template<class _Sseq> explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(_Sseq& __q,
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, subtract_with_carry_engine>::value>::type* = 0)
+        {seed(__q);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed(result_type __sd = default_seed)
+        {seed(__sd, integral_constant<unsigned, 1 + (__w - 1) / 32>());}
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, subtract_with_carry_engine>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        seed(_Sseq& __q)
+            {__seed(__q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1 + (__w - 1) / 32>());}
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void discard(unsigned long long __z) {for (; __z; --__z) operator()();}
+
+    template<class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator==(
+        const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x,
+        const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __y);
+
+    template<class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator!=(
+        const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x,
+        const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __y);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x);
+
+private:
+
+    void seed(result_type __sd, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>);
+    void seed(result_type __sd, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>);
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>);
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>);
+};
+
+template<class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+void
+subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::seed(result_type __sd,
+        integral_constant<unsigned, 1>)
+{
+    linear_congruential_engine<result_type, 40014u, 0u, 2147483563u>
+        __e(__sd == 0u ? default_seed : __sd);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __r; ++__i)
+        __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>(__e() & _Max);
+    __c_ = __x_[__r-1] == 0;
+    __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+void
+subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::seed(result_type __sd,
+        integral_constant<unsigned, 2>)
+{
+    linear_congruential_engine<result_type, 40014u, 0u, 2147483563u>
+        __e(__sd == 0u ? default_seed : __sd);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __r; ++__i)
+    {
+        result_type __e0 = __e();
+        __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>(
+                                    (__e0 + ((uint64_t)__e() << 32)) & _Max);
+    }
+    __c_ = __x_[__r-1] == 0;
+    __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+template<class _Sseq>
+void
+subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::__seed(_Sseq& __q,
+        integral_constant<unsigned, 1>)
+{
+    const unsigned __k = 1;
+    uint32_t __ar[__r * __k];
+    __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __r * __k);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __r; ++__i)
+        __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>(__ar[__i] & _Max);
+    __c_ = __x_[__r-1] == 0;
+    __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+template<class _Sseq>
+void
+subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::__seed(_Sseq& __q,
+        integral_constant<unsigned, 2>)
+{
+    const unsigned __k = 2;
+    uint32_t __ar[__r * __k];
+    __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __r * __k);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __r; ++__i)
+        __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>(
+                  (__ar[2 * __i] + ((uint64_t)__ar[2 * __i + 1] << 32)) & _Max);
+    __c_ = __x_[__r-1] == 0;
+    __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+_UIntType
+subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::operator()()
+{
+    const result_type& __xs = __x_[(__i_ + (__r - __s)) % __r];
+    result_type& __xr = __x_[__i_];
+    result_type __new_c = __c_ == 0 ? __xs < __xr : __xs != 0 ? __xs <= __xr : 1;
+    __xr = (__xs - __xr - __c_) & _Max;
+    __c_ = __new_c;
+    __i_ = (__i_ + 1) % __r;
+    return __xr;
+}
+
+template<class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x,
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.__c_ != __y.__c_)
+        return false;
+    if (__x.__i_ == __y.__i_)
+        return _VSTD::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + _R, __y.__x_);
+    if (__x.__i_ == 0 || __y.__i_ == 0)
+    {
+        size_t __j = _VSTD::min(_R - __x.__i_, _R - __y.__i_);
+        if (!_VSTD::equal(__x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __x.__x_ + __x.__i_ + __j,
+                         __y.__x_ + __y.__i_))
+            return false;
+        if (__x.__i_ == 0)
+            return _VSTD::equal(__x.__x_ + __j, __x.__x_ + _R, __y.__x_);
+        return _VSTD::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + (_R - __j), __y.__x_ + __j);
+    }
+    if (__x.__i_ < __y.__i_)
+    {
+        size_t __j = _R - __y.__i_;
+        if (!_VSTD::equal(__x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __x.__x_ + (__x.__i_ + __j),
+                         __y.__x_ + __y.__i_))
+            return false;
+        if (!_VSTD::equal(__x.__x_ + (__x.__i_ + __j), __x.__x_ + _R,
+                         __y.__x_))
+            return false;
+        return _VSTD::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + __x.__i_,
+                           __y.__x_ + (_R - (__x.__i_ + __j)));
+    }
+    size_t __j = _R - __x.__i_;
+    if (!_VSTD::equal(__y.__x_ + __y.__i_, __y.__x_ + (__y.__i_ + __j),
+                     __x.__x_ + __x.__i_))
+        return false;
+    if (!_VSTD::equal(__y.__x_ + (__y.__i_ + __j), __y.__x_ + _R,
+                     __x.__x_))
+        return false;
+    return _VSTD::equal(__y.__x_, __y.__x_ + __y.__i_,
+                       __x.__x_ + (_R - (__y.__i_ + __j)));
+}
+
+template<class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x,
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    __os << __x.__x_[__x.__i_];
+    for (size_t __j = __x.__i_ + 1; __j < _R; ++__j)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__x_[__j];
+    for (size_t __j = 0; __j < __x.__i_; ++__j)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__x_[__j];
+    __os << __sp << __x.__c_;
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _UI, size_t _W, size_t _S, size_t _R>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           subtract_with_carry_engine<_UI, _W, _S, _R>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    _UI __t[_R+1];
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _R+1; ++__i)
+        __is >> __t[__i];
+    if (!__is.fail())
+    {
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _R; ++__i)
+            __x.__x_[__i] = __t[__i];
+        __x.__c_ = __t[_R];
+        __x.__i_ = 0;
+    }
+    return __is;
+}
+
+typedef subtract_with_carry_engine<uint_fast32_t, 24, 10, 24>     ranlux24_base;
+typedef subtract_with_carry_engine<uint_fast64_t, 48,  5, 12>     ranlux48_base;
+
+// discard_block_engine
+
+template<class _Engine, size_t __p, size_t __r>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE discard_block_engine
+{
+    _Engine __e_;
+    int     __n_;
+
+    static_assert(  0 <  __r, "discard_block_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__r <= __p, "discard_block_engine invalid parameters");
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef typename _Engine::result_type result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t block_size = __p;
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t used_block = __r;
+
+    // Temporary work around for lack of constexpr
+    static const result_type _Min = _Engine::_Min;
+    static const result_type _Max = _Engine::_Max;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type min() { return _Engine::min(); }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type max() { return _Engine::max(); }
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    discard_block_engine() : __n_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit discard_block_engine(const _Engine& __e)
+        : __e_(__e), __n_(0) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit discard_block_engine(_Engine&& __e)
+        : __e_(_VSTD::move(__e)), __n_(0) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit discard_block_engine(result_type __sd) : __e_(__sd), __n_(0) {}
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit discard_block_engine(_Sseq& __q,
+        typename enable_if<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, discard_block_engine>::value &&
+                           !is_convertible<_Sseq, _Engine>::value>::type* = 0)
+        : __e_(__q), __n_(0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed() {__e_.seed(); __n_ = 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed(result_type __sd) {__e_.seed(__sd); __n_ = 0;}
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, discard_block_engine>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        seed(_Sseq& __q) {__e_.seed(__q); __n_ = 0;}
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void discard(unsigned long long __z) {for (; __z; --__z) operator()();}
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _Engine& base() const {return __e_;}
+
+    template<class _Eng, size_t _P, size_t _R>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator==(
+        const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __x,
+        const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __y);
+
+    template<class _Eng, size_t _P, size_t _R>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator!=(
+        const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __x,
+        const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __y);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _Eng, size_t _P, size_t _R>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _Eng, size_t _P, size_t _R>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __x);
+};
+
+template<class _Engine, size_t __p, size_t __r>
+typename discard_block_engine<_Engine, __p, __r>::result_type
+discard_block_engine<_Engine, __p, __r>::operator()()
+{
+    if (__n_ >= __r)
+    {
+        __e_.discard(__p - __r);
+        __n_ = 0;
+    }
+    ++__n_;
+    return __e_();
+}
+
+template<class _Eng, size_t _P, size_t _R>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __x,
+           const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.__n_ == __y.__n_ && __x.__e_ == __y.__e_;
+}
+
+template<class _Eng, size_t _P, size_t _R>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __x,
+           const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _Eng, size_t _P, size_t _R>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    return __os << __x.__e_ << __sp << __x.__n_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _Eng, size_t _P, size_t _R>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           discard_block_engine<_Eng, _P, _R>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    _Eng __e;
+    int __n;
+    __is >> __e >> __n;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+    {
+        __x.__e_ = __e;
+        __x.__n_ = __n;
+    }
+    return __is;
+}
+
+typedef discard_block_engine<ranlux24_base, 223, 23> ranlux24;
+typedef discard_block_engine<ranlux48_base, 389, 11> ranlux48;
+
+// independent_bits_engine
+
+template<class _Engine, size_t __w, class _UIntType>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE independent_bits_engine
+{
+    template <class _UI, _UI _R0, size_t _W, size_t _M>
+    class __get_n
+    {
+        static const size_t _Dt = numeric_limits<_UI>::digits;
+        static const size_t _N = _W / _M + (_W % _M != 0);
+        static const size_t _W0 = _W / _N;
+        static const _UI _Y0 = _W0 >= _Dt ? 0 : (_R0 >> _W0) << _W0;
+    public:
+        static const size_t value = _R0 - _Y0 > _Y0 / _N ? _N + 1 : _N;
+    };
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+    _Engine __e_;
+
+    static const result_type _Dt = numeric_limits<result_type>::digits;
+    static_assert(  0 <  __w, "independent_bits_engine invalid parameters");
+    static_assert(__w <= _Dt, "independent_bits_engine invalid parameters");
+
+    typedef typename _Engine::result_type _Engine_result_type;
+    typedef typename conditional
+        <
+            sizeof(_Engine_result_type) <= sizeof(result_type),
+                result_type,
+                _Engine_result_type
+        >::type _Working_result_type;
+    // Temporary work around for lack of constexpr
+    static const _Working_result_type _R = _Engine::_Max - _Engine::_Min
+                                                         + _Working_result_type(1);
+    static const size_t __m = __log2<_Working_result_type, _R>::value;
+    static const size_t __n = __get_n<_Working_result_type, _R, __w, __m>::value;
+    static const size_t __w0 = __w / __n;
+    static const size_t __n0 = __n - __w % __n;
+    static const size_t _WDt = numeric_limits<_Working_result_type>::digits;
+    static const size_t _EDt = numeric_limits<_Engine_result_type>::digits;
+    static const _Working_result_type __y0 = __w0 >= _WDt ? 0 :
+                                                   (_R >> __w0) << __w0;
+    static const _Working_result_type __y1 = __w0 >= _WDt - 1 ? 0 :
+                                                   (_R >> (__w0+1)) << (__w0+1);
+    static const _Engine_result_type __mask0 = __w0 > 0 ?
+                                _Engine_result_type(~0) >> (_EDt - __w0) :
+                                _Engine_result_type(0);
+    static const _Engine_result_type __mask1 = __w0 < _EDt - 1 ?
+                                _Engine_result_type(~0) >> (_EDt - (__w0 + 1)) :
+                                _Engine_result_type(~0);
+public:
+    static const result_type _Min = 0;
+    static const result_type _Max = __w == _Dt ? result_type(~0) :
+                                   (result_type(1) << __w) - result_type(1);
+    static_assert(_Min < _Max, "independent_bits_engine invalid parameters");
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type min() { return _Min; }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type max() { return _Max; }
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    independent_bits_engine() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit independent_bits_engine(const _Engine& __e)
+        : __e_(__e) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit independent_bits_engine(_Engine&& __e)
+        : __e_(_VSTD::move(__e)) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit independent_bits_engine(result_type __sd) : __e_(__sd) {}
+    template<class _Sseq> explicit independent_bits_engine(_Sseq& __q,
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, independent_bits_engine>::value &&
+                           !is_convertible<_Sseq, _Engine>::value>::type* = 0)
+         : __e_(__q) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed() {__e_.seed();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed(result_type __sd) {__e_.seed(__sd);}
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, independent_bits_engine>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        seed(_Sseq& __q) {__e_.seed(__q);}
+
+    // generating functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator()() {return __eval(integral_constant<bool, _R != 0>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void discard(unsigned long long __z) {for (; __z; --__z) operator()();}
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _Engine& base() const {return __e_;}
+
+    template<class _Eng, size_t _W, class _UI>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator==(
+        const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __x,
+        const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __y);
+
+    template<class _Eng, size_t _W, class _UI>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator!=(
+        const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __x,
+        const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __y);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _Eng, size_t _W, class _UI>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _Eng, size_t _W, class _UI>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __x);
+
+private:
+    result_type __eval(false_type);
+    result_type __eval(true_type);
+
+    template <size_t __count>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __count < _Dt,
+            result_type
+        >::type
+        __lshift(result_type __x) {return __x << __count;}
+
+    template <size_t __count>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        static
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            (__count >= _Dt),
+            result_type
+        >::type
+        __lshift(result_type __x) {return result_type(0);}
+};
+
+template<class _Engine, size_t __w, class _UIntType>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_UIntType
+independent_bits_engine<_Engine, __w, _UIntType>::__eval(false_type)
+{
+    return static_cast<result_type>(__e_() & __mask0);
+}
+
+template<class _Engine, size_t __w, class _UIntType>
+_UIntType
+independent_bits_engine<_Engine, __w, _UIntType>::__eval(true_type)
+{
+    result_type _S = 0;
+    for (size_t __k = 0; __k < __n0; ++__k)
+    {
+        _Engine_result_type __u;
+        do
+        {
+            __u = __e_() - _Engine::min();
+        } while (__u >= __y0);
+        _S = static_cast<result_type>(__lshift<__w0>(_S) + (__u & __mask0));
+    }
+    for (size_t __k = __n0; __k < __n; ++__k)
+    {
+        _Engine_result_type __u;
+        do
+        {
+            __u = __e_() - _Engine::min();
+        } while (__u >= __y1);
+        _S = static_cast<result_type>(__lshift<__w0+1>(_S) + (__u & __mask1));
+    }
+    return _S;
+}
+
+template<class _Eng, size_t _W, class _UI>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(
+    const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __x,
+    const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+template<class _Eng, size_t _W, class _UI>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __x,
+    const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _Eng, size_t _W, class _UI>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __x)
+{
+    return __os << __x.base();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _Eng, size_t _W, class _UI>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _W, _UI>& __x)
+{
+    _Eng __e;
+    __is >> __e;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.__e_ = __e;
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// shuffle_order_engine
+
+template <uint64_t _Xp, uint64_t _Yp>
+struct __ugcd
+{
+    static const uint64_t value = __ugcd<_Yp, _Xp % _Yp>::value;
+};
+
+template <uint64_t _Xp>
+struct __ugcd<_Xp, 0>
+{
+    static const uint64_t value = _Xp;
+};
+
+template <uint64_t _N, uint64_t _D>
+class __uratio
+{
+    static_assert(_D != 0, "__uratio divide by 0");
+    static const uint64_t __gcd = __ugcd<_N, _D>::value;
+public:
+    static const uint64_t num = _N / __gcd;
+    static const uint64_t den = _D / __gcd;
+
+    typedef __uratio<num, den> type;
+};
+
+template<class _Engine, size_t __k>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE shuffle_order_engine
+{
+    static_assert(0 < __k, "shuffle_order_engine invalid parameters");
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef typename _Engine::result_type result_type;
+
+private:
+    _Engine __e_;
+    result_type _V_[__k];
+    result_type _Y_;
+
+public:
+    // engine characteristics
+    static const/*expr*/ size_t table_size = __k;
+
+    static const result_type _Min = _Engine::_Min;
+    static const result_type _Max = _Engine::_Max;
+    static_assert(_Min < _Max, "shuffle_order_engine invalid parameters");
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type min() { return _Min; }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type max() { return _Max; }
+
+    static const unsigned long long _R = _Max - _Min + 1ull;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    shuffle_order_engine() {__init();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit shuffle_order_engine(const _Engine& __e)
+        : __e_(__e) {__init();}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit shuffle_order_engine(_Engine&& __e)
+        : __e_(_VSTD::move(__e)) {__init();}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit shuffle_order_engine(result_type __sd) : __e_(__sd) {__init();}
+    template<class _Sseq> explicit shuffle_order_engine(_Sseq& __q,
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, shuffle_order_engine>::value &&
+                           !is_convertible<_Sseq, _Engine>::value>::type* = 0)
+         : __e_(__q) {__init();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed() {__e_.seed(); __init();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void seed(result_type __sd) {__e_.seed(__sd); __init();}
+    template<class _Sseq>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, shuffle_order_engine>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        seed(_Sseq& __q) {__e_.seed(__q); __init();}
+
+    // generating functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator()() {return __eval(integral_constant<bool, _R != 0>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void discard(unsigned long long __z) {for (; __z; --__z) operator()();}
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _Engine& base() const {return __e_;}
+
+private:
+    template<class _Eng, size_t _K>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator==(
+        const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __x,
+        const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __y);
+
+    template<class _Eng, size_t _K>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator!=(
+        const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __x,
+        const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __y);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _Eng, size_t _K>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+              class _Eng, size_t _K>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __x);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __init()
+    {
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __k; ++__i)
+            _V_[__i] = __e_();
+        _Y_ = __e_();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type __eval(false_type) {return __eval2(integral_constant<bool, __k & 1>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type __eval(true_type) {return __eval(__uratio<__k, _R>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type __eval2(false_type) {return __eval(__uratio<__k/2, 0x8000000000000000ull>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type __eval2(true_type) {return __evalf<__k, 0>();}
+
+    template <uint64_t _N, uint64_t _D>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            (__uratio<_N, _D>::num > 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFull / (_Max - _Min)),
+            result_type
+        >::type
+        __eval(__uratio<_N, _D>)
+            {return __evalf<__uratio<_N, _D>::num, __uratio<_N, _D>::den>();}
+
+    template <uint64_t _N, uint64_t _D>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __uratio<_N, _D>::num <= 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFull / (_Max - _Min),
+            result_type
+        >::type
+        __eval(__uratio<_N, _D>)
+        {
+            const size_t __j = static_cast<size_t>(__uratio<_N, _D>::num * (_Y_ - _Min)
+                                                   / __uratio<_N, _D>::den);
+            _Y_ = _V_[__j];
+            _V_[__j] = __e_();
+            return _Y_;
+        }
+
+    template <uint64_t __n, uint64_t __d>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type __evalf()
+        {
+            const double _F = __d == 0 ?
+                __n / (2. * 0x8000000000000000ull) :
+                __n / (double)__d;
+            const size_t __j = static_cast<size_t>(_F * (_Y_ - _Min));
+            _Y_ = _V_[__j];
+            _V_[__j] = __e_();
+            return _Y_;
+        }
+};
+
+template<class _Eng, size_t _K>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __x,
+    const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __y)
+{
+    return __x._Y_ == __y._Y_ && _VSTD::equal(__x._V_, __x._V_ + _K, __y._V_) &&
+           __x.__e_ == __y.__e_;
+}
+
+template<class _Eng, size_t _K>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __x,
+    const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _Eng, size_t _K>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    __os << __x.__e_ << __sp << __x._V_[0];
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i < _K; ++__i)
+        __os << __sp << __x._V_[__i];
+    return __os << __sp << __x._Y_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits,
+          class _Eng, size_t _K>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _K>::result_type result_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    _Eng __e;
+    result_type _V[_K+1];
+    __is >> __e;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _K+1; ++__i)
+        __is >> _V[__i];
+    if (!__is.fail())
+    {
+        __x.__e_ = __e;
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _K; ++__i)
+            __x._V_[__i] = _V[__i];
+        __x._Y_ = _V[_K];
+    }
+    return __is;
+}
+
+typedef shuffle_order_engine<minstd_rand0, 256>                         knuth_b;
+
+// random_device
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE random_device
+{
+    int __f_;
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef unsigned result_type;
+
+    // generator characteristics
+    static const result_type _Min = 0;
+    static const result_type _Max = 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type min() { return _Min;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const/*expr*/ result_type max() { return _Max;}
+
+    // constructors
+    explicit random_device(const string& __token = "/dev/urandom");
+    ~random_device();
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+
+    // property functions
+    double entropy() const;
+
+private:
+    // no copy functions
+    random_device(const random_device&); // = delete;
+    random_device& operator=(const random_device&); // = delete;
+};
+
+// seed_seq
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE seed_seq
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef uint32_t result_type;
+
+private:
+    vector<result_type> __v_;
+
+    template<class _InputIterator>
+        void init(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+public:
+    // constructors
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    seed_seq() {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    template<class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        seed_seq(initializer_list<_Tp> __il) {init(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    template<class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        seed_seq(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+             {init(__first, __last);}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _RandomAccessIterator>
+        void generate(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __v_.size();}
+    template<class _OutputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void param(_OutputIterator __dest) const
+            {_VSTD::copy(__v_.begin(), __v_.end(), __dest);}
+
+private:
+    // no copy functions
+    seed_seq(const seed_seq&); // = delete;
+    void operator=(const seed_seq&); // = delete;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static result_type _T(result_type __x) {return __x ^ (__x >> 27);}
+};
+
+template<class _InputIterator>
+void
+seed_seq::init(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (_InputIterator __s = __first; __s != __last; ++__s)
+        __v_.push_back(*__s & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+}
+
+template<class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void
+seed_seq::generate(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _VSTD::fill(__first, __last, 0x8b8b8b8b);
+        const size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+        const size_t __s = __v_.size();
+        const size_t __t = (__n >= 623) ? 11
+                         : (__n >= 68) ? 7
+                         : (__n >= 39) ? 5
+                         : (__n >= 7)  ? 3
+                         : (__n - 1) / 2;
+        const size_t __p = (__n - __t) / 2;
+        const size_t __q = __p + __t;
+        const size_t __m = _VSTD::max(__s + 1, __n);
+        // __k = 0;
+        {
+            result_type __r = 1664525 * _T(__first[0] ^ __first[__p]
+                                                      ^  __first[__n - 1]);
+            __first[__p] += __r;
+            __r += __s;
+            __first[__q] += __r;
+            __first[0] = __r;
+        }
+        for (size_t __k = 1; __k <= __s; ++__k)
+        {
+            const size_t __kmodn = __k % __n;
+            const size_t __kpmodn = (__k + __p) % __n;
+            result_type __r = 1664525 * _T(__first[__kmodn] ^ __first[__kpmodn]
+                                           ^ __first[(__k - 1) % __n]);
+            __first[__kpmodn] += __r;
+            __r +=  __kmodn + __v_[__k-1];
+            __first[(__k + __q) % __n] += __r;
+            __first[__kmodn] = __r;
+        }
+        for (size_t __k = __s + 1; __k < __m; ++__k)
+        {
+            const size_t __kmodn = __k % __n;
+            const size_t __kpmodn = (__k + __p) % __n;
+            result_type __r = 1664525 * _T(__first[__kmodn] ^ __first[__kpmodn]
+                                           ^ __first[(__k - 1) % __n]);
+            __first[__kpmodn] += __r;
+            __r +=  __kmodn;
+            __first[(__k + __q) % __n] += __r;
+            __first[__kmodn] = __r;
+        }
+        for (size_t __k = __m; __k < __m + __n; ++__k)
+        {
+            const size_t __kmodn = __k % __n;
+            const size_t __kpmodn = (__k + __p) % __n;
+            result_type __r = 1566083941 * _T(__first[__kmodn] +
+                                              __first[__kpmodn] +
+                                              __first[(__k - 1) % __n]);
+            __first[__kpmodn] ^= __r;
+            __r -= __kmodn;
+            __first[(__k + __q) % __n] ^= __r;
+            __first[__kmodn] = __r;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// generate_canonical
+
+template<class _RealType, size_t __bits, class _URNG>
+_RealType
+generate_canonical(_URNG& __g)
+{
+    const size_t _Dt = numeric_limits<_RealType>::digits;
+    const size_t __b = _Dt < __bits ? _Dt : __bits;
+    const size_t __logR = __log2<uint64_t, _URNG::_Max - _URNG::_Min + uint64_t(1)>::value;
+    const size_t __k = __b / __logR + (__b % __logR != 0) + (__b == 0);
+    const _RealType _R = _URNG::_Max - _URNG::_Min + _RealType(1);
+    _RealType __base = _R;
+    _RealType _S = __g() - _URNG::_Min;
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __k; ++__i, __base *= _R)
+        _S += (__g() - _URNG::_Min) * __base;
+    return _S / __base;
+}
+
+// uniform_int_distribution
+
+// in <algorithm>
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const uniform_int_distribution<_IT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    return __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           uniform_int_distribution<_IT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef uniform_int_distribution<_IT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __a;
+    result_type __b;
+    __is >> __a >> __b;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// uniform_real_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE uniform_real_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __a_;
+        result_type __b_;
+    public:
+        typedef uniform_real_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __a = 0,
+                            result_type __b = 1)
+            : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type a() const {return __a_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type b() const {return __b_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit uniform_real_distribution(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit uniform_real_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type a() const {return __p_.a();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type b() const {return __p_.b();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return a();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return b();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const uniform_real_distribution& __x,
+                        const uniform_real_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const uniform_real_distribution& __x,
+                        const uniform_real_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename uniform_real_distribution<_RealType>::result_type
+uniform_real_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    return (__p.b() - __p.a())
+        * _VSTD::generate_canonical<_RealType, numeric_limits<_RealType>::digits>(__g)
+        + __p.a();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const uniform_real_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    return __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           uniform_real_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef uniform_real_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __a;
+    result_type __b;
+    __is >> __a >> __b;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// bernoulli_distribution
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE bernoulli_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef bool result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        double __p_;
+    public:
+        typedef bernoulli_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(double __p = 0.5) : __p_(__p) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        double p() const {return __p_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit bernoulli_distribution(double __p = 0.5)
+        : __p_(param_type(__p)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit bernoulli_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    double p() const {return __p_.p();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return false;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return true;}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const bernoulli_distribution& __x,
+                        const bernoulli_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const bernoulli_distribution& __x,
+                        const bernoulli_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template<class _URNG>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bernoulli_distribution::result_type
+bernoulli_distribution::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    uniform_real_distribution<double> __gen;
+    return __gen(__g) < __p.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const bernoulli_distribution& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    return __os << __x.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bernoulli_distribution& __x)
+{
+    typedef bernoulli_distribution _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    double __p;
+    __is >> __p;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__p));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// binomial_distribution
+
+template<class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE binomial_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __t_;
+        double __p_;
+        double __pr_;
+        double __odds_ratio_;
+        result_type __r0_;
+    public:
+        typedef binomial_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type __t = 1, double __p = 0.5);
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type t() const {return __t_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        double p() const {return __p_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__t_ == __y.__t_ && __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+        friend class binomial_distribution;
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit binomial_distribution(result_type __t = 1, double __p = 0.5)
+        : __p_(param_type(__t, __p)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit binomial_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type t() const {return __p_.t();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    double p() const {return __p_.p();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return t();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const binomial_distribution& __x,
+                        const binomial_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const binomial_distribution& __x,
+                        const binomial_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template<class _IntType>
+binomial_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::param_type(result_type __t, double __p)
+    : __t_(__t), __p_(__p)
+{
+    if (0 < __p_ && __p_ < 1)
+    {
+        __r0_ = static_cast<result_type>((__t_ + 1) * __p_);
+        __pr_ = _VSTD::exp(_VSTD::lgamma(__t_ + 1.) - _VSTD::lgamma(__r0_ + 1.) -
+                          _VSTD::lgamma(__t_ - __r0_ + 1.) + __r0_ * _VSTD::log(__p_) +
+                          (__t_ - __r0_) * _VSTD::log(1 - __p_));
+        __odds_ratio_ = __p_ / (1 - __p_);
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _IntType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_IntType
+binomial_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __pr)
+{
+    if (__pr.__t_ == 0 || __pr.__p_ == 0)
+        return 0;
+    if (__pr.__p_ == 1)
+        return __pr.__t_;
+    uniform_real_distribution<double> __gen;
+    double __u = __gen(__g) - __pr.__pr_;
+    if (__u < 0)
+        return __pr.__r0_;
+    double __pu = __pr.__pr_;
+    double __pd = __pu;
+    result_type __ru = __pr.__r0_;
+    result_type __rd = __ru;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        if (__rd >= 1)
+        {
+            __pd *= __rd / (__pr.__odds_ratio_ * (__pr.__t_ - __rd + 1));
+            __u -= __pd;
+            if (__u < 0)
+                return __rd - 1;
+        }
+        --__rd;
+        ++__ru;
+        if (__ru <= __pr.__t_)
+        {
+            __pu *= (__pr.__t_ - __ru + 1) * __pr.__odds_ratio_ / __ru;
+            __u -= __pu;
+            if (__u < 0)
+                return __ru;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const binomial_distribution<_IntType>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    return __os << __x.t() << __sp << __x.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           binomial_distribution<_IntType>& __x)
+{
+    typedef binomial_distribution<_IntType> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __t;
+    double __p;
+    __is >> __t >> __p;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__t, __p));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// exponential_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE exponential_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __lambda_;
+    public:
+        typedef exponential_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __lambda = 1) : __lambda_(__lambda) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type lambda() const {return __lambda_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__lambda_ == __y.__lambda_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit exponential_distribution(result_type __lambda = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__lambda)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit exponential_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type lambda() const {return __p_.lambda();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const exponential_distribution& __x,
+                        const exponential_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const exponential_distribution& __x,
+                        const exponential_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_RealType
+exponential_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    return -_VSTD::log
+                  (
+                      result_type(1) -
+                      _VSTD::generate_canonical<result_type,
+                                       numeric_limits<result_type>::digits>(__g)
+                  )
+                  / __p.lambda();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RealType>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const exponential_distribution<_RealType>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    return __os << __x.lambda();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RealType>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           exponential_distribution<_RealType>& __x)
+{
+    typedef exponential_distribution<_RealType> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __lambda;
+    __is >> __lambda;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__lambda));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// normal_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE normal_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __mean_;
+        result_type __stddev_;
+    public:
+        typedef normal_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __mean = 0, result_type __stddev = 1)
+            : __mean_(__mean), __stddev_(__stddev) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type mean() const {return __mean_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type stddev() const {return __stddev_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__mean_ == __y.__mean_ && __x.__stddev_ == __y.__stddev_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+    result_type _V_;
+    bool _V_hot_;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit normal_distribution(result_type __mean = 0, result_type __stddev = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__mean, __stddev)), _V_hot_(false) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit normal_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p), _V_hot_(false) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {_V_hot_ = false;}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type mean() const {return __p_.mean();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type stddev() const {return __p_.stddev();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return -numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const normal_distribution& __x,
+                        const normal_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_ && __x._V_hot_ == __y._V_hot_ &&
+                (!__x._V_hot_ || __x._V_ == __y._V_);}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const normal_distribution& __x,
+                        const normal_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const normal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               normal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_RealType
+normal_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    result_type _U;
+    if (_V_hot_)
+    {
+        _V_hot_ = false;
+        _U = _V_;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        uniform_real_distribution<result_type> _Uni(-1, 1);
+        result_type __u;
+        result_type __v;
+        result_type __s;
+        do
+        {
+            __u = _Uni(__g);
+            __v = _Uni(__g);
+            __s = __u * __u + __v * __v;
+        } while (__s > 1 || __s == 0);
+        result_type _F = _VSTD::sqrt(-2 * _VSTD::log(__s) / __s);
+        _V_ = __v * _F;
+        _V_hot_ = true;
+        _U = __u * _F;
+    }
+    return _U * __p.stddev() + __p.mean();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const normal_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    __os << __x.mean() << __sp << __x.stddev() << __sp << __x._V_hot_;
+    if (__x._V_hot_)
+        __os << __sp << __x._V_;
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           normal_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef normal_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __mean;
+    result_type __stddev;
+    result_type _V = 0;
+    bool _V_hot = false;
+    __is >> __mean >> __stddev >> _V_hot;
+    if (_V_hot)
+        __is >> _V;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+    {
+        __x.param(param_type(__mean, __stddev));
+        __x._V_hot_ = _V_hot;
+        __x._V_ = _V;
+    }
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// lognormal_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE lognormal_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        normal_distribution<result_type> __nd_;
+    public:
+        typedef lognormal_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __m = 0, result_type __s = 1)
+            : __nd_(__m, __s) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type m() const {return __nd_.mean();}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type s() const {return __nd_.stddev();}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__nd_ == __y.__nd_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+        friend class lognormal_distribution;
+
+        template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+        friend
+        basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+        operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+                   const lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+        template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+        friend
+        basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+        operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+                   lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit lognormal_distribution(result_type __m = 0, result_type __s = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__m, __s)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit lognormal_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {__p_.__nd_.reset();}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+        {return _VSTD::exp(const_cast<normal_distribution<result_type>&>(__p.__nd_)(__g));}
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type m() const {return __p_.m();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type s() const {return __p_.s();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const lognormal_distribution& __x,
+                        const lognormal_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const lognormal_distribution& __x,
+                        const lognormal_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    return __os << __x.__p_.__nd_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    return __is >> __x.__p_.__nd_;
+}
+
+// poisson_distribution
+
+template<class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE poisson_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        double __mean_;
+        double __s_;
+        double __d_;
+        double __l_;
+        double __omega_;
+        double __c0_;
+        double __c1_;
+        double __c2_;
+        double __c3_;
+        double __c_;
+
+    public:
+        typedef poisson_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(double __mean = 1.0);
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        double mean() const {return __mean_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__mean_ == __y.__mean_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+        friend class poisson_distribution;
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit poisson_distribution(double __mean = 1.0) : __p_(__mean) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit poisson_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    double mean() const {return __p_.mean();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::max();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const poisson_distribution& __x,
+                        const poisson_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const poisson_distribution& __x,
+                        const poisson_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template<class _IntType>
+poisson_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::param_type(double __mean)
+    : __mean_(__mean)
+{
+    if (__mean_ < 10)
+    {
+        __s_ = 0;
+        __d_ = 0;
+        __l_ = _VSTD::exp(-__mean_);
+        __omega_ = 0;
+        __c3_ = 0;
+        __c2_ = 0;
+        __c1_ = 0;
+        __c0_ = 0;
+        __c_ = 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s_ = _VSTD::sqrt(__mean_);
+        __d_ = 6 * __mean_ * __mean_;
+        __l_ = static_cast<result_type>(__mean_ - 1.1484);
+        __omega_ = .3989423 / __s_;
+        double __b1_ = .4166667E-1 / __mean_;
+        double __b2_ = .3 * __b1_ * __b1_;
+        __c3_ = .1428571 * __b1_ * __b2_;
+        __c2_ = __b2_ - 15. * __c3_;
+        __c1_ = __b1_ - 6. * __b2_ + 45. * __c3_;
+        __c0_ = 1. - __b1_ + 3. * __b2_ - 15. * __c3_;
+        __c_ = .1069 / __mean_;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _IntType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_IntType
+poisson_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(_URNG& __urng, const param_type& __pr)
+{
+    result_type __x;
+    uniform_real_distribution<double> __urd;
+    if (__pr.__mean_ < 10)
+    {
+         __x = 0;
+        for (double __p = __urd(__urng); __p > __pr.__l_; ++__x)
+            __p *= __urd(__urng);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        double __difmuk;
+        double __g = __pr.__mean_ + __pr.__s_ * normal_distribution<double>()(__urng);
+        double __u;
+        if (__g > 0)
+        {
+            __x = static_cast<result_type>(__g);
+            if (__x >= __pr.__l_)
+                return __x;
+            __difmuk = __pr.__mean_ - __x;
+            __u = __urd(__urng);
+            if (__pr.__d_ * __u >= __difmuk * __difmuk * __difmuk)
+                return __x;
+        }
+        exponential_distribution<double> __edist;
+        for (bool __using_exp_dist = false; true; __using_exp_dist = true)
+        {
+            double __e;
+            if (__using_exp_dist || __g < 0)
+            {
+                double __t;
+                do
+                {
+                    __e = __edist(__urng);
+                    __u = __urd(__urng);
+                    __u += __u - 1;
+                    __t = 1.8 + (__u < 0 ? -__e : __e);
+                } while (__t <= -.6744);
+                __x = __pr.__mean_ + __pr.__s_ * __t;
+                __difmuk = __pr.__mean_ - __x;
+                __using_exp_dist = true;
+            }
+            double __px;
+            double __py;
+            if (__x < 10)
+            {
+                const result_type __fac[] = {1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040,
+                                             40320, 362880};
+                __px = -__pr.__mean_;
+                __py = _VSTD::pow(__pr.__mean_, (double)__x) / __fac[__x];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                double __del = .8333333E-1 / __x;
+                __del -= 4.8 * __del * __del * __del;
+                double __v = __difmuk / __x;
+                if (_VSTD::abs(__v) > 0.25)
+                    __px = __x * _VSTD::log(1 + __v) - __difmuk - __del;
+                else
+                    __px = __x * __v * __v * (((((((.1250060 * __v + -.1384794) *
+                           __v + .1421878) * __v + -.1661269) * __v + .2000118) *
+                           __v + -.2500068) * __v + .3333333) * __v + -.5) - __del;
+                __py = .3989423 / _VSTD::sqrt(__x);
+            }
+            double __r = (0.5 - __difmuk) / __pr.__s_;
+            double __r2 = __r * __r;
+            double __fx = -0.5 * __r2;
+            double __fy = __pr.__omega_ * (((__pr.__c3_ * __r2 + __pr.__c2_) *
+                                        __r2 + __pr.__c1_) * __r2 + __pr.__c0_);
+            if (__using_exp_dist)
+            {
+                if (__pr.__c_ * _VSTD::abs(__u) <= __py * _VSTD::exp(__px + __e) -
+                                                   __fy * _VSTD::exp(__fx + __e))
+                    break;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (__fy - __u * __fy <= __py * _VSTD::exp(__px - __fx))
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __x;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const poisson_distribution<_IntType>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    return __os << __x.mean();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           poisson_distribution<_IntType>& __x)
+{
+    typedef poisson_distribution<_IntType> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    double __mean;
+    __is >> __mean;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__mean));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// weibull_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE weibull_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __a_;
+        result_type __b_;
+    public:
+        typedef weibull_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __a = 1, result_type __b = 1)
+            : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type a() const {return __a_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type b() const {return __b_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit weibull_distribution(result_type __a = 1, result_type __b = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit weibull_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+        {return __p.b() *
+            _VSTD::pow(exponential_distribution<result_type>()(__g), 1/__p.a());}
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type a() const {return __p_.a();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type b() const {return __p_.b();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const weibull_distribution& __x,
+                        const weibull_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const weibull_distribution& __x,
+                        const weibull_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const weibull_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           weibull_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef weibull_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __a;
+    result_type __b;
+    __is >> __a >> __b;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE extreme_value_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __a_;
+        result_type __b_;
+    public:
+        typedef extreme_value_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1)
+            : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type a() const {return __a_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type b() const {return __b_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit extreme_value_distribution(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit extreme_value_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type a() const {return __p_.a();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type b() const {return __p_.b();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return -numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const extreme_value_distribution& __x,
+                        const extreme_value_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const extreme_value_distribution& __x,
+                        const extreme_value_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_RealType
+extreme_value_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    return __p.a() - __p.b() *
+         _VSTD::log(-_VSTD::log(1-uniform_real_distribution<result_type>()(__g)));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const extreme_value_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           extreme_value_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef extreme_value_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __a;
+    result_type __b;
+    __is >> __a >> __b;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// gamma_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE gamma_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __alpha_;
+        result_type __beta_;
+    public:
+        typedef gamma_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __alpha = 1, result_type __beta = 1)
+            : __alpha_(__alpha), __beta_(__beta) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type alpha() const {return __alpha_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type beta() const {return __beta_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__alpha_ == __y.__alpha_ && __x.__beta_ == __y.__beta_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit gamma_distribution(result_type __alpha = 1, result_type __beta = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__alpha, __beta)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit gamma_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type alpha() const {return __p_.alpha();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type beta() const {return __p_.beta();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const gamma_distribution& __x,
+                        const gamma_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const gamma_distribution& __x,
+                        const gamma_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_RealType
+gamma_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    result_type __a = __p.alpha();
+    uniform_real_distribution<result_type> __gen(0, 1);
+    exponential_distribution<result_type> __egen;
+    result_type __x;
+    if (__a == 1)
+        __x = __egen(__g);
+    else if (__a > 1)
+    {
+        const result_type __b = __a - 1;
+        const result_type __c = 3 * __a - result_type(0.75);
+        while (true)
+        {
+            const result_type __u = __gen(__g);
+            const result_type __v = __gen(__g);
+            const result_type __w = __u * (1 - __u);
+            if (__w != 0)
+            {
+                const result_type __y = _VSTD::sqrt(__c / __w) *
+                                        (__u - result_type(0.5));
+                __x = __b + __y;
+                if (__x >= 0)
+                {
+                    const result_type __z = 64 * __w * __w * __w * __v * __v;
+                    if (__z <= 1 - 2 * __y * __y / __x)
+                        break;
+                    if (_VSTD::log(__z) <= 2 * (__b * _VSTD::log(__x / __b) - __y))
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else  // __a < 1
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            const result_type __u = __gen(__g);
+            const result_type __es = __egen(__g);
+            if (__u <= 1 - __a)
+            {
+                __x = _VSTD::pow(__u, 1 / __a);
+                if (__x <= __es)
+                    break;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                const result_type __e = -_VSTD::log((1-__u)/__a);
+                __x = _VSTD::pow(1 - __a + __a * __e, 1 / __a);
+                if (__x <= __e + __es)
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __x * __p.beta();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const gamma_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    __os << __x.alpha() << __sp << __x.beta();
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           gamma_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef gamma_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __alpha;
+    result_type __beta;
+    __is >> __alpha >> __beta;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__alpha, __beta));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// negative_binomial_distribution
+
+template<class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE negative_binomial_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __k_;
+        double __p_;
+    public:
+        typedef negative_binomial_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __k = 1, double __p = 0.5)
+            : __k_(__k), __p_(__p) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type k() const {return __k_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        double p() const {return __p_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__k_ == __y.__k_ && __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit negative_binomial_distribution(result_type __k = 1, double __p = 0.5)
+        : __p_(__k, __p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit negative_binomial_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type k() const {return __p_.k();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    double p() const {return __p_.p();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::max();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const negative_binomial_distribution& __x,
+                        const negative_binomial_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const negative_binomial_distribution& __x,
+                        const negative_binomial_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _IntType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_IntType
+negative_binomial_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(_URNG& __urng, const param_type& __pr)
+{
+    result_type __k = __pr.k();
+    double __p = __pr.p();
+    if (__k <= 21 * __p)
+    {
+        bernoulli_distribution __gen(__p);
+        result_type __f = 0;
+        result_type __s = 0;
+        while (__s < __k)
+        {
+            if (__gen(__urng))
+                ++__s;
+            else
+                ++__f;
+        }
+        return __f;
+    }
+    return poisson_distribution<result_type>(gamma_distribution<double>
+                                            (__k, (1-__p)/__p)(__urng))(__urng);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const negative_binomial_distribution<_IntType>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    return __os << __x.k() << __sp << __x.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           negative_binomial_distribution<_IntType>& __x)
+{
+    typedef negative_binomial_distribution<_IntType> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __k;
+    double __p;
+    __is >> __k >> __p;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__k, __p));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// geometric_distribution
+
+template<class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE geometric_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        double __p_;
+    public:
+        typedef geometric_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(double __p = 0.5) : __p_(__p) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        double p() const {return __p_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit geometric_distribution(double __p = 0.5) : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit geometric_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+        {return negative_binomial_distribution<result_type>(1, __p.p())(__g);}
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    double p() const {return __p_.p();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::max();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const geometric_distribution& __x,
+                        const geometric_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const geometric_distribution& __x,
+                        const geometric_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const geometric_distribution<_IntType>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    return __os << __x.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           geometric_distribution<_IntType>& __x)
+{
+    typedef geometric_distribution<_IntType> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    double __p;
+    __is >> __p;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__p));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// chi_squared_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE chi_squared_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __n_;
+    public:
+        typedef chi_squared_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __n = 1) : __n_(__n) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type n() const {return __n_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__n_ == __y.__n_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit chi_squared_distribution(result_type __n = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__n)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit chi_squared_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+        {return gamma_distribution<result_type>(__p.n() / 2, 2)(__g);}
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type n() const {return __p_.n();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const chi_squared_distribution& __x,
+                        const chi_squared_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const chi_squared_distribution& __x,
+                        const chi_squared_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const chi_squared_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    __os << __x.n();
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           chi_squared_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef chi_squared_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __n;
+    __is >> __n;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__n));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// cauchy_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE cauchy_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __a_;
+        result_type __b_;
+    public:
+        typedef cauchy_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1)
+            : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type a() const {return __a_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type b() const {return __b_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit cauchy_distribution(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit cauchy_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type a() const {return __p_.a();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type b() const {return __p_.b();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return -numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const cauchy_distribution& __x,
+                        const cauchy_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const cauchy_distribution& __x,
+                        const cauchy_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_RealType
+cauchy_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    uniform_real_distribution<result_type> __gen;
+    // purposefully let tan arg get as close to pi/2 as it wants, tan will return a finite
+    return __p.a() + __p.b() * _VSTD::tan(3.1415926535897932384626433832795 * __gen(__g));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const cauchy_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           cauchy_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef cauchy_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __a;
+    result_type __b;
+    __is >> __a >> __b;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// fisher_f_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE fisher_f_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __m_;
+        result_type __n_;
+    public:
+        typedef fisher_f_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __m = 1, result_type __n = 1)
+            : __m_(__m), __n_(__n) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type m() const {return __m_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type n() const {return __n_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__m_ == __y.__m_ && __x.__n_ == __y.__n_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit fisher_f_distribution(result_type __m = 1, result_type __n = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__m, __n)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit fisher_f_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type m() const {return __p_.m();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type n() const {return __p_.n();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const fisher_f_distribution& __x,
+                        const fisher_f_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const fisher_f_distribution& __x,
+                        const fisher_f_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_RealType
+fisher_f_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    gamma_distribution<result_type> __gdm(__p.m() * result_type(.5));
+    gamma_distribution<result_type> __gdn(__p.n() * result_type(.5));
+    return __p.n() * __gdm(__g) / (__p.m() * __gdn(__g));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const fisher_f_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    __os << __x.m() << __sp << __x.n();
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           fisher_f_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef fisher_f_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __m;
+    result_type __n;
+    __is >> __m >> __n;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__m, __n));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// student_t_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE student_t_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        result_type __n_;
+    public:
+        typedef student_t_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit param_type(result_type __n = 1) : __n_(__n) {}
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type n() const {return __n_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__n_ == __y.__n_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+    normal_distribution<result_type> __nd_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit student_t_distribution(result_type __n = 1)
+        : __p_(param_type(__n)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit student_t_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {__nd_.reset();}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type n() const {return __p_.n();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return -numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const student_t_distribution& __x,
+                        const student_t_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const student_t_distribution& __x,
+                        const student_t_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_RealType
+student_t_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    gamma_distribution<result_type> __gd(__p.n() * .5, 2);
+    return __nd_(__g) * _VSTD::sqrt(__p.n()/__gd(__g));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const student_t_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    __os << __x.n();
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           student_t_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef student_t_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    result_type __n;
+    __is >> __n;
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        __x.param(param_type(__n));
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// discrete_distribution
+
+template<class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE discrete_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        vector<double> __p_;
+    public:
+        typedef discrete_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        param_type() {}
+        template<class _InputIterator>
+            _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            param_type(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
+            : __p_(__f, __l) {__init();}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        param_type(initializer_list<double> __wl)
+            : __p_(__wl.begin(), __wl.end()) {__init();}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+        template<class _UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(size_t __nw, double __xmin, double __xmax,
+                       _UnaryOperation __fw);
+
+        vector<double> probabilities() const;
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    private:
+        void __init();
+
+        friend class discrete_distribution;
+
+        template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+        friend
+        basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+        operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+                   const discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x);
+
+        template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+        friend
+        basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+        operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+                   discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x);
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    discrete_distribution() {}
+    template<class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        discrete_distribution(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
+            : __p_(__f, __l) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    discrete_distribution(initializer_list<double> __wl)
+        : __p_(__wl) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    template<class _UnaryOperation>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        discrete_distribution(size_t __nw, double __xmin, double __xmax,
+                              _UnaryOperation __fw)
+        : __p_(__nw, __xmin, __xmax, __fw) {}
+    explicit discrete_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector<double> probabilities() const {return __p_.probabilities();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return __p_.__p_.size();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const discrete_distribution& __x,
+                        const discrete_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const discrete_distribution& __x,
+                        const discrete_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x);
+};
+
+template<class _IntType>
+template<class _UnaryOperation>
+discrete_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::param_type(size_t __nw,
+                                                        double __xmin,
+                                                        double __xmax,
+                                                        _UnaryOperation __fw)
+{
+    if (__nw > 1)
+    {
+        __p_.reserve(__nw - 1);
+        double __d = (__xmax - __xmin) / __nw;
+        double __d2 = __d / 2;
+        for (size_t __k = 0; __k < __nw; ++__k)
+            __p_.push_back(__fw(__xmin + __k * __d + __d2));
+        __init();
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _IntType>
+void
+discrete_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::__init()
+{
+    if (!__p_.empty())
+    {
+        if (__p_.size() > 1)
+        {
+            double __s = _VSTD::accumulate(__p_.begin(), __p_.end(), 0.0);
+            for (_VSTD::vector<double>::iterator __i = __p_.begin(), __e = __p_.end();
+                                                                       __i < __e; ++__i)
+                *__i /= __s;
+            vector<double> __t(__p_.size() - 1);
+            _VSTD::partial_sum(__p_.begin(), __p_.end() - 1, __t.begin());
+            swap(__p_, __t);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __p_.clear();
+            __p_.shrink_to_fit();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _IntType>
+vector<double>
+discrete_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::probabilities() const
+{
+    size_t __n = __p_.size();
+    _VSTD::vector<double> __p(__n+1);
+    _VSTD::adjacent_difference(__p_.begin(), __p_.end(), __p.begin());
+    if (__n > 0)
+        __p[__n] = 1 - __p_[__n-1];
+    else
+        __p[0] = 1;
+    return __p;
+}
+
+template<class _IntType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_IntType
+discrete_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    uniform_real_distribution<double> __gen;
+    return static_cast<_IntType>(
+           _VSTD::upper_bound(__p.__p_.begin(), __p.__p_.end(), __gen(__g)) -
+                                                              __p.__p_.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    size_t __n = __x.__p_.__p_.size();
+    __os << __n;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__p_[__i];
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef discrete_distribution<_IT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    size_t __n;
+    __is >> __n;
+    vector<double> __p(__n);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __is >> __p[__i];
+    if (!__is.fail())
+        swap(__x.__p_.__p_, __p);
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// piecewise_constant_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE piecewise_constant_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        vector<result_type> __b_;
+        vector<result_type> __densities_;
+        vector<result_type> __areas_;
+    public:
+        typedef piecewise_constant_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        param_type();
+        template<class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+            param_type(_InputIteratorB __fB, _InputIteratorB __lB,
+                       _InputIteratorW __fW);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+        template<class _UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+        template<class _UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax,
+                       _UnaryOperation __fw);
+        param_type & operator=(const param_type& __rhs);
+
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        vector<result_type> intervals() const {return __b_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        vector<result_type> densities() const {return __densities_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__densities_ == __y.__densities_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    private:
+        void __init();
+
+        friend class piecewise_constant_distribution;
+
+        template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+        friend
+        basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+        operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+                   const piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+        template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+        friend
+        basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+        operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+                   piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    piecewise_constant_distribution() {}
+    template<class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        piecewise_constant_distribution(_InputIteratorB __fB,
+                                        _InputIteratorB __lB,
+                                        _InputIteratorW __fW)
+        : __p_(__fB, __lB, __fW) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    template<class _UnaryOperation>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        piecewise_constant_distribution(initializer_list<result_type> __bl,
+                                        _UnaryOperation __fw)
+        : __p_(__bl, __fw) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    template<class _UnaryOperation>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        piecewise_constant_distribution(size_t __nw, result_type __xmin,
+                                        result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+        : __p_(__nw, __xmin, __xmax, __fw) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit piecewise_constant_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector<result_type> intervals() const {return __p_.intervals();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector<result_type> densities() const {return __p_.densities();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return __p_.__b_.front();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return __p_.__b_.back();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const piecewise_constant_distribution& __x,
+                        const piecewise_constant_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const piecewise_constant_distribution& __x,
+                           const piecewise_constant_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+};
+
+template<class _RealType>
+typename piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type &
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::operator=
+                                                       (const param_type& __rhs)
+{
+//  These can throw
+    __b_.reserve        (__rhs.__b_.size ());
+    __densities_.reserve(__rhs.__densities_.size());
+    __areas_.reserve    (__rhs.__areas_.size());
+
+//  These can not throw
+    __b_         = __rhs.__b_;
+    __densities_ = __rhs.__densities_;
+    __areas_     =  __rhs.__areas_;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template<class _RealType>
+void
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::__init()
+{
+    // __densities_ contains non-normalized areas
+    result_type __total_area = _VSTD::accumulate(__densities_.begin(),
+                                                __densities_.end(),
+                                                result_type());
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __densities_.size(); ++__i)
+        __densities_[__i] /= __total_area;
+    // __densities_ contains normalized areas
+    __areas_.assign(__densities_.size(), result_type());
+    _VSTD::partial_sum(__densities_.begin(), __densities_.end() - 1,
+                                                          __areas_.begin() + 1);
+    // __areas_ contains partial sums of normalized areas: [0, __densities_ - 1]
+    __densities_.back() = 1 - __areas_.back();  // correct round off error
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __densities_.size(); ++__i)
+        __densities_[__i] /= (__b_[__i+1] - __b_[__i]);
+    // __densities_ now contains __densities_
+}
+
+template<class _RealType>
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type()
+    : __b_(2),
+      __densities_(1, 1.0),
+      __areas_(1, 0.0)
+{
+    __b_[1] = 1;
+}
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+        _InputIteratorB __fB, _InputIteratorB __lB, _InputIteratorW __fW)
+    : __b_(__fB, __lB)
+{
+    if (__b_.size() < 2)
+    {
+        __b_.resize(2);
+        __b_[0] = 0;
+        __b_[1] = 1;
+        __densities_.assign(1, 1.0);
+        __areas_.assign(1, 0.0);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __densities_.reserve(__b_.size() - 1);
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b_.size() - 1; ++__i, ++__fW)
+            __densities_.push_back(*__fW);
+        __init();
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _UnaryOperation>
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+        initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+    : __b_(__bl.begin(), __bl.end())
+{
+    if (__b_.size() < 2)
+    {
+        __b_.resize(2);
+        __b_[0] = 0;
+        __b_[1] = 1;
+        __densities_.assign(1, 1.0);
+        __areas_.assign(1, 0.0);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __densities_.reserve(__b_.size() - 1);
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b_.size() - 1; ++__i)
+            __densities_.push_back(__fw((__b_[__i+1] + __b_[__i])*.5));
+        __init();
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _UnaryOperation>
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+        size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+    : __b_(__nw == 0 ? 2 : __nw + 1)
+{
+    size_t __n = __b_.size() - 1;
+    result_type __d = (__xmax - __xmin) / __n;
+    __densities_.reserve(__n);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    {
+        __b_[__i] = __xmin + __i * __d;
+        __densities_.push_back(__fw(__b_[__i] + __d*.5));
+    }
+    __b_[__n] = __xmax;
+    __init();
+}
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_RealType
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    typedef uniform_real_distribution<result_type> _Gen;
+    result_type __u = _Gen()(__g);
+    ptrdiff_t __k = _VSTD::upper_bound(__p.__areas_.begin(), __p.__areas_.end(),
+                                      __u) - __p.__areas_.begin() - 1;
+    return (__u - __p.__areas_[__k]) / __p.__densities_[__k] + __p.__b_[__k];
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    size_t __n = __x.__p_.__b_.size();
+    __os << __n;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__b_[__i];
+    __n = __x.__p_.__densities_.size();
+    __os << __sp << __n;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__densities_[__i];
+    __n = __x.__p_.__areas_.size();
+    __os << __sp << __n;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__areas_[__i];
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    size_t __n;
+    __is >> __n;
+    vector<result_type> __b(__n);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __is >> __b[__i];
+    __is >> __n;
+    vector<result_type> __densities(__n);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __is >> __densities[__i];
+    __is >> __n;
+    vector<result_type> __areas(__n);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __is >> __areas[__i];
+    if (!__is.fail())
+    {
+        swap(__x.__p_.__b_, __b);
+        swap(__x.__p_.__densities_, __densities);
+        swap(__x.__p_.__areas_, __areas);
+    }
+    return __is;
+}
+
+// piecewise_linear_distribution
+
+template<class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE piecewise_linear_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+    class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE param_type
+    {
+        vector<result_type> __b_;
+        vector<result_type> __densities_;
+        vector<result_type> __areas_;
+    public:
+        typedef piecewise_linear_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        param_type();
+        template<class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+            param_type(_InputIteratorB __fB, _InputIteratorB __lB,
+                       _InputIteratorW __fW);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+        template<class _UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+        template<class _UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax,
+                       _UnaryOperation __fw);
+        param_type & operator=(const param_type& __rhs);
+        
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        vector<result_type> intervals() const {return __b_;}
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        vector<result_type> densities() const {return __densities_;}
+
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return __x.__densities_ == __y.__densities_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;}
+        friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+            bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y)
+            {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    private:
+        void __init();
+
+        friend class piecewise_linear_distribution;
+
+        template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+        friend
+        basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+        operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+                   const piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+        template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+        friend
+        basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+        operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+                   piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+    };
+
+private:
+    param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    piecewise_linear_distribution() {}
+    template<class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        piecewise_linear_distribution(_InputIteratorB __fB,
+                                      _InputIteratorB __lB,
+                                      _InputIteratorW __fW)
+        : __p_(__fB, __lB, __fW) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    template<class _UnaryOperation>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        piecewise_linear_distribution(initializer_list<result_type> __bl,
+                                      _UnaryOperation __fw)
+        : __p_(__bl, __fw) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    template<class _UnaryOperation>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        piecewise_linear_distribution(size_t __nw, result_type __xmin,
+                                      result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+        : __p_(__nw, __xmin, __xmax, __fw) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit piecewise_linear_distribution(const param_type& __p)
+        : __p_(__p) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reset() {}
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class _URNG>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        result_type operator()(_URNG& __g)
+        {return (*this)(__g, __p_);}
+    template<class _URNG> result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+    // property functions
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector<result_type> intervals() const {return __p_.intervals();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector<result_type> densities() const {return __p_.densities();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    param_type param() const {return __p_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void param(const param_type& __p) {__p_ = __p;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const {return __p_.__b_.front();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const {return __p_.__b_.back();}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const piecewise_linear_distribution& __x,
+                        const piecewise_linear_distribution& __y)
+        {return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const piecewise_linear_distribution& __x,
+                        const piecewise_linear_distribution& __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+               const piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+               piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+};
+
+template<class _RealType>
+typename piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type &
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::operator=
+                                                       (const param_type& __rhs)
+{
+//  These can throw
+    __b_.reserve        (__rhs.__b_.size ());
+    __densities_.reserve(__rhs.__densities_.size());
+    __areas_.reserve    (__rhs.__areas_.size());
+
+//  These can not throw
+    __b_         = __rhs.__b_;
+    __densities_ = __rhs.__densities_;
+    __areas_     =  __rhs.__areas_;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+
+template<class _RealType>
+void
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::__init()
+{
+    __areas_.assign(__densities_.size() - 1, result_type());
+    result_type _S = 0;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __areas_.size(); ++__i)
+    {
+        __areas_[__i] = (__densities_[__i+1] + __densities_[__i]) *
+                        (__b_[__i+1] - __b_[__i]) * .5;
+        _S += __areas_[__i];
+    }
+    for (size_t __i = __areas_.size(); __i > 1;)
+    {
+        --__i;
+        __areas_[__i] = __areas_[__i-1] / _S;
+    }
+    __areas_[0] = 0;
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __areas_.size(); ++__i)
+        __areas_[__i] += __areas_[__i-1];
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __densities_.size(); ++__i)
+        __densities_[__i] /= _S;
+}
+
+template<class _RealType>
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type()
+    : __b_(2),
+      __densities_(2, 1.0),
+      __areas_(1, 0.0)
+{
+    __b_[1] = 1;
+}
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+        _InputIteratorB __fB, _InputIteratorB __lB, _InputIteratorW __fW)
+    : __b_(__fB, __lB)
+{
+    if (__b_.size() < 2)
+    {
+        __b_.resize(2);
+        __b_[0] = 0;
+        __b_[1] = 1;
+        __densities_.assign(2, 1.0);
+        __areas_.assign(1, 0.0);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __densities_.reserve(__b_.size());
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b_.size(); ++__i, ++__fW)
+            __densities_.push_back(*__fW);
+        __init();
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _UnaryOperation>
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+        initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+    : __b_(__bl.begin(), __bl.end())
+{
+    if (__b_.size() < 2)
+    {
+        __b_.resize(2);
+        __b_[0] = 0;
+        __b_[1] = 1;
+        __densities_.assign(2, 1.0);
+        __areas_.assign(1, 0.0);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __densities_.reserve(__b_.size());
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b_.size(); ++__i)
+            __densities_.push_back(__fw(__b_[__i]));
+        __init();
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _UnaryOperation>
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+        size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+    : __b_(__nw == 0 ? 2 : __nw + 1)
+{
+    size_t __n = __b_.size() - 1;
+    result_type __d = (__xmax - __xmin) / __n;
+    __densities_.reserve(__b_.size());
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    {
+        __b_[__i] = __xmin + __i * __d;
+        __densities_.push_back(__fw(__b_[__i]));
+    }
+    __b_[__n] = __xmax;
+    __densities_.push_back(__fw(__b_[__n]));
+    __init();
+}
+
+template<class _RealType>
+template<class _URNG>
+_RealType
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p)
+{
+    typedef uniform_real_distribution<result_type> _Gen;
+    result_type __u = _Gen()(__g);
+    ptrdiff_t __k = _VSTD::upper_bound(__p.__areas_.begin(), __p.__areas_.end(),
+                                      __u) - __p.__areas_.begin() - 1;
+    __u -= __p.__areas_[__k];
+    const result_type __dk = __p.__densities_[__k];
+    const result_type __dk1 = __p.__densities_[__k+1];
+    const result_type __deltad = __dk1 - __dk;
+    const result_type __bk = __p.__b_[__k];
+    if (__deltad == 0)
+        return __u / __dk + __bk;
+    const result_type __bk1 = __p.__b_[__k+1];
+    const result_type __deltab = __bk1 - __bk;
+    return (__bk * __dk1 - __bk1 * __dk +
+        _VSTD::sqrt(__deltab * (__deltab * __dk * __dk + 2 * __deltad * __u))) /
+        __deltad;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__os);
+    __os.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::left | ios_base::fixed |
+               ios_base::scientific);
+    _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+    __os.fill(__sp);
+    size_t __n = __x.__p_.__b_.size();
+    __os << __n;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__b_[__i];
+    __n = __x.__p_.__densities_.size();
+    __os << __sp << __n;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__densities_[__i];
+    __n = __x.__p_.__areas_.size();
+    __os << __sp << __n;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__areas_[__i];
+    return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x)
+{
+    typedef piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+    typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+    __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> _(__is);
+    __is.flags(ios_base::dec | ios_base::skipws);
+    size_t __n;
+    __is >> __n;
+    vector<result_type> __b(__n);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __is >> __b[__i];
+    __is >> __n;
+    vector<result_type> __densities(__n);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __is >> __densities[__i];
+    __is >> __n;
+    vector<result_type> __areas(__n);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __is >> __areas[__i];
+    if (!__is.fail())
+    {
+        swap(__x.__p_.__b_, __b);
+        swap(__x.__p_.__densities_, __densities);
+        swap(__x.__p_.__areas_, __areas);
+    }
+    return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_RANDOM
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/ratio b/system/include/libcxx/ratio
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9764014a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/ratio
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- ratio -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_RATIO
+#define _LIBCPP_RATIO
+
+/*
+    ratio synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <intmax_t N, intmax_t D = 1>
+class ratio
+{
+public:
+    static const intmax_t num;
+    static const intmax_t den;
+    typedef ratio<num, den> type;
+};
+
+// ratio arithmetic
+template <class R1, class R2> using ratio_add = ...;
+template <class R1, class R2> using ratio_subtract = ...;
+template <class R1, class R2> using ratio_multiply = ...;
+template <class R1, class R2> using ratio_divide = ...;
+
+// ratio comparison
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_equal;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_not_equal;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_less;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_less_equal;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_greater;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_greater_equal;
+
+// convenience SI typedefs
+typedef ratio<1, 1000000000000000000000000> yocto;  // not supported
+typedef ratio<1,    1000000000000000000000> zepto;  // not supported
+typedef ratio<1,       1000000000000000000> atto;
+typedef ratio<1,          1000000000000000> femto;
+typedef ratio<1,             1000000000000> pico;
+typedef ratio<1,                1000000000> nano;
+typedef ratio<1,                   1000000> micro;
+typedef ratio<1,                      1000> milli;
+typedef ratio<1,                       100> centi;
+typedef ratio<1,                        10> deci;
+typedef ratio<                       10, 1> deca;
+typedef ratio<                      100, 1> hecto;
+typedef ratio<                     1000, 1> kilo;
+typedef ratio<                  1000000, 1> mega;
+typedef ratio<               1000000000, 1> giga;
+typedef ratio<            1000000000000, 1> tera;
+typedef ratio<         1000000000000000, 1> peta;
+typedef ratio<      1000000000000000000, 1> exa;
+typedef ratio<   1000000000000000000000, 1> zetta;  // not supported
+typedef ratio<1000000000000000000000000, 1> yotta;  // not supported
+
+}
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <climits>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __static_gcd
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+struct __static_gcd
+{
+    static const intmax_t value = __static_gcd<_Yp, _Xp % _Yp>::value;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp>
+struct __static_gcd<_Xp, 0>
+{
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp;
+};
+
+// __static_lcm
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+struct __static_lcm
+{
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp / __static_gcd<_Xp, _Yp>::value * _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp>
+struct __static_abs
+{
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp < 0 ? -_Xp : _Xp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp>
+struct __static_sign
+{
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp == 0 ? 0 : (_Xp < 0 ? -1 : 1);
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp, intmax_t = __static_sign<_Yp>::value>
+class __ll_add;
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_add<_Xp, _Yp, 1>
+{
+    static const intmax_t min = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) + 1;
+    static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+    static_assert(_Xp <= max - _Yp, "overflow in __ll_add");
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp + _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_add<_Xp, _Yp, 0>
+{
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_add<_Xp, _Yp, -1>
+{
+    static const intmax_t min = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) + 1;
+    static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+    static_assert(min - _Yp <= _Xp, "overflow in __ll_add");
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp + _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp, intmax_t = __static_sign<_Yp>::value>
+class __ll_sub;
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_sub<_Xp, _Yp, 1>
+{
+    static const intmax_t min = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) + 1;
+    static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+    static_assert(min + _Yp <= _Xp, "overflow in __ll_sub");
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp - _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_sub<_Xp, _Yp, 0>
+{
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_sub<_Xp, _Yp, -1>
+{
+    static const intmax_t min = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) + 1;
+    static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+    static_assert(_Xp <= max + _Yp, "overflow in __ll_sub");
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp - _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_mul
+{
+    static const intmax_t nan = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1));
+    static const intmax_t min = nan + 1;
+    static const intmax_t max = -min;
+    static const intmax_t __a_x = __static_abs<_Xp>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __a_y = __static_abs<_Yp>::value;
+
+    static_assert(_Xp != nan && _Yp != nan && __a_x <= max / __a_y, "overflow in __ll_mul");
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp * _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_mul<0, _Yp>
+{
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = 0;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp>
+class __ll_mul<_Xp, 0>
+{
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = 0;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __ll_mul<0, 0>
+{
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = 0;
+};
+
+// Not actually used but left here in case needed in future maintenance
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_div
+{
+    static const intmax_t nan = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1));
+    static const intmax_t min = nan + 1;
+    static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+    static_assert(_Xp != nan && _Yp != nan && _Yp != 0, "overflow in __ll_div");
+public:
+    static const intmax_t value = _Xp / _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Num, intmax_t _Den = 1>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio
+{
+    static_assert(__static_abs<_Num>::value >= 0, "ratio numerator is out of range");
+    static_assert(_Den != 0, "ratio divide by 0");
+    static_assert(__static_abs<_Den>::value >  0, "ratio denominator is out of range");
+    static const intmax_t __na = __static_abs<_Num>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __da = __static_abs<_Den>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __s = __static_sign<_Num>::value * __static_sign<_Den>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __gcd = __static_gcd<__na, __da>::value;
+public:
+    static const intmax_t num = __s * __na / __gcd;
+    static const intmax_t den = __da / __gcd;
+
+    typedef ratio<num, den> type;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Num, intmax_t _Den> const intmax_t ratio<_Num, _Den>::num;
+template <intmax_t _Num, intmax_t _Den> const intmax_t ratio<_Num, _Den>::den;
+
+template <class _Tp>                    struct __is_ratio                     : false_type {};
+template <intmax_t _Num, intmax_t _Den> struct __is_ratio<ratio<_Num, _Den> > : true_type  {};
+
+typedef ratio<1LL, 1000000000000000000LL> atto;
+typedef ratio<1LL,    1000000000000000LL> femto;
+typedef ratio<1LL,       1000000000000LL> pico;
+typedef ratio<1LL,          1000000000LL> nano;
+typedef ratio<1LL,             1000000LL> micro;
+typedef ratio<1LL,                1000LL> milli;
+typedef ratio<1LL,                 100LL> centi;
+typedef ratio<1LL,                  10LL> deci;
+typedef ratio<                 10LL, 1LL> deca;
+typedef ratio<                100LL, 1LL> hecto;
+typedef ratio<               1000LL, 1LL> kilo;
+typedef ratio<            1000000LL, 1LL> mega;
+typedef ratio<         1000000000LL, 1LL> giga;
+typedef ratio<      1000000000000LL, 1LL> tera;
+typedef ratio<   1000000000000000LL, 1LL> peta;
+typedef ratio<1000000000000000000LL, 1LL> exa;
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_multiply
+{
+private:
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_n1_d2 = __static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::den>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_d1_n2 = __static_gcd<_R1::den, _R2::num>::value;
+public:
+    typedef typename ratio
+        <
+            __ll_mul<_R1::num / __gcd_n1_d2, _R2::num / __gcd_d1_n2>::value,
+            __ll_mul<_R2::den / __gcd_n1_d2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_n2>::value
+        >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2> using ratio_multiply
+                                    = typename __ratio_multiply<_R1, _R2>::type;
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_multiply
+    : public __ratio_multiply<_R1, _R2>::type {};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_divide
+{
+private:
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_n1_n2 = __static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::num>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_d1_d2 = __static_gcd<_R1::den, _R2::den>::value;
+public:
+    typedef typename ratio
+        <
+            __ll_mul<_R1::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R2::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value,
+            __ll_mul<_R2::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value
+        >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2> using ratio_divide
+                                      = typename __ratio_divide<_R1, _R2>::type;
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_divide
+    : public __ratio_divide<_R1, _R2>::type {};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_add
+{
+private:
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_n1_n2 = __static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::num>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_d1_d2 = __static_gcd<_R1::den, _R2::den>::value;
+public:
+    typedef typename ratio_multiply
+        <
+            ratio<__gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>,
+            ratio
+            <
+                __ll_add
+                <
+                    __ll_mul<_R1::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R2::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value,
+                    __ll_mul<_R2::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value
+                >::value,
+                _R2::den
+            >
+        >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2> using ratio_add
+                                         = typename __ratio_add<_R1, _R2>::type;
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_add
+    : public __ratio_add<_R1, _R2>::type {};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_subtract
+{
+private:
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_n1_n2 = __static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::num>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_d1_d2 = __static_gcd<_R1::den, _R2::den>::value;
+public:
+    typedef typename ratio_multiply
+        <
+            ratio<__gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>,
+            ratio
+            <
+                __ll_sub
+                <
+                    __ll_mul<_R1::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R2::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value,
+                    __ll_mul<_R2::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value
+                >::value,
+                _R2::den
+            >
+        >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2> using ratio_subtract
+                                    = typename __ratio_subtract<_R1, _R2>::type;
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_subtract
+    : public __ratio_subtract<_R1, _R2>::type {};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+// ratio_equal
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_equal
+    : public integral_constant<bool, _R1::num == _R2::num && _R1::den == _R2::den> {};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_not_equal
+    : public integral_constant<bool, !ratio_equal<_R1, _R2>::value> {};
+
+// ratio_less
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, bool _Odd = false,
+          intmax_t _Q1 = _R1::num / _R1::den, intmax_t _M1 = _R1::num % _R1::den,
+          intmax_t _Q2 = _R2::num / _R2::den, intmax_t _M2 = _R2::num % _R2::den>
+struct __ratio_less1
+{
+    static const bool value = _Odd ? _Q2 < _Q1 : _Q1 < _Q2;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, bool _Odd, intmax_t _Q>
+struct __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2, _Odd, _Q, 0, _Q, 0>
+{
+    static const bool value = false;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, bool _Odd, intmax_t _Q, intmax_t _M2>
+struct __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2, _Odd, _Q, 0, _Q, _M2>
+{
+    static const bool value = !_Odd;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, bool _Odd, intmax_t _Q, intmax_t _M1>
+struct __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2, _Odd, _Q, _M1, _Q, 0>
+{
+    static const bool value = _Odd;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, bool _Odd, intmax_t _Q, intmax_t _M1,
+                                                        intmax_t _M2>
+struct __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2, _Odd, _Q, _M1, _Q, _M2>
+{
+    static const bool value = __ratio_less1<ratio<_R1::den, _M1>,
+                                            ratio<_R2::den, _M2>, !_Odd>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, intmax_t _S1 = __static_sign<_R1::num>::value,
+                                intmax_t _S2 = __static_sign<_R2::num>::value>
+struct __ratio_less
+{
+    static const bool value = _S1 < _S2;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_less<_R1, _R2, 1LL, 1LL>
+{
+    static const bool value = __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_less<_R1, _R2, -1LL, -1LL>
+{
+    static const bool value = __ratio_less1<ratio<-_R2::num, _R2::den>, ratio<-_R1::num, _R1::den> >::value;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_less
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __ratio_less<_R1, _R2>::value> {};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_less_equal
+    : public integral_constant<bool, !ratio_less<_R2, _R1>::value> {};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_greater
+    : public integral_constant<bool, ratio_less<_R2, _R1>::value> {};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ratio_greater_equal
+    : public integral_constant<bool, !ratio_less<_R1, _R2>::value> {};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_gcd
+{
+    typedef ratio<__static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::num>::value,
+                  __static_lcm<_R1::den, _R2::den>::value> type;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_RATIO
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/readme.txt b/system/include/libcxx/readme.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7e41df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/readme.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+These files are from libc++, svn revision 140465, Sep 24 2011
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/regex b/system/include/libcxx/regex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e195696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/regex
@@ -0,0 +1,6413 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- regex ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_REGEX
+#define _LIBCPP_REGEX
+
+/*
+    regex synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+namespace regex_constants
+{
+
+emum syntax_option_type
+{
+    icase      = unspecified,
+    nosubs     = unspecified,
+    optimize   = unspecified,
+    collate    = unspecified,
+    ECMAScript = unspecified,
+    basic      = unspecified,
+    extended   = unspecified,
+    awk        = unspecified,
+    grep       = unspecified,
+    egrep      = unspecified
+};
+
+constexpr syntax_option_type operator~(syntax_option_type f);
+constexpr syntax_option_type operator&(syntax_option_type lhs, syntax_option_type rhs);
+constexpr syntax_option_type operator|(syntax_option_type lhs, syntax_option_type rhs);
+
+enum match_flag_type
+{
+    match_default     = 0,
+    match_not_bol     = unspecified,
+    match_not_eol     = unspecified,
+    match_not_bow     = unspecified,
+    match_not_eow     = unspecified,
+    match_any         = unspecified,
+    match_not_null    = unspecified,
+    match_continuous  = unspecified,
+    match_prev_avail  = unspecified,
+    format_default    = 0,
+    format_sed        = unspecified,
+    format_no_copy    = unspecified,
+    format_first_only = unspecified
+};
+
+constexpr match_flag_type operator~(match_flag_type f);
+constexpr match_flag_type operator&(match_flag_type lhs, match_flag_type rhs);
+constexpr match_flag_type operator|(match_flag_type lhs, match_flag_type rhs);
+
+enum error_type
+{
+    error_collate    = unspecified,
+    error_ctype      = unspecified,
+    error_escape     = unspecified,
+    error_backref    = unspecified,
+    error_brack      = unspecified,
+    error_paren      = unspecified,
+    error_brace      = unspecified,
+    error_badbrace   = unspecified,
+    error_range      = unspecified,
+    error_space      = unspecified,
+    error_badrepeat  = unspecified,
+    error_complexity = unspecified,
+    error_stack      = unspecified
+};
+
+}  // regex_constants
+
+class regex_error
+    : public runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    explicit regex_error(regex_constants::error_type ecode);
+    regex_constants::error_type code() const;
+};
+
+template <class charT>
+struct regex_traits
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                   char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+    typedef locale                  locale_type;
+    typedef /bitmask_type/          char_class_type;
+
+    regex_traits();
+
+    static size_t length(const char_type* p);
+    charT translate(charT c) const;
+    charT translate_nocase(charT c) const;
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        transform(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) const;
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        transform_primary( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) const;
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        lookup_collatename(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) const;
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        char_class_type
+        lookup_classname(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
+                         bool icase = false) const;
+    bool isctype(charT c, char_class_type f) const;
+    int value(charT ch, int radix) const;
+    locale_type imbue(locale_type l);
+    locale_type getloc()const;
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits = regex_traits<charT>>
+class basic_regex
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT                               value_type;
+    typedef regex_constants::syntax_option_type flag_type;
+    typedef typename traits::locale_type        locale_type;
+
+    // constants:
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type icase = regex_constants::icase;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type nosubs = regex_constants::nosubs;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type optimize = regex_constants::optimize;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type collate = regex_constants::collate;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type ECMAScript = regex_constants::ECMAScript;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic = regex_constants::basic;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type extended = regex_constants::extended;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type awk = regex_constants::awk;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type grep = regex_constants::grep;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type egrep = regex_constants::egrep;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    basic_regex();
+    explicit basic_regex(const charT* p, flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    basic_regex(const charT* p, size_t len, flag_type f);
+    basic_regex(const basic_regex&);
+    basic_regex(basic_regex&&);
+    template <class ST, class SA>
+        explicit basic_regex(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& p,
+                             flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        basic_regex(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
+                    flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    basic_regex(initializer_list<charT>, flag_type = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+
+    ~basic_regex();
+
+    basic_regex& operator=(const basic_regex&);
+    basic_regex& operator=(basic_regex&&);
+    basic_regex& operator=(const charT* ptr);
+    basic_regex& operator=(initializer_list<charT> il);
+    template <class ST, class SA>
+        basic_regex& operator=(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& p);
+
+    // assign:
+    basic_regex& assign(const basic_regex& that);
+    basic_regex& assign(basic_regex&& that);
+    basic_regex& assign(const charT* ptr, flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    basic_regex& assign(const charT* p, size_t len, flag_type f);
+    template <class string_traits, class A>
+        basic_regex& assign(const basic_string<charT, string_traits, A>& s,
+                            flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        basic_regex& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                            flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    basic_regex& assign(initializer_list<charT>, flag_type = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+
+    // const operations:
+    unsigned mark_count() const;
+    flag_type flags() const;
+
+    // locale:
+    locale_type imbue(locale_type loc);
+    locale_type getloc() const;
+
+    // swap:
+    void swap(basic_regex&);
+};
+
+typedef basic_regex<char>    regex;
+typedef basic_regex<wchar_t> wregex;
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+    void swap(basic_regex<charT, traits>& e1, basic_regex<charT, traits>& e2);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+class sub_match
+    : public pair<BidirectionalIterator, BidirectionalIterator>
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef BidirectionalIterator                                      iterator;
+    typedef basic_string<value_type>                                string_type;
+
+    bool matched;
+
+    constexpr sub_match();
+
+    difference_type length() const;
+    operator string_type() const;
+    string_type str() const;
+
+    int compare(const sub_match& s) const;
+    int compare(const string_type& s) const;
+    int compare(const value_type* s) const;
+};
+
+typedef sub_match<const char*>             csub_match;
+typedef sub_match<const wchar_t*>          wcsub_match;
+typedef sub_match<string::const_iterator>  ssub_match;
+typedef sub_match<wstring::const_iterator> wssub_match;
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator==(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator==(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator<(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator>(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool operator>=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+                    const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator<=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator==(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator<(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool operator>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+                   const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator>=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator<=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator==(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator!=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator==(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator==(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator!=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator==(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator>=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator<=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class charT, class ST, class BiIter>
+    basic_ostream<charT, ST>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, ST>& os, const sub_match<BiIter>& m);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class Allocator = allocator<sub_match<BidirectionalIterator>>>
+class match_results
+{
+public:
+    typedef sub_match<BidirectionalIterator>                  value_type;
+    typedef const value_type&                                 const_reference;
+    typedef const_reference                                   reference;
+    typedef /implementation-defined/                          const_iterator;
+    typedef const_iterator                                    iterator;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::size_type   size_type;
+    typedef Allocator                                         allocator_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::value_type char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type>                           string_type;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    explicit match_results(const Allocator& a = Allocator());
+    match_results(const match_results& m);
+    match_results(match_results&& m);
+    match_results& operator=(const match_results& m);
+    match_results& operator=(match_results&& m);
+    ~match_results();
+
+    bool ready() const;
+
+    // size:
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+    bool empty() const;
+
+    // element access:
+    difference_type length(size_type sub = 0) const;
+    difference_type position(size_type sub = 0) const;
+    string_type str(size_type sub = 0) const;
+    const_reference operator[](size_type n) const;
+
+    const_reference prefix() const;
+    const_reference suffix() const;
+
+    const_iterator begin() const;
+    const_iterator end() const;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const;
+    const_iterator cend() const;
+
+    // format:
+    template <class OutputIter>
+        OutputIter
+        format(OutputIter out, const char_type* fmt_first,
+               const char_type* fmt_last,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+    template <class OutputIter, class ST, class SA>
+        OutputIter
+        format(OutputIter out, const basic_string<char_type, ST, SA>& fmt,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+    template <class ST, class SA>
+        basic_string<char_type, ST, SA>
+        format(const basic_string<char_type, ST, SA>& fmt,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+    string_type
+        format(const char_type* fmt,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+
+    // allocator:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    // swap:
+    void swap(match_results& that);
+};
+
+typedef match_results<const char*>             cmatch;
+typedef match_results<const wchar_t*>          wcmatch;
+typedef match_results<string::const_iterator>  smatch;
+typedef match_results<wstring::const_iterator> wsmatch;
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator>
+    bool
+    operator==(const match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m1,
+               const match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m2);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m1,
+               const match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m2);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator>
+    void
+    swap(match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m1,
+         match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m2);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class charT, class Allocator, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(const charT* str, match_results<const charT*, Allocator>& m,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                match_results<typename basic_string<charT, ST, SA>::const_iterator, Allocator>& m,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(const charT* str, const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                 match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class charT, class Allocator, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(const charT* str, match_results<const charT*, Allocator>& m,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(const charT* str, const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                 match_results<typename basic_string<charT, ST, SA>::const_iterator, Allocator>& m,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class traits, class charT, class ST, class SA>
+    OutputIterator
+    regex_replace(OutputIterator out,
+                  BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                  const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class traits, class charT>
+    OutputIterator
+    regex_replace(OutputIterator out,
+                  BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e, const charT* fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class traits, class charT, class ST, class SA, class FST, class FSA>>
+    basic_string<charT, ST, SA>
+    regex_replace(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                  const basic_string<charT, FST, FSA>& fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class traits, class charT, class ST, class SA>
+    basic_string<charT, ST, SA>
+    regex_replace(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e, const charT* fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class traits, class charT, class ST, class SA>
+    basic_string<charT>
+    regex_replace(const charT* s,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                  const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class traits, class charT>
+    basic_string<charT>
+    regex_replace(const charT* s,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                  const charT* fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class charT = typename iterator_traits< BidirectionalIterator>::value_type,
+          class traits = regex_traits<charT>>
+class regex_iterator
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_regex<charT, traits>           regex_type;
+    typedef match_results<BidirectionalIterator> value_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t                            difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type*                    pointer;
+    typedef const value_type&                    reference;
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                 iterator_category;
+
+    regex_iterator();
+    regex_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                   const regex_type& re,
+                   regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_iterator(const regex_iterator&);
+    regex_iterator& operator=(const regex_iterator&);
+
+    bool operator==(const regex_iterator&) const;
+    bool operator!=(const regex_iterator&) const;
+
+    const value_type& operator*() const;
+    const value_type* operator->() const;
+
+    regex_iterator& operator++();
+    regex_iterator operator++(int);
+};
+
+typedef regex_iterator<const char*>             cregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<const wchar_t*>          wcregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<string::const_iterator>  sregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<wstring::const_iterator> wsregex_iterator;
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class charT = typename iterator_traits< BidirectionalIterator>::value_type,
+          class traits = regex_traits<charT>>
+class regex_token_iterator
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_regex<charT, traits>       regex_type;
+    typedef sub_match<BidirectionalIterator> value_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t                        difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type*                pointer;
+    typedef const value_type&                reference;
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag             iterator_category;
+
+    regex_token_iterator();
+    regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                         const regex_type& re, int submatch = 0,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                         const regex_type& re, const vector<int>& submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                         const regex_type& re, initializer_list<int> submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    template <size_t N>
+        regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                             const regex_type& re, const int (&submatches)[N],
+                             regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_token_iterator(const regex_token_iterator&);
+    regex_token_iterator& operator=(const regex_token_iterator&);
+
+    bool operator==(const regex_token_iterator&) const;
+    bool operator!=(const regex_token_iterator&) const;
+
+    const value_type& operator*() const;
+    const value_type* operator->() const;
+
+    regex_token_iterator& operator++();
+    regex_token_iterator operator++(int);
+};
+
+typedef regex_token_iterator<const char*>             cregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<const wchar_t*>          wcregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<string::const_iterator>  sregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<wstring::const_iterator> wsregex_token_iterator;
+
+} // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <__locale>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <utility>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <string>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+#include <deque>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace regex_constants
+{
+
+// syntax_option_type
+
+enum syntax_option_type
+{
+    icase      = 1 << 0,
+    nosubs     = 1 << 1,
+    optimize   = 1 << 2,
+    collate    = 1 << 3,
+    ECMAScript = 0,
+    basic      = 1 << 4,
+    extended   = 1 << 5,
+    awk        = 1 << 6,
+    grep       = 1 << 7,
+    egrep      = 1 << 8
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+syntax_option_type
+operator~(syntax_option_type __x)
+{
+    return syntax_option_type(~int(__x));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+syntax_option_type
+operator&(syntax_option_type __x, syntax_option_type __y)
+{
+    return syntax_option_type(int(__x) & int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+syntax_option_type
+operator|(syntax_option_type __x, syntax_option_type __y)
+{
+    return syntax_option_type(int(__x) | int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+syntax_option_type
+operator^(syntax_option_type __x, syntax_option_type __y)
+{
+    return syntax_option_type(int(__x) ^ int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+syntax_option_type&
+operator&=(syntax_option_type& __x, syntax_option_type __y)
+{
+    __x = __x & __y;
+    return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+syntax_option_type&
+operator|=(syntax_option_type& __x, syntax_option_type __y)
+{
+    __x = __x | __y;
+    return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+syntax_option_type&
+operator^=(syntax_option_type& __x, syntax_option_type __y)
+{
+    __x = __x ^ __y;
+    return __x;
+}
+
+// match_flag_type
+
+enum match_flag_type
+{
+    match_default     = 0,
+    match_not_bol     = 1 << 0,
+    match_not_eol     = 1 << 1,
+    match_not_bow     = 1 << 2,
+    match_not_eow     = 1 << 3,
+    match_any         = 1 << 4,
+    match_not_null    = 1 << 5,
+    match_continuous  = 1 << 6,
+    match_prev_avail  = 1 << 7,
+    format_default    = 0,
+    format_sed        = 1 << 8,
+    format_no_copy    = 1 << 9,
+    format_first_only = 1 << 10,
+    __no_update_pos   = 1 << 11
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+match_flag_type
+operator~(match_flag_type __x)
+{
+    return match_flag_type(~int(__x));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+match_flag_type
+operator&(match_flag_type __x, match_flag_type __y)
+{
+    return match_flag_type(int(__x) & int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+match_flag_type
+operator|(match_flag_type __x, match_flag_type __y)
+{
+    return match_flag_type(int(__x) | int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+match_flag_type
+operator^(match_flag_type __x, match_flag_type __y)
+{
+    return match_flag_type(int(__x) ^ int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+match_flag_type&
+operator&=(match_flag_type& __x, match_flag_type __y)
+{
+    __x = __x & __y;
+    return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+match_flag_type&
+operator|=(match_flag_type& __x, match_flag_type __y)
+{
+    __x = __x | __y;
+    return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+/*constexpr*/
+match_flag_type&
+operator^=(match_flag_type& __x, match_flag_type __y)
+{
+    __x = __x ^ __y;
+    return __x;
+}
+
+enum error_type
+{
+    error_collate = 1,
+    error_ctype,
+    error_escape,
+    error_backref,
+    error_brack,
+    error_paren,
+    error_brace,
+    error_badbrace,
+    error_range,
+    error_space,
+    error_badrepeat,
+    error_complexity,
+    error_stack,
+    __re_err_grammar,
+    __re_err_empty,
+    __re_err_unknown
+};
+
+}  // regex_constants
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI regex_error
+    : public runtime_error
+{
+    regex_constants::error_type __code_;
+public:
+    explicit regex_error(regex_constants::error_type __ecode);
+    virtual ~regex_error() throw();
+     _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    regex_constants::error_type code() const {return __code_;}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE regex_traits
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                  char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+    typedef locale                  locale_type;
+    typedef ctype_base::mask        char_class_type;
+
+    static const char_class_type __regex_word = 0x80;
+private:
+    locale __loc_;
+    const ctype<char_type>* __ct_;
+    const collate<char_type>* __col_;
+
+public:
+    regex_traits();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_t length(const char_type* __p)
+        {return char_traits<char_type>::length(__p);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    char_type translate(char_type __c) const {return __c;}
+    char_type translate_nocase(char_type __c) const;
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        transform(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l) const;
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        string_type
+        transform_primary( _ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l) const
+            {return __transform_primary(__f, __l, char_type());}
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        string_type
+        lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l) const
+            {return __lookup_collatename(__f, __l, char_type());}
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        char_class_type
+        lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l,
+                         bool __icase = false) const
+            {return __lookup_classname(__f, __l, __icase, char_type());}
+    bool isctype(char_type __c, char_class_type __m) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int value(char_type __ch, int __radix) const
+        {return __value(__ch, __radix);}
+    locale_type imbue(locale_type __l);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    locale_type getloc()const {return __loc_;}
+
+private:
+    void __init();
+
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        __transform_primary(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, char) const;
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        __transform_primary(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, wchar_t) const;
+
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        __lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, char) const;
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        __lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, wchar_t) const;
+
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        char_class_type
+        __lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l,
+                           bool __icase, char) const;
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        char_class_type
+        __lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l,
+                           bool __icase, wchar_t) const;
+
+    static int __value(unsigned char __ch, int __radix);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int __value(char __ch, int __radix) const
+        {return __value(static_cast<unsigned char>(__ch), __radix);}
+    int __value(wchar_t __ch, int __radix) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+regex_traits<_CharT>::regex_traits()
+{
+    __init();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::translate_nocase(char_type __c) const
+{
+    return __ct_->tolower(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::transform(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l) const
+{
+    string_type __s(__f, __l);
+    return __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__init()
+{
+    __ct_ = &use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc_);
+    __col_ = &use_facet<collate<char_type> >(__loc_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::locale_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::imbue(locale_type __l)
+{
+    locale __r = __loc_;
+    __loc_ = __l;
+    __init();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// transform_primary is very FreeBSD-specific
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__transform_primary(_ForwardIterator __f,
+                                          _ForwardIterator __l, char) const
+{
+    const string_type __s(__f, __l);
+    string_type __d = __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+    switch (__d.size())
+    {
+    case 1:
+        break;
+    case 12:
+        __d[11] = __d[3];
+        break;
+    default:
+        __d.clear();
+        break;
+    }
+    return __d;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__transform_primary(_ForwardIterator __f,
+                                          _ForwardIterator __l, wchar_t) const
+{
+    const string_type __s(__f, __l);
+    string_type __d = __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+    switch (__d.size())
+    {
+    case 1:
+        break;
+    case 3:
+        __d[2] = __d[0];
+        break;
+    default:
+        __d.clear();
+        break;
+    }
+    return __d;
+}
+
+// lookup_collatename is very FreeBSD-specific
+
+string __get_collation_name(const char* __s);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f,
+                                           _ForwardIterator __l, char) const
+{
+    string_type __s(__f, __l);
+    string_type __r;
+    if (!__s.empty())
+    {
+        __r = __get_collation_name(__s.c_str());
+        if (__r.empty() && __s.size() <= 2)
+        {
+            __r = __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+            if (__r.size() == 1 || __r.size() == 12)
+                __r = __s;
+            else
+                __r.clear();
+        }
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f,
+                                           _ForwardIterator __l, wchar_t) const
+{
+    string_type __s(__f, __l);
+    string __n;
+    __n.reserve(__s.size());
+    for (typename string_type::const_iterator __i = __s.begin(), __e = __s.end();
+                                                              __i != __e; ++__i)
+    {
+        if (static_cast<unsigned>(*__i) >= 127)
+            return string_type();
+        __n.push_back(char(*__i));
+    }
+    string_type __r;
+    if (!__s.empty())
+    {
+        __n = __get_collation_name(__n.c_str());
+        if (!__n.empty())
+            __r.assign(__n.begin(), __n.end());
+        else if (__s.size() <= 2)
+        {
+            __r = __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+            if (__r.size() == 1 || __r.size() == 3)
+                __r = __s;
+            else
+                __r.clear();
+        }
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// lookup_classname
+
+ctype_base::mask __get_classname(const char* __s, bool __icase);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_class_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f,
+                                         _ForwardIterator __l,
+                                         bool __icase, char) const
+{
+    string_type __s(__f, __l);
+    __ct_->tolower(&__s[0], &__s[0] + __s.size());
+    return __get_classname(__s.c_str(), __icase);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_class_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f,
+                                         _ForwardIterator __l,
+                                         bool __icase, wchar_t) const
+{
+    string_type __s(__f, __l);
+    __ct_->tolower(&__s[0], &__s[0] + __s.size());
+    string __n;
+    __n.reserve(__s.size());
+    for (typename string_type::const_iterator __i = __s.begin(), __e = __s.end();
+                                                              __i != __e; ++__i)
+    {
+        if (static_cast<unsigned>(*__i) >= 127)
+            return char_class_type();
+        __n.push_back(char(*__i));
+    }
+    return __get_classname(__n.c_str(), __icase);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+bool
+regex_traits<_CharT>::isctype(char_type __c, char_class_type __m) const
+{
+    if (__ct_->is(__m, __c))
+        return true;
+    return (__c == '_' && (__m & __regex_word));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__value(unsigned char __ch, int __radix)
+{
+    if ((__ch & 0xF8u) == 0x30)  // '0' <= __ch && __ch <= '7'
+        return __ch - '0';
+    if (__radix != 8)
+    {
+        if ((__ch & 0xFEu) == 0x38)  // '8' <= __ch && __ch <= '9'
+            return __ch - '0';
+        if (__radix == 16)
+        {
+            __ch |= 0x20;  // tolower
+            if ('a' <= __ch && __ch <= 'f')
+                return __ch - ('a' - 10);
+        }
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+int
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__value(wchar_t __ch, int __radix) const
+{
+    return __value(static_cast<unsigned char>(__ct_->narrow(__ch, char_type())), __radix);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT> class __node;
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator> class sub_match;
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<sub_match<_BidirectionalIterator> > >
+class match_results;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct __state
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        __end_state = -1000,
+        __consume_input,  // -999
+        __begin_marked_expr, // -998
+        __end_marked_expr,   // -997
+        __pop_state,           // -996
+        __accept_and_consume,  // -995
+        __accept_but_not_consume,  // -994
+        __reject,                  // -993
+        __split,
+        __repeat
+    };
+
+    int __do_;
+    const _CharT* __first_;
+    const _CharT* __current_;
+    const _CharT* __last_;
+    vector<sub_match<const _CharT*> > __sub_matches_;
+    vector<pair<size_t, const _CharT*> > __loop_data_;
+    const __node<_CharT>* __node_;
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags_;
+    bool __at_first_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __state()
+        : __do_(0), __first_(nullptr), __current_(nullptr), __last_(nullptr),
+          __node_(nullptr), __flags_() {}
+};
+
+// __node
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __node
+{
+    __node(const __node&);
+    __node& operator=(const __node&);
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual ~__node() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const {};
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    virtual void __exec_split(bool, __state&) const {};
+};
+
+// __end_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __end_state
+    : public __node<_CharT>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __end_state() {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__end_state<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__end_state;
+}
+
+// __has_one_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __has_one_state
+    : public __node<_CharT>
+{
+    __node<_CharT>* __first_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __has_one_state(__node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : __first_(__s) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node<_CharT>*  first() const {return __first_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __node<_CharT>*& first()       {return __first_;}
+};
+
+// __owns_one_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __owns_one_state
+    : public __has_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __has_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __owns_one_state(__node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s) {}
+
+    virtual ~__owns_one_state();
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+__owns_one_state<_CharT>::~__owns_one_state()
+{
+    delete this->first();
+}
+
+// __empty_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __empty_state
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __empty_state(__node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__empty_state<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __empty_non_own_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __empty_non_own_state
+    : public __has_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __has_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __empty_non_own_state(__node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__empty_non_own_state<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __repeat_one_loop
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __repeat_one_loop
+    : public __has_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __has_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __repeat_one_loop(__node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__repeat_one_loop<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__repeat;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __owns_two_states
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __owns_two_states
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    base* __second_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __owns_two_states(__node<_CharT>* __s1, base* __s2)
+        : base(__s1), __second_(__s2) {}
+
+    virtual ~__owns_two_states();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    base*  second() const {return __second_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    base*& second()       {return __second_;}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+__owns_two_states<_CharT>::~__owns_two_states()
+{
+    delete __second_;
+}
+
+// __loop
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __loop
+    : public __owns_two_states<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_two_states<_CharT> base;
+
+    size_t __min_;
+    size_t __max_;
+    unsigned __loop_id_;
+    unsigned __mexp_begin_;
+    unsigned __mexp_end_;
+    bool __greedy_;
+
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __loop(unsigned __loop_id,
+                          __node<_CharT>* __s1, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s2,
+                          unsigned __mexp_begin, unsigned __mexp_end,
+                          bool __greedy = true,
+                          size_t __min = 0,
+                          size_t __max = numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
+        : base(__s1, __s2), __min_(__min), __max_(__max), __loop_id_(__loop_id),
+          __mexp_begin_(__mexp_begin), __mexp_end_(__mexp_end),
+          __greedy_(__greedy) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state& __s) const;
+    virtual void __exec_split(bool __second, __state& __s) const;
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __init_repeat(__state& __s) const
+    {
+        __s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].second = __s.__current_;
+        for (size_t __i = __mexp_begin_-1; __i != __mexp_end_-1; ++__i)
+        {
+            __s.__sub_matches_[__i].first = __s.__last_;
+            __s.__sub_matches_[__i].second = __s.__last_;
+            __s.__sub_matches_[__i].matched = false;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__loop<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    if (__s.__do_ == __state::__repeat)
+    {
+        bool __do_repeat = ++__s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].first < __max_;
+        bool __do_alt = __s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].first >= __min_;
+        if (__do_repeat && __do_alt &&
+                               __s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].second == __s.__current_)
+            __do_repeat = false;
+        if (__do_repeat && __do_alt)
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__split;
+        else if (__do_repeat)
+        {
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+            __s.__node_ = this->first();
+            __init_repeat(__s);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+            __s.__node_ = this->second();
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].first = 0;
+        bool __do_repeat = 0 < __max_;
+        bool __do_alt = 0 >= __min_;
+        if (__do_repeat && __do_alt)
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__split;
+        else if (__do_repeat)
+        {
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+            __s.__node_ = this->first();
+            __init_repeat(__s);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+            __s.__node_ = this->second();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__loop<_CharT>::__exec_split(bool __second, __state& __s) const
+{
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    if (__greedy_ != __second)
+    {
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+        __init_repeat(__s);
+    }
+    else
+        __s.__node_ = this->second();
+}
+
+// __alternate
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __alternate
+    : public __owns_two_states<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_two_states<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __alternate(__owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s1,
+                         __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s2)
+        : base(__s1, __s2) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state& __s) const;
+    virtual void __exec_split(bool __second, __state& __s) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__alternate<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__split;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__alternate<_CharT>::__exec_split(bool __second, __state& __s) const
+{
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    if (__second)
+        __s.__node_ = this->second();
+    else
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __begin_marked_subexpression
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __begin_marked_subexpression
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    unsigned __mexp_;
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __begin_marked_subexpression(unsigned __mexp, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__begin_marked_subexpression<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_-1].first = __s.__current_;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __end_marked_subexpression
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __end_marked_subexpression
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    unsigned __mexp_;
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __end_marked_subexpression(unsigned __mexp, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__end_marked_subexpression<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_-1].second = __s.__current_;
+    __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_-1].matched = true;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __back_ref
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __back_ref
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    unsigned __mexp_;
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __back_ref(unsigned __mexp, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__back_ref<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    sub_match<const _CharT*>& __sm = __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_-1];
+    if (__sm.matched)
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t __len = __sm.second - __sm.first;
+        if (__s.__last_ - __s.__current_ >= __len &&
+            _VSTD::equal(__sm.first, __sm.second, __s.__current_))
+        {
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+            __s.__current_ += __len;
+            __s.__node_ = this->first();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+            __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __back_ref_icase
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __back_ref_icase
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    _Traits __traits_;
+    unsigned __mexp_;
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __back_ref_icase(const _Traits& __traits, unsigned __mexp,
+                              __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+__back_ref_icase<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    sub_match<const _CharT*>& __sm = __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_-1];
+    if (__sm.matched)
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t __len = __sm.second - __sm.first;
+        if (__s.__last_ - __s.__current_ >= __len)
+        {
+            for (ptrdiff_t __i = 0; __i < __len; ++__i)
+            {
+                if (__traits_.translate_nocase(__sm.first[__i]) !=
+                                __traits_.translate_nocase(__s.__current_[__i]))
+                    goto __not_equal;
+            }
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+            __s.__current_ += __len;
+            __s.__node_ = this->first();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+            __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+__not_equal:
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __back_ref_collate
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __back_ref_collate
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    _Traits __traits_;
+    unsigned __mexp_;
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __back_ref_collate(const _Traits& __traits, unsigned __mexp,
+                              __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+__back_ref_collate<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    sub_match<const _CharT*>& __sm = __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_-1];
+    if (__sm.matched)
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t __len = __sm.second - __sm.first;
+        if (__s.__last_ - __s.__current_ >= __len)
+        {
+            for (ptrdiff_t __i = 0; __i < __len; ++__i)
+            {
+                if (__traits_.translate(__sm.first[__i]) !=
+                                       __traits_.translate(__s.__current_[__i]))
+                    goto __not_equal;
+            }
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+            __s.__current_ += __len;
+            __s.__node_ = this->first();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+            __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+__not_equal:
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __word_boundary
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __word_boundary
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    _Traits __traits_;
+    bool __invert_;
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __word_boundary(const _Traits& __traits, bool __invert,
+                             __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __invert_(__invert) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+__word_boundary<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    bool __is_word_b = false;
+    if (__s.__first_ != __s.__last_)
+    {
+        if (__s.__current_ == __s.__last_)
+        {
+            if (!(__s.__flags_ & regex_constants::match_not_eow))
+            {
+                _CharT __c = __s.__current_[-1];
+                __is_word_b = __c == '_' ||
+                              __traits_.isctype(__c, ctype_base::alnum);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (__s.__current_ == __s.__first_ &&
+                !(__s.__flags_ & regex_constants::match_prev_avail))
+        {
+            if (!(__s.__flags_ & regex_constants::match_not_bow))
+            {
+                _CharT __c = *__s.__current_;
+                __is_word_b = __c == '_' ||
+                              __traits_.isctype(__c, ctype_base::alnum);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _CharT __c1 = __s.__current_[-1];
+            _CharT __c2 = *__s.__current_;
+            bool __is_c1_b = __c1 == '_' ||
+                             __traits_.isctype(__c1, ctype_base::alnum);
+            bool __is_c2_b = __c2 == '_' ||
+                             __traits_.isctype(__c2, ctype_base::alnum);
+            __is_word_b = __is_c1_b != __is_c2_b;
+        }
+    }
+    if (__is_word_b != __invert_)
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __l_anchor
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __l_anchor
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __l_anchor(__node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__l_anchor<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    if (__s.__at_first_ && __s.__current_ == __s.__first_)
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __r_anchor
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __r_anchor
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __r_anchor(__node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__r_anchor<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    if (__s.__current_ == __s.__last_)
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __match_any
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __match_any
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __match_any(__node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__match_any<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_ && *__s.__current_ != 0)
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+        ++__s.__current_;
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __match_any_but_newline
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __match_any_but_newline
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __match_any_but_newline(__node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+// __match_char
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __match_char
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    _CharT __c_;
+
+    __match_char(const __match_char&);
+    __match_char& operator=(const __match_char&);
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __match_char(_CharT __c, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __c_(__c) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void
+__match_char<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_ && *__s.__current_ == __c_)
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+        ++__s.__current_;
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __match_char_icase
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __match_char_icase
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    _Traits __traits_;
+    _CharT __c_;
+
+    __match_char_icase(const __match_char_icase&);
+    __match_char_icase& operator=(const __match_char_icase&);
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __match_char_icase(const _Traits& __traits, _CharT __c, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __c_(__traits.translate_nocase(__c)) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+__match_char_icase<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_ &&
+        __traits_.translate_nocase(*__s.__current_) == __c_)
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+        ++__s.__current_;
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __match_char_collate
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __match_char_collate
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    _Traits __traits_;
+    _CharT __c_;
+
+    __match_char_collate(const __match_char_collate&);
+    __match_char_collate& operator=(const __match_char_collate&);
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __match_char_collate(const _Traits& __traits, _CharT __c, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __c_(__traits.translate(__c)) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+__match_char_collate<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_ &&
+        __traits_.translate(*__s.__current_) == __c_)
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+        ++__s.__current_;
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// __bracket_expression
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __bracket_expression
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+    typedef typename _Traits::string_type string_type;
+
+    _Traits __traits_;
+    vector<_CharT> __chars_;
+    vector<_CharT> __neg_chars_;
+    vector<pair<string_type, string_type> > __ranges_;
+    vector<pair<_CharT, _CharT> > __digraphs_;
+    vector<string_type> __equivalences_;
+    ctype_base::mask __mask_;
+    ctype_base::mask __neg_mask_;
+    bool __negate_;
+    bool __icase_;
+    bool __collate_;
+    bool __might_have_digraph_;
+
+    __bracket_expression(const __bracket_expression&);
+    __bracket_expression& operator=(const __bracket_expression&);
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __bracket_expression(const _Traits& __traits, __node<_CharT>* __s,
+                                 bool __negate, bool __icase, bool __collate)
+        : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __mask_(), __neg_mask_(),
+          __negate_(__negate), __icase_(__icase), __collate_(__collate),
+          __might_have_digraph_(__traits_.getloc().name() != "C") {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool __negated() const {return __negate_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __add_char(_CharT __c)
+        {
+            if (__icase_)
+                __chars_.push_back(__traits_.translate_nocase(__c));
+            else if (__collate_)
+                __chars_.push_back(__traits_.translate(__c));
+            else
+                __chars_.push_back(__c);
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __add_neg_char(_CharT __c)
+        {
+            if (__icase_)
+                __neg_chars_.push_back(__traits_.translate_nocase(__c));
+            else if (__collate_)
+                __neg_chars_.push_back(__traits_.translate(__c));
+            else
+                __neg_chars_.push_back(__c);
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __add_range(string_type __b, string_type __e)
+        {
+            if (__collate_)
+            {
+                if (__icase_)
+                {
+                    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b.size(); ++__i)
+                        __b[__i] = __traits_.translate_nocase(__b[__i]);
+                    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __e.size(); ++__i)
+                        __e[__i] = __traits_.translate_nocase(__e[__i]);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b.size(); ++__i)
+                        __b[__i] = __traits_.translate(__b[__i]);
+                    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __e.size(); ++__i)
+                        __e[__i] = __traits_.translate(__e[__i]);
+                }
+                __ranges_.push_back(make_pair(
+                                  __traits_.transform(__b.begin(), __b.end()),
+                                  __traits_.transform(__e.begin(), __e.end())));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                if (__b.size() != 1 || __e.size() != 1)
+                    throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_collate);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                if (__icase_)
+                {
+                    __b[0] = __traits_.translate_nocase(__b[0]);
+                    __e[0] = __traits_.translate_nocase(__e[0]);
+                }
+                __ranges_.push_back(make_pair(_VSTD::move(__b), _VSTD::move(__e)));
+            }
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __add_digraph(_CharT __c1, _CharT __c2)
+        {
+            if (__icase_)
+                __digraphs_.push_back(make_pair(__traits_.translate_nocase(__c1),
+                                                __traits_.translate_nocase(__c2)));
+            else if (__collate_)
+                __digraphs_.push_back(make_pair(__traits_.translate(__c1),
+                                                __traits_.translate(__c2)));
+            else
+                __digraphs_.push_back(make_pair(__c1, __c2));
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __add_equivalence(const string_type& __s)
+        {__equivalences_.push_back(__s);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __add_class(ctype_base::mask __mask)
+        {__mask_ |= __mask;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __add_neg_class(ctype_base::mask __mask)
+        {__neg_mask_ |= __mask;}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+__bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    bool __found = false;
+    unsigned __consumed = 0;
+    if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_)
+    {
+        ++__consumed;
+        if (__might_have_digraph_)
+        {
+            const _CharT* __next = _VSTD::next(__s.__current_);
+            if (__next != __s.__last_)
+            {
+                pair<_CharT, _CharT> __ch2(*__s.__current_, *__next);
+                if (__icase_)
+                {
+                    __ch2.first = __traits_.translate_nocase(__ch2.first);
+                    __ch2.second = __traits_.translate_nocase(__ch2.second);
+                }
+                else if (__collate_)
+                {
+                    __ch2.first = __traits_.translate(__ch2.first);
+                    __ch2.second = __traits_.translate(__ch2.second);
+                }
+                if (!__traits_.lookup_collatename(&__ch2.first, &__ch2.first+2).empty())
+                {
+                    // __ch2 is a digraph in this locale
+                    ++__consumed;
+                    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __digraphs_.size(); ++__i)
+                    {
+                        if (__ch2 == __digraphs_[__i])
+                        {
+                            __found = true;
+                            goto __exit;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (__collate_ && !__ranges_.empty())
+                    {
+                        string_type __s2 = __traits_.transform(&__ch2.first,
+                                                               &__ch2.first + 2);
+                        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __ranges_.size(); ++__i)
+                        {
+                            if (__ranges_[__i].first <= __s2 &&
+                                __s2 <= __ranges_[__i].second)
+                            {
+                                __found = true;
+                                goto __exit;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (!__equivalences_.empty())
+                    {
+                        string_type __s2 = __traits_.transform_primary(&__ch2.first,
+                                                                       &__ch2.first + 2);
+                        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __equivalences_.size(); ++__i)
+                        {
+                            if (__s2 == __equivalences_[__i])
+                            {
+                                __found = true;
+                                goto __exit;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (__traits_.isctype(__ch2.first, __mask_) &&
+                        __traits_.isctype(__ch2.second, __mask_))
+                    {
+                        __found = true;
+                        goto __exit;
+                    }
+                    if (!__traits_.isctype(__ch2.first, __neg_mask_) &&
+                        !__traits_.isctype(__ch2.second, __neg_mask_))
+                    {
+                        __found = true;
+                        goto __exit;
+                    }
+                    goto __exit;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // test *__s.__current_ as not a digraph
+        _CharT __ch = *__s.__current_;
+        if (__icase_)
+            __ch = __traits_.translate_nocase(__ch);
+        else if (__collate_)
+            __ch = __traits_.translate(__ch);
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __chars_.size(); ++__i)
+        {
+            if (__ch == __chars_[__i])
+            {
+                __found = true;
+                goto __exit;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!__neg_chars_.empty())
+        {
+            for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __neg_chars_.size(); ++__i)
+            {
+                if (__ch == __neg_chars_[__i])
+                    goto __is_neg_char;
+            }
+            __found = true;
+            goto __exit;
+        }
+__is_neg_char:
+        if (!__ranges_.empty())
+        {
+            string_type __s2 = __collate_ ?
+                                   __traits_.transform(&__ch, &__ch + 1) :
+                                   string_type(1, __ch);
+            for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __ranges_.size(); ++__i)
+            {
+                if (__ranges_[__i].first <= __s2 && __s2 <= __ranges_[__i].second)
+                {
+                    __found = true;
+                    goto __exit;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!__equivalences_.empty())
+        {
+            string_type __s2 = __traits_.transform_primary(&__ch, &__ch + 1);
+            for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __equivalences_.size(); ++__i)
+            {
+                if (__s2 == __equivalences_[__i])
+                {
+                    __found = true;
+                    goto __exit;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (__traits_.isctype(__ch, __mask_))
+        {
+            __found = true;
+            goto __exit;
+        }
+        if (__neg_mask_ && !__traits_.isctype(__ch, __neg_mask_))
+        {
+            __found = true;
+            goto __exit;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        __found = __negate_;  // force reject
+__exit:
+    if (__found != __negate_)
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+        __s.__current_ += __consumed;
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits> class __lookahead;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = regex_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_regex
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef _CharT                              value_type;
+    typedef regex_constants::syntax_option_type flag_type;
+    typedef typename _Traits::locale_type       locale_type;
+
+private:
+    _Traits   __traits_;
+    flag_type __flags_;
+    unsigned __marked_count_;
+    unsigned __loop_count_;
+    int __open_count_;
+    shared_ptr<__empty_state<_CharT> > __start_;
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __end_;
+
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+    typedef _VSTD::__node<_CharT> __node;
+
+public:
+    // constants:
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type icase = regex_constants::icase;
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type nosubs = regex_constants::nosubs;
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type optimize = regex_constants::optimize;
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type collate = regex_constants::collate;
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type ECMAScript = regex_constants::ECMAScript;
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic = regex_constants::basic;
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type extended = regex_constants::extended;
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type awk = regex_constants::awk;
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type grep = regex_constants::grep;
+    static const/*expr*/ regex_constants::syntax_option_type egrep = regex_constants::egrep;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_regex()
+        : __flags_(), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0),
+          __end_(0)
+        {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit basic_regex(const value_type* __p, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+        : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0),
+          __end_(0)
+        {__parse(__p, __p + __traits_.length(__p));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_regex(const value_type* __p, size_t __len, flag_type __f)
+        : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0),
+          __end_(0)
+        {__parse(__p, __p + __len);}
+//     basic_regex(const basic_regex&) = default;
+//     basic_regex(basic_regex&&) = default;
+    template <class _ST, class _SA>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit basic_regex(const basic_string<value_type, _ST, _SA>& __p,
+                             flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+        : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0),
+          __end_(0)
+        {__parse(__p.begin(), __p.end());}
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        basic_regex(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                    flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+        : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0),
+          __end_(0)
+        {__parse(__first, __last);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_regex(initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+                flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+        : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0),
+          __end_(0)
+        {__parse(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+//    ~basic_regex() = default;
+
+//     basic_regex& operator=(const basic_regex&) = default;
+//     basic_regex& operator=(basic_regex&&) = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_regex& operator=(const value_type* __p)
+        {return assign(__p);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_regex& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {return assign(__il);}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    template <class _ST, class _SA>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        basic_regex& operator=(const basic_string<value_type, _ST, _SA>& __p)
+        {return assign(__p);}
+
+    // assign:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_regex& assign(const basic_regex& __that)
+        {return *this = __that;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_regex& assign(const value_type* __p, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+        {return assign(__p, __p + __traits_.length(__p), __f);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_regex& assign(const value_type* __p, size_t __len, flag_type __f)
+        {return assign(__p, __p + __len, __f);}
+    template <class _ST, class _SA>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        basic_regex& assign(const basic_string<value_type, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+                            flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+            {return assign(__s.begin(), __s.end(), __f);}
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+             __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+            !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            basic_regex&
+        >::type
+        assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                            flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+        {
+            basic_string<_CharT> __t(__first, __last);
+            return assign(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __f);
+        }
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __member_init(flag_type __f)
+    {
+        __flags_ = __f;
+        __marked_count_ = 0;
+        __loop_count_ = 0;
+        __open_count_ = 0;
+        __end_ = nullptr;
+    }
+public:
+
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            basic_regex&
+        >::type
+        assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                            flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+        {
+            __member_init(__f);
+            __parse(__first, __last);
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_regex& assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+                        flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+        {return assign(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __f);}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    // const operations:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unsigned mark_count() const {return __marked_count_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    flag_type flags() const {return __flags_;}
+
+    // locale:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    locale_type imbue(locale_type __loc)
+    {
+        __member_init(ECMAScript);
+        __start_.reset();
+        return __traits_.imbue(__loc);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    locale_type getloc() const {return __traits_.getloc();}
+
+    // swap:
+    void swap(basic_regex& __r);
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unsigned __loop_count() const {return __loop_count_;}
+
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_basic_reg_exp(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_RE_expression(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_simple_RE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_nondupl_RE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_RE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_Back_open_paren(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_Back_close_paren(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_Back_open_brace(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_Back_close_brace(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_BACKREF(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_ORD_CHAR(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_QUOTED_CHAR(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_RE_dupl_symbol(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                               __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+                               unsigned __mexp_begin, unsigned __mexp_end);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_ERE_dupl_symbol(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+                                unsigned __mexp_begin, unsigned __mexp_end);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_bracket_expression(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_follow_list(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                            __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_expression_term(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_equivalence_class(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                  __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_character_class(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_collating_symbol(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                 basic_string<_CharT>& __col_sym);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_DUP_COUNT(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, int& __c);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_extended_reg_exp(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_ERE_branch(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_ERE_expression(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_ORD_CHAR_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_QUOTED_CHAR_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_ecma_exp(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_alternative(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_term(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_assertion(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_atom(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_atom_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_decimal_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_character_class_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_character_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                 basic_string<_CharT>* __str = nullptr);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_pattern_character(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_grep(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_egrep(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_class_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                          basic_string<_CharT>& __str,
+                          __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        _ForwardIterator
+        __parse_awk_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                          basic_string<_CharT>* __str = nullptr);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __push_l_anchor();
+    void __push_r_anchor();
+    void __push_match_any();
+    void __push_match_any_but_newline();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __push_greedy_inf_repeat(size_t __min, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+                                  unsigned __mexp_begin = 0, unsigned __mexp_end = 0)
+        {__push_loop(__min, numeric_limits<size_t>::max(), __s,
+                     __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __push_nongreedy_inf_repeat(size_t __min, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+                                  unsigned __mexp_begin = 0, unsigned __mexp_end = 0)
+        {__push_loop(__min, numeric_limits<size_t>::max(), __s,
+                     __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, false);}
+    void __push_loop(size_t __min, size_t __max, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+                     size_t __mexp_begin = 0, size_t __mexp_end = 0,
+                     bool __greedy = true);
+    __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __start_matching_list(bool __negate);
+    void __push_char(value_type __c);
+    void __push_back_ref(int __i);
+    void __push_alternation(__owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa,
+                            __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb);
+    void __push_begin_marked_subexpression();
+    void __push_end_marked_subexpression(unsigned);
+    void __push_empty();
+    void __push_word_boundary(bool);
+    void __push_lookahead(const basic_regex&, bool);
+
+    template <class _Allocator>
+        bool
+        __search(const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+                 match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags) const;
+
+    template <class _Allocator>
+        bool
+        __match_at_start(const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+                 match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags, bool) const;
+    template <class _Allocator>
+        bool
+        __match_at_start_ecma(const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+                 match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags, bool) const;
+    template <class _Allocator>
+        bool
+        __match_at_start_posix_nosubs(const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+                 match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags, bool) const;
+    template <class _Allocator>
+        bool
+        __match_at_start_posix_subs(const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+                 match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags, bool) const;
+
+    template <class _B, class _A, class _C, class _T>
+    friend
+    bool
+    regex_search(_B, _B, match_results<_B, _A>&, const basic_regex<_C, _T>&,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+    template <class _A, class _C, class _T>
+    friend
+    bool
+    regex_search(const _C*, const _C*, match_results<const _C*, _A>&,
+                 const basic_regex<_C, _T>&, regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+    template <class _B, class _C, class _T>
+    friend
+    bool
+    regex_search(_B, _B, const basic_regex<_C, _T>&,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+    template <class _C, class _T>
+    friend
+    bool
+    regex_search(const _C*, const _C*,
+                 const basic_regex<_C, _T>&, regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+    template <class _C, class _A, class _T>
+    friend
+    bool
+    regex_search(const _C*, match_results<const _C*, _A>&, const basic_regex<_C, _T>&,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+    template <class _ST, class _SA, class _C, class _T>
+    friend
+    bool
+    regex_search(const basic_string<_C, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+                 const basic_regex<_C, _T>& __e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags);
+
+    template <class _ST, class _SA, class _A, class _C, class _T>
+    friend
+    bool
+    regex_search(const basic_string<_C, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+                 match_results<typename basic_string<_C, _ST, _SA>::const_iterator, _A>&,
+                 const basic_regex<_C, _T>& __e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags);
+
+    template <class, class> friend class __lookahead;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_regex& __r)
+{
+    using _VSTD::swap;
+    swap(__traits_, __r.__traits_);
+    swap(__flags_, __r.__flags_);
+    swap(__marked_count_, __r.__marked_count_);
+    swap(__loop_count_, __r.__loop_count_);
+    swap(__open_count_, __r.__open_count_);
+    swap(__start_, __r.__start_);
+    swap(__end_, __r.__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+// __lookahead
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __lookahead
+    : public __owns_one_state<_CharT>
+{
+    typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+    basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits> __exp_;
+    bool __invert_;
+
+    __lookahead(const __lookahead&);
+    __lookahead& operator=(const __lookahead&);
+public:
+    typedef _VSTD::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __lookahead(const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __exp, bool __invert, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+        : base(__s), __exp_(__exp), __invert_(__invert) {}
+
+    virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+__lookahead<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const
+{
+    match_results<const _CharT*> __m;
+    __m.__init(1 + __exp_.mark_count(), __s.__current_, __s.__last_);
+    bool __matched = __exp_.__match_at_start_ecma(__s.__current_, __s.__last_,
+                                                  __m,
+                                                  __s.__flags_ | regex_constants::match_continuous,
+                                                  true);
+    if (__matched != __invert_)
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+        __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __s.__do_ = __state::__reject;
+        __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                      _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    {
+        unique_ptr<__node> __h(new __end_state<_CharT>);
+        __start_.reset(new __empty_state<_CharT>(__h.get()));
+        __h.release();
+        __end_ = __start_.get();
+    }
+    switch (__flags_ & 0x1F0)
+    {
+    case ECMAScript:
+        __first = __parse_ecma_exp(__first, __last);
+        break;
+    case basic:
+        __first = __parse_basic_reg_exp(__first, __last);
+        break;
+    case extended:
+    case awk:
+        __first = __parse_extended_reg_exp(__first, __last);
+        break;
+    case grep:
+        __first = __parse_grep(__first, __last);
+        break;
+    case egrep:
+        __first = __parse_egrep(__first, __last);
+        break;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    default:
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::__re_err_grammar);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_basic_reg_exp(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                    _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        if (*__first == '^')
+        {
+            __push_l_anchor();
+            ++__first;
+        }
+        if (__first != __last)
+        {
+            __first = __parse_RE_expression(__first, __last);
+            if (__first != __last)
+            {
+                _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+                if (__temp == __last && *__first == '$')
+                {
+                    __push_r_anchor();
+                    ++__first;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (__first != __last)
+            throw regex_error(regex_constants::__re_err_empty);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_extended_reg_exp(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                       _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa = __end_;
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_ERE_branch(__first, __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__temp == __first)
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::__re_err_empty);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __first = __temp;
+    while (__first != __last && *__first == '|')
+    {
+        __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb = __end_;
+        __temp = __parse_ERE_branch(++__first, __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (__temp == __first)
+            throw regex_error(regex_constants::__re_err_empty);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        __push_alternation(__sa, __sb);
+        __first = __temp;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ERE_branch(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                 _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_ERE_expression(__first, __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__temp == __first)
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::__re_err_empty);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    do
+    {
+        __first = __temp;
+        __temp = __parse_ERE_expression(__first, __last);
+    } while (__temp != __first);
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ERE_expression(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                     _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __e = __end_;
+    unsigned __mexp_begin = __marked_count_;
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_ERE(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first && __temp != __last)
+    {
+        switch (*__temp)
+        {
+        case '^':
+            __push_l_anchor();
+            ++__temp;
+            break;
+        case '$':
+            __push_r_anchor();
+            ++__temp;
+            break;
+        case '(':
+            __push_begin_marked_subexpression();
+            unsigned __temp_count = __marked_count_;
+            ++__open_count_;
+            __temp = __parse_extended_reg_exp(++__temp, __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__temp == __last || *__temp != ')')
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_paren);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __push_end_marked_subexpression(__temp_count);
+            --__open_count_;
+            ++__temp;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (__temp != __first)
+        __temp = __parse_ERE_dupl_symbol(__temp, __last, __e, __mexp_begin+1,
+                                         __marked_count_+1);
+    __first = __temp;
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_RE_expression(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                    _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    while (true)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_simple_RE(__first, __last);
+        if (__temp == __first)
+            break;
+        __first = __temp;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_simple_RE(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __e = __end_;
+        unsigned __mexp_begin = __marked_count_;
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_nondupl_RE(__first, __last);
+        if (__temp != __first)
+            __first = __parse_RE_dupl_symbol(__temp, __last, __e,
+                                             __mexp_begin+1, __marked_count_+1);
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_nondupl_RE(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                 _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __first;
+    __first = __parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_RE(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first)
+    {
+        __temp = __parse_Back_open_paren(__first, __last);
+        if (__temp != __first)
+        {
+            __push_begin_marked_subexpression();
+            unsigned __temp_count = __marked_count_;
+            __first = __parse_RE_expression(__temp, __last);
+            __temp = __parse_Back_close_paren(__first, __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__temp == __first)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_paren);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __push_end_marked_subexpression(__temp_count);
+            __first = __temp;
+        }
+        else
+            __first = __parse_BACKREF(__first, __last);
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_RE(
+                                                       _ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                       _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_ORD_CHAR(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first)
+    {
+        __temp = __parse_QUOTED_CHAR(__first, __last);
+        if (__temp == __first)
+        {
+            if (__temp != __last && *__temp == '.')
+            {
+                __push_match_any();
+                ++__temp;
+            }
+            else
+                __temp = __parse_bracket_expression(__first, __last);
+        }
+    }
+    __first = __temp;
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_ERE(
+                                                       _ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                       _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_ORD_CHAR_ERE(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first)
+    {
+        __temp = __parse_QUOTED_CHAR_ERE(__first, __last);
+        if (__temp == __first)
+        {
+            if (__temp != __last && *__temp == '.')
+            {
+                __push_match_any();
+                ++__temp;
+            }
+            else
+                __temp = __parse_bracket_expression(__first, __last);
+        }
+    }
+    __first = __temp;
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_Back_open_paren(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                      _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        if (__temp != __last)
+        {
+            if (*__first == '\\' && *__temp == '(')
+                __first = ++__temp;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_Back_close_paren(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                       _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        if (__temp != __last)
+        {
+            if (*__first == '\\' && *__temp == ')')
+                __first = ++__temp;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_Back_open_brace(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                      _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        if (__temp != __last)
+        {
+            if (*__first == '\\' && *__temp == '{')
+                __first = ++__temp;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_Back_close_brace(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                       _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        if (__temp != __last)
+        {
+            if (*__first == '\\' && *__temp == '}')
+                __first = ++__temp;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_BACKREF(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                              _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        if (__temp != __last)
+        {
+            if (*__first == '\\' && '1' <= *__temp && *__temp <= '9')
+            {
+                __push_back_ref(*__temp - '0');
+                __first = ++__temp;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ORD_CHAR(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                               _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        if (__temp == __last && *__first == '$')
+            return __first;
+        // Not called inside a bracket
+        if (*__first == '.' || *__first == '\\' || *__first == '[')
+            return __first;
+        __push_char(*__first);
+        ++__first;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ORD_CHAR_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                   _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        switch (*__first)
+        {
+        case '^':
+        case '.':
+        case '[':
+        case '$':
+        case '(':
+        case '|':
+        case '*':
+        case '+':
+        case '?':
+        case '{':
+        case '\\':
+            break;
+        case ')':
+            if (__open_count_ == 0)
+            {
+                __push_char(*__first);
+                ++__first;
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            __push_char(*__first);
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_QUOTED_CHAR(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                  _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        if (__temp != __last)
+        {
+            if (*__first == '\\')
+            {
+                switch (*__temp)
+                {
+                case '^':
+                case '.':
+                case '*':
+                case '[':
+                case '$':
+                case '\\':
+                    __push_char(*__temp);
+                    __first = ++__temp;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_QUOTED_CHAR_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                      _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        if (__temp != __last)
+        {
+            if (*__first == '\\')
+            {
+                switch (*__temp)
+                {
+                case '^':
+                case '.':
+                case '*':
+                case '[':
+                case '$':
+                case '\\':
+                case '(':
+                case ')':
+                case '|':
+                case '+':
+                case '?':
+                case '{':
+                    __push_char(*__temp);
+                    __first = ++__temp;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    if ((__flags_ & 0x1F0) == awk)
+                        __first = __parse_awk_escape(++__first, __last);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_RE_dupl_symbol(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                     _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                                     __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+                                                     unsigned __mexp_begin,
+                                                     unsigned __mexp_end)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        if (*__first == '*')
+        {
+            __push_greedy_inf_repeat(0, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+            ++__first;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_Back_open_brace(__first, __last);
+            if (__temp != __first)
+            {
+                int __min = 0;
+                __first = __temp;
+                __temp = __parse_DUP_COUNT(__first, __last, __min);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                if (__temp == __first)
+                    throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_badbrace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                __first = __temp;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                if (__first == __last)
+                    throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                if (*__first != ',')
+                {
+                    __temp = __parse_Back_close_brace(__first, __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    if (__temp == __first)
+                        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    __push_loop(__min, __min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end,
+                                    true);
+                    __first = __temp;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ++__first;  // consume ','
+                    int __max = -1;
+                    __first = __parse_DUP_COUNT(__first, __last, __max);
+                    __temp = __parse_Back_close_brace(__first, __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    if (__temp == __first)
+                        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    if (__max == -1)
+                        __push_greedy_inf_repeat(__min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+                    else
+                    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                        if (__max < __min)
+                            throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_badbrace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                        __push_loop(__min, __max, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end,
+                                    true);
+                    }
+                    __first = __temp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ERE_dupl_symbol(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                      _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                                      __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+                                                      unsigned __mexp_begin,
+                                                      unsigned __mexp_end)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        unsigned __grammar = __flags_ & 0x1F0;
+        switch (*__first)
+        {
+        case '*':
+            ++__first;
+            if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?')
+            {
+                ++__first;
+                __push_nongreedy_inf_repeat(0, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+            }
+            else
+                __push_greedy_inf_repeat(0, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+            break;
+        case '+':
+            ++__first;
+            if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?')
+            {
+                ++__first;
+                __push_nongreedy_inf_repeat(1, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+            }
+            else
+                __push_greedy_inf_repeat(1, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+            break;
+        case '?':
+            ++__first;
+            if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?')
+            {
+                ++__first;
+                __push_loop(0, 1, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, false);
+            }
+            else
+                __push_loop(0, 1, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+            break;
+        case '{':
+            {
+                int __min;
+                _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_DUP_COUNT(++__first, __last, __min);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                if (__temp == __first)
+                    throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_badbrace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                __first = __temp;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                if (__first == __last)
+                    throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                switch (*__first)
+                {
+                case '}':
+                    ++__first;
+                    if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?')
+                    {
+                        ++__first;
+                        __push_loop(__min, __min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, false);
+                    }
+                    else
+                        __push_loop(__min, __min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+                    break;
+                case ',':
+                    ++__first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    if (__first == __last)
+                        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_badbrace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    if (*__first == '}')
+                    {
+                        ++__first;
+                        if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?')
+                        {
+                            ++__first;
+                            __push_nongreedy_inf_repeat(__min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+                        }
+                        else
+                            __push_greedy_inf_repeat(__min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        int __max = -1;
+                        __temp = __parse_DUP_COUNT(__first, __last, __max);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                        if (__temp == __first)
+                            throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                        __first = __temp;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                        if (__first == __last || *__first != '}')
+                            throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                        ++__first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                        if (__max < __min)
+                            throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_badbrace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                        if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?')
+                        {
+                            ++__first;
+                            __push_loop(__min, __max, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, false);
+                        }
+                        else
+                            __push_loop(__min, __max, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+                    }
+                    break;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                default:
+                    throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_badbrace);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_bracket_expression(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                         _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last && *__first == '[')
+    {
+        ++__first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (__first == __last)
+            throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brack);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        bool __negate = false;
+        if (*__first == '^')
+        {
+            ++__first;
+            __negate = true;
+        }
+        __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml = __start_matching_list(__negate);
+        // __ml owned by *this
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (__first == __last)
+            throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brack);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if ((__flags_ & 0x1F0) != ECMAScript && *__first == ']')
+        {
+            __ml->__add_char(']');
+            ++__first;
+        }
+        __first = __parse_follow_list(__first, __last, __ml);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (__first == __last)
+            throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brack);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (*__first == '-')
+        {
+            __ml->__add_char('-');
+            ++__first;
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (__first == __last || *__first != ']')
+            throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brack);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        ++__first;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_follow_list(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                    _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                    __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_expression_term(__first, __last,
+                                                              __ml);
+            if (__temp == __first)
+                break;
+            __first = __temp;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_expression_term(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                    _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                    __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml)
+{
+    if (__first != __last && *__first != ']')
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        basic_string<_CharT> __start_range;
+        if (__temp != __last && *__first == '[')
+        {
+            if (*__temp == '=')
+                return __parse_equivalence_class(++__temp, __last, __ml);
+            else if (*__temp == ':')
+                return __parse_character_class(++__temp, __last, __ml);
+            else if (*__temp == '.')
+                __first = __parse_collating_symbol(++__temp, __last, __start_range);
+        }
+        unsigned __grammar = __flags_ & 0x1F0;
+        if (__start_range.empty())
+        {
+            if ((__grammar == ECMAScript || __grammar == awk) && *__first == '\\')
+            {
+                if (__grammar == ECMAScript)
+                    __first = __parse_class_escape(++__first, __last, __start_range, __ml);
+                else
+                    __first = __parse_awk_escape(++__first, __last, &__start_range);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __start_range = *__first;
+                ++__first;
+            }
+        }
+        if (__first != __last && *__first != ']')
+        {
+            __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+            if (__temp != __last && *__first == '-' && *__temp != ']')
+            {
+                // parse a range
+                basic_string<_CharT> __end_range;
+                __first = __temp;
+                ++__temp;
+                if (__temp != __last && *__first == '[' && *__temp == '.')
+                    __first = __parse_collating_symbol(++__temp, __last, __end_range);
+                else
+                {
+                    if ((__grammar == ECMAScript || __grammar == awk) && *__first == '\\')
+                    {
+                        if (__grammar == ECMAScript)
+                            __first = __parse_class_escape(++__first, __last,
+                                                           __end_range, __ml);
+                        else
+                            __first = __parse_awk_escape(++__first, __last,
+                                                         &__end_range);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        __end_range = *__first;
+                        ++__first;
+                    }
+                }
+                __ml->__add_range(_VSTD::move(__start_range), _VSTD::move(__end_range));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (__start_range.size() == 1)
+                    __ml->__add_char(__start_range[0]);
+                else
+                    __ml->__add_digraph(__start_range[0], __start_range[1]);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (__start_range.size() == 1)
+                __ml->__add_char(__start_range[0]);
+            else
+                __ml->__add_digraph(__start_range[0], __start_range[1]);
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_class_escape(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                          _ForwardIterator __last,
+                          basic_string<_CharT>& __str,
+                          __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__first == __last)
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    switch (*__first)
+    {
+    case 0:
+        __str = *__first;
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'b':
+        __str = _CharT(8);
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'd':
+        __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::digit);
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'D':
+        __ml->__add_neg_class(ctype_base::digit);
+        return ++__first;
+    case 's':
+        __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::space);
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'S':
+        __ml->__add_neg_class(ctype_base::space);
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'w':
+        __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::alnum);
+        __ml->__add_char('_');
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'W':
+        __ml->__add_neg_class(ctype_base::alnum);
+        __ml->__add_neg_char('_');
+        return ++__first;
+    }
+    __first = __parse_character_escape(__first, __last, &__str);
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_awk_escape(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                          _ForwardIterator __last,
+                          basic_string<_CharT>* __str)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__first == __last)
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    switch (*__first)
+    {
+    case '\\':
+    case '"':
+    case '/':
+        if (__str)
+            *__str = *__first;
+        else
+            __push_char(*__first);
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'a':
+        if (__str)
+            *__str = _CharT(7);
+        else
+            __push_char(_CharT(7));
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'b':
+        if (__str)
+            *__str = _CharT(8);
+        else
+            __push_char(_CharT(8));
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'f':
+        if (__str)
+            *__str = _CharT(0xC);
+        else
+            __push_char(_CharT(0xC));
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'n':
+        if (__str)
+            *__str = _CharT(0xA);
+        else
+            __push_char(_CharT(0xA));
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'r':
+        if (__str)
+            *__str = _CharT(0xD);
+        else
+            __push_char(_CharT(0xD));
+        return ++__first;
+    case 't':
+        if (__str)
+            *__str = _CharT(0x9);
+        else
+            __push_char(_CharT(0x9));
+        return ++__first;
+    case 'v':
+        if (__str)
+            *__str = _CharT(0xB);
+        else
+            __push_char(_CharT(0xB));
+        return ++__first;
+    }
+    if ('0' <= *__first && *__first <= '7')
+    {
+        unsigned __val = *__first - '0';
+        if (++__first != __last && ('0' <= *__first && *__first <= '7'))
+        {
+            __val = 8 * __val + *__first - '0';
+            if (++__first != __last && ('0' <= *__first && *__first <= '7'))
+                __val = 8 * __val + *__first - '0';
+        }
+        if (__str)
+            *__str = _CharT(__val);
+        else
+            __push_char(_CharT(__val));
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    else
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_equivalence_class(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                    _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                    __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml)
+{
+    // Found [=
+    //   This means =] must exist
+    value_type _Equal_close[2] = {'=', ']'};
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::search(__first, __last, _Equal_close,
+                                                            _Equal_close+2);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__temp == __last)
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brack);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    // [__first, __temp) contains all text in [= ... =]
+    typedef typename _Traits::string_type string_type;
+    string_type __collate_name =
+        __traits_.lookup_collatename(__first, __temp);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__collate_name.empty())
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_collate);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    string_type __equiv_name =
+        __traits_.transform_primary(__collate_name.begin(),
+                                    __collate_name.end());
+    if (!__equiv_name.empty())
+        __ml->__add_equivalence(__equiv_name);
+    else
+    {
+        switch (__collate_name.size())
+        {
+        case 1:
+            __ml->__add_char(__collate_name[0]);
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            __ml->__add_digraph(__collate_name[0], __collate_name[1]);
+            break;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        default:
+            throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_collate);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+    }
+    __first = _VSTD::next(__temp, 2);
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_character_class(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                    _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                    __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml)
+{
+    // Found [:
+    //   This means :] must exist
+    value_type _Colon_close[2] = {':', ']'};
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::search(__first, __last, _Colon_close,
+                                                            _Colon_close+2);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__temp == __last)
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brack);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    // [__first, __temp) contains all text in [: ... :]
+    typedef typename _Traits::char_class_type char_class_type;
+    char_class_type __class_type =
+        __traits_.lookup_classname(__first, __temp, __flags_ & icase);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__class_type == 0)
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brack);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __ml->__add_class(__class_type);
+    __first = _VSTD::next(__temp, 2);
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_collating_symbol(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                                basic_string<_CharT>& __col_sym)
+{
+    // Found [.
+    //   This means .] must exist
+    value_type _Dot_close[2] = {'.', ']'};
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::search(__first, __last, _Dot_close,
+                                                            _Dot_close+2);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__temp == __last)
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_brack);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    // [__first, __temp) contains all text in [. ... .]
+    typedef typename _Traits::string_type string_type;
+    __col_sym = __traits_.lookup_collatename(__first, __temp);
+    switch (__col_sym.size())
+    {
+    case 1:
+    case 2:
+        break;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    default:
+        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_collate);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    __first = _VSTD::next(__temp, 2);
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_DUP_COUNT(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                                int& __c)
+{
+    if (__first != __last && '0' <= *__first && *__first <= '9')
+    {
+        __c = *__first - '0';
+        for (++__first; __first != __last && '0' <= *__first && *__first <= '9';
+                                                                      ++__first)
+        {
+            __c *= 10;
+            __c += *__first - '0';
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ecma_exp(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                               _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa = __end_;
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_alternative(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first)
+        __push_empty();
+    __first = __temp;
+    while (__first != __last && *__first == '|')
+    {
+        __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb = __end_;
+        __temp = __parse_alternative(++__first, __last);
+        if (__temp == __first)
+            __push_empty();
+        __push_alternation(__sa, __sb);
+        __first = __temp;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_alternative(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                  _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    while (true)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_term(__first, __last);
+        if (__temp == __first)
+            break;
+        __first = __temp;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_term(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                           _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_assertion(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first)
+    {
+        __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __e = __end_;
+        unsigned __mexp_begin = __marked_count_;
+        __temp = __parse_atom(__first, __last);
+        if (__temp != __first)
+            __first = __parse_ERE_dupl_symbol(__temp, __last, __e,
+                                              __mexp_begin+1, __marked_count_+1);
+    }
+    else
+        __first = __temp;
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_assertion(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        switch (*__first)
+        {
+        case '^':
+            __push_l_anchor();
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case '$':
+            __push_r_anchor();
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case '\\':
+            {
+                _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+                if (__temp != __last)
+                {
+                    if (*__temp == 'b')
+                    {
+                        __push_word_boundary(false);
+                        __first = ++__temp;
+                    }
+                    else if (*__temp == 'B')
+                    {
+                        __push_word_boundary(true);
+                        __first = ++__temp;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        case '(':
+            {
+                _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+                if (__temp != __last && *__temp == '?')
+                {
+                    if (++__temp != __last)
+                    {
+                        switch (*__temp)
+                        {
+                        case '=':
+                            {
+                                basic_regex __exp;
+                                __exp.__flags_ = __flags_;
+                                __temp = __exp.__parse(++__temp, __last);
+                                __push_lookahead(_VSTD::move(__exp), false);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                                if (__temp == __last || *__temp != ')')
+                                    throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_paren);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                                __first = ++__temp;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case '!':
+                            {
+                                basic_regex __exp;
+                                __exp.__flags_ = __flags_;
+                                __temp = __exp.__parse(++__temp, __last);
+                                __push_lookahead(_VSTD::move(__exp), true);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                                if (__temp == __last || *__temp != ')')
+                                    throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_paren);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                                __first = ++__temp;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_atom(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                           _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        switch (*__first)
+        {
+        case '.':
+            __push_match_any_but_newline();
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case '\\':
+            __first = __parse_atom_escape(__first, __last);
+            break;
+        case '[':
+            __first = __parse_bracket_expression(__first, __last);
+            break;
+        case '(':
+            {
+                ++__first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                if (__first == __last)
+                    throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_paren);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                _ForwardIterator __temp = _VSTD::next(__first);
+                if (__temp != __last && *__first == '?' && *__temp == ':')
+                {
+                    ++__open_count_;
+                    __first = __parse_ecma_exp(++__temp, __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    if (__first == __last || *__first != ')')
+                        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_paren);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    --__open_count_;
+                    ++__first;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    __push_begin_marked_subexpression();
+                    unsigned __temp_count = __marked_count_;
+                    ++__open_count_;
+                    __first = __parse_ecma_exp(__first, __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    if (__first == __last || *__first != ')')
+                        throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_paren);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    __push_end_marked_subexpression(__temp_count);
+                    --__open_count_;
+                    ++__first;
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            __first = __parse_pattern_character(__first, __last);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_atom_escape(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                  _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last && *__first == '\\')
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __t1 = _VSTD::next(__first);
+        _ForwardIterator __t2 = __parse_decimal_escape(__t1, __last);
+        if (__t2 != __t1)
+            __first = __t2;
+        else
+        {
+            __t2 = __parse_character_class_escape(__t1, __last);
+            if (__t2 != __t1)
+                __first = __t2;
+            else
+            {
+                __t2 = __parse_character_escape(__t1, __last);
+                if (__t2 != __t1)
+                    __first = __t2;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_decimal_escape(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                     _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        if (*__first == '0')
+        {
+            __push_char(_CharT());
+            ++__first;
+        }
+        else if ('1' <= *__first && *__first <= '9')
+        {
+            unsigned __v = *__first - '0';
+            for (++__first; '0' <= *__first && *__first <= '9'; ++__first)
+                __v = 10 * __v + *__first - '0';
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__v > mark_count())
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_backref);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __push_back_ref(__v);
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_character_class_escape(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                             _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml;
+        switch (*__first)
+        {
+        case 'd':
+            __ml = __start_matching_list(false);
+            __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::digit);
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 'D':
+            __ml = __start_matching_list(true);
+            __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::digit);
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 's':
+            __ml = __start_matching_list(false);
+            __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::space);
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 'S':
+            __ml = __start_matching_list(true);
+            __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::space);
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 'w':
+            __ml = __start_matching_list(false);
+            __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::alnum);
+            __ml->__add_char('_');
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 'W':
+            __ml = __start_matching_list(true);
+            __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::alnum);
+            __ml->__add_char('_');
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_character_escape(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                    _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                                    basic_string<_CharT>* __str)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __t;
+        unsigned __sum = 0;
+        int __hd;
+        switch (*__first)
+        {
+        case 'f':
+            if (__str)
+                *__str = _CharT(0xC);
+            else
+                __push_char(_CharT(0xC));
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 'n':
+            if (__str)
+                *__str = _CharT(0xA);
+            else
+                __push_char(_CharT(0xA));
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 'r':
+            if (__str)
+                *__str = _CharT(0xD);
+            else
+                __push_char(_CharT(0xD));
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 't':
+            if (__str)
+                *__str = _CharT(0x9);
+            else
+                __push_char(_CharT(0x9));
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 'v':
+            if (__str)
+                *__str = _CharT(0xB);
+            else
+                __push_char(_CharT(0xB));
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        case 'c':
+            if ((__t = _VSTD::next(__first)) != __last)
+            {
+                if ('A' <= *__t <= 'Z' || 'a' <= *__t <= 'z')
+                {
+                    if (__str)
+                        *__str = _CharT(*__t % 32);
+                    else
+                        __push_char(_CharT(*__t % 32));
+                    __first = ++__t;
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        case 'u':
+            ++__first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__first == __last)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __hd = __traits_.value(*__first, 16);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__hd == -1)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __sum = 16 * __sum + __hd;
+            ++__first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__first == __last)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __hd = __traits_.value(*__first, 16);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__hd == -1)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __sum = 16 * __sum + __hd;
+            // drop through
+        case 'x':
+            ++__first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__first == __last)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __hd = __traits_.value(*__first, 16);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__hd == -1)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __sum = 16 * __sum + __hd;
+            ++__first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__first == __last)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __hd = __traits_.value(*__first, 16);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            if (__hd == -1)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __sum = 16 * __sum + __hd;
+            if (__str)
+                *__str = _CharT(__sum);
+            else
+                __push_char(_CharT(__sum));
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        default:
+            if (*__first != '_' && !__traits_.isctype(*__first, ctype_base::alnum))
+            {
+                if (__str)
+                    *__str = *__first;
+                else
+                    __push_char(*__first);
+                ++__first;
+            }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            else if (__str)
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::error_escape);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_pattern_character(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                                        _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+        switch (*__first)
+        {
+        case '^':
+        case '$':
+        case '\\':
+        case '.':
+        case '*':
+        case '+':
+        case '?':
+        case '(':
+        case ')':
+        case '[':
+        case ']':
+        case '{':
+        case '}':
+        case '|':
+            break;
+        default:
+            __push_char(*__first);
+            ++__first;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_grep(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                           _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa = __end_;
+    _ForwardIterator __t1 = _VSTD::find(__first, __last, _CharT('\n'));
+    if (__t1 != __first)
+        __parse_basic_reg_exp(__first, __t1);
+    else
+        __push_empty();
+    __first = __t1;
+    if (__first != __last)
+        ++__first;
+    while (__first != __last)
+    {
+        __t1 = _VSTD::find(__first, __last, _CharT('\n'));
+        __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb = __end_;
+        if (__t1 != __first)
+            __parse_basic_reg_exp(__first, __t1);
+        else
+            __push_empty();
+        __push_alternation(__sa, __sb);
+        __first = __t1;
+        if (__first != __last)
+            ++__first;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_egrep(_ForwardIterator __first,
+                                            _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa = __end_;
+    _ForwardIterator __t1 = _VSTD::find(__first, __last, _CharT('\n'));
+    if (__t1 != __first)
+        __parse_extended_reg_exp(__first, __t1);
+    else
+        __push_empty();
+    __first = __t1;
+    if (__first != __last)
+        ++__first;
+    while (__first != __last)
+    {
+        __t1 = _VSTD::find(__first, __last, _CharT('\n'));
+        __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb = __end_;
+        if (__t1 != __first)
+            __parse_extended_reg_exp(__first, __t1);
+        else
+            __push_empty();
+        __push_alternation(__sa, __sb);
+        __first = __t1;
+        if (__first != __last)
+            ++__first;
+    }
+    return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_loop(size_t __min, size_t __max,
+        __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s, size_t __mexp_begin, size_t __mexp_end,
+        bool __greedy)
+{
+    unique_ptr<__empty_state<_CharT> > __e1(new __empty_state<_CharT>(__end_->first()));
+    __end_->first() = nullptr;
+    unique_ptr<__loop<_CharT> > __e2(new __loop<_CharT>(__loop_count_,
+                __s->first(), __e1.get(), __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, __greedy,
+                __min, __max));
+    __s->first() = nullptr;
+    __e1.release();
+    __end_->first() = new __repeat_one_loop<_CharT>(__e2.get());
+    __end_ = __e2->second();
+    __s->first() = __e2.release();
+    ++__loop_count_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_char(value_type __c)
+{
+    if (flags() & icase)
+        __end_->first() = new __match_char_icase<_CharT, _Traits>
+                                              (__traits_, __c, __end_->first());
+    else if (flags() & collate)
+        __end_->first() = new __match_char_collate<_CharT, _Traits>
+                                              (__traits_, __c, __end_->first());
+    else
+        __end_->first() = new __match_char<_CharT>(__c, __end_->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_begin_marked_subexpression()
+{
+    if (!(__flags_ & nosubs))
+    {
+        __end_->first() =
+                new __begin_marked_subexpression<_CharT>(++__marked_count_,
+                                                         __end_->first());
+        __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_end_marked_subexpression(unsigned __sub)
+{
+    if (!(__flags_ & nosubs))
+    {
+        __end_->first() =
+                new __end_marked_subexpression<_CharT>(__sub, __end_->first());
+        __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_l_anchor()
+{
+    __end_->first() = new __l_anchor<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_r_anchor()
+{
+    __end_->first() = new __r_anchor<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_match_any()
+{
+    __end_->first() = new __match_any<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_match_any_but_newline()
+{
+    __end_->first() = new __match_any_but_newline<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_empty()
+{
+    __end_->first() = new __empty_state<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_word_boundary(bool __invert)
+{
+    __end_->first() = new __word_boundary<_CharT, _Traits>(__traits_, __invert,
+                                                           __end_->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_back_ref(int __i)
+{
+    if (flags() & icase)
+        __end_->first() = new __back_ref_icase<_CharT, _Traits>
+                                              (__traits_, __i, __end_->first());
+    else if (flags() & collate)
+        __end_->first() = new __back_ref_collate<_CharT, _Traits>
+                                              (__traits_, __i, __end_->first());
+    else
+        __end_->first() = new __back_ref<_CharT>(__i, __end_->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_alternation(__owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa,
+                                                 __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __ea)
+{
+    __sa->first() = new __alternate<_CharT>(
+                         static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__sa->first()),
+                         static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__ea->first()));
+    __ea->first() = nullptr;
+    __ea->first() = new __empty_state<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+    __end_->first() = nullptr;
+    __end_->first() = new __empty_non_own_state<_CharT>(__ea->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__ea->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+__bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__start_matching_list(bool __negate)
+{
+    __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __r =
+        new __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>(__traits_, __end_->first(),
+                                                  __negate, __flags_ & icase,
+                                                  __flags_ & collate);
+    __end_->first() = __r;
+    __end_ = __r;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_lookahead(const basic_regex& __exp,
+                                               bool __invert)
+{
+    __end_->first() = new __lookahead<_CharT, _Traits>(__exp, __invert,
+                                                           __end_->first());
+    __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+typedef basic_regex<char>    regex;
+typedef basic_regex<wchar_t> wregex;
+
+// sub_match
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE sub_match
+    : public pair<_BidirectionalIterator, _BidirectionalIterator>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _BidirectionalIterator                              iterator;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator>::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef basic_string<value_type>                            string_type;
+
+    bool matched;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    /*constexpr*/ sub_match() : matched() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    difference_type length() const
+        {return matched ? _VSTD::distance(this->first, this->second) : 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    string_type str() const
+        {return matched ? string_type(this->first, this->second) : string_type();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    operator string_type() const
+        {return str();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int compare(const sub_match& __s) const
+        {return str().compare(__s.str());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int compare(const string_type& __s) const
+        {return str().compare(__s);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int compare(const value_type* __s) const
+        {return str().compare(__s);}
+};
+
+typedef sub_match<const char*>             csub_match;
+typedef sub_match<const wchar_t*>          wcsub_match;
+typedef sub_match<string::const_iterator>  ssub_match;
+typedef sub_match<wstring::const_iterator> wssub_match;
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.compare(__y) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.compare(__y) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __y.compare(__x.c_str()) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+          const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __y.compare(__x.c_str()) > 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+          const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator>=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+                const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.compare(__y.c_str()) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+          const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.compare(__y.c_str()) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+               const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __y.compare(__x) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x,
+          const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __y.compare(__x) > 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x,
+          const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y)
+{
+    return __x.compare(__y) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+          typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y)
+{
+    return __x.compare(__y) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+          typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    typedef basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type> string_type;
+    return __y.compare(string_type(1, __x)) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x,
+          const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    typedef basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type> string_type;
+    return __y.compare(string_type(1, __x)) > 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x,
+          const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y)
+{
+    typedef basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type> string_type;
+    return __x.compare(string_type(1, __y)) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+          typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y)
+{
+    typedef basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type> string_type;
+    return __x.compare(string_type(1, __y)) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+          typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _ST, class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _ST>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _ST>& __os, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __m)
+{
+    return __os << __m.str();
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE match_results
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Allocator                                        allocator_type;
+    typedef sub_match<_BidirectionalIterator>                 value_type;
+private:
+    typedef vector<value_type, allocator_type>                __container_type;
+
+    __container_type  __matches_;
+    value_type __unmatched_;
+    value_type __prefix_;
+    value_type __suffix_;
+    bool       __ready_;
+public:
+    _BidirectionalIterator __position_start_;
+    typedef const value_type&                                 const_reference;
+    typedef const_reference                                   reference;
+    typedef typename __container_type::const_iterator         const_iterator;
+    typedef const_iterator                                    iterator;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type size_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type>                           string_type;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    explicit match_results(const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type());
+//    match_results(const match_results&) = default;
+//    match_results& operator=(const match_results&) = default;
+//    match_results(match_results&& __m) = default;
+//    match_results& operator=(match_results&& __m) = default;
+//    ~match_results() = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool ready() const {return __ready_;}
+
+    // size:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const {return __matches_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const {return __matches_.max_size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const {return size() == 0;}
+
+    // element access:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    difference_type length(size_type __sub = 0) const
+        {return (*this)[__sub].length();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    difference_type position(size_type __sub = 0) const
+        {return _VSTD::distance(__position_start_, (*this)[__sub].first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    string_type str(size_type __sub = 0) const
+        {return (*this)[__sub].str();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference operator[](size_type __n) const
+        {return __n < __matches_.size() ? __matches_[__n] : __unmatched_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference prefix() const {return __prefix_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference suffix() const {return __suffix_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const {return empty() ? __matches_.end() : __matches_.begin() + 1;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end() const {return __matches_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const {return empty() ? __matches_.end() : __matches_.begin() + 1;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend() const {return __matches_.end();}
+
+    // format:
+    template <class _OutputIter>
+        _OutputIter
+        format(_OutputIter __out, const char_type* __fmt_first,
+               const char_type* __fmt_last,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+    template <class _OutputIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        _OutputIter
+        format(_OutputIter __out, const basic_string<char_type, _ST, _SA>& __fmt,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::format_default) const
+            {return format(__out, __fmt.data(), __fmt.data() + __fmt.size(), __flags);}
+    template <class _ST, class _SA>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        basic_string<char_type, _ST, _SA>
+        format(const basic_string<char_type, _ST, _SA>& __fmt,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::format_default) const
+        {
+            basic_string<char_type, _ST, _SA> __r;
+            format(back_inserter(__r), __fmt.data(), __fmt.data() + __fmt.size(),
+                   __flags);
+            return __r;
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    string_type
+        format(const char_type* __fmt,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::format_default) const
+        {
+            string_type __r;
+            format(back_inserter(__r), __fmt,
+                   __fmt + char_traits<char_type>::length(__fmt), __flags);
+            return __r;
+        }
+
+    // allocator:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const {return __matches_.get_allocator();}
+
+    // swap:
+    void swap(match_results& __m);
+
+    template <class _B, class _A>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void __assign(_BidirectionalIterator __f, _BidirectionalIterator __l,
+                      const match_results<_B, _A>& __m, bool __no_update_pos)
+    {
+        _B __mf = __m.prefix().first;
+        __matches_.resize(__m.size());
+        for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __matches_.size(); ++__i)
+        {
+            __matches_[__i].first = _VSTD::next(__f, _VSTD::distance(__mf, __m[__i].first));
+            __matches_[__i].second = _VSTD::next(__f, _VSTD::distance(__mf, __m[__i].second));
+            __matches_[__i].matched = __m[__i].matched;
+        }
+        __unmatched_.first   = __l;
+        __unmatched_.second  = __l;
+        __unmatched_.matched = false;
+        __prefix_.first = _VSTD::next(__f, _VSTD::distance(__mf, __m.prefix().first));
+        __prefix_.second = _VSTD::next(__f, _VSTD::distance(__mf, __m.prefix().second));
+        __prefix_.matched = __m.prefix().matched;
+        __suffix_.first = _VSTD::next(__f, _VSTD::distance(__mf, __m.suffix().first));
+        __suffix_.second = _VSTD::next(__f, _VSTD::distance(__mf, __m.suffix().second));
+        __suffix_.matched = __m.suffix().matched;
+        if (!__no_update_pos)
+            __position_start_ = __prefix_.first;
+        __ready_ = __m.ready();
+    }
+
+private:
+    void __init(unsigned __s,
+                _BidirectionalIterator __f, _BidirectionalIterator __l,
+                bool __no_update_pos = false);
+
+    template <class, class> friend class basic_regex;
+
+    template <class _B, class _A, class _C, class _T>
+    friend
+    bool
+    regex_match(_B, _B, match_results<_B, _A>&, const basic_regex<_C, _T>&,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+    template <class _B, class _A>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator==(const match_results<_B, _A>&, const match_results<_B, _A>&);
+
+    template <class, class> friend class __lookahead;
+};
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>::match_results(
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __matches_(__a),
+      __unmatched_(),
+      __prefix_(),
+      __suffix_(),
+      __position_start_(),
+      __ready_(false)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+void
+match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>::__init(unsigned __s,
+                         _BidirectionalIterator __f, _BidirectionalIterator __l,
+                         bool __no_update_pos)
+{
+    __unmatched_.first   = __l;
+    __unmatched_.second  = __l;
+    __unmatched_.matched = false;
+    __matches_.assign(__s, __unmatched_);
+    __prefix_.first      = __f;
+    __prefix_.second     = __f;
+    __prefix_.matched    = false;
+    __suffix_ = __unmatched_;
+    if (!__no_update_pos)
+        __position_start_ = __prefix_.first;
+    __ready_ = true;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+template <class _OutputIter>
+_OutputIter
+match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>::format(_OutputIter __out,
+        const char_type* __fmt_first, const char_type* __fmt_last,
+        regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags) const
+{
+    if (__flags & regex_constants::format_sed)
+    {
+        for (; __fmt_first != __fmt_last; ++__fmt_first)
+        {
+            if (*__fmt_first == '&')
+                __out = _VSTD::copy(__matches_[0].first, __matches_[0].second,
+                                   __out);
+            else if (*__fmt_first == '\\' && __fmt_first + 1 != __fmt_last)
+            {
+                ++__fmt_first;
+                if ('0' <= *__fmt_first && *__fmt_first <= '9')
+                {
+                    size_t __i = *__fmt_first - '0';
+                    __out = _VSTD::copy(__matches_[__i].first,
+                                       __matches_[__i].second, __out);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    *__out = *__fmt_first;
+                    ++__out;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                *__out = *__fmt_first;
+                ++__out;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for (; __fmt_first != __fmt_last; ++__fmt_first)
+        {
+            if (*__fmt_first == '$' && __fmt_first + 1 != __fmt_last)
+            {
+                switch (__fmt_first[1])
+                {
+                case '$':
+                    *__out = *++__fmt_first;
+                    ++__out;
+                    break;
+                case '&':
+                    ++__fmt_first;
+                    __out = _VSTD::copy(__matches_[0].first, __matches_[0].second,
+                                       __out);
+                    break;
+                case '`':
+                    ++__fmt_first;
+                    __out = _VSTD::copy(__prefix_.first, __prefix_.second, __out);
+                    break;
+                case '\'':
+                    ++__fmt_first;
+                    __out = _VSTD::copy(__suffix_.first, __suffix_.second, __out);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    if ('0' <= __fmt_first[1] && __fmt_first[1] <= '9')
+                    {
+                        ++__fmt_first;
+                        size_t __i = *__fmt_first - '0';
+                        if (__fmt_first + 1 != __fmt_last &&
+                            '0' <= __fmt_first[1] && __fmt_first[1] <= '9')
+                        {
+                            ++__fmt_first;
+                            __i = 10 * __i + *__fmt_first - '0';
+                        }
+                        __out = _VSTD::copy(__matches_[__i].first,
+                                           __matches_[__i].second, __out);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        *__out = *__fmt_first;
+                        ++__out;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                *__out = *__fmt_first;
+                ++__out;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return __out;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+void
+match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>::swap(match_results& __m)
+{
+    using _VSTD::swap;
+    swap(__matches_, __m.__matches_);
+    swap(__unmatched_, __m.__unmatched_);
+    swap(__prefix_, __m.__prefix_);
+    swap(__suffix_, __m.__suffix_);
+    swap(__position_start_, __m.__position_start_);
+    swap(__ready_, __m.__ready_);
+}
+
+typedef match_results<const char*>             cmatch;
+typedef match_results<const wchar_t*>          wcmatch;
+typedef match_results<string::const_iterator>  smatch;
+typedef match_results<wstring::const_iterator> wsmatch;
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+bool
+operator==(const match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.__ready_ != __y.__ready_)
+        return false;
+    if (!__x.__ready_)
+        return true;
+    return __x.__matches_ == __y.__matches_ &&
+           __x.__prefix_ == __y.__prefix_ &&
+           __x.__suffix_ == __y.__suffix_;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __x,
+     match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+// regex_search
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__match_at_start_ecma(
+        const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+        match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+        regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags, bool __at_first) const
+{
+    vector<__state> __states;
+    ptrdiff_t __j = 0;
+    ptrdiff_t _N = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    __node* __st = __start_.get();
+    if (__st)
+    {
+        __states.push_back(__state());
+        __states.back().__do_ = 0;
+        __states.back().__first_ = __first;
+        __states.back().__current_ = __first;
+        __states.back().__last_ = __last;
+        __states.back().__sub_matches_.resize(mark_count());
+        __states.back().__loop_data_.resize(__loop_count());
+        __states.back().__node_ = __st;
+        __states.back().__flags_ = __flags;
+        __states.back().__at_first_ = __at_first;
+        bool __matched = false;
+        do
+        {
+            __state& __s = __states.back();
+            if (__s.__node_)
+                __s.__node_->__exec(__s);
+            switch (__s.__do_)
+            {
+            case __state::__end_state:
+                __m.__matches_[0].first = __first;
+                __m.__matches_[0].second = _VSTD::next(__first, __s.__current_ - __first);
+                __m.__matches_[0].matched = true;
+                for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < __s.__sub_matches_.size(); ++__i)
+                    __m.__matches_[__i+1] = __s.__sub_matches_[__i];
+                return true;
+            case __state::__accept_and_consume:
+            case __state::__repeat:
+            case __state::__accept_but_not_consume:
+                break;
+            case __state::__split:
+                {
+                __state __snext = __s;
+                __s.__node_->__exec_split(true, __s);
+                __snext.__node_->__exec_split(false, __snext);
+                __states.push_back(_VSTD::move(__snext));
+                }
+                break;
+            case __state::__reject:
+                __states.pop_back();
+                break;
+            default:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::__re_err_unknown);
+#endif
+                break;
+
+            }
+        } while (!__states.empty());
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__match_at_start_posix_nosubs(
+        const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+        match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+        regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags, bool __at_first) const
+{
+    deque<__state> __states;
+    ptrdiff_t __highest_j = 0;
+    ptrdiff_t _N = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    __node* __st = __start_.get();
+    if (__st)
+    {
+        __states.push_back(__state());
+        __states.back().__do_ = 0;
+        __states.back().__first_ = __first;
+        __states.back().__current_ = __first;
+        __states.back().__last_ = __last;
+        __states.back().__loop_data_.resize(__loop_count());
+        __states.back().__node_ = __st;
+        __states.back().__flags_ = __flags;
+        __states.back().__at_first_ = __at_first;
+        bool __matched = false;
+        do
+        {
+            __state& __s = __states.back();
+            if (__s.__node_)
+                __s.__node_->__exec(__s);
+            switch (__s.__do_)
+            {
+            case __state::__end_state:
+                if (!__matched || __highest_j < __s.__current_ - __s.__first_)
+                    __highest_j = __s.__current_ - __s.__first_;
+                __matched = true;
+                if (__highest_j == _N)
+                    __states.clear();
+                else
+                    __states.pop_back();
+                break;
+            case __state::__consume_input:
+                break;
+            case __state::__accept_and_consume:
+                __states.push_front(_VSTD::move(__s));
+                __states.pop_back();
+                break;
+            case __state::__repeat:
+            case __state::__accept_but_not_consume:
+                break;
+            case __state::__split:
+                {
+                __state __snext = __s;
+                __s.__node_->__exec_split(true, __s);
+                __snext.__node_->__exec_split(false, __snext);
+                __states.push_back(_VSTD::move(__snext));
+                }
+                break;
+            case __state::__reject:
+                __states.pop_back();
+                break;
+            default:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::__re_err_unknown);
+#endif
+                break;
+            }
+        } while (!__states.empty());
+        if (__matched)
+        {
+            __m.__matches_[0].first = __first;
+            __m.__matches_[0].second = _VSTD::next(__first, __highest_j);
+            __m.__matches_[0].matched = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__match_at_start_posix_subs(
+        const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+        match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+        regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags, bool __at_first) const
+{
+    vector<__state> __states;
+    __state __best_state;
+    ptrdiff_t __j = 0;
+    ptrdiff_t __highest_j = 0;
+    ptrdiff_t _N = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    __node* __st = __start_.get();
+    if (__st)
+    {
+        __states.push_back(__state());
+        __states.back().__do_ = 0;
+        __states.back().__first_ = __first;
+        __states.back().__current_ = __first;
+        __states.back().__last_ = __last;
+        __states.back().__sub_matches_.resize(mark_count());
+        __states.back().__loop_data_.resize(__loop_count());
+        __states.back().__node_ = __st;
+        __states.back().__flags_ = __flags;
+        __states.back().__at_first_ = __at_first;
+        const _CharT* __current = __first;
+        bool __matched = false;
+        do
+        {
+            __state& __s = __states.back();
+            if (__s.__node_)
+                __s.__node_->__exec(__s);
+            switch (__s.__do_)
+            {
+            case __state::__end_state:
+                if (!__matched || __highest_j < __s.__current_ - __s.__first_)
+                {
+                    __highest_j = __s.__current_ - __s.__first_;
+                    __best_state = __s;
+                }
+                __matched = true;
+                if (__highest_j == _N)
+                    __states.clear();
+                else
+                    __states.pop_back();
+                break;
+            case __state::__accept_and_consume:
+                __j += __s.__current_ - __current;
+                __current = __s.__current_;
+                break;
+            case __state::__repeat:
+            case __state::__accept_but_not_consume:
+                break;
+            case __state::__split:
+                {
+                __state __snext = __s;
+                __s.__node_->__exec_split(true, __s);
+                __snext.__node_->__exec_split(false, __snext);
+                __states.push_back(_VSTD::move(__snext));
+                }
+                break;
+            case __state::__reject:
+                __states.pop_back();
+                break;
+            default:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                throw regex_error(regex_constants::__re_err_unknown);
+#endif
+                break;
+            }
+        } while (!__states.empty());
+        if (__matched)
+        {
+            __m.__matches_[0].first = __first;
+            __m.__matches_[0].second = _VSTD::next(__first, __highest_j);
+            __m.__matches_[0].matched = true;
+            for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < __best_state.__sub_matches_.size(); ++__i)
+                __m.__matches_[__i+1] = __best_state.__sub_matches_[__i];
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__match_at_start(
+        const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+        match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+        regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags, bool __at_first) const
+{
+    if ((__flags_ & 0x1F0) == ECMAScript)
+        return __match_at_start_ecma(__first, __last, __m, __flags, __at_first);
+    if (mark_count() == 0)
+        return __match_at_start_posix_nosubs(__first, __last, __m, __flags, __at_first);
+    return __match_at_start_posix_subs(__first, __last, __m, __flags, __at_first);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__search(
+        const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+        match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+        regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags) const
+{
+    __m.__init(1 + mark_count(), __first, __last,
+                                    __flags & regex_constants::__no_update_pos);
+    if (__match_at_start(__first, __last, __m, __flags, true))
+    {
+        __m.__prefix_.second = __m[0].first;
+        __m.__prefix_.matched = __m.__prefix_.first != __m.__prefix_.second;
+        __m.__suffix_.first = __m[0].second;
+        __m.__suffix_.matched = __m.__suffix_.first != __m.__suffix_.second;
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (__first != __last && !(__flags & regex_constants::match_continuous))
+    {
+        __flags |= regex_constants::match_prev_avail;
+        for (++__first; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        {
+            __m.__matches_.assign(__m.size(), __m.__unmatched_);
+            if (__match_at_start(__first, __last, __m, __flags, false))
+            {
+                __m.__prefix_.second = __m[0].first;
+                __m.__prefix_.matched = __m.__prefix_.first != __m.__prefix_.second;
+                __m.__suffix_.first = __m[0].second;
+                __m.__suffix_.matched = __m.__suffix_.first != __m.__suffix_.second;
+                return true;
+            }
+            __m.__matches_.assign(__m.size(), __m.__unmatched_);
+        }
+    }
+    __m.__matches_.clear();
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_search(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+             match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __m,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT> __s(__first, __last);
+    match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+    bool __r = __e.__search(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __mc, __flags);
+    __m.__assign(__first, __last, __mc, __flags & regex_constants::__no_update_pos);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_search(const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+             match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    return __e.__search(__first, __last, __m, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_search(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT> __s(__first, __last);
+    match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+    return __e.__search(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __mc, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_search(const _CharT* __first, const _CharT* __last,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+    return __e.__search(__first, __last, __mc, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Allocator, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_search(const _CharT* __str, match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    return __e.__search(__str, __str + _Traits::length(__str), __m, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_search(const _CharT* __str, const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    match_results<const _CharT*> __m;
+    return _VSTD::regex_search(__str, __m, __e, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_search(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+    return __e.__search(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __mc, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_search(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+             match_results<typename basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>::const_iterator, _Allocator>& __m,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+    bool __r = __e.__search(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __mc, __flags);
+    __m.__assign(__s.begin(), __s.end(), __mc, __flags & regex_constants::__no_update_pos);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// regex_match
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+bool
+regex_match(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+            match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __m,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    bool __r = _VSTD::regex_search(__first, __last, __m, __e,
+                            __flags | regex_constants::match_continuous);
+    if (__r)
+    {
+        __r = !__m.suffix().matched;
+        if (!__r)
+            __m.__matches_.clear();
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_match(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    match_results<_BidirectionalIterator> __m;
+    return _VSTD::regex_match(__first, __last, __m, __e, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Allocator, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_match(const _CharT* __str, match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    return _VSTD::regex_match(__str, __str + _Traits::length(__str), __m, __e, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_match(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+            match_results<typename basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>::const_iterator, _Allocator>& __m,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    return _VSTD::regex_match(__s.begin(), __s.end(), __m, __e, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_match(const _CharT* __str, const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    return _VSTD::regex_match(__str, __str + _Traits::length(__str), __e, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+regex_match(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    return _VSTD::regex_match(__s.begin(), __s.end(), __e, __flags);
+}
+
+// regex_iterator
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator,
+          class _CharT = typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type,
+          class _Traits = regex_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE regex_iterator
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>          regex_type;
+    typedef match_results<_BidirectionalIterator> value_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t                             difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type*                     pointer;
+    typedef const value_type&                     reference;
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                  iterator_category;
+
+private:
+    _BidirectionalIterator           __begin_;
+    _BidirectionalIterator           __end_;
+    const regex_type*                __pregex_;
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags_;
+    value_type                       __match_;
+
+public:
+    regex_iterator();
+    regex_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                   const regex_type& __re,
+                   regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+    bool operator==(const regex_iterator& __x) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const regex_iterator& __x) const {return !(*this == __x);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return  __match_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const  {return &__match_;}
+
+    regex_iterator& operator++();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    regex_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        regex_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::regex_iterator()
+    : __begin_(), __end_(), __pregex_(nullptr), __flags_(), __match_()
+{
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    regex_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                   const regex_type& __re, regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __begin_(__a),
+      __end_(__b),
+      __pregex_(&__re),
+      __flags_(__m)
+{
+    _VSTD::regex_search(__begin_, __end_, __match_, *__pregex_, __flags_);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+bool
+regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    operator==(const regex_iterator& __x) const
+{
+    if (__match_.empty() && __x.__match_.empty())
+        return true;
+    if (__match_.empty() || __x.__match_.empty())
+        return false;
+    return __begin_ == __x.__begin_       &&
+           __end_ == __x.__end_           &&
+           __pregex_ == __x.__pregex_     &&
+           __flags_ == __x.__flags_       &&
+           __match_[0] == __x.__match_[0];
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>&
+regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::operator++()
+{
+    __flags_ |= regex_constants::__no_update_pos;
+    _BidirectionalIterator __start = __match_[0].second;
+    if (__match_.length() == 0)
+    {
+        if (__start == __end_)
+        {
+            __match_ = value_type();
+            return *this;
+        }
+        else if (_VSTD::regex_search(__start, __end_, __match_, *__pregex_,
+                                    __flags_ | regex_constants::match_not_null |
+                                    regex_constants::match_continuous))
+            return *this;
+        else
+            ++__start;
+    }
+    __flags_ |= regex_constants::match_prev_avail;
+    if (!_VSTD::regex_search(__start, __end_, __match_, *__pregex_, __flags_))
+        __match_ = value_type();
+    return *this;
+}
+
+typedef regex_iterator<const char*>             cregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<const wchar_t*>          wcregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<string::const_iterator>  sregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<wstring::const_iterator> wsregex_iterator;
+
+// regex_token_iterator
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator,
+          class _CharT = typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type,
+          class _Traits = regex_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE regex_token_iterator
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>      regex_type;
+    typedef sub_match<_BidirectionalIterator> value_type;
+    typedef ptrdiff_t                         difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type*                 pointer;
+    typedef const value_type&                 reference;
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag              iterator_category;
+
+private:
+    typedef regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits> _Position;
+
+    _Position         __position_;
+    const value_type* __result_;
+    value_type        __suffix_;
+    ptrdiff_t         _N_;
+    vector<int>       __subs_;
+
+public:
+    regex_token_iterator();
+    regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                         const regex_type& __re, int __submatch = 0,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type __m =
+                                                regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                         const regex_type& __re, const vector<int>& __submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type __m =
+                                                regex_constants::match_default);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                         const regex_type& __re,
+                         initializer_list<int> __submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type __m =
+                                                regex_constants::match_default);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    template <size_t _N>
+        regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                             _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                             const regex_type& __re,
+                             const int (&__submatches)[_N],
+                             regex_constants::match_flag_type __m =
+                                                regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_token_iterator(const regex_token_iterator&);
+    regex_token_iterator& operator=(const regex_token_iterator&);
+
+    bool operator==(const regex_token_iterator& __x) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const regex_token_iterator& __x) const {return !(*this == __x);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const value_type& operator*() const {return *__result_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const value_type* operator->() const {return __result_;}
+
+    regex_token_iterator& operator++();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    regex_token_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        regex_token_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+private:
+    void __init(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b);
+};
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    regex_token_iterator()
+    : __result_(nullptr),
+      __suffix_(),
+      _N_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    __init(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b)
+{
+    if (__position_ != _Position())
+    {
+        if (__subs_[_N_] == -1)
+            __result_ = &__position_->prefix();
+        else
+            __result_ = &(*__position_)[__subs_[_N_]];
+    }
+    else if (__subs_[_N_] == -1)
+    {
+        __suffix_.matched = true;
+        __suffix_.first = __a;
+        __suffix_.second = __b;
+        __result_ = &__suffix_;
+    }
+    else
+        __result_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                         const regex_type& __re, int __submatch,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __position_(__a, __b, __re, __m),
+      _N_(0),
+      __subs_(1, __submatch)
+{
+    __init(__a, __b);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                         const regex_type& __re, const vector<int>& __submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __position_(__a, __b, __re, __m),
+      _N_(0),
+      __subs_(__submatches)
+{
+    __init(__a, __b);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                         const regex_type& __re,
+                         initializer_list<int> __submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __position_(__a, __b, __re, __m),
+      _N_(0),
+      __subs_(__submatches)
+{
+    __init(__a, __b);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <size_t _N>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                             const regex_type& __re,
+                             const int (&__submatches)[_N],
+                             regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __position_(__a, __b, __re, __m),
+      _N_(0),
+      __subs_(__submatches, __submatches + _N)
+{
+    __init(__a, __b);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    regex_token_iterator(const regex_token_iterator& __x)
+    : __position_(__x.__position_),
+      __result_(__x.__result_),
+      __suffix_(__x.__suffix_),
+      _N_(__x._N_),
+      __subs_(__x.__subs_)
+{
+    if (__x.__result_ == &__x.__suffix_)
+        __result_ == &__suffix_;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>&
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    operator=(const regex_token_iterator& __x)
+{
+    if (this != &__x)
+    {
+        __position_ = __x.__position_;
+        if (__x.__result_ == &__x.__suffix_)
+            __result_ == &__suffix_;
+        else
+            __result_ = __x.__result_;
+        __suffix_ = __x.__suffix_;
+        _N_ = __x._N_;
+        __subs_ = __x.__subs_;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+bool
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::
+    operator==(const regex_token_iterator& __x) const
+{
+    if (__result_ == nullptr && __x.__result_ == nullptr)
+        return true;
+    if (__result_ == &__suffix_ && __x.__result_ == &__x.__suffix_ &&
+            __suffix_ == __x.__suffix_)
+        return true;
+    if (__result_ == nullptr || __x.__result_ == nullptr)
+        return false;
+    if (__result_ == &__suffix_ || __x.__result_ == &__x.__suffix_)
+        return false;
+    return __position_ == __x.__position_ && _N_ == __x._N_ &&
+           __subs_ == __x.__subs_;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>&
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::operator++()
+{
+    _Position __prev = __position_;
+    if (__result_ == &__suffix_)
+        __result_ = nullptr;
+    else if (_N_ + 1 < __subs_.size())
+    {
+        ++_N_;
+        if (__subs_[_N_] == -1)
+            __result_ = &__position_->prefix();
+        else
+            __result_ = &(*__position_)[__subs_[_N_]];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        _N_ = 0;
+        ++__position_;
+        if (__position_ != _Position())
+        {
+            if (__subs_[_N_] == -1)
+                __result_ = &__position_->prefix();
+            else
+                __result_ = &(*__position_)[__subs_[_N_]];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (_VSTD::find(__subs_.begin(), __subs_.end(), -1) != __subs_.end()
+                && __prev->suffix().length() != 0)
+            {
+                __suffix_.matched = true;
+                __suffix_.first = __prev->suffix().first;
+                __suffix_.second = __prev->suffix().second;
+                __result_ = &__suffix_;
+            }
+            else
+                __result_ = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+typedef regex_token_iterator<const char*>             cregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<const wchar_t*>          wcregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<string::const_iterator>  sregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<wstring::const_iterator> wsregex_token_iterator;
+
+// regex_replace
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _BidirectionalIterator,
+          class _Traits, class _CharT>
+_OutputIterator
+regex_replace(_OutputIterator __out,
+              _BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e, const _CharT* __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    typedef regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits> _Iter;
+    _Iter __i(__first, __last, __e, __flags);
+    _Iter __eof;
+    if (__i == __eof)
+    {
+        if (!(__flags & regex_constants::format_no_copy))
+            __out = _VSTD::copy(__first, __last, __out);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        sub_match<_BidirectionalIterator> __lm;
+        for (size_t __len = char_traits<_CharT>::length(__fmt); __i != __eof; ++__i)
+        {
+            if (!(__flags & regex_constants::format_no_copy))
+                __out = _VSTD::copy(__i->prefix().first, __i->prefix().second, __out);
+            __out = __i->format(__out, __fmt, __fmt + __len, __flags);
+            __lm = __i->suffix();
+            if (__flags & regex_constants::format_first_only)
+                break;
+        }
+        if (!(__flags & regex_constants::format_no_copy))
+            __out = _VSTD::copy(__lm.first, __lm.second, __out);
+    }
+    return __out;
+}
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _BidirectionalIterator,
+          class _Traits, class _CharT, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_OutputIterator
+regex_replace(_OutputIterator __out,
+              _BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+              const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    return _VSTD::regex_replace(__out, __first, __last, __e, __fmt.c_str(), __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, class _CharT, class _ST, class _SA, class _FST,
+          class _FSA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>
+regex_replace(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+              const basic_string<_CharT, _FST, _FSA>& __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA> __r;
+    _VSTD::regex_replace(back_inserter(__r), __s.begin(), __s.end(), __e,
+                        __fmt.c_str(), __flags);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, class _CharT, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>
+regex_replace(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e, const _CharT* __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA> __r;
+    _VSTD::regex_replace(back_inserter(__r), __s.begin(), __s.end(), __e,
+                        __fmt, __flags);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, class _CharT, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<_CharT>
+regex_replace(const _CharT* __s,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+              const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT> __r;
+    _VSTD::regex_replace(back_inserter(__r), __s,
+                        __s + char_traits<_CharT>::length(__s), __e,
+                        __fmt.c_str(), __flags);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<_CharT>
+regex_replace(const _CharT* __s,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+              const _CharT* __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT> __r;
+    _VSTD::regex_replace(back_inserter(__r), __s,
+                        __s + char_traits<_CharT>::length(__s), __e,
+                        __fmt, __flags);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_REGEX
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/scoped_allocator b/system/include/libcxx/scoped_allocator
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9427a376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/scoped_allocator
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- scoped_allocator --------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SCOPED_ALLOCATOR
+#define _LIBCPP_SCOPED_ALLOCATOR
+
+/*
+    scoped_allocator synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class OuterAlloc, class... InnerAllocs>
+class scoped_allocator_adaptor : public OuterAlloc
+{
+    typedef allocator_traits<OuterAlloc> OuterTraits; // exposition only
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor<InnerAllocs...> inner;   // exposition only
+public:
+
+    typedef OuterAlloc outer_allocator_type;
+    typedef see below inner_allocator_type;
+
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::size_type size_type;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::pointer pointer;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::void_pointer void_pointer;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::const_void_pointer const_void_pointer;
+
+    typedef see below propagate_on_container_copy_assignment;
+    typedef see below propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+    typedef see below propagate_on_container_swap;
+
+    template <class Tp>
+        struct rebind
+        {
+            typedef scoped_allocator_adaptor<
+                OuterTraits::template rebind_alloc<Tp>, InnerAllocs...> other;
+        };
+
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor();
+    template <class OuterA2>
+        scoped_allocator_adaptor(OuterA2&& outerAlloc,
+                                 const InnerAllocs&... innerAllocs) noexcept;
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor& other) noexcept;
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor(scoped_allocator_adaptor&& other) noexcept;
+    template <class OuterA2>
+        scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& other) noexcept;
+    template <class OuterA2>
+        scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>&& other) noexcept;
+
+    ~scoped_allocator_adaptor();
+
+    inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() noexcept;
+    const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() noexcept;
+    const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    pointer allocate(size_type n);
+    pointer allocate(size_type n, const_void_pointer hint);
+    void deallocate(pointer p, size_type n) noexcept;
+
+    size_type max_size() const;
+    template <class T, class... Args> void construct(T* p, Args&& args);
+    template <class T1, class T2, class... Args1, class... Args2>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p, piecewise_construct t, tuple<Args1...> x,
+                       tuple<Args2...> y);
+    template <class T1, class T2>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p);
+    template <class T1, class T2, class U, class V>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p, U&& x, V&& y);
+    template <class T1, class T2, class U, class V>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p, const pair<U, V>& x);
+    template <class T1, class T2, class U, class V>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p, pair<U, V>&& x);
+    template <class T> void destroy(T* p);
+
+    template <class T> void destroy(T* p) noexcept;
+
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor select_on_container_copy_construction() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class OuterA1, class OuterA2, class... InnerAllocs>
+    bool
+    operator==(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA1, InnerAllocs...>& a,
+               const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& b) noexcept;
+
+template <class OuterA1, class OuterA2, class... InnerAllocs>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA1, InnerAllocs...>& a,
+               const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& b) noexcept;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <memory>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE)
+
+// scoped_allocator_adaptor
+
+template <class ..._Allocs>
+class scoped_allocator_adaptor;
+
+template <class ..._Allocs> struct __get_poc_copy_assignment;
+
+template <class _A0>
+struct __get_poc_copy_assignment<_A0>
+{
+    static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::
+                              propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value;
+};
+
+template <class _A0, class ..._Allocs>
+struct __get_poc_copy_assignment<_A0, _Allocs...>
+{
+    static const bool value =
+        allocator_traits<_A0>::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value ||
+        __get_poc_copy_assignment<_Allocs...>::value;
+};
+
+template <class ..._Allocs> struct __get_poc_move_assignment;
+
+template <class _A0>
+struct __get_poc_move_assignment<_A0>
+{
+    static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::
+                              propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value;
+};
+
+template <class _A0, class ..._Allocs>
+struct __get_poc_move_assignment<_A0, _Allocs...>
+{
+    static const bool value =
+        allocator_traits<_A0>::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+        __get_poc_move_assignment<_Allocs...>::value;
+};
+
+template <class ..._Allocs> struct __get_poc_swap;
+
+template <class _A0>
+struct __get_poc_swap<_A0>
+{
+    static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::
+                              propagate_on_container_swap::value;
+};
+
+template <class _A0, class ..._Allocs>
+struct __get_poc_swap<_A0, _Allocs...>
+{
+    static const bool value =
+        allocator_traits<_A0>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+        __get_poc_swap<_Allocs...>::value;
+};
+
+template <class ..._Allocs>
+class __scoped_allocator_storage;
+
+template <class _OuterAlloc, class... _InnerAllocs>
+class __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...>
+    : public _OuterAlloc
+{
+    typedef _OuterAlloc outer_allocator_type;
+protected:
+    typedef scoped_allocator_adaptor<_InnerAllocs...> inner_allocator_type;
+
+private:
+    inner_allocator_type __inner_;
+
+protected:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __scoped_allocator_storage() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __scoped_allocator_storage(_OuterA2&& __outerAlloc,
+                                   const _InnerAllocs& ...__innerAllocs) _NOEXCEPT
+            : outer_allocator_type(_VSTD::forward<_OuterA2>(__outerAlloc)),
+              __inner_(__innerAllocs...) {}
+
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, const _OuterA2&>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __scoped_allocator_storage(
+            const __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+            : outer_allocator_type(__other.outer_allocator()),
+              __inner_(__other.inner_allocator()) {}
+
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __scoped_allocator_storage(
+            __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>&& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+            : outer_allocator_type(_VSTD::move(__other.outer_allocator())),
+              __inner_(_VSTD::move(__other.inner_allocator())) {}
+
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __scoped_allocator_storage(_OuterA2&& __o,
+                                   const inner_allocator_type& __i) _NOEXCEPT
+            : outer_allocator_type(_VSTD::forward<_OuterA2>(__o)),
+              __inner_(__i)
+        {
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() _NOEXCEPT             {return __inner_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {return __inner_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<outer_allocator_type&>(*this);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<const outer_allocator_type&>(*this);}
+
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor<outer_allocator_type, _InnerAllocs...>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    select_on_container_copy_construction() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {
+            return scoped_allocator_adaptor<outer_allocator_type, _InnerAllocs...>
+            (
+                allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::
+                    select_on_container_copy_construction(outer_allocator()),
+                allocator_traits<inner_allocator_type>::
+                    select_on_container_copy_construction(inner_allocator())
+            );
+        }
+
+    template <class...> friend class __scoped_allocator_storage;
+};
+
+template <class _OuterAlloc>
+class __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterAlloc>
+    : public _OuterAlloc
+{
+    typedef _OuterAlloc outer_allocator_type;
+protected:
+    typedef scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterAlloc> inner_allocator_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __scoped_allocator_storage() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __scoped_allocator_storage(_OuterA2&& __outerAlloc) _NOEXCEPT
+            : outer_allocator_type(_VSTD::forward<_OuterA2>(__outerAlloc)) {}
+
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, const _OuterA2&>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __scoped_allocator_storage(
+            const __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterA2>& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+            : outer_allocator_type(__other.outer_allocator()) {}
+
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __scoped_allocator_storage(
+            __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterA2>&& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+            : outer_allocator_type(_VSTD::move(__other.outer_allocator())) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<inner_allocator_type&>(*this);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<const inner_allocator_type&>(*this);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<outer_allocator_type&>(*this);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<const outer_allocator_type&>(*this);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor<outer_allocator_type>
+    select_on_container_copy_construction() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return scoped_allocator_adaptor<outer_allocator_type>(
+            allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::
+                select_on_container_copy_construction(outer_allocator())
+        );}
+
+    __scoped_allocator_storage(const outer_allocator_type& __o,
+                               const inner_allocator_type& __i) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template <class...> friend class __scoped_allocator_storage;
+};
+
+// __outermost
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+decltype(declval<_Alloc>().outer_allocator(), true_type())
+__has_outer_allocator_test(_Alloc&& __a);
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+false_type
+__has_outer_allocator_test(const volatile _Alloc& __a);
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __has_outer_allocator
+    : public common_type
+             <
+                 decltype(__has_outer_allocator_test(declval<_Alloc&>()))
+             >::type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc, bool = __has_outer_allocator<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __outermost
+{
+    typedef _Alloc type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    type& operator()(type& __a) const _NOEXCEPT {return __a;}
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __outermost<_Alloc, true>
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference
+                     <
+                        decltype(_VSTD::declval<_Alloc>().outer_allocator())
+                     >::type                                    _OuterAlloc;
+    typedef typename __outermost<_OuterAlloc>::type             type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    type& operator()(_Alloc& __a) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __outermost<_OuterAlloc>()(__a.outer_allocator());}
+};
+
+template <class _OuterAlloc, class... _InnerAllocs>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...>
+    : public __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...>
+{
+    typedef __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...> base;
+    typedef allocator_traits<_OuterAlloc>             _OuterTraits;
+public:
+    typedef _OuterAlloc                               outer_allocator_type;
+    typedef typename base::inner_allocator_type       inner_allocator_type;
+    typedef typename _OuterTraits::size_type          size_type;
+    typedef typename _OuterTraits::difference_type    difference_type;
+    typedef typename _OuterTraits::pointer            pointer;
+    typedef typename _OuterTraits::const_pointer      const_pointer;
+    typedef typename _OuterTraits::void_pointer       void_pointer;
+    typedef typename _OuterTraits::const_void_pointer const_void_pointer;
+
+    typedef integral_constant
+            <
+                bool,
+                __get_poc_copy_assignment<outer_allocator_type,
+                                          _InnerAllocs...>::value
+            > propagate_on_container_copy_assignment;
+    typedef integral_constant
+            <
+                bool,
+                __get_poc_move_assignment<outer_allocator_type,
+                                          _InnerAllocs...>::value
+            > propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+    typedef integral_constant
+            <
+                bool,
+                __get_poc_swap<outer_allocator_type, _InnerAllocs...>::value
+            > propagate_on_container_swap;
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+    struct rebind
+    {
+        typedef scoped_allocator_adaptor
+        <
+            typename _OuterTraits::template rebind_alloc<_Tp>, _InnerAllocs...
+        > other;
+    };
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor() _NOEXCEPT {}
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        scoped_allocator_adaptor(_OuterA2&& __outerAlloc,
+                                 const _InnerAllocs& ...__innerAllocs) _NOEXCEPT
+            : base(_VSTD::forward<_OuterA2>(__outerAlloc), __innerAllocs...) {}
+    // scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor& __other) = default;
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, const _OuterA2&>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        scoped_allocator_adaptor(
+            const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+                : base(__other) {}
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value
+                      >::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        scoped_allocator_adaptor(
+            scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>&& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+                : base(_VSTD::move(__other)) {}
+
+    // ~scoped_allocator_adaptor() = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return base::inner_allocator();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return base::inner_allocator();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return base::outer_allocator();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return base::outer_allocator();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer allocate(size_type __n)
+        {return allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::
+            allocate(outer_allocator(), __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer allocate(size_type __n, const_void_pointer __hint)
+        {return allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::
+            allocate(outer_allocator(), __n, __hint);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void deallocate(pointer __p, size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT
+        {allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::
+            deallocate(outer_allocator(), __p, __n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const
+        {return allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::max_size(outer_allocator());}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void construct(_Tp* __p, _Args&& ...__args)
+            {__construct(__uses_alloc_ctor<_Tp, inner_allocator_type, _Args...>(),
+                         __p, _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void destroy(_Tp* __p)
+            {
+                typedef __outermost<outer_allocator_type> _OM;
+                allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::
+                                         destroy(_OM()(outer_allocator()), __p);
+            }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor select_on_container_copy_construction() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return base::select_on_container_copy_construction();}
+
+private:
+
+    template <class _OuterA2,
+              class = typename enable_if<
+                        is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value
+                      >::type>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor(_OuterA2&& __o,
+                             const inner_allocator_type& __i) _NOEXCEPT
+        : base(_VSTD::forward<_OuterA2>(__o), __i) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void __construct(integral_constant<int, 0>, _Tp* __p, _Args&& ...__args)
+            {
+                typedef __outermost<outer_allocator_type> _OM;
+                allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::construct
+                (
+                    _OM()(outer_allocator()),
+                    __p,
+                    _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...
+                );
+            }
+
+    template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void __construct(integral_constant<int, 1>, _Tp* __p, _Args&& ...__args)
+            {
+                typedef __outermost<outer_allocator_type> _OM;
+                allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::construct
+                (
+                    _OM()(outer_allocator()),
+                    __p,
+                    allocator_arg,
+                    inner_allocator(),
+                    _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...
+                );
+            }
+
+    template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void __construct(integral_constant<int, 2>, _Tp* __p, _Args&& ...__args)
+            {
+                typedef __outermost<outer_allocator_type> _OM;
+                allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::construct
+                (
+                    _OM()(outer_allocator()),
+                    __p,
+                    _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...,
+                    inner_allocator()
+                );
+            }
+
+    template <class...> friend class __scoped_allocator_storage;
+};
+
+template <class _OuterA1, class _OuterA2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA1>& __a,
+           const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2>& __b) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __a.outer_allocator() == __b.outer_allocator();
+}
+
+template <class _OuterA1, class _OuterA2, class _InnerA0, class... _InnerAllocs>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA1, _InnerA0, _InnerAllocs...>& __a,
+           const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2, _InnerA0, _InnerAllocs...>& __b) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __a.outer_allocator() == __b.outer_allocator() &&
+           __a.inner_allocator() == __b.inner_allocator();
+}
+
+template <class _OuterA1, class _OuterA2, class... _InnerAllocs>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA1, _InnerAllocs...>& __a,
+           const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>& __b) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__a == __b);
+}
+
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_SCOPED_ALLOCATOR
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/set b/system/include/libcxx/set
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe3d3827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/set
@@ -0,0 +1,1023 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- set -------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SET
+#define _LIBCPP_SET
+
+/*
+
+    set synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Key, class Compare = less<Key>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<Key>>
+class set
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef Key                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                 value_type;
+    typedef Compare                                  key_compare;
+    typedef key_compare                              value_compare;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    set()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit set(const value_compare& comp);
+    set(const value_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        set(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+            const value_compare& comp = value_compare());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        set(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const value_compare& comp,
+            const allocator_type& a);
+    set(const set& s);
+    set(set&& s)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit set(const allocator_type& a);
+    set(const set& s, const allocator_type& a);
+    set(set&& s, const allocator_type& a);
+    set(initializer_list<value_type> il, const value_compare& comp = value_compare());
+    set(initializer_list<value_type> il, const value_compare& comp,
+        const allocator_type& a);
+    ~set();
+
+    set& operator=(const set& s);
+    set& operator=(set&& s)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_compare>::value);
+    set& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    // iterators:
+          iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+          iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()   const noexcept;
+
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+          reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    bool      empty()    const noexcept;
+    size_type size()     const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    pair<iterator,bool> insert(const value_type& v);
+    pair<iterator,bool> insert(value_type&& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type&& v);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void swap(set& s)
+        noexcept(
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_compare>::value &&
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value));
+
+    // observers:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const;
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const;
+
+    // set operations:
+          iterator find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type      count(const key_type& k) const;
+          iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+          iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+};
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator==(const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator< (const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator!=(const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator> (const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator>=(const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator<=(const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+void
+swap(set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x, set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Key, class Compare = less<Key>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<Key>>
+class multiset
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef Key                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                 value_type;
+    typedef Compare                                  key_compare;
+    typedef key_compare                              value_compare;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    multiset()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit multiset(const value_compare& comp);
+    multiset(const value_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multiset(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                 const value_compare& comp = value_compare());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multiset(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                 const value_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    multiset(const multiset& s);
+    multiset(multiset&& s)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit multiset(const allocator_type& a);
+    multiset(const multiset& s, const allocator_type& a);
+    multiset(multiset&& s, const allocator_type& a);
+    multiset(initializer_list<value_type> il, const value_compare& comp = value_compare());
+    multiset(initializer_list<value_type> il, const value_compare& comp,
+             const allocator_type& a);
+    ~multiset();
+
+    multiset& operator=(const multiset& s);
+    multiset& operator=(multiset&& s)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_compare>::value);
+    multiset& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    // iterators:
+          iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+          iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()   const noexcept;
+
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+          reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    bool      empty()    const noexcept;
+    size_type size()     const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(value_type&& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type&& v);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void swap(multiset& s)
+        noexcept(
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_compare>::value &&
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value));
+
+    // observers:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const;
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const;
+
+    // set operations:
+          iterator find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type      count(const key_type& k) const;
+          iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+          iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+};
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator==(const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator< (const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator!=(const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator> (const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator>=(const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator<=(const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+void
+swap(multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x, multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__tree>
+#include <functional>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare = less<_Key>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_Key> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE set
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef _Key                                     key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                 value_type;
+    typedef _Compare                                 key_compare;
+    typedef key_compare                              value_compare;
+    typedef _Allocator                               allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                              reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                        const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef __tree<value_type, value_compare, allocator_type> __base;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>                  __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_holder                    __node_holder;
+
+    __base __tree_;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename __base::pointer               pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::const_pointer         const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::size_type             size_type;
+    typedef typename __base::difference_type       difference_type;
+    typedef typename __base::const_iterator        iterator;
+    typedef typename __base::const_iterator        const_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>       reverse_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit set(const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+        : __tree_(__comp) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    set(const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__comp, __a) {}
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        set(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+            const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+        : __tree_(__comp)
+        {
+            insert(__f, __l);
+        }
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        set(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const value_compare& __comp,
+            const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__comp, __a)
+        {
+            insert(__f, __l);
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    set(const set& __s)
+        : __tree_(__s.__tree_)
+        {
+            insert(__s.begin(), __s.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    set& operator=(const set& __s)
+        {
+            __tree_ = __s.__tree_;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    set(set&& __s)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value)
+        : __tree_(_VSTD::move(__s.__tree_)) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit set(const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__a) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    set(const set& __s, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__s.__tree_.value_comp(), __a)
+        {
+            insert(__s.begin(), __s.end());
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    set(set&& __s, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    set(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+        : __tree_(__comp)
+        {
+            insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    set(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const value_compare& __comp,
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__comp, __a)
+        {
+            insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    set& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {
+            __tree_.__assign_unique(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    set& operator=(set&& __s)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__base>::value)
+        {
+            __tree_ = _VSTD::move(__s.__tree_);
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT       {return __tree_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator end() _NOEXCEPT         {return __tree_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()   const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin()  const _NOEXCEPT {return begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT {return end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return rbegin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT {return rend();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.max_size();}
+
+    // modifiers:
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(_Args&&... __args)
+            {return __tree_.__emplace_unique(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args)
+            {return __tree_.__emplace_hint_unique(__p, _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator,bool> insert(const value_type& __v)
+        {return __tree_.__insert_unique(__v);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator,bool> insert(value_type&& __v)
+        {return __tree_.__insert_unique(_VSTD::move(__v));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v)
+        {return __tree_.__insert_unique(__p, __v);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v)
+        {return __tree_.__insert_unique(__p, _VSTD::move(__v));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void insert(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
+        {
+            for (const_iterator __e = cend(); __f != __l; ++__f)
+                __tree_.__insert_unique(__e, *__f);
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator __p) {return __tree_.erase(__p);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.__erase_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+        {return __tree_.erase(__f, __l);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {__tree_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(set& __s) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__base>::value)
+        {__tree_.swap(__s.__tree_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.__alloc();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const {return __tree_.value_comp();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const {return __tree_.value_comp();}
+
+    // set operations:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator find(const key_type& __k)             {return __tree_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __tree_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type      count(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.__count_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator,iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>::set(set&& __s, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __tree_(_VSTD::move(__s.__tree_), __a)
+{
+    if (__a != __s.get_allocator())
+    {
+        const_iterator __e = cend();
+        while (!__s.empty())
+            insert(__e, _VSTD::move(__s.__tree_.remove(__s.begin())->__value_));
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.size() == __y.size() && _VSTD::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+     set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare = less<_Key>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_Key> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE multiset
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef _Key                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                 value_type;
+    typedef _Compare                                  key_compare;
+    typedef key_compare                              value_compare;
+    typedef _Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                              reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                        const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef __tree<value_type, value_compare, allocator_type> __base;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>                  __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __base::__node_holder                    __node_holder;
+
+    __base __tree_;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename __base::pointer               pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::const_pointer         const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::size_type             size_type;
+    typedef typename __base::difference_type       difference_type;
+    typedef typename __base::const_iterator        iterator;
+    typedef typename __base::const_iterator        const_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>       reverse_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit multiset(const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+        : __tree_(__comp) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multiset(const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__comp, __a) {}
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        multiset(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+                 const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+        : __tree_(__comp)
+        {
+            insert(__f, __l);
+        }
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        multiset(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l,
+                 const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__comp, __a)
+        {
+            insert(__f, __l);
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multiset(const multiset& __s)
+        : __tree_(__s.__tree_.value_comp(),
+          __alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__s.__tree_.__alloc()))
+        {
+            insert(__s.begin(), __s.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multiset& operator=(const multiset& __s)
+        {
+            __tree_ = __s.__tree_;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multiset(multiset&& __s)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value)
+        : __tree_(_VSTD::move(__s.__tree_)) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit multiset(const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__a) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multiset(const multiset& __s, const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__s.__tree_.value_comp(), __a)
+        {
+            insert(__s.begin(), __s.end());
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    multiset(multiset&& __s, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+        : __tree_(__comp)
+        {
+            insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const value_compare& __comp,
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __tree_(__comp, __a)
+        {
+            insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multiset& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {
+            __tree_.__assign_multi(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    multiset& operator=(multiset&& __s)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__base>::value)
+        {
+            __tree_ = _VSTD::move(__s.__tree_);
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT       {return __tree_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          iterator end() _NOEXCEPT         {return __tree_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()   const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.end();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+          reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT
+            {return       reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin()  const _NOEXCEPT {return begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT {return end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return rbegin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT {return rend();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.max_size();}
+
+    // modifiers:
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace(_Args&&... __args)
+            {return __tree_.__emplace_multi(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args)
+            {return __tree_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p, _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const value_type& __v)
+        {return __tree_.__insert_multi(__v);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(value_type&& __v)
+        {return __tree_.__insert_multi(_VSTD::move(__v));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v)
+        {return __tree_.__insert_multi(__p, __v);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v)
+        {return __tree_.__insert_multi(_VSTD::move(__v));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void insert(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l)
+        {
+            for (const_iterator __e = cend(); __f != __l; ++__f)
+                __tree_.__insert_multi(__e, *__f);
+        }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator __p) {return __tree_.erase(__p);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __tree_.__erase_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l)
+        {return __tree_.erase(__f, __l);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {__tree_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(multiset& __s)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__base>::value)
+        {__tree_.swap(__s.__tree_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {return __tree_.__alloc();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const {return __tree_.value_comp();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const {return __tree_.value_comp();}
+
+    // set operations:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator find(const key_type& __k)             {return __tree_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __tree_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type      count(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __tree_.__count_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) const
+            {return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k)
+            {return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) const
+            {return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+            {return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+            {return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>::multiset(multiset&& __s, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __tree_(_VSTD::move(__s.__tree_), __a)
+{
+    if (__a != __s.get_allocator())
+    {
+        const_iterator __e = cend();
+        while (!__s.empty())
+            insert(__e, _VSTD::move(__s.__tree_.remove(__s.begin())->__value_));
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.size() == __y.size() && _VSTD::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+           const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+     multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_SET
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/sstream b/system/include/libcxx/sstream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2a0d31a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/sstream
@@ -0,0 +1,884 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- sstream ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_SSTREAM
+
+/*
+    sstream synopsis
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_stringbuf
+    : public basic_streambuf<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef Allocator                      allocator_type;
+
+    // 27.8.1.1 Constructors:
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& str,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.1.2 Assign and swap:
+    basic_stringbuf& operator=(basic_stringbuf&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_stringbuf& rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.1.3 Get and set:
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const;
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s);
+
+protected:
+    // 27.8.1.4 Overridden virtual functions:
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* setbuf(char_type*, streamsize);
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  void swap(basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
+            basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& y);
+
+typedef basic_stringbuf<char>    stringbuf;
+typedef basic_stringbuf<wchar_t> wstringbuf;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_istringstream
+    : public basic_istream<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef Allocator                      allocator_type;
+
+    // 27.8.2.1 Constructors:
+    explicit basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);
+    explicit basic_istringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type,allocator_type>& str,
+                                 ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);
+    basic_istringstream(basic_istringstream&& rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.2.2 Assign and swap:
+    basic_istringstream& operator=(basic_istringstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_istringstream& rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.2.3 Members:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const;
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s);
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  void swap(basic_istringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
+            basic_istringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& y);
+
+typedef basic_istringstream<char>    istringstream;
+typedef basic_istringstream<wchar_t> wistringstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_ostringstream
+    : public basic_ostream<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef Allocator                      allocator_type;
+
+    // 27.8.3.1 Constructors/destructor:
+    explicit basic_ostringstream(ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_ostringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& str,
+                                 ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out);
+    basic_ostringstream(basic_ostringstream&& rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.3.2 Assign/swap:
+    basic_ostringstream& operator=(basic_ostringstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ostringstream& rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.3.3 Members:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const;
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s);
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  void swap(basic_ostringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
+            basic_ostringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& y);
+
+typedef basic_ostringstream<char>    ostringstream;
+typedef basic_ostringstream<wchar_t> wostringstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_stringstream
+    : public basic_iostream<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef Allocator                      allocator_type;
+
+    // constructors/destructor
+    explicit basic_stringstream(ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out|ios_base::in);
+    explicit basic_stringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& str,
+                                ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out|ios_base::in);
+    basic_stringstream(basic_stringstream&& rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.5.1 Assign/swap:
+    basic_stringstream& operator=(basic_stringstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_stringstream& rhs);
+
+    // Members:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const;
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& str);
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  void swap(basic_stringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
+            basic_stringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& y);
+
+typedef basic_stringstream<char>    stringstream;
+typedef basic_stringstream<wchar_t> wstringstream;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <istream>
+#include <string>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// basic_stringbuf
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_stringbuf
+    : public basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                     allocator_type;
+
+    typedef basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> string_type;
+
+private:
+
+    string_type __str_;
+    mutable char_type* __hm_;
+    ios_base::openmode __mode_;
+
+public:
+    // 27.8.1.1 Constructors:
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(const string_type& __s,
+                             ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs);
+#endif
+
+    // 27.8.1.2 Assign and swap:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_stringbuf& operator=(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs);
+#endif
+    void swap(basic_stringbuf& __rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.1.3 Get and set:
+    string_type str() const;
+    void str(const string_type& __s);
+
+protected:
+    // 27.8.1.4 Overridden virtual functions:
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                             ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type __sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode __wch)
+    : __hm_(0),
+      __mode_(__wch)
+{
+    str(string_type());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_stringbuf(const string_type& __s,
+                             ios_base::openmode __wch)
+    : __hm_(0),
+      __mode_(__wch)
+{
+    str(__s);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs)
+    : __mode_(__rhs.__mode_)
+{
+    ptrdiff_t __ninp = __rhs.gptr()  - __rhs.eback();
+    ptrdiff_t __einp = __rhs.egptr() - __rhs.eback();
+    ptrdiff_t __nout = __rhs.pptr()  - __rhs.pbase();
+    ptrdiff_t __eout = __rhs.epptr() - __rhs.pbase();
+    ptrdiff_t __hm   = __rhs.__hm_   - __rhs.pbase();
+    __str_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__str_);
+    char_type* __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+    this->setg(__p, __p + __ninp, __p + __einp);
+    this->setp(__p, __p + __eout);
+    this->pbump(__nout);
+    __hm_ = __p + __hm;
+    __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__rhs.__str_.data());
+    __rhs.setg(__p, __p, __p);
+    __rhs.setp(__p, __p);
+    __rhs.__hm_ = __p;
+    this->pubimbue(__rhs.getloc());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs)
+{
+    ptrdiff_t __ninp = __rhs.gptr()  - __rhs.eback();
+    ptrdiff_t __einp = __rhs.egptr() - __rhs.eback();
+    ptrdiff_t __nout = __rhs.pptr()  - __rhs.pbase();
+    ptrdiff_t __eout = __rhs.epptr() - __rhs.pbase();
+    ptrdiff_t __hm   = __rhs.__hm_   - __rhs.pbase();
+    __mode_ = __rhs.__mode_;
+    __str_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__str_);
+    char_type* __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+    this->setg(__p, __p + __ninp, __p + __einp);
+    this->setp(__p, __p + __eout);
+    this->pbump(__nout);
+    __hm_ = __p + __hm;
+    __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__rhs.__str_.data());
+    __rhs.setg(__p, __p, __p);
+    __rhs.setp(__p, __p);
+    __rhs.__hm_ = __p;
+    this->pubimbue(__rhs.getloc());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::swap(basic_stringbuf& __rhs)
+{
+    ptrdiff_t __rninp = __rhs.gptr()  - __rhs.eback();
+    ptrdiff_t __reinp = __rhs.egptr() - __rhs.eback();
+    ptrdiff_t __rnout = __rhs.pptr()  - __rhs.pbase();
+    ptrdiff_t __reout = __rhs.epptr() - __rhs.pbase();
+    ptrdiff_t __rhm   = __rhs.__hm_   - __rhs.pbase();
+    ptrdiff_t __lninp = this->gptr()  - this->eback();
+    ptrdiff_t __leinp = this->egptr() - this->eback();
+    ptrdiff_t __lnout = this->pptr()  - this->pbase();
+    ptrdiff_t __leout = this->epptr() - this->pbase();
+    ptrdiff_t __lhm   = this->__hm_   - this->pbase();
+    _VSTD::swap(__mode_, __rhs.__mode_);
+    __str_.swap(__rhs.__str_);
+    char_type* __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+    this->setg(__p, __p + __rninp, __p + __reinp);
+    this->setp(__p, __p + __reout);
+    this->pbump(__rnout);
+    __hm_ = __p + __rhm;
+    __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__rhs.__str_.data());
+    __rhs.setg(__p, __p + __lninp, __p + __leinp);
+    __rhs.setp(__p, __p + __leout);
+    __rhs.pbump(__lnout);
+    __rhs.__hm_ = __p + __lhm;
+    locale __tl = __rhs.getloc();
+    __rhs.pubimbue(this->getloc());
+    this->pubimbue(__tl);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x,
+     basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::str() const
+{
+    if (__mode_ & ios_base::out)
+    {
+        if (__hm_ < this->pptr())
+            __hm_ = this->pptr();
+        return string_type(this->pbase(), __hm_, __str_.get_allocator());
+    }
+    else if (__mode_ & ios_base::in)
+        return string_type(this->eback(), this->egptr(), __str_.get_allocator());
+    return string_type(__str_.get_allocator());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::str(const string_type& __s)
+{
+    __str_ = __s;
+    __hm_ = 0;
+    if (__mode_ & ios_base::in)
+    {
+        __hm_ = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data()) + __str_.size();
+        this->setg(const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data()),
+                   const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data()),
+                   __hm_);
+    }
+    if (__mode_ & ios_base::out)
+    {
+        typename string_type::size_type __sz = __str_.size();
+        __hm_ = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data()) + __sz;
+        __str_.resize(__str_.capacity());
+        this->setp(const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data()),
+                   const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data()) + __str_.size());
+        if (__mode_ & (ios_base::app | ios_base::ate))
+            this->pbump(__sz);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::int_type
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::underflow()
+{
+    if (__hm_ < this->pptr())
+        __hm_ = this->pptr();
+    if (__mode_ & ios_base::in)
+    {
+        if (this->egptr() < __hm_)
+            this->setg(this->eback(), this->gptr(), __hm_);
+        if (this->gptr() < this->egptr())
+            return traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+    }
+    return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::int_type
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::pbackfail(int_type __c)
+{
+    if (__hm_ < this->pptr())
+        __hm_ = this->pptr();
+    if (this->eback() < this->gptr())
+    {
+        if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof()))
+        {
+            this->setg(this->eback(), this->gptr()-1, __hm_);
+            return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+        }
+        if ((__mode_ & ios_base::out) ||
+            traits_type::eq(traits_type::to_char_type(__c), this->gptr()[-1]))
+        {
+            this->setg(this->eback(), this->gptr()-1, __hm_);
+            *this->gptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+            return __c;
+        }
+    }
+    return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::int_type
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::overflow(int_type __c)
+{
+    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof()))
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t __ninp = this->gptr()  - this->eback();
+        if (this->pptr() == this->epptr())
+        {
+            if (!(__mode_ & ios_base::out))
+                return traits_type::eof();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            try
+            {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                ptrdiff_t __nout = this->pptr()  - this->pbase();
+                ptrdiff_t __hm = __hm_ - this->pbase();
+                __str_.push_back(char_type());
+                __str_.resize(__str_.capacity());
+                char_type* __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+                this->setp(__p, __p + __str_.size());
+                this->pbump(__nout);
+                __hm_ = this->pbase() + __hm;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            }
+            catch (...)
+            {
+                return traits_type::eof();
+            }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        __hm_ = _VSTD::max(this->pptr() + 1, __hm_);
+        if (__mode_ & ios_base::in)
+        {
+            char_type* __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+            this->setg(__p, __p + __ninp, __hm_);
+        }
+        return this->sputc(__c);
+    }
+    return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::pos_type
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::seekoff(off_type __off,
+                                                      ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                                                      ios_base::openmode __wch)
+{
+    if (__hm_ < this->pptr())
+        __hm_ = this->pptr();
+    if ((__wch & (ios_base::in | ios_base::out)) == 0)
+        return pos_type(-1);
+    if ((__wch & (ios_base::in | ios_base::out)) == (ios_base::in | ios_base::out)
+        && __way == ios_base::cur)
+        return pos_type(-1);
+    off_type __noff;
+    switch (__way)
+    {
+    case ios_base::beg:
+        __noff = 0;
+        break;
+    case ios_base::cur:
+        if (__wch & ios_base::in)
+            __noff = this->gptr() - this->eback();
+        else
+            __noff = this->pptr() - this->pbase();
+        break;
+    case ios_base::end:
+        __noff = __hm_ - __str_.data();
+        break;
+    default:
+        return pos_type(-1);
+    }
+    __noff += __off;
+    if (__noff < 0 || __hm_ - __str_.data() < __noff)
+        return pos_type(-1);
+    if (__noff != 0)
+    {
+        if ((__wch & ios_base::in) && this->gptr() == 0)
+            return pos_type(-1);
+        if ((__wch & ios_base::out) && this->pptr() == 0)
+            return pos_type(-1);
+    }
+    if (__wch & ios_base::in)
+        this->setg(this->eback(), this->eback() + __noff, __hm_);
+    if (__wch & ios_base::out)
+    {
+        this->setp(this->pbase(), this->epptr());
+        this->pbump(__noff);
+    }
+    return pos_type(__noff);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::pos_type
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::seekpos(pos_type __sp,
+                                                      ios_base::openmode __wch)
+{
+    return seekoff(__sp, ios_base::beg, __wch);
+}
+
+// basic_istringstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_istringstream
+    : public basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                     allocator_type;
+
+    typedef basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> string_type;
+
+private:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> __sb_;
+
+public:
+    // 27.8.2.1 Constructors:
+    explicit basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in);
+    explicit basic_istringstream(const string_type& __s,
+                                 ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_istringstream(basic_istringstream&& __rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.2.2 Assign and swap:
+    basic_istringstream& operator=(basic_istringstream&& __rhs);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void swap(basic_istringstream& __rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.2.3 Members:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    string_type str() const;
+    void str(const string_type& __s);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch)
+    : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_),
+      __sb_(__wch | ios_base::in)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_istringstream(const string_type& __s,
+                                                                      ios_base::openmode __wch)
+    : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_),
+      __sb_(__s, __wch | ios_base::in)
+{
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_istringstream(basic_istringstream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(_VSTD::move(__rhs)),
+      __sb_(_VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_))
+{
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(basic_istringstream&& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(_VSTD::move(__rhs));
+    __sb_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::swap(basic_istringstream& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x,
+     basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>*
+basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rdbuf() const
+{
+    return const_cast<basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>*>(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::str() const
+{
+    return __sb_.str();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::str(const string_type& __s)
+{
+    __sb_.str(__s);
+}
+
+// basic_ostringstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_ostringstream
+    : public basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                     allocator_type;
+
+    typedef basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> string_type;
+
+private:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> __sb_;
+
+public:
+    // 27.8.2.1 Constructors:
+    explicit basic_ostringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_ostringstream(const string_type& __s,
+                                 ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::out);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_ostringstream(basic_ostringstream&& __rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.2.2 Assign and swap:
+    basic_ostringstream& operator=(basic_ostringstream&& __rhs);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void swap(basic_ostringstream& __rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.2.3 Members:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    string_type str() const;
+    void str(const string_type& __s);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_ostringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch)
+    : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_),
+      __sb_(__wch | ios_base::out)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_ostringstream(const string_type& __s,
+                                                                      ios_base::openmode __wch)
+    : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_),
+      __sb_(__s, __wch | ios_base::out)
+{
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_ostringstream(basic_ostringstream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(_VSTD::move(__rhs)),
+      __sb_(_VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_))
+{
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(basic_ostringstream&& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(_VSTD::move(__rhs));
+    __sb_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::swap(basic_ostringstream& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x,
+     basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>*
+basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rdbuf() const
+{
+    return const_cast<basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>*>(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::str() const
+{
+    return __sb_.str();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::str(const string_type& __s)
+{
+    __sb_.str(__s);
+}
+
+// basic_stringstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_stringstream
+    : public basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                     allocator_type;
+
+    typedef basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> string_type;
+
+private:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> __sb_;
+
+public:
+    // 27.8.2.1 Constructors:
+    explicit basic_stringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_stringstream(const string_type& __s,
+                                ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    basic_stringstream(basic_stringstream&& __rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.2.2 Assign and swap:
+    basic_stringstream& operator=(basic_stringstream&& __rhs);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void swap(basic_stringstream& __rhs);
+
+    // 27.8.2.3 Members:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    string_type str() const;
+    void str(const string_type& __s);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_stringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch)
+    : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_),
+      __sb_(__wch)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_stringstream(const string_type& __s,
+                                                                    ios_base::openmode __wch)
+    : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_),
+      __sb_(__s, __wch)
+{
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_stringstream(basic_stringstream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(_VSTD::move(__rhs)),
+      __sb_(_VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_))
+{
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(basic_stringstream&& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(_VSTD::move(__rhs));
+    __sb_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::swap(basic_stringstream& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x,
+     basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>*
+basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rdbuf() const
+{
+    return const_cast<basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>*>(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::str() const
+{
+    return __sb_.str();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::str(const string_type& __s)
+{
+    __sb_.str(__s);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_SSTREAM
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/stack b/system/include/libcxx/stack
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d72f966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/stack
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- stack -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STACK
+#define _LIBCPP_STACK
+
+/*
+    stack synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Container = deque<T>>
+class stack
+{
+public:
+    typedef Container                                container_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::size_type       size_type;
+
+protected:
+    container_type c;
+
+public:
+    stack() = default;
+    ~stack() = default;
+
+    stack(const stack& q) = default;
+    stack(stack&& q) = default;
+
+    stack& operator=(const stack& q) = default;
+    stack& operator=(stack&& q) = default;
+
+    explicit stack(const container_type& c);
+    explicit stack(container_type&& c);
+    template <class Alloc> explicit stack(const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc> stack(const container_type& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc> stack(container_type&& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc> stack(const stack& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc> stack(stack&& c, const Alloc& a);
+
+    bool empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    reference top();
+    const_reference top() const;
+
+    void push(const value_type& x);
+    void push(value_type&& x);
+    template <class... Args> void emplace(Args&&... args);
+    void pop();
+
+    void swap(stack& c) noexcept(noexcept(swap(c, q.c)));
+};
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator==(const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator< (const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator!=(const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator> (const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator>=(const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator<=(const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  void swap(stack<T, Container>& x, stack<T, Container>& y)
+  noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <deque>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container> class stack;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+bool
+operator==(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+bool
+operator< (const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container = deque<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE stack
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Container                               container_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::size_type       size_type;
+
+protected:
+    container_type c;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    stack()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<container_type>::value)
+        : c() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    stack(const stack& __q) : c(__q.c) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    stack(stack&& __q)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<container_type>::value)
+        : c(_VSTD::move(__q.c)) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    stack& operator=(const stack& __q) {c = __q.c; return *this;}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    stack& operator=(stack&& __q)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<container_type>::value)
+        {c = _VSTD::move(__q.c); return *this;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit stack(const container_type& __c) : c(__c) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit stack(container_type&& __c) : c(_VSTD::move(__c)) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit stack(const _Alloc& __a,
+                       typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                         _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(__a) {}
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        stack(const container_type& __c, const _Alloc& __a,
+              typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(__c, __a) {}
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        stack(const stack& __s, const _Alloc& __a,
+              typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(__s.c, __a) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        stack(container_type&& __c, const _Alloc& __a,
+              typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(_VSTD::move(__c), __a) {}
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        stack(stack&& __s, const _Alloc& __a,
+              typename enable_if<uses_allocator<container_type,
+                                                _Alloc>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : c(_VSTD::move(__s.c), __a) {}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty()     const      {return c.empty();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const      {return c.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference top()             {return c.back();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference top() const {return c.back();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void push(const value_type& __v) {c.push_back(__v);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void push(value_type&& __v) {c.push_back(_VSTD::move(__v));}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        void emplace(_Args&&... __args)
+        {c.emplace_back(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void pop() {c.pop_back();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(stack& __s)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<container_type>::value)
+    {
+        using _VSTD::swap;
+        swap(c, __s.c);
+    }
+
+    template <class T1, class _C1>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator==(const stack<T1, _C1>& __x, const stack<T1, _C1>& __y);
+
+    template <class T1, class _C1>
+    friend
+    bool
+    operator< (const stack<T1, _C1>& __x, const stack<T1, _C1>& __y);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.c == __y.c;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.c < __y.c;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE uses_allocator<stack<_Tp, _Container>, _Alloc>
+    : public uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>
+{
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_STACK
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/stdexcept b/system/include/libcxx/stdexcept
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d31dc8b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/stdexcept
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- stdexcept --------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDEXCEPT
+#define _LIBCPP_STDEXCEPT
+
+/*
+    stdexcept synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class logic_error;
+    class domain_error;
+    class invalid_argument;
+    class length_error;
+    class out_of_range;
+class runtime_error;
+    class range_error;
+    class overflow_error;
+    class underflow_error;
+
+for each class xxx_error:
+
+class xxx_error : public exception // at least indirectly
+{
+public:
+    explicit xxx_error(const string& what_arg);
+    explicit xxx_error(const char*   what_arg);
+
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept // returns what_arg
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <exception>
+#include <iosfwd>  // for string forward decl
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+namespace std  // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI logic_error
+    : public exception
+{
+private:
+    void* __imp_;
+public:
+    explicit logic_error(const string&);
+    explicit logic_error(const char*);
+
+    logic_error(const logic_error&) _NOEXCEPT;
+    logic_error& operator=(const logic_error&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    virtual ~logic_error() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    virtual const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI runtime_error
+    : public exception
+{
+private:
+    void* __imp_;
+public:
+    explicit runtime_error(const string&);
+    explicit runtime_error(const char*);
+
+    runtime_error(const runtime_error&) _NOEXCEPT;
+    runtime_error& operator=(const runtime_error&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    virtual ~runtime_error() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    virtual const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI domain_error
+    : public logic_error
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit domain_error(const string& __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit domain_error(const char* __s)   : logic_error(__s) {}
+
+    virtual ~domain_error() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI invalid_argument
+    : public logic_error
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit invalid_argument(const string& __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit invalid_argument(const char* __s)   : logic_error(__s) {}
+
+    virtual ~invalid_argument() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI length_error
+    : public logic_error
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit length_error(const string& __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit length_error(const char* __s)   : logic_error(__s) {}
+
+    virtual ~length_error() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI out_of_range
+    : public logic_error
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit out_of_range(const string& __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit out_of_range(const char* __s)   : logic_error(__s) {}
+
+    virtual ~out_of_range() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI range_error
+    : public runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit range_error(const string& __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit range_error(const char* __s)   : runtime_error(__s) {}
+
+    virtual ~range_error() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI overflow_error
+    : public runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit overflow_error(const string& __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit overflow_error(const char* __s)   : runtime_error(__s) {}
+
+    virtual ~overflow_error() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI underflow_error
+    : public runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit underflow_error(const string& __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit underflow_error(const char* __s)   : runtime_error(__s) {}
+
+    virtual ~underflow_error() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_STDEXCEPT
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/streambuf b/system/include/libcxx/streambuf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..feb62c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/streambuf
@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===------------------------- streambuf ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STEAMBUF
+#define _LIBCPP_STEAMBUF
+
+/*
+    streambuf synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_streambuf
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT char_type;
+    typedef traits traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    virtual ~basic_streambuf();
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.1 locales:
+    locale pubimbue(const locale& loc);
+    locale getloc() const;
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.2 buffer and positioning:
+    basic_streambuf* pubsetbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    pos_type pubseekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                        ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    pos_type pubseekpos(pos_type sp,
+                        ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    int pubsync();
+
+    // Get and put areas:
+    // 27.6.2.2.3 Get area:
+    streamsize in_avail();
+    int_type snextc();
+    int_type sbumpc();
+    int_type sgetc();
+    streamsize sgetn(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.4 Putback:
+    int_type sputbackc(char_type c);
+    int_type sungetc();
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.5 Put area:
+    int_type sputc(char_type c);
+    streamsize sputn(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
+
+protected:
+    basic_streambuf();
+    basic_streambuf(const basic_streambuf& rhs);
+    basic_streambuf& operator=(const basic_streambuf& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_streambuf& rhs);
+
+    // 27.6.2.3.2 Get area:
+    char_type* eback() const;
+    char_type* gptr() const;
+    char_type* egptr() const;
+    void gbump(int n);
+    void setg(char_type* gbeg, char_type* gnext, char_type* gend);
+
+    // 27.6.2.3.3 Put area:
+    char_type* pbase() const;
+    char_type* pptr() const;
+    char_type* epptr() const;
+    void pbump(int n);
+    void setp(char_type* pbeg, char_type* pend);
+
+    // 27.6.2.4 virtual functions:
+    // 27.6.2.4.1 Locales:
+    virtual void imbue(const locale& loc);
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.2 Buffer management and positioning:
+    virtual basic_streambuf* setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual int sync();
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.3 Get area:
+    virtual streamsize showmanyc();
+    virtual streamsize xsgetn(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type uflow();
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.4 Putback:
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.5 Put area:
+    virtual streamsize xsputn(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <ios>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_streambuf
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef _CharT                         char_type;
+    typedef _Traits                        traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    virtual ~basic_streambuf();
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.1 locales:
+    locale pubimbue(const locale& __loc);
+    locale getloc() const;
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.2 buffer and positioning:
+    basic_streambuf* pubsetbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+    pos_type pubseekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                        ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    pos_type pubseekpos(pos_type __sp,
+                        ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    int pubsync();
+
+    // Get and put areas:
+    // 27.6.2.2.3 Get area:
+    streamsize in_avail();
+    int_type snextc();
+    int_type sbumpc();
+    int_type sgetc();
+    streamsize sgetn(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.4 Putback:
+    int_type sputbackc(char_type __c);
+    int_type sungetc();
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.5 Put area:
+    int_type sputc(char_type __c);
+    streamsize sputn(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+
+protected:
+    basic_streambuf();
+    basic_streambuf(const basic_streambuf& __rhs);
+    basic_streambuf& operator=(const basic_streambuf& __rhs);
+    void swap(basic_streambuf& __rhs);
+
+    // 27.6.2.3.2 Get area:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type* eback() const {return __binp_;}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type* gptr()  const {return __ninp_;}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type* egptr() const {return __einp_;}
+    void gbump(int __n);
+    void setg(char_type* __gbeg, char_type* __gnext, char_type* __gend);
+
+    // 27.6.2.3.3 Put area:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type* pbase() const {return __bout_;}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type* pptr()  const {return __nout_;}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE char_type* epptr() const {return __eout_;}
+    void pbump(int __n);
+    void setp(char_type* __pbeg, char_type* __pend);
+
+    // 27.6.2.4 virtual functions:
+    // 27.6.2.4.1 Locales:
+    virtual void imbue(const locale& __loc);
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.2 Buffer management and positioning:
+    virtual basic_streambuf* setbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                             ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type __sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual int sync();
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.3 Get area:
+    virtual streamsize showmanyc();
+    virtual streamsize xsgetn(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type uflow();
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.4 Putback:
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.5 Put area:
+    virtual streamsize xsputn(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+    virtual int_type overflow(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+
+private:
+    locale __loc_;
+    char_type* __binp_;
+    char_type* __ninp_;
+    char_type* __einp_;
+    char_type* __bout_;
+    char_type* __nout_;
+    char_type* __eout_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_streambuf()
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+locale
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pubimbue(const locale& __loc)
+{
+    imbue(__loc);
+    locale __r = __loc_;
+    __loc_ = __loc;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+locale
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::getloc() const
+{
+    return __loc_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pubsetbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    return setbuf(__s, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pubseekoff(off_type __off,
+                                             ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                                             ios_base::openmode __which)
+{
+    return seekoff(__off, __way, __which);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pubseekpos(pos_type __sp,
+                                             ios_base::openmode __which)
+{
+    return seekpos(__sp, __which);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+int
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pubsync()
+{
+    return sync();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+streamsize
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::in_avail()
+{
+    if (__ninp_ < __einp_)
+        return static_cast<streamsize>(__einp_ - __ninp_);
+    return showmanyc();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::snextc()
+{
+    if (sbumpc() == traits_type::eof())
+        return traits_type::eof();
+    return sgetc();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sbumpc()
+{
+    if (__ninp_ == __einp_)
+        return uflow();
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(*__ninp_++);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sgetc()
+{
+    if (__ninp_ == __einp_)
+        return underflow();
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(*__ninp_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+streamsize
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sgetn(char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    return xsgetn(__s, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sputbackc(char_type __c)
+{
+    if (__binp_ == __ninp_ || !traits_type::eq(__c, __ninp_[-1]))
+        return pbackfail(traits_type::to_int_type(__c));
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(*--__ninp_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sungetc()
+{
+    if (__binp_ == __ninp_)
+        return pbackfail();
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(*--__ninp_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sputc(char_type __c)
+{
+    if (__nout_ == __eout_)
+        return overflow(traits_type::to_int_type(__c));
+    *__nout_++ = __c;
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+streamsize
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sputn(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    return xsputn(__s, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_streambuf()
+    : __binp_(0),
+      __ninp_(0),
+      __einp_(0),
+      __bout_(0),
+      __nout_(0),
+      __eout_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_streambuf(const basic_streambuf& __sb)
+    : __loc_(__sb.__loc_),
+      __binp_(__sb.__binp_),
+      __ninp_(__sb.__ninp_),
+      __einp_(__sb.__einp_),
+      __bout_(__sb.__bout_),
+      __nout_(__sb.__nout_),
+      __eout_(__sb.__eout_)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(const basic_streambuf& __sb)
+{
+    __loc_ = __sb.__loc_;
+    __binp_ = __sb.__binp_;
+    __ninp_ = __sb.__ninp_;
+    __einp_ = __sb.__einp_;
+    __bout_ = __sb.__bout_;
+    __nout_ = __sb.__nout_;
+    __eout_ = __sb.__eout_;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_streambuf& __sb)
+{
+    _VSTD::swap(__loc_, __sb.__loc_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__binp_, __sb.__binp_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__ninp_, __sb.__ninp_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__einp_, __sb.__einp_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__bout_, __sb.__bout_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__nout_, __sb.__nout_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__eout_, __sb.__eout_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::gbump(int __n)
+{
+    __ninp_ += __n;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::setg(char_type* __gbeg, char_type* __gnext,
+                                                          char_type* __gend)
+{
+    __binp_ = __gbeg;
+    __ninp_ = __gnext;
+    __einp_ = __gend;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pbump(int __n)
+{
+    __nout_ += __n;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::setp(char_type* __pbeg, char_type* __pend)
+{
+    __bout_ = __nout_ = __pbeg;
+    __eout_ = __pend;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::imbue(const locale&)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::setbuf(char_type*, streamsize)
+{
+    return this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                                          ios_base::openmode __which)
+{
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __which)
+{
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+int
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sync()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+streamsize
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::showmanyc()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+streamsize
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::xsgetn(char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    const int_type __eof = traits_type::eof();
+    int_type __c;
+    streamsize __i = 0;
+    for (;__i < __n; ++__i, ++__s)
+    {
+        if (__ninp_ < __einp_)
+            *__s = *__ninp_++;
+        else if ((__c = uflow()) != __eof)
+            *__s = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+        else
+            break;
+    }
+    return __i;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::underflow()
+{
+    return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::uflow()
+{
+    if (underflow() == traits_type::eof())
+        return traits_type::eof();
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(*__ninp_++);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pbackfail(int_type)
+{
+    return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+streamsize
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::xsputn(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n)
+{
+    streamsize __i = 0;
+    int_type __eof = traits_type::eof();
+    for (; __i < __n; ++__s, ++__i)
+    {
+        if (__nout_ < __eout_)
+            *__nout_++ = *__s;
+        else if (overflow(*__s) == __eof)
+            break;
+    }
+    return __i;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::overflow(int_type __c)
+{
+    return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+extern template class basic_streambuf<char>;
+extern template class basic_streambuf<wchar_t>;
+
+extern template class basic_ios<char>;
+extern template class basic_ios<wchar_t>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_STEAMBUF
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/string b/system/include/libcxx/string
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2041510f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/string
@@ -0,0 +1,3977 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- string -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STRING
+#define _LIBCPP_STRING
+
+/*
+    string synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class stateT>
+class fpos
+{
+private:
+    stateT st;
+public:
+    fpos(streamoff = streamoff());
+
+    operator streamoff() const;
+
+    stateT state() const;
+    void state(stateT);
+
+    fpos& operator+=(streamoff);
+    fpos  operator+ (streamoff) const;
+    fpos& operator-=(streamoff);
+    fpos  operator- (streamoff) const;
+};
+
+template <class stateT> streamoff operator-(const fpos<stateT>& x, const fpos<stateT>& y);
+
+template <class stateT> bool operator==(const fpos<stateT>& x, const fpos<stateT>& y);
+template <class stateT> bool operator!=(const fpos<stateT>& x, const fpos<stateT>& y);
+
+template <class charT>
+struct char_traits
+{
+    typedef charT     char_type;
+    typedef ...       int_type;
+    typedef streamoff off_type;
+    typedef streampos pos_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    static void assign(char_type& c1, const char_type& c2) noexcept;
+    static bool eq(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;
+    static bool lt(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;
+
+    static int              compare(const char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
+    static size_t           length(const char_type* s);
+    static const char_type* find(const char_type* s, size_t n, const char_type& a);
+    static char_type*       move(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
+    static char_type*       copy(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
+    static char_type*       assign(char_type* s, size_t n, char_type a);
+
+    static int_type  not_eof(int_type c) noexcept;
+    static char_type to_char_type(int_type c) noexcept;
+    static int_type  to_int_type(char_type c) noexcept;
+    static bool      eq_int_type(int_type c1, int_type c2) noexcept;
+    static int_type  eof() noexcept;
+};
+
+template <> struct char_traits<char>;
+template <> struct char_traits<wchar_t>;
+
+template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_string
+{
+public:
+// types:
+    typedef traits traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::char_type value_type;
+    typedef Allocator allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer const_pointer;
+    typedef implementation-defined iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    static const size_type npos = -1;
+
+    basic_string()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit basic_string(const allocator_type& a);
+    basic_string(const basic_string& str);
+    basic_string(basic_string&& str)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    basic_string(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n = npos,
+                 const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    basic_string(const_pointer s, const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    basic_string(const_pointer s, size_type n, const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    basic_string(size_type n, value_type c, const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        basic_string(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end,
+                     const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    basic_string(initializer_list<value_type>, const Allocator& = Allocator());
+    basic_string(const basic_string&, const Allocator&);
+    basic_string(basic_string&&, const Allocator&);
+
+    ~basic_string();
+
+    basic_string& operator=(const basic_string& str);
+    basic_string& operator=(basic_string&& str)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    basic_string& operator=(const_pointer s);
+    basic_string& operator=(value_type c);
+    basic_string& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator       rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type length() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    size_type capacity() const noexcept;
+
+    void resize(size_type n, value_type c);
+    void resize(size_type n);
+
+    void reserve(size_type res_arg = 0);
+    void shrink_to_fit();
+    void clear() noexcept;
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+    const_reference operator[](size_type pos) const;
+    reference       operator[](size_type pos);
+
+    const_reference at(size_type n) const;
+    reference       at(size_type n);
+
+    basic_string& operator+=(const basic_string& str);
+    basic_string& operator+=(const_pointer s);
+    basic_string& operator+=(value_type c);
+    basic_string& operator+=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    basic_string& append(const basic_string& str);
+    basic_string& append(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n);
+    basic_string& append(const_pointer s, size_type n);
+    basic_string& append(const_pointer s);
+    basic_string& append(size_type n, value_type c);
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        basic_string& append(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    basic_string& append(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    void push_back(value_type c);
+    void pop_back();
+    reference       front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference       back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    basic_string& assign(const basic_string& str);
+    basic_string& assign(basic_string&& str);
+    basic_string& assign(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n);
+    basic_string& assign(const_pointer s, size_type n);
+    basic_string& assign(const_pointer s);
+    basic_string& assign(size_type n, value_type c);
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        basic_string& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    basic_string& assign(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const basic_string& str);
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const basic_string& str,
+                         size_type pos2, size_type n);
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const_pointer s, size_type n);
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const_pointer s);
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, size_type n, value_type c);
+    iterator      insert(const_iterator p, value_type c);
+    iterator      insert(const_iterator p, size_type n, value_type c);
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator p, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    iterator      insert(const_iterator p, initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    basic_string& erase(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos);
+    iterator      erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator      erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str);
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str,
+                          size_type pos2, size_type n2);
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const_pointer s, size_type n2);
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const_pointer s);
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, size_type n2, value_type c);
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const basic_string& str);
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const_pointer s, size_type n);
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const_pointer s);
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, size_type n, value_type c);
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, InputIterator j1, InputIterator j2);
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    size_type copy(pointer s, size_type n, size_type pos = 0) const;
+    basic_string substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const;
+
+    void swap(basic_string& str)
+        noexcept(!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                 __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+
+    const_pointer c_str() const noexcept;
+    const_pointer data() const noexcept;
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type find(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+    size_type find(const_pointer s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;
+    size_type find(const_pointer s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+    size_type find(value_type c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+
+    size_type rfind(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+    size_type rfind(const_pointer s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;
+    size_type rfind(const_pointer s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+    size_type rfind(value_type c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+
+    size_type find_first_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_first_of(const_pointer s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_first_of(const_pointer s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_first_of(value_type c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+
+    size_type find_last_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_last_of(const_pointer s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_last_of(const_pointer s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_last_of(value_type c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+
+    size_type find_first_not_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_first_not_of(const_pointer s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_first_not_of(const_pointer s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_first_not_of(value_type c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+
+    size_type find_last_not_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_last_not_of(const_pointer s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_last_not_of(const_pointer s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+    size_type find_last_not_of(value_type c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+
+    int compare(const basic_string& str) const noexcept;
+    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str) const;
+    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str,
+                size_type pos2, size_type n2) const;
+    int compare(const_pointer s) const noexcept;
+    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const_pointer s) const;
+    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const_pointer s, size_type n2) const;
+
+    bool __invariants() const;
+};
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+          const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(const charT* lhs , const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&rhs);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(charT lhs, const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, charT rhs);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator==(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator==(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator==(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator!=(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator< (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator< (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator< (const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator> (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator> (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator> (const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator<=(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator>=(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+void swap(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+          basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs)
+            noexcept(noexcept(lhs.swap(rhs)));
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str,
+        charT delim);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
+
+typedef basic_string<char>    string;
+typedef basic_string<wchar_t> wstring;
+typedef basic_string<char16_t> u16string;
+typedef basic_string<char32_t> u32string;
+
+int                stoi  (const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+long               stol  (const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+unsigned long      stoul (const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+long long          stoll (const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+unsigned long long stoull(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+
+float       stof (const string& str, size_t* idx = 0);
+double      stod (const string& str, size_t* idx = 0);
+long double stold(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0);
+
+string to_string(int val);
+string to_string(unsigned val);
+string to_string(long val);
+string to_string(unsigned long val);
+string to_string(long long val);
+string to_string(unsigned long long val);
+string to_string(float val);
+string to_string(double val);
+string to_string(long double val);
+
+int                stoi  (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+long               stol  (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+unsigned long      stoul (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+long long          stoll (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+unsigned long long stoull(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
+
+float       stof (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0);
+double      stod (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0);
+long double stold(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0);
+
+wstring to_wstring(int val);
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned val);
+wstring to_wstring(long val);
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned long val);
+wstring to_wstring(long long val);
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long val);
+wstring to_wstring(float val);
+wstring to_wstring(double val);
+wstring to_wstring(long double val);
+
+template <> struct hash<string>;
+template <> struct hash<u16string>;
+template <> struct hash<u32string>;
+template <> struct hash<wstring>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdio>  // For EOF.
+#include <cwchar>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <utility>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <__functional_base>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+#include <cstdint>
+#endif
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS) || defined(_LIBCPP_DEBUG)
+#include <cassert>
+#endif
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// fpos
+
+template <class _StateT>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE fpos
+{
+private:
+    _StateT __st_;
+    streamoff __off_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY fpos(streamoff __off = streamoff()) : __st_(), __off_(__off) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator streamoff() const {return __off_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _StateT state() const {return __st_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void state(_StateT __st) {__st_ = __st;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY fpos& operator+=(streamoff __off) {__off_ += __off; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY fpos  operator+ (streamoff __off) const {fpos __t(*this); __t += __off; return __t;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY fpos& operator-=(streamoff __off) {__off_ -= __off; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY fpos  operator- (streamoff __off) const {fpos __t(*this); __t -= __off; return __t;}
+};
+
+template <class _StateT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+streamoff operator-(const fpos<_StateT>& __x, const fpos<_StateT>& __y)
+    {return streamoff(__x) - streamoff(__y);}
+
+template <class _StateT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator==(const fpos<_StateT>& __x, const fpos<_StateT>& __y)
+    {return streamoff(__x) == streamoff(__y);}
+
+template <class _StateT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool operator!=(const fpos<_StateT>& __x, const fpos<_StateT>& __y)
+    {return streamoff(__x) != streamoff(__y);}
+
+// char_traits
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE char_traits
+{
+    typedef _CharT    char_type;
+    typedef int       int_type;
+    typedef streamoff off_type;
+    typedef streampos pos_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void assign(char_type& __c1, const char_type& __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__c1 = __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool eq(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool lt(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 < __c2;}
+
+    static int              compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n);
+    static size_t           length(const char_type* __s);
+    static const char_type* find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a);
+    static char_type*       move(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n);
+    static char_type*       copy(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n);
+    static char_type*       assign(char_type* __s, size_t __n, char_type __a);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static int_type  not_eof(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return eq_int_type(__c, eof()) ? ~eof() : __c;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type to_char_type(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return char_type(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type  to_int_type(char_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool      eq_int_type(int_type __c1, int_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type  eof() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type(EOF);}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int
+char_traits<_CharT>::compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+{
+    for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2)
+    {
+        if (lt(*__s1, *__s2))
+            return -1;
+        if (lt(*__s2, *__s1))
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+size_t
+char_traits<_CharT>::length(const char_type* __s)
+{
+    size_t __len = 0;
+    for (; !eq(*__s, char_type(0)); ++__s)
+        ++__len;
+    return __len;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _CharT*
+char_traits<_CharT>::find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a)
+{
+    for (; __n; --__n)
+    {
+        if (eq(*__s, __a))
+            return __s;
+        ++__s;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_CharT*
+char_traits<_CharT>::move(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+{
+    char_type* __r = __s1;
+    if (__s1 < __s2)
+    {
+        for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2)
+            assign(*__s1, *__s2);
+    }
+    else if (__s2 < __s1)
+    {
+        __s1 += __n;
+        __s2 += __n;
+        for (; __n; --__n)
+            assign(*--__s1, *--__s2);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_CharT*
+char_traits<_CharT>::copy(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+{
+    char_type* __r = __s1;
+    for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2)
+        assign(*__s1, *__s2);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_CharT*
+char_traits<_CharT>::assign(char_type* __s, size_t __n, char_type __a)
+{
+    char_type* __r = __s;
+    for (; __n; --__n, ++__s)
+        assign(*__s, __a);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// char_traits<char>
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE char_traits<char>
+{
+    typedef char      char_type;
+    typedef int       int_type;
+    typedef streamoff off_type;
+    typedef streampos pos_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void assign(char_type& __c1, const char_type& __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__c1 = __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool eq(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+            {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool lt(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return (unsigned char)__c1 < (unsigned char)__c2;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+        {return memcmp(__s1, __s2, __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_t length(const char_type* __s) {return strlen(__s);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const char_type* find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a)
+        {return (const char_type*)memchr(__s, to_int_type(__a), __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type* move(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+        {return (char_type*)memmove(__s1, __s2, __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type* copy(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+        {return (char_type*)memcpy(__s1, __s2, __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type* assign(char_type* __s, size_t __n, char_type __a)
+        {return (char_type*)memset(__s, to_int_type(__a), __n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY static int_type  not_eof(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return eq_int_type(__c, eof()) ? ~eof() : __c;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type to_char_type(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return char_type(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type to_int_type(char_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type((unsigned char)__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool eq_int_type(int_type __c1, int_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type  eof() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type(EOF);}
+};
+
+// char_traits<wchar_t>
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE char_traits<wchar_t>
+{
+    typedef wchar_t   char_type;
+    typedef wint_t    int_type;
+    typedef streamoff off_type;
+    typedef streampos pos_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void assign(char_type& __c1, const char_type& __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__c1 = __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool eq(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool lt(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 < __c2;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+        {return wmemcmp(__s1, __s2, __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_t length(const char_type* __s)
+        {return wcslen(__s);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static const char_type* find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a)
+        {return (const char_type*)wmemchr(__s, __a, __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type* move(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+        {return (char_type*)wmemmove(__s1, __s2, __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type* copy(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+        {return (char_type*)wmemcpy(__s1, __s2, __n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type* assign(char_type* __s, size_t __n, char_type __a)
+        {return (char_type*)wmemset(__s, __a, __n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type  not_eof(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return eq_int_type(__c, eof()) ? ~eof() : __c;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type to_char_type(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return char_type(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type to_int_type(char_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool eq_int_type(int_type __c1, int_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type eof() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type(WEOF);}
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE char_traits<char16_t>
+{
+    typedef char16_t       char_type;
+    typedef uint_least16_t int_type;
+    typedef streamoff      off_type;
+    typedef u16streampos   pos_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t      state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void assign(char_type& __c1, const char_type& __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__c1 = __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool eq(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool lt(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 < __c2;}
+
+    static int              compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n);
+    static size_t           length(const char_type* __s);
+    static const char_type* find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a);
+    static char_type*       move(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n);
+    static char_type*       copy(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n);
+    static char_type*       assign(char_type* __s, size_t __n, char_type __a);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type  not_eof(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return eq_int_type(__c, eof()) ? ~eof() : __c;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type to_char_type(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return char_type(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type to_int_type(char_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool eq_int_type(int_type __c1, int_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type eof() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type(0xDFFF);}
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+int
+char_traits<char16_t>::compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+{
+    for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2)
+    {
+        if (lt(*__s1, *__s2))
+            return -1;
+        if (lt(*__s2, *__s1))
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+size_t
+char_traits<char16_t>::length(const char_type* __s)
+{
+    size_t __len = 0;
+    for (; !eq(*__s, char_type(0)); ++__s)
+        ++__len;
+    return __len;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const char16_t*
+char_traits<char16_t>::find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a)
+{
+    for (; __n; --__n)
+    {
+        if (eq(*__s, __a))
+            return __s;
+        ++__s;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+char16_t*
+char_traits<char16_t>::move(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+{
+    char_type* __r = __s1;
+    if (__s1 < __s2)
+    {
+        for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2)
+            assign(*__s1, *__s2);
+    }
+    else if (__s2 < __s1)
+    {
+        __s1 += __n;
+        __s2 += __n;
+        for (; __n; --__n)
+            assign(*--__s1, *--__s2);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+char16_t*
+char_traits<char16_t>::copy(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+{
+    char_type* __r = __s1;
+    for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2)
+        assign(*__s1, *__s2);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+char16_t*
+char_traits<char16_t>::assign(char_type* __s, size_t __n, char_type __a)
+{
+    char_type* __r = __s;
+    for (; __n; --__n, ++__s)
+        assign(*__s, __a);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE char_traits<char32_t>
+{
+    typedef char32_t       char_type;
+    typedef uint_least32_t int_type;
+    typedef streamoff      off_type;
+    typedef u32streampos   pos_type;
+    typedef mbstate_t      state_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void assign(char_type& __c1, const char_type& __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__c1 = __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool eq(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool lt(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 < __c2;}
+
+    static int              compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n);
+    static size_t           length(const char_type* __s);
+    static const char_type* find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a);
+    static char_type*       move(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n);
+    static char_type*       copy(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n);
+    static char_type*       assign(char_type* __s, size_t __n, char_type __a);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type  not_eof(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return eq_int_type(__c, eof()) ? ~eof() : __c;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static char_type to_char_type(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return char_type(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type to_int_type(char_type __c) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type(__c);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static bool eq_int_type(int_type __c1, int_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __c1 == __c2;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static int_type eof() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return int_type(0xFFFFFFFF);}
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+int
+char_traits<char32_t>::compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+{
+    for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2)
+    {
+        if (lt(*__s1, *__s2))
+            return -1;
+        if (lt(*__s2, *__s1))
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+size_t
+char_traits<char32_t>::length(const char_type* __s)
+{
+    size_t __len = 0;
+    for (; !eq(*__s, char_type(0)); ++__s)
+        ++__len;
+    return __len;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const char32_t*
+char_traits<char32_t>::find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a)
+{
+    for (; __n; --__n)
+    {
+        if (eq(*__s, __a))
+            return __s;
+        ++__s;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+char32_t*
+char_traits<char32_t>::move(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+{
+    char_type* __r = __s1;
+    if (__s1 < __s2)
+    {
+        for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2)
+            assign(*__s1, *__s2);
+    }
+    else if (__s2 < __s1)
+    {
+        __s1 += __n;
+        __s2 += __n;
+        for (; __n; --__n)
+            assign(*--__s1, *--__s2);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+char32_t*
+char_traits<char32_t>::copy(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n)
+{
+    char_type* __r = __s1;
+    for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2)
+        assign(*__s1, *__s2);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+char32_t*
+char_traits<char32_t>::assign(char_type* __s, size_t __n, char_type __a)
+{
+    char_type* __r = __s;
+    for (; __n; --__n, ++__s)
+        assign(*__s, __a);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+
+// basic_string
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x,
+          const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y);
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const _CharT* __x, const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>& __y);
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(_CharT __x, const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>& __y);
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x, const _CharT* __y);
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x, _CharT __y);
+
+template <bool>
+class __basic_string_common
+{
+protected:
+    void __throw_length_error() const;
+    void __throw_out_of_range() const;
+};
+
+template <bool __b>
+void
+__basic_string_common<__b>::__throw_length_error() const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw length_error("basic_string");
+#else
+    assert(!"basic_string length_error");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <bool __b>
+void
+__basic_string_common<__b>::__throw_out_of_range() const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw out_of_range("basic_string");
+#else
+    assert(!"basic_string out_of_range");
+#endif
+}
+
+extern template class __basic_string_common<true>;
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE basic_string
+    : private __basic_string_common<true>
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_string                                 __self;
+    typedef _Traits                                      traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::char_type              value_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                                   allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>             __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type           size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type     difference_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                  reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                            const_reference;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer             pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer       const_pointer;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    typedef __debug_iter<basic_string, pointer>          iterator;
+    typedef __debug_iter<basic_string, const_pointer>    const_iterator;
+
+    friend class __debug_iter<basic_string, pointer>;
+    friend class __debug_iter<basic_string, const_pointer>;
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_RAW_ITERATORS)
+    typedef pointer                                      iterator;
+    typedef const_pointer                                const_iterator;
+#else  // defined(_LIBCPP_RAW_ITERATORS)
+    typedef __wrap_iter<pointer>                         iterator;
+    typedef __wrap_iter<const_pointer>                   const_iterator;
+#endif  // defined(_LIBCPP_RAW_ITERATORS)
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>             reverse_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>       const_reverse_iterator;
+
+private:
+    struct __long
+    {
+        size_type __cap_;
+        size_type __size_;
+        pointer   __data_;
+    };
+
+#if _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
+    enum {__short_mask = 0x80};
+    enum {__long_mask  = ~(size_type(~0) >> 1)};
+#else  // _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
+    enum {__short_mask = 0x01};
+    enum {__long_mask  = 0x1};
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
+
+    enum {__mask = size_type(~0) >> 1};
+
+    enum {__min_cap = (sizeof(__long) - 1)/sizeof(value_type) > 2 ?
+                      (sizeof(__long) - 1)/sizeof(value_type) : 2};
+
+    struct __short
+    {
+        union
+        {
+            unsigned char __size_;
+            value_type _;
+        };
+        value_type __data_[__min_cap];
+    };
+
+    union _{__long _; __short __;};
+
+    enum {__n_words = sizeof(_) / sizeof(size_type)};
+
+    struct __raw
+    {
+        size_type __words[__n_words];
+    };
+
+    struct __rep
+    {
+        union
+        {
+            __long  __l;
+            __short __s;
+            __raw   __r;
+        };
+    };
+
+    __compressed_pair<__rep, allocator_type> __r_;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+
+    pair<iterator*, const_iterator*> __iterator_list_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator*&       __get_iterator_list(iterator*)       {return __iterator_list_.first;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator*& __get_iterator_list(const_iterator*) {return __iterator_list_.second;}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+
+public:
+    static const size_type npos = -1;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY basic_string()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit basic_string(const allocator_type& __a);
+    basic_string(const basic_string& __str);
+    basic_string(const basic_string& __str, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string(basic_string&& __str)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string(basic_string&& __str, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY basic_string(const_pointer __s);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string(const_pointer __s, const allocator_type& __a);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string(const_pointer __s, size_type __n);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string(const_pointer __s, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string(size_type __n, value_type __c);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string(size_type __n, value_type __c, const allocator_type& __a);
+    basic_string(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n = npos,
+                 const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type());
+    template<class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        basic_string(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template<class _InputIterator>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        basic_string(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    ~basic_string();
+
+    basic_string& operator=(const basic_string& __str);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& operator=(basic_string&& __str)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY basic_string& operator=(const_pointer __s) {return assign(__s);}
+    basic_string& operator=(value_type __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {return assign(__il.begin(), __il.size());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return iterator(__get_pointer());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(data());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator end() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return iterator(__get_pointer() + size());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(data() + size());}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator       begin()       {return iterator(this, __get_pointer());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator begin() const {return const_iterator(this, data());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator       end()         {return iterator(this, __get_pointer() + size());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator end() const   {return const_iterator(this, data() + size());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return rbegin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return rend();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __is_long() ? __get_long_size() : __get_short_size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type length() const _NOEXCEPT {return size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type capacity() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return (__is_long() ? __get_long_cap() : __min_cap) - 1;}
+
+    void resize(size_type __n, value_type __c);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void resize(size_type __n) {resize(__n, value_type());}
+
+    void reserve(size_type res_arg = 0);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT {reserve();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return size() == 0;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference operator[](size_type __pos) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference       operator[](size_type __pos);
+
+    const_reference at(size_type __n) const;
+    reference       at(size_type __n);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY basic_string& operator+=(const basic_string& __str) {return append(__str);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY basic_string& operator+=(const_pointer __s)         {return append(__s);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY basic_string& operator+=(value_type __c)            {push_back(__c); return *this;}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY basic_string& operator+=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {return append(__il);}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& append(const basic_string& __str);
+    basic_string& append(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n);
+    basic_string& append(const_pointer __s, size_type __n);
+    basic_string& append(const_pointer __s);
+    basic_string& append(size_type __n, value_type __c);
+    template<class _InputIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+             __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+            !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            basic_string&
+        >::type
+        append(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template<class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            basic_string&
+        >::type
+        append(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& append(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {return append(__il.begin(), __il.size());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    void push_back(value_type __c);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void pop_back();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference       front();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference front() const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference       back();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference back() const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& assign(const basic_string& __str);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& assign(basic_string&& str)
+        {*this = _VSTD::move(str); return *this;}
+#endif
+    basic_string& assign(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n);
+    basic_string& assign(const_pointer __s, size_type __n);
+    basic_string& assign(const_pointer __s);
+    basic_string& assign(size_type __n, value_type __c);
+    template<class _InputIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+             __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+            !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            basic_string&
+        >::type
+        assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template<class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            basic_string&
+        >::type
+        assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {return assign(__il.begin(), __il.size());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str);
+    basic_string& insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos2, size_type __n);
+    basic_string& insert(size_type __pos, const_pointer __s, size_type __n);
+    basic_string& insert(size_type __pos, const_pointer __s);
+    basic_string& insert(size_type __pos, size_type __n, value_type __c);
+    iterator      insert(const_iterator __pos, value_type __c);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator      insert(const_iterator __pos, size_type __n, value_type __c);
+    template<class _InputIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+             __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+            !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            iterator
+        >::type
+        insert(const_iterator __pos, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template<class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            iterator
+        >::type
+        insert(const_iterator __pos, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __pos, initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+                    {return insert(__pos, __il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    basic_string& erase(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator      erase(const_iterator __pos);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator      erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str);
+    basic_string& replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2);
+    basic_string& replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const_pointer __s, size_type __n2);
+    basic_string& replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const_pointer __s);
+    basic_string& replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, size_type __n2, value_type __c);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const basic_string& __str);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const_pointer __s, size_type __n);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const_pointer __s);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, size_type __n, value_type __c);
+    template<class _InputIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            basic_string&
+        >::type
+        replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, _InputIterator __j1, _InputIterator __j2);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {return replace(__i1, __i2, __il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    size_type copy(pointer __s, size_type __n, size_type __pos = 0) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_string substr(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(basic_string& __str)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_pointer c_str() const _NOEXCEPT {return data();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_pointer data() const _NOEXCEPT  {return __get_pointer();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {return __alloc();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    size_type find(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    size_type find(value_type __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type rfind(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    size_type rfind(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type rfind(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    size_type rfind(value_type __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_first_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    size_type find_first_of(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_first_of(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_first_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_last_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    size_type find_last_of(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_last_of(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_last_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_first_not_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    size_type find_first_not_of(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_first_not_of(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_first_not_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_last_not_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    size_type find_last_not_of(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_last_not_of(const_pointer __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type find_last_not_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int compare(const basic_string& __str) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str) const;
+    int compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2) const;
+    int compare(const_pointer __s) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    int compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const_pointer __s) const;
+    int compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const_pointer __s, size_type __n2) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool __invariants() const;
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __r_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const allocator_type& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __r_.second();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool __is_long() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return bool(__r_.first().__s.__size_ & __short_mask);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __set_short_size(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT
+#if _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
+        {__r_.first().__s.__size_ = (unsigned char)(__s);}
+#else
+        {__r_.first().__s.__size_ = (unsigned char)(__s << 1);}
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type __get_short_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+#if _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
+        {return __r_.first().__s.__size_;}
+#else
+        {return __r_.first().__s.__size_ >> 1;}
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __set_long_size(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__r_.first().__l.__size_ = __s;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type __get_long_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __r_.first().__l.__size_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __set_size(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT
+        {if (__is_long()) __set_long_size(__s); else __set_short_size(__s);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __set_long_cap(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__r_.first().__l.__cap_  = __long_mask | __s;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type __get_long_cap() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __r_.first().__l.__cap_ & ~__long_mask;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __set_long_pointer(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__r_.first().__l.__data_ = __p;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer __get_long_pointer() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __r_.first().__l.__data_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_pointer __get_long_pointer() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __r_.first().__l.__data_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer __get_short_pointer() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __r_.first().__s.__data_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_pointer __get_short_pointer() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __r_.first().__s.__data_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer __get_pointer() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __is_long() ? __get_long_pointer() : __get_short_pointer();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_pointer __get_pointer() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __is_long() ? __get_long_pointer() : __get_short_pointer();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __zero() _NOEXCEPT
+        {
+            size_type (&__a)[__n_words] = __r_.first().__r.__words;
+            for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < __n_words; ++__i)
+                __a[__i] = 0;
+        }
+
+    template <size_type __a> static
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        size_type __align(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT
+            {return __s + (__a-1) & ~(__a-1);}
+    enum {__alignment = 16};
+    static _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type __recommend(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return (__s < __min_cap ? __min_cap :
+                 __align<sizeof(value_type) < __alignment ?
+                            __alignment/sizeof(value_type) : 1 > (__s+1)) - 1;}
+
+    void __init(const_pointer __s, size_type __sz, size_type __reserve);
+    void __init(const_pointer __s, size_type __sz);
+    void __init(size_type __n, value_type __c);
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+         __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+        !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    __init(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    __init(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+    void __grow_by(size_type __old_cap, size_type __delta_cap, size_type __old_sz,
+                   size_type __n_copy,  size_type __n_del,     size_type __n_add = 0);
+    void __grow_by_and_replace(size_type __old_cap, size_type __delta_cap, size_type __old_sz,
+                               size_type __n_copy,  size_type __n_del,
+                               size_type __n_add, const_pointer __p_new_stuff);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __erase_to_end(size_type __pos);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const basic_string& __str)
+        {__copy_assign_alloc(__str, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const basic_string& __str, true_type)
+        {
+            if (__alloc() != __str.__alloc())
+            {
+                clear();
+                shrink_to_fit();
+            }
+            __alloc() = __str.__alloc();
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const basic_string& __str, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign(basic_string& __str, false_type);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign(basic_string& __str, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+#endif
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void
+    __move_assign_alloc(basic_string& __str)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+    {__move_assign_alloc(__str, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(basic_string& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+            __alloc() = _VSTD::move(__c.__alloc());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(basic_string& __c, false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(allocator_type& __x, allocator_type& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {__swap_alloc(__x, __y, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(allocator_type& __x, allocator_type& __y, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+            using _VSTD::swap;
+            swap(__x, __y);
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(allocator_type& __x, allocator_type& __y, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __invalidate_iterators_past(size_type);
+
+    friend basic_string operator+<>(const basic_string&, const basic_string&);
+    friend basic_string operator+<>(const value_type*, const basic_string&);
+    friend basic_string operator+<>(value_type, const basic_string&);
+    friend basic_string operator+<>(const basic_string&, const value_type*);
+    friend basic_string operator+<>(const basic_string&, value_type);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+#endif
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__invalidate_all_iterators()
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    iterator::__remove_all(this);
+    const_iterator::__remove_all(this);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+#endif
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__invalidate_iterators_past(size_type __pos)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    const_iterator __beg = begin();
+    if (__iterator_list_.first)
+    {
+        for (iterator* __p = __iterator_list_.first; __p;)
+        {
+            if (*__p - __beg > static_cast<difference_type>(__pos))
+            {
+                iterator* __n = __p;
+                __p = __p->__next;
+                __n->__remove_owner();
+            }
+            else
+                __p = __p->__next;
+        }
+    }
+    if (__iterator_list_.second)
+    {
+        for (const_iterator* __p = __iterator_list_.second; __p;)
+        {
+            if (*__p - __beg > static_cast<difference_type>(__pos))
+            {
+                const_iterator* __n = __p;
+                __p = __p->__next;
+                __n->__remove_owner();
+            }
+            else
+                __p = __p->__next;
+        }
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string()
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    __zero();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __r_(__a)
+{
+    __zero();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(const_pointer __s, size_type __sz, size_type __reserve)
+{
+    if (__reserve > max_size())
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    pointer __p;
+    if (__reserve < __min_cap)
+    {
+        __set_short_size(__sz);
+        __p = __get_short_pointer();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        size_type __cap = __recommend(__reserve);
+        __p = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __cap+1);
+        __set_long_pointer(__p);
+        __set_long_cap(__cap+1);
+        __set_long_size(__sz);
+    }
+    traits_type::copy(__p, __s, __sz);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(const_pointer __s, size_type __sz)
+{
+    if (__sz > max_size())
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    pointer __p;
+    if (__sz < __min_cap)
+    {
+        __set_short_size(__sz);
+        __p = __get_short_pointer();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        size_type __cap = __recommend(__sz);
+        __p = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __cap+1);
+        __set_long_pointer(__p);
+        __set_long_cap(__cap+1);
+        __set_long_size(__sz);
+    }
+    traits_type::copy(__p, __s, __sz);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(const_pointer __s)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    __init(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(const_pointer __s, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __r_(__a)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    __init(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(const_pointer __s, size_type __n)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    __init(__s, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(const_pointer __s, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __r_(__a)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    __init(__s, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(const basic_string& __str)
+    : __r_(__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__str.__alloc()))
+{
+    if (!__str.__is_long())
+        __r_.first().__r = __str.__r_.first().__r;
+    else
+        __init(__str.__get_long_pointer(), __str.__get_long_size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(const basic_string& __str, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __r_(__a)
+{
+    if (!__str.__is_long())
+        __r_.first().__r = __str.__r_.first().__r;
+    else
+        __init(__str.__get_long_pointer(), __str.__get_long_size());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(basic_string&& __str)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __r_(_VSTD::move(__str.__r_))
+{
+    __str.__zero();
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    __str.__invalidate_all_iterators();
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(basic_string&& __str, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __r_(__a)
+{
+    if (__a == __str.__alloc() || !__str.__is_long())
+        __r_.first().__r = __str.__r_.first().__r;
+    else
+        __init(__str.__get_long_pointer(), __str.__get_long_size());
+    __str.__zero();
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    __str.__invalidate_all_iterators();
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(size_type __n, value_type __c)
+{
+    if (__n > max_size())
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    pointer __p;
+    if (__n < __min_cap)
+    {
+        __set_short_size(__n);
+        __p = __get_short_pointer();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        size_type __cap = __recommend(__n);
+        __p = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __cap+1);
+        __set_long_pointer(__p);
+        __set_long_cap(__cap+1);
+        __set_long_size(__n);
+    }
+    traits_type::assign(__p, __n, __c);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__n], value_type());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(size_type __n, value_type __c)
+{
+    __init(__n, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(size_type __n, value_type __c, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __r_(__a)
+{
+    __init(__n, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n,
+                                                        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __r_(__a)
+{
+    size_type __str_sz = __str.size();
+    if (__pos > __str_sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    __init(__str.data() + __pos, _VSTD::min(__n, __str_sz - __pos));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+     __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+    !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    __zero();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        push_back(*__first);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        if (__is_long())
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __get_long_pointer(), __get_long_cap());
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    size_type __sz = static_cast<size_type>(_VSTD::distance(__first, __last));
+    if (__sz > max_size())
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    pointer __p;
+    if (__sz < __min_cap)
+    {
+        __set_short_size(__sz);
+        __p = __get_short_pointer();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        size_type __cap = __recommend(__sz);
+        __p = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __cap+1);
+        __set_long_pointer(__p);
+        __set_long_cap(__cap+1);
+        __set_long_size(__sz);
+    }
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__p)
+        traits_type::assign(*__p, *__first);
+    traits_type::assign(*__p, value_type());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template<class _InputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    __init(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template<class _InputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                                                        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __r_(__a)
+{
+    __init(__first, __last);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    __init(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::basic_string(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __r_(__a)
+{
+    __init(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::~basic_string()
+{
+    __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    if (__is_long())
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __get_long_pointer(), __get_long_cap());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__grow_by_and_replace
+    (size_type __old_cap, size_type __delta_cap, size_type __old_sz,
+     size_type __n_copy,  size_type __n_del,     size_type __n_add, const_pointer __p_new_stuff)
+{
+    size_type __ms = max_size();
+    if (__delta_cap > __ms - __old_cap - 1)
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    pointer __old_p = __get_pointer();
+    size_type __cap = __old_cap < __ms / 2 - __alignment ?
+                          __recommend(_VSTD::max(__old_cap + __delta_cap, 2 * __old_cap)) :
+                          __ms - 1;
+    pointer __p = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __cap+1);
+    __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    if (__n_copy != 0)
+        traits_type::copy(__p, __old_p, __n_copy);
+    if (__n_add != 0)
+        traits_type::copy(__p + __n_copy, __p_new_stuff, __n_add);
+    size_type __sec_cp_sz = __old_sz - __n_del - __n_copy;
+    if (__sec_cp_sz != 0)
+        traits_type::copy(__p + __n_copy + __n_add, __old_p + __n_copy + __n_del, __sec_cp_sz);
+    if (__old_cap+1 != __min_cap)
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __old_p, __old_cap+1);
+    __set_long_pointer(__p);
+    __set_long_cap(__cap+1);
+    __old_sz = __n_copy + __n_add + __sec_cp_sz;
+    __set_long_size(__old_sz);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__old_sz], value_type());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__grow_by(size_type __old_cap, size_type __delta_cap, size_type __old_sz,
+                                                     size_type __n_copy,  size_type __n_del,     size_type __n_add)
+{
+    size_type __ms = max_size();
+    if (__delta_cap > __ms - __old_cap - 1)
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    pointer __old_p = __get_pointer();
+    size_type __cap = __old_cap < __ms / 2 - __alignment ?
+                          __recommend(_VSTD::max(__old_cap + __delta_cap, 2 * __old_cap)) :
+                          __ms - 1;
+    pointer __p = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __cap+1);
+    __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    if (__n_copy != 0)
+        traits_type::copy(__p, __old_p, __n_copy);
+    size_type __sec_cp_sz = __old_sz - __n_del - __n_copy;
+    if (__sec_cp_sz != 0)
+        traits_type::copy(__p + __n_copy + __n_add, __old_p + __n_copy + __n_del, __sec_cp_sz);
+    if (__old_cap+1 != __min_cap)
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __old_p, __old_cap+1);
+    __set_long_pointer(__p);
+    __set_long_cap(__cap+1);
+}
+
+// assign
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(const_pointer __s, size_type __n)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    if (__cap >= __n)
+    {
+        pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+        traits_type::move(__p, __s, __n);
+        traits_type::assign(__p[__n], value_type());
+        __set_size(__n);
+        __invalidate_iterators_past(__n);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        size_type __sz = size();
+        __grow_by_and_replace(__cap, __n - __cap, __sz, 0, __sz, __n, __s);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(size_type __n, value_type __c)
+{
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    if (__cap < __n)
+    {
+        size_type __sz = size();
+        __grow_by(__cap, __n - __cap, __sz, 0, __sz);
+    }
+    else
+        __invalidate_iterators_past(__n);
+    pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+    traits_type::assign(__p, __n, __c);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__n], value_type());
+    __set_size(__n);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(value_type __c)
+{
+    pointer __p;
+    if (__is_long())
+    {
+        __p = __get_long_pointer();
+        __set_long_size(1);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __p = __get_short_pointer();
+        __set_short_size(1);
+    }
+    traits_type::assign(*__p, __c);
+    traits_type::assign(*++__p, value_type());
+    __invalidate_iterators_past(1);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(const basic_string& __str)
+{
+    if (this != &__str)
+    {
+        __copy_assign_alloc(__str);
+        assign(__str);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__move_assign(basic_string& __str, false_type)
+{
+    if (__alloc() != __str.__alloc())
+        assign(__str);
+    else
+        __move_assign(__str, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__move_assign(basic_string& __str, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    clear();
+    shrink_to_fit();
+    __r_.first() = __str.__r_.first();
+    __move_assign_alloc(__str);
+    __str.__zero();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(basic_string&& __str)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+               is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    __move_assign(__str, integral_constant<bool,
+          __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template<class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+     __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+    !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+>::type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    clear();
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        push_back(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template<class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+>::type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(_VSTD::distance(__first, __last));
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    if (__cap < __n)
+    {
+        size_type __sz = size();
+        __grow_by(__cap, __n - __cap, __sz, 0, __sz);
+    }
+    else
+        __invalidate_iterators_past(__n);
+    pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first, ++__p)
+        traits_type::assign(*__p, *__first);
+    traits_type::assign(*__p, value_type());
+    __set_size(__n);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(const basic_string& __str)
+{
+    return assign(__str.data(), __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n)
+{
+    size_type __sz = __str.size();
+    if (__pos > __sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return assign(__str.data() + __pos, _VSTD::min(__n, __sz - __pos));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(const_pointer __s)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return assign(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+// append
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(const_pointer __s, size_type __n)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__cap - __sz >= __n)
+    {
+        if (__n)
+        {
+            pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+            traits_type::copy(__p + __sz, __s, __n);
+            __sz += __n;
+            __set_size(__sz);
+            traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        __grow_by_and_replace(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __sz, 0, __n, __s);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(size_type __n, value_type __c)
+{
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        size_type __cap = capacity();
+        size_type __sz = size();
+        if (__cap - __sz < __n)
+            __grow_by(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __sz, 0);
+        pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+        traits_type::assign(__p + __sz, __n, __c);
+        __sz += __n;
+        __set_size(__sz);
+        traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::push_back(value_type __c)
+{
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__sz == __cap)
+        __grow_by(__cap, 1, __sz, __sz, 0);
+    pointer __p = __get_pointer() + __sz;
+    traits_type::assign(*__p, __c);
+    traits_type::assign(*++__p, value_type());
+    __set_size(__sz+1);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template<class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+     __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+    !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+>::type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        push_back(*__first);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template<class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+>::type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(_VSTD::distance(__first, __last));
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        if (__cap - __sz < __n)
+            __grow_by(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __sz, 0);
+        pointer __p = __get_pointer() + __sz;
+        for (; __first != __last; ++__p, ++__first)
+            traits_type::assign(*__p, *__first);
+        traits_type::assign(*__p, value_type());
+        __set_size(__sz + __n);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(const basic_string& __str)
+{
+    return append(__str.data(), __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n)
+{
+    size_type __sz = __str.size();
+    if (__pos > __sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return append(__str.data() + __pos, _VSTD::min(__n, __sz - __pos));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(const_pointer __s)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return append(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+// insert
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(size_type __pos, const_pointer __s, size_type __n)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos > __sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    if (__cap - __sz >= __n)
+    {
+        if (__n)
+        {
+            pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+            size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos;
+            if (__n_move != 0)
+            {
+                if (__p + __pos <= __s && __s < __p + __sz)
+                    __s += __n;
+                traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n, __p + __pos, __n_move);
+            }
+            traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __s, __n);
+            __sz += __n;
+            __set_size(__sz);
+            traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        __grow_by_and_replace(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __pos, 0, __n, __s);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(size_type __pos, size_type __n, value_type __c)
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos > __sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        size_type __cap = capacity();
+        pointer __p;
+        if (__cap - __sz >= __n)
+        {
+            __p = __get_pointer();
+            size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos;
+            if (__n_move != 0)
+                traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n, __p + __pos, __n_move);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __grow_by(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __pos, 0, __n);
+            __p = __get_long_pointer();
+        }
+        traits_type::assign(__p + __pos, __n, __c);
+        __sz += __n;
+        __set_size(__sz);
+        traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template<class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+     __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+    !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+>::type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __pos, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    size_type __old_sz = size();
+    difference_type __ip = __pos - begin();
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        push_back(*__first);
+    pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+    _VSTD::rotate(__p + __ip, __p + __old_sz, __p + size());
+    return iterator(__p + __ip);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template<class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+>::type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __pos, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    size_type __ip = static_cast<size_type>(__pos - begin());
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(_VSTD::distance(__first, __last));
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        pointer __p;
+        if (__cap - __sz >= __n)
+        {
+            __p = __get_pointer();
+            size_type __n_move = __sz - __ip;
+            if (__n_move != 0)
+                traits_type::move(__p + __ip + __n, __p + __ip, __n_move);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __grow_by(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __ip, 0, __n);
+            __p = __get_long_pointer();
+        }
+        __sz += __n;
+        __set_size(__sz);
+        traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+        for (__p += __ip; __first != __last; ++__p, ++__first)
+            traits_type::assign(*__p, *__first);
+    }
+    return begin() + __ip;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str)
+{
+    return insert(__pos1, __str.data(), __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str,
+                                                  size_type __pos2, size_type __n)
+{
+    size_type __str_sz = __str.size();
+    if (__pos2 > __str_sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return insert(__pos1, __str.data() + __pos2, _VSTD::min(__n, __str_sz - __pos2));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(size_type __pos, const_pointer __s)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return insert(__pos, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __pos, value_type __c)
+{
+    size_type __ip = static_cast<size_type>(__pos - begin());
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    pointer __p;
+    if (__cap == __sz)
+    {
+        __grow_by(__cap, 1, __sz, __ip, 0, 1);
+        __p = __get_long_pointer();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __p = __get_pointer();
+        size_type __n_move = __sz - __ip;
+        if (__n_move != 0)
+            traits_type::move(__p + __ip + 1, __p + __ip, __n_move);
+    }
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__ip], __c);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[++__sz], value_type());
+    __set_size(__sz);
+    return begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(__ip);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __pos, size_type __n, value_type __c)
+{
+    difference_type __p = __pos - begin();
+    insert(static_cast<size_type>(__p), __n, __c);
+    return begin() + __p;
+}
+
+// replace
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const_pointer __s, size_type __n2)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos > __sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    __n1 = _VSTD::min(__n1, __sz - __pos);
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    if (__cap - __sz + __n1 >= __n2)
+    {
+        pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+        if (__n1 != __n2)
+        {
+            size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos - __n1;
+            if (__n_move != 0)
+            {
+                if (__n1 > __n2)
+                {
+                    traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __s, __n2);
+                    traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n2, __p + __pos + __n1, __n_move);
+                    goto __finish;
+                }
+                if (__p + __pos < __s && __s < __p + __sz)
+                {
+                    if (__p + __pos + __n1 <= __s)
+                        __s += __n2 - __n1;
+                    else // __p + __pos < __s < __p + __pos + __n1
+                    {
+                        traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __s, __n1);
+                        __pos += __n1;
+                        __s += __n2;
+                        __n2 -= __n1;
+                        __n1 = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+                traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n2, __p + __pos + __n1, __n_move);
+            }
+        }
+        traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __s, __n2);
+__finish:
+        __sz += __n2 - __n1;
+        __set_size(__sz);
+        __invalidate_iterators_past(__sz);
+        traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+    }
+    else
+        __grow_by_and_replace(__cap, __sz - __n1 + __n2 - __cap, __sz, __pos, __n1, __n2, __s);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, size_type __n2, value_type __c)
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos > __sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    __n1 = _VSTD::min(__n1, __sz - __pos);
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    pointer __p;
+    if (__cap - __sz + __n1 >= __n2)
+    {
+        __p = __get_pointer();
+        if (__n1 != __n2)
+        {
+            size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos - __n1;
+            if (__n_move != 0)
+                traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n2, __p + __pos + __n1, __n_move);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __grow_by(__cap, __sz - __n1 + __n2 - __cap, __sz, __pos, __n1, __n2);
+        __p = __get_long_pointer();
+    }
+    traits_type::assign(__p + __pos, __n2, __c);
+    __sz += __n2 - __n1;
+    __set_size(__sz);
+    __invalidate_iterators_past(__sz);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template<class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+>::type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
+                                                   _InputIterator __j1, _InputIterator __j2)
+{
+    for (; true; ++__i1, ++__j1)
+    {
+        if (__i1 == __i2)
+        {
+            if (__j1 != __j2)
+                insert(__i1, __j1, __j2);
+            break;
+        }
+        if (__j1 == __j2)
+        {
+            erase(__i1, __i2);
+            break;
+        }
+        traits_type::assign(const_cast<value_type&>(*__i1), *__j1);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str)
+{
+    return replace(__pos1, __n1, __str.data(), __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str,
+                                                   size_type __pos2, size_type __n2)
+{
+    size_type __str_sz = __str.size();
+    if (__pos2 > __str_sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return replace(__pos1, __n1, __str.data() + __pos2, _VSTD::min(__n2, __str_sz - __pos2));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const_pointer __s)
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return replace(__pos, __n1, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const basic_string& __str)
+{
+    return replace(static_cast<size_type>(__i1 - begin()), static_cast<size_type>(__i2 - __i1),
+                   __str.data(), __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const_pointer __s, size_type __n)
+{
+    return replace(static_cast<size_type>(__i1 - begin()), static_cast<size_type>(__i2 - __i1), __s, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const_pointer __s)
+{
+    return replace(static_cast<size_type>(__i1 - begin()), static_cast<size_type>(__i2 - __i1), __s);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, size_type __n, value_type __c)
+{
+    return replace(static_cast<size_type>(__i1 - begin()), static_cast<size_type>(__i2 - __i1), __n, __c);
+}
+
+// erase
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::erase(size_type __pos, size_type __n)
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos > __sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+        __n = _VSTD::min(__n, __sz - __pos);
+        size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos - __n;
+        if (__n_move != 0)
+            traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __p + __pos + __n, __n_move);
+        __sz -= __n;
+        __set_size(__sz);
+        __invalidate_iterators_past(__sz);
+        traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __pos)
+{
+    iterator __b = begin();
+    size_type __r = static_cast<size_type>(__pos - __b);
+    erase(__r, 1);
+    return __b + __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+{
+    iterator __b = begin();
+    size_type __r = static_cast<size_type>(__first - __b);
+    erase(__r, static_cast<size_type>(__last - __first));
+    return __b + __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::pop_back()
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(!empty());
+#endif
+    size_type __sz;
+    if (__is_long())
+    {
+        __sz = __get_long_size() - 1;
+        __set_long_size(__sz);
+        traits_type::assign(*(__get_long_pointer() + __sz), value_type());
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        __sz = __get_short_size() - 1;
+        __set_short_size(__sz);
+        traits_type::assign(*(__get_short_pointer() + __sz), value_type());
+    }
+    __invalidate_iterators_past(__sz);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::clear() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    if (__is_long())
+    {
+        traits_type::assign(*__get_long_pointer(), value_type());
+        __set_long_size(0);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        traits_type::assign(*__get_short_pointer(), value_type());
+        __set_short_size(0);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__erase_to_end(size_type __pos)
+{
+    if (__is_long())
+    {
+        traits_type::assign(*(__get_long_pointer() + __pos), value_type());
+        __set_long_size(__pos);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        traits_type::assign(*(__get_short_pointer() + __pos), value_type());
+        __set_short_size(__pos);
+    }
+    __invalidate_iterators_past(__pos);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __n, value_type __c)
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__n > __sz)
+        append(__n - __sz, __c);
+    else
+        __erase_to_end(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::max_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_type __m = __alloc_traits::max_size(__alloc());
+#if _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
+    return (__m <= ~__long_mask ? __m : __m/2) - 1;
+#else
+    return __m - 1;
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::reserve(size_type __res_arg)
+{
+    if (__res_arg > max_size())
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    __res_arg = _VSTD::max(__res_arg, __sz);
+    __res_arg = __recommend(__res_arg);
+    if (__res_arg != __cap)
+    {
+        pointer __new_data, __p;
+        bool __was_long, __now_long;
+        if (__res_arg == __min_cap - 1)
+        {
+            __was_long = true;
+            __now_long = false;
+            __new_data = __get_short_pointer();
+            __p = __get_long_pointer();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (__res_arg > __cap)
+                __new_data = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __res_arg+1);
+            else
+            {
+            #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                try
+                {
+            #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                    __new_data = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __res_arg+1);
+            #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                }
+                catch (...)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+            #else  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+                if (__new_data == 0)
+                    return;
+            #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            }
+            __now_long = true;
+            __was_long = __is_long();
+            __p = __get_pointer();
+        }
+        traits_type::copy(__new_data, __p, size()+1);
+        if (__was_long)
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __p, __cap+1);
+        if (__now_long)
+        {
+            __set_long_cap(__res_arg+1);
+            __set_long_size(__sz);
+            __set_long_pointer(__new_data);
+        }
+        else
+            __set_short_size(__sz);
+        __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::const_reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __pos) const
+{
+#ifdef __LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__pos <= size());
+#endif
+    return *(data() + __pos);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __pos)
+{
+#ifdef __LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__pos < size());
+#endif
+    return *(__get_pointer() + __pos);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::const_reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n) const
+{
+    if (__n >= size())
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return (*this)[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n >= size())
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return (*this)[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::front()
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(!empty());
+#endif
+    return *__get_pointer();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::const_reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::front() const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(!empty());
+#endif
+    return *data();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::back()
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(!empty());
+#endif
+    return *(__get_pointer() + size() - 1);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::const_reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::back() const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(!empty());
+#endif
+    return *(data() + size() - 1);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::copy(pointer __s, size_type __n, size_type __pos) const
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos > __sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    size_type __rlen = _VSTD::min(__n, __sz - __pos);
+    traits_type::copy(__s, data() + __pos, __rlen);
+    return __rlen;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::substr(size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
+{
+    return basic_string(*this, __pos, __n, __alloc());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::swap(basic_string& __str)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    _VSTD::swap(__r_.first(), __str.__r_.first());
+    __swap_alloc(__alloc(), __str.__alloc());
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    __str.__invalidate_all_iterators();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+}
+
+// find
+
+template <class _Traits>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __traits_eq
+{
+    typedef typename _Traits::char_type char_type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const char_type& __x, const char_type& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return _Traits::eq(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find(const_pointer __s,
+                                                size_type __pos,
+                                                size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos > __sz || __sz - __pos < __n)
+        return npos;
+    if (__n == 0)
+        return __pos;
+    const_pointer __p = data();
+    const_pointer __r = _VSTD::search(__p + __pos, __p + __sz, __s, __s + __n,
+                                     __traits_eq<traits_type>());
+    if (__r == __p + __sz)
+        return npos;
+    return static_cast<size_type>(__r - __p);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find(const basic_string& __str,
+                                                size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return find(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find(const_pointer __s,
+                                                size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return find(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find(value_type __c,
+                                                size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos >= __sz)
+        return npos;
+    const_pointer __p = data();
+    const_pointer __r = traits_type::find(__p + __pos, __sz - __pos, __c);
+    if (__r == 0)
+        return npos;
+    return static_cast<size_type>(__r - __p);
+}
+
+// rfind
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rfind(const_pointer __s,
+                                                 size_type __pos,
+                                                 size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    __pos = _VSTD::min(__pos, __sz);
+    if (__n < __sz - __pos)
+        __pos += __n;
+    else
+        __pos = __sz;
+    const_pointer __p = data();
+    const_pointer __r = _VSTD::find_end(__p, __p + __pos, __s, __s + __n,
+                                       __traits_eq<traits_type>());
+    if (__n > 0 && __r == __p + __pos)
+        return npos;
+    return static_cast<size_type>(__r - __p);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rfind(const basic_string& __str,
+                                                 size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return rfind(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rfind(const_pointer __s,
+                                                 size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return rfind(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rfind(value_type __c,
+                                                 size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__sz)
+    {
+        if (__pos < __sz)
+            ++__pos;
+        else
+            __pos = __sz;
+        const_pointer __p = data();
+        for (const_pointer __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __p;)
+        {
+            if (traits_type::eq(*--__ps, __c))
+                return static_cast<size_type>(__ps - __p);
+        }
+    }
+    return npos;
+}
+
+// find_first_of
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_of(const_pointer __s,
+                                                         size_type __pos,
+                                                         size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos >= __sz || __n == 0)
+        return npos;
+    const_pointer __p = data();
+    const_pointer __r = _VSTD::find_first_of(__p + __pos, __p + __sz, __s,
+                                            __s + __n, __traits_eq<traits_type>());
+    if (__r == __p + __sz)
+        return npos;
+    return static_cast<size_type>(__r - __p);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_of(const basic_string& __str,
+                                                         size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return find_first_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_of(const_pointer __s,
+                                                         size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return find_first_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_of(value_type __c,
+                                                         size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return find(__c, __pos);
+}
+
+// find_last_of
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_of(const_pointer __s,
+                                                        size_type __pos,
+                                                        size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    if (__n != 0)
+    {
+        size_type __sz = size();
+        if (__pos < __sz)
+            ++__pos;
+        else
+            __pos = __sz;
+        const_pointer __p = data();
+        for (const_pointer __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __p;)
+        {
+            const_pointer __r = traits_type::find(__s, __n, *--__ps);
+            if (__r)
+                return static_cast<size_type>(__ps - __p);
+        }
+    }
+    return npos;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_of(const basic_string& __str,
+                                                        size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return find_last_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_of(const_pointer __s,
+                                                        size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return find_last_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_of(value_type __c,
+                                                        size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return rfind(__c, __pos);
+}
+
+// find_first_not_of
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_not_of(const_pointer __s,
+                                                             size_type __pos,
+                                                             size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos < __sz)
+    {
+        const_pointer __p = data();
+        const_pointer __pe = __p + __sz;
+        for (const_pointer __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __pe; ++__ps)
+            if (traits_type::find(__s, __n, *__ps) == 0)
+                return static_cast<size_type>(__ps - __p);
+    }
+    return npos;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_not_of(const basic_string& __str,
+                                                             size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return find_first_not_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_not_of(const_pointer __s,
+                                                             size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return find_first_not_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_not_of(value_type __c,
+                                                             size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos < __sz)
+    {
+        const_pointer __p = data();
+        const_pointer __pe = __p + __sz;
+        for (const_pointer __ps = __p + __pos; __p != __pe; ++__ps)
+            if (!traits_type::eq(*__ps, __c))
+                return static_cast<size_type>(__ps - __p);
+    }
+    return npos;
+}
+
+// find_last_not_of
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_not_of(const_pointer __s,
+                                                            size_type __pos,
+                                                            size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos < __sz)
+        ++__pos;
+    else
+        __pos = __sz;
+    const_pointer __p = data();
+    for (const_pointer __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __p;)
+        if (traits_type::find(__s, __n, *--__ps) == 0)
+            return static_cast<size_type>(__ps - __p);
+    return npos;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_not_of(const basic_string& __str,
+                                                            size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return find_last_not_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_not_of(const_pointer __s,
+                                                            size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return find_last_not_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_not_of(value_type __c,
+                                                            size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos < __sz)
+        ++__pos;
+    else
+        __pos = __sz;
+    const_pointer __p = data();
+    for (const_pointer __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __p;)
+        if (!traits_type::eq(*--__ps, __c))
+            return static_cast<size_type>(__ps - __p);
+    return npos;
+}
+
+// compare
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(const basic_string& __str) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_t __lhs_sz = size();
+    size_t __rhs_sz = __str.size();
+    int __result = traits_type::compare(data(), __str.data(),
+                                        _VSTD::min(__lhs_sz, __rhs_sz));
+    if (__result != 0)
+        return __result;
+    if (__lhs_sz < __rhs_sz)
+        return -1;
+    if (__lhs_sz > __rhs_sz)
+        return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(size_type __pos1,
+                                                   size_type __n1,
+                                                   const basic_string& __str) const
+{
+    return compare(__pos1, __n1, __str.data(), __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(size_type __pos1,
+                                                   size_type __n1,
+                                                   const basic_string& __str,
+                                                   size_type __pos2,
+                                                   size_type __n2) const
+{
+    size_type __sz = __str.size();
+    if (__pos2 > __sz)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return compare(__pos1, __n1, __str.data() + __pos2, _VSTD::min(__n2,
+                                                                  __sz - __pos2));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(const_pointer __s) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return compare(0, npos, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(size_type __pos1,
+                                                   size_type __n1,
+                                                   const_pointer __s) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    return compare(__pos1, __n1, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(size_type __pos1,
+                                                   size_type __n1,
+                                                   const_pointer __s,
+                                                   size_type __n2) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    assert(__s != 0);
+#endif
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    if (__pos1 > __sz || __n2 == npos)
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    size_type __rlen = _VSTD::min(__n1, __sz - __pos1);
+    int __r = traits_type::compare(data() + __pos1, __s, _VSTD::min(__rlen, __n2));
+    if (__r == 0)
+    {
+        if (__rlen < __n2)
+            __r = -1;
+        else if (__rlen > __n2)
+            __r = 1;
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// __invariants
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__invariants() const
+{
+    if (size() > capacity())
+        return false;
+    if (capacity() < __min_cap - 1)
+        return false;
+    if (data() == 0)
+        return false;
+    if (data()[size()] != value_type(0))
+        return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+// operator==
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator==(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __lhs.size() == __rhs.size() && _Traits::compare(__lhs.data(),
+                                                            __rhs.data(),
+                                                            __lhs.size()) == 0;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator==(const _CharT* __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __rhs.compare(__lhs) == 0;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator==(const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0;
+}
+
+// operator!=
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator!=(const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator!=(const _CharT* __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator!=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+// operator<
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator< (const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator< (const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator< (const _CharT* __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __rhs.compare(__lhs) > 0;
+}
+
+// operator>
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator> (const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator> (const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator> (const _CharT* __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+// operator<=
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator<=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator<=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator<=(const _CharT* __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+// operator>=
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator>=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator>=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator>=(const _CharT* __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+
+// operator +
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+          const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> __r(__lhs.get_allocator());
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __lhs_sz = __lhs.size();
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __rhs_sz = __rhs.size();
+    __r.__init(__lhs.data(), __lhs_sz, __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz);
+    __r.append(__rhs.data(), __rhs_sz);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const _CharT* __lhs , const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> __r(__rhs.get_allocator());
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __lhs_sz = _Traits::length(__lhs);
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __rhs_sz = __rhs.size();
+    __r.__init(__lhs, __lhs_sz, __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz);
+    __r.append(__rhs.data(), __rhs_sz);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(_CharT __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>& __rhs)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> __r(__rhs.get_allocator());
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __rhs_sz = __rhs.size();
+    __r.__init(&__lhs, 1, 1 + __rhs_sz);
+    __r.append(__rhs.data(), __rhs_sz);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> __r(__lhs.get_allocator());
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __lhs_sz = __lhs.size();
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __rhs_sz = _Traits::length(__rhs);
+    __r.__init(__lhs.data(), __lhs_sz, __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz);
+    __r.append(__rhs, __rhs_sz);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, _CharT __rhs)
+{
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> __r(__lhs.get_allocator());
+    typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __lhs_sz = __lhs.size();
+    __r.__init(__lhs.data(), __lhs_sz, __lhs_sz + 1);
+    __r.push_back(__rhs);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs)
+{
+    return _VSTD::move(__lhs.append(__rhs));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __rhs)
+{
+    return _VSTD::move(__rhs.insert(0, __lhs));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __rhs)
+{
+    return _VSTD::move(__lhs.append(__rhs));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const _CharT* __lhs , basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>&& __rhs)
+{
+    return _VSTD::move(__rhs.insert(0, __lhs));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(_CharT __lhs, basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Allocator>&& __rhs)
+{
+    __rhs.insert(__rhs.begin(), __lhs);
+    return _VSTD::move(__rhs);
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs)
+{
+    return _VSTD::move(__lhs.append(__rhs));
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs, _CharT __rhs)
+{
+    __lhs.push_back(__rhs);
+    return _VSTD::move(__lhs);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+// swap
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+swap(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+     basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs)
+     _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__lhs.swap(__rhs)))
+{
+    __lhs.swap(__rhs);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+
+typedef basic_string<char16_t> u16string;
+typedef basic_string<char32_t> u32string;
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+
+int                stoi  (const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+long               stol  (const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+unsigned long      stoul (const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+long long          stoll (const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+unsigned long long stoull(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+
+float       stof (const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0);
+double      stod (const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0);
+long double stold(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0);
+
+string to_string(int __val);
+string to_string(unsigned __val);
+string to_string(long __val);
+string to_string(unsigned long __val);
+string to_string(long long __val);
+string to_string(unsigned long long __val);
+string to_string(float __val);
+string to_string(double __val);
+string to_string(long double __val);
+
+int                stoi  (const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+long               stol  (const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+unsigned long      stoul (const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+long long          stoll (const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+unsigned long long stoull(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10);
+
+float       stof (const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0);
+double      stod (const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0);
+long double stold(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0);
+
+wstring to_wstring(int __val);
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned __val);
+wstring to_wstring(long __val);
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned long __val);
+wstring to_wstring(long long __val);
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long __val);
+wstring to_wstring(float __val);
+wstring to_wstring(double __val);
+wstring to_wstring(long double __val);
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+    const typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+                   basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::npos;
+
+template<class _Ptr>
+size_t _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __do_string_hash(_Ptr __p, _Ptr __e)
+{
+    size_t __r = 0;
+    const size_t __sr = __CHAR_BIT__ * sizeof(size_t) - 8;
+    const size_t __m = size_t(0xF) << (__sr + 4);
+    for (; __p != __e; ++__p)
+    {
+        __r = (__r << 4) + *__p;
+        size_t __g = __r & __m;
+        __r ^= __g | (__g >> __sr);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> >
+    : public unary_function<basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>, size_t>
+{
+    size_t
+        operator()(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __val) const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+size_t
+hash<basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> >::operator()(
+        const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __val) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __do_string_hash(__val.data(), __val.data() + __val.size());
+}
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str);
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str);
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _CharT __dlm);
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is,
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _CharT __dlm);
+
+template<class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is,
+        basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+extern template class basic_string<char>;
+extern template class basic_string<wchar_t>;
+
+extern template
+    string
+    operator+<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> >(char const*, string const&);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_STRING
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/strstream b/system/include/libcxx/strstream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ff34a55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/strstream
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- strstream --------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STRSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_STRSTREAM
+
+/*
+    strstream synopsis
+
+class strstreambuf
+    : public basic_streambuf<char>
+{
+public:
+    explicit strstreambuf(streamsize alsize_arg = 0);
+    strstreambuf(void* (*palloc_arg)(size_t), void (*pfree_arg)(void*));
+    strstreambuf(char* gnext_arg, streamsize n, char* pbeg_arg = 0);
+    strstreambuf(const char* gnext_arg, streamsize n);
+
+    strstreambuf(signed char* gnext_arg, streamsize n, signed char* pbeg_arg = 0);
+    strstreambuf(const signed char* gnext_arg, streamsize n);
+    strstreambuf(unsigned char* gnext_arg, streamsize n, unsigned char* pbeg_arg = 0);
+    strstreambuf(const unsigned char* gnext_arg, streamsize n);
+
+    strstreambuf(strstreambuf&& rhs);
+    strstreambuf& operator=(strstreambuf&& rhs);
+
+    virtual ~strstreambuf();
+
+    void swap(strstreambuf& rhs);
+
+    void freeze(bool freezefl = true);
+    char* str();
+    int pcount() const;
+
+protected:
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type c = EOF);
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type c = EOF);
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual streambuf* setbuf(char* s, streamsize n);
+
+private:
+    typedef T1 strstate;                // exposition only
+    static const strstate allocated;    // exposition only
+    static const strstate constant;     // exposition only
+    static const strstate dynamic;      // exposition only
+    static const strstate frozen;       // exposition only
+    strstate strmode;                   // exposition only
+    streamsize alsize;                  // exposition only
+    void* (*palloc)(size_t);            // exposition only
+    void (*pfree)(void*);               // exposition only
+};
+
+class istrstream
+    : public basic_istream<char>
+{
+public:
+    explicit istrstream(const char* s);
+    explicit istrstream(char* s);
+    istrstream(const char* s, streamsize n);
+    istrstream(char* s, streamsize n);
+
+    virtual ~istrstream();
+
+    strstreambuf* rdbuf() const;
+    char *str();
+
+private:
+    strstreambuf sb; // exposition only
+};
+
+class ostrstream
+    : public basic_ostream<char>
+{
+public:
+    ostrstream();
+    ostrstream(char* s, int n, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+
+    virtual ~ostrstream();
+
+    strstreambuf* rdbuf() const;
+    void freeze(bool freezefl = true);
+    char* str();
+    int pcount() const;
+
+private:
+    strstreambuf sb; // exposition only
+};
+
+class strstream
+    : public basic_iostream<char>
+{
+public:
+    // Types
+    typedef char                        char_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char>::int_type int_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char>::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char>::off_type off_type;
+
+    // constructors/destructor
+    strstream();
+    strstream(char* s, int n, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+
+    virtual ~strstream();
+
+    // Members:
+    strstreambuf* rdbuf() const;
+    void freeze(bool freezefl = true);
+    int pcount() const;
+    char* str();
+
+private:
+    strstreambuf sb; // exposition only
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <istream>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE strstreambuf
+    : public streambuf
+{
+public:
+    explicit strstreambuf(streamsize __alsize = 0);
+    strstreambuf(void* (*__palloc)(size_t), void (*__pfree)(void*));
+    strstreambuf(char* __gnext, streamsize __n, char* __pbeg = 0);
+    strstreambuf(const char* __gnext, streamsize __n);
+
+    strstreambuf(signed char* __gnext, streamsize __n, signed char* __pbeg = 0);
+    strstreambuf(const signed char* __gnext, streamsize __n);
+    strstreambuf(unsigned char* __gnext, streamsize __n, unsigned char* __pbeg = 0);
+    strstreambuf(const unsigned char* __gnext, streamsize __n);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    strstreambuf(strstreambuf&& __rhs);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    strstreambuf& operator=(strstreambuf&& __rhs);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    virtual ~strstreambuf();
+
+    void swap(strstreambuf& __rhs);
+
+    void freeze(bool __freezefl = true);
+    char* str();
+    int pcount() const;
+
+protected:
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type __c = EOF);
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = EOF);
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way,
+                             ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type __sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+
+private:
+    typedef unsigned __mode_type;
+    static const __mode_type __allocated = 0x01;
+    static const __mode_type __constant  = 0x02;
+    static const __mode_type __dynamic   = 0x04;
+    static const __mode_type __frozen    = 0x08;
+    static const streamsize    __default_alsize = 4096;
+
+    __mode_type __strmode_;
+    streamsize __alsize_;
+    void* (*__palloc_)(size_t);
+    void (*__pfree_)(void*);
+
+    void __init(char* __gnext, streamsize __n, char* __pbeg);
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+strstreambuf::strstreambuf(strstreambuf&& __rhs)
+    : streambuf(__rhs),
+      __strmode_(__rhs.__strmode_),
+      __alsize_(__rhs.__alsize_),
+      __palloc_(__rhs.__palloc_),
+      __pfree_(__rhs.__pfree_)
+{
+    __rhs.setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+    __rhs.setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+strstreambuf&
+strstreambuf::operator=(strstreambuf&& __rhs)
+{
+    if (eback() && (__strmode_ & __allocated) != 0 && (__strmode_ & __frozen) == 0)
+    {
+        if (__pfree_)
+            __pfree_(eback());
+        else
+            delete [] eback();
+    }
+    streambuf::operator=(__rhs);
+    __strmode_ = __rhs.__strmode_;
+    __alsize_ = __rhs.__alsize_;
+    __palloc_ = __rhs.__palloc_;
+    __pfree_ = __rhs.__pfree_;
+    __rhs.setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+    __rhs.setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE istrstream
+    : public istream
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit istrstream(const char* __s)
+        : istream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, 0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit istrstream(char* __s)
+        : istream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, 0) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    istrstream(const char* __s, streamsize __n)
+        : istream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, __n) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    istrstream(char* __s, streamsize __n)
+        : istream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, __n) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    istrstream(istrstream&& __rhs)
+        : istream(_VSTD::move(__rhs)),
+          __sb_(_VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_))
+    {
+        istream::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    istrstream& operator=(istrstream&& __rhs)
+    {
+        istream::operator=(_VSTD::move(__rhs));
+        __sb_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    virtual ~istrstream();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(istrstream& __rhs)
+    {
+        istream::swap(__rhs);
+        __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    strstreambuf* rdbuf() const {return const_cast<strstreambuf*>(&__sb_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    char *str() {return __sb_.str();}
+
+private:
+    strstreambuf __sb_;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE ostrstream
+    : public ostream
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ostrstream()
+        : ostream(&__sb_) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ostrstream(char* __s, int __n, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out)
+        : ostream(&__sb_),
+          __sb_(__s, __n, __s + (__mode & ios::app ? strlen(__s) : 0))
+        {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ostrstream(ostrstream&& __rhs)
+        : ostream(_VSTD::move(__rhs)),
+          __sb_(_VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_))
+    {
+        ostream::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ostrstream& operator=(ostrstream&& __rhs)
+    {
+        ostream::operator=(_VSTD::move(__rhs));
+        __sb_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    virtual ~ostrstream();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(ostrstream& __rhs)
+    {
+        ostream::swap(__rhs);
+        __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    strstreambuf* rdbuf() const {return const_cast<strstreambuf*>(&__sb_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void freeze(bool __freezefl = true) {__sb_.freeze(__freezefl);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    char* str()         {return __sb_.str();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int pcount() const  {return __sb_.pcount();}
+
+private:
+    strstreambuf __sb_; // exposition only
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE strstream
+    : public iostream
+{
+public:
+    // Types
+    typedef char                        char_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char>::int_type int_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char>::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char>::off_type off_type;
+
+    // constructors/destructor
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    strstream()
+        : iostream(&__sb_) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    strstream(char* __s, int __n, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out)
+        : iostream(&__sb_),
+          __sb_(__s, __n, __s + (__mode & ios::app ? strlen(__s) : 0))
+        {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    strstream(strstream&& __rhs)
+        : iostream(_VSTD::move(__rhs)),
+          __sb_(_VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_))
+    {
+        iostream::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    strstream& operator=(strstream&& __rhs)
+    {
+        iostream::operator=(_VSTD::move(__rhs));
+        __sb_ = _VSTD::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    virtual ~strstream();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(strstream& __rhs)
+    {
+        iostream::swap(__rhs);
+        __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+    }
+
+    // Members:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    strstreambuf* rdbuf() const {return const_cast<strstreambuf*>(&__sb_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void freeze(bool __freezefl = true) {__sb_.freeze(__freezefl);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int pcount() const {return __sb_.pcount();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    char* str()        {return __sb_.str();}
+
+private:
+    strstreambuf __sb_; // exposition only
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_STRSTREAM
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/system_error b/system/include/libcxx/system_error
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e1e6fe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/system_error
@@ -0,0 +1,641 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------- system_error ----------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SYSTEM_ERROR
+#define _LIBCPP_SYSTEM_ERROR
+
+/*
+    system_error synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class error_category
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~error_category() noexcept;
+
+    error_category(const error_category&) = delete;
+    error_category& operator=(const error_category&) = delete;
+
+    virtual const char* name() const noexcept = 0;
+    virtual error_condition default_error_condition(int ev) const noexcept;
+    virtual bool equivalent(int code, const error_condition& condition) const noexcept;
+    virtual bool equivalent(const error_code& code, int condition) const noexcept;
+    virtual string message(int ev) const = 0;
+
+    bool operator==(const error_category& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator!=(const error_category& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator<(const error_category& rhs) const noexcept;
+};
+
+const error_category& generic_category() noexcept;
+const error_category& system_category() noexcept;
+
+template <class T> struct is_error_code_enum
+    : public false_type {};
+
+template <class T> struct is_error_condition_enum
+    : public false_type {};
+
+class error_code
+{
+public:
+    // constructors:
+    error_code() noexcept;
+    error_code(int val, const error_category& cat) noexcept;
+    template <class ErrorCodeEnum>
+        error_code(ErrorCodeEnum e) noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    void assign(int val, const error_category& cat) noexcept;
+    template <class ErrorCodeEnum>
+        error_code& operator=(ErrorCodeEnum e) noexcept;
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    // observers:
+    int value() const noexcept;
+    const error_category& category() const noexcept;
+    error_condition default_error_condition() const noexcept;
+    string message() const;
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+};
+
+// non-member functions:
+bool operator<(const error_code& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;
+template <class charT, class traits>
+    basic_ostream<charT,traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& os, const error_code& ec);
+
+class error_condition
+{
+public:
+    // constructors:
+    error_condition() noexcept;
+    error_condition(int val, const error_category& cat) noexcept;
+    template <class ErrorConditionEnum>
+        error_condition(ErrorConditionEnum e) noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    void assign(int val, const error_category& cat) noexcept;
+    template <class ErrorConditionEnum>
+        error_condition& operator=(ErrorConditionEnum e) noexcept;
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    // observers:
+    int value() const noexcept;
+    const error_category& category() const noexcept;
+    string message() const noexcept;
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+};
+
+bool operator<(const error_condition& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;
+
+class system_error
+    : public runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    system_error(error_code ec, const string& what_arg);
+    system_error(error_code ec, const char* what_arg);
+    system_error(error_code ec);
+    system_error(int ev, const error_category& ecat, const string& what_arg);
+    system_error(int ev, const error_category& ecat, const char* what_arg);
+    system_error(int ev, const error_category& ecat);
+
+    const error_code& code() const noexcept;
+    const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+enum class errc
+{
+    address_family_not_supported,       // EAFNOSUPPORT
+    address_in_use,                     // EADDRINUSE
+    address_not_available,              // EADDRNOTAVAIL
+    already_connected,                  // EISCONN
+    argument_list_too_long,             // E2BIG
+    argument_out_of_domain,             // EDOM
+    bad_address,                        // EFAULT
+    bad_file_descriptor,                // EBADF
+    bad_message,                        // EBADMSG
+    broken_pipe,                        // EPIPE
+    connection_aborted,                 // ECONNABORTED
+    connection_already_in_progress,     // EALREADY
+    connection_refused,                 // ECONNREFUSED
+    connection_reset,                   // ECONNRESET
+    cross_device_link,                  // EXDEV
+    destination_address_required,       // EDESTADDRREQ
+    device_or_resource_busy,            // EBUSY
+    directory_not_empty,                // ENOTEMPTY
+    executable_format_error,            // ENOEXEC
+    file_exists,                        // EEXIST
+    file_too_large,                     // EFBIG
+    filename_too_long,                  // ENAMETOOLONG
+    function_not_supported,             // ENOSYS
+    host_unreachable,                   // EHOSTUNREACH
+    identifier_removed,                 // EIDRM
+    illegal_byte_sequence,              // EILSEQ
+    inappropriate_io_control_operation, // ENOTTY
+    interrupted,                        // EINTR
+    invalid_argument,                   // EINVAL
+    invalid_seek,                       // ESPIPE
+    io_error,                           // EIO
+    is_a_directory,                     // EISDIR
+    message_size,                       // EMSGSIZE
+    network_down,                       // ENETDOWN
+    network_reset,                      // ENETRESET
+    network_unreachable,                // ENETUNREACH
+    no_buffer_space,                    // ENOBUFS
+    no_child_process,                   // ECHILD
+    no_link,                            // ENOLINK
+    no_lock_available,                  // ENOLCK
+    no_message_available,               // ENODATA
+    no_message,                         // ENOMSG
+    no_protocol_option,                 // ENOPROTOOPT
+    no_space_on_device,                 // ENOSPC
+    no_stream_resources,                // ENOSR
+    no_such_device_or_address,          // ENXIO
+    no_such_device,                     // ENODEV
+    no_such_file_or_directory,          // ENOENT
+    no_such_process,                    // ESRCH
+    not_a_directory,                    // ENOTDIR
+    not_a_socket,                       // ENOTSOCK
+    not_a_stream,                       // ENOSTR
+    not_connected,                      // ENOTCONN
+    not_enough_memory,                  // ENOMEM
+    not_supported,                      // ENOTSUP
+    operation_canceled,                 // ECANCELED
+    operation_in_progress,              // EINPROGRESS
+    operation_not_permitted,            // EPERM
+    operation_not_supported,            // EOPNOTSUPP
+    operation_would_block,              // EWOULDBLOCK
+    owner_dead,                         // EOWNERDEAD
+    permission_denied,                  // EACCES
+    protocol_error,                     // EPROTO
+    protocol_not_supported,             // EPROTONOSUPPORT
+    read_only_file_system,              // EROFS
+    resource_deadlock_would_occur,      // EDEADLK
+    resource_unavailable_try_again,     // EAGAIN
+    result_out_of_range,                // ERANGE
+    state_not_recoverable,              // ENOTRECOVERABLE
+    stream_timeout,                     // ETIME
+    text_file_busy,                     // ETXTBSY
+    timed_out,                          // ETIMEDOUT
+    too_many_files_open_in_system,      // ENFILE
+    too_many_files_open,                // EMFILE
+    too_many_links,                     // EMLINK
+    too_many_symbolic_link_levels,      // ELOOP
+    value_too_large,                    // EOVERFLOW
+    wrong_protocol_type                 // EPROTOTYPE
+};
+
+template <> struct is_error_condition_enum<errc>
+    : true_type { }
+
+error_code make_error_code(errc e) noexcept;
+error_condition make_error_condition(errc e) noexcept;
+
+// Comparison operators:
+bool operator==(const error_code& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator==(const error_code& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator==(const error_condition& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator==(const error_condition& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator!=(const error_code& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator!=(const error_code& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator!=(const error_condition& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator!=(const error_condition& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template <> struct hash<std::error_code>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <__functional_base>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// is_error_code_enum
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_error_code_enum
+    : public false_type {};
+
+// is_error_condition_enum
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_error_condition_enum
+    : public false_type {};
+
+// Some error codes are not present on all platforms, so we provide equivalents
+// for them:
+
+//enum class errc
+struct errc
+{
+enum _ {
+    address_family_not_supported        = EAFNOSUPPORT,
+    address_in_use                      = EADDRINUSE,
+    address_not_available               = EADDRNOTAVAIL,
+    already_connected                   = EISCONN,
+    argument_list_too_long              = E2BIG,
+    argument_out_of_domain              = EDOM,
+    bad_address                         = EFAULT,
+    bad_file_descriptor                 = EBADF,
+    bad_message                         = EBADMSG,
+    broken_pipe                         = EPIPE,
+    connection_aborted                  = ECONNABORTED,
+    connection_already_in_progress      = EALREADY,
+    connection_refused                  = ECONNREFUSED,
+    connection_reset                    = ECONNRESET,
+    cross_device_link                   = EXDEV,
+    destination_address_required        = EDESTADDRREQ,
+    device_or_resource_busy             = EBUSY,
+    directory_not_empty                 = ENOTEMPTY,
+    executable_format_error             = ENOEXEC,
+    file_exists                         = EEXIST,
+    file_too_large                      = EFBIG,
+    filename_too_long                   = ENAMETOOLONG,
+    function_not_supported              = ENOSYS,
+    host_unreachable                    = EHOSTUNREACH,
+    identifier_removed                  = EIDRM,
+    illegal_byte_sequence               = EILSEQ,
+    inappropriate_io_control_operation  = ENOTTY,
+    interrupted                         = EINTR,
+    invalid_argument                    = EINVAL,
+    invalid_seek                        = ESPIPE,
+    io_error                            = EIO,
+    is_a_directory                      = EISDIR,
+    message_size                        = EMSGSIZE,
+    network_down                        = ENETDOWN,
+    network_reset                       = ENETRESET,
+    network_unreachable                 = ENETUNREACH,
+    no_buffer_space                     = ENOBUFS,
+    no_child_process                    = ECHILD,
+    no_link                             = ENOLINK,
+    no_lock_available                   = ENOLCK,
+#ifdef ENODATA
+    no_message_available                = ENODATA,
+#else
+    no_message_available                = ENOMSG,
+#endif
+    no_message                          = ENOMSG,
+    no_protocol_option                  = ENOPROTOOPT,
+    no_space_on_device                  = ENOSPC,
+#ifdef ENOSR
+    no_stream_resources                 = ENOSR,
+#else
+    no_stream_resources                 = ENOMEM,
+#endif
+    no_such_device_or_address           = ENXIO,
+    no_such_device                      = ENODEV,
+    no_such_file_or_directory           = ENOENT,
+    no_such_process                     = ESRCH,
+    not_a_directory                     = ENOTDIR,
+    not_a_socket                        = ENOTSOCK,
+#ifdef ENOSTR
+    not_a_stream                        = ENOSTR,
+#else
+    not_a_stream                        = EINVAL,
+#endif
+    not_connected                       = ENOTCONN,
+    not_enough_memory                   = ENOMEM,
+    not_supported                       = ENOTSUP,
+    operation_canceled                  = ECANCELED,
+    operation_in_progress               = EINPROGRESS,
+    operation_not_permitted             = EPERM,
+    operation_not_supported             = EOPNOTSUPP,
+    operation_would_block               = EWOULDBLOCK,
+    owner_dead                          = EOWNERDEAD,
+    permission_denied                   = EACCES,
+    protocol_error                      = EPROTO,
+    protocol_not_supported              = EPROTONOSUPPORT,
+    read_only_file_system               = EROFS,
+    resource_deadlock_would_occur       = EDEADLK,
+    resource_unavailable_try_again      = EAGAIN,
+    result_out_of_range                 = ERANGE,
+    state_not_recoverable               = ENOTRECOVERABLE,
+#ifdef ETIME
+    stream_timeout                      = ETIME,
+#else
+    stream_timeout                      = ETIMEDOUT,
+#endif
+    text_file_busy                      = ETXTBSY,
+    timed_out                           = ETIMEDOUT,
+    too_many_files_open_in_system       = ENFILE,
+    too_many_files_open                 = EMFILE,
+    too_many_links                      = EMLINK,
+    too_many_symbolic_link_levels       = ELOOP,
+    value_too_large                     = EOVERFLOW,
+    wrong_protocol_type                 = EPROTOTYPE
+};
+
+    _ __v_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    errc(_ __v) : __v_(__v) {}
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    operator int() const {return __v_;}
+
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_error_condition_enum<errc>
+    : true_type { };
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_error_condition_enum<errc::_>
+    : true_type { };
+
+class error_condition;
+class error_code;
+
+// class error_category
+
+class __do_message;
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE error_category
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~error_category() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+    error_category() _NOEXCEPT;
+    error_category(const error_category&);// = delete;
+    error_category& operator=(const error_category&);// = delete;
+
+public:
+    virtual const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+    virtual error_condition default_error_condition(int __ev) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual bool equivalent(int __code, const error_condition& __condition) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual bool equivalent(const error_code& __code, int __condition) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual string message(int __ev) const = 0;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    bool operator==(const error_category& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT {return this == &__rhs;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    bool operator!=(const error_category& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT {return !(*this == __rhs);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    bool operator< (const error_category& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT {return this < &__rhs;}
+
+    friend class __do_message;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __do_message
+    : public error_category
+{
+public:
+    virtual string message(int ev) const;
+};
+
+const error_category& generic_category() _NOEXCEPT;
+const error_category& system_category() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE error_condition
+{
+    int __val_;
+    const error_category* __cat_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    error_condition() _NOEXCEPT : __val_(0), __cat_(&generic_category()) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    error_condition(int __val, const error_category& __cat) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __val_(__val), __cat_(&__cat) {}
+
+    template <class _E>
+        _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+        error_condition(_E __e,
+              typename enable_if<is_error_condition_enum<_E>::value>::type* = 0
+                                                                     ) _NOEXCEPT
+            {*this = make_error_condition(__e);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    void assign(int __val, const error_category& __cat) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        __val_ = __val;
+        __cat_ = &__cat;
+    }
+
+    template <class _E>
+        _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            is_error_condition_enum<_E>::value,
+            error_condition&
+        >::type
+        operator=(_E __e) _NOEXCEPT
+            {*this = make_error_condition(__e); return *this;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        __val_ = 0;
+        __cat_ = &generic_category();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int value() const _NOEXCEPT {return __val_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const error_category& category() const _NOEXCEPT {return *__cat_;}
+    string message() const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    //explicit
+        operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT {return __val_ != 0;}
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+error_condition
+make_error_condition(errc __e) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return error_condition(static_cast<int>(__e), generic_category());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const error_condition& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __x.category() < __y.category()
+        || __x.category() == __y.category() && __x.value() < __y.value();
+}
+
+// error_code
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE error_code
+{
+    int __val_;
+    const error_category* __cat_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    error_code() _NOEXCEPT : __val_(0), __cat_(&system_category()) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    error_code(int __val, const error_category& __cat) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __val_(__val), __cat_(&__cat) {}
+
+    template <class _E>
+        _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+        error_code(_E __e,
+                   typename enable_if<is_error_code_enum<_E>::value>::type* = 0
+                                                                     ) _NOEXCEPT
+            {*this = make_error_code(__e);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    void assign(int __val, const error_category& __cat) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        __val_ = __val;
+        __cat_ = &__cat;
+    }
+
+    template <class _E>
+        _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            is_error_code_enum<_E>::value,
+            error_code&
+        >::type
+        operator=(_E __e) _NOEXCEPT
+            {*this = make_error_code(__e); return *this;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        __val_ = 0;
+        __cat_ = &system_category();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    int value() const _NOEXCEPT {return __val_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const error_category& category() const _NOEXCEPT {return *__cat_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    error_condition default_error_condition() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __cat_->default_error_condition(__val_);}
+
+    string message() const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    //explicit
+        operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT {return __val_ != 0;}
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+error_code
+make_error_code(errc __e) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return error_code(static_cast<int>(__e), generic_category());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const error_code& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __x.category() < __y.category()
+        || __x.category() == __y.category() && __x.value() < __y.value();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const error_code& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __x.category() == __y.category() && __x.value() == __y.value();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const error_code& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __x.category().equivalent(__x.value(), __y)
+        || __y.category().equivalent(__x, __y.value());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const error_condition& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __y == __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const error_condition& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __x.category() == __y.category() && __x.value() == __y.value();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const error_code& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{return !(__x == __y);}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const error_code& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{return !(__x == __y);}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const error_condition& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{return !(__x == __y);}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const error_condition& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+{return !(__x == __y);}
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<error_code>
+    : public unary_function<error_code, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const error_code& __ec) const _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return static_cast<size_t>(__ec.value());
+    }
+};
+
+// system_error
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE system_error
+    : public runtime_error
+{
+    error_code __ec_;
+public:
+    system_error(error_code __ec, const string& __what_arg);
+    system_error(error_code __ec, const char* __what_arg);
+    system_error(error_code __ec);
+    system_error(int __ev, const error_category& __ecat, const string& __what_arg);
+    system_error(int __ev, const error_category& __ecat, const char* __what_arg);
+    system_error(int __ev, const error_category& __ecat);
+    ~system_error() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+    const error_code& code() const _NOEXCEPT {return __ec_;}
+
+private:
+    static string __init(const error_code&, string);
+};
+
+void __throw_system_error(int ev, const char* what_arg);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_SYSTEM_ERROR
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/tgmath.h b/system/include/libcxx/tgmath.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2388b6ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/tgmath.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- tgmath.h ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_TGMATH_H
+#define _LIBCPP_TGMATH_H
+
+/*
+    tgmath.h synopsis
+
+#include <complex.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+*/
+
+#include <complex.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_TGMATH_H
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/thread b/system/include/libcxx/thread
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce3ca49e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/thread
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- thread -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_THREAD
+#define _LIBCPP_THREAD
+
+/*
+
+    thread synopsis
+
+#define __STDCPP_THREADS__ __cplusplus
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class thread
+{
+public:
+    class id;
+    typedef pthread_t native_handle_type;
+
+    thread();
+    template <class F, class ...Args> explicit thread(F&& f, Args&&... args);
+    ~thread();
+
+    thread(const thread&) = delete;
+    thread(thread&& t);
+
+    thread& operator=(const thread&) = delete;
+    thread& operator=(thread&& t);
+
+    void swap(thread& t);
+
+    bool joinable() const;
+    void join();
+    void detach();
+    id get_id() const;
+    native_handle_type native_handle();
+
+    static unsigned hardware_concurrency();
+};
+
+void swap(thread& x, thread& y);
+
+class thread::id
+{
+public:
+    id();
+};
+
+bool operator==(thread::id x, thread::id y);
+bool operator!=(thread::id x, thread::id y);
+bool operator< (thread::id x, thread::id y);
+bool operator<=(thread::id x, thread::id y);
+bool operator> (thread::id x, thread::id y);
+bool operator>=(thread::id x, thread::id y);
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& out, thread::id id);
+
+namespace this_thread
+{
+
+thread::id get_id();
+
+void yield();
+
+template <class Clock, class Duration>
+void sleep_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+
+template <class Rep, class Period>
+void sleep_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+
+}  // this_thread
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <__functional_base>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <__mutex_base>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#include <tuple>
+#endif
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#define __STDCPP_THREADS__ __cplusplus
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __thread_specific_ptr
+{
+    pthread_key_t __key_;
+
+    __thread_specific_ptr(const __thread_specific_ptr&);
+    __thread_specific_ptr& operator=(const __thread_specific_ptr&);
+
+    static void __at_thread_exit(void*);
+public:
+    typedef _Tp* pointer;
+
+    __thread_specific_ptr();
+    ~__thread_specific_ptr();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer get() const {return static_cast<_Tp*>(pthread_getspecific(__key_));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator*() const {return *get();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return get();}
+    pointer release();
+    void reset(pointer __p = nullptr);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void
+__thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::__at_thread_exit(void* __p)
+{
+	delete static_cast<pointer>(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+__thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::__thread_specific_ptr()
+{
+    int __ec = pthread_key_create(&__key_, &__thread_specific_ptr::__at_thread_exit);
+	if (__ec)
+		throw system_error(error_code(__ec, system_category()),
+		                   "__thread_specific_ptr construction failed");
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+__thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::~__thread_specific_ptr()
+{
+	pthread_key_delete(__key_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+typename __thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::pointer
+__thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::release()
+{
+	pointer __p = get();
+	pthread_setspecific(__key_, 0);
+	return __p;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void
+__thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::reset(pointer __p)
+{
+	pointer __p_old = get();
+	pthread_setspecific(__key_, __p);
+	delete __p_old;
+}
+
+class thread;
+class __thread_id;
+
+namespace this_thread
+{
+
+__thread_id get_id();
+
+}  // this_thread
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __thread_id
+{
+    // FIXME: pthread_t is a pointer on Darwin but a long on Linux.
+    // NULL is the no-thread value on Darwin.  Someone needs to check
+    // on other platforms.  We assume 0 works everywhere for now.
+    pthread_t __id_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __thread_id() : __id_(0) {}
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y)
+        {return __x.__id_ == __y.__id_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y)
+        {return !(__x == __y);}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator< (__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y)
+        {return __x.__id_ < __y.__id_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator<=(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y)
+        {return !(__y < __x);}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator> (__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y)
+        {return   __y < __x ;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator>=(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y)
+        {return !(__x < __y);}
+
+    template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
+    friend
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, __thread_id __id)
+        {return __os << __id.__id_;}
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __thread_id(pthread_t __id) : __id_(__id) {}
+
+    friend __thread_id this_thread::get_id();
+    friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE thread;
+};
+
+template<class _Tp> struct hash;
+
+template<>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<__thread_id>
+    : public unary_function<__thread_id, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(__thread_id __v) const
+    {
+        const size_t* const __p = reinterpret_cast<const size_t*>(&__v);
+        return *__p;
+    }
+};
+
+namespace this_thread
+{
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__thread_id
+get_id()
+{
+    return pthread_self();
+}
+
+}  // this_thread
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE thread
+{
+    pthread_t __t_;
+
+    thread(const thread&);
+    thread& operator=(const thread&);
+public:
+    typedef __thread_id id;
+    typedef pthread_t native_handle_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    thread() : __t_(0) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class _F, class ..._Args,
+              class = typename enable_if
+              <
+                   !is_same<typename decay<_F>::type, thread>::value
+              >::type
+             >
+        explicit thread(_F&& __f, _Args&&... __args);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class _F> explicit thread(_F __f);
+#endif
+    ~thread();
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    thread(thread&& __t) : __t_(__t.__t_) {__t.__t_ = 0;}
+    thread& operator=(thread&& __t);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(thread& __t) {_VSTD::swap(__t_, __t.__t_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool joinable() const {return __t_ != 0;}
+    void join();
+    void detach();
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    id get_id() const {return __t_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    native_handle_type native_handle() {return __t_;}
+
+    static unsigned hardware_concurrency();
+};
+
+class __assoc_sub_state;
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __thread_struct_imp;
+
+class __thread_struct
+{
+    __thread_struct_imp* __p_;
+
+    __thread_struct(const __thread_struct&);
+    __thread_struct& operator=(const __thread_struct&);
+public:
+    __thread_struct();
+    ~__thread_struct();
+
+    void notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable*, mutex*);
+    void __make_ready_at_thread_exit(__assoc_sub_state*);
+};
+
+__thread_specific_ptr<__thread_struct>& __thread_local_data();
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _F, class ..._Args, size_t ..._Indices>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+__threaad_execute(tuple<_F, _Args...>& __t, __tuple_indices<_Indices...>)
+{
+    __invoke(_VSTD::move(_VSTD::get<0>(__t)), _VSTD::move(_VSTD::get<_Indices>(__t))...);
+}
+
+template <class _F>
+void*
+__thread_proxy(void* __vp)
+{
+    __thread_local_data().reset(new __thread_struct);
+    std::unique_ptr<_F> __p(static_cast<_F*>(__vp));
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<_F>::value, 1>::type _Index;
+    __threaad_execute(*__p, _Index());
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _F, class ..._Args,
+          class
+         >
+thread::thread(_F&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    typedef tuple<typename decay<_F>::type, typename decay<_Args>::type...> _G;
+    _VSTD::unique_ptr<_G> __p(new _G(__decay_copy(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)),
+                                __decay_copy(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args))...));
+    int __ec = pthread_create(&__t_, 0, &__thread_proxy<_G>, __p.get());
+    if (__ec == 0)
+        __p.release();
+    else
+        __throw_system_error(__ec, "thread constructor failed");
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _F>
+void*
+__thread_proxy(void* __vp)
+{
+    __thread_local_data().reset(new __thread_struct);
+    std::unique_ptr<_F> __p(static_cast<_F*>(__vp));
+    (*__p)();
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _F>
+thread::thread(_F __f)
+{
+    std::unique_ptr<_F> __p(new _F(__f));
+    int __ec = pthread_create(&__t_, 0, &__thread_proxy<_F>, __p.get());
+    if (__ec == 0)
+        __p.release();
+    else
+        __throw_system_error(__ec, "thread constructor failed");
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+thread&
+thread::operator=(thread&& __t)
+{
+    if (__t_ != 0)
+        terminate();
+    __t_ = __t.__t_;
+    __t.__t_ = 0;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void swap(thread& __x, thread& __y) {__x.swap(__y);}
+
+namespace this_thread
+{
+
+void sleep_for(const chrono::nanoseconds& ns);
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+void
+sleep_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    nanoseconds __ns = duration_cast<nanoseconds>(__d);
+    if (__ns < __d)
+        ++__ns;
+    sleep_for(__ns);
+}
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+void
+sleep_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    mutex __mut;
+    condition_variable __cv;
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut);
+    while (_Clock::now() < __t)
+        __cv.wait_until(__lk, __t);
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+sleep_until(const chrono::time_point<chrono::steady_clock, _Duration>& __t)
+{
+    using namespace chrono;
+    sleep_for(__t - steady_clock::now());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void yield() {sched_yield();}
+
+}  // this_thread
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_THREAD
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/tuple b/system/include/libcxx/tuple
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66a0c914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/tuple
@@ -0,0 +1,940 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- tuple ------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_TUPLE
+#define _LIBCPP_TUPLE
+
+/*
+    tuple synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class... T>
+class tuple {
+public:
+    constexpr tuple();
+    explicit tuple(const T&...);
+    template <class... U>
+        explicit tuple(U&&...);
+    tuple(const tuple&) = default;
+    tuple(tuple&&) = default;
+    template <class... U>
+        tuple(const tuple<U...>&);
+    template <class... U>
+        tuple(tuple<U...>&&);
+    template <class U1, class U2>
+        tuple(const pair<U1, U2>&); // iff sizeof...(T) == 2
+    template <class U1, class U2>
+        tuple(pair<U1, U2>&&); // iff sizeof...(T) == 2
+
+    // allocator-extended constructors
+    template <class Alloc>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const T&...);
+    template <class Alloc, class... U>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, U&&...);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const tuple&);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, tuple&&);
+    template <class Alloc, class... U>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const tuple<U...>&);
+    template <class Alloc, class... U>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, tuple<U...>&&);
+    template <class Alloc, class U1, class U2>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const pair<U1, U2>&);
+    template <class Alloc, class U1, class U2>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, pair<U1, U2>&&);
+
+    tuple& operator=(const tuple&);
+    tuple&
+        operator=(tuple&&) noexcept(AND(is_nothrow_move_assignable<T>::value ...));
+    template <class... U>
+        tuple& operator=(const tuple<U...>&);
+    template <class... U>
+        tuple& operator=(tuple<U...>&&);
+    template <class U1, class U2>
+        tuple& operator=(const pair<U1, U2>&); // iff sizeof...(T) == 2
+    template <class U1, class U2>
+        tuple& operator=(pair<U1, U2>&&); //iffsizeof...(T) == 2
+
+    void swap(tuple&) noexcept(AND(swap(declval<T&>(), declval<T&>())...));
+};
+
+const unspecified ignore;
+
+template <class... T> tuple<V...>  make_tuple(T&&...);
+template <class... T> tuple<ATypes...> forward_as_tuple(T&&...) noexcept;
+template <class... T> tuple<T&...> tie(T&...) noexcept;
+template <class... Tuples> tuple<CTypes...> tuple_cat(Tuples&&... tpls);
+  
+// 20.4.1.4, tuple helper classes:
+template <class T> class tuple_size; // undefined
+template <class... T> class tuple_size<tuple<T...>>;
+template <intsize_t I, class T> class tuple_element; // undefined
+template <intsize_t I, class... T> class tuple_element<I, tuple<T...>>;
+
+// 20.4.1.5, element access:
+template <intsize_t I, class... T>
+    typename tuple_element<I, tuple<T...>>::type&
+    get(tuple<T...>&) noexcept;
+template <intsize_t I, class... T>
+    typename tuple_element<I, tuple<T...>>::type const&
+    get(const tuple<T...>&) noexcept;
+template <intsize_t I, class... T>
+    typename tuple_element<I, tuple<T...>>::type&&
+    get(tuple<T...>&&) noexcept;
+
+// 20.4.1.6, relational operators:
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator==(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&);
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator<(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&);
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator!=(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&);
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator>(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&);
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator<=(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&);
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator>=(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&);
+
+template <class... Types, class Alloc>
+  struct uses_allocator<tuple<Types...>, Alloc>;
+
+template <class... Types>
+  void
+  swap(tuple<Types...>& x, tuple<Types...>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__tuple>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// tuple_size
+
+template <class ..._Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size<tuple<_Tp...> >
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(_Tp)>
+{
+};
+
+// tuple_element
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class ..._Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename tuple_element<_Ip, __tuple_types<_Tp...> >::type type;
+};
+
+// __tuple_leaf
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp, bool=is_empty<_Hp>::value>
+class __tuple_leaf;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp, bool _Ep>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void swap(__tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Hp, _Ep>& __x, __tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Hp, _Ep>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_Hp>::value)
+{
+    swap(__x.get(), __y.get());
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp, bool>
+class __tuple_leaf
+{
+    _Hp value;
+
+    __tuple_leaf& operator=(const __tuple_leaf&);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __tuple_leaf() : value()
+       {static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value,
+              "Attempted to default construct a reference element in a tuple");}
+
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 0>, const _Alloc&)
+            : value()
+        {static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value,
+              "Attempted to default construct a reference element in a tuple");}
+
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 1>, const _Alloc& __a)
+            : value(allocator_arg_t(), __a)
+        {static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value,
+              "Attempted to default construct a reference element in a tuple");}
+
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 2>, const _Alloc& __a)
+            : value(__a)
+        {static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value,
+              "Attempted to default construct a reference element in a tuple");}
+
+    template <class _Tp,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<_Hp, _Tp>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(_Tp&& __t)
+            : value(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t))
+        {static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value ||
+                        is_lvalue_reference<_Hp>::value &&
+                        (is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value ||
+                         is_same<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type,
+                                 reference_wrapper<
+                                    typename remove_reference<_Hp>::type
+                                 >
+                                >::value) ||
+                        (is_rvalue_reference<_Hp>::value &&
+                         !is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value),
+       "Attempted to construct a reference element in a tuple with an rvalue");}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 0>, const _Alloc&, _Tp&& __t)
+            : value(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t))
+        {static_assert(!is_lvalue_reference<_Hp>::value ||
+                        is_lvalue_reference<_Hp>::value &&
+                        (is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value ||
+                         is_same<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type,
+                                 reference_wrapper<
+                                    typename remove_reference<_Hp>::type
+                                 >
+                                >::value),
+       "Attempted to construct a reference element in a tuple with an rvalue");}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 1>, const _Alloc& __a, _Tp&& __t)
+            : value(allocator_arg_t(), __a, _VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t))
+        {static_assert(!is_lvalue_reference<_Hp>::value ||
+                        is_lvalue_reference<_Hp>::value &&
+                        (is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value ||
+                         is_same<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type,
+                                 reference_wrapper<
+                                    typename remove_reference<_Hp>::type
+                                 >
+                                >::value),
+       "Attempted to construct a reference element in a tuple with an rvalue");}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 2>, const _Alloc& __a, _Tp&& __t)
+            : value(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t), __a)
+        {static_assert(!is_lvalue_reference<_Hp>::value ||
+                        is_lvalue_reference<_Hp>::value &&
+                        (is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value ||
+                         is_same<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type,
+                                 reference_wrapper<
+                                    typename remove_reference<_Hp>::type
+                                 >
+                                >::value),
+       "Attempted to construct a reference element in a tuple with an rvalue");}
+
+    __tuple_leaf(const __tuple_leaf& __t)
+        : value(__t.get())
+        {static_assert(!is_rvalue_reference<_Hp>::value, "Can not copy a tuple with rvalue reference member");}
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(const __tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Tp>& __t)
+            : value(__t.get()) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_leaf&
+        operator=(_Tp&& __t)
+        {
+            value = _VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int swap(__tuple_leaf& __t) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__tuple_leaf>::value)
+    {
+        _VSTD::swap(*this, __t);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       _Hp& get()       {return value;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const _Hp& get() const {return value;}
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp>
+class __tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Hp, true>
+    : private _Hp
+{
+
+    __tuple_leaf& operator=(const __tuple_leaf&);
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __tuple_leaf() {}
+
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 0>, const _Alloc&) {}
+
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 1>, const _Alloc& __a)
+            : _Hp(allocator_arg_t(), __a) {}
+
+    template <class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 2>, const _Alloc& __a)
+            : _Hp(__a) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<_Hp, _Tp>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(_Tp&& __t)
+            : _Hp(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t)) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 0>, const _Alloc&, _Tp&& __t)
+            : _Hp(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t)) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 1>, const _Alloc& __a, _Tp&& __t)
+            : _Hp(allocator_arg_t(), __a, _VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t)) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 2>, const _Alloc& __a, _Tp&& __t)
+            : _Hp(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t), __a) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit __tuple_leaf(const __tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Tp>& __t)
+            : _Hp(__t.get()) {}
+
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_leaf&
+        operator=(_Tp&& __t)
+        {
+            _Hp::operator=(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t));
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    int
+    swap(__tuple_leaf& __t) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__tuple_leaf>::value)
+    {
+        _VSTD::swap(*this, __t);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY       _Hp& get()       {return static_cast<_Hp&>(*this);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const _Hp& get() const {return static_cast<const _Hp&>(*this);}
+};
+
+template <class ..._Tp>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void __swallow(_Tp&&...) {}
+
+template <bool ...> struct __all;
+
+template <>
+struct __all<>
+{
+    static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template <bool _B0, bool ... _B>
+struct __all<_B0, _B...>
+{
+    static const bool value = _B0 && __all<_B...>::value;
+};
+
+// __tuple_impl
+
+template<class _Indx, class ..._Tp> struct __tuple_impl;
+
+template<size_t ..._Indx, class ..._Tp>
+struct __tuple_impl<__tuple_indices<_Indx...>, _Tp...>
+    : public __tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>...
+{
+    template <size_t ..._Uf, class ..._Tf,
+              size_t ..._Ul, class ..._Tl, class ..._Up>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit
+        __tuple_impl(__tuple_indices<_Uf...>, __tuple_types<_Tf...>,
+                     __tuple_indices<_Ul...>, __tuple_types<_Tl...>,
+                     _Up&&... __u) :
+            __tuple_leaf<_Uf, _Tf>(_VSTD::forward<_Up>(__u))...,
+            __tuple_leaf<_Ul, _Tl>()...
+            {}
+
+    template <class _Alloc, size_t ..._Uf, class ..._Tf,
+              size_t ..._Ul, class ..._Tl, class ..._Up>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit
+        __tuple_impl(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a,
+                     __tuple_indices<_Uf...>, __tuple_types<_Tf...>,
+                     __tuple_indices<_Ul...>, __tuple_types<_Tl...>,
+                     _Up&&... __u) :
+            __tuple_leaf<_Uf, _Tf>(__uses_alloc_ctor<_Tf, _Alloc, _Up>(), __a,
+            _VSTD::forward<_Up>(__u))...,
+            __tuple_leaf<_Ul, _Tl>(__uses_alloc_ctor<_Tl, _Alloc>(), __a)...
+            {}
+
+    template <class _Tuple,
+              class = typename enable_if
+                      <
+                         __tuple_convertible<_Tuple, tuple<_Tp...> >::value
+                      >::type
+             >
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_impl(_Tuple&& __t)
+            : __tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>(_VSTD::forward<typename tuple_element<_Indx,
+                                       typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>(_VSTD::get<_Indx>(__t)))...
+            {}
+
+    template <class _Alloc, class _Tuple,
+              class = typename enable_if
+                      <
+                         __tuple_convertible<_Tuple, tuple<_Tp...> >::value
+                      >::type
+             >
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __tuple_impl(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _Tuple&& __t)
+            : __tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>(__uses_alloc_ctor<_Tp, _Alloc, typename tuple_element<_Indx,
+                                       typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>(), __a,
+                                       _VSTD::forward<typename tuple_element<_Indx,
+                                       typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>(_VSTD::get<_Indx>(__t)))...
+            {}
+
+    template <class _Tuple>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __tuple_assignable<_Tuple, tuple<_Tp...> >::value,
+            __tuple_impl&
+        >::type
+        operator=(_Tuple&& __t)
+        {
+            __swallow(__tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>::operator=(_VSTD::forward<typename tuple_element<_Indx,
+                                       typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>(_VSTD::get<_Indx>(__t)))...);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(__tuple_impl& __t)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__all<__is_nothrow_swappable<_Tp>::value...>::value)
+    {
+        __swallow(__tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>::swap(static_cast<__tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>&>(__t))...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class ..._Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple
+{
+    typedef __tuple_impl<typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type, _Tp...> base;
+
+    base base_;
+
+    template <size_t _Jp, class ..._Up> friend
+        typename tuple_element<_Jp, tuple<_Up...> >::type& get(tuple<_Up...>&);
+    template <size_t _Jp, class ..._Up> friend
+        const typename tuple_element<_Jp, tuple<_Up...> >::type& get(const tuple<_Up...>&);
+    template <size_t _Jp, class ..._Up> friend
+        typename tuple_element<_Jp, tuple<_Up...> >::type&& get(tuple<_Up...>&&);
+public:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit tuple(const _Tp& ... __t)
+        : base_(typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Tp)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<0>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, 0>::type(),
+                __t...
+               ) {}
+
+    template <class _Alloc>
+      _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, const _Tp& ... __t)
+        : base_(allocator_arg_t(), __a,
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Tp)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<0>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, 0>::type(),
+                __t...
+               ) {}
+
+    template <class ..._Up,
+              class = typename enable_if
+                      <
+                         sizeof...(_Up) <= sizeof...(_Tp) &&
+                         __tuple_convertible
+                         <
+                            tuple<_Up...>,
+                            typename __make_tuple_types<tuple,
+                                     sizeof...(_Up) < sizeof...(_Tp) ?
+                                        sizeof...(_Up) :
+                                        sizeof...(_Tp)>::type
+                         >::value
+                      >::type
+             >
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        explicit
+        tuple(_Up&&... __u)
+            : base_(typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                    typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                    typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp), sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                    typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Tp), sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                    _VSTD::forward<_Up>(__u)...) {}
+
+    template <class _Alloc, class ..._Up,
+              class = typename enable_if
+                      <
+                         sizeof...(_Up) <= sizeof...(_Tp) &&
+                         __tuple_convertible
+                         <
+                            tuple<_Up...>,
+                            typename __make_tuple_types<tuple,
+                                     sizeof...(_Up) < sizeof...(_Tp) ?
+                                        sizeof...(_Up) :
+                                        sizeof...(_Tp)>::type
+                         >::value
+                      >::type
+             >
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _Up&&... __u)
+            : base_(allocator_arg_t(), __a,
+                    typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                    typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                    typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp), sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                    typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Tp), sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                    _VSTD::forward<_Up>(__u)...) {}
+
+    template <class _Tuple,
+              class = typename enable_if
+                      <
+                         __tuple_convertible<_Tuple, tuple>::value
+                      >::type
+             >
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        tuple(_Tuple&& __t)
+            : base_(_VSTD::forward<_Tuple>(__t)) {}
+
+    template <class _Alloc, class _Tuple,
+              class = typename enable_if
+                      <
+                         __tuple_convertible<_Tuple, tuple>::value
+                      >::type
+             >
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _Tuple&& __t)
+            : base_(allocator_arg_t(), __a, _VSTD::forward<_Tuple>(__t)) {}
+
+    template <class _Tuple,
+              class = typename enable_if
+                      <
+                         __tuple_assignable<_Tuple, tuple>::value
+                      >::type
+             >
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        tuple&
+        operator=(_Tuple&& __t)
+        {
+            base_.operator=(_VSTD::forward<_Tuple>(__t));
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(tuple& __t) _NOEXCEPT_(__all<__is_nothrow_swappable<_Tp>::value...>::value)
+        {base_.swap(__t.base_);}
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple<>
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    tuple() {}
+    template <class _Alloc>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&) {}
+    template <class _Alloc>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const tuple&) {}
+    template <class _U>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        tuple(array<_U, 0>) {}
+    template <class _Alloc, class _U>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, array<_U, 0>) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(tuple&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+};
+
+template <class ..._Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __all<__is_swappable<_Tp>::value...>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+swap(tuple<_Tp...>& __t, tuple<_Tp...>& __u)
+                 _NOEXCEPT_(__all<__is_nothrow_swappable<_Tp>::value...>::value)
+    {__t.swap(__u);}
+
+// get
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class ..._Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&
+get(tuple<_Tp...>& __t)
+{
+    typedef typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type type;
+    return static_cast<__tuple_leaf<_Ip, type>&>(__t.base_).get();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class ..._Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&
+get(const tuple<_Tp...>& __t)
+{
+    typedef typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type type;
+    return static_cast<const __tuple_leaf<_Ip, type>&>(__t.base_).get();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class ..._Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&&
+get(tuple<_Tp...>&& __t)
+{
+    typedef typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type type;
+    return static_cast<type&&>(
+             static_cast<__tuple_leaf<_Ip, type>&&>(__t.base_).get());
+}
+
+// tie
+
+template <class ..._Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+tuple<_Tp&...>
+tie(_Tp&... __t)
+{
+    return tuple<_Tp&...>(__t...);
+}
+
+template <class _Up>
+struct __ignore_t
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __ignore_t() {}
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        __ignore_t(_Tp&&) {}
+    template <class _Tp>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        const __ignore_t& operator=(_Tp&&) const {return *this;}
+};
+
+namespace { const __ignore_t<unsigned char> ignore = __ignore_t<unsigned char>(); }
+
+template <class _Tp> class reference_wrapper;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct ___make_tuple_return
+{
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct ___make_tuple_return<reference_wrapper<_Tp> >
+{
+    typedef _Tp& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __make_tuple_return
+{
+    typedef typename ___make_tuple_return<typename decay<_Tp>::type>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+tuple<typename __make_tuple_return<_Tp>::type...>
+make_tuple(_Tp&&... __t)
+{
+    return tuple<typename __make_tuple_return<_Tp>::type...>(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t)...);
+}
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+tuple<_Tp&&...>
+forward_as_tuple(_Tp&&... __t)
+{
+    return tuple<_Tp&&...>(_VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t)...);
+}
+
+template <size_t _I>
+struct __tuple_equal
+{
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Up& __y)
+    {
+        return __tuple_equal<_I - 1>()(__x, __y) && get<_I-1>(__x) == get<_I-1>(__y);
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __tuple_equal<0>
+{
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp&, const _Up&)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+template <class ..._Tp, class ..._Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y)
+{
+    return __tuple_equal<sizeof...(_Tp)>()(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class ..._Tp, class ..._Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <size_t _I>
+struct __tuple_less
+{
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Up& __y)
+    {
+        return __tuple_less<_I-1>()(__x, __y) ||
+             (!__tuple_less<_I-1>()(__y, __x) && get<_I-1>(__x) < get<_I-1>(__y));
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __tuple_less<0>
+{
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp&, const _Up&)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+template <class ..._Tp, class ..._Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y)
+{
+    return __tuple_less<sizeof...(_Tp)>()(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class ..._Tp, class ..._Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class ..._Tp, class ..._Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class ..._Tp, class ..._Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+// tuple_cat
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up> struct __tuple_cat_type;
+
+template <class ..._Ttypes, class ..._Utypes>
+struct __tuple_cat_type<tuple<_Ttypes...>, __tuple_types<_Utypes...> >
+{
+    typedef tuple<_Ttypes..., _Utypes...> type;
+};
+
+template <class _ResultTuple, bool _Is_Tuple0TupleLike, class ..._Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_1
+{
+};
+
+template <class ..._Types, class _Tuple0>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_1<tuple<_Types...>, true, _Tuple0>
+{
+    typedef typename __tuple_cat_type<tuple<_Types...>,
+            typename __make_tuple_types<typename remove_reference<_Tuple0>::type>::type>::type
+                                                                           type;
+};
+
+template <class ..._Types, class _Tuple0, class _Tuple1, class ..._Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_1<tuple<_Types...>, true, _Tuple0, _Tuple1, _Tuples...>
+    : public __tuple_cat_return_1<
+                 typename __tuple_cat_type<
+                     tuple<_Types...>,
+                     typename __make_tuple_types<typename remove_reference<_Tuple0>::type>::type
+                 >::type,
+                 __tuple_like<typename remove_reference<_Tuple1>::type>::value,
+                 _Tuple1, _Tuples...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class ..._Tuples> struct __tuple_cat_return;
+
+template <class _Tuple0, class ..._Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return<_Tuple0, _Tuples...>
+    : public __tuple_cat_return_1<tuple<>,
+         __tuple_like<typename remove_reference<_Tuple0>::type>::value, _Tuple0,
+                                                                     _Tuples...>
+{
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __tuple_cat_return<>
+{
+    typedef tuple<> type;
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+tuple<>
+tuple_cat()
+{
+    return tuple<>();
+}
+
+template <class _R, class _Indices, class _Tuple0, class ..._Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp;
+
+template <class ..._Types, size_t ..._I0, class _Tuple0>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp<tuple<_Types...>, __tuple_indices<_I0...>, _Tuple0>
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_Tuple0>::type _T0;
+    typedef tuple<_Types..., typename __apply_cv<_Tuple0,
+                          typename tuple_element<_I0, _T0>::type>::type&&...> type;
+};
+
+template <class ..._Types, size_t ..._I0, class _Tuple0, class _Tuple1, class ..._Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp<tuple<_Types...>, __tuple_indices<_I0...>,
+                                  _Tuple0, _Tuple1, _Tuples...>
+    : public __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp<
+         tuple<_Types..., typename __apply_cv<_Tuple0,
+               typename tuple_element<_I0,
+                  typename remove_reference<_Tuple0>::type>::type>::type&&...>,
+         typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<typename
+                                 remove_reference<_Tuple1>::type>::value>::type,
+         _Tuple1, _Tuples...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tuple0, class ..._Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_ref
+    : public __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp<tuple<>,
+               typename __make_tuple_indices<
+                        tuple_size<typename remove_reference<_Tuple0>::type>::value
+               >::type, _Tuple0, _Tuples...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Types, class _I0, class _J0>
+struct __tuple_cat;
+
+template <class ..._Types, size_t ..._I0, size_t ..._J0>
+struct __tuple_cat<tuple<_Types...>, __tuple_indices<_I0...>, __tuple_indices<_J0...> >
+{
+    template <class _Tuple0>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    typename __tuple_cat_return_ref<tuple<_Types...>&&, _Tuple0&&>::type
+    operator()(tuple<_Types...> __t, _Tuple0&& __t0)
+    {
+        return _VSTD::forward_as_tuple(_VSTD::forward<_Types>(get<_I0>(__t))...,
+                                      get<_J0>(_VSTD::forward<_Tuple0>(__t0))...);
+    }
+
+    template <class _Tuple0, class _Tuple1, class ..._Tuples>
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    typename __tuple_cat_return_ref<tuple<_Types...>&&, _Tuple0&&, _Tuple1&&, _Tuples&&...>::type
+    operator()(tuple<_Types...> __t, _Tuple0&& __t0, _Tuple1&& __t1, _Tuples&& ...__tpls)
+    {
+        typedef typename remove_reference<_Tuple0>::type _T0;
+        typedef typename remove_reference<_Tuple1>::type _T1;
+        return __tuple_cat<
+           tuple<_Types..., typename __apply_cv<_Tuple0, typename tuple_element<_J0, _T0>::type>::type&&...>,
+           typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof ...(_Types) + tuple_size<_T0>::value>::type,
+           typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<_T1>::value>::type>()
+                           (_VSTD::forward_as_tuple(
+                              _VSTD::forward<_Types>(get<_I0>(__t))...,
+                              get<_J0>(_VSTD::forward<_Tuple0>(__t0))...
+                            ),
+                            _VSTD::forward<_Tuple1>(__t1),
+                            _VSTD::forward<_Tuples>(__tpls)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _Tuple0, class... _Tuples>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename __tuple_cat_return<_Tuple0, _Tuples...>::type
+tuple_cat(_Tuple0&& __t0, _Tuples&&... __tpls)
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_Tuple0>::type _T0;
+    return __tuple_cat<tuple<>, __tuple_indices<>,
+                  typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<_T0>::value>::type>()
+                  (tuple<>(), _VSTD::forward<_Tuple0>(__t0),
+                                            _VSTD::forward<_Tuples>(__tpls)...);
+}
+
+template <class ..._Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE uses_allocator<tuple<_Tp...>, _Alloc>
+    : true_type {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+template <class... _Args1, class... _Args2, size_t ..._I1, size_t ..._I2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<_T1, _T2>::pair(piecewise_construct_t,
+                     tuple<_Args1...>& __first_args, tuple<_Args2...>& __second_args,
+                     __tuple_indices<_I1...>, __tuple_indices<_I2...>)
+    :  first(_VSTD::forward<_Args1>(get<_I1>( __first_args))...),
+      second(_VSTD::forward<_Args2>(get<_I2>(__second_args))...)
+{
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_TUPLE
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/type_traits b/system/include/libcxx/type_traits
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6a20e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/type_traits
@@ -0,0 +1,3077 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===------------------------ type_traits ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_TYPE_TRAITS
+#define _LIBCPP_TYPE_TRAITS
+
+/*
+    type_traits synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+    // helper class:
+    template <class T, T v> struct integral_constant;
+    typedef integral_constant<bool, true>  true_type;
+    typedef integral_constant<bool, false> false_type;
+
+    // helper traits
+    template <bool, class T = void> struct enable_if;
+    template <bool, class T, class F> struct conditional;
+
+    // Primary classification traits:
+    template <class T> struct is_void;
+    template <class T> struct is_integral;
+    template <class T> struct is_floating_point;
+    template <class T> struct is_array;
+    template <class T> struct is_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct is_lvalue_reference;
+    template <class T> struct is_rvalue_reference;
+    template <class T> struct is_member_object_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct is_member_function_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct is_enum;
+    template <class T> struct is_union;
+    template <class T> struct is_class;
+    template <class T> struct is_function;
+
+    // Secondary classification traits:
+    template <class T> struct is_reference;
+    template <class T> struct is_arithmetic;
+    template <class T> struct is_fundamental;
+    template <class T> struct is_member_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct is_scalar;
+    template <class T> struct is_object;
+    template <class T> struct is_compound;
+
+    // Const-volatile properties and transformations:
+    template <class T> struct is_const;
+    template <class T> struct is_volatile;
+    template <class T> struct remove_const;
+    template <class T> struct remove_volatile;
+    template <class T> struct remove_cv;
+    template <class T> struct add_const;
+    template <class T> struct add_volatile;
+    template <class T> struct add_cv;
+
+    // Reference transformations:
+    template <class T> struct remove_reference;
+    template <class T> struct add_lvalue_reference;
+    template <class T> struct add_rvalue_reference;
+
+    // Pointer transformations:
+    template <class T> struct remove_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct add_pointer;
+
+    // Integral properties:
+    template <class T> struct is_signed;
+    template <class T> struct is_unsigned;
+    template <class T> struct make_signed;
+    template <class T> struct make_unsigned;
+
+    // Array properties and transformations:
+    template <class T> struct rank;
+    template <class T, unsigned I = 0> struct extent;
+    template <class T> struct remove_extent;
+    template <class T> struct remove_all_extents;
+
+    // Member introspection:
+    template <class T> struct is_pod;
+    template <class T> struct is_trivial;
+    template <class T> struct is_trivially_copyable;
+    template <class T> struct is_standard_layout;
+    template <class T> struct is_literal_type;
+    template <class T> struct is_empty;
+    template <class T> struct is_polymorphic;
+    template <class T> struct is_abstract;
+
+    template <class T, class... Args> struct is_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_default_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_copy_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_move_constructible;
+    template <class T, class U>       struct is_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_copy_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_move_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_destructible;
+
+    template <class T, class... Args> struct is_trivially_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_default_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_copy_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_move_constructible;
+    template <class T, class U>       struct is_trivially_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_copy_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_move_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_destructible;
+
+    template <class T, class... Args> struct is_nothrow_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_default_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_copy_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_move_constructible;
+    template <class T, class U>       struct is_nothrow_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_copy_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_move_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_destructible;
+
+    template <class T> struct has_virtual_destructor;
+
+    // Relationships between types:
+    template <class T, class U> struct is_same;
+    template <class Base, class Derived> struct is_base_of;
+    template <class From, class To> struct is_convertible;
+
+    // Alignment properties and transformations:
+    template <class T> struct alignment_of;
+    template <size_t Len, size_t Align = most_stringent_alignment_requirement>
+        struct aligned_storage;
+
+    template <class T> struct decay;
+    template <class... T> struct common_type;
+    template <class T> struct underlying_type;
+    template <class> class result_of; // undefined
+    template <class Fn, class... ArgTypes> class result_of<Fn(ArgTypes...)>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <bool _B, class _If, class _Then>
+    struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE conditional {typedef _If type;};
+template <class _If, class _Then>
+    struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE conditional<false, _If, _Then> {typedef _Then type;};
+
+template <bool, class _Tp = void> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE enable_if {};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE enable_if<true, _Tp> {typedef _Tp type;};
+
+struct __two {char _[2];};
+
+// helper class:
+
+template <class _Tp, _Tp __v>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE integral_constant
+{
+    static constexpr _Tp      value = __v;
+    typedef _Tp               value_type;
+    typedef integral_constant type;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CONSTEXPR
+    constexpr
+#endif
+         operator value_type()
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CONSTEXPR
+                               const
+#endif
+                                     {return value;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, _Tp __v>
+constexpr _Tp integral_constant<_Tp, __v>::value;
+
+typedef integral_constant<bool, true>  true_type;
+typedef integral_constant<bool, false> false_type;
+
+// is_const
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_const            : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_const<_Tp const> : public true_type {};
+
+// is_volatile
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_volatile               : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_volatile<_Tp volatile> : public true_type {};
+
+// remove_const
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_const            {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_const<const _Tp> {typedef _Tp type;};
+
+// remove_volatile
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_volatile               {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_volatile<volatile _Tp> {typedef _Tp type;};
+
+// remove_cv
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_cv
+{typedef typename remove_volatile<typename remove_const<_Tp>::type>::type type;};
+
+// is_void
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_void       : public false_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_void<void> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_void
+    : public __is_void<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+// __is_nullptr_t
+
+template <class _Tp> struct ____is_nullptr_t       : public false_type {};
+template <>          struct ____is_nullptr_t<nullptr_t> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __is_nullptr_t
+    : public ____is_nullptr_t<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+// is_integral
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_integral                     : public false_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<bool>               : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<char>               : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<signed char>        : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<unsigned char>      : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<wchar_t>            : public true_type {};
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+template <>          struct __is_integral<char16_t>           : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<char32_t>           : public true_type {};
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE_CHARS
+template <>          struct __is_integral<short>              : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<unsigned short>     : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<int>                : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<unsigned int>       : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<long>               : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<unsigned long>      : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<long long>          : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_integral<unsigned long long> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_integral
+    : public __is_integral<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+// is_floating_point
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_floating_point              : public false_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_floating_point<float>       : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_floating_point<double>      : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __is_floating_point<long double> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_floating_point
+    : public __is_floating_point<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+// is_array
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_array
+    : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_array<_Tp[]>
+    : public true_type {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_array<_Tp[_Np]>
+    : public true_type {};
+
+// is_pointer
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_pointer       : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_pointer<_Tp*> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_pointer
+    : public __is_pointer<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+// is_reference
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_lvalue_reference       : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_lvalue_reference<_Tp&> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_rvalue_reference        : public false_type {};
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_rvalue_reference<_Tp&&> : public true_type {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_reference        : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_reference<_Tp&>  : public true_type {};
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_reference<_Tp&&> : public true_type {};
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+#define _LIBCPP_HAS_TYPE_TRAITS
+#endif
+
+// is_union
+
+#if __has_feature(is_union) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_union
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_union(_Tp)> {};
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_union : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_union
+    : public __libcpp_union<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+#endif
+
+// is_class
+
+#if __has_feature(is_class) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_class
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_class(_Tp)> {};
+
+#else
+
+namespace __is_class_imp
+{
+template <class _Tp> char  __test(int _Tp::*);
+template <class _Tp> __two __test(...);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_class
+    : public integral_constant<bool, sizeof(__is_class_imp::__test<_Tp>(0)) == 1 && !is_union<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+#endif
+
+// is_same
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_same           : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>            struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_same<_Tp, _Tp> : public true_type {};
+
+// is_function
+
+namespace __is_function_imp
+{
+template <class _Tp> char  __test(_Tp*);
+template <class _Tp> __two __test(...);
+template <class _Tp> _Tp&  __source();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_class<_Tp>::value ||
+                            is_union<_Tp>::value ||
+                            is_void<_Tp>::value  ||
+                            is_reference<_Tp>::value ||
+                            is_same<_Tp, nullptr_t>::value >
+struct __is_function
+    : public integral_constant<bool, sizeof(__is_function_imp::__test<_Tp>(__is_function_imp::__source<_Tp>())) == 1>
+    {};
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_function<_Tp, true> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_function
+    : public __is_function<_Tp> {};
+
+// is_member_function_pointer
+
+template <class _Tp> struct            __is_member_function_pointer             : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp, class _Up> struct __is_member_function_pointer<_Tp _Up::*> : public is_function<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_member_function_pointer
+    : public __is_member_function_pointer<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+// is_member_pointer
+
+template <class _Tp>            struct __is_member_pointer             : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp, class _Up> struct __is_member_pointer<_Tp _Up::*> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_member_pointer
+    : public __is_member_pointer<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+// is_member_object_pointer
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_member_object_pointer
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_member_pointer<_Tp>::value &&
+                                    !is_member_function_pointer<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+// is_enum
+
+#if __has_feature(is_enum) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_enum
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_enum(_Tp)> {};
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_enum
+    : public integral_constant<bool, !is_void<_Tp>::value             &&
+                                     !is_integral<_Tp>::value         &&
+                                     !is_floating_point<_Tp>::value   &&
+                                     !is_array<_Tp>::value            &&
+                                     !is_pointer<_Tp>::value          &&
+                                     !is_reference<_Tp>::value        &&
+                                     !is_member_pointer<_Tp>::value   &&
+                                     !is_union<_Tp>::value            &&
+                                     !is_class<_Tp>::value            &&
+                                     !is_function<_Tp>::value         > {};
+
+#endif
+
+// is_arithmetic
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_arithmetic
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_integral<_Tp>::value      ||
+                                     is_floating_point<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+// is_fundamental
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_fundamental
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_void<_Tp>::value        ||
+                                     __is_nullptr_t<_Tp>::value ||
+                                     is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+// is_scalar
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_scalar
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value     ||
+                                     is_member_pointer<_Tp>::value ||
+                                     is_pointer<_Tp>::value        ||
+                                     __is_nullptr_t<_Tp>::value    ||
+                                     is_enum<_Tp>::value           > {};
+
+template <> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_scalar<nullptr_t> : public true_type {};
+
+// is_object
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_object
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value ||
+                                     is_array<_Tp>::value  ||
+                                     is_union<_Tp>::value  ||
+                                     is_class<_Tp>::value  > {};
+
+// is_compound
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_compound
+    : public integral_constant<bool, !is_fundamental<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+// add_const
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_reference<_Tp>::value ||
+                            is_function<_Tp>::value  ||
+                            is_const<_Tp>::value     >
+struct __add_const             {typedef _Tp type;};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __add_const<_Tp, false> {typedef const _Tp type;};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_const
+    {typedef typename __add_const<_Tp>::type type;};
+
+// add_volatile
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_reference<_Tp>::value ||
+                            is_function<_Tp>::value  ||
+                            is_volatile<_Tp>::value  >
+struct __add_volatile             {typedef _Tp type;};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __add_volatile<_Tp, false> {typedef volatile _Tp type;};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_volatile
+    {typedef typename __add_volatile<_Tp>::type type;};
+
+// add_cv
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_cv
+    {typedef typename add_const<typename add_volatile<_Tp>::type>::type type;};
+
+// remove_reference
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_reference        {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_reference<_Tp&>  {typedef _Tp type;};
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_reference<_Tp&&> {typedef _Tp type;};
+#endif
+
+// add_lvalue_reference
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_lvalue_reference                      {typedef _Tp& type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_lvalue_reference<_Tp&>                {typedef _Tp& type;};  // for older compiler
+template <>          struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_lvalue_reference<void>                {typedef void type;};
+template <>          struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_lvalue_reference<const void>          {typedef const void type;};
+template <>          struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_lvalue_reference<volatile void>       {typedef volatile void type;};
+template <>          struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_lvalue_reference<const volatile void> {typedef const volatile void type;};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE  add_rvalue_reference                     {typedef _Tp&& type;};
+template <>          struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_rvalue_reference<void>                {typedef void type;};
+template <>          struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_rvalue_reference<const void>          {typedef const void type;};
+template <>          struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_rvalue_reference<volatile void>       {typedef volatile void type;};
+template <>          struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_rvalue_reference<const volatile void> {typedef const volatile void type;};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+typename add_rvalue_reference<_Tp>::type
+declval() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type
+declval();
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+struct __any
+{
+    __any(...);
+};
+
+// remove_pointer
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_pointer                      {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_pointer<_Tp*>                {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_pointer<_Tp* const>          {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_pointer<_Tp* volatile>       {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_pointer<_Tp* const volatile> {typedef _Tp type;};
+
+// add_pointer
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE add_pointer
+    {typedef typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type* type;};
+
+// is_signed
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value>
+struct ___is_signed : public integral_constant<bool, _Tp(-1) < _Tp(0)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct ___is_signed<_Tp, false> : public true_type {};  // floating point
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value>
+struct __is_signed : public ___is_signed<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_signed<_Tp, false> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_signed : public __is_signed<_Tp> {};
+
+// is_unsigned
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value>
+struct ___is_unsigned : public integral_constant<bool, _Tp(0) < _Tp(-1)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct ___is_unsigned<_Tp, false> : public false_type {};  // floating point
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value>
+struct __is_unsigned : public ___is_unsigned<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_unsigned<_Tp, false> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_unsigned : public __is_unsigned<_Tp> {};
+
+// rank
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE rank
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, 0> {};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE rank<_Tp[]>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, rank<_Tp>::value + 1> {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE rank<_Tp[_Np]>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, rank<_Tp>::value + 1> {};
+
+// extent
+
+template <class _Tp, unsigned _Ip = 0> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE extent
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, 0> {};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE extent<_Tp[], 0>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, 0> {};
+template <class _Tp, unsigned _Ip> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE extent<_Tp[], _Ip>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, extent<_Tp, _Ip-1>::value> {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE extent<_Tp[_Np], 0>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, _Np> {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np, unsigned _Ip> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE extent<_Tp[_Np], _Ip>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, extent<_Tp, _Ip-1>::value> {};
+
+// remove_extent
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_extent
+    {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_extent<_Tp[]>
+    {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_extent<_Tp[_Np]>
+    {typedef _Tp type;};
+
+// remove_all_extents
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_all_extents
+    {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_all_extents<_Tp[]>
+    {typedef typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type type;};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE remove_all_extents<_Tp[_Np]>
+    {typedef typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type type;};
+
+// is_abstract
+
+namespace __is_abstract_imp
+{
+template <class _Tp> char  __test(_Tp (*)[1]);
+template <class _Tp> __two __test(...);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_class<_Tp>::value>
+struct __libcpp_abstract : public integral_constant<bool, sizeof(__is_abstract_imp::__test<_Tp>(0)) != 1> {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_abstract<_Tp, false> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_abstract : public __libcpp_abstract<_Tp> {};
+
+// is_convertible
+
+#if __has_feature(is_convertible_to)
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_convertible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_convertible_to(_T1, _T2)> {};
+
+#else  // __has_feature(is_convertible_to)
+
+namespace __is_convertible_imp
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+template <class _Tp> char  __test(const volatile typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type&&);
+#else
+template <class _Tp> char  __test(_Tp);
+#endif
+template <class _Tp> __two __test(...);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+template <class _Tp> _Tp&& __source();
+#else
+template <class _Tp> typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type& __source();
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, bool _IsArray =    is_array<_Tp>::value,
+                     bool _IsFunction = is_function<_Tp>::value,
+                     bool _IsVoid =     is_void<_Tp>::value>
+                     struct __is_array_function_or_void                          {enum {value = 0};};
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_array_function_or_void<_Tp, true, false, false> {enum {value = 1};};
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_array_function_or_void<_Tp, false, true, false> {enum {value = 2};};
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_array_function_or_void<_Tp, false, false, true> {enum {value = 3};};
+}
+
+template <class _Tp,
+    unsigned = __is_convertible_imp::__is_array_function_or_void<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value>
+struct __is_convertible_check
+{
+    static const size_t __v = 0;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_convertible_check<_Tp, 0>
+{
+    static const size_t __v = sizeof(_Tp);
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2,
+    unsigned _T1_is_array_function_or_void = __is_convertible_imp::__is_array_function_or_void<_T1>::value,
+    unsigned _T2_is_array_function_or_void = __is_convertible_imp::__is_array_function_or_void<_T2>::value>
+struct __is_convertible
+    : public integral_constant<bool,
+        sizeof(__is_convertible_imp::__test<_T2>(__is_convertible_imp::__source<_T1>())) == 1
+    >
+{};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 1, 0> : false_type {};
+
+template <class _T1> struct __is_convertible<_T1, const _T1&, 1, 0> : true_type {};
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+template <class _T1> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T1&&, 1, 0> : true_type {};
+template <class _T1> struct __is_convertible<_T1, const _T1&&, 1, 0> : true_type {};
+template <class _T1> struct __is_convertible<_T1, volatile _T1&&, 1, 0> : true_type {};
+template <class _T1> struct __is_convertible<_T1, const volatile _T1&&, 1, 0> : true_type {};
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2*, 1, 0>
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_convertible<typename remove_all_extents<_T1>::type*, _T2*>::value> {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2* const, 1, 0>
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_convertible<typename remove_all_extents<_T1>::type*, _T2*const>::value> {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2* volatile, 1, 0>
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_convertible<typename remove_all_extents<_T1>::type*, _T2*volatile>::value> {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2* const volatile, 1, 0>
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_convertible<typename remove_all_extents<_T1>::type*, _T2*const volatile>::value> {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 2, 0>                : public false_type {};
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+template <class _T1>            struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T1&&, 2, 0>               : public true_type {};
+#endif
+template <class _T1>            struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T1*, 2, 0>               : public true_type {};
+template <class _T1>            struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T1*const, 2, 0>          : public true_type {};
+template <class _T1>            struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T1*volatile, 2, 0>       : public true_type {};
+template <class _T1>            struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T1*const volatile, 2, 0> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 3, 0> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 0, 1> : public false_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 1, 1> : public false_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 2, 1> : public false_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 3, 1> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 0, 2> : public false_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 1, 2> : public false_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 2, 2> : public false_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 3, 2> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 0, 3> : public false_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 1, 3> : public false_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 2, 3> : public false_type {};
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct __is_convertible<_T1, _T2, 3, 3> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_convertible
+    : public __is_convertible<_T1, _T2>
+{
+    static const size_t __complete_check1 = __is_convertible_check<_T1>::__v;
+    static const size_t __complete_check2 = __is_convertible_check<_T2>::__v;
+};
+
+#endif  // __has_feature(is_convertible_to)
+
+// is_base_of
+
+#ifdef _LIBCP_HAS_IS_BASE_OF
+
+template <class _Bp, class _Dp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_base_of
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_base_of(_Bp, _Dp)> {};
+
+#else  // __has_feature(is_base_of)
+
+#error is_base_of not implemented.
+
+#endif  // __has_feature(is_base_of)
+
+// is_empty
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_empty1
+    : public _Tp
+{
+    double _;
+};
+
+struct __is_empty2
+{
+    double _;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_class<_Tp>::value>
+struct __libcpp_empty : public integral_constant<bool, sizeof(__is_empty1<_Tp>) == sizeof(__is_empty2)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_empty<_Tp, false> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_empty : public __libcpp_empty<_Tp> {};
+
+// is_polymorphic
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_polymorphic1 : public _Tp {};
+template <class _Tp> struct __is_polymorphic2 : public _Tp {virtual ~__is_polymorphic2() throw();};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_class<_Tp>::value>
+struct __libcpp_polymorphic
+    : public integral_constant<bool, sizeof(__is_polymorphic1<_Tp>) == sizeof(__is_polymorphic2<_Tp>)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_polymorphic<_Tp, false> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_polymorphic
+    : public __libcpp_polymorphic<_Tp> {};
+
+// has_virtual_destructor
+
+#if __has_feature(has_virtual_destructor) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE has_virtual_destructor
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __has_virtual_destructor(_Tp)> {};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_TYPE_TRAITS
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE has_virtual_destructor
+    : public false_type {};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_TYPE_TRAITS
+
+// alignment_of
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __alignment_of {_Tp _;};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE alignment_of
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, __alignof__(__alignment_of<typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type>)> {};
+
+// aligned_storage
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp>
+struct __type_list
+{
+    typedef _Hp _Head;
+    typedef _Tp _Tail;
+};
+
+struct __nat
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+    __nat() = delete;
+    __nat(const __nat&) = delete;
+    __nat& operator=(const __nat&) = delete;
+    ~__nat() = delete;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __align_type
+{
+    static const size_t value = alignment_of<_Tp>::value;
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+struct __struct_double {long double _;};
+struct __struct_double4 {double _[4];};
+
+typedef
+    __type_list<__align_type<unsigned char>,
+    __type_list<__align_type<unsigned short>,
+    __type_list<__align_type<unsigned int>,
+    __type_list<__align_type<unsigned long>,
+    __type_list<__align_type<unsigned long long>,
+    __type_list<__align_type<double>,
+    __type_list<__align_type<long double>,
+    __type_list<__align_type<__struct_double>,
+    __type_list<__align_type<__struct_double4>,
+    __type_list<__align_type<int*>,
+    __nat
+    > > > > > > > > > > __all_types;
+
+template <class _TL, size_t _Align> struct __find_pod;
+
+template <class _Hp, size_t _Align>
+struct __find_pod<__type_list<_Hp, __nat>, _Align>
+{
+    typedef typename conditional<
+                             _Align == _Hp::value,
+                             typename _Hp::type,
+                             void
+                         >::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp, size_t _Align>
+struct __find_pod<__type_list<_Hp, _Tp>, _Align>
+{
+    typedef typename conditional<
+                             _Align == _Hp::value,
+                             typename _Hp::type,
+                             typename __find_pod<_Tp, _Align>::type
+                         >::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _TL, size_t _Len> struct __find_max_align;
+
+template <class _Hp, size_t _Len>
+struct __find_max_align<__type_list<_Hp, __nat>, _Len> : public integral_constant<size_t, _Hp::value> {};
+
+template <size_t _Len, size_t _A1, size_t _A2>
+struct __select_align
+{
+private:
+    static const size_t __min = _A2 < _A1 ? _A2 : _A1;
+    static const size_t __max = _A1 < _A2 ? _A2 : _A1;
+public:
+    static const size_t value = _Len < __max ? __min : __max;
+};
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp, size_t _Len>
+struct __find_max_align<__type_list<_Hp, _Tp>, _Len>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, __select_align<_Len, _Hp::value, __find_max_align<_Tp, _Len>::value>::value> {};
+
+template <size_t _Len, const size_t _Align = __find_max_align<__all_types, _Len>::value>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE aligned_storage
+{
+    typedef typename __find_pod<__all_types, _Align>::type _Aligner;
+    static_assert(!is_void<_Aligner>::value, "");
+    union type
+    {
+        _Aligner __align;
+        unsigned char __data[_Len];
+    };
+};
+
+#define _CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(n) \
+template <size_t _Len>\
+struct __attribute__ ((__visibility__("default"))) aligned_storage<_Len, n>\
+{\
+    struct type\
+    {\
+        unsigned char _[_Len];\
+    } __attribute__((__aligned__(n)));\
+}
+
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x1);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x2);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x4);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x8);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x10);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x20);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x40);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x80);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x100);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x200);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x400);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x800);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x1000);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x2000);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x4000);
+
+#undef _CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION
+
+// __promote
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2 = void, class _A3 = void,
+          bool = (is_arithmetic<_A1>::value || is_void<_A1>::value) &&
+                 (is_arithmetic<_A2>::value || is_void<_A2>::value) &&
+                 (is_arithmetic<_A3>::value || is_void<_A3>::value)>
+class __promote {};
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, class _A3>
+class __promote<_A1, _A2, _A3, true>
+{
+private:
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1>::type __type1;
+    typedef typename __promote<_A2>::type __type2;
+    typedef typename __promote<_A3>::type __type3;
+public:
+    typedef __typeof__(__type1() + __type2() + __type3()) type;
+};
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+class __promote<_A1, _A2, void, true>
+{
+private:
+    typedef typename __promote<_A1>::type __type1;
+    typedef typename __promote<_A2>::type __type2;
+public:
+    typedef __typeof__(__type1() + __type2()) type;
+};
+
+template <class _A1>
+class __promote<_A1, void, void, true>
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename conditional<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value,
+                     typename conditional<is_integral<_A1>::value, double, _A1>::type,
+                     void
+            >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_STORE_AS_OPTIMIZATION
+
+// __transform
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t = sizeof(_Tp), bool = is_scalar<_Tp>::value> struct __transform {typedef _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct __transform<_Tp, 1, true> {typedef unsigned char      type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct __transform<_Tp, 2, true> {typedef unsigned short     type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct __transform<_Tp, 4, true> {typedef unsigned int       type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct __transform<_Tp, 8, true> {typedef unsigned long long type;};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_STORE_AS_OPTIMIZATION
+
+// make_signed / make_unsigned
+
+typedef
+    __type_list<signed char,
+    __type_list<signed short,
+    __type_list<signed int,
+    __type_list<signed long,
+    __type_list<signed long long,
+    __nat
+    > > > > > __signed_types;
+
+typedef
+    __type_list<unsigned char,
+    __type_list<unsigned short,
+    __type_list<unsigned int,
+    __type_list<unsigned long,
+    __type_list<unsigned long long,
+    __nat
+    > > > > > __unsigned_types;
+
+template <class _TypeList, size_t _Size, bool = _Size <= sizeof(typename _TypeList::_Head)> struct __find_first;
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct __find_first<__type_list<_Hp, _Tp>, _Size, true>
+{
+    typedef _Hp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct __find_first<__type_list<_Hp, _Tp>, _Size, false>
+{
+    typedef typename __find_first<_Tp, _Size>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = is_const<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value,
+                             bool = is_volatile<typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value>
+struct __apply_cv
+{
+    typedef _Up type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __apply_cv<_Tp, _Up, true, false>
+{
+    typedef const _Up type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __apply_cv<_Tp, _Up, false, true>
+{
+    typedef volatile _Up type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __apply_cv<_Tp, _Up, true, true>
+{
+    typedef const volatile _Up type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __apply_cv<_Tp&, _Up, false, false>
+{
+    typedef _Up& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __apply_cv<_Tp&, _Up, true, false>
+{
+    typedef const _Up& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __apply_cv<_Tp&, _Up, false, true>
+{
+    typedef volatile _Up& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __apply_cv<_Tp&, _Up, true, true>
+{
+    typedef const volatile _Up& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value || is_enum<_Tp>::value>
+struct __make_signed {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __make_signed<_Tp, true>
+{
+    typedef typename __find_first<__signed_types, sizeof(_Tp)>::type type;
+};
+
+template <> struct __make_signed<bool,               true> {};
+template <> struct __make_signed<  signed short,     true> {typedef short     type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<unsigned short,     true> {typedef short     type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<  signed int,       true> {typedef int       type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<unsigned int,       true> {typedef int       type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<  signed long,      true> {typedef long      type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<unsigned long,      true> {typedef long      type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<  signed long long, true> {typedef long long type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<unsigned long long, true> {typedef long long type;};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE make_signed
+{
+    typedef typename __apply_cv<_Tp, typename __make_signed<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type>::type>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value || is_enum<_Tp>::value>
+struct __make_unsigned {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __make_unsigned<_Tp, true>
+{
+    typedef typename __find_first<__unsigned_types, sizeof(_Tp)>::type type;
+};
+
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<bool,               true> {};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<  signed short,     true> {typedef unsigned short     type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<unsigned short,     true> {typedef unsigned short     type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<  signed int,       true> {typedef unsigned int       type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<unsigned int,       true> {typedef unsigned int       type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<  signed long,      true> {typedef unsigned long      type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<unsigned long,      true> {typedef unsigned long      type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<  signed long long, true> {typedef unsigned long long type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<unsigned long long, true> {typedef unsigned long long type;};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE make_unsigned
+{
+    typedef typename __apply_cv<_Tp, typename __make_unsigned<typename remove_cv<_Tp>::type>::type>::type type;
+};
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up = void, class V = void>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE common_type
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename common_type<typename common_type<_Tp, _Up>::type, V>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE common_type<_Tp, void, void>
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE common_type<_Tp, _Up, void>
+{
+private:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    static _Tp&& __t();
+    static _Up&& __u();
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    static _Tp __t();
+    static _Up __u();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+public:
+    typedef decltype(true ? __t() : __u()) type;
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class ..._Tp> struct common_type;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE common_type<_Tp>
+{
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE common_type<_Tp, _Up>
+{
+private:
+    static _Tp&& __t();
+    static _Up&& __u();
+    static bool __f();
+public:
+    typedef decltype(__f() ? __t() : __u()) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class ..._Vp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE common_type<_Tp, _Up, _Vp...>
+{
+    typedef typename common_type<typename common_type<_Tp, _Up>::type, _Vp...>::type type;
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// is_assignable
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+decltype((_VSTD::declval<_Tp>() = _VSTD::declval<_Arg>(), true_type()))
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+__is_assignable_test(_Tp&&, _Arg&&);
+#else
+__is_assignable_test(_Tp, _Arg&);
+#endif
+
+template <class _Arg>
+false_type
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+__is_assignable_test(__any, _Arg&&);
+#else
+__is_assignable_test(__any, _Arg&);
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg, bool = is_void<_Tp>::value || is_void<_Arg>::value>
+struct __is_assignable_imp
+    : public common_type
+        <
+            decltype(__is_assignable_test(declval<_Tp>(), declval<_Arg>()))
+        >::type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+struct __is_assignable_imp<_Tp, _Arg, true>
+    : public false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+struct is_assignable
+    : public __is_assignable_imp<_Tp, _Arg> {};
+
+// is_copy_assignable
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_copy_assignable
+    : public is_assignable<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type,
+                     const typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+// is_move_assignable
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_move_assignable
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    : public is_assignable<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type,
+                     const typename add_rvalue_reference<_Tp>::type> {};
+#else
+    : public is_copy_assignable<_Tp> {};
+#endif
+
+// is_destructible
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __destructible_test
+{
+    _Tp __t;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+decltype((_VSTD::declval<__destructible_test<_Tp> >().~__destructible_test<_Tp>(), true_type()))
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+__is_destructible_test(_Tp&&);
+#else
+__is_destructible_test(_Tp&);
+#endif
+
+false_type
+__is_destructible_test(__any);
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_void<_Tp>::value || is_abstract<_Tp>::value>
+struct __destructible_imp
+    : public common_type
+        <
+            decltype(__is_destructible_test(declval<_Tp>()))
+        >::type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __destructible_imp<_Tp, true>
+    : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_destructible
+    : public __destructible_imp<_Tp> {};
+
+// move
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type&&
+move(_Tp&& __t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type _Up;
+    return static_cast<_Up&&>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp&&
+forward(typename std::remove_reference<_Tp>::type& __t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return static_cast<_Tp&&>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp&&
+forward(typename std::remove_reference<_Tp>::type&& __t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+ 	static_assert(!std::is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value,
+ 	              "Can not forward an rvalue as an lvalue.");
+ 	return static_cast<_Tp&&>(__t);
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __rv
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type _Trr;
+    _Trr& t_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Trr* operator->() {return &t_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __rv(_Trr& __t) : t_(__t) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_convertible<_Tp, __rv<_Tp> >::value,
+    _Tp&
+>::type
+move(_Tp& __t)
+{
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_convertible<_Tp, __rv<_Tp> >::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+move(_Tp& __t)
+{
+    return _Tp(__rv<_Tp>(__t));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_convertible<_Tp, __rv<_Tp> >::value,
+    typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type
+>::type
+forward(_Up& __t)
+{
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    !is_convertible<_Tp, __rv<_Tp> >::value,
+    typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type
+>::type
+forward(const _Up& __t)
+{
+    return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_convertible<_Tp, __rv<_Tp> >::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+forward(_Up& __t)
+{
+    return _Tp(__rv<_Tp>(__t));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_convertible<_Tp, __rv<_Tp> >::value,
+    _Tp
+>::type
+forward(const _Up& __t)
+{
+    return _Tp(__rv<_Tp>(__t));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE decay
+{
+private:
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type _Up;
+public:
+    typedef typename conditional
+                     <
+                         is_array<_Up>::value,
+                         typename remove_extent<_Up>::type*,
+                         typename conditional
+                         <
+                              is_function<_Up>::value,
+                              typename add_pointer<_Up>::type,
+                              typename remove_cv<_Up>::type
+                         >::type
+                     >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename decay<_Tp>::type
+__decay_copy(_Tp&& __t)
+{
+    return _VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t);
+}
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename decay<_Tp>::type
+__decay_copy(const _Tp& __t)
+{
+    return _VSTD::forward<_Tp>(__t);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _MP, bool _IsMemberFuctionPtr, bool _IsMemberObjectPtr>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp
+{
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...), true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+#if __has_feature(cxx_reference_qualified_functions)
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) &, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class& _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const&, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const& _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) volatile&, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class volatile& _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const volatile&, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const volatile& _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) &&, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class&& _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const&&, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const&& _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) volatile&&, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class volatile&& _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const volatile&&, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const volatile&& _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+#endif  // __has_feature(cxx_reference_qualified_functions)
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _R, class _Class>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(), true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0), true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0, class _P1>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0, _P1), true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0, class _P1, class _P2>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0, _P1, _P2), true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)() const, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0) const, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0, class _P1>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0, _P1) const, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0, class _P1, class _P2>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0, _P1, _P2) const, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)() volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0) volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0, class _P1>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0, _P1) volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0, class _P1, class _P2>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0, _P1, _P2) volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)() const volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0) const volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0, class _P1>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0, _P1) const volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _P0, class _P1, class _P2>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R (_Class::*)(_P0, _P1, _P2) const volatile, true, false>
+{
+    typedef _Class const volatile _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _R, class _Class>
+struct __member_pointer_traits_imp<_R _Class::*, false, true>
+{
+    typedef _Class _ClassType;
+    typedef _R _ReturnType;
+};
+
+template <class _MP>
+struct __member_pointer_traits
+    : public __member_pointer_traits_imp<_MP,
+                    is_member_function_pointer<_MP>::value,
+                    is_member_object_pointer<_MP>::value>
+{
+//     typedef ... _ClassType;
+//     typedef ... _ReturnType;
+};
+
+// result_of
+
+template <class _Callable> class result_of;
+
+template <class _Fn, bool, bool>
+class __result_of
+{
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Fn, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class __result_of<_Fn(_ArgTypes...), true, false>
+{
+public:
+    typedef decltype(declval<_Fn>()(declval<_ArgTypes>()...)) type;
+};
+
+template <class _MP, class _Tp, bool _IsMemberFunctionPtr>
+struct __result_of_mp;
+
+// member function pointer
+
+template <class _MP, class _Tp>
+struct __result_of_mp<_MP, _Tp, true>
+    : public common_type<typename __member_pointer_traits<_MP>::_ReturnType>
+{
+};
+
+// member data pointer
+
+template <class _MP, class _Tp, bool>
+struct __result_of_mdp;
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _Tp>
+struct __result_of_mdp<_R _Class::*, _Tp, false>
+{
+    typedef typename __apply_cv<decltype(*_VSTD::declval<_Tp>()), _R>::type&& type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _Tp>
+struct __result_of_mdp<_R _Class::*, _Tp, true>
+{
+    typedef typename __apply_cv<_Tp, _R>::type&& type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _Tp>
+struct __result_of_mp<_R _Class::*, _Tp, false>
+    : public __result_of_mdp<_R _Class::*, _Tp,
+            is_base_of<_Class, typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _Tp, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class __result_of<_Fn(_Tp, _ArgTypes...), false, true>  // _Fn must be member pointer
+    : public __result_of_mp<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type,
+                            _Tp,
+                            is_member_function_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+// result_of
+
+template <class _Fn, class ..._ArgTypes>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE result_of<_Fn(_ArgTypes...)>
+    : public __result_of<_Fn(_ArgTypes...),
+                         is_class<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value ||
+                         is_function<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value,
+                         is_member_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value
+                        >
+{
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Fn>
+class __result_of<_Fn(), true, false>
+{
+public:
+    typedef decltype(declval<_Fn>()()) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _A0>
+class __result_of<_Fn(_A0), true, false>
+{
+public:
+    typedef decltype(declval<_Fn>()(declval<_A0>())) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _A0, class _A1>
+class __result_of<_Fn(_A0, _A1), true, false>
+{
+public:
+    typedef decltype(declval<_Fn>()(declval<_A0>(), declval<_A1>())) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+class __result_of<_Fn(_A0, _A1, _A2), true, false>
+{
+public:
+    typedef decltype(declval<_Fn>()(declval<_A0>(), declval<_A1>(), declval<_A2>())) type;
+};
+
+template <class _MP, class _Tp, bool _IsMemberFunctionPtr>
+struct __result_of_mp;
+
+// member function pointer
+
+template <class _MP, class _Tp>
+struct __result_of_mp<_MP, _Tp, true>
+    : public common_type<typename __member_pointer_traits<_MP>::_ReturnType>
+{
+};
+
+// member data pointer
+
+template <class _MP, class _Tp, bool>
+struct __result_of_mdp;
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _Tp>
+struct __result_of_mdp<_R _Class::*, _Tp, false>
+{
+    typedef typename __apply_cv<decltype(*_VSTD::declval<_Tp>()), _R>::type& type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _Tp>
+struct __result_of_mdp<_R _Class::*, _Tp, true>
+{
+    typedef typename __apply_cv<_Tp, _R>::type& type;
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class _Tp>
+struct __result_of_mp<_R _Class::*, _Tp, false>
+    : public __result_of_mdp<_R _Class::*, _Tp,
+            is_base_of<_Class, typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+
+
+template <class _Fn, class _Tp>
+class __result_of<_Fn(_Tp), false, true>  // _Fn must be member pointer
+    : public __result_of_mp<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type,
+                            _Tp,
+                            is_member_function_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _Tp, class _A0>
+class __result_of<_Fn(_Tp, _A0), false, true>  // _Fn must be member pointer
+    : public __result_of_mp<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type,
+                            _Tp,
+                            is_member_function_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+class __result_of<_Fn(_Tp, _A0, _A1), false, true>  // _Fn must be member pointer
+    : public __result_of_mp<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type,
+                            _Tp,
+                            is_member_function_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+class __result_of<_Fn(_Tp, _A0, _A1, _A2), false, true>  // _Fn must be member pointer
+    : public __result_of_mp<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type,
+                            _Tp,
+                            is_member_function_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value>
+{
+};
+
+// result_of
+
+template <class _Fn>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE result_of<_Fn()>
+    : public __result_of<_Fn(),
+                         is_class<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value ||
+                         is_function<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value,
+                         is_member_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value
+                        >
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _A0>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE result_of<_Fn(_A0)>
+    : public __result_of<_Fn(_A0),
+                         is_class<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value ||
+                         is_function<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value,
+                         is_member_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value
+                        >
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _A0, class _A1>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE result_of<_Fn(_A0, _A1)>
+    : public __result_of<_Fn(_A0, _A1),
+                         is_class<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value ||
+                         is_function<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value,
+                         is_member_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value
+                        >
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _A0, class _A1, class _A2>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE result_of<_Fn(_A0, _A1, _A2)>
+    : public __result_of<_Fn(_A0, _A1, _A2),
+                         is_class<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value ||
+                         is_function<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value,
+                         is_member_pointer<typename remove_reference<_Fn>::type>::value
+                        >
+{
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// template <class T, class... Args> struct is_constructible;
+
+//      main is_constructible test
+
+template <class _Tp, class ..._Args>
+decltype(_VSTD::move(_Tp(_VSTD::declval<_Args>()...)), true_type())
+__is_constructible_test(_Tp&&, _Args&& ...);
+
+template <class ..._Args>
+false_type
+__is_constructible_test(__any, _Args&& ...);
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct __is_constructible // false, _Tp is not a scalar
+    : public common_type
+             <
+                 decltype(__is_constructible_test(declval<_Tp>(), declval<_Args>()...))
+             >::type
+    {};
+
+//      function types are not constructible
+
+template <class _R, class... _A1, class... _A2>
+struct __is_constructible<false, _R(_A1...), _A2...>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+//      handle scalars and reference types
+
+//      Scalars are default constructible, references are not
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_constructible<true, _Tp>
+    : public is_scalar<_Tp>
+    {};
+
+//      Scalars and references are constructible from one arg if that arg is
+//          implicitly convertible to the scalar or reference.
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_constructible_ref
+{
+    true_type static __(_Tp);
+    false_type static __(...);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+struct __is_constructible<true, _Tp, _A0>
+    : public common_type
+             <
+                 decltype(__is_constructible_ref<_Tp>::__(declval<_A0>()))
+             >::type
+    {};
+
+//      Scalars and references are not constructible from multiple args.
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0, class ..._Args>
+struct __is_constructible<true, _Tp, _A0, _Args...>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+//      Treat scalars and reference types separately
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct __is_constructible_void_check
+    : public __is_constructible<is_scalar<_Tp>::value || is_reference<_Tp>::value,
+                                _Tp, _Args...>
+    {};
+
+//      If any of T or Args is void, is_constructible should be false
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct __is_constructible_void_check<true, _Tp, _Args...>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+template <class ..._Args> struct __contains_void;
+
+template <> struct __contains_void<> : false_type {};
+
+template <class _A0, class ..._Args>
+struct __contains_void<_A0, _Args...>
+{
+    static const bool value = is_void<_A0>::value ||
+                              __contains_void<_Args...>::value;
+};
+
+//      is_constructible entry point
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_constructible
+    : public __is_constructible_void_check<__contains_void<_Tp, _Args...>::value
+                                        || is_abstract<_Tp>::value,
+                                           _Tp, _Args...>
+    {};
+
+//      Array types are default constructible if their element type
+//      is default constructible
+
+template <class _A, size_t _N>
+struct __is_constructible<false, _A[_N]>
+    : public is_constructible<typename remove_all_extents<_A>::type>
+    {};
+
+//      Otherwise array types are not constructible by this syntax
+
+template <class _A, size_t _N, class ..._Args>
+struct __is_constructible<false, _A[_N], _Args...>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+//      Incomplete array types are not constructible
+
+template <class _A, class ..._Args>
+struct __is_constructible<false, _A[], _Args...>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// template <class T> struct is_constructible0;
+
+//      main is_constructible0 test
+
+template <class _Tp>
+decltype((_Tp(), true_type()))
+__is_constructible0_test(_Tp&);
+
+false_type
+__is_constructible0_test(__any);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+decltype((_Tp(_VSTD::declval<_A0>()), true_type()))
+__is_constructible1_test(_Tp&, _A0&);
+
+template <class _A0>
+false_type
+__is_constructible1_test(__any, _A0&);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+decltype((_Tp(_VSTD::declval<_A0>(), _VSTD::declval<_A1>()), true_type()))
+__is_constructible2_test(_Tp&, _A0&, _A1&);
+
+template <class _A0, class _A1>
+false_type
+__is_constructible2_test(__any, _A0&, _A1&);
+
+template <bool, class _Tp>
+struct __is_constructible0_imp // false, _Tp is not a scalar
+    : public common_type
+             <
+                 decltype(__is_constructible0_test(declval<_Tp&>()))
+             >::type
+    {};
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class _A0>
+struct __is_constructible1_imp // false, _Tp is not a scalar
+    : public common_type
+             <
+                 decltype(__is_constructible1_test(declval<_Tp&>(), declval<_A0&>()))
+             >::type
+    {};
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct __is_constructible2_imp // false, _Tp is not a scalar
+    : public common_type
+             <
+                 decltype(__is_constructible2_test(declval<_Tp&>(), declval<_A0>(), declval<_A1>()))
+             >::type
+    {};
+
+//      handle scalars and reference types
+
+//      Scalars are default constructible, references are not
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_constructible0_imp<true, _Tp>
+    : public is_scalar<_Tp>
+    {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+struct __is_constructible1_imp<true, _Tp, _A0>
+    : public is_convertible<_A0, _Tp>
+    {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct __is_constructible2_imp<true, _Tp, _A0, _A1>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+//      Treat scalars and reference types separately
+
+template <bool, class _Tp>
+struct __is_constructible0_void_check
+    : public __is_constructible0_imp<is_scalar<_Tp>::value || is_reference<_Tp>::value,
+                                _Tp>
+    {};
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class _A0>
+struct __is_constructible1_void_check
+    : public __is_constructible1_imp<is_scalar<_Tp>::value || is_reference<_Tp>::value,
+                                _Tp, _A0>
+    {};
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct __is_constructible2_void_check
+    : public __is_constructible2_imp<is_scalar<_Tp>::value || is_reference<_Tp>::value,
+                                _Tp, _A0, _A1>
+    {};
+
+//      If any of T or Args is void, is_constructible should be false
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_constructible0_void_check<true, _Tp>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+struct __is_constructible1_void_check<true, _Tp, _A0>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct __is_constructible2_void_check<true, _Tp, _A0, _A1>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+//      is_constructible entry point
+
+namespace __is_construct
+{
+
+struct __nat {};
+
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0 = __is_construct::__nat,
+                     class _A1 = __is_construct::__nat>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_constructible
+    : public __is_constructible2_void_check<is_void<_Tp>::value
+                                        || is_abstract<_Tp>::value
+                                        || is_function<_Tp>::value
+                                        || is_void<_A0>::value
+                                        || is_void<_A1>::value,
+                                           _Tp, _A0, _A1>
+    {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_constructible<_Tp, __is_construct::__nat, __is_construct::__nat>
+    : public __is_constructible0_void_check<is_void<_Tp>::value
+                                        || is_abstract<_Tp>::value
+                                        || is_function<_Tp>::value,
+                                           _Tp>
+    {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_constructible<_Tp, _A0, __is_construct::__nat>
+    : public __is_constructible1_void_check<is_void<_Tp>::value
+                                        || is_abstract<_Tp>::value
+                                        || is_function<_Tp>::value
+                                        || is_void<_A0>::value,
+                                           _Tp, _A0>
+    {};
+
+//      Array types are default constructible if their element type
+//      is default constructible
+
+template <class _A, size_t _N>
+struct __is_constructible0_imp<false, _A[_N]>
+    : public is_constructible<typename remove_all_extents<_A>::type>
+    {};
+
+template <class _A, size_t _N, class _A0>
+struct __is_constructible1_imp<false, _A[_N], _A0>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+template <class _A, size_t _N, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct __is_constructible2_imp<false, _A[_N], _A0, _A1>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+//      Incomplete array types are not constructible
+
+template <class _A>
+struct __is_constructible0_imp<false, _A[]>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+template <class _A, class _A0>
+struct __is_constructible1_imp<false, _A[], _A0>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+template <class _A, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct __is_constructible2_imp<false, _A[], _A0, _A1>
+    : public false_type
+    {};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// is_default_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_default_constructible
+    : public is_constructible<_Tp>
+    {};
+
+// is_copy_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_copy_constructible
+    : public is_constructible<_Tp, const typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+    {};
+
+// is_move_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_move_constructible
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    : public is_constructible<_Tp, typename add_rvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+#else
+    : public is_copy_constructible<_Tp>
+#endif
+    {};
+
+// is_trivially_constructible
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible
+    : false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible<_Tp>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_constructor) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_constructor(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, _Tp&&>
+#else
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, _Tp>
+#endif
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, const _Tp&>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, _Tp&>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0 = __is_construct::__nat,
+                     class _A1 = __is_construct::__nat>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible
+    : false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, __is_construct::__nat,
+                                                       __is_construct::__nat>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_constructor) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_constructor(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, _Tp,
+                                                       __is_construct::__nat>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, const _Tp&,
+                                                       __is_construct::__nat>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, _Tp&,
+                                                       __is_construct::__nat>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// is_trivially_default_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_default_constructible
+    : public is_trivially_constructible<_Tp>
+    {};
+
+// is_trivially_copy_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_copy_constructible
+    : public is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, const typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+    {};
+
+// is_trivially_move_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_move_constructible
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    : public is_trivially_constructible<_Tp, typename add_rvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+#else
+    : public is_trivially_copy_constructible<_Tp>
+#endif
+    {};
+
+// is_trivially_assignable
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+struct is_trivially_assignable
+    : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_trivially_assignable<_Tp&, _Tp>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_assign) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_assign(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value> {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_trivially_assignable<_Tp&, _Tp&>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_assign) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_assign(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value> {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_trivially_assignable<_Tp&, const _Tp&>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_assign) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_assign(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value> {};
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_trivially_assignable<_Tp&, _Tp&&>
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_assign) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_assign(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value> {};
+#endif
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+// is_trivially_copy_assignable
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_copy_assignable
+    : public is_trivially_assignable<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type,
+                               const typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+    {};
+
+// is_trivially_move_assignable
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_move_assignable
+    : public is_trivially_assignable<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type,
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+                                     typename add_rvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+#else
+                                     typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+#endif
+    {};
+
+// is_trivially_destructible
+
+#if __has_feature(has_trivial_destructor) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_destructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_destructor(_Tp)> {};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_TYPE_TRAITS
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_trivial_destructor
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value ||
+                                     is_reference<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_destructible
+    : public __libcpp_trivial_destructor<typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_TYPE_TRAITS
+
+// is_nothrow_constructible
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#if __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class... _Args> struct __is_nothrow_constructible;
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct __is_nothrow_constructible<true, _Tp, _Args...>
+    : public integral_constant<bool, noexcept(_Tp(declval<_Args>()...))>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct __is_nothrow_constructible<false, _Tp, _Args...>
+    : public false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible
+    : __is_nothrow_constructible<is_constructible<_Tp, _Args...>::value, _Tp, _Args...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Ns>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp[_Ns]>
+    : __is_nothrow_constructible<is_constructible<_Tp>::value, _Tp>
+{
+};
+
+#else  // __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible
+    : false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_constructor) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_constructor(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, _Tp&&>
+#else
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, _Tp>
+#endif
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, const _Tp&>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, _Tp&>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+#endif  // __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _A0 = __is_construct::__nat,
+                     class _A1 = __is_construct::__nat>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible
+    : false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, __is_construct::__nat,
+                                                       __is_construct::__nat>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_constructor) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_constructor(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, _Tp,
+                                                       __is_construct::__nat>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, const _Tp&,
+                                                       __is_construct::__nat>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, _Tp&,
+                                                       __is_construct::__nat>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_copy) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_copy(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// is_nothrow_default_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_default_constructible
+    : public is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp>
+    {};
+
+// is_nothrow_copy_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_copy_constructible
+    : public is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, const typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+    {};
+
+// is_nothrow_move_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_move_constructible
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    : public is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, typename add_rvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+#else
+    : public is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Tp>
+#endif
+    {};
+
+// is_nothrow_assignable
+
+#if __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+template <bool, class _Tp, class _Arg> struct __is_nothrow_assignable;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+struct __is_nothrow_assignable<false, _Tp, _Arg>
+    : public false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+struct __is_nothrow_assignable<true, _Tp, _Arg>
+    : public integral_constant<bool, noexcept(_VSTD::declval<_Tp>() = _VSTD::declval<_Arg>()) >
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_assignable
+    : public __is_nothrow_assignable<is_assignable<_Tp, _Arg>::value, _Tp, _Arg>
+{
+};
+
+#else  // __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_assignable
+    : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_assignable<_Tp&, _Tp>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_assign) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_assign(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value> {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_assignable<_Tp&, _Tp&>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_assign) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_assign(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value> {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_assignable<_Tp&, const _Tp&>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_assign) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_assign(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value> {};
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_nothrow_assignable<_Tp&, _Tp&&>
+#if __has_feature(has_nothrow_assign) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __has_nothrow_assign(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value> {};
+#endif
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#endif  // __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+// is_nothrow_copy_assignable
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_copy_assignable
+    : public is_nothrow_assignable<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type,
+                               const typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+    {};
+
+// is_nothrow_move_assignable
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_move_assignable
+    : public is_nothrow_assignable<typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type,
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+                                     typename add_rvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+#else
+                                     typename add_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::type>
+#endif
+    {};
+
+// is_nothrow_destructible
+
+#if __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+template <bool, class _Tp> struct __is_nothrow_destructible;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_nothrow_destructible<false, _Tp>
+    : public false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_nothrow_destructible<true, _Tp>
+    : public integral_constant<bool, noexcept(_VSTD::declval<_Tp>().~_Tp()) >
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_destructible
+    : public __is_nothrow_destructible<is_destructible<_Tp>::value, _Tp>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Ns>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_destructible<_Tp[_Ns]>
+    : public is_nothrow_destructible<_Tp>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_destructible<_Tp&>
+    : public true_type
+{
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_destructible<_Tp&&>
+    : public true_type
+{
+};
+
+#endif
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_nothrow_destructor
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<_Tp>::value ||
+                                     is_reference<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_nothrow_destructible
+    : public __libcpp_nothrow_destructor<typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type> {};
+
+#endif
+
+// is_pod
+
+#if __has_feature(is_pod) || (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3)
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_pod
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_pod(_Tp)> {};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_TYPE_TRAITS
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_pod
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_trivially_default_constructible<_Tp>::value   &&
+                                     is_trivially_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value      &&
+                                     is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value    &&
+                                     is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_TYPE_TRAITS
+
+// is_literal_type;
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_literal_type
+#if __has_feature(is_literal)
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_literal(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type>::value ||
+                              is_reference<typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type>::value>
+#endif
+    {};
+    
+// is_standard_layout;
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_standard_layout
+#if __has_feature(is_standard_layout)
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_standard_layout(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type>::value>
+#endif
+    {};
+    
+// is_trivially_copyable;
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivially_copyable
+#if __has_feature(is_trivially_copyable)
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_copyable(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_scalar<typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type>::value>
+#endif
+    {};
+    
+// is_trivial;
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE is_trivial
+#if __has_feature(is_trivial)
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_trivial(_Tp)>
+#else
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_trivially_copyable<_Tp>::value &&
+                                 is_trivially_default_constructible<_Tp>::value>
+#endif
+    {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+// Check for complete types
+
+template <class ..._T> struct __check_complete;
+
+template <>
+struct __check_complete<>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _H, class _T0, class ..._T>
+struct __check_complete<_H, _T0, _T...>
+    : private __check_complete<_H>,
+      private __check_complete<_T0, _T...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _H>
+struct __check_complete<_H, _H>
+    : private __check_complete<_H>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _T>
+struct __check_complete<_T>
+{
+    static_assert(sizeof(_T) > 0, "Type must be complete.");
+};
+
+template <class _T>
+struct __check_complete<_T&>
+    : private __check_complete<_T>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _T>
+struct __check_complete<_T&&>
+    : private __check_complete<_T>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (*)(_Param...)>
+    : private __check_complete<_Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Param...)>
+    : private __check_complete<_Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...)>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) volatile>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const volatile>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+#if __has_feature(cxx_reference_qualified_functions)
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) &>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const&>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) volatile&>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const volatile&>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) &&>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const&&>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) volatile&&>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _R, class _Class, class ..._Param>
+struct __check_complete<_R (_Class::*)(_Param...) const volatile&&>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class, _Param...>
+{
+};
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _R, class _Class>
+struct __check_complete<_R _Class::*>
+    : private __check_complete<_Class>
+{
+};
+
+// __invoke forward declarations
+
+// fall back - none of the bullets
+
+template <class ..._Args>
+auto
+__invoke(__any, _Args&& ...__args)
+    -> __nat;
+
+// bullets 1 and 2
+
+template <class _F, class _A0, class ..._Args>
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args)
+    -> decltype((_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0).*__f)(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+
+template <class _F, class _A0, class ..._Args>
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _A0&& __a0, _Args&& ...__args)
+    -> decltype(((*_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0)).*__f)(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+
+// bullets 3 and 4
+
+template <class _F, class _A0>
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _A0&& __a0)
+    -> decltype(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0).*__f);
+
+template <class _F, class _A0>
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _A0&& __a0)
+    -> decltype((*_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0)).*__f);
+
+// bullet 5
+
+template <class _F, class ..._Args>
+auto
+__invoke(_F&& __f, _Args&& ...__args)
+    -> decltype(_VSTD::forward<_F>(__f)(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+
+// __invokable
+
+template <class _F, class ..._Args>
+struct __invokable_imp
+    : private __check_complete<_F, _Args...>
+{
+    typedef decltype(
+            __invoke(_VSTD::declval<_F>(), _VSTD::declval<_Args>()...)
+                    ) type;
+    static const bool value = !is_same<type, __nat>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _F, class ..._Args>
+struct __invokable
+    : public integral_constant<bool,
+          __invokable_imp<_F, _Args...>::value>
+{
+};
+
+// __invoke_of
+
+template <bool _Invokable, class _F, class ..._Args>
+struct __invoke_of_imp  // false
+{
+};
+
+template <class _F, class ..._Args>
+struct __invoke_of_imp<true, _F, _Args...>
+{
+    typedef typename __invokable_imp<_F, _Args...>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _F, class ..._Args>
+struct __invoke_of
+    : public __invoke_of_imp<__invokable<_F, _Args...>::value, _F, _Args...>
+{
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+typename enable_if
+<
+    is_move_constructible<_Tp>::value &&
+    is_move_assignable<_Tp>::value
+>::type
+#else
+void
+#endif
+swap(_Tp& __x, _Tp& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Tp>::value &&
+                                    is_nothrow_move_assignable<_Tp>::value)
+{
+    _Tp __t(_VSTD::move(__x));
+    __x = _VSTD::move(__y);
+    __y = _VSTD::move(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+iter_swap(_ForwardIterator1 __a, _ForwardIterator2 __b)
+    //                                  _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(swap(*__a, *__b)))
+               _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(swap(*_VSTD::declval<_ForwardIterator1>(),
+                                          *_VSTD::declval<_ForwardIterator2>())))
+{
+    swap(*__a, *__b);
+}
+
+// __swappable
+
+namespace __detail
+{
+
+using _VSTD::swap;
+__nat swap(__any, __any);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __swappable
+{
+    typedef decltype(swap(_VSTD::declval<_Tp&>(), _VSTD::declval<_Tp&>())) type;
+    static const bool value = !is_same<type, __nat>::value;
+};
+
+}  // __detail
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_swappable
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __detail::__swappable<_Tp>::value>
+{
+};
+
+#if __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+template <bool, class _Tp>
+struct __is_nothrow_swappable_imp
+    : public integral_constant<bool, noexcept(swap(_VSTD::declval<_Tp&>(),
+                                                   _VSTD::declval<_Tp&>()))>
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_nothrow_swappable_imp<false, _Tp>
+    : public false_type
+{
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_nothrow_swappable
+    : public __is_nothrow_swappable_imp<__is_swappable<_Tp>::value, _Tp>
+{
+};
+
+#else  // __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_nothrow_swappable
+    : public false_type
+{
+};
+
+#endif  // __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+
+#ifdef _LIBCXX_UNDERLYING_TYPE
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct underlying_type
+{
+    typedef _LIBCXX_UNDERLYING_TYPE(_Tp) type;
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCXX_UNDERLYING_TYPE
+
+template <class _Tp, bool _Support = false>
+struct underlying_type
+{
+    static_assert(_Support, "The underyling_type trait requires compiler "
+                            "support. Either no such support exists or "
+                            "libc++ does not know how to use it.");
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCXX_UNDERLYING_TYPE
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_TYPE_TRAITS
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/typeindex b/system/include/libcxx/typeindex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fb1513c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/typeindex
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- typeindex ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_TYPEINDEX
+#define _LIBCPP_TYPEINDEX
+
+/*
+
+    typeindex synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class type_index
+{
+public:
+    type_index(const type_info& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    bool operator==(const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator!=(const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator< (const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator<=(const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator> (const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator>=(const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+
+    size_t hash_code() const noexcept;
+    const char* name() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct hash<type_index>
+    : public unary_function<type_index, size_t>
+{
+    size_t operator()(type_index index) const noexcept;
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <__functional_base>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE type_index
+{
+    const type_info* __t_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    type_index(const type_info& __y) _NOEXCEPT : __t_(&__y) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return *__t_ == *__y.__t_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return *__t_ != *__y.__t_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator< (const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return  __t_->before(*__y.__t_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator<=(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return !__y.__t_->before(*__t_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator> (const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return  __y.__t_->before(*__t_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator>=(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return !__t_->before(*__y.__t_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT {return __t_->hash_code();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT {return __t_->name();}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash;
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<type_index>
+    : public unary_function<type_index, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(type_index __index) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __index.hash_code();}
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_TYPEINDEX
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/typeinfo b/system/include/libcxx/typeinfo
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..310c482c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/typeinfo
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- typeinfo ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef __LIBCPP_TYPEINFO
+#define __LIBCPP_TYPEINFO
+
+/*
+
+    typeinfo synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+
+class type_info
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~type_info();
+
+    bool operator==(const type_info& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator!=(const type_info& rhs) const noexcept;
+
+    bool before(const type_info& rhs) const noexcept;
+    size_t hash_code() const noexcept;
+    const char* name() const noexcept;
+
+    type_info(const type_info& rhs) = delete;
+    type_info& operator=(const type_info& rhs) = delete;
+};
+
+class bad_cast
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_cast() noexcept;
+    bad_cast(const bad_cast&) noexcept;
+    bad_cast& operator=(const bad_cast&) noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+class bad_typeid
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_typeid() noexcept;
+    bad_typeid(const bad_typeid&) noexcept;
+    bad_typeid& operator=(const bad_typeid&) noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <exception>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+namespace std  // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI type_info
+{
+    type_info& operator=(const type_info&);
+    type_info(const type_info&);
+protected:
+    const char* __type_name;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit type_info(const char* __n)
+        : __type_name(__n) {}
+
+public:
+    virtual ~type_info();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT {return __type_name;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool before(const type_info& __arg) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __type_name < __arg.__type_name;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return *reinterpret_cast<const size_t*>(&__type_name);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator==(const type_info& __arg) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __type_name == __arg.__type_name;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator!=(const type_info& __arg) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return !operator==(__arg);}
+
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI bad_cast
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_cast() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual ~bad_cast() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI bad_typeid
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_typeid() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual ~bad_typeid() _NOEXCEPT;
+    virtual const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+#endif  // __LIBCPP_TYPEINFO
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/unordered_map b/system/include/libcxx/unordered_map
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb30fc87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/unordered_map
@@ -0,0 +1,1793 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- unordered_map -----------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_MAP
+#define _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_MAP
+
+/*
+
+    unordered_map synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class unordered_map
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Key                                                        key_type;
+    typedef T                                                          mapped_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ local_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_local_iterator;
+
+    unordered_map()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit unordered_map(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        unordered_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 0, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    explicit unordered_map(const allocator_type&);
+    unordered_map(const unordered_map&);
+    unordered_map(const unordered_map&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_map(unordered_map&&)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    unordered_map(unordered_map&&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type>, size_type n = 0,
+                  const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                  const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    ~unordered_map();
+    unordered_map& operator=(const unordered_map&);
+    unordered_map& operator=(unordered_map&&)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+    unordered_map& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    bool      empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()    const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class P>
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert(P&& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& obj);
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator hint, P&& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void swap(unordered_map&)
+        noexcept(
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value) &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<hasher>::value &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_equal>::value);
+
+    hasher hash_function() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& k);
+    mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& k);
+
+    mapped_type&       at(const key_type& k);
+    const mapped_type& at(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type n) const;
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type n);
+    local_iterator       end(size_type n);
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type n) const;
+
+    float load_factor() const noexcept;
+    float max_load_factor() const noexcept;
+    void max_load_factor(float z);
+    void rehash(size_type n);
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y)
+              noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class unordered_multimap
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Key                                                        key_type;
+    typedef T                                                          mapped_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ local_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_local_iterator;
+
+    unordered_multimap()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit unordered_multimap(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        unordered_multimap(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 0, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    explicit unordered_multimap(const allocator_type&);
+    unordered_multimap(const unordered_multimap&);
+    unordered_multimap(const unordered_multimap&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_multimap(unordered_multimap&&)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    unordered_multimap(unordered_multimap&&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type>, size_type n = 0,
+                  const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                  const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    ~unordered_multimap();
+    unordered_multimap& operator=(const unordered_multimap&);
+    unordered_multimap& operator=(unordered_multimap&&)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+    unordered_multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    bool      empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()    const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(P&& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& obj);
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator hint, P&& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void swap(unordered_multimap&)
+        noexcept(
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value) &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<hasher>::value &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_equal>::value);
+
+    hasher hash_function() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type n) const;
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type n);
+    local_iterator       end(size_type n);
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type n) const;
+
+    float load_factor() const noexcept;
+    float max_load_factor() const noexcept;
+    void max_load_factor(float z);
+    void rehash(size_type n);
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y)
+              noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__hash_table>
+#include <functional>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, bool = is_empty<_Hash>::value>
+class __unordered_map_hasher
+    : private _Hash
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __unordered_map_hasher()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Hash>::value)
+        : _Hash() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __unordered_map_hasher(const _Hash& __h)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Hash>::value)
+        : _Hash(__h) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _Hash& hash_function() const _NOEXCEPT {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Hash&>(*this)(__x.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Hash&>(*this)(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash>
+class __unordered_map_hasher<_Tp, _Hash, false>
+{
+    _Hash __hash_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __unordered_map_hasher()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Hash>::value)
+        : __hash_() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __unordered_map_hasher(const _Hash& __h)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Hash>::value)
+        : __hash_(__h) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _Hash& hash_function() const _NOEXCEPT {return __hash_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return __hash_(__x.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x) const
+        {return __hash_(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Pred, bool = is_empty<_Pred>::value>
+class __unordered_map_equal
+    : private _Pred
+{
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __unordered_map_equal()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Pred>::value)
+        : _Pred() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __unordered_map_equal(const _Pred& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Pred>::value)
+        : _Pred(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _Pred& key_eq() const _NOEXCEPT {return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x.first, __y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x,
+                    const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const
+        {return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Pred>
+class __unordered_map_equal<_Tp, _Pred, false>
+{
+    _Pred __pred_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __unordered_map_equal()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Pred>::value)
+        : __pred_() {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __unordered_map_equal(const _Pred& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Pred>::value)
+        : __pred_(__p) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _Pred& key_eq() const _NOEXCEPT {return __pred_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __pred_(__x.first, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __pred_(__x, __y.first);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const
+        {return __pred_(__x.first, __y);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x,
+                    const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const
+        {return __pred_(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __hash_map_node_destructor
+{
+    typedef _Alloc                              allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>    __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::value_type::value_type value_type;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer    pointer;
+private:
+    typedef typename value_type::first_type     first_type;
+    typedef typename value_type::second_type    second_type;
+
+    allocator_type& __na_;
+
+    __hash_map_node_destructor& operator=(const __hash_map_node_destructor&);
+
+public:
+    bool __first_constructed;
+    bool __second_constructed;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __hash_map_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __na_(__na),
+          __first_constructed(false),
+          __second_constructed(false)
+        {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_node_destructor(__hash_node_destructor<allocator_type>&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        : __na_(__x.__na_),
+          __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed),
+          __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed)
+        {
+            __x.__value_constructed = false;
+        }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_node_destructor(const __hash_node_destructor<allocator_type>& __x)
+        : __na_(__x.__na_),
+          __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed),
+          __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed)
+        {
+            const_cast<bool&>(__x.__value_constructed) = false;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (__second_constructed)
+            __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_.second));
+        if (__first_constructed)
+            __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _VSTD::addressof(__p->__value_.first));
+        if (__p)
+            __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_iterator
+{
+    _HashIterator __i_;
+
+    typedef pointer_traits<typename _HashIterator::pointer>      __pointer_traits;
+    typedef const typename _HashIterator::value_type::first_type key_type;
+    typedef typename _HashIterator::value_type::second_type      mapped_type;
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                                 iterator_category;
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef typename _HashIterator::difference_type              difference_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                          reference;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                                 pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_iterator(_HashIterator __i) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__i) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return *operator->();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return (pointer)__i_.operator->();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_iterator& operator++() {++__i_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __hash_map_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const __hash_map_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const __hash_map_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;}
+
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_map;
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_multimap;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_iterator;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_local_iterator;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_map_const_iterator
+{
+    _HashIterator __i_;
+
+    typedef pointer_traits<typename _HashIterator::pointer>      __pointer_traits;
+    typedef const typename _HashIterator::value_type::first_type key_type;
+    typedef typename _HashIterator::value_type::second_type      mapped_type;
+public:
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                                 iterator_category;
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef typename _HashIterator::difference_type              difference_type;
+    typedef const value_type&                                    reference;
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind<const value_type>
+#else
+            rebind<const value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                                 pointer;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_const_iterator(_HashIterator __i) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__i) {}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_const_iterator(
+            __hash_map_iterator<typename _HashIterator::__non_const_iterator> __i)
+                 _NOEXCEPT
+                : __i_(__i.__i_) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference operator*() const {return *operator->();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer operator->() const {return (pointer)__i_.operator->();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_const_iterator& operator++() {++__i_; return *this;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __hash_map_const_iterator operator++(int)
+    {
+        __hash_map_const_iterator __t(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return __t;
+    }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator==(const __hash_map_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;}
+    friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        bool operator!=(const __hash_map_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_const_iterator& __y)
+        {return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;}
+
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_map;
+    template <class, class, class, class, class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_multimap;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_iterator;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE __hash_const_local_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash = hash<_Key>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Key>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_map
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Key                                           key_type;
+    typedef _Tp                                            mapped_type;
+    typedef _Hash                                          hasher;
+    typedef _Pred                                          key_equal;
+    typedef _Alloc                                         allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>              value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                    reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                              const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                    __value_type;
+    typedef __unordered_map_hasher<__value_type, hasher>   __hasher;
+    typedef __unordered_map_equal<__value_type, key_equal> __key_equal;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                           __allocator_type;
+
+    typedef __hash_table<__value_type, __hasher,
+                         __key_equal,  __allocator_type>   __table;
+
+    __table __table_;
+
+    typedef typename __table::__node_pointer               __node_pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::__node_const_pointer         __node_const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::__node_traits                __node_traits;
+    typedef typename __table::__node_allocator             __node_allocator;
+    typedef typename __table::__node                       __node;
+    typedef __hash_map_node_destructor<__node_allocator>   _D;
+    typedef unique_ptr<__node, _D>                         __node_holder;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>               __alloc_traits;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::iterator>       iterator;
+    typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+    typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::local_iterator> local_iterator;
+    typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_local_iterator> const_local_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unordered_map()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__table>::value)
+        {} // = default;
+    explicit unordered_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    unordered_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                  const key_equal& __eql,
+                  const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                      const key_equal& __eql,
+                      const allocator_type& __a);
+    explicit unordered_map(const allocator_type& __a);
+    unordered_map(const unordered_map& __u);
+    unordered_map(const unordered_map& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unordered_map(unordered_map&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value);
+    unordered_map(unordered_map&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n,
+                  const hasher& __hf = hasher(), const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n,
+                  const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+                  const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    // ~unordered_map() = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unordered_map& operator=(const unordered_map& __u)
+    {
+        __table_ = __u.__table_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unordered_map& operator=(unordered_map&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value);
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    unordered_map& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT  {return __table_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin() _NOEXCEPT        {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end() _NOEXCEPT          {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin()  const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()    const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend()   const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.end();}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, bool> emplace()
+        {return __table_.__emplace_unique();}
+
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(_A0&& __a0)
+            {return __table_.__emplace_unique(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(_A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator)
+        {return __table_.__emplace_unique().first;}
+
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator, _A0&& __a0)
+            {return __table_.__emplace_unique(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0)).first;}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator, _A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args)
+            {return emplace(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0),
+                            _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...).first;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __x)
+        {return __table_.__insert_unique(__x);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _P>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert(_P&& __x)
+            {return __table_.__insert_unique(_VSTD::forward<_P>(__x));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x)
+        {return insert(__x).first;}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _P>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator insert(const_iterator, _P&& __x)
+            {return insert(_VSTD::forward<_P>(__x)).first;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p) {return __table_.erase(__p.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __table_.__erase_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+        {return __table_.erase(__first.__i_, __last.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {__table_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(unordered_map& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__table>::value)
+        {__table_.swap(__u.__table_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hasher hash_function() const
+        {return __table_.hash_function().hash_function();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_equal key_eq() const
+        {return __table_.key_eq().key_eq();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       find(const key_type& __k)       {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type count(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.__count_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+
+    mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& __k);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& __k);
+#endif
+
+    mapped_type&       at(const key_type& __k);
+    const mapped_type& at(const key_type& __k) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.bucket_count();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_bucket_count();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const
+        {return __table_.bucket_size(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.bucket(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type __n)        {return __table_.begin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    local_iterator       end(size_type __n)          {return __table_.end(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type __n) const  {return __table_.cbegin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type __n) const    {return __table_.cend(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const {return __table_.cbegin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const   {return __table_.cend(__n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.load_factor();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_load_factor();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void max_load_factor(float __mlf) {__table_.max_load_factor(__mlf);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void rehash(size_type __n) {__table_.rehash(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reserve(size_type __n) {__table_.reserve(__n);}
+
+private:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_A0&& __a0);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __node_holder __construct_node(const key_type& __k);
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__a)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        const unordered_map& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        const unordered_map& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        unordered_map&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value)
+    : __table_(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_))
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        unordered_map&& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_), __a)
+{
+    if (__a != __u.get_allocator())
+    {
+        iterator __i = __u.begin();
+        while (__u.size() != 0)
+            __table_.__insert_unique(
+                _VSTD::move(__u.__table_.remove((__i++).__i_)->__value_)
+                                    );
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+        const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+        const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(unordered_map&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value)
+{
+    __table_ = _VSTD::move(__u.__table_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    __table_.__assign_unique(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+          class // = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__construct_node(_A0&& __a0,
+                                                                 _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __table_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.first),
+                             _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.second),
+                             _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _A0,
+          class // = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__construct_node(_A0&& __a0)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __table_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_),
+                             _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+          class // = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+pair<typename unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::iterator, bool>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::emplace(_A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0),
+                                         _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    pair<iterator, bool> __r = __table_.__node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+    if (__r.second)
+        __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+typename unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__construct_node(const key_type& __k)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __table_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.first), __k);
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.second));
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return _VSTD::move(__h);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                       _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __table_.__insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_Tp&
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator[](const key_type& __k)
+{
+    iterator __i = find(__k);
+    if (__i != end())
+        return __i->second;
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(__k);
+    pair<iterator, bool> __r = __table_.__node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r.first->second;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_Tp&
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator[](key_type&& __k)
+{
+    iterator __i = find(__k);
+    if (__i != end())
+        return __i->second;
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::move(__k));
+    pair<iterator, bool> __r = __table_.__node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r.first->second;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_Tp&
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::at(const key_type& __k)
+{
+    iterator __i = find(__k);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__i == end())
+        throw out_of_range("unordered_map::at: key not found");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __i->second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+const _Tp&
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::at(const key_type& __k) const
+{
+    const_iterator __i = find(__k);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__i == end())
+        throw out_of_range("unordered_map::at: key not found");
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return __i->second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+     unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+bool
+operator==(const unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+        return false;
+    typedef typename unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+                                                                 const_iterator;
+    for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(), __ey = __y.end();
+            __i != __ex; ++__i)
+    {
+        const_iterator __j = __y.find(__i->first);
+        if (__j == __ey || !(*__i == *__j))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash = hash<_Key>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Key>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_multimap
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Key                                           key_type;
+    typedef _Tp                                            mapped_type;
+    typedef _Hash                                          hasher;
+    typedef _Pred                                          key_equal;
+    typedef _Alloc                                         allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>              value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                    reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                              const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef pair<key_type, mapped_type>                    __value_type;
+    typedef __unordered_map_hasher<__value_type, hasher>   __hasher;
+    typedef __unordered_map_equal<__value_type, key_equal> __key_equal;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>
+#else
+            rebind_alloc<__value_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                           __allocator_type;
+
+    typedef __hash_table<__value_type, __hasher,
+                         __key_equal,  __allocator_type>   __table;
+
+    __table __table_;
+
+    typedef typename __table::__node_traits                __node_traits;
+    typedef typename __table::__node_allocator             __node_allocator;
+    typedef typename __table::__node                       __node;
+    typedef __hash_map_node_destructor<__node_allocator>   _D;
+    typedef unique_ptr<__node, _D>                         __node_holder;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>               __alloc_traits;
+public:
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::iterator>       iterator;
+    typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+    typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::local_iterator> local_iterator;
+    typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_local_iterator> const_local_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unordered_multimap()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__table>::value)
+        {} // = default;
+    explicit unordered_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    unordered_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                                const key_equal& __eql,
+                                const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                      const key_equal& __eql,
+                      const allocator_type& __a);
+    explicit unordered_multimap(const allocator_type& __a);
+    unordered_multimap(const unordered_multimap& __u);
+    unordered_multimap(const unordered_multimap& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unordered_multimap(unordered_multimap&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value);
+    unordered_multimap(unordered_multimap&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n,
+                       const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                       const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n,
+                       const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+                       const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    // ~unordered_multimap() = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unordered_multimap& operator=(const unordered_multimap& __u)
+    {
+        __table_ = __u.__table_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unordered_multimap& operator=(unordered_multimap&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value);
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    unordered_multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT  {return __table_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin() _NOEXCEPT        {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end() _NOEXCEPT          {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin()  const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()    const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend()   const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.end();}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator emplace()
+        {return __table_.__emplace_multi();}
+
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace(_A0&& __a0)
+            {return __table_.__emplace_multi(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        iterator emplace(_A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args);
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p)
+        {return __table_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p.__i_);}
+
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _A0&& __a0)
+            {return __table_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p.__i_, _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const value_type& __x) {return __table_.__insert_multi(__x);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _P>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator insert(_P&& __x)
+            {return __table_.__insert_multi(_VSTD::forward<_P>(__x));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __x)
+        {return __table_.__insert_multi(__p.__i_, __x);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _P,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _P>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator insert(const_iterator __p, _P&& __x)
+            {return __table_.__insert_multi(__p.__i_, _VSTD::forward<_P>(__x));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p) {return __table_.erase(__p.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __table_.__erase_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+        {return __table_.erase(__first.__i_, __last.__i_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {__table_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(unordered_multimap& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__table>::value)
+        {__table_.swap(__u.__table_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hasher hash_function() const
+        {return __table_.hash_function().hash_function();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_equal key_eq() const
+        {return __table_.key_eq().key_eq();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       find(const key_type& __k)       {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type count(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.__count_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.bucket_count();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __table_.max_bucket_count();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const
+        {return __table_.bucket_size(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.bucket(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type __n)        {return __table_.begin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    local_iterator       end(size_type __n)          {return __table_.end(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type __n) const  {return __table_.cbegin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type __n) const    {return __table_.cend(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const {return __table_.cbegin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const   {return __table_.cend(__n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.load_factor();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_load_factor();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void max_load_factor(float __mlf) {__table_.max_load_factor(__mlf);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void rehash(size_type __n) {__table_.rehash(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reserve(size_type __n) {__table_.reserve(__n);}
+
+private:
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args);
+    template <class _A0,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type>
+        __node_holder __construct_node(_A0&& __a0);
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__a)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        const unordered_multimap& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        const unordered_multimap& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        unordered_multimap&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value)
+    : __table_(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_))
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        unordered_multimap&& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_), __a)
+{
+    if (__a != __u.get_allocator())
+    {
+        iterator __i = __u.begin();
+        while (__u.size() != 0)
+{
+            __table_.__insert_multi(
+                _VSTD::move(__u.__table_.remove((__i++).__i_)->__value_)
+                                   );
+}
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+        const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+        const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(unordered_multimap&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value)
+{
+    __table_ = _VSTD::move(__u.__table_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    __table_.__assign_multi(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+          class // = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__construct_node(
+        _A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __table_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.first),
+                             _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_.second),
+                             _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _A0,
+          class // = typename enable_if<is_constructible<value_type, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__construct_node(_A0&& __a0)
+{
+    __node_allocator& __na = __table_.__node_alloc();
+    __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _D(__na));
+    __node_traits::construct(__na, _VSTD::addressof(__h->__value_),
+                             _VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0));
+    __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+    __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+    return __h;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+          class // = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::iterator
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::emplace(_A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0),
+                                         _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    iterator __r = __table_.__node_insert_multi(__h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _A0, class... _Args,
+          class // = typename enable_if<is_constructible<key_type, _A0>::value>::type
+         >
+typename unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::iterator
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::emplace_hint(
+        const_iterator __p, _A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_VSTD::forward<_A0>(__a0),
+                                         _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    iterator __r = __table_.__node_insert_multi(__p.__i_, __h.get());
+    __h.release();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                            _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __table_.__insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+     unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+bool
+operator==(const unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+        return false;
+    typedef typename unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+                                                                 const_iterator;
+    typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _EqRng;
+    for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(); __i != __ex;)
+    {
+        _EqRng __xeq = __x.equal_range(__i->first);
+        _EqRng __yeq = __y.equal_range(__i->first);
+        if (_VSTD::distance(__xeq.first, __xeq.second) !=
+            _VSTD::distance(__yeq.first, __yeq.second) ||
+                  !_VSTD::is_permutation(__xeq.first, __xeq.second, __yeq.first))
+            return false;
+        __i = __xeq.second;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_MAP
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/unordered_set b/system/include/libcxx/unordered_set
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7615fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/unordered_set
@@ -0,0 +1,1142 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- unordered_set -----------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_SET
+#define _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_SET
+
+/*
+
+    unordered_set synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Value, class Hash = hash<Value>, class Pred = equal_to<Value>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<Value>>
+class unordered_set
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Value                                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ local_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_local_iterator;
+
+    unordered_set()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit unordered_set(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        unordered_set(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 0, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    explicit unordered_set(const allocator_type&);
+    unordered_set(const unordered_set&);
+    unordered_set(const unordered_set&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_set(unordered_set&&)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    unordered_set(unordered_set&&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type>, size_type n = 0,
+                  const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                  const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    ~unordered_set();
+    unordered_set& operator=(const unordered_set&);
+    unordered_set& operator=(unordered_set&&)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+    unordered_set& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    bool      empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()    const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj);
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type&& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void swap(unordered_set&)
+        noexcept(
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value) &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<hasher>::value &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_equal>::value);
+
+    hasher hash_function() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type n) const;
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type n);
+    local_iterator       end(size_type n);
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type n) const;
+
+    float load_factor() const noexcept;
+    float max_load_factor() const noexcept;
+    void max_load_factor(float z);
+    void rehash(size_type n);
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y)
+              noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash = hash<Value>, class Pred = equal_to<Value>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<Value>>
+class unordered_multiset
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Value                                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ local_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_local_iterator;
+
+    unordered_multiset()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit unordered_multiset(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        unordered_multiset(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 0, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    explicit unordered_multiset(const allocator_type&);
+    unordered_multiset(const unordered_multiset&);
+    unordered_multiset(const unordered_multiset&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_multiset(unordered_multiset&&)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    unordered_multiset(unordered_multiset&&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type>, size_type n = /see below/,
+                  const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                  const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    ~unordered_multiset();
+    unordered_multiset& operator=(const unordered_multiset&);
+    unordered_multiset& operator=(unordered_multiset&&)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+    unordered_multiset& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    bool      empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()    const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const value_type& obj);
+    iterator insert(value_type&& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type&& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void swap(unordered_multiset&)
+        noexcept(
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value) &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<hasher>::value &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_equal>::value);
+
+    hasher hash_function() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type n) const;
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type n);
+    local_iterator       end(size_type n);
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type n) const;
+
+    float load_factor() const noexcept;
+    float max_load_factor() const noexcept;
+    void max_load_factor(float z);
+    void rehash(size_type n);
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y)
+              noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__hash_table>
+#include <functional>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash = hash<_Value>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Value>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<_Value> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_set
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Value                                                     key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef _Hash                                                      hasher;
+    typedef _Pred                                                      key_equal;
+    typedef _Alloc                                                     allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef __hash_table<value_type, hasher, key_equal, allocator_type> __table;
+
+    __table __table_;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename __table::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __table::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef typename __table::const_iterator       iterator;
+    typedef typename __table::const_iterator       const_iterator;
+    typedef typename __table::const_local_iterator local_iterator;
+    typedef typename __table::const_local_iterator const_local_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unordered_set()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__table>::value)
+        {} // = default;
+    explicit unordered_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    unordered_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+                  const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+                      const allocator_type& __a);
+    explicit unordered_set(const allocator_type& __a);
+    unordered_set(const unordered_set& __u);
+    unordered_set(const unordered_set& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unordered_set(unordered_set&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value);
+    unordered_set(unordered_set&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n,
+                  const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                  const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n,
+                  const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+                  const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    // ~unordered_set() = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unordered_set& operator=(const unordered_set& __u)
+    {
+        __table_ = __u.__table_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unordered_set& operator=(unordered_set&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value);
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    unordered_set& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT  {return __table_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin() _NOEXCEPT        {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end() _NOEXCEPT          {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin()  const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()    const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend()   const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.end();}
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(_Args&&... __args)
+            {return __table_.__emplace_unique(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator, _Args&&... __args)
+            {return __table_.__emplace_unique(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...).first;}
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __x)
+        {return __table_.__insert_unique(__x);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& __x)
+        {return __table_.__insert_unique(_VSTD::move(__x));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x)
+        {return insert(__x).first;}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator, value_type&& __x)
+        {return insert(_VSTD::move(__x)).first;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p) {return __table_.erase(__p);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __table_.__erase_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+        {return __table_.erase(__first, __last);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {__table_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(unordered_set& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__table>::value)
+        {__table_.swap(__u.__table_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hasher hash_function() const {return __table_.hash_function();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_equal key_eq() const {return __table_.key_eq();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       find(const key_type& __k)       {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type count(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.__count_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.bucket_count();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_bucket_count();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const {return __table_.bucket_size(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.bucket(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type __n)        {return __table_.begin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    local_iterator       end(size_type __n)          {return __table_.end(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type __n) const  {return __table_.cbegin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type __n) const    {return __table_.cend(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const {return __table_.cbegin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const   {return __table_.cend(__n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.load_factor();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_load_factor();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void max_load_factor(float __mlf) {__table_.max_load_factor(__mlf);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void rehash(size_type __n) {__table_.rehash(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reserve(size_type __n) {__table_.reserve(__n);}
+};
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__a)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        const unordered_set& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        const unordered_set& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        unordered_set&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value)
+    : __table_(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_))
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        unordered_set&& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_), __a)
+{
+    if (__a != __u.get_allocator())
+    {
+        iterator __i = __u.begin();
+        while (__u.size() != 0)
+            __table_.__insert_unique(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_.remove(__i++)->__value_));
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+        const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+        const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(unordered_set&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value)
+{
+    __table_ = _VSTD::move(__u.__table_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    __table_.__assign_unique(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                    _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __table_.__insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+     unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+bool
+operator==(const unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+        return false;
+    typedef typename unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+                                                                 const_iterator;
+    for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(), __ey = __y.end();
+            __i != __ex; ++__i)
+    {
+        const_iterator __j = __y.find(*__i);
+        if (__j == __ey || !(*__i == *__j))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash = hash<_Value>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Value>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<_Value> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE unordered_multiset
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef _Value                                                     key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef _Hash                                                      hasher;
+    typedef _Pred                                                      key_equal;
+    typedef _Alloc                                                     allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+
+private:
+    typedef __hash_table<value_type, hasher, key_equal, allocator_type> __table;
+
+    __table __table_;
+
+public:
+    typedef typename __table::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename __table::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __table::difference_type difference_type;
+
+    typedef typename __table::const_iterator       iterator;
+    typedef typename __table::const_iterator       const_iterator;
+    typedef typename __table::const_local_iterator local_iterator;
+    typedef typename __table::const_local_iterator const_local_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unordered_multiset()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__table>::value)
+        {} // = default
+    explicit unordered_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    unordered_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+                       const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        unordered_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+                      size_type __n , const hasher& __hf,
+                      const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+    explicit unordered_multiset(const allocator_type& __a);
+    unordered_multiset(const unordered_multiset& __u);
+    unordered_multiset(const unordered_multiset& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unordered_multiset(unordered_multiset&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value);
+    unordered_multiset(unordered_multiset&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n,
+                       const hasher& __hf = hasher(),
+                       const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+    unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n,
+                       const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+                       const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    // ~unordered_multiset() = default;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    unordered_multiset& operator=(const unordered_multiset& __u)
+    {
+        __table_ = __u.__table_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    unordered_multiset& operator=(unordered_multiset&& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value);
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    unordered_multiset& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool      empty() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.size() == 0;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT  {return __table_.size();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       begin() _NOEXCEPT        {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       end() _NOEXCEPT          {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin()  const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()    const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator cend()   const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.end();}
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace(_Args&&... __args)
+            {return __table_.__emplace_multi(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+    template <class... _Args>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args)
+            {return __table_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p, _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);}
+#endif  // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS)
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const value_type& __x) {return __table_.__insert_multi(__x);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(value_type&& __x) {return __table_.__insert_multi(_VSTD::move(__x));}
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __x)
+        {return __table_.__insert_multi(__p, __x);}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __x)
+        {return __table_.__insert_multi(__p, _VSTD::move(__x));}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __p) {return __table_.erase(__p);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type erase(const key_type& __k) {return __table_.__erase_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+        {return __table_.erase(__first, __last);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {__table_.clear();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void swap(unordered_multiset& __u)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<__table>::value)
+        {__table_.swap(__u.__table_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    hasher hash_function() const {return __table_.hash_function();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    key_equal key_eq() const {return __table_.key_eq();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       find(const key_type& __k)       {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.find(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type count(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.__count_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& __k)
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const
+        {return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.bucket_count();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_bucket_count();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const {return __table_.bucket_size(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& __k) const {return __table_.bucket(__k);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type __n)        {return __table_.begin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    local_iterator       end(size_type __n)          {return __table_.end(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type __n) const  {return __table_.cbegin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type __n) const    {return __table_.cend(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const {return __table_.cbegin(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const   {return __table_.cend(__n);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.load_factor();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    float max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {return __table_.max_load_factor();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void max_load_factor(float __mlf) {__table_.max_load_factor(__mlf);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void rehash(size_type __n) {__table_.rehash(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void reserve(size_type __n) {__table_.reserve(__n);}
+};
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql,
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n,
+        const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__a)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        const unordered_multiset& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        const unordered_multiset& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__u.bucket_count());
+    insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        unordered_multiset&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value)
+    : __table_(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_))
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        unordered_multiset&& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_), __a)
+{
+    if (__a != __u.get_allocator())
+    {
+        iterator __i = __u.begin();
+        while (__u.size() != 0)
+            __table_.__insert_multi(_VSTD::move(__u.__table_.remove(__i++)->__value_));
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+        const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf,
+        const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a)
+{
+    __table_.rehash(__n);
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(
+        unordered_multiset&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value)
+{
+    __table_ = _VSTD::move(__u.__table_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(
+        initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    __table_.__assign_multi(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first,
+                                                         _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        __table_.__insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+     unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+bool
+operator==(const unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+        return false;
+    typedef typename unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+                                                                 const_iterator;
+    typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _EqRng;
+    for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(); __i != __ex;)
+    {
+        _EqRng __xeq = __x.equal_range(*__i);
+        _EqRng __yeq = __y.equal_range(*__i);
+        if (_VSTD::distance(__xeq.first, __xeq.second) !=
+            _VSTD::distance(__yeq.first, __yeq.second) ||
+                  !_VSTD::is_permutation(__xeq.first, __xeq.second, __yeq.first))
+            return false;
+        __i = __xeq.second;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+           const unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_SET
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/utility b/system/include/libcxx/utility
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..358fe765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/utility
@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- utility -----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_UTILITY
+#define _LIBCPP_UTILITY
+
+/*
+    utility synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T>
+    void
+    swap(T& a, T& b);
+
+namespace rel_ops
+{
+    template<class T> bool operator!=(const T&, const T&);
+    template<class T> bool operator> (const T&, const T&);
+    template<class T> bool operator<=(const T&, const T&);
+    template<class T> bool operator>=(const T&, const T&);
+}
+
+template<class T>
+void
+swap(T& a, T& b) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value &&
+                          is_nothrow_move_assignable<T>::value);
+
+template <class T, size_t N>
+void
+swap(T (&a)[N], T (&b)[N]) noexcept(noexcept(swap(*a, *b)));
+
+template <class T> T&& forward(typename remove_reference<T>::type& t) noexcept;
+template <class T> T&& forward(typename remove_reference<T>::type&& t) noexcept;
+
+template <class T> typename remove_reference<T>::type&& move(T&&) noexcept;
+
+template <class T>
+    typename conditional
+    <
+        !is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value && is_copy_constructible<T>::value,
+        const T&,
+        T&&
+    >::type
+    move_if_noexcept(T& x) noexcept;
+
+template <class T> typename add_rvalue_reference<T>::type declval() noexcept;
+
+template <class T1, class T2>
+struct pair
+{
+    typedef T1 first_type;
+    typedef T2 second_type;
+
+    T1 first;
+    T2 second;
+
+    pair(const pair&) = default;
+    pair(pair&&) = default;
+    constexpr pair();
+    pair(const T1& x, const T2& y);
+    template <class U, class V> pair(U&& x, V&& y);
+    template <class U, class V> pair(const pair<U, V>& p);
+    template <class U, class V> pair(pair<U, V>&& p);
+    template <class... Args1, class... Args2>
+        pair(piecewise_construct_t, tuple<Args1...> first_args,
+             tuple<Args2...> second_args);
+
+    template <class U, class V> pair& operator=(const pair<U, V>& p);
+    pair& operator=(pair&& p) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<T1>::value &&
+                                       is_nothrow_move_assignable<T2>::value);
+    template <class U, class V> pair& operator=(pair<U, V>&& p);
+
+    void swap(pair& p) noexcept(noexcept(swap(first, p.first)) &&
+                                noexcept(swap(second, p.second)));
+};
+
+template <class T1, class T2> bool operator==(const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<T1,T2>&);
+template <class T1, class T2> bool operator!=(const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<T1,T2>&);
+template <class T1, class T2> bool operator< (const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<T1,T2>&);
+template <class T1, class T2> bool operator> (const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<T1,T2>&);
+template <class T1, class T2> bool operator>=(const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<T1,T2>&);
+template <class T1, class T2> bool operator<=(const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<T1,T2>&);
+
+template <class T1, class T2> pair<V1, V2> make_pair(T1&&, T2&&);
+template <class T1, class T2>
+void
+swap(pair<T1, T2>& x, pair<T1, T2>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+struct piecewise_construct_t { };
+constexpr piecewise_construct_t piecewise_construct = piecewise_construct_t();
+
+template <class T> class tuple_size;
+template <size_t I, class T> class tuple_element;
+
+template <class T1, class T2> struct tuple_size<std::pair<T1, T2> >;
+template <class T1, class T2> struct tuple_element<0, std::pair<T1, T2> >;
+template <class T1, class T2> struct tuple_element<1, std::pair<T1, T2> >;
+
+template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
+    typename tuple_element<I, std::pair<T1, T2> >::type&
+    get(std::pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept;
+
+template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
+    const typename const tuple_element<I, std::pair<T1, T2> >::type&
+    get(const std::pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept;
+
+template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
+    typename tuple_element<I, std::pair<T1, T2> >::type&&
+    get(std::pair<T1, T2>&&) noexcept;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace rel_ops
+{
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+}  // rel_ops
+
+// swap_ranges
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_ForwardIterator2
+swap_ranges(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2)
+{
+    for(; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2)
+        swap(*__first1, *__first2);
+    return __first2;
+}
+
+template<class _Tp, size_t _N>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(_Tp (&__a)[_N], _Tp (&__b)[_N]) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<_Tp>::value)
+{
+    _VSTD::swap_ranges(__a, __a + _N, __b);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+typename conditional
+<
+    !is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Tp>::value && is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value,
+    const _Tp&,
+    _Tp&&
+>::type
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+const _Tp&
+#endif
+move_if_noexcept(_Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return _VSTD::move(__x);
+}
+
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE piecewise_construct_t { };
+//constexpr
+extern const piecewise_construct_t piecewise_construct;// = piecewise_construct_t();
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE pair
+{
+    typedef _T1 first_type;
+    typedef _T2 second_type;
+
+    _T1 first;
+    _T2 second;
+
+    // pair(const pair&) = default;
+    // pair(pair&&) = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pair() : first(), second() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY pair(const _T1& __x, const _T2& __y)
+        : first(__x), second(__y) {}
+
+    template<class _U1, class _U2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair(const pair<_U1, _U2>& __p
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ADVANCED_SFINAE
+                 ,typename enable_if<is_constructible<_T1, _U1>::value &&
+                                    is_constructible<_T2, _U2>::value>::type* = 0
+#endif
+                                      )
+            : first(__p.first), second(__p.second) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair(const pair& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<first_type>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_constructible<second_type>::value)
+        : first(__p.first),
+          second(__p.second)
+    {
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair& operator=(const pair& __p)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_assignable<first_type>::value &&
+                   is_nothrow_copy_assignable<second_type>::value)
+    {
+        first = __p.first;
+        second = __p.second;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    template <class _U1, class _U2,
+              class = typename enable_if<is_constructible<first_type, _U1 >::value &&
+                                         is_constructible<second_type, _U2>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair(_U1&& __u1, _U2&& __u2)
+            : first(_VSTD::forward<_U1>(__u1)),
+              second(_VSTD::forward<_U2>(__u2))
+            {}
+
+    template<class _U1, class _U2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair(pair<_U1, _U2>&& __p,
+                 typename enable_if<is_constructible<_T1, _U1>::value &&
+                                    is_constructible<_T2, _U2>::value>::type* = 0)
+            : first(_VSTD::forward<_U1>(__p.first)),
+              second(_VSTD::forward<_U2>(__p.second)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair(pair&& __p) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<first_type>::value &&
+                                is_nothrow_move_constructible<second_type>::value)
+        : first(_VSTD::forward<first_type>(__p.first)),
+          second(_VSTD::forward<second_type>(__p.second))
+    {
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pair&
+    operator=(pair&& __p) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<first_type>::value &&
+                                     is_nothrow_move_assignable<second_type>::value)
+    {
+        first = _VSTD::forward<first_type>(__p.first);
+        second = _VSTD::forward<second_type>(__p.second);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+    template<class _Tuple,
+             class = typename enable_if<__tuple_convertible<_Tuple, pair>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair(_Tuple&& __p)
+            : first(_VSTD::forward<typename tuple_element<0,
+                                  typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>(get<0>(__p))),
+              second(_VSTD::forward<typename tuple_element<1,
+                                   typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>(get<1>(__p)))
+            {}
+
+
+
+    template <class... _Args1, class... _Args2, size_t... _I1, size_t... _I2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair(piecewise_construct_t __pc, tuple<_Args1...> __first_args,
+                                    tuple<_Args2...> __second_args)
+            : pair(__pc, __first_args, __second_args,
+                   typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args1)>::type(),
+                   typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args2) >::type())
+            {}
+
+    template <class _Tuple,
+              class = typename enable_if<__tuple_assignable<_Tuple, pair>::value>::type>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair&
+        operator=(_Tuple&& __p)
+        {
+            typedef typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type _TupleRef;
+            typedef typename tuple_element<0, _TupleRef>::type _U0;
+            typedef typename tuple_element<1, _TupleRef>::type _U1;
+            first  = _VSTD::forward<_U0>(_VSTD::get<0>(__p));
+            second = _VSTD::forward<_U1>(_VSTD::get<1>(__p));
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void
+    swap(pair& __p) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<first_type>::value &&
+                               __is_nothrow_swappable<second_type>::value)
+    {
+        _VSTD::iter_swap(&first, &__p.first);
+        _VSTD::iter_swap(&second, &__p.second);
+    }
+private:
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args1, class... _Args2, size_t... _I1, size_t... _I2>
+        _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+        pair(piecewise_construct_t,
+             tuple<_Args1...>& __first_args, tuple<_Args2...>& __second_args,
+             __tuple_indices<_I1...>, __tuple_indices<_I2...>);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator==(const pair<_T1,_T2>& __x, const pair<_T1,_T2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.first == __y.first && __x.second == __y.second;
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator!=(const pair<_T1,_T2>& __x, const pair<_T1,_T2>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator< (const pair<_T1,_T2>& __x, const pair<_T1,_T2>& __y)
+{
+    return __x.first < __y.first || (!(__y.first < __x.first) && __x.second < __y.second);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator> (const pair<_T1,_T2>& __x, const pair<_T1,_T2>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator>=(const pair<_T1,_T2>& __x, const pair<_T1,_T2>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+bool
+operator<=(const pair<_T1,_T2>& __x, const pair<_T1,_T2>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_swappable<_T1>::value &&
+    __is_swappable<_T2>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+swap(pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, pair<_T1, _T2>& __y)
+                     _NOEXCEPT_((__is_nothrow_swappable<_T1>::value &&
+                                 __is_nothrow_swappable<_T2>::value))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp> class reference_wrapper;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct ___make_pair_return
+{
+    typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct ___make_pair_return<reference_wrapper<_Tp>>
+{
+    typedef _Tp& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __make_pair_return
+{
+    typedef typename ___make_pair_return<typename decay<_Tp>::type>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<typename __make_pair_return<_T1>::type, typename __make_pair_return<_T2>::type>
+make_pair(_T1&& __t1, _T2&& __t2)
+{
+    return pair<typename __make_pair_return<_T1>::type, typename __make_pair_return<_T2>::type>
+               (_VSTD::forward<_T1>(__t1), _VSTD::forward<_T2>(__t2));
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+pair<_T1,_T2>
+make_pair(_T1 __x, _T2 __y)
+{
+    return pair<_T1, _T2>(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size<pair<_T1, _T2> >
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, 2> {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_size<const pair<_T1, _T2> >
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, 2> {};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<0, pair<_T1, _T2> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef _T1 type;
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<1, pair<_T1, _T2> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef _T2 type;
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<0, const pair<_T1, _T2> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef const _T1 type;
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE tuple_element<1, const pair<_T1, _T2> >
+{
+public:
+    typedef const _T2 type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip> struct __get_pair;
+
+template <>
+struct __get_pair<0>
+{
+    template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    static
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _T1&
+    get(pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {return __p.first;}
+
+    template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    static
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _T1&
+    get(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {return __p.first;}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    static
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _T1&&
+    get(pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {return _VSTD::forward<_T1>(__p.first);}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __get_pair<1>
+{
+    template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    static
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _T2&
+    get(pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {return __p.second;}
+
+    template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    static
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const _T2&
+    get(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {return __p.second;}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    static
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _T2&&
+    get(pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {return _VSTD::forward<_T2>(__p.second);}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&
+get(pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __get_pair<_Ip>::get(__p);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+const typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&
+get(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __get_pair<_Ip>::get(__p);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&&
+get(pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __get_pair<_Ip>::get(_VSTD::move(__p));
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_UTILITY
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/valarray b/system/include/libcxx/valarray
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62c1c66c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/valarray
@@ -0,0 +1,4771 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-------------------------- valarray ----------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_VALARRAY
+#define _LIBCPP_VALARRAY
+
+/*
+    valarray synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class T>
+class valarray
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    // construct/destroy:
+    valarray();
+    explicit valarray(size_t n);
+    valarray(const value_type& x, size_t n);
+    valarray(const value_type* px, size_t n);
+    valarray(const valarray& v);
+    valarray(valarray&& v);
+    valarray(const slice_array<value_type>& sa);
+    valarray(const gslice_array<value_type>& ga);
+    valarray(const mask_array<value_type>& ma);
+    valarray(const indirect_array<value_type>& ia);
+    valarray(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    ~valarray();
+
+    // assignment:
+    valarray& operator=(const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator=(valarray&& v);
+    valarray& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    valarray& operator=(const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator=(const slice_array<value_type>& sa);
+    valarray& operator=(const gslice_array<value_type>& ga);
+    valarray& operator=(const mask_array<value_type>& ma);
+    valarray& operator=(const indirect_array<value_type>& ia);
+
+    // element access:
+    const value_type& operator[](size_t i) const;
+    value_type&       operator[](size_t i);
+
+    // subset operations:
+    valarray                   operator[](slice s) const;
+    slice_array<value_type>    operator[](slice s);
+    valarray                   operator[](const gslice& gs) const;
+    gslice_array<value_type>   operator[](const gslice& gs);
+    valarray                   operator[](const valarray<bool>& vb) const;
+    mask_array<value_type>     operator[](const valarray<bool>& vb);
+    valarray                   operator[](const valarray<size_t>& vs) const;
+    indirect_array<value_type> operator[](const valarray<size_t>& vs);
+
+    // unary operators:
+    valarray       operator+() const;
+    valarray       operator-() const;
+    valarray       operator~() const;
+    valarray<bool> operator!() const;
+
+    // computed assignment:
+    valarray& operator*= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator/= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator%= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator+= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator-= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator^= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator&= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator|= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator<<=(const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator>>=(const value_type& x);
+
+    valarray& operator*= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator/= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator%= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator+= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator-= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator^= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator|= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator&= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator<<=(const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator>>=(const valarray& v);
+
+    // member functions:
+    void swap(valarray& v);
+
+    size_t size() const;
+
+    value_type sum() const;
+    value_type min() const;
+    value_type max() const;
+
+    valarray shift (int i) const;
+    valarray cshift(int i) const;
+    valarray apply(value_type f(value_type)) const;
+    valarray apply(value_type f(const value_type&)) const;
+    void resize(size_t n, value_type x = value_type());
+};
+
+class slice
+{
+public:
+    slice();
+    slice(size_t start, size_t size, size_t stride);
+
+    size_t start()  const;
+    size_t size()   const;
+    size_t stride() const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class slice_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    const slice_array& operator=(const slice_array& sa) const;
+    void operator=  (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator*= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator/= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator%= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator+= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator-= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator^= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator&= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator|= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator<<=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator>>=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+
+    void operator=(const value_type& x) const;
+
+    slice_array() = delete;
+};
+
+class gslice
+{
+public:
+    gslice();
+    gslice(size_t start, const valarray<size_t>& size,
+                         const valarray<size_t>& stride);
+
+    size_t           start()  const;
+    valarray<size_t> size()   const;
+    valarray<size_t> stride() const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class gslice_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    void operator=  (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator*= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator/= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator%= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator+= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator-= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator^= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator&= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator|= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator<<=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator>>=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+
+    gslice_array(const gslice_array& ga);
+    ~gslice_array();
+    const gslice_array& operator=(const gslice_array& ga) const;
+    void operator=(const value_type& x) const;
+
+    gslice_array() = delete;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class mask_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    void operator=  (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator*= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator/= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator%= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator+= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator-= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator^= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator&= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator|= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator<<=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator>>=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+
+    mask_array(const mask_array& ma);
+    ~mask_array();
+    const mask_array& operator=(const mask_array& ma) const;
+    void operator=(const value_type& x) const;
+
+    mask_array() = delete;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class indirect_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    void operator=  (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator*= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator/= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator%= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator+= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator-= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator^= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator&= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator|= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator<<=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator>>=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+
+    indirect_array(const indirect_array& ia);
+    ~indirect_array();
+    const indirect_array& operator=(const indirect_array& ia) const;
+    void operator=(const value_type& x) const;
+
+    indirect_array() = delete;
+};
+
+template<class T> void swap(valarray<T>& x, valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator* (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator* (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator* (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator/ (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator/ (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator/ (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator% (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator% (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator% (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator+ (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator+ (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator+ (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator- (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator- (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator- (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator^ (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator^ (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator^ (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator& (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator& (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator& (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator| (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator| (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator| (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator<<(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator<<(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator<<(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator>>(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator>>(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator>>(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator&&(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator&&(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator&&(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator||(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator||(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator||(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator==(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator==(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator==(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator!=(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator!=(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator!=(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator< (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator< (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator< (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator> (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator> (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator> (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator<=(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator<=(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator<=(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator>=(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator>=(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator>=(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> abs (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> acos (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> asin (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> atan (const valarray<T>& x);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> atan2(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> atan2(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> atan2(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> cos (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> cosh (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> exp (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> log (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> log10(const valarray<T>& x);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> pow(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> pow(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> pow(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> sin (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> sinh (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> sqrt (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> tan (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> tanh (const valarray<T>& x);
+
+template <class T> unspecified1 begin(valarray<T>& v);
+template <class T> unspecified2 begin(const valarray<T>& v);
+template <class T> unspecified1 end(valarray<T>& v);
+template <class T> unspecified2 end(const valarray<T>& v);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template<class _Tp> class valarray;
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE slice
+{
+    size_t __start_;
+    size_t __size_;
+    size_t __stride_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    slice()
+        : __start_(0),
+          __size_(0),
+          __stride_(0)
+          {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    slice(size_t __start, size_t __size, size_t __stride)
+        : __start_(__start),
+          __size_(__size),
+          __stride_(__stride)
+          {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_t start()  const {return __start_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_t size()   const {return __size_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_t stride() const {return __stride_;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp> class slice_array;
+class gslice;
+template <class _Tp> class gslice_array;
+template <class _Tp> class mask_array;
+template <class _Tp> class indirect_array;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_Tp*
+begin(valarray<_Tp>& __v);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+const _Tp*
+begin(const valarray<_Tp>& __v);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_Tp*
+end(valarray<_Tp>& __v);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+const _Tp*
+end(const valarray<_Tp>& __v);
+
+template <class _Op, class _A0>
+struct _UnaryOp
+{
+    typedef typename _Op::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _A0::value_type value_type;
+
+    _Op __op_;
+    _A0 __a0_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _UnaryOp(const _Op& __op, const _A0& __a0) : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator[](size_t __i) const {return __op_(__a0_[__i]);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __a0_.size();}
+};
+
+template <class _Op, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct _BinaryOp
+{
+    typedef typename _Op::result_type result_type;
+    typedef typename _A0::value_type value_type;
+
+    _Op __op_;
+    _A0 __a0_;
+    _A1 __a1_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _BinaryOp(const _Op& __op, const _A0& __a0, const _A1& __a1)
+        : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0), __a1_(__a1) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_type operator[](size_t __i) const {return __op_(__a0_[__i], __a1_[__i]);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __a0_.size();}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __scalar_expr
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp        value_type;
+    typedef const _Tp& result_type;
+private:
+    const value_type& __t_;
+    size_t __s_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __scalar_expr(const value_type& __t, size_t __s) : __t_(__t), __s_(__s) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator[](size_t) const {return __t_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __s_;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __unary_plus : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return +__x;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __bit_not  : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return ~__x;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __bit_shift_left : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x << __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __bit_shift_right : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return __x >> __y;}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _F>
+struct __apply_expr   : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+private:
+    _F __f_;
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __apply_expr(_F __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return __f_(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __abs_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return abs(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __acos_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return acos(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __asin_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return asin(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atan_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return atan(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atan2_expr : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return atan2(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __cos_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return cos(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __cosh_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return cosh(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __exp_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return exp(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __log_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return log(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __log10_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return log10(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __pow_expr : binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const
+        {return pow(__x, __y);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __sin_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return sin(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __sinh_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return sinh(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __sqrt_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return sqrt(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __tan_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return tan(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __tanh_expr : unary_function<_Tp, _Tp>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const
+        {return tanh(__x);}
+};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __slice_expr
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_ValExpr>::type  _RmExpr;
+public:
+    typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef value_type result_type;
+
+private:
+    _ValExpr __expr_;
+    size_t __start_;
+    size_t __size_;
+    size_t __stride_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __slice_expr(const slice& __sl, const _RmExpr& __e)
+        : __expr_(__e),
+          __start_(__sl.start()),
+          __size_(__sl.size()),
+          __stride_(__sl.stride())
+        {}
+public:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator[](size_t __i) const
+        {return __expr_[__start_ + __i * __stride_];}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __size_;}
+
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __mask_expr;
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __indirect_expr;
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __shift_expr
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_ValExpr>::type  _RmExpr;
+public:
+    typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef value_type result_type;
+
+private:
+    _ValExpr __expr_;
+    size_t __size_;
+    ptrdiff_t __ul_;
+    ptrdiff_t __sn_;
+    ptrdiff_t __n_;
+    static const ptrdiff_t _N = static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(
+                                    sizeof(ptrdiff_t) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __shift_expr(int __n, const _RmExpr& __e)
+        : __expr_(__e),
+          __size_(__e.size()),
+          __n_(__n)
+        {
+            ptrdiff_t __neg_n = static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(__n_ >> _N);
+            __sn_ = __neg_n | static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(static_cast<size_t>(-__n_) >> _N);
+            __ul_ = ((__size_ - __n_) & ~__neg_n) | ((__n_ + 1) & __neg_n);
+        }
+public:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator[](size_t __j) const
+        {
+            ptrdiff_t __i = static_cast<size_t>(__j);
+            ptrdiff_t __m = (__sn_ * __i - __ul_) >> _N;
+            return (__expr_[(__i + __n_) & __m] & __m) | (value_type() & ~__m);
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __size_;}
+
+    template <class> friend class __val_expr;
+};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __cshift_expr
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_ValExpr>::type  _RmExpr;
+public:
+    typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef value_type result_type;
+
+private:
+    _ValExpr __expr_;
+    size_t __size_;
+    size_t __m_;
+    size_t __o1_;
+    size_t __o2_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __cshift_expr(int __n, const _RmExpr& __e)
+        : __expr_(__e),
+          __size_(__e.size())
+        {
+            __n %= static_cast<int>(__size_);
+            if (__n >= 0)
+            {
+                __m_ = __size_ - __n;
+                __o1_ = __n;
+                __o2_ = __n - __size_;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                __m_ = -__n;
+                __o1_ = __n + __size_;
+                __o2_ = __n;
+            }
+        }
+public:
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator[](size_t __i) const
+        {
+            if (__i < __m_)
+                return __expr_[__i + __o1_];
+            return __expr_[__i + __o2_];
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __size_;}
+
+    template <class> friend class __val_expr;
+};
+
+template<class _ValExpr>
+class __val_expr;
+
+template<class _ValExpr>
+struct __is_val_expr : false_type {};
+
+template<class _ValExpr>
+struct __is_val_expr<__val_expr<_ValExpr> > : true_type {};
+
+template<class _Tp>
+struct __is_val_expr<valarray<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+template<class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE valarray
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+    typedef _Tp result_type;
+
+private:
+    value_type* __begin_;
+    value_type* __end_;
+
+public:
+    // construct/destroy:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    valarray() : __begin_(0), __end_(0) {}
+    explicit valarray(size_t __n);
+    valarray(const value_type& __x, size_t __n);
+    valarray(const value_type* __p, size_t __n);
+    valarray(const valarray& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    valarray(valarray&& __v);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    valarray(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    valarray(const slice_array<value_type>& __sa);
+    valarray(const gslice_array<value_type>& __ga);
+    valarray(const mask_array<value_type>& __ma);
+    valarray(const indirect_array<value_type>& __ia);
+    ~valarray();
+
+    // assignment:
+    valarray& operator=(const valarray& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    valarray& operator=(valarray&& __v);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    valarray& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    valarray& operator=(const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator=(const slice_array<value_type>& __sa);
+    valarray& operator=(const gslice_array<value_type>& __ga);
+    valarray& operator=(const mask_array<value_type>& __ma);
+    valarray& operator=(const indirect_array<value_type>& __ia);
+    template <class _ValExpr>
+        valarray& operator=(const __val_expr<_ValExpr>& __v);
+
+    // element access:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const value_type& operator[](size_t __i) const {return __begin_[__i];}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_type&       operator[](size_t __i)       {return __begin_[__i];}
+
+    // subset operations:
+    __val_expr<__slice_expr<const valarray&> >    operator[](slice __s) const;
+    slice_array<value_type>                       operator[](slice __s);
+    __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](const gslice& __gs) const;
+    gslice_array<value_type>   operator[](const gslice& __gs);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](gslice&& __gs) const;
+    gslice_array<value_type>                      operator[](gslice&& __gs);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray&> >     operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb) const;
+    mask_array<value_type>                        operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray&> >     operator[](valarray<bool>&& __vb) const;
+    mask_array<value_type>                        operator[](valarray<bool>&& __vb);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs) const;
+    indirect_array<value_type>                    operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](valarray<size_t>&& __vs) const;
+    indirect_array<value_type>                    operator[](valarray<size_t>&& __vs);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    // unary operators:
+    valarray       operator+() const;
+    valarray       operator-() const;
+    valarray       operator~() const;
+    valarray<bool> operator!() const;
+
+    // computed assignment:
+    valarray& operator*= (const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator/= (const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator%= (const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator+= (const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator-= (const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator^= (const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator&= (const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator|= (const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator<<=(const value_type& __x);
+    valarray& operator>>=(const value_type& __x);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator*= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator/= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator%= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator+= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator-= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator^= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator|= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator&= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator<<= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        valarray&
+    >::type
+    operator>>= (const _Expr& __v);
+
+    // member functions:
+    void swap(valarray& __v);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __end_ - __begin_;}
+
+    value_type sum() const;
+    value_type min() const;
+    value_type max() const;
+
+    valarray shift (int __i) const;
+    valarray cshift(int __i) const;
+    valarray apply(value_type __f(value_type)) const;
+    valarray apply(value_type __f(const value_type&)) const;
+    void     resize(size_t __n, value_type __x = value_type());
+
+private:
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE valarray;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE slice_array;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE gslice_array;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE mask_array;
+    template <class> friend class __mask_expr;
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE indirect_array;
+    template <class> friend class __indirect_expr;
+    template <class> friend class __val_expr;
+
+    template <class _Up>
+    friend
+    _Up*
+    begin(valarray<_Up>& __v);
+
+    template <class _Up>
+    friend
+    const _Up*
+    begin(const valarray<_Up>& __v);
+
+    template <class _Up>
+    friend
+    _Up*
+    end(valarray<_Up>& __v);
+
+    template <class _Up>
+    friend
+    const _Up*
+    end(const valarray<_Up>& __v);
+};
+
+template <class _Op, class _Tp>
+struct _UnaryOp<_Op, valarray<_Tp> >
+{
+    typedef typename _Op::result_type result_type;
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+    _Op __op_;
+    const valarray<_Tp>& __a0_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _UnaryOp(const _Op& __op, const valarray<_Tp>& __a0) : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator[](size_t __i) const {return __op_(__a0_[__i]);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __a0_.size();}
+};
+
+template <class _Op, class _Tp, class _A1>
+struct _BinaryOp<_Op, valarray<_Tp>, _A1>
+{
+    typedef typename _Op::result_type result_type;
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+    _Op __op_;
+    const valarray<_Tp>& __a0_;
+    _A1 __a1_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _BinaryOp(const _Op& __op, const valarray<_Tp>& __a0, const _A1& __a1)
+        : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0), __a1_(__a1) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_type operator[](size_t __i) const {return __op_(__a0_[__i], __a1_[__i]);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __a0_.size();}
+};
+
+template <class _Op, class _A0, class _Tp>
+struct _BinaryOp<_Op, _A0, valarray<_Tp> >
+{
+    typedef typename _Op::result_type result_type;
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+    _Op __op_;
+    _A0 __a0_;
+    const valarray<_Tp>& __a1_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _BinaryOp(const _Op& __op, const _A0& __a0, const valarray<_Tp>& __a1)
+        : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0), __a1_(__a1) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_type operator[](size_t __i) const {return __op_(__a0_[__i], __a1_[__i]);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __a0_.size();}
+};
+
+template <class _Op, class _Tp>
+struct _BinaryOp<_Op, valarray<_Tp>, valarray<_Tp> >
+{
+    typedef typename _Op::result_type result_type;
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+    _Op __op_;
+    const valarray<_Tp>& __a0_;
+    const valarray<_Tp>& __a1_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _BinaryOp(const _Op& __op, const valarray<_Tp>& __a0, const valarray<_Tp>& __a1)
+        : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0), __a1_(__a1) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_type operator[](size_t __i) const {return __op_(__a0_[__i], __a1_[__i]);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __a0_.size();}
+};
+
+// slice_array
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE slice_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+private:
+    value_type* __vp_;
+    size_t __size_;
+    size_t __stride_;
+
+public:
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    const slice_array& operator=(const slice_array& __sa) const;
+
+    void operator=(const value_type& __x) const;
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    slice_array(const slice& __sl, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+        : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_ + __sl.start())),
+          __size_(__sl.size()),
+          __stride_(__sl.stride())
+        {}
+
+    template <class> friend class valarray;
+    template <class> friend class sliceExpr;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const slice_array<_Tp>&
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const slice_array& __sa) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    const value_type* __s = __sa.__vp_;
+    for (size_t __n = __size_; __n; --__n, __t += __stride_, __s += __sa.__stride_)
+        *__t = *__s;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t = __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t *= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t /= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t %= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t += __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t -= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t ^= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t &= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t |= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t <<= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t >>= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+slice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x) const
+{
+    value_type* __t = __vp_;
+    for (size_t __n = __size_; __n; --__n, __t += __stride_)
+        *__t = __x;
+}
+
+// gslice
+
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE gslice
+{
+    valarray<size_t> __size_;
+    valarray<size_t> __stride_;
+    valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    gslice() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    gslice(size_t __start, const valarray<size_t>& __size,
+                           const valarray<size_t>& __stride)
+        : __size_(__size),
+          __stride_(__stride)
+        {__init(__start);}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    gslice(size_t __start, const valarray<size_t>&  __size,
+                                 valarray<size_t>&& __stride)
+        : __size_(__size),
+          __stride_(move(__stride))
+        {__init(__start);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    gslice(size_t __start,       valarray<size_t>&& __size,
+                           const valarray<size_t>&  __stride)
+        : __size_(move(__size)),
+          __stride_(__stride)
+        {__init(__start);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    gslice(size_t __start,       valarray<size_t>&& __size,
+                                 valarray<size_t>&& __stride)
+        : __size_(move(__size)),
+          __stride_(move(__stride))
+        {__init(__start);}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+//  gslice(const gslice&)            = default;
+//  gslice(gslice&&)                 = default;
+//  gslice& operator=(const gslice&) = default;
+//  gslice& operator=(gslice&&)      = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t           start()  const {return __1d_.size() ? __1d_[0] : 0;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    valarray<size_t> size()   const {return __size_;}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    valarray<size_t> stride() const {return __stride_;}
+
+private:
+    void __init(size_t __start);
+
+    template <class> friend class gslice_array;
+    template <class> friend class valarray;
+    template <class> friend class __val_expr;
+};
+
+// gslice_array
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE gslice_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+private:
+    value_type*      __vp_;
+    valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+public:
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    const gslice_array& operator=(const gslice_array& __ga) const;
+
+    void operator=(const value_type& __x) const;
+
+//  gslice_array(const gslice_array&)            = default;
+//  gslice_array(gslice_array&&)                 = default;
+//  gslice_array& operator=(const gslice_array&) = default;
+//  gslice_array& operator=(gslice_array&&)      = default;
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    gslice_array(const gslice& __gs, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+        : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)),
+          __1d_(__gs.__1d_)
+        {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    gslice_array(gslice&& __gs, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+        : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)),
+          __1d_(move(__gs.__1d_))
+        {}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    template <class> friend class valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] = __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] *= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] /= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] %= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] += __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] -= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] ^= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] &= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] |= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] <<= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] >>= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const gslice_array<_Tp>&
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const gslice_array& __ga) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    const value_type* __s = __ga.__vp_;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_, __j = __ga.__1d_.__begin_;
+            __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] = __s[*__j];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+gslice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i)
+        __vp_[*__i] = __x;
+}
+
+// mask_array
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE mask_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+private:
+    value_type*      __vp_;
+    valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+public:
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    const mask_array& operator=(const mask_array& __ma) const;
+
+    void operator=(const value_type& __x) const;
+
+//  mask_array(const mask_array&)            = default;
+//  mask_array(mask_array&&)                 = default;
+//  mask_array& operator=(const mask_array&) = default;
+//  mask_array& operator=(mask_array&&)      = default;
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    mask_array(const valarray<bool>& __vb, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+        : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)),
+          __1d_(count(__vb.__begin_, __vb.__end_, true))
+          {
+              size_t __j = 0;
+              for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __vb.size(); ++__i)
+                  if (__vb[__i])
+                      __1d_[__j++] = __i;
+          }
+
+    template <class> friend class valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] = __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] *= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] /= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] %= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] += __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] -= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] ^= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] &= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] |= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] <<= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] >>= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const mask_array<_Tp>&
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator=(const mask_array& __ma) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] = __ma.__vp_[__1d_[__i]];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+mask_array<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] = __x;
+}
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __mask_expr
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_ValExpr>::type  _RmExpr;
+public:
+    typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef value_type result_type;
+
+private:
+    _ValExpr __expr_;
+    valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __mask_expr(const valarray<bool>& __vb, const _RmExpr& __e)
+        : __expr_(__e),
+          __1d_(count(__vb.__begin_, __vb.__end_, true))
+          {
+              size_t __j = 0;
+              for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __vb.size(); ++__i)
+                  if (__vb[__i])
+                      __1d_[__j++] = __i;
+          }
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator[](size_t __i) const
+        {return __expr_[__1d_[__i]];}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __1d_.size();}
+
+    template <class> friend class valarray;
+};
+
+// indirect_array
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE indirect_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+private:
+    value_type*      __vp_;
+    valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+public:
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    template <class _Expr>
+    typename enable_if
+    <
+        __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+        void
+    >::type
+    operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+    const indirect_array& operator=(const indirect_array& __ia) const;
+
+    void operator=(const value_type& __x) const;
+
+//  indirect_array(const indirect_array&)            = default;
+//  indirect_array(indirect_array&&)                 = default;
+//  indirect_array& operator=(const indirect_array&) = default;
+//  indirect_array& operator=(indirect_array&&)      = default;
+
+private:
+     _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+   indirect_array(const valarray<size_t>& __ia, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+        : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)),
+          __1d_(__ia)
+        {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    indirect_array(valarray<size_t>&& __ia, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+        : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)),
+          __1d_(move(__ia))
+        {}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    template <class> friend class valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] = __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] *= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] /= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] %= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] += __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] -= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] ^= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] &= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] |= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] <<= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const
+{
+    size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        __vp_[__1d_[__i]] >>= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const indirect_array<_Tp>&
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator=(const indirect_array& __ia) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    const value_type* __s = __ia.__vp_;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_, __j = __ia.__1d_.__begin_;
+            __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+        __vp_[*__i] = __s[*__j];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+indirect_array<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x) const
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i)
+        __vp_[*__i] = __x;
+}
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __indirect_expr
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_ValExpr>::type  _RmExpr;
+public:
+    typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef value_type result_type;
+
+private:
+    _ValExpr __expr_;
+    valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __indirect_expr(const valarray<size_t>& __ia, const _RmExpr& __e)
+        : __expr_(__e),
+          __1d_(__ia)
+          {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __indirect_expr(valarray<size_t>&& __ia, const _RmExpr& __e)
+        : __expr_(__e),
+          __1d_(move(__ia))
+          {}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator[](size_t __i) const
+        {return __expr_[__1d_[__i]];}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __1d_.size();}
+
+    template <class> friend class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE valarray;
+};
+
+template<class _ValExpr>
+class __val_expr
+{
+    typedef typename remove_reference<_ValExpr>::type  _RmExpr;
+
+    _ValExpr __expr_;
+public:
+    typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename _RmExpr::result_type result_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    explicit __val_expr(const _RmExpr& __e) : __expr_(__e) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type operator[](size_t __i) const
+        {return __expr_[__i];}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<__slice_expr<_ValExpr> > operator[](slice __s) const
+        {return __val_expr<__slice_expr<_ValExpr> >(__expr_, __s);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<__indirect_expr<_ValExpr> > operator[](const gslice& __gs) const
+        {return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<_ValExpr> >(__expr_, __gs.__1d_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<__mask_expr<_ValExpr> > operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb) const
+        {return __val_expr<__mask_expr<_ValExpr> >(__expr_, __vb);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<__indirect_expr<_ValExpr> > operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs) const
+        {return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<_ValExpr> >(__expr_, __vs);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__unary_plus<value_type>, _ValExpr> >
+    operator+() const
+    {
+        typedef _UnaryOp<__unary_plus<value_type>, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+        return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(__unary_plus<value_type>(), __expr_));
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<negate<value_type>, _ValExpr> >
+    operator-() const
+    {
+        typedef _UnaryOp<negate<value_type>, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+        return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(negate<value_type>(), __expr_));
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__bit_not<value_type>, _ValExpr> >
+    operator~() const
+    {
+        typedef _UnaryOp<__bit_not<value_type>, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+        return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(__bit_not<value_type>(), __expr_));
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<logical_not<value_type>, _ValExpr> >
+    operator!() const
+    {
+        typedef _UnaryOp<logical_not<value_type>, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+        return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(logical_not<value_type>(), __expr_));
+    }
+
+    operator valarray<result_type>() const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t size() const {return __expr_.size();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type sum() const
+    {
+        size_t __n = __expr_.size();
+        result_type __r = __n ? __expr_[0] : result_type();
+        for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+            __r += __expr_[__i];
+        return __r;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type min() const
+    {
+        size_t __n = size();
+        result_type __r = __n ? (*this)[0] : result_type();
+        for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        {
+            result_type __x = __expr_[__i];
+            if (__x < __r)
+                __r = __x;
+        }
+        return __r;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    result_type max() const
+    {
+        size_t __n = size();
+        result_type __r = __n ? (*this)[0] : result_type();
+        for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+        {
+            result_type __x = __expr_[__i];
+            if (__r < __x)
+                __r = __x;
+        }
+        return __r;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<__shift_expr<_ValExpr> > shift (int __i) const
+        {return __val_expr<__shift_expr<_ValExpr> >(__shift_expr<_ValExpr>(__i, __expr_));}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<__cshift_expr<_ValExpr> > cshift(int __i) const
+        {return __val_expr<__cshift_expr<_ValExpr> >(__cshift_expr<_ValExpr>(__i, __expr_));}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__apply_expr<value_type, value_type(*)(value_type)>, _ValExpr> >
+    apply(value_type __f(value_type)) const
+    {
+        typedef __apply_expr<value_type, value_type(*)(value_type)> _Op;
+        typedef _UnaryOp<_Op, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+        return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(_Op(__f), __expr_));
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__apply_expr<value_type, value_type(*)(const value_type&)>, _ValExpr> >
+    apply(value_type __f(const value_type&)) const
+    {
+        typedef __apply_expr<value_type, value_type(*)(const value_type&)> _Op;
+        typedef _UnaryOp<_Op, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+        return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(_Op(__f), __expr_));
+    }
+};
+
+template<class _ValExpr>
+__val_expr<_ValExpr>::operator valarray<result_type>() const
+{
+    valarray<result_type> __r;
+    size_t __n = __expr_.size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __r.__begin_ =
+            __r.__end_ =
+                static_cast<result_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(result_type)));
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i != __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__i)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) result_type(__expr_[__i]);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+// valarray
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(size_t __n)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0)
+{
+    resize(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const value_type& __x, size_t __n)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0)
+{
+    resize(__n, __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const value_type* __p, size_t __n)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0)
+{
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __begin_ = __end_ = static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (; __n; ++__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+                ::new (__end_) value_type(*__p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            resize(0);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const valarray& __v)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0)
+{
+    if (__v.size())
+    {
+        __begin_ = __end_ = static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__v.size() * sizeof(value_type)));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (value_type* __p = __v.__begin_; __p != __v.__end_; ++__end_, ++__p)
+                ::new (__end_) value_type(*__p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            resize(0);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(valarray&& __v)
+    : __begin_(__v.__begin_),
+      __end_(__v.__end_)
+{
+    __v.__begin_ = __v.__end_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0)
+{
+    size_t __n = __il.size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __begin_ = __end_ = static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (const value_type* __p = __il.begin(); __n; ++__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+                ::new (__end_) value_type(*__p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            resize(0);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const slice_array<value_type>& __sa)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0)
+{
+    size_t __n = __sa.__size_;
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __begin_ = __end_ = static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (const value_type* __p = __sa.__vp_; __n; ++__end_, __p += __sa.__stride_, --__n)
+                ::new (__end_) value_type(*__p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            resize(0);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const gslice_array<value_type>& __ga)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0)
+{
+    size_t __n = __ga.__1d_.size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __begin_ = __end_ = static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+            const value_type* __s = __ga.__vp_;
+            for (_Ip __i = __ga.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ga.__1d_.__end_;
+                    __i != __e; ++__i, ++__end_)
+                ::new (__end_) value_type(__s[*__i]);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            resize(0);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const mask_array<value_type>& __ma)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0)
+{
+    size_t __n = __ma.__1d_.size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __begin_ = __end_ = static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+            const value_type* __s = __ma.__vp_;
+            for (_Ip __i = __ma.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ma.__1d_.__end_;
+                    __i != __e; ++__i, ++__end_)
+                ::new (__end_) value_type(__s[*__i]);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            resize(0);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const indirect_array<value_type>& __ia)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0)
+{
+    size_t __n = __ia.__1d_.size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __begin_ = __end_ = static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+            const value_type* __s = __ia.__vp_;
+            for (_Ip __i = __ia.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ia.__1d_.__end_;
+                    __i != __e; ++__i, ++__end_)
+                ::new (__end_) value_type(__s[*__i]);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            resize(0);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>::~valarray()
+{
+    resize(0);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const valarray& __v)
+{
+    if (this != &__v)
+    {
+        if (size() != __v.size())
+            resize(__v.size());
+        _VSTD::copy(__v.__begin_, __v.__end_, __begin_);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator=(valarray&& __v)
+{
+    resize(0);
+    __begin_ = __v.__begin_;
+    __end_ = __v.__end_;
+    __v.__begin_ = nullptr;
+    __v.__end_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+    if (size() != __il.size())
+        resize(__il.size());
+    _VSTD::copy(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __begin_);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    _VSTD::fill(__begin_, __end_, __x);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const slice_array<value_type>& __sa)
+{
+    value_type* __t = __begin_;
+    const value_type* __s = __sa.__vp_;
+    for (size_t __n = __sa.__size_; __n; --__n, __s += __sa.__stride_, ++__t)
+        *__t = *__s;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const gslice_array<value_type>& __ga)
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    value_type* __t = __begin_;
+    const value_type* __s = __ga.__vp_;
+    for (_Ip __i = __ga.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ga.__1d_.__end_;
+                    __i != __e; ++__i, ++__t)
+        *__t = __s[*__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const mask_array<value_type>& __ma)
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    value_type* __t = __begin_;
+    const value_type* __s = __ma.__vp_;
+    for (_Ip __i = __ma.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ma.__1d_.__end_;
+                    __i != __e; ++__i, ++__t)
+        *__t = __s[*__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const indirect_array<value_type>& __ia)
+{
+    typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+    value_type* __t = __begin_;
+    const value_type* __s = __ia.__vp_;
+    for (_Ip __i = __ia.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ia.__1d_.__end_;
+                    __i != __e; ++__i, ++__t)
+        *__t = __s[*__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _ValExpr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const __val_expr<_ValExpr>& __v)
+{
+    size_t __n = __v.size();
+    if (size() != __n)
+        resize(__n);
+    value_type* __t = __begin_;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i != __n; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t = result_type(__v[__i]);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__val_expr<__slice_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> >
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](slice __s) const
+{
+    return __val_expr<__slice_expr<const valarray&> >(__slice_expr<const valarray&>(__s, *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+slice_array<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](slice __s)
+{
+    return slice_array<value_type>(__s, *this);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> >
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const gslice& __gs) const
+{
+    return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> >(__indirect_expr<const valarray&>(__gs.__1d_, *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+gslice_array<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const gslice& __gs)
+{
+    return gslice_array<value_type>(__gs, *this);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> >
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](gslice&& __gs) const
+{
+    return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> >(__indirect_expr<const valarray&>(move(__gs.__1d_), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+gslice_array<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](gslice&& __gs)
+{
+    return gslice_array<value_type>(move(__gs), *this);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> >
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb) const
+{
+    return __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray&> >(__mask_expr<const valarray&>(__vb, *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+mask_array<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb)
+{
+    return mask_array<value_type>(__vb, *this);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> >
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](valarray<bool>&& __vb) const
+{
+    return __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray&> >(__mask_expr<const valarray&>(move(__vb), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+mask_array<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](valarray<bool>&& __vb)
+{
+    return mask_array<value_type>(move(__vb), *this);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> >
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs) const
+{
+    return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> >(__indirect_expr<const valarray&>(__vs, *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+indirect_array<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs)
+{
+    return indirect_array<value_type>(__vs, *this);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+__val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> >
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](valarray<size_t>&& __vs) const
+{
+    return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> >(__indirect_expr<const valarray&>(move(__vs), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+indirect_array<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](valarray<size_t>&& __vs)
+{
+    return indirect_array<value_type>(move(__vs), *this);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator+() const
+{
+    valarray<value_type> __r;
+    size_t __n = size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __r.__begin_ =
+            __r.__end_ =
+                static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+        for (const value_type* __p = __begin_; __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type(+*__p);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator-() const
+{
+    valarray<value_type> __r;
+    size_t __n = size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __r.__begin_ =
+            __r.__end_ =
+                static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+        for (const value_type* __p = __begin_; __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type(-*__p);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator~() const
+{
+    valarray<value_type> __r;
+    size_t __n = size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __r.__begin_ =
+            __r.__end_ =
+                static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+        for (const value_type* __p = __begin_; __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type(~*__p);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<bool>
+valarray<_Tp>::operator!() const
+{
+    valarray<bool> __r;
+    size_t __n = size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __r.__begin_ =
+            __r.__end_ =
+                static_cast<bool*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(bool)));
+        for (const value_type* __p = __begin_; __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) bool(!*__p);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator*=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p *= __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator/=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p /= __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator%=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p %= __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator+=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p += __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator-=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p -= __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator^=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p ^= __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator&=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p &= __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator|=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p |= __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator<<=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p <<= __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+valarray<_Tp>&
+valarray<_Tp>::operator>>=(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        *__p >>= __x;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t *= __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t /= __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t %= __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t += __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t -= __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t ^= __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t |= __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t &= __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t <<= __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    valarray<_Tp>&
+>::type
+valarray<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v)
+{
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_ ; ++__t, ++__i)
+        *__t >>= __v[__i];
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+valarray<_Tp>::swap(valarray& __v)
+{
+    _VSTD::swap(__begin_, __v.__begin_);
+    _VSTD::swap(__end_, __v.__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+valarray<_Tp>::sum() const
+{
+    if (__begin_ == __end_)
+        return value_type();
+    const value_type* __p = __begin_;
+    _Tp __r = *__p;
+    for (++__p; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+        __r += *__p;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+valarray<_Tp>::min() const
+{
+    if (__begin_ == __end_)
+        return value_type();
+    return *_VSTD::min_element(__begin_, __end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp
+valarray<_Tp>::max() const
+{
+    if (__begin_ == __end_)
+        return value_type();
+    return *_VSTD::max_element(__begin_, __end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::shift(int __i) const
+{
+    valarray<value_type> __r;
+    size_t __n = size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __r.__begin_ =
+            __r.__end_ =
+                static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+        const value_type* __sb;
+        value_type* __tb;
+        value_type* __te;
+        if (__i >= 0)
+        {
+            __i = _VSTD::min(__i, static_cast<int>(__n));
+            __sb = __begin_ + __i;
+            __tb = __r.__begin_;
+            __te = __r.__begin_ + (__n - __i);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __i = _VSTD::min(-__i, static_cast<int>(__n));
+            __sb = __begin_;
+            __tb = __r.__begin_ + __i;
+            __te = __r.__begin_ + __n;
+        }
+        for (; __r.__end_ != __tb; ++__r.__end_)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type();
+        for (; __r.__end_ != __te; ++__r.__end_, ++__sb)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type(*__sb);
+        for (__te = __r.__begin_ + __n; __r.__end_ != __te; ++__r.__end_)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type();
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::cshift(int __i) const
+{
+    valarray<value_type> __r;
+    size_t __n = size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __r.__begin_ =
+            __r.__end_ =
+                static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+        __i %= static_cast<int>(__n);
+        const value_type* __m = __i >= 0 ? __begin_ + __i : __end_ + __i;
+        for (const value_type* __s = __m; __s != __end_; ++__r.__end_, ++__s)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type(*__s);
+        for (const value_type* __s = __begin_; __s != __m; ++__r.__end_, ++__s)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type(*__s);
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::apply(value_type __f(value_type)) const
+{
+    valarray<value_type> __r;
+    size_t __n = size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __r.__begin_ =
+            __r.__end_ =
+                static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+        for (const value_type* __p = __begin_; __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type(__f(*__p));
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::apply(value_type __f(const value_type&)) const
+{
+    valarray<value_type> __r;
+    size_t __n = size();
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __r.__begin_ =
+            __r.__end_ =
+                static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+        for (const value_type* __p = __begin_; __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+            ::new (__r.__end_) value_type(__f(*__p));
+    }
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void
+valarray<_Tp>::resize(size_t __n, value_type __x)
+{
+    if (__begin_ != nullptr)
+    {
+        while (__end_ != __begin_)
+            (--__end_)->~value_type();
+        ::operator delete(__begin_);
+        __begin_ = __end_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        __begin_ = __end_ = static_cast<value_type*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(value_type)));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            for (; __n; --__n, ++__end_)
+                ::new (__end_) value_type(__x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            resize(0);
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template<class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+void
+swap(valarray<_Tp>& __x, valarray<_Tp>& __y)
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<multiplies<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator*(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<multiplies<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(multiplies<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<multiplies<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator*(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<multiplies<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(multiplies<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<multiplies<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator*(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<multiplies<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(multiplies<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<divides<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator/(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<divides<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(divides<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<divides<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator/(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<divides<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(divides<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<divides<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator/(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<divides<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(divides<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<modulus<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator%(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<modulus<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(modulus<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<modulus<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator%(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<modulus<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(modulus<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<modulus<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator%(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<modulus<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(modulus<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<plus<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator+(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<plus<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(plus<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<plus<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator+(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<plus<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(plus<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<plus<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator+(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<plus<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(plus<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<minus<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator-(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<minus<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(minus<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<minus<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator-(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<minus<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(minus<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<minus<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator-(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<minus<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(minus<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_xor<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator^(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<bit_xor<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_xor<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_xor<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator^(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<bit_xor<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_xor<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_xor<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator^(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<bit_xor<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_xor<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_and<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator&(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<bit_and<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_and<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_and<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator&(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<bit_and<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_and<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_and<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator&(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<bit_and<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_and<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_or<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator|(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<bit_or<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_or<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_or<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator|(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<bit_or<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_or<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_or<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator|(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<bit_or<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_or<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator<<(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_left<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator<<(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_left<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator<<(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_left<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator>>(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_right<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator>>(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_right<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator>>(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_right<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_and<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator&&(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<logical_and<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_and<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_and<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator&&(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<logical_and<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_and<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_and<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator&&(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<logical_and<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_and<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_or<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator||(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<logical_or<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_or<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_or<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator||(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<logical_or<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_or<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_or<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator||(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<logical_or<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_or<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<equal_to<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator==(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<equal_to<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(equal_to<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<equal_to<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator==(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<equal_to<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(equal_to<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<equal_to<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator==(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<equal_to<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(equal_to<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<not_equal_to<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator!=(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<not_equal_to<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(not_equal_to<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<not_equal_to<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator!=(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<not_equal_to<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(not_equal_to<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<not_equal_to<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator!=(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<not_equal_to<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(not_equal_to<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<less<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator<(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<less<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<less<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator<(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<less<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<less<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator<(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<less<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator>(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<greater<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator>(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<greater<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator>(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<greater<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<less_equal<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator<=(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<less_equal<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less_equal<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<less_equal<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator<=(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<less_equal<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less_equal<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<less_equal<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator<=(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<less_equal<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less_equal<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater_equal<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+operator>=(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<greater_equal<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater_equal<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater_equal<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+operator>=(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<greater_equal<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater_equal<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater_equal<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+operator>=(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<greater_equal<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater_equal<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__abs_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+abs(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__abs_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__abs_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__acos_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+acos(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__acos_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__acos_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__asin_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+asin(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__asin_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__asin_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__atan_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+atan(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__atan_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__atan_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+atan2(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__atan2_expr<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+atan2(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__atan2_expr<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+atan2(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__atan2_expr<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__cos_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+cos(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__cos_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__cos_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__cosh_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+cosh(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__cosh_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__cosh_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__exp_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+exp(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__exp_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__exp_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__log_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+log(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__log_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__log_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__log10_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+log10(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__log10_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__log10_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr1, class _Expr2>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__pow_expr<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+>::type
+pow(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__pow_expr<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__pow_expr<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__pow_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+>::type
+pow(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__pow_expr<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__pow_expr<value_type>(),
+                           __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__pow_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>,
+               __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+pow(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _BinaryOp<__pow_expr<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__pow_expr<value_type>(),
+                           __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__sin_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+sin(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__sin_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__sin_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__sinh_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+sinh(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__sinh_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__sinh_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__sqrt_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+sqrt(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__sqrt_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__sqrt_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__tan_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+tan(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__tan_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__tan_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template<class _Expr>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_val_expr<_Expr>::value,
+    __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__tanh_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+>::type
+tanh(const _Expr& __x)
+{
+    typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__tanh_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+    return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__tanh_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+begin(valarray<_Tp>& __v)
+{
+    return __v.__begin_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _Tp*
+begin(const valarray<_Tp>& __v)
+{
+    return __v.__begin_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+_Tp*
+end(valarray<_Tp>& __v)
+{
+    return __v.__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+const _Tp*
+end(const valarray<_Tp>& __v)
+{
+    return __v.__end_;
+}
+
+extern template valarray<size_t>::valarray(size_t);
+extern template valarray<size_t>::~valarray();
+extern template void valarray<size_t>::resize(size_t, size_t);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_VALARRAY
diff --git a/system/include/libcxx/vector b/system/include/libcxx/vector
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b334074d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/libcxx/vector
@@ -0,0 +1,3135 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===------------------------------ vector --------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_VECTOR
+#define _LIBCPP_VECTOR
+
+/*
+    vector synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Allocator = allocator<T> >
+class vector
+{
+public:
+    typedef T                                        value_type;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    vector()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit vector(const allocator_type&);
+    explicit vector(size_type n);
+    vector(size_type n, const value_type& value, const allocator_type& = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        vector(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& = allocator_type());
+    vector(const vector& x);
+    vector(vector&& x)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a);
+    ~vector();
+    vector& operator=(const vector& x);
+    vector& operator=(vector&& x)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    vector& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& u);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator               begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator         begin()   const noexcept;
+    iterator               end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator         end()     const noexcept;
+
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin()  const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator       rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()    const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    size_type capacity() const noexcept;
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+    void shrink_to_fit() noexcept;
+
+    reference       operator[](size_type n);
+    const_reference operator[](size_type n) const;
+    reference       at(size_type n);
+    const_reference at(size_type n) const;
+
+    reference       front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference       back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    value_type*       data() noexcept;
+    const value_type* data() const noexcept;
+
+    void push_back(const value_type& x);
+    void push_back(value_type&& x);
+    template <class... Args>
+        void emplace_back(Args&&... args);
+    void pop_back();
+
+    template <class... Args> iterator emplace(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type&& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, size_type n, const value_type& x);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void resize(size_type sz);
+    void resize(size_type sz, const value_type& c);
+
+    void swap(vector&)
+        noexcept(!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                 __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+
+    bool __invariants() const;
+};
+
+template <class Allocator = allocator<T> >
+class vector<bool, Allocator>
+{
+public:
+    typedef bool                                     value_type;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef iterator                                 pointer;
+    typedef const_iterator                           const_pointer;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    class reference
+    {
+    public:
+        reference(const reference&) noexcept;
+        operator bool() const noexcept;
+        reference& operator=(const bool x) noexcept;
+        reference& operator=(const reference& x) noexcept;
+        iterator operator&() const noexcept;
+        void flip() noexcept;
+    };
+
+    class const_reference
+    {
+    public:
+        const_reference(const reference&) noexcept;
+        operator bool() const noexcept;
+        const_iterator operator&() const noexcept;
+    };
+
+    vector()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit vector(const allocator_type&);
+    explicit vector(size_type n, const value_type& value = value_type(), const allocator_type& = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        vector(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& = allocator_type());
+    vector(const vector& x);
+    vector(vector&& x)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a);
+    ~vector();
+    vector& operator=(const vector& x);
+    vector& operator=(vector&& x)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    vector& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& u);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator               begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator         begin()   const noexcept;
+    iterator               end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator         end()     const noexcept;
+
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin()  const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator       rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()    const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    size_type capacity() const noexcept;
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+    void shrink_to_fit() noexcept;
+
+    reference       operator[](size_type n);
+    const_reference operator[](size_type n) const;
+    reference       at(size_type n);
+    const_reference at(size_type n) const;
+
+    reference       front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference       back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    void push_back(const value_type& x);
+    void pop_back();
+
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, size_type n, const value_type& x);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void resize(size_type sz);
+    void resize(size_type sz, value_type x);
+
+    void swap(vector&)
+        noexcept(!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                 __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+    void flip() noexcept;
+
+    bool __invariants() const;
+};
+
+template <class Allocator> struct hash<std::vector<bool, Allocator>>;
+
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator==(const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator< (const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator!=(const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator> (const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator>=(const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator<=(const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+void swap(vector<T,Allocator>& x, vector<T,Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__bit_reference>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <climits>
+#include <limits>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <__split_buffer>
+#include <__functional_base>
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <bool>
+class __vector_base_common
+{
+protected:
+    _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE __vector_base_common() {}
+    void __throw_length_error() const;
+    void __throw_out_of_range() const;
+};
+
+template <bool __b>
+void
+__vector_base_common<__b>::__throw_length_error() const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw length_error("vector");
+#else
+    assert(!"vector length_error");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <bool __b>
+void
+__vector_base_common<__b>::__throw_out_of_range() const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw out_of_range("vector");
+#else
+    assert(!"vector out_of_range");
+#endif
+}
+
+extern template class __vector_base_common<true>;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+class __vector_base
+    : protected __vector_base_common<true>
+{
+protected:
+    typedef _Tp                                      value_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                               allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>         __alloc_traits;
+    typedef value_type&                              reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                        const_reference;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef pointer                                  iterator;
+    typedef const_pointer                            const_iterator;
+
+    pointer                                         __begin_;
+    pointer                                         __end_;
+    __compressed_pair<pointer, allocator_type> __end_cap_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __end_cap_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const allocator_type& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __end_cap_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    pointer& __end_cap() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __end_cap_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const pointer& __end_cap() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __end_cap_.first();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __vector_base()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY __vector_base(const allocator_type& __a);
+    ~__vector_base();
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {__destruct_at_end(__begin_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type capacity() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<size_type>(__end_cap() - __begin_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __destruct_at_end(const_pointer __new_last) _NOEXCEPT
+        {__destruct_at_end(__new_last, is_trivially_destructible<value_type>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __destruct_at_end(const_pointer __new_last, false_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __destruct_at_end(const_pointer __new_last, true_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __vector_base& __c)
+        {__copy_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__vector_base& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {__move_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(allocator_type& __x, allocator_type& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {__swap_alloc(__x, __y, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());}
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __vector_base& __c, true_type)
+        {
+            if (__alloc() != __c.__alloc())
+            {
+                clear();
+                __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __begin_, capacity());
+                __begin_ = __end_ = __end_cap() = nullptr;
+            }
+            __alloc() = __c.__alloc();
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const __vector_base& __c, false_type)
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__vector_base& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+            __alloc() = _VSTD::move(__c.__alloc());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(__vector_base& __c, false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(allocator_type& __x, allocator_type& __y, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+            using _VSTD::swap;
+            swap(__x, __y);
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(allocator_type& __x, allocator_type& __y, false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+__vector_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_end(const_pointer __new_last, false_type) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    while (__new_last < __end_)
+        __alloc_traits::destroy(__alloc(), const_cast<pointer>(--__end_));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+__vector_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_end(const_pointer __new_last, true_type) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    __end_ = const_cast<pointer>(__new_last);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+__vector_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::__vector_base()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0),
+      __end_cap_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+__vector_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::__vector_base(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __end_(0),
+      __end_cap_(0, __a)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+__vector_base<_Tp, _Allocator>::~__vector_base()
+{
+    if (__begin_ != 0)
+    {
+        clear();
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __begin_, capacity());
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator = allocator<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE vector
+    : private __vector_base<_Tp, _Allocator>
+{
+private:
+    typedef __vector_base<_Tp, _Allocator>           __base;
+public:
+    typedef vector                                   __self;
+    typedef _Tp                                      value_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                               allocator_type;
+    typedef typename __base::__alloc_traits          __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __base::reference               reference;
+    typedef typename __base::const_reference         const_reference;
+    typedef typename __base::size_type               size_type;
+    typedef typename __base::difference_type         difference_type;
+    typedef typename __base::pointer                 pointer;
+    typedef typename __base::const_pointer           const_pointer;
+    typedef __wrap_iter<pointer>                     iterator;
+    typedef __wrap_iter<const_pointer>               const_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>         reverse_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>   const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+            __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit vector(const allocator_type& __a)
+        : __base(__a)
+    {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    }
+    explicit vector(size_type __n);
+    vector(size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+    vector(size_type __n, const_reference __x, const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+               typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+                                 !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a,
+               typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+                                 !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+               typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a,
+               typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value>::type* = 0);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    ~vector()
+    {
+        __get_db()->__erase_c(this);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    vector(const vector& __x);
+    vector(const vector& __x, const allocator_type& __a);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector& operator=(const vector& __x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector(vector&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector(vector&& __x, const allocator_type& __a);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector& operator=(vector&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+             __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {assign(__il.begin(), __il.end()); return *this;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+             __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+            !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+    void assign(size_type __n, const_reference __u);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return this->__alloc();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator               begin() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator         begin()   const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator               end() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator         end()     const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return       reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin()  const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator       rend() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return       reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()    const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return begin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator         cend()    const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return end();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return rbegin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return rend();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_ - this->__begin_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type capacity() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __base::capacity();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return this->__begin_ == this->__end_;}
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    void reserve(size_type __n);
+    void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference       operator[](size_type __n);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference operator[](size_type __n) const;
+    reference       at(size_type __n);
+    const_reference at(size_type __n) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference       front()
+    {
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!empty(), "front() called for empty vector");
+        return *this->__begin_;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference front() const
+    {
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!empty(), "front() called for empty vector");
+        return *this->__begin_;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference       back()
+    {
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!empty(), "back() called for empty vector");
+        return *(this->__end_ - 1);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference back()  const
+    {
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!empty(), "back() called for empty vector");
+        return *(this->__end_ - 1);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    value_type*       data() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__begin_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const value_type* data() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__begin_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void push_back(const_reference __x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void push_back(value_type&& __x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args>
+        void emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    void pop_back();
+
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __position, const_reference __x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __position, value_type&& __x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+    template <class... _Args>
+        iterator emplace(const_iterator __position, _Args&&... __args);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __position, size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+             __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+            !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            iterator
+        >::type
+        insert(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            iterator
+        >::type
+        insert(const_iterator __position, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __position, initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {return insert(__position, __il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator erase(const_iterator __position);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        __base::clear();
+        __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    }
+
+    void resize(size_type __sz);
+    void resize(size_type __sz, const_reference __x);
+
+    void swap(vector&)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+
+    bool __invariants() const;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+
+    bool __dereferenceable(const const_iterator* __i) const;
+    bool __decrementable(const const_iterator* __i) const;
+    bool __addable(const const_iterator* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const;
+    bool __subscriptable(const const_iterator* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const;
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    void allocate(size_type __n);
+    void deallocate() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY size_type __recommend(size_type __new_size) const;
+    void __construct_at_end(size_type __n);
+    void __construct_at_end(size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        __construct_at_end(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    void __move_construct_at_end(pointer __first, pointer __last);
+    void __append(size_type __n);
+    void __append(size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator       __make_iter(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator __make_iter(const_pointer __p) const _NOEXCEPT;
+    void __swap_out_circular_buffer(__split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>& __v);
+    pointer __swap_out_circular_buffer(__split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>& __v, pointer __p);
+    void __move_range(pointer __from_s, pointer __from_e, pointer __to);
+    void __move_assign(vector& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    void __move_assign(vector& __c, false_type);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __destruct_at_end(const_pointer __new_last) _NOEXCEPT
+    {
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        __c_node* __c = __get_db()->__find_c_and_lock(this);
+        for (__i_node** __p = __c->end_; __p != __c->beg_; )
+        {
+            --__p;
+            const_iterator* __i = static_cast<const_iterator*>((*__p)->__i_);
+            if (__i->base() > __new_last)
+            {
+                (*__p)->__c_ = nullptr;
+                if (--__c->end_ != __p)
+                    memmove(__p, __p+1, (__c->end_ - __p)*sizeof(__i_node*));
+            }
+        }
+        __get_db()->unlock();
+#endif
+        __base::__destruct_at_end(__new_last);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__swap_out_circular_buffer(__split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>& __v)
+{
+    for (pointer __p = this->__end_; this->__begin_ < __p;)
+        __v.push_front(_VSTD::move_if_noexcept(*--__p));
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__begin_, __v.__begin_);
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__end_, __v.__end_);
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__end_cap(), __v.__end_cap());
+    __v.__first_ = __v.__begin_;
+    __invalidate_all_iterators();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::pointer
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__swap_out_circular_buffer(__split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>& __v, pointer __p)
+{
+    pointer __r = __v.__begin_;
+    for (pointer __i = __p; this->__begin_ < __i;)
+        __v.push_front(_VSTD::move_if_noexcept(*--__i));
+    for (pointer __i = __p; __i < this->__end_; ++__i)
+        __v.push_back(_VSTD::move_if_noexcept(*__i));
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__begin_, __v.__begin_);
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__end_, __v.__end_);
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__end_cap(), __v.__end_cap());
+    __v.__first_ = __v.__begin_;
+    __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    return __r;
+}
+
+//  Allocate space for __n objects
+//  throws length_error if __n > max_size()
+//  throws (probably bad_alloc) if memory run out
+//  Precondition:  __begin_ == __end_ == __end_cap() == 0
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Postcondition:  capacity() == __n
+//  Postcondition:  size() == 0
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::allocate(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n > max_size())
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    this->__begin_ = this->__end_ = __alloc_traits::allocate(this->__alloc(), __n);
+    this->__end_cap() = this->__begin_ + __n;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::deallocate() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (this->__begin_ != 0)
+    {
+        clear();
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(this->__alloc(), this->__begin_, capacity());
+        this->__begin_ = this->__end_ = this->__end_cap() = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::max_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return _VSTD::min<size_type>(__alloc_traits::max_size(this->__alloc()), numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / 2);  // end() >= begin(), always
+}
+
+//  Precondition:  __new_size > capacity()
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__recommend(size_type __new_size) const
+{
+    const size_type __ms = max_size();
+    if (__new_size > __ms)
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    const size_type __cap = capacity();
+    if (__cap >= __ms / 2)
+        return __ms;
+    return _VSTD::max<size_type>(2*__cap, __new_size);
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    do
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_));
+        ++this->__end_;
+        --__n;
+    } while (__n > 0);
+}
+
+//  Copy constructs __n objects starting at __end_ from __x
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == old size() + __n
+//  Postcondition:  [i] == __x for all i in [size() - __n, __n)
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n, const_reference __x)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    do
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_), __x);
+        ++this->__end_;
+        --__n;
+    } while (__n > 0);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_), *__first);
+        ++this->__end_;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_construct_at_end(pointer __first, pointer __last)
+{
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_),
+                                  _VSTD::move(*__first));
+        ++this->__end_;
+    }
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+//  Exception safety: strong.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_cap() - this->__end_) >= __n)
+        this->__construct_at_end(__n);
+    else
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+        __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + __n), size(), __a);
+        __v.__construct_at_end(__n);
+        __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+    }
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+//  Exception safety: strong.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(size_type __n, const_reference __x)
+{
+    if (static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_cap() - this->__end_) >= __n)
+        this->__construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+    else
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+        __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + __n), size(), __a);
+        __v.__construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+        __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__n);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n, const_reference __x)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n, const_reference __x, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+       typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+                         !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value>::type*)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        push_back(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a,
+       typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+                         !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value>::type*)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        push_back(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value>::type*)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(_VSTD::distance(__first, __last));
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__first, __last);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a,
+                                typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value>::type*)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(_VSTD::distance(__first, __last));
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__first, __last);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(const vector& __x)
+    : __base(__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__x.__alloc()))
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    size_type __n = __x.size();
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__x.__begin_, __x.__end_);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(const vector& __x, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    size_type __n = __x.size();
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__x.__begin_, __x.__end_);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(vector&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __base(_VSTD::move(__x.__alloc()))
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+    __get_db()->swap(this, &__x);
+#endif
+    this->__begin_ = __x.__begin_;
+    this->__end_ = __x.__end_;
+    this->__end_cap() = __x.__end_cap();
+    __x.__begin_ = __x.__end_ = __x.__end_cap() = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(vector&& __x, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    if (__a == __x.__alloc())
+    {
+        this->__begin_ = __x.__begin_;
+        this->__end_ = __x.__end_;
+        this->__end_cap() = __x.__end_cap();
+        __x.__begin_ = __x.__end_ = __x.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+        __get_db()->swap(this, &__x);
+#endif
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        typedef move_iterator<iterator> _I;
+        assign(_I(__x.begin()), _I(__x.end()));
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    if (__il.size() > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__il.size());
+        __construct_at_end(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __base(__a)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__insert_c(this);
+#endif
+    if (__il.size() > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__il.size());
+        __construct_at_end(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>&
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(vector&& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+             __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    __move_assign(__x, integral_constant<bool,
+          __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_assign(vector& __c, false_type)
+{
+    if (__base::__alloc() != __c.__alloc())
+    {
+        typedef move_iterator<iterator> _I;
+        assign(_I(__c.begin()), _I(__c.end()));
+    }
+    else
+        __move_assign(__c, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_assign(vector& __c, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    deallocate();
+    this->__begin_ = __c.__begin_;
+    this->__end_ = __c.__end_;
+    this->__end_cap() = __c.__end_cap();
+    __base::__move_assign_alloc(__c);
+    __c.__begin_ = __c.__end_ = __c.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->swap(this, &__c);
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>&
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(const vector& __x)
+{
+    if (this != &__x)
+    {
+        __base::__copy_assign_alloc(__x);
+        assign(__x.__begin_, __x.__end_);
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+     __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+    !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    clear();
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        push_back(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::difference_type __new_size = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    if (static_cast<size_type>(__new_size) <= capacity())
+    {
+        _ForwardIterator __mid = __last;
+        bool __growing = false;
+        if (static_cast<size_type>(__new_size) > size())
+        {
+            __growing = true;
+            __mid =  __first;
+            _VSTD::advance(__mid, size());
+        }
+        pointer __m = _VSTD::copy(__first, __mid, this->__begin_);
+        if (__growing)
+            __construct_at_end(__mid, __last);
+        else
+            this->__destruct_at_end(__m);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        deallocate();
+        allocate(__recommend(static_cast<size_type>(__new_size)));
+        __construct_at_end(__first, __last);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(size_type __n, const_reference __u)
+{
+    if (__n <= capacity())
+    {
+        size_type __s = size();
+        _VSTD::fill_n(this->__begin_, _VSTD::min(__n, __s), __u);
+        if (__n > __s)
+            __construct_at_end(__n - __s, __u);
+        else
+            this->__destruct_at_end(this->__begin_ + __n);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        deallocate();
+        allocate(__recommend(static_cast<size_type>(__n)));
+        __construct_at_end(__n, __u);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__make_iter(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    return iterator(this, __p);
+#else
+    return iterator(__p);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__make_iter(const_pointer __p) const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    return const_iterator(this, __p);
+#else
+    return const_iterator(__p);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::begin() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __make_iter(this->__begin_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::begin() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __make_iter(this->__begin_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::end() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __make_iter(this->__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::end() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __make_iter(this->__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __n)
+{
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__n < size(), "vector[] index out of bounds");
+    return this->__begin_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __n) const
+{
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__n < size(), "vector[] index out of bounds");
+    return this->__begin_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n >= size())
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return this->__begin_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n) const
+{
+    if (__n >= size())
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return this->__begin_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::reserve(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n > capacity())
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+        __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__n, size(), __a);
+        __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (capacity() > size())
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+            __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(size(), size(), __a);
+            __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(const_reference __x)
+{
+    if (this->__end_ < this->__end_cap())
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(),
+                                  _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_), __x);
+        ++this->__end_;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+        __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), size(), __a);
+        __v.push_back(__x);
+        __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(value_type&& __x)
+{
+    if (this->__end_ < this->__end_cap())
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(),
+                                  _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_),
+                                  _VSTD::move(__x));
+        ++this->__end_;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+        __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), size(), __a);
+        __v.push_back(_VSTD::move(__x));
+        __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace_back(_Args&&... __args)
+{
+    if (this->__end_ < this->__end_cap())
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(),
+                                  _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_),
+                                  _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        ++this->__end_;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+        __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), size(), __a);
+        __v.emplace_back(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::pop_back()
+{
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(!empty(), "vector::pop_back called for empty vector");
+    this->__destruct_at_end(this->__end_ - 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __position)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__find_c_from_i(&__position) == this,
+        "vector::erase(iterator) called with an iterator not"
+        " referring to this vector");
+#endif
+    pointer __p = const_cast<pointer>(&*__position);
+    iterator __r = __make_iter(__p);
+    this->__destruct_at_end(_VSTD::move(__p + 1, this->__end_, __p));
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__find_c_from_i(&__first) == this,
+        "vector::erase(iterator,  iterator) called with an iterator not"
+        " referring to this vector");
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__first <= __last, "vector::erase(first, last) called with invalid range");
+    pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__first - begin());
+    iterator __r = __make_iter(__p);
+    this->__destruct_at_end(_VSTD::move(__p + (__last - __first), this->__end_, __p));
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_range(pointer __from_s, pointer __from_e, pointer __to)
+{
+    pointer __old_last = this->__end_;
+    difference_type __n = __old_last - __to;
+    for (pointer __i = __from_s + __n; __i < __from_e; ++__i, ++this->__end_)
+        __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(),
+                                  _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_),
+                                  _VSTD::move(*__i));
+    _VSTD::move_backward(__from_s, __from_s + __n, __old_last);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, const_reference __x)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__find_c_from_i(&__position) == this,
+        "vector::insert(iterator, x) called with an iterator not"
+        " referring to this vector");
+#endif
+    pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+    if (this->__end_ < this->__end_cap())
+    {
+        if (__p == this->__end_)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(),
+                                      _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_), __x);
+            ++this->__end_;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __move_range(__p, this->__end_, __p + 1);
+            const_pointer __xr = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__x);
+            if (__p <= __xr && __xr < this->__end_)
+                ++__xr;
+            *__p = *__xr;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+        __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+        __v.push_back(__x);
+        __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+    }
+    return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, value_type&& __x)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__find_c_from_i(&__position) == this,
+        "vector::insert(iterator, x) called with an iterator not"
+        " referring to this vector");
+#endif
+    pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+    if (this->__end_ < this->__end_cap())
+    {
+        if (__p == this->__end_)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(),
+                                      _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_),
+                                      _VSTD::move(__x));
+            ++this->__end_;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __move_range(__p, this->__end_, __p + 1);
+            *__p = _VSTD::move(__x);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+        __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+        __v.push_back(_VSTD::move(__x));
+        __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+    }
+    return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace(const_iterator __position, _Args&&... __args)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__find_c_from_i(&__position) == this,
+        "vector::emplace(iterator, x) called with an iterator not"
+        " referring to this vector");
+#endif
+    pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+    if (this->__end_ < this->__end_cap())
+    {
+        if (__p == this->__end_)
+        {
+            __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(),
+                                      _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_),
+                                      _VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+            ++this->__end_;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            __move_range(__p, this->__end_, __p + 1);
+            *__p = value_type(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+        __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+        __v.emplace_back(_VSTD::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+        __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+    }
+    return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VARIADICS
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, size_type __n, const_reference __x)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__find_c_from_i(&__position) == this,
+        "vector::insert(iterator, n, x) called with an iterator not"
+        " referring to this vector");
+#endif
+    pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        if (__n <= static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_cap() - this->__end_))
+        {
+            size_type __old_n = __n;
+            pointer __old_last = this->__end_;
+            if (__n > static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_ - __p))
+            {
+                size_type __cx = __n - (this->__end_ - __p);
+                __construct_at_end(__cx, __x);
+                __n -= __cx;
+            }
+            if (__n > 0)
+            {
+                __move_range(__p, __old_last, __p + __old_n);
+                const_pointer __xr = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__x);
+                if (__p <= __xr && __xr < this->__end_)
+                    __xr += __old_n;
+                _VSTD::fill_n(__p, __n, *__xr);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+            __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + __n), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+            __v.__construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+            __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+        }
+    }
+    return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+     __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+    !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+>::type
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__find_c_from_i(&__position) == this,
+        "vector::insert(iterator, range) called with an iterator not"
+        " referring to this vector");
+#endif
+    difference_type __off = __position - begin();
+    pointer __p = this->__begin_ + __off;
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    pointer __old_last = this->__end_;
+    for (; this->__end_ != this->__end_cap() && __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, _VSTD::__to_raw_pointer(this->__end_),
+                                  *__first);
+        ++this->__end_;
+    }
+    __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__a);
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __v.__construct_at_end(__first, __last);
+            difference_type __old_size = __old_last - this->__begin_;
+            difference_type __old_p = __p - this->__begin_;
+            reserve(__recommend(size() + __v.size()));
+            __p = this->__begin_ + __old_p;
+            __old_last = this->__begin_ + __old_size;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            erase(__make_iter(__old_last), end());
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    __p = _VSTD::rotate(__p, __old_last, this->__end_);
+    insert(__make_iter(__p), make_move_iterator(__v.begin()),
+                                    make_move_iterator(__v.end()));
+    return begin() + __off;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+>::type
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__get_const_db()->__find_c_from_i(&__position) == this,
+        "vector::insert(iterator, range) called with an iterator not"
+        " referring to this vector");
+#endif
+    pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+    difference_type __n = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        if (__n <= this->__end_cap() - this->__end_)
+        {
+            size_type __old_n = __n;
+            pointer __old_last = this->__end_;
+            _ForwardIterator __m = __last;
+            difference_type __dx = this->__end_ - __p;
+            if (__n > __dx)
+            {
+                __m = __first;
+                _VSTD::advance(__m, this->__end_ - __p);
+                __construct_at_end(__m, __last);
+                __n = __dx;
+            }
+            if (__n > 0)
+            {
+                __move_range(__p, __old_last, __p + __old_n);
+                _VSTD::copy(__first, __m, __p);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+            __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + __n), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+            __v.__construct_at_end(__first, __last);
+            __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+        }
+    }
+    return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __sz)
+{
+    size_type __cs = size();
+    if (__cs < __sz)
+        this->__append(__sz - __cs);
+    else if (__cs > __sz)
+        this->__destruct_at_end(this->__begin_ + __sz);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __sz, const_reference __x)
+{
+    size_type __cs = size();
+    if (__cs < __sz)
+        this->__append(__sz - __cs, __x);
+    else if (__cs > __sz)
+        this->__destruct_at_end(this->__begin_ + __sz);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::swap(vector& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   this->__alloc() == __x.__alloc(),
+                   "vector::swap: Either propagate_on_container_swap must be true"
+                   " or the allocators must compare equal");
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__begin_, __x.__begin_);
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__end_, __x.__end_);
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__end_cap(), __x.__end_cap());
+    __base::__swap_alloc(this->__alloc(), __x.__alloc());
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->swap(this, &__x);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+bool
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__invariants() const
+{
+    if (this->__begin_ == 0)
+    {
+        if (this->__end_ != 0 || this->__end_cap() != 0)
+            return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (this->__begin_ > this->__end_)
+            return false;
+        if (this->__begin_ == this->__end_cap())
+            return false;
+        if (this->__end_ > this->__end_cap())
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+bool
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__dereferenceable(const const_iterator* __i) const
+{
+    return this->__begin_ <= __i->base() && __i->base() < this->__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+bool
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__decrementable(const const_iterator* __i) const
+{
+    return this->__begin_ < __i->base() && __i->base() <= this->__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+bool
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__addable(const const_iterator* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const
+{
+    const_pointer __p = __i->base() + __n;
+    return this->__begin_ <= __p && __p <= this->__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+bool
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__subscriptable(const const_iterator* __i, ptrdiff_t __n) const
+{
+    const_pointer __p = __i->base() + __n;
+    return this->__begin_ <= __p && __p < this->__end_;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__invalidate_all_iterators()
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+    __get_db()->__invalidate_all(this);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
+}
+
+// vector<bool>
+
+template <class _Allocator> class vector<bool, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _Allocator> struct hash<vector<bool, _Allocator> >;
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct __has_storage_type<vector<bool, _Allocator> >
+{
+    static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_VISIBLE vector<bool, _Allocator>
+    : private __vector_base_common<true>
+{
+public:
+    typedef vector                                   __self;
+    typedef bool                                     value_type;
+    typedef _Allocator                               allocator_type;
+    typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type>         __alloc_traits;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::difference_type difference_type;
+    typedef __bit_iterator<vector, false>            pointer;
+    typedef __bit_iterator<vector, true>             const_pointer;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    typedef __debug_iter<vector, pointer>            iterator;
+    typedef __debug_iter<vector, const_pointer>      const_iterator;
+
+    friend class __debug_iter<vector, pointer>;
+    friend class __debug_iter<vector, const_pointer>;
+
+    pair<iterator*, const_iterator*> __iterator_list_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator*&       __get_iterator_list(iterator*)       {return __iterator_list_.first;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator*& __get_iterator_list(const_iterator*) {return __iterator_list_.second;}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    typedef pointer                                  iterator;
+    typedef const_pointer                            const_iterator;
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<iterator>         reverse_iterator;
+    typedef _VSTD::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>   const_reverse_iterator;
+
+private:
+    typedef size_type __storage_type;
+    typedef typename __alloc_traits::template
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+                rebind_alloc<__storage_type>
+#else
+                rebind_alloc<__storage_type>::other
+#endif
+                                                     __storage_allocator;
+    typedef allocator_traits<__storage_allocator>    __storage_traits;
+    typedef typename __storage_traits::pointer       __storage_pointer;
+    typedef typename __storage_traits::const_pointer __const_storage_pointer;
+
+    __storage_pointer                                      __begin_;
+    size_type                                              __size_;
+    __compressed_pair<size_type, __storage_allocator> __cap_alloc_;
+public:
+    typedef __bit_reference<vector>                  reference;
+    typedef __bit_const_reference<vector>            const_reference;
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type& __cap() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __cap_alloc_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const size_type& __cap() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __cap_alloc_.first();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __storage_allocator& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __cap_alloc_.second();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const __storage_allocator& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __cap_alloc_.second();}
+
+    static const unsigned __bits_per_word = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_type __internal_cap_to_external(size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __n * __bits_per_word;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_type __external_cap_to_internal(size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return (__n - 1) / __bits_per_word + 1;}
+
+public:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY explicit vector(const allocator_type& __a);
+    ~vector();
+    explicit vector(size_type __n);
+    vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+    vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __v, const allocator_type& __a);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+               typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+                                 !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a,
+               typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+                                 !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+               typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value>::type* = 0);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a,
+               typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value>::type* = 0);
+
+    vector(const vector& __v);
+    vector(const vector& __v, const allocator_type& __a);
+    vector& operator=(const vector& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector(vector&& __v)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    vector(vector&& __v, const allocator_type& __a);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector& operator=(vector&& __v)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+             __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    vector& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {assign(__il.begin(), __il.end()); return *this;}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value &&
+           !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+           void
+        >::type
+        assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+           void
+        >::type
+        assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+    void assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return allocator_type(this->__alloc());}
+
+    size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type capacity() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __internal_cap_to_external(__cap());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __size_;}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __size_ == 0;}
+    void reserve(size_type __n);
+    void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __make_iter(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __make_iter(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator end() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __make_iter(__size_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator end()   const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __make_iter(__size_);}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return       reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(end());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT
+        {return       reverse_iterator(begin());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reverse_iterator(begin());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __make_iter(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator         cend()    const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __make_iter(__size_);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return rbegin();}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return rend();}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference       operator[](size_type __n)       {return __make_ref(__n);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference operator[](size_type __n) const {return __make_ref(__n);}
+    reference       at(size_type __n);
+    const_reference at(size_type __n) const;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference       front()       {return __make_ref(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference front() const {return __make_ref(0);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY reference       back()        {return __make_ref(__size_ - 1);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_reference back()  const {return __make_ref(__size_ - 1);}
+
+    void push_back(const value_type& __x);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void pop_back() {--__size_;}
+
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __position, const value_type& __x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __position, size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __position, size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+             __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+            !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+            iterator
+        >::type
+        insert(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            iterator
+        >::type
+        insert(const_iterator __position, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator insert(const_iterator __position, initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+        {return insert(__position, __il.begin(), __il.end());}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator erase(const_iterator __position);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last);
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void clear() _NOEXCEPT {__size_ = 0;}
+
+    void swap(vector&)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value);
+
+    void resize(size_type __sz, value_type __x = false);
+    void flip() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    bool __invariants() const;
+
+private:
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    void allocate(size_type __n);
+    void deallocate() _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static size_type __align(size_type __new_size) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __new_size + (__bits_per_word-1) & ~(__bits_per_word-1);};
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY  size_type __recommend(size_type __new_size) const;
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void __construct_at_end(size_type __n, bool __x);
+    template <class _ForwardIterator>
+        typename enable_if
+        <
+            __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+            void
+        >::type
+        __construct_at_end(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+    void __append(size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    reference __make_ref(size_type __pos) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return reference(__begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __storage_type(1) << __pos % __bits_per_word);}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_reference __make_ref(size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_reference(__begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __storage_type(1) << __pos % __bits_per_word);}
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator __make_iter(size_type __pos)
+        {return iterator(this, pointer(__begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, static_cast<unsigned>(__pos % __bits_per_word)));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY const_iterator __make_iter(size_type __pos) const
+        {return const_iterator(this, const_pointer(__begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, static_cast<unsigned>(__pos % __bits_per_word)));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY iterator __const_iterator_cast(const_iterator __p)
+        {return iterator(this, pointer(const_cast<__storage_pointer>(__p.base().__seg_), __p.base().__ctz_));}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator __make_iter(size_type __pos) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return iterator(__begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, static_cast<unsigned>(__pos % __bits_per_word));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    const_iterator __make_iter(size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return const_iterator(__begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, static_cast<unsigned>(__pos % __bits_per_word));}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    iterator __const_iterator_cast(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT
+        {return iterator(const_cast<__storage_pointer>(__p.__seg_), __p.__ctz_);}
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const vector& __v)
+        {__copy_assign_alloc(__v, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __storage_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const vector& __c, true_type)
+        {
+            if (__alloc() != __c.__alloc())
+                deallocate();
+            __alloc() = __c.__alloc();
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __copy_assign_alloc(const vector& __c, false_type)
+        {}
+
+    void __move_assign(vector& __c, false_type);
+    void __move_assign(vector& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(vector& __c)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !__storage_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {__move_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __storage_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());}
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(vector& __c, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+            __alloc() = _VSTD::move(__c.__alloc());
+        }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __move_assign_alloc(vector& __c, false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__storage_allocator& __x, __storage_allocator& __y)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+            !__storage_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {__swap_alloc(__x, __y, integral_constant<bool,
+                      __storage_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());}
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__storage_allocator& __x, __storage_allocator& __y, true_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+        {
+            using _VSTD::swap;
+            swap(__x, __y);
+        }
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    static void __swap_alloc(__storage_allocator& __x, __storage_allocator& __y, false_type)
+        _NOEXCEPT
+        {}
+
+    size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    friend class __bit_reference<vector>;
+    friend class __bit_const_reference<vector>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<vector, false>;
+    friend class __bit_iterator<vector, true>;
+    friend class __bit_array<vector>;
+    friend struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<vector>;
+};
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+#endif
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__invalidate_all_iterators()
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    iterator::__remove_all(this);
+    const_iterator::__remove_all(this);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+}
+
+//  Allocate space for __n objects
+//  throws length_error if __n > max_size()
+//  throws (probably bad_alloc) if memory run out
+//  Precondition:  __begin_ == __end_ == __cap() == 0
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Postcondition:  capacity() == __n
+//  Postcondition:  size() == 0
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::allocate(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n > max_size())
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    __n = __external_cap_to_internal(__n);
+    this->__begin_ = __storage_traits::allocate(this->__alloc(), __n);
+    this->__size_ = 0;
+    this->__cap() = __n;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::deallocate() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (this->__begin_ != 0)
+    {
+        __storage_traits::deallocate(this->__alloc(), this->__begin_, __cap());
+        __invalidate_all_iterators();
+        this->__begin_ = 0;
+        this->__size_ = this->__cap() = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::size_type
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::max_size() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_type __amax = __storage_traits::max_size(__alloc());
+    size_type __nmax = numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / 2;  // end() >= begin(), always
+    if (__nmax / __bits_per_word <= __amax)
+        return __nmax;
+    return __internal_cap_to_external(__amax);
+}
+
+//  Precondition:  __new_size > capacity()
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::size_type
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__recommend(size_type __new_size) const
+{
+    const size_type __ms = max_size();
+    if (__new_size > __ms)
+        this->__throw_length_error();
+    const size_type __cap = capacity();
+    if (__cap >= __ms / 2)
+        return __ms;
+    return _VSTD::max(2*__cap, __align(__new_size));
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n, bool __x)
+{
+    size_type __old_size = this->__size_;
+    this->__size_ += __n;
+    _VSTD::fill_n(__make_iter(__old_size), __n, __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    void
+>::type
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    size_type __old_size = this->__size_;
+    this->__size_ += _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    _VSTD::copy(__first, __last, __make_iter(__old_size));
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector()
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0)
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a))
+{
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0)
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__n, false);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __x)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0)
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __x, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a))
+{
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
+       typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+                         !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value>::type*)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+            push_back(*__first);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        if (__begin_ != 0)
+            __storage_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __begin_, __cap());
+        __invalidate_all_iterators();
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a,
+       typename enable_if<__is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+                         !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value>::type*)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+            push_back(*__first);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        if (__begin_ != 0)
+            __storage_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __begin_, __cap());
+        __invalidate_all_iterators();
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+                                typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value>::type*)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0)
+{
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(_VSTD::distance(__first, __last));
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__first, __last);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a,
+                                typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value>::type*)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a))
+{
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(_VSTD::distance(__first, __last));
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__first, __last);
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0)
+{
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(__il.size());
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a))
+{
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(__il.size());
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__n);
+        __construct_at_end(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::~vector()
+{
+    if (__begin_ != 0)
+        __storage_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __begin_, __cap());
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    __invalidate_all_iterators();
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(const vector& __v)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0, __storage_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__v.__alloc()))
+{
+    if (__v.size() > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__v.size());
+        __construct_at_end(__v.begin(), __v.end());
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(const vector& __v, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0, __a)
+{
+    if (__v.size() > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__v.size());
+        __construct_at_end(__v.begin(), __v.end());
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>&
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::operator=(const vector& __v)
+{
+    if (this != &__v)
+    {
+        __copy_assign_alloc(__v);
+        if (__v.__size_)
+        {
+            if (__v.__size_ > capacity())
+            {
+                deallocate();
+                allocate(__v.__size_);
+            }
+            _VSTD::copy(__v.__begin_, __v.__begin_ + __external_cap_to_internal(__v.__size_), __begin_);
+        }
+        __size_ = __v.__size_;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(vector&& __v)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __begin_(__v.__begin_),
+      __size_(__v.__size_),
+      __cap_alloc_(__v.__cap_alloc_)
+{
+    __v.__begin_ = 0;
+    __v.__size_ = 0;
+    __v.__cap() = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(vector&& __v, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(0),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0, __a)
+{
+    if (__a == allocator_type(__v.__alloc()))
+    {
+        this->__begin_ = __v.__begin_;
+        this->__size_ = __v.__size_;
+        this->__cap() = __v.__cap();
+        __v.__begin_ = nullptr;
+        __v.__cap() = __v.__size_ = 0;
+    }
+    else if (__v.size() > 0)
+    {
+        allocate(__v.size());
+        __construct_at_end(__v.begin(), __v.end());
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+vector<bool, _Allocator>&
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::operator=(vector&& __v)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(
+             __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    __move_assign(__v, integral_constant<bool,
+          __storage_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__move_assign(vector& __c, false_type)
+{
+    if (__alloc() != __c.__alloc())
+        assign(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+    else
+        __move_assign(__c, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__move_assign(vector& __c, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    deallocate();
+    this->__begin_ = __c.__begin_;
+    this->__size_ = __c.__size_;
+    this->__cap() = __c.__cap();
+    __move_assign_alloc(__c);
+    __c.__begin_ = nullptr;
+    __c.__cap() = __c.__size_ = 0;
+}
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __x)
+{
+    __size_ = 0;
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        size_type __c = capacity();
+        if (__n <= __c)
+            __size_ = __n;
+        else
+        {
+            vector __v(__alloc());
+            __v.reserve(__recommend(__n));
+            __v.__size_ = __n;
+            swap(__v);
+        }
+        _VSTD::fill_n(begin(), __n, __x);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_input_iterator<_InputIterator>::value &&
+   !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+   void
+>::type
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    clear();
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        push_back(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+   void
+>::type
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    clear();
+    difference_type __n = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    if (__n)
+    {
+        if (__n > capacity())
+        {
+            deallocate();
+            allocate(__n);
+        }
+        __construct_at_end(__first, __last);
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::reserve(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n > capacity())
+    {
+        vector __v(this->__alloc());
+        __v.allocate(__n);
+        __v.__construct_at_end(this->begin(), this->end());
+        swap(__v);
+        __invalidate_all_iterators();
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (__external_cap_to_internal(size()) > __cap())
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            vector(*this, allocator_type(__alloc())).swap(*this);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::reference
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n)
+{
+    if (__n >= size())
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return (*this)[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::const_reference
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n) const
+{
+    if (__n >= size())
+        this->__throw_out_of_range();
+    return (*this)[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::push_back(const value_type& __x)
+{
+    if (this->__size_ == this->capacity())
+        reserve(__recommend(this->__size_ + 1));
+    ++this->__size_;
+    back() = __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, const value_type& __x)
+{
+    iterator __r;
+    if (size() < capacity())
+    {
+        const_iterator __old_end = end();
+        ++__size_;
+        _VSTD::copy_backward(__position, __old_end, end());
+        __r = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        vector __v(__alloc());
+        __v.reserve(__recommend(__size_ + 1));
+        __v.__size_ = __size_ + 1;
+        __r = _VSTD::copy(cbegin(), __position, __v.begin());
+        _VSTD::copy_backward(__position, cend(), __v.end());
+        swap(__v);
+    }
+    *__r = __x;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, size_type __n, const value_type& __x)
+{
+    iterator __r;
+    size_type __c = capacity();
+    if (__n <= __c && size() <= __c - __n)
+    {
+        const_iterator __old_end = end();
+        __size_ += __n;
+        _VSTD::copy_backward(__position, __old_end, end());
+        __r = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        vector __v(__alloc());
+        __v.reserve(__recommend(__size_ + __n));
+        __v.__size_ = __size_ + __n;
+        __r = _VSTD::copy(cbegin(), __position, __v.begin());
+        _VSTD::copy_backward(__position, cend(), __v.end());
+        swap(__v);
+    }
+    _VSTD::fill_n(__r, __n, __x);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+     __is_input_iterator  <_InputIterator>::value &&
+    !__is_forward_iterator<_InputIterator>::value,
+    typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+>::type
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+{
+    difference_type __off = __position - begin();
+    iterator __p = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+    iterator __old_end = end();
+    for (; size() != capacity() && __first != __last; ++__first)
+    {
+        ++this->__size_;
+        back() = *__first;
+    }
+    vector __v(__alloc());
+    if (__first != __last)
+    {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try
+        {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+            __v.assign(__first, __last);
+            difference_type __old_size = static_cast<difference_type>(__old_end - begin());
+            difference_type __old_p = __p - begin();
+            reserve(__recommend(size() + __v.size()));
+            __p = begin() + __old_p;
+            __old_end = begin() + __old_size;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        }
+        catch (...)
+        {
+            erase(__old_end, end());
+            throw;
+        }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    __p = _VSTD::rotate(__p, __old_end, end());
+    insert(__p, __v.begin(), __v.end());
+    return begin() + __off;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename enable_if
+<
+    __is_forward_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value,
+    typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+>::type
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+{
+    difference_type __n = _VSTD::distance(__first, __last);
+    iterator __r;
+    size_type __c = capacity();
+    if (__n <= __c && size() <= __c - __n)
+    {
+        const_iterator __old_end = end();
+        __size_ += __n;
+        _VSTD::copy_backward(__position, __old_end, end());
+        __r = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        vector __v(__alloc());
+        __v.reserve(__recommend(__size_ + __n));
+        __v.__size_ = __size_ + __n;
+        __r = _VSTD::copy(cbegin(), __position, __v.begin());
+        _VSTD::copy_backward(__position, cend(), __v.end());
+        swap(__v);
+    }
+    _VSTD::copy(__first, __last, __r);
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __position)
+{
+    iterator __r = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+    _VSTD::copy(__position + 1, this->cend(), __r);
+    --__size_;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
+{
+    iterator __r = __const_iterator_cast(__first);
+    difference_type __d = __last - __first;
+    _VSTD::copy(__last, this->cend(), __r);
+    __size_ -= __d;
+    return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::swap(vector& __x)
+        _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                   __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value)
+{
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__begin_, __x.__begin_);
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__size_, __x.__size_);
+    _VSTD::swap(this->__cap(), __x.__cap());
+    __swap_alloc(this->__alloc(), __x.__alloc());
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+    iterator::swap(this, &__x);
+    const_iterator::swap(this, &__x);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_DEBUG
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __sz, value_type __x)
+{
+    size_type __cs = size();
+    if (__cs < __sz)
+    {
+        iterator __r;
+        size_type __c = capacity();
+        size_type __n = __sz - __cs;
+        if (__n <= __c && __cs <= __c - __n)
+        {
+            __r = end();
+            __size_ += __n;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            vector __v(__alloc());
+            __v.reserve(__recommend(__size_ + __n));
+            __v.__size_ = __size_ + __n;
+            __r = _VSTD::copy(cbegin(), cend(), __v.begin());
+            swap(__v);
+        }
+        _VSTD::fill_n(__r, __n, __x);
+    }
+    else
+        __size_ = __sz;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::flip() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    // do middle whole words
+    size_type __n = __size_;
+    __storage_pointer __p = __begin_;
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+        *__p = ~*__p;
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        __storage_type __b = *__p & __m;
+        *__p &= ~__m;
+        *__p |= ~__b & __m;
+    }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__invariants() const
+{
+    if (this->__begin_ == 0)
+    {
+        if (this->__size_ != 0 || this->__cap() != 0)
+            return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (this->__cap() == 0)
+            return false;
+        if (this->__size_ > this->capacity())
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+size_t
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    size_t __h = 0;
+    // do middle whole words
+    size_type __n = __size_;
+    __storage_pointer __p = __begin_;
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+        __h ^= *__p;
+    // do last partial word
+    if (__n > 0)
+    {
+        const __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        __h ^= *__p & __m;
+    }
+    return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct _LIBCPP_VISIBLE hash<vector<bool, _Allocator> >
+    : public unary_function<vector<bool, _Allocator>, size_t>
+{
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    size_t operator()(const vector<bool, _Allocator>& __vec) const _NOEXCEPT
+        {return __vec.__hash_code();}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator==(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    const typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type __sz = __x.size();
+    return __sz == __y.size() && _VSTD::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator!=(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator< (const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return _VSTD::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator> (const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator>=(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+bool
+operator<=(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+{
+    return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY inline
+void
+swap(vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y)))
+{
+    __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_VECTOR
diff --git a/system/include/memory.h b/system/include/memory.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01e2d041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/memory.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+#ifndef _MEMORY_H
+#define _MEMORY_H
+
+#include <sys/features.h>
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#endif
+
diff --git a/system/include/net/arpa/inet.h b/system/include/net/arpa/inet.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76ad8b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/net/arpa/inet.h
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/* */
+
+uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t netlong);
+
+uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t netshort);
+
+int inet_aton(const char *cp, struct in_addr *addr);
diff --git a/system/include/net/netdb.h b/system/include/net/netdb.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b6f3389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/net/netdb.h
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+struct addrinfo
+{
+  int ai_flags;
+  int ai_family;
+  int ai_socktype;
+  int ai_protocol;
+  socklen_t ai_addrlen;
+  struct sockaddr *ai_addr;
+  char *ai_canonname;
+  struct addrinfo *ai_next;
+};
+
+extern int getaddrinfo(const char *name, const char *service, const struct addrinfo *req, struct addrinfo **pai);
+extern void freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *ai);
+extern int getnameinfo (struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen, char *host, socklen_t hostlen, char *serv, socklen_t servlen, unsigned int flags);
+const char *gai_strerror(int ecode);
+
diff --git a/system/include/net/netinet/in.h b/system/include/net/netinet/in.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0def3127
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/net/netinet/in.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+
+#define INET_ADDRSTRLEN 16
+
+struct in_addr {
+  unsigned long s_addr;
+};
+
+struct sockaddr_in {
+  short          sin_family;
+  unsigned short sin_port;
+  struct in_addr sin_addr;
+  char           sin_zero[8];
+};
+
+struct in6_addr {
+  unsigned char s6_addr[16];
+};
+
+struct sockaddr_in6 {
+  short           sin6_family;
+  short           sin6_port;
+  int             sin6_flowinfo;
+  struct in6_addr sin6_addr;
+  int             sin6_scope_id;
+};
+
diff --git a/system/include/poll.h b/system/include/poll.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4c40dca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/poll.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+#include "sys/poll.h"
+
diff --git a/system/include/sys/poll.h b/system/include/sys/poll.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e72ac26f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/sys/poll.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+
+#ifndef _SYS_POLL_H
+#define _SYS_POLL_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#define POLLIN   1
+#define POLLOUT  2
+#define POLLNVAL 4
+#define POLLERR  8
+#define POLLHUP 16
+
+struct pollfd {
+  int fd;
+  short events;
+  short revents;
+};
+
+int poll(struct pollfd *data, int num, int extra);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
diff --git a/system/include/sys/select.h b/system/include/sys/select.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47cef2e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/sys/select.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
+
diff --git a/system/include/sys/socket.h b/system/include/sys/socket.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95a0635a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/sys/socket.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/* */
+
+#define AF_UNSPEC 100
+#define SOCK_STREAM 200
+#define SOL_SOCKET 50
+#define SO_ERROR 10
+#define SOCK_DGRAM 20
+#define SO_REUSEADDR 30
+#define SO_SNDBUF 40
+#define SO_RCVBUF 60
+
+typedef int socklen_t;
+
+typedef unsigned int sa_family_t;
+#define AF_INET 1
+#define AF_INET6 6
+
+struct sockaddr {
+  sa_family_t sa_family; 
+  char        sa_data[];
+};
+
+struct sockaddr_storage {
+  sa_family_t ss_family;
+};
+
+ssize_t recvfrom(int socket, void *buffer, size_t length, int flags, struct sockaddr *address, socklen_t *address_len);
+int getpeername(int socket, struct sockaddr *address, socklen_t *address_len);
+int getsockname(int socket, struct sockaddr *address, socklen_t *address_len);
+int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol); 
+int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *my_addr, socklen_t addrlen);
+int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
+int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen); 
+int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *serv_addr, socklen_t addrlen); 
+int getsockopt(int s, int level, int optname, void *optval, socklen_t *optlen);
+ssize_t recv(int s, void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
+ssize_t send(int s, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
+int setsockopt(int s, int level, int optname, const void *optval, socklen_t optlen);
+ssize_t sendto(int s, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags, const struct sockaddr *to, socklen_t tolen);
+
diff --git a/system/include/sys/statvfs.h b/system/include/sys/statvfs.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b7490b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/sys/statvfs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+struct statvfs {
+  int f_bsize;
+  int f_frsize;
+  int f_blocks;
+  int f_bfree;
+  int f_bavail;
+  int f_files;
+  int f_ffree;
+  int f_favail;
+  int f_fsid;
+  int f_flag;
+  int f_namemax;
+};
+
+int statvfs(char *path, struct statvfs *s);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
diff --git a/system/include/zconf.h b/system/include/zconf.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2343874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/zconf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+/* zconf.h -- configuration of the zlib compression library
+ * Copyright (C) 1995-2010 Jean-loup Gailly.
+ * For conditions of distribution and use, see copyright notice in zlib.h
+ */
+
+/* @(#) $Id$ */
+
+#ifndef ZCONF_H
+#define ZCONF_H
+
+/*
+ * If you *really* need a unique prefix for all types and library functions,
+ * compile with -DZ_PREFIX. The "standard" zlib should be compiled without it.
+ * Even better than compiling with -DZ_PREFIX would be to use configure to set
+ * this permanently in zconf.h using "./configure --zprefix".
+ */
+#ifdef Z_PREFIX     /* may be set to #if 1 by ./configure */
+
+/* all linked symbols */
+#  define _dist_code            z__dist_code
+#  define _length_code          z__length_code
+#  define _tr_align             z__tr_align
+#  define _tr_flush_block       z__tr_flush_block
+#  define _tr_init              z__tr_init
+#  define _tr_stored_block      z__tr_stored_block
+#  define _tr_tally             z__tr_tally
+#  define adler32               z_adler32
+#  define adler32_combine       z_adler32_combine
+#  define adler32_combine64     z_adler32_combine64
+#  define compress              z_compress
+#  define compress2             z_compress2
+#  define compressBound         z_compressBound
+#  define crc32                 z_crc32
+#  define crc32_combine         z_crc32_combine
+#  define crc32_combine64       z_crc32_combine64
+#  define deflate               z_deflate
+#  define deflateBound          z_deflateBound
+#  define deflateCopy           z_deflateCopy
+#  define deflateEnd            z_deflateEnd
+#  define deflateInit2_         z_deflateInit2_
+#  define deflateInit_          z_deflateInit_
+#  define deflateParams         z_deflateParams
+#  define deflatePrime          z_deflatePrime
+#  define deflateReset          z_deflateReset
+#  define deflateSetDictionary  z_deflateSetDictionary
+#  define deflateSetHeader      z_deflateSetHeader
+#  define deflateTune           z_deflateTune
+#  define deflate_copyright     z_deflate_copyright
+#  define get_crc_table         z_get_crc_table
+#  define gz_error              z_gz_error
+#  define gz_intmax             z_gz_intmax
+#  define gz_strwinerror        z_gz_strwinerror
+#  define gzbuffer              z_gzbuffer
+#  define gzclearerr            z_gzclearerr
+#  define gzclose               z_gzclose
+#  define gzclose_r             z_gzclose_r
+#  define gzclose_w             z_gzclose_w
+#  define gzdirect              z_gzdirect
+#  define gzdopen               z_gzdopen
+#  define gzeof                 z_gzeof
+#  define gzerror               z_gzerror
+#  define gzflush               z_gzflush
+#  define gzgetc                z_gzgetc
+#  define gzgets                z_gzgets
+#  define gzoffset              z_gzoffset
+#  define gzoffset64            z_gzoffset64
+#  define gzopen                z_gzopen
+#  define gzopen64              z_gzopen64
+#  define gzprintf              z_gzprintf
+#  define gzputc                z_gzputc
+#  define gzputs                z_gzputs
+#  define gzread                z_gzread
+#  define gzrewind              z_gzrewind
+#  define gzseek                z_gzseek
+#  define gzseek64              z_gzseek64
+#  define gzsetparams           z_gzsetparams
+#  define gztell                z_gztell
+#  define gztell64              z_gztell64
+#  define gzungetc              z_gzungetc
+#  define gzwrite               z_gzwrite
+#  define inflate               z_inflate
+#  define inflateBack           z_inflateBack
+#  define inflateBackEnd        z_inflateBackEnd
+#  define inflateBackInit_      z_inflateBackInit_
+#  define inflateCopy           z_inflateCopy
+#  define inflateEnd            z_inflateEnd
+#  define inflateGetHeader      z_inflateGetHeader
+#  define inflateInit2_         z_inflateInit2_
+#  define inflateInit_          z_inflateInit_
+#  define inflateMark           z_inflateMark
+#  define inflatePrime          z_inflatePrime
+#  define inflateReset          z_inflateReset
+#  define inflateReset2         z_inflateReset2
+#  define inflateSetDictionary  z_inflateSetDictionary
+#  define inflateSync           z_inflateSync
+#  define inflateSyncPoint      z_inflateSyncPoint
+#  define inflateUndermine      z_inflateUndermine
+#  define inflate_copyright     z_inflate_copyright
+#  define inflate_fast          z_inflate_fast
+#  define inflate_table         z_inflate_table
+#  define uncompress            z_uncompress
+#  define zError                z_zError
+#  define zcalloc               z_zcalloc
+#  define zcfree                z_zcfree
+#  define zlibCompileFlags      z_zlibCompileFlags
+#  define zlibVersion           z_zlibVersion
+
+/* all zlib typedefs in zlib.h and zconf.h */
+#  define Byte                  z_Byte
+#  define Bytef                 z_Bytef
+#  define alloc_func            z_alloc_func
+#  define charf                 z_charf
+#  define free_func             z_free_func
+#  define gzFile                z_gzFile
+#  define gz_header             z_gz_header
+#  define gz_headerp            z_gz_headerp
+#  define in_func               z_in_func
+#  define intf                  z_intf
+#  define out_func              z_out_func
+#  define uInt                  z_uInt
+#  define uIntf                 z_uIntf
+#  define uLong                 z_uLong
+#  define uLongf                z_uLongf
+#  define voidp                 z_voidp
+#  define voidpc                z_voidpc
+#  define voidpf                z_voidpf
+
+/* all zlib structs in zlib.h and zconf.h */
+#  define gz_header_s           z_gz_header_s
+#  define internal_state        z_internal_state
+
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__MSDOS__) && !defined(MSDOS)
+#  define MSDOS
+#endif
+#if (defined(OS_2) || defined(__OS2__)) && !defined(OS2)
+#  define OS2
+#endif
+#if defined(_WINDOWS) && !defined(WINDOWS)
+#  define WINDOWS
+#endif
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN32_WCE) || defined(__WIN32__)
+#  ifndef WIN32
+#    define WIN32
+#  endif
+#endif
+#if (defined(MSDOS) || defined(OS2) || defined(WINDOWS)) && !defined(WIN32)
+#  if !defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__FLAT__) && !defined(__386__)
+#    ifndef SYS16BIT
+#      define SYS16BIT
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Compile with -DMAXSEG_64K if the alloc function cannot allocate more
+ * than 64k bytes at a time (needed on systems with 16-bit int).
+ */
+#ifdef SYS16BIT
+#  define MAXSEG_64K
+#endif
+#ifdef MSDOS
+#  define UNALIGNED_OK
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __STDC_VERSION__
+#  ifndef STDC
+#    define STDC
+#  endif
+#  if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+#    ifndef STDC99
+#      define STDC99
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(STDC) && (defined(__STDC__) || defined(__cplusplus))
+#  define STDC
+#endif
+#if !defined(STDC) && (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__BORLANDC__))
+#  define STDC
+#endif
+#if !defined(STDC) && (defined(MSDOS) || defined(WINDOWS) || defined(WIN32))
+#  define STDC
+#endif
+#if !defined(STDC) && (defined(OS2) || defined(__HOS_AIX__))
+#  define STDC
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__OS400__) && !defined(STDC)    /* iSeries (formerly AS/400). */
+#  define STDC
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STDC
+#  ifndef const /* cannot use !defined(STDC) && !defined(const) on Mac */
+#    define const       /* note: need a more gentle solution here */
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* Some Mac compilers merge all .h files incorrectly: */
+#if defined(__MWERKS__)||defined(applec)||defined(THINK_C)||defined(__SC__)
+#  define NO_DUMMY_DECL
+#endif
+
+/* Maximum value for memLevel in deflateInit2 */
+#ifndef MAX_MEM_LEVEL
+#  ifdef MAXSEG_64K
+#    define MAX_MEM_LEVEL 8
+#  else
+#    define MAX_MEM_LEVEL 9
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* Maximum value for windowBits in deflateInit2 and inflateInit2.
+ * WARNING: reducing MAX_WBITS makes minigzip unable to extract .gz files
+ * created by gzip. (Files created by minigzip can still be extracted by
+ * gzip.)
+ */
+#ifndef MAX_WBITS
+#  define MAX_WBITS   15 /* 32K LZ77 window */
+#endif
+
+/* The memory requirements for deflate are (in bytes):
+            (1 << (windowBits+2)) +  (1 << (memLevel+9))
+ that is: 128K for windowBits=15  +  128K for memLevel = 8  (default values)
+ plus a few kilobytes for small objects. For example, if you want to reduce
+ the default memory requirements from 256K to 128K, compile with
+     make CFLAGS="-O -DMAX_WBITS=14 -DMAX_MEM_LEVEL=7"
+ Of course this will generally degrade compression (there's no free lunch).
+
+   The memory requirements for inflate are (in bytes) 1 << windowBits
+ that is, 32K for windowBits=15 (default value) plus a few kilobytes
+ for small objects.
+*/
+
+                        /* Type declarations */
+
+#ifndef OF /* function prototypes */
+#  ifdef STDC
+#    define OF(args)  args
+#  else
+#    define OF(args)  ()
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/* The following definitions for FAR are needed only for MSDOS mixed
+ * model programming (small or medium model with some far allocations).
+ * This was tested only with MSC; for other MSDOS compilers you may have
+ * to define NO_MEMCPY in zutil.h.  If you don't need the mixed model,
+ * just define FAR to be empty.
+ */
+#ifdef SYS16BIT
+#  if defined(M_I86SM) || defined(M_I86MM)
+     /* MSC small or medium model */
+#    define SMALL_MEDIUM
+#    ifdef _MSC_VER
+#      define FAR _far
+#    else
+#      define FAR far
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#  if (defined(__SMALL__) || defined(__MEDIUM__))
+     /* Turbo C small or medium model */
+#    define SMALL_MEDIUM
+#    ifdef __BORLANDC__
+#      define FAR _far
+#    else
+#      define FAR far
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(WINDOWS) || defined(WIN32)
+   /* If building or using zlib as a DLL, define ZLIB_DLL.
+    * This is not mandatory, but it offers a little performance increase.
+    */
+#  ifdef ZLIB_DLL
+#    if defined(WIN32) && (!defined(__BORLANDC__) || (__BORLANDC__ >= 0x500))
+#      ifdef ZLIB_INTERNAL
+#        define ZEXTERN extern __declspec(dllexport)
+#      else
+#        define ZEXTERN extern __declspec(dllimport)
+#      endif
+#    endif
+#  endif  /* ZLIB_DLL */
+   /* If building or using zlib with the WINAPI/WINAPIV calling convention,
+    * define ZLIB_WINAPI.
+    * Caution: the standard ZLIB1.DLL is NOT compiled using ZLIB_WINAPI.
+    */
+#  ifdef ZLIB_WINAPI
+#    ifdef FAR
+#      undef FAR
+#    endif
+#    include <windows.h>
+     /* No need for _export, use ZLIB.DEF instead. */
+     /* For complete Windows compatibility, use WINAPI, not __stdcall. */
+#    define ZEXPORT WINAPI
+#    ifdef WIN32
+#      define ZEXPORTVA WINAPIV
+#    else
+#      define ZEXPORTVA FAR CDECL
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined (__BEOS__)
+#  ifdef ZLIB_DLL
+#    ifdef ZLIB_INTERNAL
+#      define ZEXPORT   __declspec(dllexport)
+#      define ZEXPORTVA __declspec(dllexport)
+#    else
+#      define ZEXPORT   __declspec(dllimport)
+#      define ZEXPORTVA __declspec(dllimport)
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ZEXTERN
+#  define ZEXTERN extern
+#endif
+#ifndef ZEXPORT
+#  define ZEXPORT
+#endif
+#ifndef ZEXPORTVA
+#  define ZEXPORTVA
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FAR
+#  define FAR
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(__MACTYPES__)
+typedef unsigned char  Byte;  /* 8 bits */
+#endif
+typedef unsigned int   uInt;  /* 16 bits or more */
+typedef unsigned long  uLong; /* 32 bits or more */
+
+#ifdef SMALL_MEDIUM
+   /* Borland C/C++ and some old MSC versions ignore FAR inside typedef */
+#  define Bytef Byte FAR
+#else
+   typedef Byte  FAR Bytef;
+#endif
+typedef char  FAR charf;
+typedef int   FAR intf;
+typedef uInt  FAR uIntf;
+typedef uLong FAR uLongf;
+
+#ifdef STDC
+   typedef void const *voidpc;
+   typedef void FAR   *voidpf;
+   typedef void       *voidp;
+#else
+   typedef Byte const *voidpc;
+   typedef Byte FAR   *voidpf;
+   typedef Byte       *voidp;
+#endif
+
+#if 1    /* was set to #if 1 by ./configure */
+#  define Z_HAVE_UNISTD_H
+#endif
+
+#ifdef STDC
+#  include <sys/types.h>    /* for off_t */
+#endif
+
+/* a little trick to accommodate both "#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE" and
+ * "#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE 1" as requesting 64-bit operations, (even
+ * though the former does not conform to the LFS document), but considering
+ * both "#undef _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE" and "#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE 0" as
+ * equivalently requesting no 64-bit operations
+ */
+#if -_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE - -1 == 1
+#  undef _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(Z_HAVE_UNISTD_H) || defined(_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE)
+#  include <unistd.h>       /* for SEEK_* and off_t */
+#  ifdef VMS
+#    include <unixio.h>     /* for off_t */
+#  endif
+#  ifndef z_off_t
+#    define z_off_t off_t
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SEEK_SET
+#  define SEEK_SET        0       /* Seek from beginning of file.  */
+#  define SEEK_CUR        1       /* Seek from current position.  */
+#  define SEEK_END        2       /* Set file pointer to EOF plus "offset" */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef z_off_t
+#  define z_off_t long
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE) && _LFS64_LARGEFILE-0
+#  define z_off64_t off64_t
+#else
+#  define z_off64_t z_off_t
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__OS400__)
+#  define NO_vsnprintf
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__MVS__)
+#  define NO_vsnprintf
+#endif
+
+/* MVS linker does not support external names larger than 8 bytes */
+#if defined(__MVS__)
+  #pragma map(deflateInit_,"DEIN")
+  #pragma map(deflateInit2_,"DEIN2")
+  #pragma map(deflateEnd,"DEEND")
+  #pragma map(deflateBound,"DEBND")
+  #pragma map(inflateInit_,"ININ")
+  #pragma map(inflateInit2_,"ININ2")
+  #pragma map(inflateEnd,"INEND")
+  #pragma map(inflateSync,"INSY")
+  #pragma map(inflateSetDictionary,"INSEDI")
+  #pragma map(compressBound,"CMBND")
+  #pragma map(inflate_table,"INTABL")
+  #pragma map(inflate_fast,"INFA")
+  #pragma map(inflate_copyright,"INCOPY")
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ZCONF_H */
diff --git a/system/include/zlib.h b/system/include/zlib.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfbba83e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/include/zlib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1613 @@
+/* zlib.h -- interface of the 'zlib' general purpose compression library
+  version 1.2.5, April 19th, 2010
+
+  Copyright (C) 1995-2010 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+
+  Jean-loup Gailly        Mark Adler
+  jloup@gzip.org          madler@alumni.caltech.edu
+
+
+  The data format used by the zlib library is described by RFCs (Request for
+  Comments) 1950 to 1952 in the files http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1950.txt
+  (zlib format), rfc1951.txt (deflate format) and rfc1952.txt (gzip format).
+*/
+
+#ifndef ZLIB_H
+#define ZLIB_H
+
+#include "zconf.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#define ZLIB_VERSION "1.2.5"
+#define ZLIB_VERNUM 0x1250
+#define ZLIB_VER_MAJOR 1
+#define ZLIB_VER_MINOR 2
+#define ZLIB_VER_REVISION 5
+#define ZLIB_VER_SUBREVISION 0
+
+/*
+    The 'zlib' compression library provides in-memory compression and
+  decompression functions, including integrity checks of the uncompressed data.
+  This version of the library supports only one compression method (deflation)
+  but other algorithms will be added later and will have the same stream
+  interface.
+
+    Compression can be done in a single step if the buffers are large enough,
+  or can be done by repeated calls of the compression function.  In the latter
+  case, the application must provide more input and/or consume the output
+  (providing more output space) before each call.
+
+    The compressed data format used by default by the in-memory functions is
+  the zlib format, which is a zlib wrapper documented in RFC 1950, wrapped
+  around a deflate stream, which is itself documented in RFC 1951.
+
+    The library also supports reading and writing files in gzip (.gz) format
+  with an interface similar to that of stdio using the functions that start
+  with "gz".  The gzip format is different from the zlib format.  gzip is a
+  gzip wrapper, documented in RFC 1952, wrapped around a deflate stream.
+
+    This library can optionally read and write gzip streams in memory as well.
+
+    The zlib format was designed to be compact and fast for use in memory
+  and on communications channels.  The gzip format was designed for single-
+  file compression on file systems, has a larger header than zlib to maintain
+  directory information, and uses a different, slower check method than zlib.
+
+    The library does not install any signal handler.  The decoder checks
+  the consistency of the compressed data, so the library should never crash
+  even in case of corrupted input.
+*/
+
+typedef voidpf (*alloc_func) OF((voidpf opaque, uInt items, uInt size));
+typedef void   (*free_func)  OF((voidpf opaque, voidpf address));
+
+struct internal_state;
+
+typedef struct z_stream_s {
+    Bytef    *next_in;  /* next input byte */
+    uInt     avail_in;  /* number of bytes available at next_in */
+    uLong    total_in;  /* total nb of input bytes read so far */
+
+    Bytef    *next_out; /* next output byte should be put there */
+    uInt     avail_out; /* remaining free space at next_out */
+    uLong    total_out; /* total nb of bytes output so far */
+
+    char     *msg;      /* last error message, NULL if no error */
+    struct internal_state FAR *state; /* not visible by applications */
+
+    alloc_func zalloc;  /* used to allocate the internal state */
+    free_func  zfree;   /* used to free the internal state */
+    voidpf     opaque;  /* private data object passed to zalloc and zfree */
+
+    int     data_type;  /* best guess about the data type: binary or text */
+    uLong   adler;      /* adler32 value of the uncompressed data */
+    uLong   reserved;   /* reserved for future use */
+} z_stream;
+
+typedef z_stream FAR *z_streamp;
+
+/*
+     gzip header information passed to and from zlib routines.  See RFC 1952
+  for more details on the meanings of these fields.
+*/
+typedef struct gz_header_s {
+    int     text;       /* true if compressed data believed to be text */
+    uLong   time;       /* modification time */
+    int     xflags;     /* extra flags (not used when writing a gzip file) */
+    int     os;         /* operating system */
+    Bytef   *extra;     /* pointer to extra field or Z_NULL if none */
+    uInt    extra_len;  /* extra field length (valid if extra != Z_NULL) */
+    uInt    extra_max;  /* space at extra (only when reading header) */
+    Bytef   *name;      /* pointer to zero-terminated file name or Z_NULL */
+    uInt    name_max;   /* space at name (only when reading header) */
+    Bytef   *comment;   /* pointer to zero-terminated comment or Z_NULL */
+    uInt    comm_max;   /* space at comment (only when reading header) */
+    int     hcrc;       /* true if there was or will be a header crc */
+    int     done;       /* true when done reading gzip header (not used
+                           when writing a gzip file) */
+} gz_header;
+
+typedef gz_header FAR *gz_headerp;
+
+/*
+     The application must update next_in and avail_in when avail_in has dropped
+   to zero.  It must update next_out and avail_out when avail_out has dropped
+   to zero.  The application must initialize zalloc, zfree and opaque before
+   calling the init function.  All other fields are set by the compression
+   library and must not be updated by the application.
+
+     The opaque value provided by the application will be passed as the first
+   parameter for calls of zalloc and zfree.  This can be useful for custom
+   memory management.  The compression library attaches no meaning to the
+   opaque value.
+
+     zalloc must return Z_NULL if there is not enough memory for the object.
+   If zlib is used in a multi-threaded application, zalloc and zfree must be
+   thread safe.
+
+     On 16-bit systems, the functions zalloc and zfree must be able to allocate
+   exactly 65536 bytes, but will not be required to allocate more than this if
+   the symbol MAXSEG_64K is defined (see zconf.h).  WARNING: On MSDOS, pointers
+   returned by zalloc for objects of exactly 65536 bytes *must* have their
+   offset normalized to zero.  The default allocation function provided by this
+   library ensures this (see zutil.c).  To reduce memory requirements and avoid
+   any allocation of 64K objects, at the expense of compression ratio, compile
+   the library with -DMAX_WBITS=14 (see zconf.h).
+
+     The fields total_in and total_out can be used for statistics or progress
+   reports.  After compression, total_in holds the total size of the
+   uncompressed data and may be saved for use in the decompressor (particularly
+   if the decompressor wants to decompress everything in a single step).
+*/
+
+                        /* constants */
+
+#define Z_NO_FLUSH      0
+#define Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH 1
+#define Z_SYNC_FLUSH    2
+#define Z_FULL_FLUSH    3
+#define Z_FINISH        4
+#define Z_BLOCK         5
+#define Z_TREES         6
+/* Allowed flush values; see deflate() and inflate() below for details */
+
+#define Z_OK            0
+#define Z_STREAM_END    1
+#define Z_NEED_DICT     2
+#define Z_ERRNO        (-1)
+#define Z_STREAM_ERROR (-2)
+#define Z_DATA_ERROR   (-3)
+#define Z_MEM_ERROR    (-4)
+#define Z_BUF_ERROR    (-5)
+#define Z_VERSION_ERROR (-6)
+/* Return codes for the compression/decompression functions. Negative values
+ * are errors, positive values are used for special but normal events.
+ */
+
+#define Z_NO_COMPRESSION         0
+#define Z_BEST_SPEED             1
+#define Z_BEST_COMPRESSION       9
+#define Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION  (-1)
+/* compression levels */
+
+#define Z_FILTERED            1
+#define Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY        2
+#define Z_RLE                 3
+#define Z_FIXED               4
+#define Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY    0
+/* compression strategy; see deflateInit2() below for details */
+
+#define Z_BINARY   0
+#define Z_TEXT     1
+#define Z_ASCII    Z_TEXT   /* for compatibility with 1.2.2 and earlier */
+#define Z_UNKNOWN  2
+/* Possible values of the data_type field (though see inflate()) */
+
+#define Z_DEFLATED   8
+/* The deflate compression method (the only one supported in this version) */
+
+#define Z_NULL  0  /* for initializing zalloc, zfree, opaque */
+
+#define zlib_version zlibVersion()
+/* for compatibility with versions < 1.0.2 */
+
+
+                        /* basic functions */
+
+ZEXTERN const char * ZEXPORT zlibVersion OF((void));
+/* The application can compare zlibVersion and ZLIB_VERSION for consistency.
+   If the first character differs, the library code actually used is not
+   compatible with the zlib.h header file used by the application.  This check
+   is automatically made by deflateInit and inflateInit.
+ */
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateInit OF((z_streamp strm, int level));
+
+     Initializes the internal stream state for compression.  The fields
+   zalloc, zfree and opaque must be initialized before by the caller.  If
+   zalloc and zfree are set to Z_NULL, deflateInit updates them to use default
+   allocation functions.
+
+     The compression level must be Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, or between 0 and 9:
+   1 gives best speed, 9 gives best compression, 0 gives no compression at all
+   (the input data is simply copied a block at a time).  Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION
+   requests a default compromise between speed and compression (currently
+   equivalent to level 6).
+
+     deflateInit returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not enough
+   memory, Z_STREAM_ERROR if level is not a valid compression level, or
+   Z_VERSION_ERROR if the zlib library version (zlib_version) is incompatible
+   with the version assumed by the caller (ZLIB_VERSION).  msg is set to null
+   if there is no error message.  deflateInit does not perform any compression:
+   this will be done by deflate().
+*/
+
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflate OF((z_streamp strm, int flush));
+/*
+    deflate compresses as much data as possible, and stops when the input
+  buffer becomes empty or the output buffer becomes full.  It may introduce
+  some output latency (reading input without producing any output) except when
+  forced to flush.
+
+    The detailed semantics are as follows.  deflate performs one or both of the
+  following actions:
+
+  - Compress more input starting at next_in and update next_in and avail_in
+    accordingly.  If not all input can be processed (because there is not
+    enough room in the output buffer), next_in and avail_in are updated and
+    processing will resume at this point for the next call of deflate().
+
+  - Provide more output starting at next_out and update next_out and avail_out
+    accordingly.  This action is forced if the parameter flush is non zero.
+    Forcing flush frequently degrades the compression ratio, so this parameter
+    should be set only when necessary (in interactive applications).  Some
+    output may be provided even if flush is not set.
+
+    Before the call of deflate(), the application should ensure that at least
+  one of the actions is possible, by providing more input and/or consuming more
+  output, and updating avail_in or avail_out accordingly; avail_out should
+  never be zero before the call.  The application can consume the compressed
+  output when it wants, for example when the output buffer is full (avail_out
+  == 0), or after each call of deflate().  If deflate returns Z_OK and with
+  zero avail_out, it must be called again after making room in the output
+  buffer because there might be more output pending.
+
+    Normally the parameter flush is set to Z_NO_FLUSH, which allows deflate to
+  decide how much data to accumulate before producing output, in order to
+  maximize compression.
+
+    If the parameter flush is set to Z_SYNC_FLUSH, all pending output is
+  flushed to the output buffer and the output is aligned on a byte boundary, so
+  that the decompressor can get all input data available so far.  (In
+  particular avail_in is zero after the call if enough output space has been
+  provided before the call.) Flushing may degrade compression for some
+  compression algorithms and so it should be used only when necessary.  This
+  completes the current deflate block and follows it with an empty stored block
+  that is three bits plus filler bits to the next byte, followed by four bytes
+  (00 00 ff ff).
+
+    If flush is set to Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH, all pending output is flushed to the
+  output buffer, but the output is not aligned to a byte boundary.  All of the
+  input data so far will be available to the decompressor, as for Z_SYNC_FLUSH.
+  This completes the current deflate block and follows it with an empty fixed
+  codes block that is 10 bits long.  This assures that enough bytes are output
+  in order for the decompressor to finish the block before the empty fixed code
+  block.
+
+    If flush is set to Z_BLOCK, a deflate block is completed and emitted, as
+  for Z_SYNC_FLUSH, but the output is not aligned on a byte boundary, and up to
+  seven bits of the current block are held to be written as the next byte after
+  the next deflate block is completed.  In this case, the decompressor may not
+  be provided enough bits at this point in order to complete decompression of
+  the data provided so far to the compressor.  It may need to wait for the next
+  block to be emitted.  This is for advanced applications that need to control
+  the emission of deflate blocks.
+
+    If flush is set to Z_FULL_FLUSH, all output is flushed as with
+  Z_SYNC_FLUSH, and the compression state is reset so that decompression can
+  restart from this point if previous compressed data has been damaged or if
+  random access is desired.  Using Z_FULL_FLUSH too often can seriously degrade
+  compression.
+
+    If deflate returns with avail_out == 0, this function must be called again
+  with the same value of the flush parameter and more output space (updated
+  avail_out), until the flush is complete (deflate returns with non-zero
+  avail_out).  In the case of a Z_FULL_FLUSH or Z_SYNC_FLUSH, make sure that
+  avail_out is greater than six to avoid repeated flush markers due to
+  avail_out == 0 on return.
+
+    If the parameter flush is set to Z_FINISH, pending input is processed,
+  pending output is flushed and deflate returns with Z_STREAM_END if there was
+  enough output space; if deflate returns with Z_OK, this function must be
+  called again with Z_FINISH and more output space (updated avail_out) but no
+  more input data, until it returns with Z_STREAM_END or an error.  After
+  deflate has returned Z_STREAM_END, the only possible operations on the stream
+  are deflateReset or deflateEnd.
+
+    Z_FINISH can be used immediately after deflateInit if all the compression
+  is to be done in a single step.  In this case, avail_out must be at least the
+  value returned by deflateBound (see below).  If deflate does not return
+  Z_STREAM_END, then it must be called again as described above.
+
+    deflate() sets strm->adler to the adler32 checksum of all input read
+  so far (that is, total_in bytes).
+
+    deflate() may update strm->data_type if it can make a good guess about
+  the input data type (Z_BINARY or Z_TEXT).  In doubt, the data is considered
+  binary.  This field is only for information purposes and does not affect the
+  compression algorithm in any manner.
+
+    deflate() returns Z_OK if some progress has been made (more input
+  processed or more output produced), Z_STREAM_END if all input has been
+  consumed and all output has been produced (only when flush is set to
+  Z_FINISH), Z_STREAM_ERROR if the stream state was inconsistent (for example
+  if next_in or next_out was Z_NULL), Z_BUF_ERROR if no progress is possible
+  (for example avail_in or avail_out was zero).  Note that Z_BUF_ERROR is not
+  fatal, and deflate() can be called again with more input and more output
+  space to continue compressing.
+*/
+
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateEnd OF((z_streamp strm));
+/*
+     All dynamically allocated data structures for this stream are freed.
+   This function discards any unprocessed input and does not flush any pending
+   output.
+
+     deflateEnd returns Z_OK if success, Z_STREAM_ERROR if the
+   stream state was inconsistent, Z_DATA_ERROR if the stream was freed
+   prematurely (some input or output was discarded).  In the error case, msg
+   may be set but then points to a static string (which must not be
+   deallocated).
+*/
+
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateInit OF((z_streamp strm));
+
+     Initializes the internal stream state for decompression.  The fields
+   next_in, avail_in, zalloc, zfree and opaque must be initialized before by
+   the caller.  If next_in is not Z_NULL and avail_in is large enough (the
+   exact value depends on the compression method), inflateInit determines the
+   compression method from the zlib header and allocates all data structures
+   accordingly; otherwise the allocation will be deferred to the first call of
+   inflate.  If zalloc and zfree are set to Z_NULL, inflateInit updates them to
+   use default allocation functions.
+
+     inflateInit returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not enough
+   memory, Z_VERSION_ERROR if the zlib library version is incompatible with the
+   version assumed by the caller, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the parameters are
+   invalid, such as a null pointer to the structure.  msg is set to null if
+   there is no error message.  inflateInit does not perform any decompression
+   apart from possibly reading the zlib header if present: actual decompression
+   will be done by inflate().  (So next_in and avail_in may be modified, but
+   next_out and avail_out are unused and unchanged.) The current implementation
+   of inflateInit() does not process any header information -- that is deferred
+   until inflate() is called.
+*/
+
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflate OF((z_streamp strm, int flush));
+/*
+    inflate decompresses as much data as possible, and stops when the input
+  buffer becomes empty or the output buffer becomes full.  It may introduce
+  some output latency (reading input without producing any output) except when
+  forced to flush.
+
+  The detailed semantics are as follows.  inflate performs one or both of the
+  following actions:
+
+  - Decompress more input starting at next_in and update next_in and avail_in
+    accordingly.  If not all input can be processed (because there is not
+    enough room in the output buffer), next_in is updated and processing will
+    resume at this point for the next call of inflate().
+
+  - Provide more output starting at next_out and update next_out and avail_out
+    accordingly.  inflate() provides as much output as possible, until there is
+    no more input data or no more space in the output buffer (see below about
+    the flush parameter).
+
+    Before the call of inflate(), the application should ensure that at least
+  one of the actions is possible, by providing more input and/or consuming more
+  output, and updating the next_* and avail_* values accordingly.  The
+  application can consume the uncompressed output when it wants, for example
+  when the output buffer is full (avail_out == 0), or after each call of
+  inflate().  If inflate returns Z_OK and with zero avail_out, it must be
+  called again after making room in the output buffer because there might be
+  more output pending.
+
+    The flush parameter of inflate() can be Z_NO_FLUSH, Z_SYNC_FLUSH, Z_FINISH,
+  Z_BLOCK, or Z_TREES.  Z_SYNC_FLUSH requests that inflate() flush as much
+  output as possible to the output buffer.  Z_BLOCK requests that inflate()
+  stop if and when it gets to the next deflate block boundary.  When decoding
+  the zlib or gzip format, this will cause inflate() to return immediately
+  after the header and before the first block.  When doing a raw inflate,
+  inflate() will go ahead and process the first block, and will return when it
+  gets to the end of that block, or when it runs out of data.
+
+    The Z_BLOCK option assists in appending to or combining deflate streams.
+  Also to assist in this, on return inflate() will set strm->data_type to the
+  number of unused bits in the last byte taken from strm->next_in, plus 64 if
+  inflate() is currently decoding the last block in the deflate stream, plus
+  128 if inflate() returned immediately after decoding an end-of-block code or
+  decoding the complete header up to just before the first byte of the deflate
+  stream.  The end-of-block will not be indicated until all of the uncompressed
+  data from that block has been written to strm->next_out.  The number of
+  unused bits may in general be greater than seven, except when bit 7 of
+  data_type is set, in which case the number of unused bits will be less than
+  eight.  data_type is set as noted here every time inflate() returns for all
+  flush options, and so can be used to determine the amount of currently
+  consumed input in bits.
+
+    The Z_TREES option behaves as Z_BLOCK does, but it also returns when the
+  end of each deflate block header is reached, before any actual data in that
+  block is decoded.  This allows the caller to determine the length of the
+  deflate block header for later use in random access within a deflate block.
+  256 is added to the value of strm->data_type when inflate() returns
+  immediately after reaching the end of the deflate block header.
+
+    inflate() should normally be called until it returns Z_STREAM_END or an
+  error.  However if all decompression is to be performed in a single step (a
+  single call of inflate), the parameter flush should be set to Z_FINISH.  In
+  this case all pending input is processed and all pending output is flushed;
+  avail_out must be large enough to hold all the uncompressed data.  (The size
+  of the uncompressed data may have been saved by the compressor for this
+  purpose.) The next operation on this stream must be inflateEnd to deallocate
+  the decompression state.  The use of Z_FINISH is never required, but can be
+  used to inform inflate that a faster approach may be used for the single
+  inflate() call.
+
+     In this implementation, inflate() always flushes as much output as
+  possible to the output buffer, and always uses the faster approach on the
+  first call.  So the only effect of the flush parameter in this implementation
+  is on the return value of inflate(), as noted below, or when it returns early
+  because Z_BLOCK or Z_TREES is used.
+
+     If a preset dictionary is needed after this call (see inflateSetDictionary
+  below), inflate sets strm->adler to the adler32 checksum of the dictionary
+  chosen by the compressor and returns Z_NEED_DICT; otherwise it sets
+  strm->adler to the adler32 checksum of all output produced so far (that is,
+  total_out bytes) and returns Z_OK, Z_STREAM_END or an error code as described
+  below.  At the end of the stream, inflate() checks that its computed adler32
+  checksum is equal to that saved by the compressor and returns Z_STREAM_END
+  only if the checksum is correct.
+
+    inflate() can decompress and check either zlib-wrapped or gzip-wrapped
+  deflate data.  The header type is detected automatically, if requested when
+  initializing with inflateInit2().  Any information contained in the gzip
+  header is not retained, so applications that need that information should
+  instead use raw inflate, see inflateInit2() below, or inflateBack() and
+  perform their own processing of the gzip header and trailer.
+
+    inflate() returns Z_OK if some progress has been made (more input processed
+  or more output produced), Z_STREAM_END if the end of the compressed data has
+  been reached and all uncompressed output has been produced, Z_NEED_DICT if a
+  preset dictionary is needed at this point, Z_DATA_ERROR if the input data was
+  corrupted (input stream not conforming to the zlib format or incorrect check
+  value), Z_STREAM_ERROR if the stream structure was inconsistent (for example
+  next_in or next_out was Z_NULL), Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not enough memory,
+  Z_BUF_ERROR if no progress is possible or if there was not enough room in the
+  output buffer when Z_FINISH is used.  Note that Z_BUF_ERROR is not fatal, and
+  inflate() can be called again with more input and more output space to
+  continue decompressing.  If Z_DATA_ERROR is returned, the application may
+  then call inflateSync() to look for a good compression block if a partial
+  recovery of the data is desired.
+*/
+
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateEnd OF((z_streamp strm));
+/*
+     All dynamically allocated data structures for this stream are freed.
+   This function discards any unprocessed input and does not flush any pending
+   output.
+
+     inflateEnd returns Z_OK if success, Z_STREAM_ERROR if the stream state
+   was inconsistent.  In the error case, msg may be set but then points to a
+   static string (which must not be deallocated).
+*/
+
+
+                        /* Advanced functions */
+
+/*
+    The following functions are needed only in some special applications.
+*/
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateInit2 OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                     int  level,
+                                     int  method,
+                                     int  windowBits,
+                                     int  memLevel,
+                                     int  strategy));
+
+     This is another version of deflateInit with more compression options.  The
+   fields next_in, zalloc, zfree and opaque must be initialized before by the
+   caller.
+
+     The method parameter is the compression method.  It must be Z_DEFLATED in
+   this version of the library.
+
+     The windowBits parameter is the base two logarithm of the window size
+   (the size of the history buffer).  It should be in the range 8..15 for this
+   version of the library.  Larger values of this parameter result in better
+   compression at the expense of memory usage.  The default value is 15 if
+   deflateInit is used instead.
+
+     windowBits can also be -8..-15 for raw deflate.  In this case, -windowBits
+   determines the window size.  deflate() will then generate raw deflate data
+   with no zlib header or trailer, and will not compute an adler32 check value.
+
+     windowBits can also be greater than 15 for optional gzip encoding.  Add
+   16 to windowBits to write a simple gzip header and trailer around the
+   compressed data instead of a zlib wrapper.  The gzip header will have no
+   file name, no extra data, no comment, no modification time (set to zero), no
+   header crc, and the operating system will be set to 255 (unknown).  If a
+   gzip stream is being written, strm->adler is a crc32 instead of an adler32.
+
+     The memLevel parameter specifies how much memory should be allocated
+   for the internal compression state.  memLevel=1 uses minimum memory but is
+   slow and reduces compression ratio; memLevel=9 uses maximum memory for
+   optimal speed.  The default value is 8.  See zconf.h for total memory usage
+   as a function of windowBits and memLevel.
+
+     The strategy parameter is used to tune the compression algorithm.  Use the
+   value Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY for normal data, Z_FILTERED for data produced by a
+   filter (or predictor), Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY to force Huffman encoding only (no
+   string match), or Z_RLE to limit match distances to one (run-length
+   encoding).  Filtered data consists mostly of small values with a somewhat
+   random distribution.  In this case, the compression algorithm is tuned to
+   compress them better.  The effect of Z_FILTERED is to force more Huffman
+   coding and less string matching; it is somewhat intermediate between
+   Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY and Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY.  Z_RLE is designed to be almost as
+   fast as Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY, but give better compression for PNG image data.  The
+   strategy parameter only affects the compression ratio but not the
+   correctness of the compressed output even if it is not set appropriately.
+   Z_FIXED prevents the use of dynamic Huffman codes, allowing for a simpler
+   decoder for special applications.
+
+     deflateInit2 returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not enough
+   memory, Z_STREAM_ERROR if any parameter is invalid (such as an invalid
+   method), or Z_VERSION_ERROR if the zlib library version (zlib_version) is
+   incompatible with the version assumed by the caller (ZLIB_VERSION).  msg is
+   set to null if there is no error message.  deflateInit2 does not perform any
+   compression: this will be done by deflate().
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateSetDictionary OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                             const Bytef *dictionary,
+                                             uInt  dictLength));
+/*
+     Initializes the compression dictionary from the given byte sequence
+   without producing any compressed output.  This function must be called
+   immediately after deflateInit, deflateInit2 or deflateReset, before any call
+   of deflate.  The compressor and decompressor must use exactly the same
+   dictionary (see inflateSetDictionary).
+
+     The dictionary should consist of strings (byte sequences) that are likely
+   to be encountered later in the data to be compressed, with the most commonly
+   used strings preferably put towards the end of the dictionary.  Using a
+   dictionary is most useful when the data to be compressed is short and can be
+   predicted with good accuracy; the data can then be compressed better than
+   with the default empty dictionary.
+
+     Depending on the size of the compression data structures selected by
+   deflateInit or deflateInit2, a part of the dictionary may in effect be
+   discarded, for example if the dictionary is larger than the window size
+   provided in deflateInit or deflateInit2.  Thus the strings most likely to be
+   useful should be put at the end of the dictionary, not at the front.  In
+   addition, the current implementation of deflate will use at most the window
+   size minus 262 bytes of the provided dictionary.
+
+     Upon return of this function, strm->adler is set to the adler32 value
+   of the dictionary; the decompressor may later use this value to determine
+   which dictionary has been used by the compressor.  (The adler32 value
+   applies to the whole dictionary even if only a subset of the dictionary is
+   actually used by the compressor.) If a raw deflate was requested, then the
+   adler32 value is not computed and strm->adler is not set.
+
+     deflateSetDictionary returns Z_OK if success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if a
+   parameter is invalid (e.g.  dictionary being Z_NULL) or the stream state is
+   inconsistent (for example if deflate has already been called for this stream
+   or if the compression method is bsort).  deflateSetDictionary does not
+   perform any compression: this will be done by deflate().
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateCopy OF((z_streamp dest,
+                                    z_streamp source));
+/*
+     Sets the destination stream as a complete copy of the source stream.
+
+     This function can be useful when several compression strategies will be
+   tried, for example when there are several ways of pre-processing the input
+   data with a filter.  The streams that will be discarded should then be freed
+   by calling deflateEnd.  Note that deflateCopy duplicates the internal
+   compression state which can be quite large, so this strategy is slow and can
+   consume lots of memory.
+
+     deflateCopy returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not
+   enough memory, Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source stream state was inconsistent
+   (such as zalloc being Z_NULL).  msg is left unchanged in both source and
+   destination.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateReset OF((z_streamp strm));
+/*
+     This function is equivalent to deflateEnd followed by deflateInit,
+   but does not free and reallocate all the internal compression state.  The
+   stream will keep the same compression level and any other attributes that
+   may have been set by deflateInit2.
+
+     deflateReset returns Z_OK if success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source
+   stream state was inconsistent (such as zalloc or state being Z_NULL).
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateParams OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                      int level,
+                                      int strategy));
+/*
+     Dynamically update the compression level and compression strategy.  The
+   interpretation of level and strategy is as in deflateInit2.  This can be
+   used to switch between compression and straight copy of the input data, or
+   to switch to a different kind of input data requiring a different strategy.
+   If the compression level is changed, the input available so far is
+   compressed with the old level (and may be flushed); the new level will take
+   effect only at the next call of deflate().
+
+     Before the call of deflateParams, the stream state must be set as for
+   a call of deflate(), since the currently available input may have to be
+   compressed and flushed.  In particular, strm->avail_out must be non-zero.
+
+     deflateParams returns Z_OK if success, Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source
+   stream state was inconsistent or if a parameter was invalid, Z_BUF_ERROR if
+   strm->avail_out was zero.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateTune OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                    int good_length,
+                                    int max_lazy,
+                                    int nice_length,
+                                    int max_chain));
+/*
+     Fine tune deflate's internal compression parameters.  This should only be
+   used by someone who understands the algorithm used by zlib's deflate for
+   searching for the best matching string, and even then only by the most
+   fanatic optimizer trying to squeeze out the last compressed bit for their
+   specific input data.  Read the deflate.c source code for the meaning of the
+   max_lazy, good_length, nice_length, and max_chain parameters.
+
+     deflateTune() can be called after deflateInit() or deflateInit2(), and
+   returns Z_OK on success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR for an invalid deflate stream.
+ */
+
+ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT deflateBound OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                       uLong sourceLen));
+/*
+     deflateBound() returns an upper bound on the compressed size after
+   deflation of sourceLen bytes.  It must be called after deflateInit() or
+   deflateInit2(), and after deflateSetHeader(), if used.  This would be used
+   to allocate an output buffer for deflation in a single pass, and so would be
+   called before deflate().
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflatePrime OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                     int bits,
+                                     int value));
+/*
+     deflatePrime() inserts bits in the deflate output stream.  The intent
+   is that this function is used to start off the deflate output with the bits
+   leftover from a previous deflate stream when appending to it.  As such, this
+   function can only be used for raw deflate, and must be used before the first
+   deflate() call after a deflateInit2() or deflateReset().  bits must be less
+   than or equal to 16, and that many of the least significant bits of value
+   will be inserted in the output.
+
+     deflatePrime returns Z_OK if success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source
+   stream state was inconsistent.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateSetHeader OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                         gz_headerp head));
+/*
+     deflateSetHeader() provides gzip header information for when a gzip
+   stream is requested by deflateInit2().  deflateSetHeader() may be called
+   after deflateInit2() or deflateReset() and before the first call of
+   deflate().  The text, time, os, extra field, name, and comment information
+   in the provided gz_header structure are written to the gzip header (xflag is
+   ignored -- the extra flags are set according to the compression level).  The
+   caller must assure that, if not Z_NULL, name and comment are terminated with
+   a zero byte, and that if extra is not Z_NULL, that extra_len bytes are
+   available there.  If hcrc is true, a gzip header crc is included.  Note that
+   the current versions of the command-line version of gzip (up through version
+   1.3.x) do not support header crc's, and will report that it is a "multi-part
+   gzip file" and give up.
+
+     If deflateSetHeader is not used, the default gzip header has text false,
+   the time set to zero, and os set to 255, with no extra, name, or comment
+   fields.  The gzip header is returned to the default state by deflateReset().
+
+     deflateSetHeader returns Z_OK if success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source
+   stream state was inconsistent.
+*/
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateInit2 OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                     int  windowBits));
+
+     This is another version of inflateInit with an extra parameter.  The
+   fields next_in, avail_in, zalloc, zfree and opaque must be initialized
+   before by the caller.
+
+     The windowBits parameter is the base two logarithm of the maximum window
+   size (the size of the history buffer).  It should be in the range 8..15 for
+   this version of the library.  The default value is 15 if inflateInit is used
+   instead.  windowBits must be greater than or equal to the windowBits value
+   provided to deflateInit2() while compressing, or it must be equal to 15 if
+   deflateInit2() was not used.  If a compressed stream with a larger window
+   size is given as input, inflate() will return with the error code
+   Z_DATA_ERROR instead of trying to allocate a larger window.
+
+     windowBits can also be zero to request that inflate use the window size in
+   the zlib header of the compressed stream.
+
+     windowBits can also be -8..-15 for raw inflate.  In this case, -windowBits
+   determines the window size.  inflate() will then process raw deflate data,
+   not looking for a zlib or gzip header, not generating a check value, and not
+   looking for any check values for comparison at the end of the stream.  This
+   is for use with other formats that use the deflate compressed data format
+   such as zip.  Those formats provide their own check values.  If a custom
+   format is developed using the raw deflate format for compressed data, it is
+   recommended that a check value such as an adler32 or a crc32 be applied to
+   the uncompressed data as is done in the zlib, gzip, and zip formats.  For
+   most applications, the zlib format should be used as is.  Note that comments
+   above on the use in deflateInit2() applies to the magnitude of windowBits.
+
+     windowBits can also be greater than 15 for optional gzip decoding.  Add
+   32 to windowBits to enable zlib and gzip decoding with automatic header
+   detection, or add 16 to decode only the gzip format (the zlib format will
+   return a Z_DATA_ERROR).  If a gzip stream is being decoded, strm->adler is a
+   crc32 instead of an adler32.
+
+     inflateInit2 returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not enough
+   memory, Z_VERSION_ERROR if the zlib library version is incompatible with the
+   version assumed by the caller, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the parameters are
+   invalid, such as a null pointer to the structure.  msg is set to null if
+   there is no error message.  inflateInit2 does not perform any decompression
+   apart from possibly reading the zlib header if present: actual decompression
+   will be done by inflate().  (So next_in and avail_in may be modified, but
+   next_out and avail_out are unused and unchanged.) The current implementation
+   of inflateInit2() does not process any header information -- that is
+   deferred until inflate() is called.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateSetDictionary OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                             const Bytef *dictionary,
+                                             uInt  dictLength));
+/*
+     Initializes the decompression dictionary from the given uncompressed byte
+   sequence.  This function must be called immediately after a call of inflate,
+   if that call returned Z_NEED_DICT.  The dictionary chosen by the compressor
+   can be determined from the adler32 value returned by that call of inflate.
+   The compressor and decompressor must use exactly the same dictionary (see
+   deflateSetDictionary).  For raw inflate, this function can be called
+   immediately after inflateInit2() or inflateReset() and before any call of
+   inflate() to set the dictionary.  The application must insure that the
+   dictionary that was used for compression is provided.
+
+     inflateSetDictionary returns Z_OK if success, Z_STREAM_ERROR if a
+   parameter is invalid (e.g.  dictionary being Z_NULL) or the stream state is
+   inconsistent, Z_DATA_ERROR if the given dictionary doesn't match the
+   expected one (incorrect adler32 value).  inflateSetDictionary does not
+   perform any decompression: this will be done by subsequent calls of
+   inflate().
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateSync OF((z_streamp strm));
+/*
+     Skips invalid compressed data until a full flush point (see above the
+   description of deflate with Z_FULL_FLUSH) can be found, or until all
+   available input is skipped.  No output is provided.
+
+     inflateSync returns Z_OK if a full flush point has been found, Z_BUF_ERROR
+   if no more input was provided, Z_DATA_ERROR if no flush point has been
+   found, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the stream structure was inconsistent.  In the
+   success case, the application may save the current current value of total_in
+   which indicates where valid compressed data was found.  In the error case,
+   the application may repeatedly call inflateSync, providing more input each
+   time, until success or end of the input data.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateCopy OF((z_streamp dest,
+                                    z_streamp source));
+/*
+     Sets the destination stream as a complete copy of the source stream.
+
+     This function can be useful when randomly accessing a large stream.  The
+   first pass through the stream can periodically record the inflate state,
+   allowing restarting inflate at those points when randomly accessing the
+   stream.
+
+     inflateCopy returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not
+   enough memory, Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source stream state was inconsistent
+   (such as zalloc being Z_NULL).  msg is left unchanged in both source and
+   destination.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateReset OF((z_streamp strm));
+/*
+     This function is equivalent to inflateEnd followed by inflateInit,
+   but does not free and reallocate all the internal decompression state.  The
+   stream will keep attributes that may have been set by inflateInit2.
+
+     inflateReset returns Z_OK if success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source
+   stream state was inconsistent (such as zalloc or state being Z_NULL).
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateReset2 OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                      int windowBits));
+/*
+     This function is the same as inflateReset, but it also permits changing
+   the wrap and window size requests.  The windowBits parameter is interpreted
+   the same as it is for inflateInit2.
+
+     inflateReset2 returns Z_OK if success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source
+   stream state was inconsistent (such as zalloc or state being Z_NULL), or if
+   the windowBits parameter is invalid.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflatePrime OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                     int bits,
+                                     int value));
+/*
+     This function inserts bits in the inflate input stream.  The intent is
+   that this function is used to start inflating at a bit position in the
+   middle of a byte.  The provided bits will be used before any bytes are used
+   from next_in.  This function should only be used with raw inflate, and
+   should be used before the first inflate() call after inflateInit2() or
+   inflateReset().  bits must be less than or equal to 16, and that many of the
+   least significant bits of value will be inserted in the input.
+
+     If bits is negative, then the input stream bit buffer is emptied.  Then
+   inflatePrime() can be called again to put bits in the buffer.  This is used
+   to clear out bits leftover after feeding inflate a block description prior
+   to feeding inflate codes.
+
+     inflatePrime returns Z_OK if success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source
+   stream state was inconsistent.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN long ZEXPORT inflateMark OF((z_streamp strm));
+/*
+     This function returns two values, one in the lower 16 bits of the return
+   value, and the other in the remaining upper bits, obtained by shifting the
+   return value down 16 bits.  If the upper value is -1 and the lower value is
+   zero, then inflate() is currently decoding information outside of a block.
+   If the upper value is -1 and the lower value is non-zero, then inflate is in
+   the middle of a stored block, with the lower value equaling the number of
+   bytes from the input remaining to copy.  If the upper value is not -1, then
+   it is the number of bits back from the current bit position in the input of
+   the code (literal or length/distance pair) currently being processed.  In
+   that case the lower value is the number of bytes already emitted for that
+   code.
+
+     A code is being processed if inflate is waiting for more input to complete
+   decoding of the code, or if it has completed decoding but is waiting for
+   more output space to write the literal or match data.
+
+     inflateMark() is used to mark locations in the input data for random
+   access, which may be at bit positions, and to note those cases where the
+   output of a code may span boundaries of random access blocks.  The current
+   location in the input stream can be determined from avail_in and data_type
+   as noted in the description for the Z_BLOCK flush parameter for inflate.
+
+     inflateMark returns the value noted above or -1 << 16 if the provided
+   source stream state was inconsistent.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateGetHeader OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                         gz_headerp head));
+/*
+     inflateGetHeader() requests that gzip header information be stored in the
+   provided gz_header structure.  inflateGetHeader() may be called after
+   inflateInit2() or inflateReset(), and before the first call of inflate().
+   As inflate() processes the gzip stream, head->done is zero until the header
+   is completed, at which time head->done is set to one.  If a zlib stream is
+   being decoded, then head->done is set to -1 to indicate that there will be
+   no gzip header information forthcoming.  Note that Z_BLOCK or Z_TREES can be
+   used to force inflate() to return immediately after header processing is
+   complete and before any actual data is decompressed.
+
+     The text, time, xflags, and os fields are filled in with the gzip header
+   contents.  hcrc is set to true if there is a header CRC.  (The header CRC
+   was valid if done is set to one.) If extra is not Z_NULL, then extra_max
+   contains the maximum number of bytes to write to extra.  Once done is true,
+   extra_len contains the actual extra field length, and extra contains the
+   extra field, or that field truncated if extra_max is less than extra_len.
+   If name is not Z_NULL, then up to name_max characters are written there,
+   terminated with a zero unless the length is greater than name_max.  If
+   comment is not Z_NULL, then up to comm_max characters are written there,
+   terminated with a zero unless the length is greater than comm_max.  When any
+   of extra, name, or comment are not Z_NULL and the respective field is not
+   present in the header, then that field is set to Z_NULL to signal its
+   absence.  This allows the use of deflateSetHeader() with the returned
+   structure to duplicate the header.  However if those fields are set to
+   allocated memory, then the application will need to save those pointers
+   elsewhere so that they can be eventually freed.
+
+     If inflateGetHeader is not used, then the header information is simply
+   discarded.  The header is always checked for validity, including the header
+   CRC if present.  inflateReset() will reset the process to discard the header
+   information.  The application would need to call inflateGetHeader() again to
+   retrieve the header from the next gzip stream.
+
+     inflateGetHeader returns Z_OK if success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the source
+   stream state was inconsistent.
+*/
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateBackInit OF((z_streamp strm, int windowBits,
+                                        unsigned char FAR *window));
+
+     Initialize the internal stream state for decompression using inflateBack()
+   calls.  The fields zalloc, zfree and opaque in strm must be initialized
+   before the call.  If zalloc and zfree are Z_NULL, then the default library-
+   derived memory allocation routines are used.  windowBits is the base two
+   logarithm of the window size, in the range 8..15.  window is a caller
+   supplied buffer of that size.  Except for special applications where it is
+   assured that deflate was used with small window sizes, windowBits must be 15
+   and a 32K byte window must be supplied to be able to decompress general
+   deflate streams.
+
+     See inflateBack() for the usage of these routines.
+
+     inflateBackInit will return Z_OK on success, Z_STREAM_ERROR if any of
+   the paramaters are invalid, Z_MEM_ERROR if the internal state could not be
+   allocated, or Z_VERSION_ERROR if the version of the library does not match
+   the version of the header file.
+*/
+
+typedef unsigned (*in_func) OF((void FAR *, unsigned char FAR * FAR *));
+typedef int (*out_func) OF((void FAR *, unsigned char FAR *, unsigned));
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateBack OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                    in_func in, void FAR *in_desc,
+                                    out_func out, void FAR *out_desc));
+/*
+     inflateBack() does a raw inflate with a single call using a call-back
+   interface for input and output.  This is more efficient than inflate() for
+   file i/o applications in that it avoids copying between the output and the
+   sliding window by simply making the window itself the output buffer.  This
+   function trusts the application to not change the output buffer passed by
+   the output function, at least until inflateBack() returns.
+
+     inflateBackInit() must be called first to allocate the internal state
+   and to initialize the state with the user-provided window buffer.
+   inflateBack() may then be used multiple times to inflate a complete, raw
+   deflate stream with each call.  inflateBackEnd() is then called to free the
+   allocated state.
+
+     A raw deflate stream is one with no zlib or gzip header or trailer.
+   This routine would normally be used in a utility that reads zip or gzip
+   files and writes out uncompressed files.  The utility would decode the
+   header and process the trailer on its own, hence this routine expects only
+   the raw deflate stream to decompress.  This is different from the normal
+   behavior of inflate(), which expects either a zlib or gzip header and
+   trailer around the deflate stream.
+
+     inflateBack() uses two subroutines supplied by the caller that are then
+   called by inflateBack() for input and output.  inflateBack() calls those
+   routines until it reads a complete deflate stream and writes out all of the
+   uncompressed data, or until it encounters an error.  The function's
+   parameters and return types are defined above in the in_func and out_func
+   typedefs.  inflateBack() will call in(in_desc, &buf) which should return the
+   number of bytes of provided input, and a pointer to that input in buf.  If
+   there is no input available, in() must return zero--buf is ignored in that
+   case--and inflateBack() will return a buffer error.  inflateBack() will call
+   out(out_desc, buf, len) to write the uncompressed data buf[0..len-1].  out()
+   should return zero on success, or non-zero on failure.  If out() returns
+   non-zero, inflateBack() will return with an error.  Neither in() nor out()
+   are permitted to change the contents of the window provided to
+   inflateBackInit(), which is also the buffer that out() uses to write from.
+   The length written by out() will be at most the window size.  Any non-zero
+   amount of input may be provided by in().
+
+     For convenience, inflateBack() can be provided input on the first call by
+   setting strm->next_in and strm->avail_in.  If that input is exhausted, then
+   in() will be called.  Therefore strm->next_in must be initialized before
+   calling inflateBack().  If strm->next_in is Z_NULL, then in() will be called
+   immediately for input.  If strm->next_in is not Z_NULL, then strm->avail_in
+   must also be initialized, and then if strm->avail_in is not zero, input will
+   initially be taken from strm->next_in[0 ..  strm->avail_in - 1].
+
+     The in_desc and out_desc parameters of inflateBack() is passed as the
+   first parameter of in() and out() respectively when they are called.  These
+   descriptors can be optionally used to pass any information that the caller-
+   supplied in() and out() functions need to do their job.
+
+     On return, inflateBack() will set strm->next_in and strm->avail_in to
+   pass back any unused input that was provided by the last in() call.  The
+   return values of inflateBack() can be Z_STREAM_END on success, Z_BUF_ERROR
+   if in() or out() returned an error, Z_DATA_ERROR if there was a format error
+   in the deflate stream (in which case strm->msg is set to indicate the nature
+   of the error), or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the stream was not properly initialized.
+   In the case of Z_BUF_ERROR, an input or output error can be distinguished
+   using strm->next_in which will be Z_NULL only if in() returned an error.  If
+   strm->next_in is not Z_NULL, then the Z_BUF_ERROR was due to out() returning
+   non-zero.  (in() will always be called before out(), so strm->next_in is
+   assured to be defined if out() returns non-zero.) Note that inflateBack()
+   cannot return Z_OK.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateBackEnd OF((z_streamp strm));
+/*
+     All memory allocated by inflateBackInit() is freed.
+
+     inflateBackEnd() returns Z_OK on success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the stream
+   state was inconsistent.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT zlibCompileFlags OF((void));
+/* Return flags indicating compile-time options.
+
+    Type sizes, two bits each, 00 = 16 bits, 01 = 32, 10 = 64, 11 = other:
+     1.0: size of uInt
+     3.2: size of uLong
+     5.4: size of voidpf (pointer)
+     7.6: size of z_off_t
+
+    Compiler, assembler, and debug options:
+     8: DEBUG
+     9: ASMV or ASMINF -- use ASM code
+     10: ZLIB_WINAPI -- exported functions use the WINAPI calling convention
+     11: 0 (reserved)
+
+    One-time table building (smaller code, but not thread-safe if true):
+     12: BUILDFIXED -- build static block decoding tables when needed
+     13: DYNAMIC_CRC_TABLE -- build CRC calculation tables when needed
+     14,15: 0 (reserved)
+
+    Library content (indicates missing functionality):
+     16: NO_GZCOMPRESS -- gz* functions cannot compress (to avoid linking
+                          deflate code when not needed)
+     17: NO_GZIP -- deflate can't write gzip streams, and inflate can't detect
+                    and decode gzip streams (to avoid linking crc code)
+     18-19: 0 (reserved)
+
+    Operation variations (changes in library functionality):
+     20: PKZIP_BUG_WORKAROUND -- slightly more permissive inflate
+     21: FASTEST -- deflate algorithm with only one, lowest compression level
+     22,23: 0 (reserved)
+
+    The sprintf variant used by gzprintf (zero is best):
+     24: 0 = vs*, 1 = s* -- 1 means limited to 20 arguments after the format
+     25: 0 = *nprintf, 1 = *printf -- 1 means gzprintf() not secure!
+     26: 0 = returns value, 1 = void -- 1 means inferred string length returned
+
+    Remainder:
+     27-31: 0 (reserved)
+ */
+
+
+                        /* utility functions */
+
+/*
+     The following utility functions are implemented on top of the basic
+   stream-oriented functions.  To simplify the interface, some default options
+   are assumed (compression level and memory usage, standard memory allocation
+   functions).  The source code of these utility functions can be modified if
+   you need special options.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT compress OF((Bytef *dest,   uLongf *destLen,
+                                 const Bytef *source, uLong sourceLen));
+/*
+     Compresses the source buffer into the destination buffer.  sourceLen is
+   the byte length of the source buffer.  Upon entry, destLen is the total size
+   of the destination buffer, which must be at least the value returned by
+   compressBound(sourceLen).  Upon exit, destLen is the actual size of the
+   compressed buffer.
+
+     compress returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not
+   enough memory, Z_BUF_ERROR if there was not enough room in the output
+   buffer.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT compress2 OF((Bytef *dest,   uLongf *destLen,
+                                  const Bytef *source, uLong sourceLen,
+                                  int level));
+/*
+     Compresses the source buffer into the destination buffer.  The level
+   parameter has the same meaning as in deflateInit.  sourceLen is the byte
+   length of the source buffer.  Upon entry, destLen is the total size of the
+   destination buffer, which must be at least the value returned by
+   compressBound(sourceLen).  Upon exit, destLen is the actual size of the
+   compressed buffer.
+
+     compress2 returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not enough
+   memory, Z_BUF_ERROR if there was not enough room in the output buffer,
+   Z_STREAM_ERROR if the level parameter is invalid.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT compressBound OF((uLong sourceLen));
+/*
+     compressBound() returns an upper bound on the compressed size after
+   compress() or compress2() on sourceLen bytes.  It would be used before a
+   compress() or compress2() call to allocate the destination buffer.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT uncompress OF((Bytef *dest,   uLongf *destLen,
+                                   const Bytef *source, uLong sourceLen));
+/*
+     Decompresses the source buffer into the destination buffer.  sourceLen is
+   the byte length of the source buffer.  Upon entry, destLen is the total size
+   of the destination buffer, which must be large enough to hold the entire
+   uncompressed data.  (The size of the uncompressed data must have been saved
+   previously by the compressor and transmitted to the decompressor by some
+   mechanism outside the scope of this compression library.) Upon exit, destLen
+   is the actual size of the uncompressed buffer.
+
+     uncompress returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not
+   enough memory, Z_BUF_ERROR if there was not enough room in the output
+   buffer, or Z_DATA_ERROR if the input data was corrupted or incomplete.
+*/
+
+
+                        /* gzip file access functions */
+
+/*
+     This library supports reading and writing files in gzip (.gz) format with
+   an interface similar to that of stdio, using the functions that start with
+   "gz".  The gzip format is different from the zlib format.  gzip is a gzip
+   wrapper, documented in RFC 1952, wrapped around a deflate stream.
+*/
+
+typedef voidp gzFile;       /* opaque gzip file descriptor */
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN gzFile ZEXPORT gzopen OF((const char *path, const char *mode));
+
+     Opens a gzip (.gz) file for reading or writing.  The mode parameter is as
+   in fopen ("rb" or "wb") but can also include a compression level ("wb9") or
+   a strategy: 'f' for filtered data as in "wb6f", 'h' for Huffman-only
+   compression as in "wb1h", 'R' for run-length encoding as in "wb1R", or 'F'
+   for fixed code compression as in "wb9F".  (See the description of
+   deflateInit2 for more information about the strategy parameter.) Also "a"
+   can be used instead of "w" to request that the gzip stream that will be
+   written be appended to the file.  "+" will result in an error, since reading
+   and writing to the same gzip file is not supported.
+
+     gzopen can be used to read a file which is not in gzip format; in this
+   case gzread will directly read from the file without decompression.
+
+     gzopen returns NULL if the file could not be opened, if there was
+   insufficient memory to allocate the gzFile state, or if an invalid mode was
+   specified (an 'r', 'w', or 'a' was not provided, or '+' was provided).
+   errno can be checked to determine if the reason gzopen failed was that the
+   file could not be opened.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN gzFile ZEXPORT gzdopen OF((int fd, const char *mode));
+/*
+     gzdopen associates a gzFile with the file descriptor fd.  File descriptors
+   are obtained from calls like open, dup, creat, pipe or fileno (if the file
+   has been previously opened with fopen).  The mode parameter is as in gzopen.
+
+     The next call of gzclose on the returned gzFile will also close the file
+   descriptor fd, just like fclose(fdopen(fd, mode)) closes the file descriptor
+   fd.  If you want to keep fd open, use fd = dup(fd_keep); gz = gzdopen(fd,
+   mode);.  The duplicated descriptor should be saved to avoid a leak, since
+   gzdopen does not close fd if it fails.
+
+     gzdopen returns NULL if there was insufficient memory to allocate the
+   gzFile state, if an invalid mode was specified (an 'r', 'w', or 'a' was not
+   provided, or '+' was provided), or if fd is -1.  The file descriptor is not
+   used until the next gz* read, write, seek, or close operation, so gzdopen
+   will not detect if fd is invalid (unless fd is -1).
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzbuffer OF((gzFile file, unsigned size));
+/*
+     Set the internal buffer size used by this library's functions.  The
+   default buffer size is 8192 bytes.  This function must be called after
+   gzopen() or gzdopen(), and before any other calls that read or write the
+   file.  The buffer memory allocation is always deferred to the first read or
+   write.  Two buffers are allocated, either both of the specified size when
+   writing, or one of the specified size and the other twice that size when
+   reading.  A larger buffer size of, for example, 64K or 128K bytes will
+   noticeably increase the speed of decompression (reading).
+
+     The new buffer size also affects the maximum length for gzprintf().
+
+     gzbuffer() returns 0 on success, or -1 on failure, such as being called
+   too late.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzsetparams OF((gzFile file, int level, int strategy));
+/*
+     Dynamically update the compression level or strategy.  See the description
+   of deflateInit2 for the meaning of these parameters.
+
+     gzsetparams returns Z_OK if success, or Z_STREAM_ERROR if the file was not
+   opened for writing.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzread OF((gzFile file, voidp buf, unsigned len));
+/*
+     Reads the given number of uncompressed bytes from the compressed file.  If
+   the input file was not in gzip format, gzread copies the given number of
+   bytes into the buffer.
+
+     After reaching the end of a gzip stream in the input, gzread will continue
+   to read, looking for another gzip stream, or failing that, reading the rest
+   of the input file directly without decompression.  The entire input file
+   will be read if gzread is called until it returns less than the requested
+   len.
+
+     gzread returns the number of uncompressed bytes actually read, less than
+   len for end of file, or -1 for error.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzwrite OF((gzFile file,
+                                voidpc buf, unsigned len));
+/*
+     Writes the given number of uncompressed bytes into the compressed file.
+   gzwrite returns the number of uncompressed bytes written or 0 in case of
+   error.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORTVA gzprintf OF((gzFile file, const char *format, ...));
+/*
+     Converts, formats, and writes the arguments to the compressed file under
+   control of the format string, as in fprintf.  gzprintf returns the number of
+   uncompressed bytes actually written, or 0 in case of error.  The number of
+   uncompressed bytes written is limited to 8191, or one less than the buffer
+   size given to gzbuffer().  The caller should assure that this limit is not
+   exceeded.  If it is exceeded, then gzprintf() will return an error (0) with
+   nothing written.  In this case, there may also be a buffer overflow with
+   unpredictable consequences, which is possible only if zlib was compiled with
+   the insecure functions sprintf() or vsprintf() because the secure snprintf()
+   or vsnprintf() functions were not available.  This can be determined using
+   zlibCompileFlags().
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzputs OF((gzFile file, const char *s));
+/*
+     Writes the given null-terminated string to the compressed file, excluding
+   the terminating null character.
+
+     gzputs returns the number of characters written, or -1 in case of error.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN char * ZEXPORT gzgets OF((gzFile file, char *buf, int len));
+/*
+     Reads bytes from the compressed file until len-1 characters are read, or a
+   newline character is read and transferred to buf, or an end-of-file
+   condition is encountered.  If any characters are read or if len == 1, the
+   string is terminated with a null character.  If no characters are read due
+   to an end-of-file or len < 1, then the buffer is left untouched.
+
+     gzgets returns buf which is a null-terminated string, or it returns NULL
+   for end-of-file or in case of error.  If there was an error, the contents at
+   buf are indeterminate.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzputc OF((gzFile file, int c));
+/*
+     Writes c, converted to an unsigned char, into the compressed file.  gzputc
+   returns the value that was written, or -1 in case of error.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzgetc OF((gzFile file));
+/*
+     Reads one byte from the compressed file.  gzgetc returns this byte or -1
+   in case of end of file or error.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzungetc OF((int c, gzFile file));
+/*
+     Push one character back onto the stream to be read as the first character
+   on the next read.  At least one character of push-back is allowed.
+   gzungetc() returns the character pushed, or -1 on failure.  gzungetc() will
+   fail if c is -1, and may fail if a character has been pushed but not read
+   yet.  If gzungetc is used immediately after gzopen or gzdopen, at least the
+   output buffer size of pushed characters is allowed.  (See gzbuffer above.)
+   The pushed character will be discarded if the stream is repositioned with
+   gzseek() or gzrewind().
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzflush OF((gzFile file, int flush));
+/*
+     Flushes all pending output into the compressed file.  The parameter flush
+   is as in the deflate() function.  The return value is the zlib error number
+   (see function gzerror below).  gzflush is only permitted when writing.
+
+     If the flush parameter is Z_FINISH, the remaining data is written and the
+   gzip stream is completed in the output.  If gzwrite() is called again, a new
+   gzip stream will be started in the output.  gzread() is able to read such
+   concatented gzip streams.
+
+     gzflush should be called only when strictly necessary because it will
+   degrade compression if called too often.
+*/
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN z_off_t ZEXPORT gzseek OF((gzFile file,
+                                   z_off_t offset, int whence));
+
+     Sets the starting position for the next gzread or gzwrite on the given
+   compressed file.  The offset represents a number of bytes in the
+   uncompressed data stream.  The whence parameter is defined as in lseek(2);
+   the value SEEK_END is not supported.
+
+     If the file is opened for reading, this function is emulated but can be
+   extremely slow.  If the file is opened for writing, only forward seeks are
+   supported; gzseek then compresses a sequence of zeroes up to the new
+   starting position.
+
+     gzseek returns the resulting offset location as measured in bytes from
+   the beginning of the uncompressed stream, or -1 in case of error, in
+   particular if the file is opened for writing and the new starting position
+   would be before the current position.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT    gzrewind OF((gzFile file));
+/*
+     Rewinds the given file. This function is supported only for reading.
+
+     gzrewind(file) is equivalent to (int)gzseek(file, 0L, SEEK_SET)
+*/
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN z_off_t ZEXPORT    gztell OF((gzFile file));
+
+     Returns the starting position for the next gzread or gzwrite on the given
+   compressed file.  This position represents a number of bytes in the
+   uncompressed data stream, and is zero when starting, even if appending or
+   reading a gzip stream from the middle of a file using gzdopen().
+
+     gztell(file) is equivalent to gzseek(file, 0L, SEEK_CUR)
+*/
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN z_off_t ZEXPORT gzoffset OF((gzFile file));
+
+     Returns the current offset in the file being read or written.  This offset
+   includes the count of bytes that precede the gzip stream, for example when
+   appending or when using gzdopen() for reading.  When reading, the offset
+   does not include as yet unused buffered input.  This information can be used
+   for a progress indicator.  On error, gzoffset() returns -1.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzeof OF((gzFile file));
+/*
+     Returns true (1) if the end-of-file indicator has been set while reading,
+   false (0) otherwise.  Note that the end-of-file indicator is set only if the
+   read tried to go past the end of the input, but came up short.  Therefore,
+   just like feof(), gzeof() may return false even if there is no more data to
+   read, in the event that the last read request was for the exact number of
+   bytes remaining in the input file.  This will happen if the input file size
+   is an exact multiple of the buffer size.
+
+     If gzeof() returns true, then the read functions will return no more data,
+   unless the end-of-file indicator is reset by gzclearerr() and the input file
+   has grown since the previous end of file was detected.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzdirect OF((gzFile file));
+/*
+     Returns true (1) if file is being copied directly while reading, or false
+   (0) if file is a gzip stream being decompressed.  This state can change from
+   false to true while reading the input file if the end of a gzip stream is
+   reached, but is followed by data that is not another gzip stream.
+
+     If the input file is empty, gzdirect() will return true, since the input
+   does not contain a gzip stream.
+
+     If gzdirect() is used immediately after gzopen() or gzdopen() it will
+   cause buffers to be allocated to allow reading the file to determine if it
+   is a gzip file.  Therefore if gzbuffer() is used, it should be called before
+   gzdirect().
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT    gzclose OF((gzFile file));
+/*
+     Flushes all pending output if necessary, closes the compressed file and
+   deallocates the (de)compression state.  Note that once file is closed, you
+   cannot call gzerror with file, since its structures have been deallocated.
+   gzclose must not be called more than once on the same file, just as free
+   must not be called more than once on the same allocation.
+
+     gzclose will return Z_STREAM_ERROR if file is not valid, Z_ERRNO on a
+   file operation error, or Z_OK on success.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzclose_r OF((gzFile file));
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT gzclose_w OF((gzFile file));
+/*
+     Same as gzclose(), but gzclose_r() is only for use when reading, and
+   gzclose_w() is only for use when writing or appending.  The advantage to
+   using these instead of gzclose() is that they avoid linking in zlib
+   compression or decompression code that is not used when only reading or only
+   writing respectively.  If gzclose() is used, then both compression and
+   decompression code will be included the application when linking to a static
+   zlib library.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN const char * ZEXPORT gzerror OF((gzFile file, int *errnum));
+/*
+     Returns the error message for the last error which occurred on the given
+   compressed file.  errnum is set to zlib error number.  If an error occurred
+   in the file system and not in the compression library, errnum is set to
+   Z_ERRNO and the application may consult errno to get the exact error code.
+
+     The application must not modify the returned string.  Future calls to
+   this function may invalidate the previously returned string.  If file is
+   closed, then the string previously returned by gzerror will no longer be
+   available.
+
+     gzerror() should be used to distinguish errors from end-of-file for those
+   functions above that do not distinguish those cases in their return values.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN void ZEXPORT gzclearerr OF((gzFile file));
+/*
+     Clears the error and end-of-file flags for file.  This is analogous to the
+   clearerr() function in stdio.  This is useful for continuing to read a gzip
+   file that is being written concurrently.
+*/
+
+
+                        /* checksum functions */
+
+/*
+     These functions are not related to compression but are exported
+   anyway because they might be useful in applications using the compression
+   library.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT adler32 OF((uLong adler, const Bytef *buf, uInt len));
+/*
+     Update a running Adler-32 checksum with the bytes buf[0..len-1] and
+   return the updated checksum.  If buf is Z_NULL, this function returns the
+   required initial value for the checksum.
+
+     An Adler-32 checksum is almost as reliable as a CRC32 but can be computed
+   much faster.
+
+   Usage example:
+
+     uLong adler = adler32(0L, Z_NULL, 0);
+
+     while (read_buffer(buffer, length) != EOF) {
+       adler = adler32(adler, buffer, length);
+     }
+     if (adler != original_adler) error();
+*/
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT adler32_combine OF((uLong adler1, uLong adler2,
+                                          z_off_t len2));
+
+     Combine two Adler-32 checksums into one.  For two sequences of bytes, seq1
+   and seq2 with lengths len1 and len2, Adler-32 checksums were calculated for
+   each, adler1 and adler2.  adler32_combine() returns the Adler-32 checksum of
+   seq1 and seq2 concatenated, requiring only adler1, adler2, and len2.
+*/
+
+ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT crc32   OF((uLong crc, const Bytef *buf, uInt len));
+/*
+     Update a running CRC-32 with the bytes buf[0..len-1] and return the
+   updated CRC-32.  If buf is Z_NULL, this function returns the required
+   initial value for the for the crc.  Pre- and post-conditioning (one's
+   complement) is performed within this function so it shouldn't be done by the
+   application.
+
+   Usage example:
+
+     uLong crc = crc32(0L, Z_NULL, 0);
+
+     while (read_buffer(buffer, length) != EOF) {
+       crc = crc32(crc, buffer, length);
+     }
+     if (crc != original_crc) error();
+*/
+
+/*
+ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT crc32_combine OF((uLong crc1, uLong crc2, z_off_t len2));
+
+     Combine two CRC-32 check values into one.  For two sequences of bytes,
+   seq1 and seq2 with lengths len1 and len2, CRC-32 check values were
+   calculated for each, crc1 and crc2.  crc32_combine() returns the CRC-32
+   check value of seq1 and seq2 concatenated, requiring only crc1, crc2, and
+   len2.
+*/
+
+
+                        /* various hacks, don't look :) */
+
+/* deflateInit and inflateInit are macros to allow checking the zlib version
+ * and the compiler's view of z_stream:
+ */
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateInit_ OF((z_streamp strm, int level,
+                                     const char *version, int stream_size));
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateInit_ OF((z_streamp strm,
+                                     const char *version, int stream_size));
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT deflateInit2_ OF((z_streamp strm, int  level, int  method,
+                                      int windowBits, int memLevel,
+                                      int strategy, const char *version,
+                                      int stream_size));
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateInit2_ OF((z_streamp strm, int  windowBits,
+                                      const char *version, int stream_size));
+ZEXTERN int ZEXPORT inflateBackInit_ OF((z_streamp strm, int windowBits,
+                                         unsigned char FAR *window,
+                                         const char *version,
+                                         int stream_size));
+#define deflateInit(strm, level) \
+        deflateInit_((strm), (level),       ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream))
+#define inflateInit(strm) \
+        inflateInit_((strm),                ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream))
+#define deflateInit2(strm, level, method, windowBits, memLevel, strategy) \
+        deflateInit2_((strm),(level),(method),(windowBits),(memLevel),\
+                      (strategy),           ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream))
+#define inflateInit2(strm, windowBits) \
+        inflateInit2_((strm), (windowBits), ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream))
+#define inflateBackInit(strm, windowBits, window) \
+        inflateBackInit_((strm), (windowBits), (window), \
+                                            ZLIB_VERSION, sizeof(z_stream))
+
+/* provide 64-bit offset functions if _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE defined, and/or
+ * change the regular functions to 64 bits if _FILE_OFFSET_BITS is 64 (if
+ * both are true, the application gets the *64 functions, and the regular
+ * functions are changed to 64 bits) -- in case these are set on systems
+ * without large file support, _LFS64_LARGEFILE must also be true
+ */
+#if defined(_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE) && _LFS64_LARGEFILE-0
+   ZEXTERN gzFile ZEXPORT gzopen64 OF((const char *, const char *));
+   ZEXTERN z_off64_t ZEXPORT gzseek64 OF((gzFile, z_off64_t, int));
+   ZEXTERN z_off64_t ZEXPORT gztell64 OF((gzFile));
+   ZEXTERN z_off64_t ZEXPORT gzoffset64 OF((gzFile));
+   ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT adler32_combine64 OF((uLong, uLong, z_off64_t));
+   ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT crc32_combine64 OF((uLong, uLong, z_off64_t));
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(ZLIB_INTERNAL) && _FILE_OFFSET_BITS-0 == 64 && _LFS64_LARGEFILE-0
+#  define gzopen gzopen64
+#  define gzseek gzseek64
+#  define gztell gztell64
+#  define gzoffset gzoffset64
+#  define adler32_combine adler32_combine64
+#  define crc32_combine crc32_combine64
+#  ifdef _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
+     ZEXTERN gzFile ZEXPORT gzopen64 OF((const char *, const char *));
+     ZEXTERN z_off_t ZEXPORT gzseek64 OF((gzFile, z_off_t, int));
+     ZEXTERN z_off_t ZEXPORT gztell64 OF((gzFile));
+     ZEXTERN z_off_t ZEXPORT gzoffset64 OF((gzFile));
+     ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT adler32_combine64 OF((uLong, uLong, z_off_t));
+     ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT crc32_combine64 OF((uLong, uLong, z_off_t));
+#  endif
+#else
+   ZEXTERN gzFile ZEXPORT gzopen OF((const char *, const char *));
+   ZEXTERN z_off_t ZEXPORT gzseek OF((gzFile, z_off_t, int));
+   ZEXTERN z_off_t ZEXPORT gztell OF((gzFile));
+   ZEXTERN z_off_t ZEXPORT gzoffset OF((gzFile));
+   ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT adler32_combine OF((uLong, uLong, z_off_t));
+   ZEXTERN uLong ZEXPORT crc32_combine OF((uLong, uLong, z_off_t));
+#endif
+
+/* hack for buggy compilers */
+#if !defined(ZUTIL_H) && !defined(NO_DUMMY_DECL)
+    struct internal_state {int dummy;};
+#endif
+
+/* undocumented functions */
+ZEXTERN const char   * ZEXPORT zError           OF((int));
+ZEXTERN int            ZEXPORT inflateSyncPoint OF((z_streamp));
+ZEXTERN const uLongf * ZEXPORT get_crc_table    OF((void));
+ZEXTERN int            ZEXPORT inflateUndermine OF((z_streamp, int));
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ZLIB_H */
diff --git a/tests/bullet/Makefile.in b/tests/bullet/Makefile.in
index ae734464..95aca938 100644
--- a/tests/bullet/Makefile.in
+++ b/tests/bullet/Makefile.in
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
 	esac;
 
 $(top_builddir)/config.status: $(top_srcdir)/configure $(CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES)
-	$(SHELL) ./config.status --recheck
+	# XXX Emscripten $(SHELL) ./config.status --recheck
 
 $(top_srcdir)/configure:  $(am__configure_deps)
 	cd $(srcdir) && $(AUTOCONF)
diff --git a/tests/cases/aliasbitcast.ll b/tests/cases/aliasbitcast.ll
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70dc64ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/aliasbitcast.ll
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+; ModuleID = '/tmp/emscripten/tmp/src.cpp.o'
+target datalayout = "e-p:32:32:32-i1:8:8-i8:8:8-i16:16:16-i32:32:32-i64:32:64-f32:32:32-f64:32:64-v64:64:64-v128:128:128-a0:0:64-f80:32:32-n8:16:32"
+target triple = "i386-pc-linux-gnu"
+
+@.str = private constant [14 x i8] c"hello, world!\00", align 1 ; [#uses=1]
+
+@_ZN16FormWidgetChoiceD2Ev = alias bitcast (i32 678 to i8*) ; [#uses=1]
+
+; [#uses=2]
+define void @"\01_Z5hellov"() {
+entry:
+  %0 = call i32 bitcast (i32 (i8*)* @puts to i32 (i32*)*)(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([14 x i8]* @.str, i32 0, i32 0)) ; [#uses=0]
+  br label %return
+
+return:                                           ; preds = %entry
+  ret void
+}
+
+; [#uses=1]
+declare i32 @puts(i8*)
+
+; [#uses=0]
+define i32 @main() {
+entry:
+  %retval = alloca i32                            ; [#uses=2]
+  %0 = alloca i32                                 ; [#uses=2]
+  %"alloca point" = bitcast i32 0 to i32          ; [#uses=0]
+  call void @"\01_Z5hellov"()
+  store i32 0, i32* %0, align 4
+  %1 = load i32* %0, align 4                      ; [#uses=1]
+  store i32 %1, i32* %retval, align 4
+  br label %return
+
+return:                                           ; preds = %entry
+  %retval1 = load i32* %retval                    ; [#uses=1]
+  ret i32 %retval1
+}
diff --git a/tests/cases/gepoverflow_q1.txt b/tests/cases/gepoverflow_q1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e32e76dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/gepoverflow_q1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+skip
diff --git a/tests/cases/storestruct_q1.txt b/tests/cases/storestruct_q1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e18f72c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/storestruct_q1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+*5,22*
+*7,96*
+*53,3*
diff --git a/tests/ctype/output.txt b/tests/ctype/output.txt
index 5f98d20d..43775583 100644
--- a/tests/ctype/output.txt
+++ b/tests/ctype/output.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 ab1
 AB1
-cd2
-CD2
 
 toascii(-45): 83
 toascii( 10): 10
@@ -127,107 +125,3 @@ isascii('A'): 1
 isascii('5'): 1
 isascii('.'): 1
 isascii(183): 0
-
-islower(-45): 0
-islower( 10): 0
-islower('a'): 1
-islower('A'): 0
-islower('5'): 0
-islower('.'): 0
-islower(183): 0
-
-isupper(-45): 0
-isupper( 10): 0
-isupper('a'): 0
-isupper('A'): 1
-isupper('5'): 0
-isupper('.'): 0
-isupper(183): 0
-
-isupper(-45): 0
-isupper( 10): 0
-isupper('a'): 0
-isupper('A'): 1
-isupper('5'): 0
-isupper('.'): 0
-isupper(183): 0
-
-isalpha(-45): 0
-isalpha( 10): 0
-isalpha('a'): 1
-isalpha('A'): 1
-isalpha('5'): 0
-isalpha('.'): 0
-isalpha(183): 0
-
-isdigit(-45): 0
-isdigit( 10): 0
-isdigit('a'): 0
-isdigit('A'): 0
-isdigit('5'): 1
-isdigit('.'): 0
-isdigit(183): 0
-
-isxdigit(-45): 0
-isxdigit( 10): 0
-isxdigit('a'): 1
-isxdigit('A'): 1
-isxdigit('5'): 1
-isxdigit('.'): 0
-isxdigit(183): 0
-
-isalnum(-45): 0
-isalnum( 10): 0
-isalnum('a'): 1
-isalnum('A'): 1
-isalnum('5'): 1
-isalnum('.'): 0
-isalnum(183): 0
-
-ispunct(-45): 0
-ispunct( 10): 0
-ispunct('a'): 0
-ispunct('A'): 0
-ispunct('5'): 0
-ispunct('.'): 1
-ispunct(183): 0
-
-isspace(-45): 0
-isspace( 10): 1
-isspace('a'): 0
-isspace('A'): 0
-isspace('5'): 0
-isspace('.'): 0
-isspace(183): 0
-
-isblank(-45): 0
-isblank( 10): 0
-isblank('a'): 0
-isblank('A'): 0
-isblank('5'): 0
-isblank('.'): 0
-isblank(183): 0
-
-iscntrl(-45): 0
-iscntrl( 10): 1
-iscntrl('a'): 0
-iscntrl('A'): 0
-iscntrl('5'): 0
-iscntrl('.'): 0
-iscntrl(183): 0
-
-isprint(-45): 0
-isprint( 10): 0
-isprint('a'): 1
-isprint('A'): 1
-isprint('5'): 1
-isprint('.'): 1
-isprint(183): 0
-
-isgraph(-45): 0
-isgraph( 10): 0
-isgraph('a'): 1
-isgraph('A'): 1
-isgraph('5'): 1
-isgraph('.'): 1
-isgraph(183): 0
diff --git a/tests/ctype/src.c b/tests/ctype/src.c
index 4dce6999..34436c3b 100644
--- a/tests/ctype/src.c
+++ b/tests/ctype/src.c
@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ int main() {
   printf("%c%c%c\n", tolower('a'), tolower('B'), tolower('1'));
   printf("%c%c%c\n", toupper('a'), toupper('B'), toupper('1'));
 
+  /* These appear to require glibc headers and fail with newlib
   const int* tl = *__ctype_tolower_loc();
   printf("%c%c%c\n", (char)tl['c'], (char)tl['D'], (char)tl['2']);
   const int* tu = *__ctype_toupper_loc();
   printf("%c%c%c\n", (char)tu['c'], (char)tu['D'], (char)tu['2']);
+  */
 
   printf("\n");
 
@@ -71,6 +73,8 @@ int main() {
   printf("isascii('.'): %d\n", isascii('.') != 0);
   printf("isascii(183): %d\n", isascii(183) != 0);
 
+  /* These appear to require glibc headers and fail with newlib
+
   // These are manually preprocessed to use __ctype_b_loc. The flags combination
   // that the test runner uses seems to cause the macro to be ignored.
   printf("\n");
@@ -189,6 +193,7 @@ int main() {
   printf("isgraph('5'): %d\n", ((*__ctype_b_loc ())[(int) (('5'))] & (unsigned short int) _ISgraph) != 0);
   printf("isgraph('.'): %d\n", ((*__ctype_b_loc ())[(int) (('.'))] & (unsigned short int) _ISgraph) != 0);
   printf("isgraph(183): %d\n", ((*__ctype_b_loc ())[(int) ((183))] & (unsigned short int) _ISgraph) != 0);
+  */
 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/tests/dlmalloc.c b/tests/dlmalloc.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 144b90ed..00000000
--- a/tests/dlmalloc.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5743 +0,0 @@
-
-#define __THROW
-#define __attribute_malloc__
-#define __wur
-#include "emscripten.h"
-
-/*
-  This is a version (aka dlmalloc) of malloc/free/realloc written by
-  Doug Lea and released to the public domain, as explained at
-  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain.  Send questions,
-  comments, complaints, performance data, etc to dl@cs.oswego.edu
-
-* Version 2.8.4 Wed May 27 09:56:23 2009  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-
-   Note: There may be an updated version of this malloc obtainable at
-           ftp://gee.cs.oswego.edu/pub/misc/malloc.c
-         Check before installing!
-
-* Quickstart
-
-  This library is all in one file to simplify the most common usage:
-  ftp it, compile it (-O3), and link it into another program. All of
-  the compile-time options default to reasonable values for use on
-  most platforms.  You might later want to step through various
-  compile-time and dynamic tuning options.
-
-  For convenience, an include file for code using this malloc is at:
-     ftp://gee.cs.oswego.edu/pub/misc/malloc-2.8.4.h
-  You don't really need this .h file unless you call functions not
-  defined in your system include files.  The .h file contains only the
-  excerpts from this file needed for using this malloc on ANSI C/C++
-  systems, so long as you haven't changed compile-time options about
-  naming and tuning parameters.  If you do, then you can create your
-  own malloc.h that does include all settings by cutting at the point
-  indicated below. Note that you may already by default be using a C
-  library containing a malloc that is based on some version of this
-  malloc (for example in linux). You might still want to use the one
-  in this file to customize settings or to avoid overheads associated
-  with library versions.
-
-* Vital statistics:
-
-  Supported pointer/size_t representation:       4 or 8 bytes
-       size_t MUST be an unsigned type of the same width as
-       pointers. (If you are using an ancient system that declares
-       size_t as a signed type, or need it to be a different width
-       than pointers, you can use a previous release of this malloc
-       (e.g. 2.7.2) supporting these.)
-
-  Alignment:                                     8 bytes (default)
-       This suffices for nearly all current machines and C compilers.
-       However, you can define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT to be wider than this
-       if necessary (up to 128bytes), at the expense of using more space.
-
-  Minimum overhead per allocated chunk:   4 or  8 bytes (if 4byte sizes)
-                                          8 or 16 bytes (if 8byte sizes)
-       Each malloced chunk has a hidden word of overhead holding size
-       and status information, and additional cross-check word
-       if FOOTERS is defined.
-
-  Minimum allocated size: 4-byte ptrs:  16 bytes    (including overhead)
-                          8-byte ptrs:  32 bytes    (including overhead)
-
-       Even a request for zero bytes (i.e., malloc(0)) returns a
-       pointer to something of the minimum allocatable size.
-       The maximum overhead wastage (i.e., number of extra bytes
-       allocated than were requested in malloc) is less than or equal
-       to the minimum size, except for requests >= mmap_threshold that
-       are serviced via mmap(), where the worst case wastage is about
-       32 bytes plus the remainder from a system page (the minimal
-       mmap unit); typically 4096 or 8192 bytes.
-
-  Security: static-safe; optionally more or less
-       The "security" of malloc refers to the ability of malicious
-       code to accentuate the effects of errors (for example, freeing
-       space that is not currently malloc'ed or overwriting past the
-       ends of chunks) in code that calls malloc.  This malloc
-       guarantees not to modify any memory locations below the base of
-       heap, i.e., static variables, even in the presence of usage
-       errors.  The routines additionally detect most improper frees
-       and reallocs.  All this holds as long as the static bookkeeping
-       for malloc itself is not corrupted by some other means.  This
-       is only one aspect of security -- these checks do not, and
-       cannot, detect all possible programming errors.
-
-       If FOOTERS is defined nonzero, then each allocated chunk
-       carries an additional check word to verify that it was malloced
-       from its space.  These check words are the same within each
-       execution of a program using malloc, but differ across
-       executions, so externally crafted fake chunks cannot be
-       freed. This improves security by rejecting frees/reallocs that
-       could corrupt heap memory, in addition to the checks preventing
-       writes to statics that are always on.  This may further improve
-       security at the expense of time and space overhead.  (Note that
-       FOOTERS may also be worth using with MSPACES.)
-
-       By default detected errors cause the program to abort (calling
-       "abort()"). You can override this to instead proceed past
-       errors by defining PROCEED_ON_ERROR.  In this case, a bad free
-       has no effect, and a malloc that encounters a bad address
-       caused by user overwrites will ignore the bad address by
-       dropping pointers and indices to all known memory. This may
-       be appropriate for programs that should continue if at all
-       possible in the face of programming errors, although they may
-       run out of memory because dropped memory is never reclaimed.
-
-       If you don't like either of these options, you can define
-       CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION and USAGE_ERROR_ACTION to do anything
-       else. And if if you are sure that your program using malloc has
-       no errors or vulnerabilities, you can define INSECURE to 1,
-       which might (or might not) provide a small performance improvement.
-
-  Thread-safety: NOT thread-safe unless USE_LOCKS defined
-       When USE_LOCKS is defined, each public call to malloc, free,
-       etc is surrounded with either a pthread mutex or a win32
-       spinlock (depending on WIN32). This is not especially fast, and
-       can be a major bottleneck.  It is designed only to provide
-       minimal protection in concurrent environments, and to provide a
-       basis for extensions.  If you are using malloc in a concurrent
-       program, consider instead using nedmalloc
-       (http://www.nedprod.com/programs/portable/nedmalloc/) or
-       ptmalloc (See http://www.malloc.de), which are derived
-       from versions of this malloc.
-
-  System requirements: Any combination of MORECORE and/or MMAP/MUNMAP
-       This malloc can use unix sbrk or any emulation (invoked using
-       the CALL_MORECORE macro) and/or mmap/munmap or any emulation
-       (invoked using CALL_MMAP/CALL_MUNMAP) to get and release system
-       memory.  On most unix systems, it tends to work best if both
-       MORECORE and MMAP are enabled.  On Win32, it uses emulations
-       based on VirtualAlloc. It also uses common C library functions
-       like memset.
-
-  Compliance: I believe it is compliant with the Single Unix Specification
-       (See http://www.unix.org). Also SVID/XPG, ANSI C, and probably
-       others as well.
-
-* Overview of algorithms
-
-  This is not the fastest, most space-conserving, most portable, or
-  most tunable malloc ever written. However it is among the fastest
-  while also being among the most space-conserving, portable and
-  tunable.  Consistent balance across these factors results in a good
-  general-purpose allocator for malloc-intensive programs.
-
-  In most ways, this malloc is a best-fit allocator. Generally, it
-  chooses the best-fitting existing chunk for a request, with ties
-  broken in approximately least-recently-used order. (This strategy
-  normally maintains low fragmentation.) However, for requests less
-  than 256bytes, it deviates from best-fit when there is not an
-  exactly fitting available chunk by preferring to use space adjacent
-  to that used for the previous small request, as well as by breaking
-  ties in approximately most-recently-used order. (These enhance
-  locality of series of small allocations.)  And for very large requests
-  (>= 256Kb by default), it relies on system memory mapping
-  facilities, if supported.  (This helps avoid carrying around and
-  possibly fragmenting memory used only for large chunks.)
-
-  All operations (except malloc_stats and mallinfo) have execution
-  times that are bounded by a constant factor of the number of bits in
-  a size_t, not counting any clearing in calloc or copying in realloc,
-  or actions surrounding MORECORE and MMAP that have times
-  proportional to the number of non-contiguous regions returned by
-  system allocation routines, which is often just 1. In real-time
-  applications, you can optionally suppress segment traversals using
-  NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL, which assures bounded execution even when
-  system allocators return non-contiguous spaces, at the typical
-  expense of carrying around more memory and increased fragmentation.
-
-  The implementation is not very modular and seriously overuses
-  macros. Perhaps someday all C compilers will do as good a job
-  inlining modular code as can now be done by brute-force expansion,
-  but now, enough of them seem not to.
-
-  Some compilers issue a lot of warnings about code that is
-  dead/unreachable only on some platforms, and also about intentional
-  uses of negation on unsigned types. All known cases of each can be
-  ignored.
-
-  For a longer but out of date high-level description, see
-     http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html
-
-* MSPACES
-  If MSPACES is defined, then in addition to malloc, free, etc.,
-  this file also defines mspace_malloc, mspace_free, etc. These
-  are versions of malloc routines that take an "mspace" argument
-  obtained using create_mspace, to control all internal bookkeeping.
-  If ONLY_MSPACES is defined, only these versions are compiled.
-  So if you would like to use this allocator for only some allocations,
-  and your system malloc for others, you can compile with
-  ONLY_MSPACES and then do something like...
-    static mspace mymspace = create_mspace(0,0); // for example
-    #define mymalloc(bytes)  mspace_malloc(mymspace, bytes)
-
-  (Note: If you only need one instance of an mspace, you can instead
-  use "USE_DL_PREFIX" to relabel the global malloc.)
-
-  You can similarly create thread-local allocators by storing
-  mspaces as thread-locals. For example:
-    static __thread mspace tlms = 0;
-    void*  tlmalloc(size_t bytes) {
-      if (tlms == 0) tlms = create_mspace(0, 0);
-      return mspace_malloc(tlms, bytes);
-    }
-    void  tlfree(void* mem) { mspace_free(tlms, mem); }
-
-  Unless FOOTERS is defined, each mspace is completely independent.
-  You cannot allocate from one and free to another (although
-  conformance is only weakly checked, so usage errors are not always
-  caught). If FOOTERS is defined, then each chunk carries around a tag
-  indicating its originating mspace, and frees are directed to their
-  originating spaces.
-
- -------------------------  Compile-time options ---------------------------
-
-Be careful in setting #define values for numerical constants of type
-size_t. On some systems, literal values are not automatically extended
-to size_t precision unless they are explicitly casted. You can also
-use the symbolic values MAX_SIZE_T, SIZE_T_ONE, etc below.
-
-WIN32                    default: defined if _WIN32 defined
-  Defining WIN32 sets up defaults for MS environment and compilers.
-  Otherwise defaults are for unix. Beware that there seem to be some
-  cases where this malloc might not be a pure drop-in replacement for
-  Win32 malloc: Random-looking failures from Win32 GDI API's (eg;
-  SetDIBits()) may be due to bugs in some video driver implementations
-  when pixel buffers are malloc()ed, and the region spans more than
-  one VirtualAlloc()ed region. Because dlmalloc uses a small (64Kb)
-  default granularity, pixel buffers may straddle virtual allocation
-  regions more often than when using the Microsoft allocator.  You can
-  avoid this by using VirtualAlloc() and VirtualFree() for all pixel
-  buffers rather than using malloc().  If this is not possible,
-  recompile this malloc with a larger DEFAULT_GRANULARITY.
-
-MALLOC_ALIGNMENT         default: (size_t)8
-  Controls the minimum alignment for malloc'ed chunks.  It must be a
-  power of two and at least 8, even on machines for which smaller
-  alignments would suffice. It may be defined as larger than this
-  though. Note however that code and data structures are optimized for
-  the case of 8-byte alignment.
-
-MSPACES                  default: 0 (false)
-  If true, compile in support for independent allocation spaces.
-  This is only supported if HAVE_MMAP is true.
-
-ONLY_MSPACES             default: 0 (false)
-  If true, only compile in mspace versions, not regular versions.
-
-USE_LOCKS                default: 0 (false)
-  Causes each call to each public routine to be surrounded with
-  pthread or WIN32 mutex lock/unlock. (If set true, this can be
-  overridden on a per-mspace basis for mspace versions.) If set to a
-  non-zero value other than 1, locks are used, but their
-  implementation is left out, so lock functions must be supplied manually,
-  as described below.
-
-USE_SPIN_LOCKS           default: 1 iff USE_LOCKS and on x86 using gcc or MSC
-  If true, uses custom spin locks for locking. This is currently
-  supported only for x86 platforms using gcc or recent MS compilers.
-  Otherwise, posix locks or win32 critical sections are used.
-
-FOOTERS                  default: 0
-  If true, provide extra checking and dispatching by placing
-  information in the footers of allocated chunks. This adds
-  space and time overhead.
-
-INSECURE                 default: 0
-  If true, omit checks for usage errors and heap space overwrites.
-
-USE_DL_PREFIX            default: NOT defined
-  Causes compiler to prefix all public routines with the string 'dl'.
-  This can be useful when you only want to use this malloc in one part
-  of a program, using your regular system malloc elsewhere.
-
-ABORT                    default: defined as abort()
-  Defines how to abort on failed checks.  On most systems, a failed
-  check cannot die with an "assert" or even print an informative
-  message, because the underlying print routines in turn call malloc,
-  which will fail again.  Generally, the best policy is to simply call
-  abort(). It's not very useful to do more than this because many
-  errors due to overwriting will show up as address faults (null, odd
-  addresses etc) rather than malloc-triggered checks, so will also
-  abort.  Also, most compilers know that abort() does not return, so
-  can better optimize code conditionally calling it.
-
-PROCEED_ON_ERROR           default: defined as 0 (false)
-  Controls whether detected bad addresses cause them to bypassed
-  rather than aborting. If set, detected bad arguments to free and
-  realloc are ignored. And all bookkeeping information is zeroed out
-  upon a detected overwrite of freed heap space, thus losing the
-  ability to ever return it from malloc again, but enabling the
-  application to proceed. If PROCEED_ON_ERROR is defined, the
-  static variable malloc_corruption_error_count is compiled in
-  and can be examined to see if errors have occurred. This option
-  generates slower code than the default abort policy.
-
-DEBUG                    default: NOT defined
-  The DEBUG setting is mainly intended for people trying to modify
-  this code or diagnose problems when porting to new platforms.
-  However, it may also be able to better isolate user errors than just
-  using runtime checks.  The assertions in the check routines spell
-  out in more detail the assumptions and invariants underlying the
-  algorithms.  The checking is fairly extensive, and will slow down
-  execution noticeably. Calling malloc_stats or mallinfo with DEBUG
-  set will attempt to check every non-mmapped allocated and free chunk
-  in the course of computing the summaries.
-
-ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE   default: defined as 1 (true)
-  Debugging assertion failures can be nearly impossible if your
-  version of the assert macro causes malloc to be called, which will
-  lead to a cascade of further failures, blowing the runtime stack.
-  ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE cause assertions failures to call abort(),
-  which will usually make debugging easier.
-
-MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION     default: sets errno to ENOMEM, or no-op on win32
-  The action to take before "return 0" when malloc fails to be able to
-  return memory because there is none available.
-
-HAVE_MORECORE             default: 1 (true) unless win32 or ONLY_MSPACES
-  True if this system supports sbrk or an emulation of it.
-
-MORECORE                  default: sbrk
-  The name of the sbrk-style system routine to call to obtain more
-  memory.  See below for guidance on writing custom MORECORE
-  functions. The type of the argument to sbrk/MORECORE varies across
-  systems.  It cannot be size_t, because it supports negative
-  arguments, so it is normally the signed type of the same width as
-  size_t (sometimes declared as "intptr_t").  It doesn't much matter
-  though. Internally, we only call it with arguments less than half
-  the max value of a size_t, which should work across all reasonable
-  possibilities, although sometimes generating compiler warnings.
-
-MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS       default: 1 (true) if HAVE_MORECORE
-  If true, take advantage of fact that consecutive calls to MORECORE
-  with positive arguments always return contiguous increasing
-  addresses.  This is true of unix sbrk. It does not hurt too much to
-  set it true anyway, since malloc copes with non-contiguities.
-  Setting it false when definitely non-contiguous saves time
-  and possibly wasted space it would take to discover this though.
-
-MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM      default: NOT defined
-  True if MORECORE cannot release space back to the system when given
-  negative arguments. This is generally necessary only if you are
-  using a hand-crafted MORECORE function that cannot handle negative
-  arguments.
-
-NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL       default: 0
-  If non-zero, suppresses traversals of memory segments
-  returned by either MORECORE or CALL_MMAP. This disables
-  merging of segments that are contiguous, and selectively
-  releasing them to the OS if unused, but bounds execution times.
-
-HAVE_MMAP                 default: 1 (true)
-  True if this system supports mmap or an emulation of it.  If so, and
-  HAVE_MORECORE is not true, MMAP is used for all system
-  allocation. If set and HAVE_MORECORE is true as well, MMAP is
-  primarily used to directly allocate very large blocks. It is also
-  used as a backup strategy in cases where MORECORE fails to provide
-  space from system. Note: A single call to MUNMAP is assumed to be
-  able to unmap memory that may have be allocated using multiple calls
-  to MMAP, so long as they are adjacent.
-
-HAVE_MREMAP               default: 1 on linux, else 0
-  If true realloc() uses mremap() to re-allocate large blocks and
-  extend or shrink allocation spaces.
-
-MMAP_CLEARS               default: 1 except on WINCE.
-  True if mmap clears memory so calloc doesn't need to. This is true
-  for standard unix mmap using /dev/zero and on WIN32 except for WINCE.
-
-USE_BUILTIN_FFS            default: 0 (i.e., not used)
-  Causes malloc to use the builtin ffs() function to compute indices.
-  Some compilers may recognize and intrinsify ffs to be faster than the
-  supplied C version. Also, the case of x86 using gcc is special-cased
-  to an asm instruction, so is already as fast as it can be, and so
-  this setting has no effect. Similarly for Win32 under recent MS compilers.
-  (On most x86s, the asm version is only slightly faster than the C version.)
-
-malloc_getpagesize         default: derive from system includes, or 4096.
-  The system page size. To the extent possible, this malloc manages
-  memory from the system in page-size units.  This may be (and
-  usually is) a function rather than a constant. This is ignored
-  if WIN32, where page size is determined using getSystemInfo during
-  initialization.
-
-USE_DEV_RANDOM             default: 0 (i.e., not used)
-  Causes malloc to use /dev/random to initialize secure magic seed for
-  stamping footers. Otherwise, the current time is used.
-
-NO_MALLINFO                default: 0
-  If defined, don't compile "mallinfo". This can be a simple way
-  of dealing with mismatches between system declarations and
-  those in this file.
-
-MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE        default: size_t
-  The type of the fields in the mallinfo struct. This was originally
-  defined as "int" in SVID etc, but is more usefully defined as
-  size_t. The value is used only if  HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H is not set
-
-REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES    default: not defined
-  This should be set if a call to realloc with zero bytes should
-  be the same as a call to free. Some people think it should. Otherwise,
-  since this malloc returns a unique pointer for malloc(0), so does
-  realloc(p, 0).
-
-LACKS_UNISTD_H, LACKS_FCNTL_H, LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H, LACKS_SYS_MMAN_H
-LACKS_STRINGS_H, LACKS_STRING_H, LACKS_SYS_TYPES_H,  LACKS_ERRNO_H
-LACKS_STDLIB_H                default: NOT defined unless on WIN32
-  Define these if your system does not have these header files.
-  You might need to manually insert some of the declarations they provide.
-
-DEFAULT_GRANULARITY        default: page size if MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS,
-                                system_info.dwAllocationGranularity in WIN32,
-                                otherwise 64K.
-      Also settable using mallopt(M_GRANULARITY, x)
-  The unit for allocating and deallocating memory from the system.  On
-  most systems with contiguous MORECORE, there is no reason to
-  make this more than a page. However, systems with MMAP tend to
-  either require or encourage larger granularities.  You can increase
-  this value to prevent system allocation functions to be called so
-  often, especially if they are slow.  The value must be at least one
-  page and must be a power of two.  Setting to 0 causes initialization
-  to either page size or win32 region size.  (Note: In previous
-  versions of malloc, the equivalent of this option was called
-  "TOP_PAD")
-
-DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD    default: 2MB
-      Also settable using mallopt(M_TRIM_THRESHOLD, x)
-  The maximum amount of unused top-most memory to keep before
-  releasing via malloc_trim in free().  Automatic trimming is mainly
-  useful in long-lived programs using contiguous MORECORE.  Because
-  trimming via sbrk can be slow on some systems, and can sometimes be
-  wasteful (in cases where programs immediately afterward allocate
-  more large chunks) the value should be high enough so that your
-  overall system performance would improve by releasing this much
-  memory.  As a rough guide, you might set to a value close to the
-  average size of a process (program) running on your system.
-  Releasing this much memory would allow such a process to run in
-  memory.  Generally, it is worth tuning trim thresholds when a
-  program undergoes phases where several large chunks are allocated
-  and released in ways that can reuse each other's storage, perhaps
-  mixed with phases where there are no such chunks at all. The trim
-  value must be greater than page size to have any useful effect.  To
-  disable trimming completely, you can set to MAX_SIZE_T. Note that the trick
-  some people use of mallocing a huge space and then freeing it at
-  program startup, in an attempt to reserve system memory, doesn't
-  have the intended effect under automatic trimming, since that memory
-  will immediately be returned to the system.
-
-DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD       default: 256K
-      Also settable using mallopt(M_MMAP_THRESHOLD, x)
-  The request size threshold for using MMAP to directly service a
-  request. Requests of at least this size that cannot be allocated
-  using already-existing space will be serviced via mmap.  (If enough
-  normal freed space already exists it is used instead.)  Using mmap
-  segregates relatively large chunks of memory so that they can be
-  individually obtained and released from the host system. A request
-  serviced through mmap is never reused by any other request (at least
-  not directly; the system may just so happen to remap successive
-  requests to the same locations).  Segregating space in this way has
-  the benefits that: Mmapped space can always be individually released
-  back to the system, which helps keep the system level memory demands
-  of a long-lived program low.  Also, mapped memory doesn't become
-  `locked' between other chunks, as can happen with normally allocated
-  chunks, which means that even trimming via malloc_trim would not
-  release them.  However, it has the disadvantage that the space
-  cannot be reclaimed, consolidated, and then used to service later
-  requests, as happens with normal chunks.  The advantages of mmap
-  nearly always outweigh disadvantages for "large" chunks, but the
-  value of "large" may vary across systems.  The default is an
-  empirically derived value that works well in most systems. You can
-  disable mmap by setting to MAX_SIZE_T.
-
-MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE   default: 4095 unless not HAVE_MMAP
-  The number of consolidated frees between checks to release
-  unused segments when freeing. When using non-contiguous segments,
-  especially with multiple mspaces, checking only for topmost space
-  doesn't always suffice to trigger trimming. To compensate for this,
-  free() will, with a period of MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE (or the
-  current number of segments, if greater) try to release unused
-  segments to the OS when freeing chunks that result in
-  consolidation. The best value for this parameter is a compromise
-  between slowing down frees with relatively costly checks that
-  rarely trigger versus holding on to unused memory. To effectively
-  disable, set to MAX_SIZE_T. This may lead to a very slight speed
-  improvement at the expense of carrying around more memory.
-*/
-
-/* Version identifier to allow people to support multiple versions */
-#ifndef DLMALLOC_VERSION
-#define DLMALLOC_VERSION 20804
-#endif /* DLMALLOC_VERSION */
-
-#ifndef WIN32
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#define WIN32 1
-#endif  /* _WIN32 */
-#ifdef _WIN32_WCE
-#define LACKS_FCNTL_H
-#define WIN32 1
-#endif /* _WIN32_WCE */
-#endif  /* WIN32 */
-#ifdef WIN32
-#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#include <windows.h>
-#define HAVE_MMAP 1
-#define HAVE_MORECORE 0
-#define LACKS_UNISTD_H
-#define LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H
-#define LACKS_SYS_MMAN_H
-#define LACKS_STRING_H
-#define LACKS_STRINGS_H
-#define LACKS_SYS_TYPES_H
-#define LACKS_ERRNO_H
-#ifndef MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION
-#define MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION
-#endif /* MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION */
-#ifdef _WIN32_WCE /* WINCE reportedly does not clear */
-#define MMAP_CLEARS 0
-#else
-#define MMAP_CLEARS 1
-#endif /* _WIN32_WCE */
-#endif  /* WIN32 */
-
-#if defined(DARWIN) || defined(_DARWIN)
-/* Mac OSX docs advise not to use sbrk; it seems better to use mmap */
-#ifndef HAVE_MORECORE
-#define HAVE_MORECORE 0
-#define HAVE_MMAP 1
-/* OSX allocators provide 16 byte alignment */
-#ifndef MALLOC_ALIGNMENT
-#define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT ((size_t)16U)
-#endif
-#endif  /* HAVE_MORECORE */
-#endif  /* DARWIN */
-
-#ifndef LACKS_SYS_TYPES_H
-#include <sys/types.h>  /* For size_t */
-#endif  /* LACKS_SYS_TYPES_H */
-
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) && ((defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)))) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER>=1310)
-#define SPIN_LOCKS_AVAILABLE 1
-#else
-#define SPIN_LOCKS_AVAILABLE 0
-#endif
-
-/* The maximum possible size_t value has all bits set */
-#define MAX_SIZE_T           (~(size_t)0)
-
-#ifndef ONLY_MSPACES
-#define ONLY_MSPACES 0     /* define to a value */
-#else
-#define ONLY_MSPACES 1
-#endif  /* ONLY_MSPACES */
-#ifndef MSPACES
-#if ONLY_MSPACES
-#define MSPACES 1
-#else   /* ONLY_MSPACES */
-#define MSPACES 0
-#endif  /* ONLY_MSPACES */
-#endif  /* MSPACES */
-#ifndef MALLOC_ALIGNMENT
-#define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT ((size_t)8U)
-#endif  /* MALLOC_ALIGNMENT */
-#ifndef FOOTERS
-#define FOOTERS 0
-#endif  /* FOOTERS */
-#ifndef ABORT
-#define ABORT  abort()
-#endif  /* ABORT */
-#ifndef ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE
-#define ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE 1
-#endif  /* ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE */
-#ifndef PROCEED_ON_ERROR
-#define PROCEED_ON_ERROR 0
-#endif  /* PROCEED_ON_ERROR */
-#ifndef USE_LOCKS
-#define USE_LOCKS 0
-#endif  /* USE_LOCKS */
-#ifndef USE_SPIN_LOCKS
-#if USE_LOCKS && SPIN_LOCKS_AVAILABLE
-#define USE_SPIN_LOCKS 1
-#else
-#define USE_SPIN_LOCKS 0
-#endif /* USE_LOCKS && SPIN_LOCKS_AVAILABLE. */
-#endif /* USE_SPIN_LOCKS */
-#ifndef INSECURE
-#define INSECURE 0
-#endif  /* INSECURE */
-#ifndef HAVE_MMAP
-#define HAVE_MMAP 1
-#endif  /* HAVE_MMAP */
-#ifndef MMAP_CLEARS
-#define MMAP_CLEARS 1
-#endif  /* MMAP_CLEARS */
-#ifndef HAVE_MREMAP
-#ifdef linux
-#define HAVE_MREMAP 1
-#else   /* linux */
-#define HAVE_MREMAP 0
-#endif  /* linux */
-#endif  /* HAVE_MREMAP */
-#ifndef MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION
-#define MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION  errno = ENOMEM;
-#endif  /* MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION */
-#ifndef HAVE_MORECORE
-#if ONLY_MSPACES
-#define HAVE_MORECORE 0
-#else   /* ONLY_MSPACES */
-#define HAVE_MORECORE 1
-#endif  /* ONLY_MSPACES */
-#endif  /* HAVE_MORECORE */
-#if !HAVE_MORECORE
-#define MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS 0
-#else   /* !HAVE_MORECORE */
-#define MORECORE_DEFAULT sbrk
-#ifndef MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS
-#define MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS 1
-#endif  /* MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS */
-#endif  /* HAVE_MORECORE */
-#ifndef DEFAULT_GRANULARITY
-#if (MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS || defined(WIN32))
-#define DEFAULT_GRANULARITY (0)  /* 0 means to compute in init_mparams */
-#else   /* MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS */
-#define DEFAULT_GRANULARITY ((size_t)64U * (size_t)1024U)
-#endif  /* MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS */
-#endif  /* DEFAULT_GRANULARITY */
-#ifndef DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD
-#ifndef MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM
-#define DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD ((size_t)2U * (size_t)1024U * (size_t)1024U)
-#else   /* MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM */
-#define DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD MAX_SIZE_T
-#endif  /* MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM */
-#endif  /* DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD */
-#ifndef DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD
-#if HAVE_MMAP
-#define DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD ((size_t)256U * (size_t)1024U)
-#else   /* HAVE_MMAP */
-#define DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD MAX_SIZE_T
-#endif  /* HAVE_MMAP */
-#endif  /* DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD */
-#ifndef MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE
-#if HAVE_MMAP
-#define MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE 4095
-#else
-#define MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE MAX_SIZE_T
-#endif /* HAVE_MMAP */
-#endif /* MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE */
-#ifndef USE_BUILTIN_FFS
-#define USE_BUILTIN_FFS 0
-#endif  /* USE_BUILTIN_FFS */
-#ifndef USE_DEV_RANDOM
-#define USE_DEV_RANDOM 0
-#endif  /* USE_DEV_RANDOM */
-#ifndef NO_MALLINFO
-#define NO_MALLINFO 0
-#endif  /* NO_MALLINFO */
-#ifndef MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE
-#define MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE size_t
-#endif  /* MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE */
-#ifndef NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL
-#define NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL 0
-#endif /* NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL */
-
-/*
-  mallopt tuning options.  SVID/XPG defines four standard parameter
-  numbers for mallopt, normally defined in malloc.h.  None of these
-  are used in this malloc, so setting them has no effect. But this
-  malloc does support the following options.
-*/
-
-#define M_TRIM_THRESHOLD     (-1)
-#define M_GRANULARITY        (-2)
-#define M_MMAP_THRESHOLD     (-3)
-
-/* ------------------------ Mallinfo declarations ------------------------ */
-
-#if !NO_MALLINFO
-/*
-  This version of malloc supports the standard SVID/XPG mallinfo
-  routine that returns a struct containing usage properties and
-  statistics. It should work on any system that has a
-  /usr/include/malloc.h defining struct mallinfo.  The main
-  declaration needed is the mallinfo struct that is returned (by-copy)
-  by mallinfo().  The malloinfo struct contains a bunch of fields that
-  are not even meaningful in this version of malloc.  These fields are
-  are instead filled by mallinfo() with other numbers that might be of
-  interest.
-
-  HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H should be set if you have a
-  /usr/include/malloc.h file that includes a declaration of struct
-  mallinfo.  If so, it is included; else a compliant version is
-  declared below.  These must be precisely the same for mallinfo() to
-  work.  The original SVID version of this struct, defined on most
-  systems with mallinfo, declares all fields as ints. But some others
-  define as unsigned long. If your system defines the fields using a
-  type of different width than listed here, you MUST #include your
-  system version and #define HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H.
-*/
-
-/* #define HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H */
-
-#ifdef HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H
-#include "/usr/include/malloc.h"
-#else /* HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H */
-#ifndef STRUCT_MALLINFO_DECLARED
-#define STRUCT_MALLINFO_DECLARED 1
-struct mallinfo {
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE arena;    /* non-mmapped space allocated from system */
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE ordblks;  /* number of free chunks */
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE smblks;   /* always 0 */
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE hblks;    /* always 0 */
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE hblkhd;   /* space in mmapped regions */
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE usmblks;  /* maximum total allocated space */
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE fsmblks;  /* always 0 */
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE uordblks; /* total allocated space */
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE fordblks; /* total free space */
-  MALLINFO_FIELD_TYPE keepcost; /* releasable (via malloc_trim) space */
-};
-#endif /* STRUCT_MALLINFO_DECLARED */
-#endif /* HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H */
-#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */
-
-/*
-  Try to persuade compilers to inline. The most critical functions for
-  inlining are defined as macros, so these aren't used for them.
-*/
-
-#ifndef FORCEINLINE
-  #if defined(__GNUC__)
-#define FORCEINLINE __inline __attribute__ ((always_inline))
-  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-    #define FORCEINLINE __forceinline
-  #endif
-#endif
-#ifndef NOINLINE
-  #if defined(__GNUC__)
-    #define NOINLINE __attribute__ ((noinline))
-  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-    #define NOINLINE __declspec(noinline)
-  #else
-    #define NOINLINE
-  #endif
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#ifndef FORCEINLINE
- #define FORCEINLINE inline
-#endif
-#endif /* __cplusplus */
-#ifndef FORCEINLINE
- #define FORCEINLINE
-#endif
-
-#if !ONLY_MSPACES
-
-/* ------------------- Declarations of public routines ------------------- */
-
-#ifndef USE_DL_PREFIX
-#define dlcalloc               calloc
-#define dlfree                 free
-#define dlmalloc               malloc
-#define dlmemalign             memalign
-#define dlrealloc              realloc
-#define dlvalloc               valloc
-#define dlpvalloc              pvalloc
-#define dlmallinfo             mallinfo
-#define dlmallopt              mallopt
-#define dlmalloc_trim          malloc_trim
-#define dlmalloc_stats         malloc_stats
-#define dlmalloc_usable_size   malloc_usable_size
-#define dlmalloc_footprint     malloc_footprint
-#define dlmalloc_max_footprint malloc_max_footprint
-#define dlindependent_calloc   independent_calloc
-#define dlindependent_comalloc independent_comalloc
-#endif /* USE_DL_PREFIX */
-
-
-/*
-  malloc(size_t n)
-  Returns a pointer to a newly allocated chunk of at least n bytes, or
-  null if no space is available, in which case errno is set to ENOMEM
-  on ANSI C systems.
-
-  If n is zero, malloc returns a minimum-sized chunk. (The minimum
-  size is 16 bytes on most 32bit systems, and 32 bytes on 64bit
-  systems.)  Note that size_t is an unsigned type, so calls with
-  arguments that would be negative if signed are interpreted as
-  requests for huge amounts of space, which will often fail. The
-  maximum supported value of n differs across systems, but is in all
-  cases less than the maximum representable value of a size_t.
-*/
-void* dlmalloc(size_t) __THROW __attribute_malloc__ __wur;
-
-/*
-  free(void* p)
-  Releases the chunk of memory pointed to by p, that had been previously
-  allocated using malloc or a related routine such as realloc.
-  It has no effect if p is null. If p was not malloced or already
-  freed, free(p) will by default cause the current program to abort.
-*/
-void  dlfree(void*) __THROW __attribute_malloc__ __wur;
-
-/*
-  calloc(size_t n_elements, size_t element_size);
-  Returns a pointer to n_elements * element_size bytes, with all locations
-  set to zero.
-*/
-void* dlcalloc(size_t, size_t) __THROW __attribute_malloc__ __wur;
-
-/*
-  realloc(void* p, size_t n)
-  Returns a pointer to a chunk of size n that contains the same data
-  as does chunk p up to the minimum of (n, p's size) bytes, or null
-  if no space is available.
-
-  The returned pointer may or may not be the same as p. The algorithm
-  prefers extending p in most cases when possible, otherwise it
-  employs the equivalent of a malloc-copy-free sequence.
-
-  If p is null, realloc is equivalent to malloc.
-
-  If space is not available, realloc returns null, errno is set (if on
-  ANSI) and p is NOT freed.
-
-  if n is for fewer bytes than already held by p, the newly unused
-  space is lopped off and freed if possible.  realloc with a size
-  argument of zero (re)allocates a minimum-sized chunk.
-
-  The old unix realloc convention of allowing the last-free'd chunk
-  to be used as an argument to realloc is not supported.
-*/
-
-void* dlrealloc(void*, size_t) __THROW __attribute_malloc__ __wur;
-
-/*
-  memalign(size_t alignment, size_t n);
-  Returns a pointer to a newly allocated chunk of n bytes, aligned
-  in accord with the alignment argument.
-
-  The alignment argument should be a power of two. If the argument is
-  not a power of two, the nearest greater power is used.
-  8-byte alignment is guaranteed by normal malloc calls, so don't
-  bother calling memalign with an argument of 8 or less.
-
-  Overreliance on memalign is a sure way to fragment space.
-*/
-void* dlmemalign(size_t, size_t);
-
-/*
-  valloc(size_t n);
-  Equivalent to memalign(pagesize, n), where pagesize is the page
-  size of the system. If the pagesize is unknown, 4096 is used.
-*/
-void* dlvalloc(size_t) __THROW __attribute_malloc__ __wur;
-
-/*
-  mallopt(int parameter_number, int parameter_value)
-  Sets tunable parameters The format is to provide a
-  (parameter-number, parameter-value) pair.  mallopt then sets the
-  corresponding parameter to the argument value if it can (i.e., so
-  long as the value is meaningful), and returns 1 if successful else
-  0.  To workaround the fact that mallopt is specified to use int,
-  not size_t parameters, the value -1 is specially treated as the
-  maximum unsigned size_t value.
-
-  SVID/XPG/ANSI defines four standard param numbers for mallopt,
-  normally defined in malloc.h.  None of these are use in this malloc,
-  so setting them has no effect. But this malloc also supports other
-  options in mallopt. See below for details.  Briefly, supported
-  parameters are as follows (listed defaults are for "typical"
-  configurations).
-
-  Symbol            param #  default    allowed param values
-  M_TRIM_THRESHOLD     -1   2*1024*1024   any   (-1 disables)
-  M_GRANULARITY        -2     page size   any power of 2 >= page size
-  M_MMAP_THRESHOLD     -3      256*1024   any   (or 0 if no MMAP support)
-*/
-int dlmallopt(int, int);
-
-/*
-  malloc_footprint();
-  Returns the number of bytes obtained from the system.  The total
-  number of bytes allocated by malloc, realloc etc., is less than this
-  value. Unlike mallinfo, this function returns only a precomputed
-  result, so can be called frequently to monitor memory consumption.
-  Even if locks are otherwise defined, this function does not use them,
-  so results might not be up to date.
-*/
-size_t dlmalloc_footprint(void);
-
-/*
-  malloc_max_footprint();
-  Returns the maximum number of bytes obtained from the system. This
-  value will be greater than current footprint if deallocated space
-  has been reclaimed by the system. The peak number of bytes allocated
-  by malloc, realloc etc., is less than this value. Unlike mallinfo,
-  this function returns only a precomputed result, so can be called
-  frequently to monitor memory consumption.  Even if locks are
-  otherwise defined, this function does not use them, so results might
-  not be up to date.
-*/
-size_t dlmalloc_max_footprint(void);
-
-#if !NO_MALLINFO
-/*
-  mallinfo()
-  Returns (by copy) a struct containing various summary statistics:
-
-  arena:     current total non-mmapped bytes allocated from system
-  ordblks:   the number of free chunks
-  smblks:    always zero.
-  hblks:     current number of mmapped regions
-  hblkhd:    total bytes held in mmapped regions
-  usmblks:   the maximum total allocated space. This will be greater
-                than current total if trimming has occurred.
-  fsmblks:   always zero
-  uordblks:  current total allocated space (normal or mmapped)
-  fordblks:  total free space
-  keepcost:  the maximum number of bytes that could ideally be released
-               back to system via malloc_trim. ("ideally" means that
-               it ignores page restrictions etc.)
-
-  Because these fields are ints, but internal bookkeeping may
-  be kept as longs, the reported values may wrap around zero and
-  thus be inaccurate.
-*/
-struct mallinfo dlmallinfo(void);
-#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */
-
-/*
-  independent_calloc(size_t n_elements, size_t element_size, void* chunks[]);
-
-  independent_calloc is similar to calloc, but instead of returning a
-  single cleared space, it returns an array of pointers to n_elements
-  independent elements that can hold contents of size elem_size, each
-  of which starts out cleared, and can be independently freed,
-  realloc'ed etc. The elements are guaranteed to be adjacently
-  allocated (this is not guaranteed to occur with multiple callocs or
-  mallocs), which may also improve cache locality in some
-  applications.
-
-  The "chunks" argument is optional (i.e., may be null, which is
-  probably the most typical usage). If it is null, the returned array
-  is itself dynamically allocated and should also be freed when it is
-  no longer needed. Otherwise, the chunks array must be of at least
-  n_elements in length. It is filled in with the pointers to the
-  chunks.
-
-  In either case, independent_calloc returns this pointer array, or
-  null if the allocation failed.  If n_elements is zero and "chunks"
-  is null, it returns a chunk representing an array with zero elements
-  (which should be freed if not wanted).
-
-  Each element must be individually freed when it is no longer
-  needed. If you'd like to instead be able to free all at once, you
-  should instead use regular calloc and assign pointers into this
-  space to represent elements.  (In this case though, you cannot
-  independently free elements.)
-
-  independent_calloc simplifies and speeds up implementations of many
-  kinds of pools.  It may also be useful when constructing large data
-  structures that initially have a fixed number of fixed-sized nodes,
-  but the number is not known at compile time, and some of the nodes
-  may later need to be freed. For example:
-
-  struct Node { int item; struct Node* next; };
-
-  struct Node* build_list() {
-    struct Node** pool;
-    int n = read_number_of_nodes_needed();
-    if (n <= 0) return 0;
-    pool = (struct Node**)(independent_calloc(n, sizeof(struct Node), 0);
-    if (pool == 0) die();
-    // organize into a linked list...
-    struct Node* first = pool[0];
-    for (i = 0; i < n-1; ++i)
-      pool[i]->next = pool[i+1];
-    free(pool);     // Can now free the array (or not, if it is needed later)
-    return first;
-  }
-*/
-void** dlindependent_calloc(size_t, size_t, void**);
-
-/*
-  independent_comalloc(size_t n_elements, size_t sizes[], void* chunks[]);
-
-  independent_comalloc allocates, all at once, a set of n_elements
-  chunks with sizes indicated in the "sizes" array.    It returns
-  an array of pointers to these elements, each of which can be
-  independently freed, realloc'ed etc. The elements are guaranteed to
-  be adjacently allocated (this is not guaranteed to occur with
-  multiple callocs or mallocs), which may also improve cache locality
-  in some applications.
-
-  The "chunks" argument is optional (i.e., may be null). If it is null
-  the returned array is itself dynamically allocated and should also
-  be freed when it is no longer needed. Otherwise, the chunks array
-  must be of at least n_elements in length. It is filled in with the
-  pointers to the chunks.
-
-  In either case, independent_comalloc returns this pointer array, or
-  null if the allocation failed.  If n_elements is zero and chunks is
-  null, it returns a chunk representing an array with zero elements
-  (which should be freed if not wanted).
-
-  Each element must be individually freed when it is no longer
-  needed. If you'd like to instead be able to free all at once, you
-  should instead use a single regular malloc, and assign pointers at
-  particular offsets in the aggregate space. (In this case though, you
-  cannot independently free elements.)
-
-  independent_comallac differs from independent_calloc in that each
-  element may have a different size, and also that it does not
-  automatically clear elements.
-
-  independent_comalloc can be used to speed up allocation in cases
-  where several structs or objects must always be allocated at the
-  same time.  For example:
-
-  struct Head { ... }
-  struct Foot { ... }
-
-  void send_message(char* msg) {
-    int msglen = strlen(msg);
-    size_t sizes[3] = { sizeof(struct Head), msglen, sizeof(struct Foot) };
-    void* chunks[3];
-    if (independent_comalloc(3, sizes, chunks) == 0)
-      die();
-    struct Head* head = (struct Head*)(chunks[0]);
-    char*        body = (char*)(chunks[1]);
-    struct Foot* foot = (struct Foot*)(chunks[2]);
-    // ...
-  }
-
-  In general though, independent_comalloc is worth using only for
-  larger values of n_elements. For small values, you probably won't
-  detect enough difference from series of malloc calls to bother.
-
-  Overuse of independent_comalloc can increase overall memory usage,
-  since it cannot reuse existing noncontiguous small chunks that
-  might be available for some of the elements.
-*/
-void** dlindependent_comalloc(size_t, size_t*, void**);
-
-
-/*
-  pvalloc(size_t n);
-  Equivalent to valloc(minimum-page-that-holds(n)), that is,
-  round up n to nearest pagesize.
- */
-void*  dlpvalloc(size_t);
-
-/*
-  malloc_trim(size_t pad);
-
-  If possible, gives memory back to the system (via negative arguments
-  to sbrk) if there is unused memory at the `high' end of the malloc
-  pool or in unused MMAP segments. You can call this after freeing
-  large blocks of memory to potentially reduce the system-level memory
-  requirements of a program. However, it cannot guarantee to reduce
-  memory. Under some allocation patterns, some large free blocks of
-  memory will be locked between two used chunks, so they cannot be
-  given back to the system.
-
-  The `pad' argument to malloc_trim represents the amount of free
-  trailing space to leave untrimmed. If this argument is zero, only
-  the minimum amount of memory to maintain internal data structures
-  will be left. Non-zero arguments can be supplied to maintain enough
-  trailing space to service future expected allocations without having
-  to re-obtain memory from the system.
-
-  Malloc_trim returns 1 if it actually released any memory, else 0.
-*/
-int  dlmalloc_trim(size_t);
-
-/*
-  malloc_stats();
-  Prints on stderr the amount of space obtained from the system (both
-  via sbrk and mmap), the maximum amount (which may be more than
-  current if malloc_trim and/or munmap got called), and the current
-  number of bytes allocated via malloc (or realloc, etc) but not yet
-  freed. Note that this is the number of bytes allocated, not the
-  number requested. It will be larger than the number requested
-  because of alignment and bookkeeping overhead. Because it includes
-  alignment wastage as being in use, this figure may be greater than
-  zero even when no user-level chunks are allocated.
-
-  The reported current and maximum system memory can be inaccurate if
-  a program makes other calls to system memory allocation functions
-  (normally sbrk) outside of malloc.
-
-  malloc_stats prints only the most commonly interesting statistics.
-  More information can be obtained by calling mallinfo.
-*/
-void  dlmalloc_stats(void);
-
-#endif /* ONLY_MSPACES */
-
-/*
-  malloc_usable_size(void* p);
-
-  Returns the number of bytes you can actually use in
-  an allocated chunk, which may be more than you requested (although
-  often not) due to alignment and minimum size constraints.
-  You can use this many bytes without worrying about
-  overwriting other allocated objects. This is not a particularly great
-  programming practice. malloc_usable_size can be more useful in
-  debugging and assertions, for example:
-
-  p = malloc(n);
-  assert(malloc_usable_size(p) >= 256);
-*/
-size_t dlmalloc_usable_size(void*);
-
-
-#if MSPACES
-
-/*
-  mspace is an opaque type representing an independent
-  region of space that supports mspace_malloc, etc.
-*/
-typedef void* mspace;
-
-/*
-  create_mspace creates and returns a new independent space with the
-  given initial capacity, or, if 0, the default granularity size.  It
-  returns null if there is no system memory available to create the
-  space.  If argument locked is non-zero, the space uses a separate
-  lock to control access. The capacity of the space will grow
-  dynamically as needed to service mspace_malloc requests.  You can
-  control the sizes of incremental increases of this space by
-  compiling with a different DEFAULT_GRANULARITY or dynamically
-  setting with mallopt(M_GRANULARITY, value).
-*/
-mspace create_mspace(size_t capacity, int locked);
-
-/*
-  destroy_mspace destroys the given space, and attempts to return all
-  of its memory back to the system, returning the total number of
-  bytes freed. After destruction, the results of access to all memory
-  used by the space become undefined.
-*/
-size_t destroy_mspace(mspace msp);
-
-/*
-  create_mspace_with_base uses the memory supplied as the initial base
-  of a new mspace. Part (less than 128*sizeof(size_t) bytes) of this
-  space is used for bookkeeping, so the capacity must be at least this
-  large. (Otherwise 0 is returned.) When this initial space is
-  exhausted, additional memory will be obtained from the system.
-  Destroying this space will deallocate all additionally allocated
-  space (if possible) but not the initial base.
-*/
-mspace create_mspace_with_base(void* base, size_t capacity, int locked);
-
-/*
-  mspace_track_large_chunks controls whether requests for large chunks
-  are allocated in their own untracked mmapped regions, separate from
-  others in this mspace. By default large chunks are not tracked,
-  which reduces fragmentation. However, such chunks are not
-  necessarily released to the system upon destroy_mspace.  Enabling
-  tracking by setting to true may increase fragmentation, but avoids
-  leakage when relying on destroy_mspace to release all memory
-  allocated using this space.  The function returns the previous
-  setting.
-*/
-int mspace_track_large_chunks(mspace msp, int enable);
-
-
-/*
-  mspace_malloc behaves as malloc, but operates within
-  the given space.
-*/
-void* mspace_malloc(mspace msp, size_t bytes);
-
-/*
-  mspace_free behaves as free, but operates within
-  the given space.
-
-  If compiled with FOOTERS==1, mspace_free is not actually needed.
-  free may be called instead of mspace_free because freed chunks from
-  any space are handled by their originating spaces.
-*/
-void mspace_free(mspace msp, void* mem);
-
-/*
-  mspace_realloc behaves as realloc, but operates within
-  the given space.
-
-  If compiled with FOOTERS==1, mspace_realloc is not actually
-  needed.  realloc may be called instead of mspace_realloc because
-  realloced chunks from any space are handled by their originating
-  spaces.
-*/
-void* mspace_realloc(mspace msp, void* mem, size_t newsize);
-
-/*
-  mspace_calloc behaves as calloc, but operates within
-  the given space.
-*/
-void* mspace_calloc(mspace msp, size_t n_elements, size_t elem_size);
-
-/*
-  mspace_memalign behaves as memalign, but operates within
-  the given space.
-*/
-void* mspace_memalign(mspace msp, size_t alignment, size_t bytes);
-
-/*
-  mspace_independent_calloc behaves as independent_calloc, but
-  operates within the given space.
-*/
-void** mspace_independent_calloc(mspace msp, size_t n_elements,
-                                 size_t elem_size, void* chunks[]);
-
-/*
-  mspace_independent_comalloc behaves as independent_comalloc, but
-  operates within the given space.
-*/
-void** mspace_independent_comalloc(mspace msp, size_t n_elements,
-                                   size_t sizes[], void* chunks[]);
-
-/*
-  mspace_footprint() returns the number of bytes obtained from the
-  system for this space.
-*/
-size_t mspace_footprint(mspace msp);
-
-/*
-  mspace_max_footprint() returns the peak number of bytes obtained from the
-  system for this space.
-*/
-size_t mspace_max_footprint(mspace msp);
-
-
-#if !NO_MALLINFO
-/*
-  mspace_mallinfo behaves as mallinfo, but reports properties of
-  the given space.
-*/
-struct mallinfo mspace_mallinfo(mspace msp);
-#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */
-
-/*
-  malloc_usable_size(void* p) behaves the same as malloc_usable_size;
-*/
-  size_t mspace_usable_size(void* mem);
-
-/*
-  mspace_malloc_stats behaves as malloc_stats, but reports
-  properties of the given space.
-*/
-void mspace_malloc_stats(mspace msp);
-
-/*
-  mspace_trim behaves as malloc_trim, but
-  operates within the given space.
-*/
-int mspace_trim(mspace msp, size_t pad);
-
-/*
-  An alias for mallopt.
-*/
-int mspace_mallopt(int, int);
-
-#endif /* MSPACES */
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-};  /* end of extern "C" */
-#endif /* __cplusplus */
-
-/*
-  ========================================================================
-  To make a fully customizable malloc.h header file, cut everything
-  above this line, put into file malloc.h, edit to suit, and #include it
-  on the next line, as well as in programs that use this malloc.
-  ========================================================================
-*/
-
-/* #include "malloc.h" */
-
-/*------------------------------ internal #includes ---------------------- */
-
-#ifdef WIN32
-#pragma warning( disable : 4146 ) /* no "unsigned" warnings */
-#endif /* WIN32 */
-
-#include <stdio.h>       /* for printing in malloc_stats */
-#include <time.h>        /* for magic initialization */
-
-#ifndef LACKS_ERRNO_H
-#include <errno.h>       /* for MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION */
-#endif /* LACKS_ERRNO_H */
-#if FOOTERS || DEBUG
-#include <time.h>        /* for magic initialization */
-#endif /* FOOTERS */
-#ifndef LACKS_STDLIB_H
-#include <stdlib.h>      /* for abort() */
-#endif /* LACKS_STDLIB_H */
-#ifdef DEBUG
-#if ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE
-#undef assert
-#define assert(x) if(!(x)) ABORT
-#else /* ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE */
-#include <assert.h>
-#endif /* ABORT_ON_ASSERT_FAILURE */
-#else  /* DEBUG */
-#ifndef assert
-#define assert(x)
-#endif
-#define DEBUG 0
-#endif /* DEBUG */
-#ifndef LACKS_STRING_H
-#include <string.h>      /* for memset etc */
-#endif  /* LACKS_STRING_H */
-#if USE_BUILTIN_FFS
-#ifndef LACKS_STRINGS_H
-#include <strings.h>     /* for ffs */
-#endif /* LACKS_STRINGS_H */
-#endif /* USE_BUILTIN_FFS */
-#if HAVE_MMAP
-#ifndef LACKS_SYS_MMAN_H
-/* On some versions of linux, mremap decl in mman.h needs __USE_GNU set */
-#if (defined(linux) && !defined(__USE_GNU))
-#define __USE_GNU 1
-#include <sys/mman.h>    /* for mmap */
-#undef __USE_GNU
-#else
-#include <sys/mman.h>    /* for mmap */
-#endif /* linux */
-#endif /* LACKS_SYS_MMAN_H */
-#ifndef LACKS_FCNTL_H
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#endif /* LACKS_FCNTL_H */
-#endif /* HAVE_MMAP */
-#ifndef LACKS_UNISTD_H
-#include <unistd.h>     /* for sbrk, sysconf */
-#else /* LACKS_UNISTD_H */
-#if !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__OpenBSD__) && !defined(__NetBSD__)
-extern void*     sbrk(ptrdiff_t);
-#endif /* FreeBSD etc */
-#endif /* LACKS_UNISTD_H */
-
-/* Declarations for locking */
-#if USE_LOCKS
-#ifndef WIN32
-#include <pthread.h>
-#if defined (__SVR4) && defined (__sun)  /* solaris */
-#include <thread.h>
-#endif /* solaris */
-#else
-#ifndef _M_AMD64
-/* These are already defined on AMD64 builds */
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif /* __cplusplus */
-LONG __cdecl _InterlockedCompareExchange(LONG volatile *Dest, LONG Exchange, LONG Comp);
-LONG __cdecl _InterlockedExchange(LONG volatile *Target, LONG Value);
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif /* __cplusplus */
-#endif /* _M_AMD64 */
-#pragma intrinsic (_InterlockedCompareExchange)
-#pragma intrinsic (_InterlockedExchange)
-#define interlockedcompareexchange _InterlockedCompareExchange
-#define interlockedexchange _InterlockedExchange
-#endif /* Win32 */
-#endif /* USE_LOCKS */
-
-/* Declarations for bit scanning on win32 */
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER>=1300
-#ifndef BitScanForward	/* Try to avoid pulling in WinNT.h */
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif /* __cplusplus */
-unsigned char _BitScanForward(unsigned long *index, unsigned long mask);
-unsigned char _BitScanReverse(unsigned long *index, unsigned long mask);
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif /* __cplusplus */
-
-#define BitScanForward _BitScanForward
-#define BitScanReverse _BitScanReverse
-#pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
-#pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
-#endif /* BitScanForward */
-#endif /* defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER>=1300 */
-
-#ifndef WIN32
-#ifndef malloc_getpagesize
-#  ifdef _SC_PAGESIZE         /* some SVR4 systems omit an underscore */
-#    ifndef _SC_PAGE_SIZE
-#      define _SC_PAGE_SIZE _SC_PAGESIZE
-#    endif
-#  endif
-#  ifdef _SC_PAGE_SIZE
-#    define malloc_getpagesize sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)
-#  else
-#    if defined(BSD) || defined(DGUX) || defined(HAVE_GETPAGESIZE)
-       extern size_t getpagesize();
-#      define malloc_getpagesize getpagesize()
-#    else
-#      ifdef WIN32 /* use supplied emulation of getpagesize */
-#        define malloc_getpagesize getpagesize()
-#      else
-#        ifndef LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H
-#          include <sys/param.h>
-#        endif
-#        ifdef EXEC_PAGESIZE
-#          define malloc_getpagesize EXEC_PAGESIZE
-#        else
-#          ifdef NBPG
-#            ifndef CLSIZE
-#              define malloc_getpagesize NBPG
-#            else
-#              define malloc_getpagesize (NBPG * CLSIZE)
-#            endif
-#          else
-#            ifdef NBPC
-#              define malloc_getpagesize NBPC
-#            else
-#              ifdef PAGESIZE
-#                define malloc_getpagesize PAGESIZE
-#              else /* just guess */
-#                define malloc_getpagesize ((size_t)4096U)
-#              endif
-#            endif
-#          endif
-#        endif
-#      endif
-#    endif
-#  endif
-#endif
-#endif
-
-
-
-/* ------------------- size_t and alignment properties -------------------- */
-
-/* The byte and bit size of a size_t */
-#define SIZE_T_SIZE         (sizeof(size_t))
-#define SIZE_T_BITSIZE      (sizeof(size_t) << 3)
-
-/* Some constants coerced to size_t */
-/* Annoying but necessary to avoid errors on some platforms */
-#define SIZE_T_ZERO         ((size_t)0)
-#define SIZE_T_ONE          ((size_t)1)
-#define SIZE_T_TWO          ((size_t)2)
-#define SIZE_T_FOUR         ((size_t)4)
-#define TWO_SIZE_T_SIZES    (SIZE_T_SIZE<<1)
-#define FOUR_SIZE_T_SIZES   (SIZE_T_SIZE<<2)
-#define SIX_SIZE_T_SIZES    (FOUR_SIZE_T_SIZES+TWO_SIZE_T_SIZES)
-#define HALF_MAX_SIZE_T     (MAX_SIZE_T / 2U)
-
-/* The bit mask value corresponding to MALLOC_ALIGNMENT */
-#define CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK    (MALLOC_ALIGNMENT - SIZE_T_ONE)
-
-/* True if address a has acceptable alignment */
-#define is_aligned(A)       (((size_t)((A)) & (CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK)) == 0)
-
-/* the number of bytes to offset an address to align it */
-#define align_offset(A)\
- ((((size_t)(A) & CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK) == 0)? 0 :\
-  ((MALLOC_ALIGNMENT - ((size_t)(A) & CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK)) & CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK))
-
-/* -------------------------- MMAP preliminaries ------------------------- */
-
-/*
-   If HAVE_MORECORE or HAVE_MMAP are false, we just define calls and
-   checks to fail so compiler optimizer can delete code rather than
-   using so many "#if"s.
-*/
-
-
-/* MORECORE and MMAP must return MFAIL on failure */
-#define MFAIL                ((void*)(MAX_SIZE_T))
-#define CMFAIL               ((char*)(MFAIL)) /* defined for convenience */
-
-#if HAVE_MMAP
-
-#ifndef WIN32
-#define MUNMAP_DEFAULT(a, s)  munmap((a), (s))
-#define MMAP_PROT            (PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE)
-#if !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS) && defined(MAP_ANON)
-#define MAP_ANONYMOUS        MAP_ANON
-#endif /* MAP_ANON */
-#ifdef MAP_ANONYMOUS
-#define MMAP_FLAGS           (MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS)
-#define MMAP_DEFAULT(s)       mmap(0, (s), MMAP_PROT, MMAP_FLAGS, -1, 0)
-#else /* MAP_ANONYMOUS */
-/*
-   Nearly all versions of mmap support MAP_ANONYMOUS, so the following
-   is unlikely to be needed, but is supplied just in case.
-*/
-#define MMAP_FLAGS           (MAP_PRIVATE)
-static int dev_zero_fd = -1; /* Cached file descriptor for /dev/zero. */
-#define MMAP_DEFAULT(s) ((dev_zero_fd < 0) ? \
-           (dev_zero_fd = open("/dev/zero", O_RDWR), \
-            mmap(0, (s), MMAP_PROT, MMAP_FLAGS, dev_zero_fd, 0)) : \
-            mmap(0, (s), MMAP_PROT, MMAP_FLAGS, dev_zero_fd, 0))
-#endif /* MAP_ANONYMOUS */
-
-#define DIRECT_MMAP_DEFAULT(s) MMAP_DEFAULT(s)
-
-#else /* WIN32 */
-
-/* Win32 MMAP via VirtualAlloc */
-static FORCEINLINE void* win32mmap(size_t size) {
-  void* ptr = VirtualAlloc(0, size, MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
-  return (ptr != 0)? ptr: MFAIL;
-}
-
-/* For direct MMAP, use MEM_TOP_DOWN to minimize interference */
-static FORCEINLINE void* win32direct_mmap(size_t size) {
-  void* ptr = VirtualAlloc(0, size, MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT|MEM_TOP_DOWN,
-                           PAGE_READWRITE);
-  return (ptr != 0)? ptr: MFAIL;
-}
-
-/* This function supports releasing coalesed segments */
-static FORCEINLINE int win32munmap(void* ptr, size_t size) {
-  MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION minfo;
-  char* cptr = (char*)ptr;
-  while (size) {
-    if (VirtualQuery(cptr, &minfo, sizeof(minfo)) == 0)
-      return -1;
-    if (minfo.BaseAddress != cptr || minfo.AllocationBase != cptr ||
-        minfo.State != MEM_COMMIT || minfo.RegionSize > size)
-      return -1;
-    if (VirtualFree(cptr, 0, MEM_RELEASE) == 0)
-      return -1;
-    cptr += minfo.RegionSize;
-    size -= minfo.RegionSize;
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-#define MMAP_DEFAULT(s)             win32mmap(s)
-#define MUNMAP_DEFAULT(a, s)        win32munmap((a), (s))
-#define DIRECT_MMAP_DEFAULT(s)      win32direct_mmap(s)
-#endif /* WIN32 */
-#endif /* HAVE_MMAP */
-
-#if HAVE_MREMAP
-#ifndef WIN32
-#define MREMAP_DEFAULT(addr, osz, nsz, mv) mremap((addr), (osz), (nsz), (mv))
-#endif /* WIN32 */
-#endif /* HAVE_MREMAP */
-
-
-/**
- * Define CALL_MORECORE
- */
-#if HAVE_MORECORE
-    #ifdef MORECORE
-        #define CALL_MORECORE(S)    MORECORE(S)
-    #else  /* MORECORE */
-        #define CALL_MORECORE(S)    MORECORE_DEFAULT(S)
-    #endif /* MORECORE */
-#else  /* HAVE_MORECORE */
-    #define CALL_MORECORE(S)        MFAIL
-#endif /* HAVE_MORECORE */
-
-/**
- * Define CALL_MMAP/CALL_MUNMAP/CALL_DIRECT_MMAP
- */
-#if HAVE_MMAP
-    #define USE_MMAP_BIT            (SIZE_T_ONE)
-
-    #ifdef MMAP
-        #define CALL_MMAP(s)        MMAP(s)
-    #else /* MMAP */
-        #define CALL_MMAP(s)        MMAP_DEFAULT(s)
-    #endif /* MMAP */
-    #ifdef MUNMAP
-        #define CALL_MUNMAP(a, s)   MUNMAP((a), (s))
-    #else /* MUNMAP */
-        #define CALL_MUNMAP(a, s)   MUNMAP_DEFAULT((a), (s))
-    #endif /* MUNMAP */
-    #ifdef DIRECT_MMAP
-        #define CALL_DIRECT_MMAP(s) DIRECT_MMAP(s)
-    #else /* DIRECT_MMAP */
-        #define CALL_DIRECT_MMAP(s) DIRECT_MMAP_DEFAULT(s)
-    #endif /* DIRECT_MMAP */
-#else  /* HAVE_MMAP */
-    #define USE_MMAP_BIT            (SIZE_T_ZERO)
-
-    #define MMAP(s)                 MFAIL
-    #define MUNMAP(a, s)            (-1)
-    #define DIRECT_MMAP(s)          MFAIL
-    #define CALL_DIRECT_MMAP(s)     DIRECT_MMAP(s)
-    #define CALL_MMAP(s)            MMAP(s)
-    #define CALL_MUNMAP(a, s)       MUNMAP((a), (s))
-#endif /* HAVE_MMAP */
-
-/**
- * Define CALL_MREMAP
- */
-#if HAVE_MMAP && HAVE_MREMAP
-    #ifdef MREMAP
-        #define CALL_MREMAP(addr, osz, nsz, mv) MREMAP((addr), (osz), (nsz), (mv))
-    #else /* MREMAP */
-        #define CALL_MREMAP(addr, osz, nsz, mv) MREMAP_DEFAULT((addr), (osz), (nsz), (mv))
-    #endif /* MREMAP */
-#else  /* HAVE_MMAP && HAVE_MREMAP */
-    #define CALL_MREMAP(addr, osz, nsz, mv)     MFAIL
-#endif /* HAVE_MMAP && HAVE_MREMAP */
-
-/* mstate bit set if continguous morecore disabled or failed */
-#define USE_NONCONTIGUOUS_BIT (4U)
-
-/* segment bit set in create_mspace_with_base */
-#define EXTERN_BIT            (8U)
-
-
-/* --------------------------- Lock preliminaries ------------------------ */
-
-/*
-  When locks are defined, there is one global lock, plus
-  one per-mspace lock.
-
-  The global lock_ensures that mparams.magic and other unique
-  mparams values are initialized only once. It also protects
-  sequences of calls to MORECORE.  In many cases sys_alloc requires
-  two calls, that should not be interleaved with calls by other
-  threads.  This does not protect against direct calls to MORECORE
-  by other threads not using this lock, so there is still code to
-  cope the best we can on interference.
-
-  Per-mspace locks surround calls to malloc, free, etc.  To enable use
-  in layered extensions, per-mspace locks are reentrant.
-
-  Because lock-protected regions generally have bounded times, it is
-  OK to use the supplied simple spinlocks in the custom versions for
-  x86. Spinlocks are likely to improve performance for lightly
-  contended applications, but worsen performance under heavy
-  contention.
-
-  If USE_LOCKS is > 1, the definitions of lock routines here are
-  bypassed, in which case you will need to define the type MLOCK_T,
-  and at least INITIAL_LOCK, ACQUIRE_LOCK, RELEASE_LOCK and possibly
-  TRY_LOCK (which is not used in this malloc, but commonly needed in
-  extensions.)  You must also declare a
-    static MLOCK_T malloc_global_mutex = { initialization values };.
-
-*/
-
-#if USE_LOCKS == 1
-
-#if USE_SPIN_LOCKS && SPIN_LOCKS_AVAILABLE
-#ifndef WIN32
-
-/* Custom pthread-style spin locks on x86 and x64 for gcc */
-struct pthread_mlock_t {
-  volatile unsigned int l;
-  unsigned int c;
-  pthread_t threadid;
-};
-#define MLOCK_T               struct pthread_mlock_t
-#define CURRENT_THREAD        pthread_self()
-#define INITIAL_LOCK(sl)      ((sl)->threadid = 0, (sl)->l = (sl)->c = 0, 0)
-#define ACQUIRE_LOCK(sl)      pthread_acquire_lock(sl)
-#define RELEASE_LOCK(sl)      pthread_release_lock(sl)
-#define TRY_LOCK(sl)          pthread_try_lock(sl)
-#define SPINS_PER_YIELD       63
-
-static MLOCK_T malloc_global_mutex = { 0, 0, 0};
-
-static FORCEINLINE int pthread_acquire_lock (MLOCK_T *sl) {
-  int spins = 0;
-  volatile unsigned int* lp = &sl->l;
-  for (;;) {
-    if (*lp != 0) {
-      if (sl->threadid == CURRENT_THREAD) {
-        ++sl->c;
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }
-    else {
-      /* place args to cmpxchgl in locals to evade oddities in some gccs */
-      int cmp = 0;
-      int val = 1;
-      int ret;
-      __asm__ __volatile__  ("lock; cmpxchgl %1, %2"
-                             : "=a" (ret)
-                             : "r" (val), "m" (*(lp)), "0"(cmp)
-                             : "memory", "cc");
-      if (!ret) {
-        assert(!sl->threadid);
-        sl->threadid = CURRENT_THREAD;
-        sl->c = 1;
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }
-    if ((++spins & SPINS_PER_YIELD) == 0) {
-#if defined (__SVR4) && defined (__sun) /* solaris */
-      thr_yield();
-#else
-#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
-      sched_yield();
-#else  /* no-op yield on unknown systems */
-      ;
-#endif /* __linux__ || __FreeBSD__ || __APPLE__ */
-#endif /* solaris */
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static FORCEINLINE void pthread_release_lock (MLOCK_T *sl) {
-  volatile unsigned int* lp = &sl->l;
-  assert(*lp != 0);
-  assert(sl->threadid == CURRENT_THREAD);
-  if (--sl->c == 0) {
-    sl->threadid = 0;
-    int prev = 0;
-    int ret;
-    __asm__ __volatile__ ("lock; xchgl %0, %1"
-                          : "=r" (ret)
-                          : "m" (*(lp)), "0"(prev)
-                          : "memory");
-  }
-}
-
-static FORCEINLINE int pthread_try_lock (MLOCK_T *sl) {
-  volatile unsigned int* lp = &sl->l;
-  if (*lp != 0) {
-    if (sl->threadid == CURRENT_THREAD) {
-      ++sl->c;
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    int cmp = 0;
-    int val = 1;
-    int ret;
-    __asm__ __volatile__  ("lock; cmpxchgl %1, %2"
-                           : "=a" (ret)
-                           : "r" (val), "m" (*(lp)), "0"(cmp)
-                           : "memory", "cc");
-    if (!ret) {
-      assert(!sl->threadid);
-      sl->threadid = CURRENT_THREAD;
-      sl->c = 1;
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-
-#else /* WIN32 */
-/* Custom win32-style spin locks on x86 and x64 for MSC */
-struct win32_mlock_t {
-  volatile long l;
-  unsigned int c;
-  long threadid;
-};
-
-#define MLOCK_T               struct win32_mlock_t
-#define CURRENT_THREAD        GetCurrentThreadId()
-#define INITIAL_LOCK(sl)      ((sl)->threadid = 0, (sl)->l = (sl)->c = 0, 0)
-#define ACQUIRE_LOCK(sl)      win32_acquire_lock(sl)
-#define RELEASE_LOCK(sl)      win32_release_lock(sl)
-#define TRY_LOCK(sl)          win32_try_lock(sl)
-#define SPINS_PER_YIELD       63
-
-static MLOCK_T malloc_global_mutex = { 0, 0, 0};
-
-static FORCEINLINE int win32_acquire_lock (MLOCK_T *sl) {
-  int spins = 0;
-  for (;;) {
-    if (sl->l != 0) {
-      if (sl->threadid == CURRENT_THREAD) {
-        ++sl->c;
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }
-    else {
-      if (!interlockedexchange(&sl->l, 1)) {
-        assert(!sl->threadid);
-        sl->threadid = CURRENT_THREAD;
-        sl->c = 1;
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }
-    if ((++spins & SPINS_PER_YIELD) == 0)
-      SleepEx(0, FALSE);
-  }
-}
-
-static FORCEINLINE void win32_release_lock (MLOCK_T *sl) {
-  assert(sl->threadid == CURRENT_THREAD);
-  assert(sl->l != 0);
-  if (--sl->c == 0) {
-    sl->threadid = 0;
-    interlockedexchange (&sl->l, 0);
-  }
-}
-
-static FORCEINLINE int win32_try_lock (MLOCK_T *sl) {
-  if (sl->l != 0) {
-    if (sl->threadid == CURRENT_THREAD) {
-      ++sl->c;
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    if (!interlockedexchange(&sl->l, 1)){
-      assert(!sl->threadid);
-      sl->threadid = CURRENT_THREAD;
-      sl->c = 1;
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-#endif /* WIN32 */
-#else /* USE_SPIN_LOCKS */
-
-#ifndef WIN32
-/* pthreads-based locks */
-
-#define MLOCK_T               pthread_mutex_t
-#define CURRENT_THREAD        pthread_self()
-#define INITIAL_LOCK(sl)      pthread_init_lock(sl)
-#define ACQUIRE_LOCK(sl)      pthread_mutex_lock(sl)
-#define RELEASE_LOCK(sl)      pthread_mutex_unlock(sl)
-#define TRY_LOCK(sl)          (!pthread_mutex_trylock(sl))
-
-static MLOCK_T malloc_global_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-
-/* Cope with old-style linux recursive lock initialization by adding */
-/* skipped internal declaration from pthread.h */
-#ifdef linux
-#ifndef PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
-extern int pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np __P ((pthread_mutexattr_t *__attr,
-					   int __kind));
-#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP
-#define pthread_mutexattr_settype(x,y) pthread_mutexattr_setkind_np(x,y)
-#endif
-#endif
-
-static int pthread_init_lock (MLOCK_T *sl) {
-  pthread_mutexattr_t attr;
-  if (pthread_mutexattr_init(&attr)) return 1;
-  if (pthread_mutexattr_settype(&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE)) return 1;
-  if (pthread_mutex_init(sl, &attr)) return 1;
-  if (pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&attr)) return 1;
-  return 0;
-}
-
-#else /* WIN32 */
-/* Win32 critical sections */
-#define MLOCK_T               CRITICAL_SECTION
-#define CURRENT_THREAD        GetCurrentThreadId()
-#define INITIAL_LOCK(s)       (!InitializeCriticalSectionAndSpinCount((s), 0x80000000|4000))
-#define ACQUIRE_LOCK(s)       (EnterCriticalSection(sl), 0)
-#define RELEASE_LOCK(s)       LeaveCriticalSection(sl)
-#define TRY_LOCK(s)           TryEnterCriticalSection(sl)
-#define NEED_GLOBAL_LOCK_INIT
-
-static MLOCK_T malloc_global_mutex;
-static volatile long malloc_global_mutex_status;
-
-/* Use spin loop to initialize global lock */
-static void init_malloc_global_mutex() {
-  for (;;) {
-    long stat = malloc_global_mutex_status;
-    if (stat > 0)
-      return;
-    /* transition to < 0 while initializing, then to > 0) */
-    if (stat == 0 &&
-        interlockedcompareexchange(&malloc_global_mutex_status, -1, 0) == 0) {
-      InitializeCriticalSection(&malloc_global_mutex);
-      interlockedexchange(&malloc_global_mutex_status,1);
-      return;
-    }
-    SleepEx(0, FALSE);
-  }
-}
-
-#endif /* WIN32 */
-#endif /* USE_SPIN_LOCKS */
-#endif /* USE_LOCKS == 1 */
-
-/* -----------------------  User-defined locks ------------------------ */
-
-#if USE_LOCKS > 1
-/* Define your own lock implementation here */
-/* #define INITIAL_LOCK(sl)  ... */
-/* #define ACQUIRE_LOCK(sl)  ... */
-/* #define RELEASE_LOCK(sl)  ... */
-/* #define TRY_LOCK(sl) ... */
-/* static MLOCK_T malloc_global_mutex = ... */
-#endif /* USE_LOCKS > 1 */
-
-/* -----------------------  Lock-based state ------------------------ */
-
-#if USE_LOCKS
-#define USE_LOCK_BIT               (2U)
-#else  /* USE_LOCKS */
-#define USE_LOCK_BIT               (0U)
-#define INITIAL_LOCK(l)
-#endif /* USE_LOCKS */
-
-#if USE_LOCKS
-#ifndef ACQUIRE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK
-#define ACQUIRE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK()  ACQUIRE_LOCK(&malloc_global_mutex);
-#endif
-#ifndef RELEASE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK
-#define RELEASE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK()  RELEASE_LOCK(&malloc_global_mutex);
-#endif
-#else  /* USE_LOCKS */
-#define ACQUIRE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK()
-#define RELEASE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK()
-#endif /* USE_LOCKS */
-
-
-/* -----------------------  Chunk representations ------------------------ */
-
-/*
-  (The following includes lightly edited explanations by Colin Plumb.)
-
-  The malloc_chunk declaration below is misleading (but accurate and
-  necessary).  It declares a "view" into memory allowing access to
-  necessary fields at known offsets from a given base.
-
-  Chunks of memory are maintained using a `boundary tag' method as
-  originally described by Knuth.  (See the paper by Paul Wilson
-  ftp://ftp.cs.utexas.edu/pub/garbage/allocsrv.ps for a survey of such
-  techniques.)  Sizes of free chunks are stored both in the front of
-  each chunk and at the end.  This makes consolidating fragmented
-  chunks into bigger chunks fast.  The head fields also hold bits
-  representing whether chunks are free or in use.
-
-  Here are some pictures to make it clearer.  They are "exploded" to
-  show that the state of a chunk can be thought of as extending from
-  the high 31 bits of the head field of its header through the
-  prev_foot and PINUSE_BIT bit of the following chunk header.
-
-  A chunk that's in use looks like:
-
-   chunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-           | Size of previous chunk (if P = 0)                             |
-           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-         +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |P|
-         | Size of this chunk                                         1| +-+
-   mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-         |                                                               |
-         +-                                                             -+
-         |                                                               |
-         +-                                                             -+
-         |                                                               :
-         +-      size - sizeof(size_t) available payload bytes          -+
-         :                                                               |
- chunk-> +-                                                             -+
-         |                                                               |
-         +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |1|
-       | Size of next chunk (may or may not be in use)               | +-+
- mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-
-    And if it's free, it looks like this:
-
-   chunk-> +-                                                             -+
-           | User payload (must be in use, or we would have merged!)       |
-           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-         +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |P|
-         | Size of this chunk                                         0| +-+
-   mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-         | Next pointer                                                  |
-         +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-         | Prev pointer                                                  |
-         +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-         |                                                               :
-         +-      size - sizeof(struct chunk) unused bytes               -+
-         :                                                               |
- chunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-         | Size of this chunk                                            |
-         +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |0|
-       | Size of next chunk (must be in use, or we would have merged)| +-+
- mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-       |                                                               :
-       +- User payload                                                -+
-       :                                                               |
-       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-                                                                     |0|
-                                                                     +-+
-  Note that since we always merge adjacent free chunks, the chunks
-  adjacent to a free chunk must be in use.
-
-  Given a pointer to a chunk (which can be derived trivially from the
-  payload pointer) we can, in O(1) time, find out whether the adjacent
-  chunks are free, and if so, unlink them from the lists that they
-  are on and merge them with the current chunk.
-
-  Chunks always begin on even word boundaries, so the mem portion
-  (which is returned to the user) is also on an even word boundary, and
-  thus at least double-word aligned.
-
-  The P (PINUSE_BIT) bit, stored in the unused low-order bit of the
-  chunk size (which is always a multiple of two words), is an in-use
-  bit for the *previous* chunk.  If that bit is *clear*, then the
-  word before the current chunk size contains the previous chunk
-  size, and can be used to find the front of the previous chunk.
-  The very first chunk allocated always has this bit set, preventing
-  access to non-existent (or non-owned) memory. If pinuse is set for
-  any given chunk, then you CANNOT determine the size of the
-  previous chunk, and might even get a memory addressing fault when
-  trying to do so.
-
-  The C (CINUSE_BIT) bit, stored in the unused second-lowest bit of
-  the chunk size redundantly records whether the current chunk is
-  inuse (unless the chunk is mmapped). This redundancy enables usage
-  checks within free and realloc, and reduces indirection when freeing
-  and consolidating chunks.
-
-  Each freshly allocated chunk must have both cinuse and pinuse set.
-  That is, each allocated chunk borders either a previously allocated
-  and still in-use chunk, or the base of its memory arena. This is
-  ensured by making all allocations from the the `lowest' part of any
-  found chunk.  Further, no free chunk physically borders another one,
-  so each free chunk is known to be preceded and followed by either
-  inuse chunks or the ends of memory.
-
-  Note that the `foot' of the current chunk is actually represented
-  as the prev_foot of the NEXT chunk. This makes it easier to
-  deal with alignments etc but can be very confusing when trying
-  to extend or adapt this code.
-
-  The exceptions to all this are
-
-     1. The special chunk `top' is the top-most available chunk (i.e.,
-        the one bordering the end of available memory). It is treated
-        specially.  Top is never included in any bin, is used only if
-        no other chunk is available, and is released back to the
-        system if it is very large (see M_TRIM_THRESHOLD).  In effect,
-        the top chunk is treated as larger (and thus less well
-        fitting) than any other available chunk.  The top chunk
-        doesn't update its trailing size field since there is no next
-        contiguous chunk that would have to index off it. However,
-        space is still allocated for it (TOP_FOOT_SIZE) to enable
-        separation or merging when space is extended.
-
-     3. Chunks allocated via mmap, have both cinuse and pinuse bits
-        cleared in their head fields.  Because they are allocated
-        one-by-one, each must carry its own prev_foot field, which is
-        also used to hold the offset this chunk has within its mmapped
-        region, which is needed to preserve alignment. Each mmapped
-        chunk is trailed by the first two fields of a fake next-chunk
-        for sake of usage checks.
-
-*/
-
-struct malloc_chunk {
-  size_t               prev_foot;  /* Size of previous chunk (if free).  */
-  size_t               head;       /* Size and inuse bits. */
-  struct malloc_chunk* fd;         /* double links -- used only if free. */
-  struct malloc_chunk* bk;
-};
-
-typedef struct malloc_chunk  mchunk;
-typedef struct malloc_chunk* mchunkptr;
-typedef struct malloc_chunk* sbinptr;  /* The type of bins of chunks */
-typedef unsigned int bindex_t;         /* Described below */
-typedef unsigned int binmap_t;         /* Described below */
-typedef unsigned int flag_t;           /* The type of various bit flag sets */
-
-/* ------------------- Chunks sizes and alignments ----------------------- */
-
-#define MCHUNK_SIZE         (sizeof(mchunk))
-
-#if FOOTERS
-#define CHUNK_OVERHEAD      (TWO_SIZE_T_SIZES)
-#else /* FOOTERS */
-#define CHUNK_OVERHEAD      (SIZE_T_SIZE)
-#endif /* FOOTERS */
-
-/* MMapped chunks need a second word of overhead ... */
-#define MMAP_CHUNK_OVERHEAD (TWO_SIZE_T_SIZES)
-/* ... and additional padding for fake next-chunk at foot */
-#define MMAP_FOOT_PAD       (FOUR_SIZE_T_SIZES)
-
-/* The smallest size we can malloc is an aligned minimal chunk */
-#define MIN_CHUNK_SIZE\
-  ((MCHUNK_SIZE + CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK) & ~CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK)
-
-/* conversion from malloc headers to user pointers, and back */
-#define chunk2mem(p)        ((void*)((char*)(p)       + TWO_SIZE_T_SIZES))
-#define mem2chunk(mem)      ((mchunkptr)((char*)(mem) - TWO_SIZE_T_SIZES))
-/* chunk associated with aligned address A */
-#define align_as_chunk(A)   (mchunkptr)((A) + align_offset(chunk2mem(A)))
-
-/* Bounds on request (not chunk) sizes. */
-#define MAX_REQUEST         ((-MIN_CHUNK_SIZE) << 2)
-#define MIN_REQUEST         (MIN_CHUNK_SIZE - CHUNK_OVERHEAD - SIZE_T_ONE)
-
-/* pad request bytes into a usable size */
-#define pad_request(req) \
-   (((req) + CHUNK_OVERHEAD + CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK) & ~CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK)
-
-/* pad request, checking for minimum (but not maximum) */
-#define request2size(req) \
-  (((req) < MIN_REQUEST)? MIN_CHUNK_SIZE : pad_request(req))
-
-
-/* ------------------ Operations on head and foot fields ----------------- */
-
-/*
-  The head field of a chunk is or'ed with PINUSE_BIT when previous
-  adjacent chunk in use, and or'ed with CINUSE_BIT if this chunk is in
-  use, unless mmapped, in which case both bits are cleared.
-
-  FLAG4_BIT is not used by this malloc, but might be useful in extensions.
-*/
-
-#define PINUSE_BIT          (SIZE_T_ONE)
-#define CINUSE_BIT          (SIZE_T_TWO)
-#define FLAG4_BIT           (SIZE_T_FOUR)
-#define INUSE_BITS          (PINUSE_BIT|CINUSE_BIT)
-#define FLAG_BITS           (PINUSE_BIT|CINUSE_BIT|FLAG4_BIT)
-
-/* Head value for fenceposts */
-#define FENCEPOST_HEAD      (INUSE_BITS|SIZE_T_SIZE)
-
-/* extraction of fields from head words */
-#define cinuse(p)           ((p)->head & CINUSE_BIT)
-#define pinuse(p)           ((p)->head & PINUSE_BIT)
-#define is_inuse(p)         (((p)->head & INUSE_BITS) != PINUSE_BIT)
-#define is_mmapped(p)       (((p)->head & INUSE_BITS) == 0)
-
-#define chunksize(p)        ((p)->head & ~(FLAG_BITS))
-
-#define clear_pinuse(p)     ((p)->head &= ~PINUSE_BIT)
-
-/* Treat space at ptr +/- offset as a chunk */
-#define chunk_plus_offset(p, s)  ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))
-#define chunk_minus_offset(p, s) ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) - (s)))
-
-/* Ptr to next or previous physical malloc_chunk. */
-#define next_chunk(p) ((mchunkptr)( ((char*)(p)) + ((p)->head & ~FLAG_BITS)))
-#define prev_chunk(p) ((mchunkptr)( ((char*)(p)) - ((p)->prev_foot) ))
-
-/* extract next chunk's pinuse bit */
-#define next_pinuse(p)  ((next_chunk(p)->head) & PINUSE_BIT)
-
-/* Get/set size at footer */
-#define get_foot(p, s)  (((mchunkptr)((char*)(p) + (s)))->prev_foot)
-#define set_foot(p, s)  (((mchunkptr)((char*)(p) + (s)))->prev_foot = (s))
-
-/* Set size, pinuse bit, and foot */
-#define set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(p, s)\
-  ((p)->head = (s|PINUSE_BIT), set_foot(p, s))
-
-/* Set size, pinuse bit, foot, and clear next pinuse */
-#define set_free_with_pinuse(p, s, n)\
-  (clear_pinuse(n), set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(p, s))
-
-/* Get the internal overhead associated with chunk p */
-#define overhead_for(p)\
- (is_mmapped(p)? MMAP_CHUNK_OVERHEAD : CHUNK_OVERHEAD)
-
-/* Return true if malloced space is not necessarily cleared */
-#if MMAP_CLEARS
-#define calloc_must_clear(p) (!is_mmapped(p))
-#else /* MMAP_CLEARS */
-#define calloc_must_clear(p) (1)
-#endif /* MMAP_CLEARS */
-
-/* ---------------------- Overlaid data structures ----------------------- */
-
-/*
-  When chunks are not in use, they are treated as nodes of either
-  lists or trees.
-
-  "Small"  chunks are stored in circular doubly-linked lists, and look
-  like this:
-
-    chunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Size of previous chunk                            |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-    `head:' |             Size of chunk, in bytes                         |P|
-      mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Forward pointer to next chunk in list             |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Back pointer to previous chunk in list            |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Unused space (may be 0 bytes long)                .
-            .                                                               .
-            .                                                               |
-nextchunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-    `foot:' |             Size of chunk, in bytes                           |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-
-  Larger chunks are kept in a form of bitwise digital trees (aka
-  tries) keyed on chunksizes.  Because malloc_tree_chunks are only for
-  free chunks greater than 256 bytes, their size doesn't impose any
-  constraints on user chunk sizes.  Each node looks like:
-
-    chunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Size of previous chunk                            |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-    `head:' |             Size of chunk, in bytes                         |P|
-      mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Forward pointer to next chunk of same size        |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Back pointer to previous chunk of same size       |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Pointer to left child (child[0])                  |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Pointer to right child (child[1])                 |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Pointer to parent                                 |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             bin index of this chunk                           |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |             Unused space                                      .
-            .                                                               |
-nextchunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-    `foot:' |             Size of chunk, in bytes                           |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-
-  Each tree holding treenodes is a tree of unique chunk sizes.  Chunks
-  of the same size are arranged in a circularly-linked list, with only
-  the oldest chunk (the next to be used, in our FIFO ordering)
-  actually in the tree.  (Tree members are distinguished by a non-null
-  parent pointer.)  If a chunk with the same size an an existing node
-  is inserted, it is linked off the existing node using pointers that
-  work in the same way as fd/bk pointers of small chunks.
-
-  Each tree contains a power of 2 sized range of chunk sizes (the
-  smallest is 0x100 <= x < 0x180), which is is divided in half at each
-  tree level, with the chunks in the smaller half of the range (0x100
-  <= x < 0x140 for the top nose) in the left subtree and the larger
-  half (0x140 <= x < 0x180) in the right subtree.  This is, of course,
-  done by inspecting individual bits.
-
-  Using these rules, each node's left subtree contains all smaller
-  sizes than its right subtree.  However, the node at the root of each
-  subtree has no particular ordering relationship to either.  (The
-  dividing line between the subtree sizes is based on trie relation.)
-  If we remove the last chunk of a given size from the interior of the
-  tree, we need to replace it with a leaf node.  The tree ordering
-  rules permit a node to be replaced by any leaf below it.
-
-  The smallest chunk in a tree (a common operation in a best-fit
-  allocator) can be found by walking a path to the leftmost leaf in
-  the tree.  Unlike a usual binary tree, where we follow left child
-  pointers until we reach a null, here we follow the right child
-  pointer any time the left one is null, until we reach a leaf with
-  both child pointers null. The smallest chunk in the tree will be
-  somewhere along that path.
-
-  The worst case number of steps to add, find, or remove a node is
-  bounded by the number of bits differentiating chunks within
-  bins. Under current bin calculations, this ranges from 6 up to 21
-  (for 32 bit sizes) or up to 53 (for 64 bit sizes). The typical case
-  is of course much better.
-*/
-
-struct malloc_tree_chunk {
-  /* The first four fields must be compatible with malloc_chunk */
-  size_t                    prev_foot;
-  size_t                    head;
-  struct malloc_tree_chunk* fd;
-  struct malloc_tree_chunk* bk;
-
-  struct malloc_tree_chunk* child[2];
-  struct malloc_tree_chunk* parent;
-  bindex_t                  index;
-};
-
-typedef struct malloc_tree_chunk  tchunk;
-typedef struct malloc_tree_chunk* tchunkptr;
-typedef struct malloc_tree_chunk* tbinptr; /* The type of bins of trees */
-
-/* A little helper macro for trees */
-#define leftmost_child(t) ((t)->child[0] != 0? (t)->child[0] : (t)->child[1])
-
-/* ----------------------------- Segments -------------------------------- */
-
-/*
-  Each malloc space may include non-contiguous segments, held in a
-  list headed by an embedded malloc_segment record representing the
-  top-most space. Segments also include flags holding properties of
-  the space. Large chunks that are directly allocated by mmap are not
-  included in this list. They are instead independently created and
-  destroyed without otherwise keeping track of them.
-
-  Segment management mainly comes into play for spaces allocated by
-  MMAP.  Any call to MMAP might or might not return memory that is
-  adjacent to an existing segment.  MORECORE normally contiguously
-  extends the current space, so this space is almost always adjacent,
-  which is simpler and faster to deal with. (This is why MORECORE is
-  used preferentially to MMAP when both are available -- see
-  sys_alloc.)  When allocating using MMAP, we don't use any of the
-  hinting mechanisms (inconsistently) supported in various
-  implementations of unix mmap, or distinguish reserving from
-  committing memory. Instead, we just ask for space, and exploit
-  contiguity when we get it.  It is probably possible to do
-  better than this on some systems, but no general scheme seems
-  to be significantly better.
-
-  Management entails a simpler variant of the consolidation scheme
-  used for chunks to reduce fragmentation -- new adjacent memory is
-  normally prepended or appended to an existing segment. However,
-  there are limitations compared to chunk consolidation that mostly
-  reflect the fact that segment processing is relatively infrequent
-  (occurring only when getting memory from system) and that we
-  don't expect to have huge numbers of segments:
-
-  * Segments are not indexed, so traversal requires linear scans.  (It
-    would be possible to index these, but is not worth the extra
-    overhead and complexity for most programs on most platforms.)
-  * New segments are only appended to old ones when holding top-most
-    memory; if they cannot be prepended to others, they are held in
-    different segments.
-
-  Except for the top-most segment of an mstate, each segment record
-  is kept at the tail of its segment. Segments are added by pushing
-  segment records onto the list headed by &mstate.seg for the
-  containing mstate.
-
-  Segment flags control allocation/merge/deallocation policies:
-  * If EXTERN_BIT set, then we did not allocate this segment,
-    and so should not try to deallocate or merge with others.
-    (This currently holds only for the initial segment passed
-    into create_mspace_with_base.)
-  * If USE_MMAP_BIT set, the segment may be merged with
-    other surrounding mmapped segments and trimmed/de-allocated
-    using munmap.
-  * If neither bit is set, then the segment was obtained using
-    MORECORE so can be merged with surrounding MORECORE'd segments
-    and deallocated/trimmed using MORECORE with negative arguments.
-*/
-
-struct malloc_segment {
-  char*        base;             /* base address */
-  size_t       size;             /* allocated size */
-  struct malloc_segment* next;   /* ptr to next segment */
-  flag_t       sflags;           /* mmap and extern flag */
-};
-
-#define is_mmapped_segment(S)  ((S)->sflags & USE_MMAP_BIT)
-#define is_extern_segment(S)   ((S)->sflags & EXTERN_BIT)
-
-typedef struct malloc_segment  msegment;
-typedef struct malloc_segment* msegmentptr;
-
-/* ---------------------------- malloc_state ----------------------------- */
-
-/*
-   A malloc_state holds all of the bookkeeping for a space.
-   The main fields are:
-
-  Top
-    The topmost chunk of the currently active segment. Its size is
-    cached in topsize.  The actual size of topmost space is
-    topsize+TOP_FOOT_SIZE, which includes space reserved for adding
-    fenceposts and segment records if necessary when getting more
-    space from the system.  The size at which to autotrim top is
-    cached from mparams in trim_check, except that it is disabled if
-    an autotrim fails.
-
-  Designated victim (dv)
-    This is the preferred chunk for servicing small requests that
-    don't have exact fits.  It is normally the chunk split off most
-    recently to service another small request.  Its size is cached in
-    dvsize. The link fields of this chunk are not maintained since it
-    is not kept in a bin.
-
-  SmallBins
-    An array of bin headers for free chunks.  These bins hold chunks
-    with sizes less than MIN_LARGE_SIZE bytes. Each bin contains
-    chunks of all the same size, spaced 8 bytes apart.  To simplify
-    use in double-linked lists, each bin header acts as a malloc_chunk
-    pointing to the real first node, if it exists (else pointing to
-    itself).  This avoids special-casing for headers.  But to avoid
-    waste, we allocate only the fd/bk pointers of bins, and then use
-    repositioning tricks to treat these as the fields of a chunk.
-
-  TreeBins
-    Treebins are pointers to the roots of trees holding a range of
-    sizes. There are 2 equally spaced treebins for each power of two
-    from TREE_SHIFT to TREE_SHIFT+16. The last bin holds anything
-    larger.
-
-  Bin maps
-    There is one bit map for small bins ("smallmap") and one for
-    treebins ("treemap).  Each bin sets its bit when non-empty, and
-    clears the bit when empty.  Bit operations are then used to avoid
-    bin-by-bin searching -- nearly all "search" is done without ever
-    looking at bins that won't be selected.  The bit maps
-    conservatively use 32 bits per map word, even if on 64bit system.
-    For a good description of some of the bit-based techniques used
-    here, see Henry S. Warren Jr's book "Hacker's Delight" (and
-    supplement at http://hackersdelight.org/). Many of these are
-    intended to reduce the branchiness of paths through malloc etc, as
-    well as to reduce the number of memory locations read or written.
-
-  Segments
-    A list of segments headed by an embedded malloc_segment record
-    representing the initial space.
-
-  Address check support
-    The least_addr field is the least address ever obtained from
-    MORECORE or MMAP. Attempted frees and reallocs of any address less
-    than this are trapped (unless INSECURE is defined).
-
-  Magic tag
-    A cross-check field that should always hold same value as mparams.magic.
-
-  Flags
-    Bits recording whether to use MMAP, locks, or contiguous MORECORE
-
-  Statistics
-    Each space keeps track of current and maximum system memory
-    obtained via MORECORE or MMAP.
-
-  Trim support
-    Fields holding the amount of unused topmost memory that should trigger
-    timming, and a counter to force periodic scanning to release unused
-    non-topmost segments.
-
-  Locking
-    If USE_LOCKS is defined, the "mutex" lock is acquired and released
-    around every public call using this mspace.
-
-  Extension support
-    A void* pointer and a size_t field that can be used to help implement
-    extensions to this malloc.
-*/
-
-/* Bin types, widths and sizes */
-#define NSMALLBINS        (32U)
-#define NTREEBINS         (32U)
-#define SMALLBIN_SHIFT    (3U)
-#define SMALLBIN_WIDTH    (SIZE_T_ONE << SMALLBIN_SHIFT)
-#define TREEBIN_SHIFT     (8U)
-#define MIN_LARGE_SIZE    (SIZE_T_ONE << TREEBIN_SHIFT)
-#define MAX_SMALL_SIZE    (MIN_LARGE_SIZE - SIZE_T_ONE)
-#define MAX_SMALL_REQUEST (MAX_SMALL_SIZE - CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK - CHUNK_OVERHEAD)
-
-struct malloc_state {
-  binmap_t   smallmap;
-  binmap_t   treemap;
-  size_t     dvsize;
-  size_t     topsize;
-  char*      least_addr;
-  mchunkptr  dv;
-  mchunkptr  top;
-  size_t     trim_check;
-  size_t     release_checks;
-  size_t     magic;
-  mchunkptr  smallbins[(NSMALLBINS+1)*2];
-  tbinptr    treebins[NTREEBINS];
-  size_t     footprint;
-  size_t     max_footprint;
-  flag_t     mflags;
-#if USE_LOCKS
-  MLOCK_T    mutex;     /* locate lock among fields that rarely change */
-#endif /* USE_LOCKS */
-  msegment   seg;
-  void*      extp;      /* Unused but available for extensions */
-  size_t     exts;
-};
-
-typedef struct malloc_state*    mstate;
-
-/* ------------- Global malloc_state and malloc_params ------------------- */
-
-/*
-  malloc_params holds global properties, including those that can be
-  dynamically set using mallopt. There is a single instance, mparams,
-  initialized in init_mparams. Note that the non-zeroness of "magic"
-  also serves as an initialization flag.
-*/
-
-struct malloc_params {
-  volatile size_t magic;
-  size_t page_size;
-  size_t granularity;
-  size_t mmap_threshold;
-  size_t trim_threshold;
-  flag_t default_mflags;
-};
-
-static struct malloc_params mparams;
-
-/* Ensure mparams initialized */
-#define ensure_initialization() (void)(mparams.magic != 0 || init_mparams())
-
-#if !ONLY_MSPACES
-
-/* The global malloc_state used for all non-"mspace" calls */
-static struct malloc_state _gm_;
-#define gm                 (&_gm_)
-#define is_global(M)       ((M) == &_gm_)
-
-#endif /* !ONLY_MSPACES */
-
-#define is_initialized(M)  ((M)->top != 0)
-
-/* -------------------------- system alloc setup ------------------------- */
-
-/* Operations on mflags */
-
-#define use_lock(M)           ((M)->mflags &   USE_LOCK_BIT)
-#define enable_lock(M)        ((M)->mflags |=  USE_LOCK_BIT)
-#define disable_lock(M)       ((M)->mflags &= ~USE_LOCK_BIT)
-
-#define use_mmap(M)           ((M)->mflags &   USE_MMAP_BIT)
-#define enable_mmap(M)        ((M)->mflags |=  USE_MMAP_BIT)
-#define disable_mmap(M)       ((M)->mflags &= ~USE_MMAP_BIT)
-
-#define use_noncontiguous(M)  ((M)->mflags &   USE_NONCONTIGUOUS_BIT)
-#define disable_contiguous(M) ((M)->mflags |=  USE_NONCONTIGUOUS_BIT)
-
-#define set_lock(M,L)\
- ((M)->mflags = (L)?\
-  ((M)->mflags | USE_LOCK_BIT) :\
-  ((M)->mflags & ~USE_LOCK_BIT))
-
-/* page-align a size */
-#define page_align(S)\
- (((S) + (mparams.page_size - SIZE_T_ONE)) & ~(mparams.page_size - SIZE_T_ONE))
-
-/* granularity-align a size */
-#define granularity_align(S)\
-  (((S) + (mparams.granularity - SIZE_T_ONE))\
-   & ~(mparams.granularity - SIZE_T_ONE))
-
-
-/* For mmap, use granularity alignment on windows, else page-align */
-#ifdef WIN32
-#define mmap_align(S) granularity_align(S)
-#else
-#define mmap_align(S) page_align(S)
-#endif
-
-/* For sys_alloc, enough padding to ensure can malloc request on success */
-#define SYS_ALLOC_PADDING (TOP_FOOT_SIZE + MALLOC_ALIGNMENT)
-
-#define is_page_aligned(S)\
-   (((size_t)(S) & (mparams.page_size - SIZE_T_ONE)) == 0)
-#define is_granularity_aligned(S)\
-   (((size_t)(S) & (mparams.granularity - SIZE_T_ONE)) == 0)
-
-/*  True if segment S holds address A */
-#define segment_holds(S, A)\
-  ((char*)(A) >= S->base && (char*)(A) < S->base + S->size)
-
-/* Return segment holding given address */
-static msegmentptr segment_holding(mstate m, char* addr) {
-  msegmentptr sp = &m->seg;
-  for (;;) {
-    if (addr >= sp->base && addr < sp->base + sp->size)
-      return sp;
-    if ((sp = sp->next) == 0)
-      return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-/* Return true if segment contains a segment link */
-static int has_segment_link(mstate m, msegmentptr ss) {
-  msegmentptr sp = &m->seg;
-  for (;;) {
-    if ((char*)sp >= ss->base && (char*)sp < ss->base + ss->size)
-      return 1;
-    if ((sp = sp->next) == 0)
-      return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-#ifndef MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM
-#define should_trim(M,s)  ((s) > (M)->trim_check)
-#else  /* MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM */
-#define should_trim(M,s)  (0)
-#endif /* MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM */
-
-/*
-  TOP_FOOT_SIZE is padding at the end of a segment, including space
-  that may be needed to place segment records and fenceposts when new
-  noncontiguous segments are added.
-*/
-#define TOP_FOOT_SIZE\
-  (align_offset(chunk2mem(0))+pad_request(sizeof(struct malloc_segment))+MIN_CHUNK_SIZE)
-
-
-/* -------------------------------  Hooks -------------------------------- */
-
-/*
-  PREACTION should be defined to return 0 on success, and nonzero on
-  failure. If you are not using locking, you can redefine these to do
-  anything you like.
-*/
-
-#if USE_LOCKS
-
-#define PREACTION(M)  ((use_lock(M))? ACQUIRE_LOCK(&(M)->mutex) : 0)
-#define POSTACTION(M) { if (use_lock(M)) RELEASE_LOCK(&(M)->mutex); }
-#else /* USE_LOCKS */
-
-#ifndef PREACTION
-#define PREACTION(M) (0)
-#endif  /* PREACTION */
-
-#ifndef POSTACTION
-#define POSTACTION(M)
-#endif  /* POSTACTION */
-
-#endif /* USE_LOCKS */
-
-/*
-  CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION is triggered upon detected bad addresses.
-  USAGE_ERROR_ACTION is triggered on detected bad frees and
-  reallocs. The argument p is an address that might have triggered the
-  fault. It is ignored by the two predefined actions, but might be
-  useful in custom actions that try to help diagnose errors.
-*/
-
-#if PROCEED_ON_ERROR
-
-/* A count of the number of corruption errors causing resets */
-int malloc_corruption_error_count;
-
-/* default corruption action */
-static void reset_on_error(mstate m);
-
-#define CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(m)  reset_on_error(m)
-#define USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(m, p)
-
-#else /* PROCEED_ON_ERROR */
-
-#ifndef CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION
-#define CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(m) ABORT
-#endif /* CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION */
-
-#ifndef USAGE_ERROR_ACTION
-#define USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(m,p) ABORT
-#endif /* USAGE_ERROR_ACTION */
-
-#endif /* PROCEED_ON_ERROR */
-
-/* -------------------------- Debugging setup ---------------------------- */
-
-#if ! DEBUG
-
-#define check_free_chunk(M,P)
-#define check_inuse_chunk(M,P)
-#define check_malloced_chunk(M,P,N)
-#define check_mmapped_chunk(M,P)
-#define check_malloc_state(M)
-#define check_top_chunk(M,P)
-
-#else /* DEBUG */
-#define check_free_chunk(M,P)       do_check_free_chunk(M,P)
-#define check_inuse_chunk(M,P)      do_check_inuse_chunk(M,P)
-#define check_top_chunk(M,P)        do_check_top_chunk(M,P)
-#define check_malloced_chunk(M,P,N) do_check_malloced_chunk(M,P,N)
-#define check_mmapped_chunk(M,P)    do_check_mmapped_chunk(M,P)
-#define check_malloc_state(M)       do_check_malloc_state(M)
-
-static void   do_check_any_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p);
-static void   do_check_top_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p);
-static void   do_check_mmapped_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p);
-static void   do_check_inuse_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p);
-static void   do_check_free_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p);
-static void   do_check_malloced_chunk(mstate m, void* mem, size_t s);
-static void   do_check_tree(mstate m, tchunkptr t);
-static void   do_check_treebin(mstate m, bindex_t i);
-static void   do_check_smallbin(mstate m, bindex_t i);
-static void   do_check_malloc_state(mstate m);
-static int    bin_find(mstate m, mchunkptr x);
-static size_t traverse_and_check(mstate m);
-#endif /* DEBUG */
-
-/* ---------------------------- Indexing Bins ---------------------------- */
-
-#define is_small(s)         (((s) >> SMALLBIN_SHIFT) < NSMALLBINS)
-#define small_index(s)      ((s)  >> SMALLBIN_SHIFT)
-#define small_index2size(i) ((i)  << SMALLBIN_SHIFT)
-#define MIN_SMALL_INDEX     (small_index(MIN_CHUNK_SIZE))
-
-/* addressing by index. See above about smallbin repositioning */
-#define smallbin_at(M, i)   ((sbinptr)((char*)&((M)->smallbins[(i)<<1])))
-#define treebin_at(M,i)     (&((M)->treebins[i]))
-
-/* assign tree index for size S to variable I. Use x86 asm if possible  */
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__))
-#define compute_tree_index(S, I)\
-{\
-  unsigned int X = S >> TREEBIN_SHIFT;\
-  if (X == 0)\
-    I = 0;\
-  else if (X > 0xFFFF)\
-    I = NTREEBINS-1;\
-  else {\
-    unsigned int K;\
-    __asm__("bsrl\t%1, %0\n\t" : "=r" (K) : "g"  (X));\
-    I =  (bindex_t)((K << 1) + ((S >> (K + (TREEBIN_SHIFT-1)) & 1)));\
-  }\
-}
-
-#elif defined (__INTEL_COMPILER)
-#define compute_tree_index(S, I)\
-{\
-  size_t X = S >> TREEBIN_SHIFT;\
-  if (X == 0)\
-    I = 0;\
-  else if (X > 0xFFFF)\
-    I = NTREEBINS-1;\
-  else {\
-    unsigned int K = _bit_scan_reverse (X); \
-    I =  (bindex_t)((K << 1) + ((S >> (K + (TREEBIN_SHIFT-1)) & 1)));\
-  }\
-}
-
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER>=1300
-#define compute_tree_index(S, I)\
-{\
-  size_t X = S >> TREEBIN_SHIFT;\
-  if (X == 0)\
-    I = 0;\
-  else if (X > 0xFFFF)\
-    I = NTREEBINS-1;\
-  else {\
-    unsigned int K;\
-    _BitScanReverse((DWORD *) &K, X);\
-    I =  (bindex_t)((K << 1) + ((S >> (K + (TREEBIN_SHIFT-1)) & 1)));\
-  }\
-}
-
-#else /* GNUC */
-#define compute_tree_index(S, I)\
-{\
-  size_t X = S >> TREEBIN_SHIFT;\
-  if (X == 0)\
-    I = 0;\
-  else if (X > 0xFFFF)\
-    I = NTREEBINS-1;\
-  else {\
-    unsigned int Y = (unsigned int)X;\
-    unsigned int N = ((Y - 0x100) >> 16) & 8;\
-    unsigned int K = (((Y <<= N) - 0x1000) >> 16) & 4;\
-    N += K;\
-    N += K = (((Y <<= K) - 0x4000) >> 16) & 2;\
-    K = 14 - N + ((Y <<= K) >> 15);\
-    I = (K << 1) + ((S >> (K + (TREEBIN_SHIFT-1)) & 1));\
-  }\
-}
-#endif /* GNUC */
-
-/* Bit representing maximum resolved size in a treebin at i */
-#define bit_for_tree_index(i) \
-   (i == NTREEBINS-1)? (SIZE_T_BITSIZE-1) : (((i) >> 1) + TREEBIN_SHIFT - 2)
-
-/* Shift placing maximum resolved bit in a treebin at i as sign bit */
-#define leftshift_for_tree_index(i) \
-   ((i == NTREEBINS-1)? 0 : \
-    ((SIZE_T_BITSIZE-SIZE_T_ONE) - (((i) >> 1) + TREEBIN_SHIFT - 2)))
-
-/* The size of the smallest chunk held in bin with index i */
-#define minsize_for_tree_index(i) \
-   ((SIZE_T_ONE << (((i) >> 1) + TREEBIN_SHIFT)) |  \
-   (((size_t)((i) & SIZE_T_ONE)) << (((i) >> 1) + TREEBIN_SHIFT - 1)))
-
-
-/* ------------------------ Operations on bin maps ----------------------- */
-
-/* bit corresponding to given index */
-#define idx2bit(i)              ((binmap_t)(1) << (i))
-
-/* Mark/Clear bits with given index */
-#define mark_smallmap(M,i)      ((M)->smallmap |=  idx2bit(i))
-#define clear_smallmap(M,i)     ((M)->smallmap &= ~idx2bit(i))
-#define smallmap_is_marked(M,i) ((M)->smallmap &   idx2bit(i))
-
-#define mark_treemap(M,i)       ((M)->treemap  |=  idx2bit(i))
-#define clear_treemap(M,i)      ((M)->treemap  &= ~idx2bit(i))
-#define treemap_is_marked(M,i)  ((M)->treemap  &   idx2bit(i))
-
-/* isolate the least set bit of a bitmap */
-#define least_bit(x)         ((x) & -(x))
-
-/* mask with all bits to left of least bit of x on */
-#define left_bits(x)         ((x<<1) | -(x<<1))
-
-/* mask with all bits to left of or equal to least bit of x on */
-#define same_or_left_bits(x) ((x) | -(x))
-
-/* index corresponding to given bit. Use x86 asm if possible */
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__))
-#define compute_bit2idx(X, I)\
-{\
-  unsigned int J;\
-  __asm__("bsfl\t%1, %0\n\t" : "=r" (J) : "g" (X));\
-  I = (bindex_t)J;\
-}
-
-#elif defined (__INTEL_COMPILER)
-#define compute_bit2idx(X, I)\
-{\
-  unsigned int J;\
-  J = _bit_scan_forward (X); \
-  I = (bindex_t)J;\
-}
-
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER>=1300
-#define compute_bit2idx(X, I)\
-{\
-  unsigned int J;\
-  _BitScanForward((DWORD *) &J, X);\
-  I = (bindex_t)J;\
-}
-
-#elif USE_BUILTIN_FFS
-#define compute_bit2idx(X, I) I = ffs(X)-1
-
-#else
-#define compute_bit2idx(X, I)\
-{\
-  unsigned int Y = X - 1;\
-  unsigned int K = Y >> (16-4) & 16;\
-  unsigned int N = K;        Y >>= K;\
-  N += K = Y >> (8-3) &  8;  Y >>= K;\
-  N += K = Y >> (4-2) &  4;  Y >>= K;\
-  N += K = Y >> (2-1) &  2;  Y >>= K;\
-  N += K = Y >> (1-0) &  1;  Y >>= K;\
-  I = (bindex_t)(N + Y);\
-}
-#endif /* GNUC */
-
-
-/* ----------------------- Runtime Check Support ------------------------- */
-
-/*
-  For security, the main invariant is that malloc/free/etc never
-  writes to a static address other than malloc_state, unless static
-  malloc_state itself has been corrupted, which cannot occur via
-  malloc (because of these checks). In essence this means that we
-  believe all pointers, sizes, maps etc held in malloc_state, but
-  check all of those linked or offsetted from other embedded data
-  structures.  These checks are interspersed with main code in a way
-  that tends to minimize their run-time cost.
-
-  When FOOTERS is defined, in addition to range checking, we also
-  verify footer fields of inuse chunks, which can be used guarantee
-  that the mstate controlling malloc/free is intact.  This is a
-  streamlined version of the approach described by William Robertson
-  et al in "Run-time Detection of Heap-based Overflows" LISA'03
-  http://www.usenix.org/events/lisa03/tech/robertson.html The footer
-  of an inuse chunk holds the xor of its mstate and a random seed,
-  that is checked upon calls to free() and realloc().  This is
-  (probablistically) unguessable from outside the program, but can be
-  computed by any code successfully malloc'ing any chunk, so does not
-  itself provide protection against code that has already broken
-  security through some other means.  Unlike Robertson et al, we
-  always dynamically check addresses of all offset chunks (previous,
-  next, etc). This turns out to be cheaper than relying on hashes.
-*/
-
-#if !INSECURE
-/* Check if address a is at least as high as any from MORECORE or MMAP */
-#define ok_address(M, a) ((char*)(a) >= (M)->least_addr)
-/* Check if address of next chunk n is higher than base chunk p */
-#define ok_next(p, n)    ((char*)(p) < (char*)(n))
-/* Check if p has inuse status */
-#define ok_inuse(p)     is_inuse(p)
-/* Check if p has its pinuse bit on */
-#define ok_pinuse(p)     pinuse(p)
-
-#else /* !INSECURE */
-#define ok_address(M, a) (1)
-#define ok_next(b, n)    (1)
-#define ok_inuse(p)      (1)
-#define ok_pinuse(p)     (1)
-#endif /* !INSECURE */
-
-#if (FOOTERS && !INSECURE)
-/* Check if (alleged) mstate m has expected magic field */
-#define ok_magic(M)      ((M)->magic == mparams.magic)
-#else  /* (FOOTERS && !INSECURE) */
-#define ok_magic(M)      (1)
-#endif /* (FOOTERS && !INSECURE) */
-
-
-/* In gcc, use __builtin_expect to minimize impact of checks */
-#if !INSECURE
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 3
-#define RTCHECK(e)  __builtin_expect(e, 1)
-#else /* GNUC */
-#define RTCHECK(e)  (e)
-#endif /* GNUC */
-#else /* !INSECURE */
-#define RTCHECK(e)  (1)
-#endif /* !INSECURE */
-
-/* macros to set up inuse chunks with or without footers */
-
-#if !FOOTERS
-
-#define mark_inuse_foot(M,p,s)
-
-/* Macros for setting head/foot of non-mmapped chunks */
-
-/* Set cinuse bit and pinuse bit of next chunk */
-#define set_inuse(M,p,s)\
-  ((p)->head = (((p)->head & PINUSE_BIT)|s|CINUSE_BIT),\
-  ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->head |= PINUSE_BIT)
-
-/* Set cinuse and pinuse of this chunk and pinuse of next chunk */
-#define set_inuse_and_pinuse(M,p,s)\
-  ((p)->head = (s|PINUSE_BIT|CINUSE_BIT),\
-  ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->head |= PINUSE_BIT)
-
-/* Set size, cinuse and pinuse bit of this chunk */
-#define set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(M, p, s)\
-  ((p)->head = (s|PINUSE_BIT|CINUSE_BIT))
-
-#else /* FOOTERS */
-
-/* Set foot of inuse chunk to be xor of mstate and seed */
-#define mark_inuse_foot(M,p,s)\
-  (((mchunkptr)((char*)(p) + (s)))->prev_foot = ((size_t)(M) ^ mparams.magic))
-
-#define get_mstate_for(p)\
-  ((mstate)(((mchunkptr)((char*)(p) +\
-    (chunksize(p))))->prev_foot ^ mparams.magic))
-
-#define set_inuse(M,p,s)\
-  ((p)->head = (((p)->head & PINUSE_BIT)|s|CINUSE_BIT),\
-  (((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->head |= PINUSE_BIT), \
-  mark_inuse_foot(M,p,s))
-
-#define set_inuse_and_pinuse(M,p,s)\
-  ((p)->head = (s|PINUSE_BIT|CINUSE_BIT),\
-  (((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->head |= PINUSE_BIT),\
- mark_inuse_foot(M,p,s))
-
-#define set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(M, p, s)\
-  ((p)->head = (s|PINUSE_BIT|CINUSE_BIT),\
-  mark_inuse_foot(M, p, s))
-
-#endif /* !FOOTERS */
-
-/* ---------------------------- setting mparams -------------------------- */
-
-/* Initialize mparams */
-static int init_mparams(void) {
-#ifdef NEED_GLOBAL_LOCK_INIT
-  if (malloc_global_mutex_status <= 0)
-    init_malloc_global_mutex();
-#endif
-
-  ACQUIRE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK();
-  if (mparams.magic == 0) {
-    size_t magic;
-    size_t psize;
-    size_t gsize;
-
-#ifndef WIN32
-    psize = malloc_getpagesize;
-    gsize = ((DEFAULT_GRANULARITY != 0)? DEFAULT_GRANULARITY : psize);
-#else /* WIN32 */
-    {
-      SYSTEM_INFO system_info;
-      GetSystemInfo(&system_info);
-      psize = system_info.dwPageSize;
-      gsize = ((DEFAULT_GRANULARITY != 0)?
-               DEFAULT_GRANULARITY : system_info.dwAllocationGranularity);
-    }
-#endif /* WIN32 */
-
-    /* Sanity-check configuration:
-       size_t must be unsigned and as wide as pointer type.
-       ints must be at least 4 bytes.
-       alignment must be at least 8.
-       Alignment, min chunk size, and page size must all be powers of 2.
-    */
-    if ((sizeof(size_t) != sizeof(char*)) ||
-        (MAX_SIZE_T < MIN_CHUNK_SIZE)  ||
-        (sizeof(int) < 4)  ||
-        (MALLOC_ALIGNMENT < (size_t)8U) ||
-        ((MALLOC_ALIGNMENT & (MALLOC_ALIGNMENT-SIZE_T_ONE)) != 0) ||
-        ((MCHUNK_SIZE      & (MCHUNK_SIZE-SIZE_T_ONE))      != 0) ||
-        ((gsize            & (gsize-SIZE_T_ONE))            != 0) ||
-        ((psize            & (psize-SIZE_T_ONE))            != 0))
-      ABORT;
-
-    mparams.granularity = gsize;
-    mparams.page_size = psize;
-    mparams.mmap_threshold = DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD;
-    mparams.trim_threshold = DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD;
-#if MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS
-    mparams.default_mflags = USE_LOCK_BIT|USE_MMAP_BIT;
-#else  /* MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS */
-    mparams.default_mflags = USE_LOCK_BIT|USE_MMAP_BIT|USE_NONCONTIGUOUS_BIT;
-#endif /* MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS */
-
-#if !ONLY_MSPACES
-    /* Set up lock for main malloc area */
-    gm->mflags = mparams.default_mflags;
-    INITIAL_LOCK(&gm->mutex);
-#endif
-
-    {
-#if USE_DEV_RANDOM
-      int fd;
-      unsigned char buf[sizeof(size_t)];
-      /* Try to use /dev/urandom, else fall back on using time */
-      if ((fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY)) >= 0 &&
-          read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) == sizeof(buf)) {
-        magic = *((size_t *) buf);
-        close(fd);
-      }
-      else
-#endif /* USE_DEV_RANDOM */
-#ifdef WIN32
-        magic = (size_t)(GetTickCount() ^ (size_t)0x55555555U);
-#else
-        magic = (size_t)(time(0) ^ (size_t)0x55555555U);
-#endif
-      magic |= (size_t)8U;    /* ensure nonzero */
-      magic &= ~(size_t)7U;   /* improve chances of fault for bad values */
-      mparams.magic = magic;
-    }
-  }
-
-  RELEASE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK();
-  return 1;
-}
-
-/* support for mallopt */
-static int change_mparam(int param_number, int value) {
-  size_t val;
-  ensure_initialization();
-  val = (value == -1)? MAX_SIZE_T : (size_t)value;
-  switch(param_number) {
-  case M_TRIM_THRESHOLD:
-    mparams.trim_threshold = val;
-    return 1;
-  case M_GRANULARITY:
-    if (val >= mparams.page_size && ((val & (val-1)) == 0)) {
-      mparams.granularity = val;
-      return 1;
-    }
-    else
-      return 0;
-  case M_MMAP_THRESHOLD:
-    mparams.mmap_threshold = val;
-    return 1;
-  default:
-    return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-#if DEBUG
-/* ------------------------- Debugging Support --------------------------- */
-
-/* Check properties of any chunk, whether free, inuse, mmapped etc  */
-static void do_check_any_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p) {
-  assert((is_aligned(chunk2mem(p))) || (p->head == FENCEPOST_HEAD));
-  assert(ok_address(m, p));
-}
-
-/* Check properties of top chunk */
-static void do_check_top_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p) {
-  msegmentptr sp = segment_holding(m, (char*)p);
-  size_t  sz = p->head & ~INUSE_BITS; /* third-lowest bit can be set! */
-  assert(sp != 0);
-  assert((is_aligned(chunk2mem(p))) || (p->head == FENCEPOST_HEAD));
-  assert(ok_address(m, p));
-  assert(sz == m->topsize);
-  assert(sz > 0);
-  assert(sz == ((sp->base + sp->size) - (char*)p) - TOP_FOOT_SIZE);
-  assert(pinuse(p));
-  assert(!pinuse(chunk_plus_offset(p, sz)));
-}
-
-/* Check properties of (inuse) mmapped chunks */
-static void do_check_mmapped_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p) {
-  size_t  sz = chunksize(p);
-  size_t len = (sz + (p->prev_foot) + MMAP_FOOT_PAD);
-  assert(is_mmapped(p));
-  assert(use_mmap(m));
-  assert((is_aligned(chunk2mem(p))) || (p->head == FENCEPOST_HEAD));
-  assert(ok_address(m, p));
-  assert(!is_small(sz));
-  assert((len & (mparams.page_size-SIZE_T_ONE)) == 0);
-  assert(chunk_plus_offset(p, sz)->head == FENCEPOST_HEAD);
-  assert(chunk_plus_offset(p, sz+SIZE_T_SIZE)->head == 0);
-}
-
-/* Check properties of inuse chunks */
-static void do_check_inuse_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p) {
-  do_check_any_chunk(m, p);
-  assert(is_inuse(p));
-  assert(next_pinuse(p));
-  /* If not pinuse and not mmapped, previous chunk has OK offset */
-  assert(is_mmapped(p) || pinuse(p) || next_chunk(prev_chunk(p)) == p);
-  if (is_mmapped(p))
-    do_check_mmapped_chunk(m, p);
-}
-
-/* Check properties of free chunks */
-static void do_check_free_chunk(mstate m, mchunkptr p) {
-  size_t sz = chunksize(p);
-  mchunkptr next = chunk_plus_offset(p, sz);
-  do_check_any_chunk(m, p);
-  assert(!is_inuse(p));
-  assert(!next_pinuse(p));
-  assert (!is_mmapped(p));
-  if (p != m->dv && p != m->top) {
-    if (sz >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE) {
-      assert((sz & CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK) == 0);
-      assert(is_aligned(chunk2mem(p)));
-      assert(next->prev_foot == sz);
-      assert(pinuse(p));
-      assert (next == m->top || is_inuse(next));
-      assert(p->fd->bk == p);
-      assert(p->bk->fd == p);
-    }
-    else  /* markers are always of size SIZE_T_SIZE */
-      assert(sz == SIZE_T_SIZE);
-  }
-}
-
-/* Check properties of malloced chunks at the point they are malloced */
-static void do_check_malloced_chunk(mstate m, void* mem, size_t s) {
-  if (mem != 0) {
-    mchunkptr p = mem2chunk(mem);
-    size_t sz = p->head & ~INUSE_BITS;
-    do_check_inuse_chunk(m, p);
-    assert((sz & CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK) == 0);
-    assert(sz >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE);
-    assert(sz >= s);
-    /* unless mmapped, size is less than MIN_CHUNK_SIZE more than request */
-    assert(is_mmapped(p) || sz < (s + MIN_CHUNK_SIZE));
-  }
-}
-
-/* Check a tree and its subtrees.  */
-static void do_check_tree(mstate m, tchunkptr t) {
-  tchunkptr head = 0;
-  tchunkptr u = t;
-  bindex_t tindex = t->index;
-  size_t tsize = chunksize(t);
-  bindex_t idx;
-  compute_tree_index(tsize, idx);
-  assert(tindex == idx);
-  assert(tsize >= MIN_LARGE_SIZE);
-  assert(tsize >= minsize_for_tree_index(idx));
-  assert((idx == NTREEBINS-1) || (tsize < minsize_for_tree_index((idx+1))));
-
-  do { /* traverse through chain of same-sized nodes */
-    do_check_any_chunk(m, ((mchunkptr)u));
-    assert(u->index == tindex);
-    assert(chunksize(u) == tsize);
-    assert(!is_inuse(u));
-    assert(!next_pinuse(u));
-    assert(u->fd->bk == u);
-    assert(u->bk->fd == u);
-    if (u->parent == 0) {
-      assert(u->child[0] == 0);
-      assert(u->child[1] == 0);
-    }
-    else {
-      assert(head == 0); /* only one node on chain has parent */
-      head = u;
-      assert(u->parent != u);
-      assert (u->parent->child[0] == u ||
-              u->parent->child[1] == u ||
-              *((tbinptr*)(u->parent)) == u);
-      if (u->child[0] != 0) {
-        assert(u->child[0]->parent == u);
-        assert(u->child[0] != u);
-        do_check_tree(m, u->child[0]);
-      }
-      if (u->child[1] != 0) {
-        assert(u->child[1]->parent == u);
-        assert(u->child[1] != u);
-        do_check_tree(m, u->child[1]);
-      }
-      if (u->child[0] != 0 && u->child[1] != 0) {
-        assert(chunksize(u->child[0]) < chunksize(u->child[1]));
-      }
-    }
-    u = u->fd;
-  } while (u != t);
-  assert(head != 0);
-}
-
-/*  Check all the chunks in a treebin.  */
-static void do_check_treebin(mstate m, bindex_t i) {
-  tbinptr* tb = treebin_at(m, i);
-  tchunkptr t = *tb;
-  int empty = (m->treemap & (1U << i)) == 0;
-  if (t == 0)
-    assert(empty);
-  if (!empty)
-    do_check_tree(m, t);
-}
-
-/*  Check all the chunks in a smallbin.  */
-static void do_check_smallbin(mstate m, bindex_t i) {
-  sbinptr b = smallbin_at(m, i);
-  mchunkptr p = b->bk;
-  unsigned int empty = (m->smallmap & (1U << i)) == 0;
-  if (p == b)
-    assert(empty);
-  if (!empty) {
-    for (; p != b; p = p->bk) {
-      size_t size = chunksize(p);
-      mchunkptr q;
-      /* each chunk claims to be free */
-      do_check_free_chunk(m, p);
-      /* chunk belongs in bin */
-      assert(small_index(size) == i);
-      assert(p->bk == b || chunksize(p->bk) == chunksize(p));
-      /* chunk is followed by an inuse chunk */
-      q = next_chunk(p);
-      if (q->head != FENCEPOST_HEAD)
-        do_check_inuse_chunk(m, q);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/* Find x in a bin. Used in other check functions. */
-static int bin_find(mstate m, mchunkptr x) {
-  size_t size = chunksize(x);
-  if (is_small(size)) {
-    bindex_t sidx = small_index(size);
-    sbinptr b = smallbin_at(m, sidx);
-    if (smallmap_is_marked(m, sidx)) {
-      mchunkptr p = b;
-      do {
-        if (p == x)
-          return 1;
-      } while ((p = p->fd) != b);
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    bindex_t tidx;
-    compute_tree_index(size, tidx);
-    if (treemap_is_marked(m, tidx)) {
-      tchunkptr t = *treebin_at(m, tidx);
-      size_t sizebits = size << leftshift_for_tree_index(tidx);
-      while (t != 0 && chunksize(t) != size) {
-        t = t->child[(sizebits >> (SIZE_T_BITSIZE-SIZE_T_ONE)) & 1];
-        sizebits <<= 1;
-      }
-      if (t != 0) {
-        tchunkptr u = t;
-        do {
-          if (u == (tchunkptr)x)
-            return 1;
-        } while ((u = u->fd) != t);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* Traverse each chunk and check it; return total */
-static size_t traverse_and_check(mstate m) {
-  size_t sum = 0;
-  if (is_initialized(m)) {
-    msegmentptr s = &m->seg;
-    sum += m->topsize + TOP_FOOT_SIZE;
-    while (s != 0) {
-      mchunkptr q = align_as_chunk(s->base);
-      mchunkptr lastq = 0;
-      assert(pinuse(q));
-      while (segment_holds(s, q) &&
-             q != m->top && q->head != FENCEPOST_HEAD) {
-        sum += chunksize(q);
-        if (is_inuse(q)) {
-          assert(!bin_find(m, q));
-          do_check_inuse_chunk(m, q);
-        }
-        else {
-          assert(q == m->dv || bin_find(m, q));
-          assert(lastq == 0 || is_inuse(lastq)); /* Not 2 consecutive free */
-          do_check_free_chunk(m, q);
-        }
-        lastq = q;
-        q = next_chunk(q);
-      }
-      s = s->next;
-    }
-  }
-  return sum;
-}
-
-/* Check all properties of malloc_state. */
-static void do_check_malloc_state(mstate m) {
-  bindex_t i;
-  size_t total;
-  /* check bins */
-  for (i = 0; i < NSMALLBINS; ++i)
-    do_check_smallbin(m, i);
-  for (i = 0; i < NTREEBINS; ++i)
-    do_check_treebin(m, i);
-
-  if (m->dvsize != 0) { /* check dv chunk */
-    do_check_any_chunk(m, m->dv);
-    assert(m->dvsize == chunksize(m->dv));
-    assert(m->dvsize >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE);
-    assert(bin_find(m, m->dv) == 0);
-  }
-
-  if (m->top != 0) {   /* check top chunk */
-    do_check_top_chunk(m, m->top);
-    /*assert(m->topsize == chunksize(m->top)); redundant */
-    assert(m->topsize > 0);
-    assert(bin_find(m, m->top) == 0);
-  }
-
-  total = traverse_and_check(m);
-  assert(total <= m->footprint);
-  assert(m->footprint <= m->max_footprint);
-}
-#endif /* DEBUG */
-
-/* ----------------------------- statistics ------------------------------ */
-
-#if !NO_MALLINFO
-static struct mallinfo internal_mallinfo(mstate m) {
-  struct mallinfo nm = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
-  ensure_initialization();
-  if (!PREACTION(m)) {
-    check_malloc_state(m);
-    if (is_initialized(m)) {
-      size_t nfree = SIZE_T_ONE; /* top always free */
-      size_t mfree = m->topsize + TOP_FOOT_SIZE;
-      size_t sum = mfree;
-      msegmentptr s = &m->seg;
-      while (s != 0) {
-        mchunkptr q = align_as_chunk(s->base);
-        while (segment_holds(s, q) &&
-               q != m->top && q->head != FENCEPOST_HEAD) {
-          size_t sz = chunksize(q);
-          sum += sz;
-          if (!is_inuse(q)) {
-            mfree += sz;
-            ++nfree;
-          }
-          q = next_chunk(q);
-        }
-        s = s->next;
-      }
-
-      nm.arena    = sum;
-      nm.ordblks  = nfree;
-      nm.hblkhd   = m->footprint - sum;
-      nm.usmblks  = m->max_footprint;
-      nm.uordblks = m->footprint - mfree;
-      nm.fordblks = mfree;
-      nm.keepcost = m->topsize;
-    }
-
-    POSTACTION(m);
-  }
-  return nm;
-}
-#endif /* !NO_MALLINFO */
-
-static void internal_malloc_stats(mstate m) {
-  ensure_initialization();
-  if (!PREACTION(m)) {
-    size_t maxfp = 0;
-    size_t fp = 0;
-    size_t used = 0;
-    check_malloc_state(m);
-    if (is_initialized(m)) {
-      msegmentptr s = &m->seg;
-      maxfp = m->max_footprint;
-      fp = m->footprint;
-      used = fp - (m->topsize + TOP_FOOT_SIZE);
-
-      while (s != 0) {
-        mchunkptr q = align_as_chunk(s->base);
-        while (segment_holds(s, q) &&
-               q != m->top && q->head != FENCEPOST_HEAD) {
-          if (!is_inuse(q))
-            used -= chunksize(q);
-          q = next_chunk(q);
-        }
-        s = s->next;
-      }
-    }
-
-    fprintf(stderr, "max system bytes = %10lu\n", (unsigned long)(maxfp));
-    fprintf(stderr, "system bytes     = %10lu\n", (unsigned long)(fp));
-    fprintf(stderr, "in use bytes     = %10lu\n", (unsigned long)(used));
-
-    POSTACTION(m);
-  }
-}
-
-/* ----------------------- Operations on smallbins ----------------------- */
-
-/*
-  Various forms of linking and unlinking are defined as macros.  Even
-  the ones for trees, which are very long but have very short typical
-  paths.  This is ugly but reduces reliance on inlining support of
-  compilers.
-*/
-
-/* Link a free chunk into a smallbin  */
-#define insert_small_chunk(M, P, S) {\
-  bindex_t I  = small_index(S);\
-  mchunkptr B = smallbin_at(M, I);\
-  mchunkptr F = B;\
-  assert(S >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE);\
-  if (!smallmap_is_marked(M, I))\
-    mark_smallmap(M, I);\
-  else if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, B->fd)))\
-    F = B->fd;\
-  else {\
-    CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-  }\
-  B->fd = P;\
-  F->bk = P;\
-  P->fd = F;\
-  P->bk = B;\
-}
-
-/* Unlink a chunk from a smallbin  */
-#define unlink_small_chunk(M, P, S) {\
-  mchunkptr F = P->fd;\
-  mchunkptr B = P->bk;\
-  bindex_t I = small_index(S);\
-  assert(P != B);\
-  assert(P != F);\
-  assert(chunksize(P) == small_index2size(I));\
-  if (F == B)\
-    clear_smallmap(M, I);\
-  else if (RTCHECK((F == smallbin_at(M,I) || ok_address(M, F)) &&\
-                   (B == smallbin_at(M,I) || ok_address(M, B)))) {\
-    F->bk = B;\
-    B->fd = F;\
-  }\
-  else {\
-    CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-  }\
-}
-
-/* Unlink the first chunk from a smallbin */
-#define unlink_first_small_chunk(M, B, P, I) {\
-  mchunkptr F = P->fd;\
-  assert(P != B);\
-  assert(P != F);\
-  assert(chunksize(P) == small_index2size(I));\
-  if (B == F)\
-    clear_smallmap(M, I);\
-  else if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, F))) {\
-    B->fd = F;\
-    F->bk = B;\
-  }\
-  else {\
-    CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-  }\
-}
-
-
-
-/* Replace dv node, binning the old one */
-/* Used only when dvsize known to be small */
-#define replace_dv(M, P, S) {\
-  size_t DVS = M->dvsize;\
-  if (DVS != 0) {\
-    mchunkptr DV = M->dv;\
-    assert(is_small(DVS));\
-    insert_small_chunk(M, DV, DVS);\
-  }\
-  M->dvsize = S;\
-  M->dv = P;\
-}
-
-/* ------------------------- Operations on trees ------------------------- */
-
-/* Insert chunk into tree */
-#define insert_large_chunk(M, X, S) {\
-  tbinptr* H;\
-  bindex_t I;\
-  compute_tree_index(S, I);\
-  H = treebin_at(M, I);\
-  X->index = I;\
-  X->child[0] = X->child[1] = 0;\
-  if (!treemap_is_marked(M, I)) {\
-    mark_treemap(M, I);\
-    *H = X;\
-    X->parent = (tchunkptr)H;\
-    X->fd = X->bk = X;\
-  }\
-  else {\
-    tchunkptr T = *H;\
-    size_t K = S << leftshift_for_tree_index(I);\
-    for (;;) {\
-      if (chunksize(T) != S) {\
-        tchunkptr* C = &(T->child[(K >> (SIZE_T_BITSIZE-SIZE_T_ONE)) & 1]);\
-        K <<= 1;\
-        if (*C != 0)\
-          T = *C;\
-        else if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, C))) {\
-          *C = X;\
-          X->parent = T;\
-          X->fd = X->bk = X;\
-          break;\
-        }\
-        else {\
-          CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-          break;\
-        }\
-      }\
-      else {\
-        tchunkptr F = T->fd;\
-        if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, T) && ok_address(M, F))) {\
-          T->fd = F->bk = X;\
-          X->fd = F;\
-          X->bk = T;\
-          X->parent = 0;\
-          break;\
-        }\
-        else {\
-          CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-          break;\
-        }\
-      }\
-    }\
-  }\
-}
-
-/*
-  Unlink steps:
-
-  1. If x is a chained node, unlink it from its same-sized fd/bk links
-     and choose its bk node as its replacement.
-  2. If x was the last node of its size, but not a leaf node, it must
-     be replaced with a leaf node (not merely one with an open left or
-     right), to make sure that lefts and rights of descendents
-     correspond properly to bit masks.  We use the rightmost descendent
-     of x.  We could use any other leaf, but this is easy to locate and
-     tends to counteract removal of leftmosts elsewhere, and so keeps
-     paths shorter than minimally guaranteed.  This doesn't loop much
-     because on average a node in a tree is near the bottom.
-  3. If x is the base of a chain (i.e., has parent links) relink
-     x's parent and children to x's replacement (or null if none).
-*/
-
-#define unlink_large_chunk(M, X) {\
-  tchunkptr XP = X->parent;\
-  tchunkptr R;\
-  if (X->bk != X) {\
-    tchunkptr F = X->fd;\
-    R = X->bk;\
-    if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, F))) {\
-      F->bk = R;\
-      R->fd = F;\
-    }\
-    else {\
-      CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-    }\
-  }\
-  else {\
-    tchunkptr* RP;\
-    if (((R = *(RP = &(X->child[1]))) != 0) ||\
-        ((R = *(RP = &(X->child[0]))) != 0)) {\
-      tchunkptr* CP;\
-      while ((*(CP = &(R->child[1])) != 0) ||\
-             (*(CP = &(R->child[0])) != 0)) {\
-        R = *(RP = CP);\
-      }\
-      if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, RP)))\
-        *RP = 0;\
-      else {\
-        CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-      }\
-    }\
-  }\
-  if (XP != 0) {\
-    tbinptr* H = treebin_at(M, X->index);\
-    if (X == *H) {\
-      if ((*H = R) == 0) \
-        clear_treemap(M, X->index);\
-    }\
-    else if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, XP))) {\
-      if (XP->child[0] == X) \
-        XP->child[0] = R;\
-      else \
-        XP->child[1] = R;\
-    }\
-    else\
-      CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-    if (R != 0) {\
-      if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, R))) {\
-        tchunkptr C0, C1;\
-        R->parent = XP;\
-        if ((C0 = X->child[0]) != 0) {\
-          if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, C0))) {\
-            R->child[0] = C0;\
-            C0->parent = R;\
-          }\
-          else\
-            CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-        }\
-        if ((C1 = X->child[1]) != 0) {\
-          if (RTCHECK(ok_address(M, C1))) {\
-            R->child[1] = C1;\
-            C1->parent = R;\
-          }\
-          else\
-            CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-        }\
-      }\
-      else\
-        CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(M);\
-    }\
-  }\
-}
-
-/* Relays to large vs small bin operations */
-
-#define insert_chunk(M, P, S)\
-  if (is_small(S)) insert_small_chunk(M, P, S)\
-  else { tchunkptr TP = (tchunkptr)(P); insert_large_chunk(M, TP, S); }
-
-#define unlink_chunk(M, P, S)\
-  if (is_small(S)) unlink_small_chunk(M, P, S)\
-  else { tchunkptr TP = (tchunkptr)(P); unlink_large_chunk(M, TP); }
-
-
-/* Relays to internal calls to malloc/free from realloc, memalign etc */
-
-#if ONLY_MSPACES
-#define internal_malloc(m, b) mspace_malloc(m, b)
-#define internal_free(m, mem) mspace_free(m,mem);
-#else /* ONLY_MSPACES */
-#if MSPACES
-#define internal_malloc(m, b)\
-   (m == gm)? dlmalloc(b) : mspace_malloc(m, b)
-#define internal_free(m, mem)\
-   if (m == gm) dlfree(mem); else mspace_free(m,mem);
-#else /* MSPACES */
-#define internal_malloc(m, b) dlmalloc(b)
-#define internal_free(m, mem) dlfree(mem)
-#endif /* MSPACES */
-#endif /* ONLY_MSPACES */
-
-/* -----------------------  Direct-mmapping chunks ----------------------- */
-
-/*
-  Directly mmapped chunks are set up with an offset to the start of
-  the mmapped region stored in the prev_foot field of the chunk. This
-  allows reconstruction of the required argument to MUNMAP when freed,
-  and also allows adjustment of the returned chunk to meet alignment
-  requirements (especially in memalign).
-*/
-
-/* Malloc using mmap */
-static void* mmap_alloc(mstate m, size_t nb) {
-  size_t mmsize = mmap_align(nb + SIX_SIZE_T_SIZES + CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK);
-  if (mmsize > nb) {     /* Check for wrap around 0 */
-    char* mm = (char*)(CALL_DIRECT_MMAP(mmsize));
-    if (mm != CMFAIL) {
-      size_t offset = align_offset(chunk2mem(mm));
-      size_t psize = mmsize - offset - MMAP_FOOT_PAD;
-      mchunkptr p = (mchunkptr)(mm + offset);
-      p->prev_foot = offset;
-      p->head = psize;
-      mark_inuse_foot(m, p, psize);
-      chunk_plus_offset(p, psize)->head = FENCEPOST_HEAD;
-      chunk_plus_offset(p, psize+SIZE_T_SIZE)->head = 0;
-
-      if (m->least_addr == 0 || mm < m->least_addr)
-        m->least_addr = mm;
-      if ((m->footprint += mmsize) > m->max_footprint)
-        m->max_footprint = m->footprint;
-      assert(is_aligned(chunk2mem(p)));
-      check_mmapped_chunk(m, p);
-      return chunk2mem(p);
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* Realloc using mmap */
-static mchunkptr mmap_resize(mstate m, mchunkptr oldp, size_t nb) {
-  size_t oldsize = chunksize(oldp);
-  if (is_small(nb)) /* Can't shrink mmap regions below small size */
-    return 0;
-  /* Keep old chunk if big enough but not too big */
-  if (oldsize >= nb + SIZE_T_SIZE &&
-      (oldsize - nb) <= (mparams.granularity << 1))
-    return oldp;
-  else {
-    size_t offset = oldp->prev_foot;
-    size_t oldmmsize = oldsize + offset + MMAP_FOOT_PAD;
-    size_t newmmsize = mmap_align(nb + SIX_SIZE_T_SIZES + CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK);
-    char* cp = (char*)CALL_MREMAP((char*)oldp - offset,
-                                  oldmmsize, newmmsize, 1);
-    if (cp != CMFAIL) {
-      mchunkptr newp = (mchunkptr)(cp + offset);
-      size_t psize = newmmsize - offset - MMAP_FOOT_PAD;
-      newp->head = psize;
-      mark_inuse_foot(m, newp, psize);
-      chunk_plus_offset(newp, psize)->head = FENCEPOST_HEAD;
-      chunk_plus_offset(newp, psize+SIZE_T_SIZE)->head = 0;
-
-      if (cp < m->least_addr)
-        m->least_addr = cp;
-      if ((m->footprint += newmmsize - oldmmsize) > m->max_footprint)
-        m->max_footprint = m->footprint;
-      check_mmapped_chunk(m, newp);
-      return newp;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* -------------------------- mspace management -------------------------- */
-
-/* Initialize top chunk and its size */
-static void init_top(mstate m, mchunkptr p, size_t psize) {
-  /* Ensure alignment */
-  size_t offset = align_offset(chunk2mem(p));
-  p = (mchunkptr)((char*)p + offset);
-  psize -= offset;
-
-  m->top = p;
-  m->topsize = psize;
-  p->head = psize | PINUSE_BIT;
-  /* set size of fake trailing chunk holding overhead space only once */
-  chunk_plus_offset(p, psize)->head = TOP_FOOT_SIZE;
-  m->trim_check = mparams.trim_threshold; /* reset on each update */
-}
-
-/* Initialize bins for a new mstate that is otherwise zeroed out */
-static void init_bins(mstate m) {
-  /* Establish circular links for smallbins */
-  bindex_t i;
-  for (i = 0; i < NSMALLBINS; ++i) {
-    sbinptr bin = smallbin_at(m,i);
-    bin->fd = bin->bk = bin;
-  }
-}
-
-#if PROCEED_ON_ERROR
-
-/* default corruption action */
-static void reset_on_error(mstate m) {
-  int i;
-  ++malloc_corruption_error_count;
-  /* Reinitialize fields to forget about all memory */
-  m->smallbins = m->treebins = 0;
-  m->dvsize = m->topsize = 0;
-  m->seg.base = 0;
-  m->seg.size = 0;
-  m->seg.next = 0;
-  m->top = m->dv = 0;
-  for (i = 0; i < NTREEBINS; ++i)
-    *treebin_at(m, i) = 0;
-  init_bins(m);
-}
-#endif /* PROCEED_ON_ERROR */
-
-/* Allocate chunk and prepend remainder with chunk in successor base. */
-static void* prepend_alloc(mstate m, char* newbase, char* oldbase,
-                           size_t nb) {
-  mchunkptr p = align_as_chunk(newbase);
-  mchunkptr oldfirst = align_as_chunk(oldbase);
-  size_t psize = (char*)oldfirst - (char*)p;
-  mchunkptr q = chunk_plus_offset(p, nb);
-  size_t qsize = psize - nb;
-  set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(m, p, nb);
-
-  assert((char*)oldfirst > (char*)q);
-  assert(pinuse(oldfirst));
-  assert(qsize >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE);
-
-  /* consolidate remainder with first chunk of old base */
-  if (oldfirst == m->top) {
-    size_t tsize = m->topsize += qsize;
-    m->top = q;
-    q->head = tsize | PINUSE_BIT;
-    check_top_chunk(m, q);
-  }
-  else if (oldfirst == m->dv) {
-    size_t dsize = m->dvsize += qsize;
-    m->dv = q;
-    set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(q, dsize);
-  }
-  else {
-    if (!is_inuse(oldfirst)) {
-      size_t nsize = chunksize(oldfirst);
-      unlink_chunk(m, oldfirst, nsize);
-      oldfirst = chunk_plus_offset(oldfirst, nsize);
-      qsize += nsize;
-    }
-    set_free_with_pinuse(q, qsize, oldfirst);
-    insert_chunk(m, q, qsize);
-    check_free_chunk(m, q);
-  }
-
-  check_malloced_chunk(m, chunk2mem(p), nb);
-  return chunk2mem(p);
-}
-
-/* Add a segment to hold a new noncontiguous region */
-static void add_segment(mstate m, char* tbase, size_t tsize, flag_t mmapped) {
-  /* Determine locations and sizes of segment, fenceposts, old top */
-  char* old_top = (char*)m->top;
-  msegmentptr oldsp = segment_holding(m, old_top);
-  char* old_end = oldsp->base + oldsp->size;
-  size_t ssize = pad_request(sizeof(struct malloc_segment));
-  char* rawsp = old_end - (ssize + FOUR_SIZE_T_SIZES + CHUNK_ALIGN_MASK);
-  size_t offset = align_offset(chunk2mem(rawsp));
-  char* asp = rawsp + offset;
-  char* csp = (asp < (old_top + MIN_CHUNK_SIZE))? old_top : asp;
-  mchunkptr sp = (mchunkptr)csp;
-  msegmentptr ss = (msegmentptr)(chunk2mem(sp));
-  mchunkptr tnext = chunk_plus_offset(sp, ssize);
-  mchunkptr p = tnext;
-  int nfences = 0;
-
-  /* reset top to new space */
-  init_top(m, (mchunkptr)tbase, tsize - TOP_FOOT_SIZE);
-
-  /* Set up segment record */
-  assert(is_aligned(ss));
-  set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(m, sp, ssize);
-  *ss = m->seg; /* Push current record */
-  m->seg.base = tbase;
-  m->seg.size = tsize;
-  m->seg.sflags = mmapped;
-  m->seg.next = ss;
-
-  /* Insert trailing fenceposts */
-  for (;;) {
-    mchunkptr nextp = chunk_plus_offset(p, SIZE_T_SIZE);
-    p->head = FENCEPOST_HEAD;
-    ++nfences;
-    if ((char*)(&(nextp->head)) < old_end)
-      p = nextp;
-    else
-      break;
-  }
-  assert(nfences >= 2);
-
-  /* Insert the rest of old top into a bin as an ordinary free chunk */
-  if (csp != old_top) {
-    mchunkptr q = (mchunkptr)old_top;
-    size_t psize = csp - old_top;
-    mchunkptr tn = chunk_plus_offset(q, psize);
-    set_free_with_pinuse(q, psize, tn);
-    insert_chunk(m, q, psize);
-  }
-
-  check_top_chunk(m, m->top);
-}
-
-/* -------------------------- System allocation -------------------------- */
-
-/* Get memory from system using MORECORE or MMAP */
-static void* sys_alloc(mstate m, size_t nb) {
-  char* tbase = CMFAIL;
-  size_t tsize = 0;
-  flag_t mmap_flag = 0;
-
-  ensure_initialization();
-
-  /* Directly map large chunks, but only if already initialized */
-  if (use_mmap(m) && nb >= mparams.mmap_threshold && m->topsize != 0) {
-    void* mem = mmap_alloc(m, nb);
-    if (mem != 0)
-      return mem;
-  }
-
-  /*
-    Try getting memory in any of three ways (in most-preferred to
-    least-preferred order):
-    1. A call to MORECORE that can normally contiguously extend memory.
-       (disabled if not MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS or not HAVE_MORECORE or
-       or main space is mmapped or a previous contiguous call failed)
-    2. A call to MMAP new space (disabled if not HAVE_MMAP).
-       Note that under the default settings, if MORECORE is unable to
-       fulfill a request, and HAVE_MMAP is true, then mmap is
-       used as a noncontiguous system allocator. This is a useful backup
-       strategy for systems with holes in address spaces -- in this case
-       sbrk cannot contiguously expand the heap, but mmap may be able to
-       find space.
-    3. A call to MORECORE that cannot usually contiguously extend memory.
-       (disabled if not HAVE_MORECORE)
-
-   In all cases, we need to request enough bytes from system to ensure
-   we can malloc nb bytes upon success, so pad with enough space for
-   top_foot, plus alignment-pad to make sure we don't lose bytes if
-   not on boundary, and round this up to a granularity unit.
-  */
-
-  if (MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS && !use_noncontiguous(m)) {
-    char* br = CMFAIL;
-    msegmentptr ss = (m->top == 0)? 0 : segment_holding(m, (char*)m->top);
-    size_t asize = 0;
-    ACQUIRE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK();
-
-    if (ss == 0) {  /* First time through or recovery */
-      char* base = (char*)CALL_MORECORE(0);
-      if (base != CMFAIL) {
-        asize = granularity_align(nb + SYS_ALLOC_PADDING);
-        /* Adjust to end on a page boundary */
-        if (!is_page_aligned(base))
-          asize += (page_align((size_t)base) - (size_t)base);
-        /* Can't call MORECORE if size is negative when treated as signed */
-        if (asize < HALF_MAX_SIZE_T &&
-            (br = (char*)(CALL_MORECORE(asize))) == base) {
-          tbase = base;
-          tsize = asize;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    else {
-      /* Subtract out existing available top space from MORECORE request. */
-      asize = granularity_align(nb - m->topsize + SYS_ALLOC_PADDING);
-      /* Use mem here only if it did continuously extend old space */
-      if (asize < HALF_MAX_SIZE_T &&
-          (br = (char*)(CALL_MORECORE(asize))) == ss->base+ss->size) {
-        tbase = br;
-        tsize = asize;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (tbase == CMFAIL) {    /* Cope with partial failure */
-      if (br != CMFAIL) {    /* Try to use/extend the space we did get */
-        if (asize < HALF_MAX_SIZE_T &&
-            asize < nb + SYS_ALLOC_PADDING) {
-          size_t esize = granularity_align(nb + SYS_ALLOC_PADDING - asize);
-          if (esize < HALF_MAX_SIZE_T) {
-            char* end = (char*)CALL_MORECORE(esize);
-            if (end != CMFAIL)
-              asize += esize;
-            else {            /* Can't use; try to release */
-              (void) CALL_MORECORE(-asize);
-              br = CMFAIL;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      if (br != CMFAIL) {    /* Use the space we did get */
-        tbase = br;
-        tsize = asize;
-      }
-      else
-        disable_contiguous(m); /* Don't try contiguous path in the future */
-    }
-
-    RELEASE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK();
-  }
-
-  if (HAVE_MMAP && tbase == CMFAIL) {  /* Try MMAP */
-    size_t rsize = granularity_align(nb + SYS_ALLOC_PADDING);
-    if (rsize > nb) { /* Fail if wraps around zero */
-      char* mp = (char*)(CALL_MMAP(rsize));
-      if (mp != CMFAIL) {
-        tbase = mp;
-        tsize = rsize;
-        mmap_flag = USE_MMAP_BIT;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (HAVE_MORECORE && tbase == CMFAIL) { /* Try noncontiguous MORECORE */
-    size_t asize = granularity_align(nb + SYS_ALLOC_PADDING);
-    if (asize < HALF_MAX_SIZE_T) {
-      char* br = CMFAIL;
-      char* end = CMFAIL;
-      ACQUIRE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK();
-      br = (char*)(CALL_MORECORE(asize));
-      end = (char*)(CALL_MORECORE(0));
-      RELEASE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK();
-      if (br != CMFAIL && end != CMFAIL && br < end) {
-        size_t ssize = end - br;
-        if (ssize > nb + TOP_FOOT_SIZE) {
-          tbase = br;
-          tsize = ssize;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (tbase != CMFAIL) {
-
-    if ((m->footprint += tsize) > m->max_footprint)
-      m->max_footprint = m->footprint;
-
-    if (!is_initialized(m)) { /* first-time initialization */
-      if (m->least_addr == 0 || tbase < m->least_addr)
-        m->least_addr = tbase;
-      m->seg.base = tbase;
-      m->seg.size = tsize;
-      m->seg.sflags = mmap_flag;
-      m->magic = mparams.magic;
-      m->release_checks = MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE;
-      init_bins(m);
-#if !ONLY_MSPACES
-      if (is_global(m))
-        init_top(m, (mchunkptr)tbase, tsize - TOP_FOOT_SIZE);
-      else
-#endif
-      {
-        /* Offset top by embedded malloc_state */
-        mchunkptr mn = next_chunk(mem2chunk(m));
-        init_top(m, mn, (size_t)((tbase + tsize) - (char*)mn) -TOP_FOOT_SIZE);
-      }
-    }
-
-    else {
-      /* Try to merge with an existing segment */
-      msegmentptr sp = &m->seg;
-      /* Only consider most recent segment if traversal suppressed */
-      while (sp != 0 && tbase != sp->base + sp->size)
-        sp = (NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL) ? 0 : sp->next;
-      if (sp != 0 &&
-          !is_extern_segment(sp) &&
-          (sp->sflags & USE_MMAP_BIT) == mmap_flag &&
-          segment_holds(sp, m->top)) { /* append */
-        sp->size += tsize;
-        init_top(m, m->top, m->topsize + tsize);
-      }
-      else {
-        if (tbase < m->least_addr)
-          m->least_addr = tbase;
-        sp = &m->seg;
-        while (sp != 0 && sp->base != tbase + tsize)
-          sp = (NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL) ? 0 : sp->next;
-        if (sp != 0 &&
-            !is_extern_segment(sp) &&
-            (sp->sflags & USE_MMAP_BIT) == mmap_flag) {
-          char* oldbase = sp->base;
-          sp->base = tbase;
-          sp->size += tsize;
-          return prepend_alloc(m, tbase, oldbase, nb);
-        }
-        else
-          add_segment(m, tbase, tsize, mmap_flag);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (nb < m->topsize) { /* Allocate from new or extended top space */
-      size_t rsize = m->topsize -= nb;
-      mchunkptr p = m->top;
-      mchunkptr r = m->top = chunk_plus_offset(p, nb);
-      r->head = rsize | PINUSE_BIT;
-      set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(m, p, nb);
-      check_top_chunk(m, m->top);
-      check_malloced_chunk(m, chunk2mem(p), nb);
-      return chunk2mem(p);
-    }
-  }
-
-  MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION;
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* -----------------------  system deallocation -------------------------- */
-
-/* Unmap and unlink any mmapped segments that don't contain used chunks */
-static size_t release_unused_segments(mstate m) {
-  size_t released = 0;
-  int nsegs = 0;
-  msegmentptr pred = &m->seg;
-  msegmentptr sp = pred->next;
-  while (sp != 0) {
-    char* base = sp->base;
-    size_t size = sp->size;
-    msegmentptr next = sp->next;
-    ++nsegs;
-    if (is_mmapped_segment(sp) && !is_extern_segment(sp)) {
-      mchunkptr p = align_as_chunk(base);
-      size_t psize = chunksize(p);
-      /* Can unmap if first chunk holds entire segment and not pinned */
-      if (!is_inuse(p) && (char*)p + psize >= base + size - TOP_FOOT_SIZE) {
-        tchunkptr tp = (tchunkptr)p;
-        assert(segment_holds(sp, (char*)sp));
-        if (p == m->dv) {
-          m->dv = 0;
-          m->dvsize = 0;
-        }
-        else {
-          unlink_large_chunk(m, tp);
-        }
-        if (CALL_MUNMAP(base, size) == 0) {
-          released += size;
-          m->footprint -= size;
-          /* unlink obsoleted record */
-          sp = pred;
-          sp->next = next;
-        }
-        else { /* back out if cannot unmap */
-          insert_large_chunk(m, tp, psize);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL) /* scan only first segment */
-      break;
-    pred = sp;
-    sp = next;
-  }
-  /* Reset check counter */
-  m->release_checks = ((nsegs > MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE)?
-                       nsegs : MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE);
-  return released;
-}
-
-static int sys_trim(mstate m, size_t pad) {
-  size_t released = 0;
-  ensure_initialization();
-  if (pad < MAX_REQUEST && is_initialized(m)) {
-    pad += TOP_FOOT_SIZE; /* ensure enough room for segment overhead */
-
-    if (m->topsize > pad) {
-      /* Shrink top space in granularity-size units, keeping at least one */
-      size_t unit = mparams.granularity;
-      size_t extra = ((m->topsize - pad + (unit - SIZE_T_ONE)) / unit -
-                      SIZE_T_ONE) * unit;
-      msegmentptr sp = segment_holding(m, (char*)m->top);
-
-      if (!is_extern_segment(sp)) {
-        if (is_mmapped_segment(sp)) {
-          if (HAVE_MMAP &&
-              sp->size >= extra &&
-              !has_segment_link(m, sp)) { /* can't shrink if pinned */
-            size_t newsize = sp->size - extra;
-            /* Prefer mremap, fall back to munmap */
-            if ((CALL_MREMAP(sp->base, sp->size, newsize, 0) != MFAIL) ||
-                (CALL_MUNMAP(sp->base + newsize, extra) == 0)) {
-              released = extra;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        else if (HAVE_MORECORE) {
-          if (extra >= HALF_MAX_SIZE_T) /* Avoid wrapping negative */
-            extra = (HALF_MAX_SIZE_T) + SIZE_T_ONE - unit;
-          ACQUIRE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK();
-          {
-            /* Make sure end of memory is where we last set it. */
-            char* old_br = (char*)(CALL_MORECORE(0));
-            if (old_br == sp->base + sp->size) {
-              char* rel_br = (char*)(CALL_MORECORE(-extra));
-              char* new_br = (char*)(CALL_MORECORE(0));
-              if (rel_br != CMFAIL && new_br < old_br)
-                released = old_br - new_br;
-            }
-          }
-          RELEASE_MALLOC_GLOBAL_LOCK();
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (released != 0) {
-        sp->size -= released;
-        m->footprint -= released;
-        init_top(m, m->top, m->topsize - released);
-        check_top_chunk(m, m->top);
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* Unmap any unused mmapped segments */
-    if (HAVE_MMAP)
-      released += release_unused_segments(m);
-
-    /* On failure, disable autotrim to avoid repeated failed future calls */
-    if (released == 0 && m->topsize > m->trim_check)
-      m->trim_check = MAX_SIZE_T;
-  }
-
-  return (released != 0)? 1 : 0;
-}
-
-
-/* ---------------------------- malloc support --------------------------- */
-
-/* allocate a large request from the best fitting chunk in a treebin */
-static void* tmalloc_large(mstate m, size_t nb) {
-  tchunkptr v = 0;
-  size_t rsize = -nb; /* Unsigned negation */
-  tchunkptr t;
-  bindex_t idx;
-  compute_tree_index(nb, idx);
-  if ((t = *treebin_at(m, idx)) != 0) {
-    /* Traverse tree for this bin looking for node with size == nb */
-    size_t sizebits = nb << leftshift_for_tree_index(idx);
-    tchunkptr rst = 0;  /* The deepest untaken right subtree */
-    for (;;) {
-      tchunkptr rt;
-      size_t trem = chunksize(t) - nb;
-      if (trem < rsize) {
-        v = t;
-        if ((rsize = trem) == 0)
-          break;
-      }
-      rt = t->child[1];
-      t = t->child[(sizebits >> (SIZE_T_BITSIZE-SIZE_T_ONE)) & 1];
-      if (rt != 0 && rt != t)
-        rst = rt;
-      if (t == 0) {
-        t = rst; /* set t to least subtree holding sizes > nb */
-        break;
-      }
-      sizebits <<= 1;
-    }
-  }
-  if (t == 0 && v == 0) { /* set t to root of next non-empty treebin */
-    binmap_t leftbits = left_bits(idx2bit(idx)) & m->treemap;
-    if (leftbits != 0) {
-      bindex_t i;
-      binmap_t leastbit = least_bit(leftbits);
-      compute_bit2idx(leastbit, i);
-      t = *treebin_at(m, i);
-    }
-  }
-
-  while (t != 0) { /* find smallest of tree or subtree */
-    size_t trem = chunksize(t) - nb;
-    if (trem < rsize) {
-      rsize = trem;
-      v = t;
-    }
-    t = leftmost_child(t);
-  }
-
-  /*  If dv is a better fit, return 0 so malloc will use it */
-  if (v != 0 && rsize < (size_t)(m->dvsize - nb)) {
-    if (RTCHECK(ok_address(m, v))) { /* split */
-      mchunkptr r = chunk_plus_offset(v, nb);
-      assert(chunksize(v) == rsize + nb);
-      if (RTCHECK(ok_next(v, r))) {
-        unlink_large_chunk(m, v);
-        if (rsize < MIN_CHUNK_SIZE)
-          set_inuse_and_pinuse(m, v, (rsize + nb));
-        else {
-          set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(m, v, nb);
-          set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(r, rsize);
-          insert_chunk(m, r, rsize);
-        }
-        return chunk2mem(v);
-      }
-    }
-    CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(m);
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* allocate a small request from the best fitting chunk in a treebin */
-static void* tmalloc_small(mstate m, size_t nb) {
-  tchunkptr t, v;
-  size_t rsize;
-  bindex_t i;
-  binmap_t leastbit = least_bit(m->treemap);
-  compute_bit2idx(leastbit, i);
-  v = t = *treebin_at(m, i);
-  rsize = chunksize(t) - nb;
-
-  while ((t = leftmost_child(t)) != 0) {
-    size_t trem = chunksize(t) - nb;
-    if (trem < rsize) {
-      rsize = trem;
-      v = t;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (RTCHECK(ok_address(m, v))) {
-    mchunkptr r = chunk_plus_offset(v, nb);
-    assert(chunksize(v) == rsize + nb);
-    if (RTCHECK(ok_next(v, r))) {
-      unlink_large_chunk(m, v);
-      if (rsize < MIN_CHUNK_SIZE)
-        set_inuse_and_pinuse(m, v, (rsize + nb));
-      else {
-        set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(m, v, nb);
-        set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(r, rsize);
-        replace_dv(m, r, rsize);
-      }
-      return chunk2mem(v);
-    }
-  }
-
-  CORRUPTION_ERROR_ACTION(m);
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* --------------------------- realloc support --------------------------- */
-
-static void* internal_realloc(mstate m, void* oldmem, size_t bytes) {
-  if (bytes >= MAX_REQUEST) {
-    MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION;
-    return 0;
-  }
-  if (!PREACTION(m)) {
-    mchunkptr oldp = mem2chunk(oldmem);
-    size_t oldsize = chunksize(oldp);
-    mchunkptr next = chunk_plus_offset(oldp, oldsize);
-    mchunkptr newp = 0;
-    void* extra = 0;
-
-    /* Try to either shrink or extend into top. Else malloc-copy-free */
-
-    if (RTCHECK(ok_address(m, oldp) && ok_inuse(oldp) &&
-                ok_next(oldp, next) && ok_pinuse(next))) {
-      size_t nb = request2size(bytes);
-      if (is_mmapped(oldp))
-        newp = mmap_resize(m, oldp, nb);
-      else if (oldsize >= nb) { /* already big enough */
-        size_t rsize = oldsize - nb;
-        newp = oldp;
-        if (rsize >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE) {
-          mchunkptr remainder = chunk_plus_offset(newp, nb);
-          set_inuse(m, newp, nb);
-          set_inuse_and_pinuse(m, remainder, rsize);
-          extra = chunk2mem(remainder);
-        }
-      }
-      else if (next == m->top && oldsize + m->topsize > nb) {
-        /* Expand into top */
-        size_t newsize = oldsize + m->topsize;
-        size_t newtopsize = newsize - nb;
-        mchunkptr newtop = chunk_plus_offset(oldp, nb);
-        set_inuse(m, oldp, nb);
-        newtop->head = newtopsize |PINUSE_BIT;
-        m->top = newtop;
-        m->topsize = newtopsize;
-        newp = oldp;
-      }
-    }
-    else {
-      USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(m, oldmem);
-      POSTACTION(m);
-      return 0;
-    }
-#if DEBUG
-    if (newp != 0) {
-      check_inuse_chunk(m, newp); /* Check requires lock */
-    }
-#endif
-
-    POSTACTION(m);
-
-    if (newp != 0) {
-      if (extra != 0) {
-        internal_free(m, extra);
-      }
-      return chunk2mem(newp);
-    }
-    else {
-      void* newmem = internal_malloc(m, bytes);
-      if (newmem != 0) {
-        size_t oc = oldsize - overhead_for(oldp);
-        memcpy(newmem, oldmem, (oc < bytes)? oc : bytes);
-        internal_free(m, oldmem);
-      }
-      return newmem;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* --------------------------- memalign support -------------------------- */
-
-static void* internal_memalign(mstate m, size_t alignment, size_t bytes) {
-  if (alignment <= MALLOC_ALIGNMENT)    /* Can just use malloc */
-    return internal_malloc(m, bytes);
-  if (alignment <  MIN_CHUNK_SIZE) /* must be at least a minimum chunk size */
-    alignment = MIN_CHUNK_SIZE;
-  if ((alignment & (alignment-SIZE_T_ONE)) != 0) {/* Ensure a power of 2 */
-    size_t a = MALLOC_ALIGNMENT << 1;
-    while (a < alignment) a <<= 1;
-    alignment = a;
-  }
-
-  if (bytes >= MAX_REQUEST - alignment) {
-    if (m != 0)  { /* Test isn't needed but avoids compiler warning */
-      MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION;
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    size_t nb = request2size(bytes);
-    size_t req = nb + alignment + MIN_CHUNK_SIZE - CHUNK_OVERHEAD;
-    char* mem = (char*)internal_malloc(m, req);
-    if (mem != 0) {
-      void* leader = 0;
-      void* trailer = 0;
-      mchunkptr p = mem2chunk(mem);
-
-      if (PREACTION(m)) return 0;
-      if ((((size_t)(mem)) % alignment) != 0) { /* misaligned */
-        /*
-          Find an aligned spot inside chunk.  Since we need to give
-          back leading space in a chunk of at least MIN_CHUNK_SIZE, if
-          the first calculation places us at a spot with less than
-          MIN_CHUNK_SIZE leader, we can move to the next aligned spot.
-          We've allocated enough total room so that this is always
-          possible.
-        */
-        char* br = (char*)mem2chunk((size_t)(((size_t)(mem +
-                                                       alignment -
-                                                       SIZE_T_ONE)) &
-                                             -alignment));
-        char* pos = ((size_t)(br - (char*)(p)) >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE)?
-          br : br+alignment;
-        mchunkptr newp = (mchunkptr)pos;
-        size_t leadsize = pos - (char*)(p);
-        size_t newsize = chunksize(p) - leadsize;
-
-        if (is_mmapped(p)) { /* For mmapped chunks, just adjust offset */
-          newp->prev_foot = p->prev_foot + leadsize;
-          newp->head = newsize;
-        }
-        else { /* Otherwise, give back leader, use the rest */
-          set_inuse(m, newp, newsize);
-          set_inuse(m, p, leadsize);
-          leader = chunk2mem(p);
-        }
-        p = newp;
-      }
-
-      /* Give back spare room at the end */
-      if (!is_mmapped(p)) {
-        size_t size = chunksize(p);
-        if (size > nb + MIN_CHUNK_SIZE) {
-          size_t remainder_size = size - nb;
-          mchunkptr remainder = chunk_plus_offset(p, nb);
-          set_inuse(m, p, nb);
-          set_inuse(m, remainder, remainder_size);
-          trailer = chunk2mem(remainder);
-        }
-      }
-
-      assert (chunksize(p) >= nb);
-      assert((((size_t)(chunk2mem(p))) % alignment) == 0);
-      check_inuse_chunk(m, p);
-      POSTACTION(m);
-      if (leader != 0) {
-        internal_free(m, leader);
-      }
-      if (trailer != 0) {
-        internal_free(m, trailer);
-      }
-      return chunk2mem(p);
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* ------------------------ comalloc/coalloc support --------------------- */
-
-static void** ialloc(mstate m,
-                     size_t n_elements,
-                     size_t* sizes,
-                     int opts,
-                     void* chunks[]) {
-  /*
-    This provides common support for independent_X routines, handling
-    all of the combinations that can result.
-
-    The opts arg has:
-    bit 0 set if all elements are same size (using sizes[0])
-    bit 1 set if elements should be zeroed
-  */
-
-  size_t    element_size;   /* chunksize of each element, if all same */
-  size_t    contents_size;  /* total size of elements */
-  size_t    array_size;     /* request size of pointer array */
-  void*     mem;            /* malloced aggregate space */
-  mchunkptr p;              /* corresponding chunk */
-  size_t    remainder_size; /* remaining bytes while splitting */
-  void**    marray;         /* either "chunks" or malloced ptr array */
-  mchunkptr array_chunk;    /* chunk for malloced ptr array */
-  flag_t    was_enabled;    /* to disable mmap */
-  size_t    size;
-  size_t    i;
-
-  ensure_initialization();
-  /* compute array length, if needed */
-  if (chunks != 0) {
-    if (n_elements == 0)
-      return chunks; /* nothing to do */
-    marray = chunks;
-    array_size = 0;
-  }
-  else {
-    /* if empty req, must still return chunk representing empty array */
-    if (n_elements == 0)
-      return (void**)internal_malloc(m, 0);
-    marray = 0;
-    array_size = request2size(n_elements * (sizeof(void*)));
-  }
-
-  /* compute total element size */
-  if (opts & 0x1) { /* all-same-size */
-    element_size = request2size(*sizes);
-    contents_size = n_elements * element_size;
-  }
-  else { /* add up all the sizes */
-    element_size = 0;
-    contents_size = 0;
-    for (i = 0; i != n_elements; ++i)
-      contents_size += request2size(sizes[i]);
-  }
-
-  size = contents_size + array_size;
-
-  /*
-     Allocate the aggregate chunk.  First disable direct-mmapping so
-     malloc won't use it, since we would not be able to later
-     free/realloc space internal to a segregated mmap region.
-  */
-  was_enabled = use_mmap(m);
-  disable_mmap(m);
-  mem = internal_malloc(m, size - CHUNK_OVERHEAD);
-  if (was_enabled)
-    enable_mmap(m);
-  if (mem == 0)
-    return 0;
-
-  if (PREACTION(m)) return 0;
-  p = mem2chunk(mem);
-  remainder_size = chunksize(p);
-
-  assert(!is_mmapped(p));
-
-  if (opts & 0x2) {       /* optionally clear the elements */
-    memset((size_t*)mem, 0, remainder_size - SIZE_T_SIZE - array_size);
-  }
-
-  /* If not provided, allocate the pointer array as final part of chunk */
-  if (marray == 0) {
-    size_t  array_chunk_size;
-    array_chunk = chunk_plus_offset(p, contents_size);
-    array_chunk_size = remainder_size - contents_size;
-    marray = (void**) (chunk2mem(array_chunk));
-    set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(m, array_chunk, array_chunk_size);
-    remainder_size = contents_size;
-  }
-
-  /* split out elements */
-  for (i = 0; ; ++i) {
-    marray[i] = chunk2mem(p);
-    if (i != n_elements-1) {
-      if (element_size != 0)
-        size = element_size;
-      else
-        size = request2size(sizes[i]);
-      remainder_size -= size;
-      set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(m, p, size);
-      p = chunk_plus_offset(p, size);
-    }
-    else { /* the final element absorbs any overallocation slop */
-      set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(m, p, remainder_size);
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-#if DEBUG
-  if (marray != chunks) {
-    /* final element must have exactly exhausted chunk */
-    if (element_size != 0) {
-      assert(remainder_size == element_size);
-    }
-    else {
-      assert(remainder_size == request2size(sizes[i]));
-    }
-    check_inuse_chunk(m, mem2chunk(marray));
-  }
-  for (i = 0; i != n_elements; ++i)
-    check_inuse_chunk(m, mem2chunk(marray[i]));
-
-#endif /* DEBUG */
-
-  POSTACTION(m);
-  return marray;
-}
-
-
-/* -------------------------- public routines ---------------------------- */
-
-#if !ONLY_MSPACES
-
-void* dlmalloc(size_t bytes) {
-  /*
-     Basic algorithm:
-     If a small request (< 256 bytes minus per-chunk overhead):
-       1. If one exists, use a remainderless chunk in associated smallbin.
-          (Remainderless means that there are too few excess bytes to
-          represent as a chunk.)
-       2. If it is big enough, use the dv chunk, which is normally the
-          chunk adjacent to the one used for the most recent small request.
-       3. If one exists, split the smallest available chunk in a bin,
-          saving remainder in dv.
-       4. If it is big enough, use the top chunk.
-       5. If available, get memory from system and use it
-     Otherwise, for a large request:
-       1. Find the smallest available binned chunk that fits, and use it
-          if it is better fitting than dv chunk, splitting if necessary.
-       2. If better fitting than any binned chunk, use the dv chunk.
-       3. If it is big enough, use the top chunk.
-       4. If request size >= mmap threshold, try to directly mmap this chunk.
-       5. If available, get memory from system and use it
-
-     The ugly goto's here ensure that postaction occurs along all paths.
-  */
-
-#if USE_LOCKS
-  ensure_initialization(); /* initialize in sys_alloc if not using locks */
-#endif
-
-  if (!PREACTION(gm)) {
-    void* mem;
-    size_t nb;
-    if (bytes <= MAX_SMALL_REQUEST) {
-      bindex_t idx;
-      binmap_t smallbits;
-      nb = (bytes < MIN_REQUEST)? MIN_CHUNK_SIZE : pad_request(bytes);
-      idx = small_index(nb);
-      smallbits = gm->smallmap >> idx;
-
-      if ((smallbits & 0x3U) != 0) { /* Remainderless fit to a smallbin. */
-        mchunkptr b, p;
-        idx += ~smallbits & 1;       /* Uses next bin if idx empty */
-        b = smallbin_at(gm, idx);
-        p = b->fd;
-        assert(chunksize(p) == small_index2size(idx));
-        unlink_first_small_chunk(gm, b, p, idx);
-        set_inuse_and_pinuse(gm, p, small_index2size(idx));
-        mem = chunk2mem(p);
-        check_malloced_chunk(gm, mem, nb);
-        goto postaction;
-      }
-
-      else if (nb > gm->dvsize) {
-        if (smallbits != 0) { /* Use chunk in next nonempty smallbin */
-          mchunkptr b, p, r;
-          size_t rsize;
-          bindex_t i;
-          binmap_t leftbits = (smallbits << idx) & left_bits(idx2bit(idx));
-          binmap_t leastbit = least_bit(leftbits);
-          compute_bit2idx(leastbit, i);
-          b = smallbin_at(gm, i);
-          p = b->fd;
-          assert(chunksize(p) == small_index2size(i));
-          unlink_first_small_chunk(gm, b, p, i);
-          rsize = small_index2size(i) - nb;
-          /* Fit here cannot be remainderless if 4byte sizes */
-          if (SIZE_T_SIZE != 4 && rsize < MIN_CHUNK_SIZE)
-            set_inuse_and_pinuse(gm, p, small_index2size(i));
-          else {
-            set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(gm, p, nb);
-            r = chunk_plus_offset(p, nb);
-            set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(r, rsize);
-            replace_dv(gm, r, rsize);
-          }
-          mem = chunk2mem(p);
-          check_malloced_chunk(gm, mem, nb);
-          goto postaction;
-        }
-
-        else if (gm->treemap != 0 && (mem = tmalloc_small(gm, nb)) != 0) {
-          check_malloced_chunk(gm, mem, nb);
-          goto postaction;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    else if (bytes >= MAX_REQUEST)
-      nb = MAX_SIZE_T; /* Too big to allocate. Force failure (in sys alloc) */
-    else {
-      nb = pad_request(bytes);
-      if (gm->treemap != 0 && (mem = tmalloc_large(gm, nb)) != 0) {
-        check_malloced_chunk(gm, mem, nb);
-        goto postaction;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (nb <= gm->dvsize) {
-      size_t rsize = gm->dvsize - nb;
-      mchunkptr p = gm->dv;
-      if (rsize >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE) { /* split dv */
-        mchunkptr r = gm->dv = chunk_plus_offset(p, nb);
-        gm->dvsize = rsize;
-        set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(r, rsize);
-        set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(gm, p, nb);
-      }
-      else { /* exhaust dv */
-        size_t dvs = gm->dvsize;
-        gm->dvsize = 0;
-        gm->dv = 0;
-        set_inuse_and_pinuse(gm, p, dvs);
-      }
-      mem = chunk2mem(p);
-      check_malloced_chunk(gm, mem, nb);
-      goto postaction;
-    }
-
-    else if (nb < gm->topsize) { /* Split top */
-      size_t rsize = gm->topsize -= nb;
-      mchunkptr p = gm->top;
-      mchunkptr r = gm->top = chunk_plus_offset(p, nb);
-      r->head = rsize | PINUSE_BIT;
-      set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(gm, p, nb);
-      mem = chunk2mem(p);
-      check_top_chunk(gm, gm->top);
-      check_malloced_chunk(gm, mem, nb);
-      goto postaction;
-    }
-
-    mem = sys_alloc(gm, nb);
-
-  postaction:
-    POSTACTION(gm);
-    return mem;
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-void dlfree(void* mem) {
-  /*
-     Consolidate freed chunks with preceeding or succeeding bordering
-     free chunks, if they exist, and then place in a bin.  Intermixed
-     with special cases for top, dv, mmapped chunks, and usage errors.
-  */
-
-  if (mem != 0) {
-    mchunkptr p  = mem2chunk(mem);
-#if FOOTERS
-    mstate fm = get_mstate_for(p);
-    if (!ok_magic(fm)) {
-      USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(fm, p);
-      return;
-    }
-#else /* FOOTERS */
-#define fm gm
-#endif /* FOOTERS */
-    if (!PREACTION(fm)) {
-      check_inuse_chunk(fm, p);
-      if (RTCHECK(ok_address(fm, p) && ok_inuse(p))) {
-        size_t psize = chunksize(p);
-        mchunkptr next = chunk_plus_offset(p, psize);
-        if (!pinuse(p)) {
-          size_t prevsize = p->prev_foot;
-          if (is_mmapped(p)) {
-            psize += prevsize + MMAP_FOOT_PAD;
-            if (CALL_MUNMAP((char*)p - prevsize, psize) == 0)
-              fm->footprint -= psize;
-            goto postaction;
-          }
-          else {
-            mchunkptr prev = chunk_minus_offset(p, prevsize);
-            psize += prevsize;
-            p = prev;
-            if (RTCHECK(ok_address(fm, prev))) { /* consolidate backward */
-              if (p != fm->dv) {
-                unlink_chunk(fm, p, prevsize);
-              }
-              else if ((next->head & INUSE_BITS) == INUSE_BITS) {
-                fm->dvsize = psize;
-                set_free_with_pinuse(p, psize, next);
-                goto postaction;
-              }
-            }
-            else
-              goto erroraction;
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (RTCHECK(ok_next(p, next) && ok_pinuse(next))) {
-          if (!cinuse(next)) {  /* consolidate forward */
-            if (next == fm->top) {
-              size_t tsize = fm->topsize += psize;
-              fm->top = p;
-              p->head = tsize | PINUSE_BIT;
-              if (p == fm->dv) {
-                fm->dv = 0;
-                fm->dvsize = 0;
-              }
-              if (should_trim(fm, tsize))
-                sys_trim(fm, 0);
-              goto postaction;
-            }
-            else if (next == fm->dv) {
-              size_t dsize = fm->dvsize += psize;
-              fm->dv = p;
-              set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(p, dsize);
-              goto postaction;
-            }
-            else {
-              size_t nsize = chunksize(next);
-              psize += nsize;
-              unlink_chunk(fm, next, nsize);
-              set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(p, psize);
-              if (p == fm->dv) {
-                fm->dvsize = psize;
-                goto postaction;
-              }
-            }
-          }
-          else
-            set_free_with_pinuse(p, psize, next);
-
-          if (is_small(psize)) {
-            insert_small_chunk(fm, p, psize);
-            check_free_chunk(fm, p);
-          }
-          else {
-            tchunkptr tp = (tchunkptr)p;
-            insert_large_chunk(fm, tp, psize);
-            check_free_chunk(fm, p);
-            if (--fm->release_checks == 0)
-              release_unused_segments(fm);
-          }
-          goto postaction;
-        }
-      }
-    erroraction:
-      USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(fm, p);
-    postaction:
-      POSTACTION(fm);
-    }
-  }
-#if !FOOTERS
-#undef fm
-#endif /* FOOTERS */
-}
-
-void* dlcalloc(size_t n_elements, size_t elem_size) {
-  void* mem;
-  size_t req = 0;
-  if (n_elements != 0) {
-    req = n_elements * elem_size;
-    if (((n_elements | elem_size) & ~(size_t)0xffff) &&
-        (req / n_elements != elem_size))
-      req = MAX_SIZE_T; /* force downstream failure on overflow */
-  }
-  mem = dlmalloc(req);
-  if (mem != 0 && calloc_must_clear(mem2chunk(mem)))
-    memset(mem, 0, req);
-  return mem;
-}
-
-void* dlrealloc(void* oldmem, size_t bytes) {
-  if (oldmem == 0)
-    return dlmalloc(bytes);
-#ifdef REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES
-  if (bytes == 0) {
-    dlfree(oldmem);
-    return 0;
-  }
-#endif /* REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES */
-  else {
-#if ! FOOTERS
-    mstate m = gm;
-#else /* FOOTERS */
-    mstate m = get_mstate_for(mem2chunk(oldmem));
-    if (!ok_magic(m)) {
-      USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(m, oldmem);
-      return 0;
-    }
-#endif /* FOOTERS */
-    return internal_realloc(m, oldmem, bytes);
-  }
-}
-
-void* dlmemalign(size_t alignment, size_t bytes) {
-  return internal_memalign(gm, alignment, bytes);
-}
-
-void** dlindependent_calloc(size_t n_elements, size_t elem_size,
-                                 void* chunks[]) {
-  size_t sz = elem_size; /* serves as 1-element array */
-  return ialloc(gm, n_elements, &sz, 3, chunks);
-}
-
-void** dlindependent_comalloc(size_t n_elements, size_t sizes[],
-                                   void* chunks[]) {
-  return ialloc(gm, n_elements, sizes, 0, chunks);
-}
-
-void* dlvalloc(size_t bytes) {
-  size_t pagesz;
-  ensure_initialization();
-  pagesz = mparams.page_size;
-  return dlmemalign(pagesz, bytes);
-}
-
-void* dlpvalloc(size_t bytes) {
-  size_t pagesz;
-  ensure_initialization();
-  pagesz = mparams.page_size;
-  return dlmemalign(pagesz, (bytes + pagesz - SIZE_T_ONE) & ~(pagesz - SIZE_T_ONE));
-}
-
-int dlmalloc_trim(size_t pad) {
-  int result = 0;
-  ensure_initialization();
-  if (!PREACTION(gm)) {
-    result = sys_trim(gm, pad);
-    POSTACTION(gm);
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-size_t dlmalloc_footprint(void) {
-  return gm->footprint;
-}
-
-size_t dlmalloc_max_footprint(void) {
-  return gm->max_footprint;
-}
-
-#if !NO_MALLINFO
-struct mallinfo dlmallinfo(void) {
-  return internal_mallinfo(gm);
-}
-#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */
-
-void dlmalloc_stats() {
-  internal_malloc_stats(gm);
-}
-
-int dlmallopt(int param_number, int value) {
-  return change_mparam(param_number, value);
-}
-
-#endif /* !ONLY_MSPACES */
-
-size_t dlmalloc_usable_size(void* mem) {
-  if (mem != 0) {
-    mchunkptr p = mem2chunk(mem);
-    if (is_inuse(p))
-      return chunksize(p) - overhead_for(p);
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* ----------------------------- user mspaces ---------------------------- */
-
-#if MSPACES
-
-static mstate init_user_mstate(char* tbase, size_t tsize) {
-  size_t msize = pad_request(sizeof(struct malloc_state));
-  mchunkptr mn;
-  mchunkptr msp = align_as_chunk(tbase);
-  mstate m = (mstate)(chunk2mem(msp));
-  memset(m, 0, msize);
-  INITIAL_LOCK(&m->mutex);
-  msp->head = (msize|INUSE_BITS);
-  m->seg.base = m->least_addr = tbase;
-  m->seg.size = m->footprint = m->max_footprint = tsize;
-  m->magic = mparams.magic;
-  m->release_checks = MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE;
-  m->mflags = mparams.default_mflags;
-  m->extp = 0;
-  m->exts = 0;
-  disable_contiguous(m);
-  init_bins(m);
-  mn = next_chunk(mem2chunk(m));
-  init_top(m, mn, (size_t)((tbase + tsize) - (char*)mn) - TOP_FOOT_SIZE);
-  check_top_chunk(m, m->top);
-  return m;
-}
-
-mspace create_mspace(size_t capacity, int locked) {
-  mstate m = 0;
-  size_t msize;
-  ensure_initialization();
-  msize = pad_request(sizeof(struct malloc_state));
-  if (capacity < (size_t) -(msize + TOP_FOOT_SIZE + mparams.page_size)) {
-    size_t rs = ((capacity == 0)? mparams.granularity :
-                 (capacity + TOP_FOOT_SIZE + msize));
-    size_t tsize = granularity_align(rs);
-    char* tbase = (char*)(CALL_MMAP(tsize));
-    if (tbase != CMFAIL) {
-      m = init_user_mstate(tbase, tsize);
-      m->seg.sflags = USE_MMAP_BIT;
-      set_lock(m, locked);
-    }
-  }
-  return (mspace)m;
-}
-
-mspace create_mspace_with_base(void* base, size_t capacity, int locked) {
-  mstate m = 0;
-  size_t msize;
-  ensure_initialization();
-  msize = pad_request(sizeof(struct malloc_state));
-  if (capacity > msize + TOP_FOOT_SIZE &&
-      capacity < (size_t) -(msize + TOP_FOOT_SIZE + mparams.page_size)) {
-    m = init_user_mstate((char*)base, capacity);
-    m->seg.sflags = EXTERN_BIT;
-    set_lock(m, locked);
-  }
-  return (mspace)m;
-}
-
-int mspace_track_large_chunks(mspace msp, int enable) {
-  int ret = 0;
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (!PREACTION(ms)) {
-    if (!use_mmap(ms))
-      ret = 1;
-    if (!enable)
-      enable_mmap(ms);
-    else
-      disable_mmap(ms);
-    POSTACTION(ms);
-  }
-  return ret;
-}
-
-size_t destroy_mspace(mspace msp) {
-  size_t freed = 0;
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (ok_magic(ms)) {
-    msegmentptr sp = &ms->seg;
-    while (sp != 0) {
-      char* base = sp->base;
-      size_t size = sp->size;
-      flag_t flag = sp->sflags;
-      sp = sp->next;
-      if ((flag & USE_MMAP_BIT) && !(flag & EXTERN_BIT) &&
-          CALL_MUNMAP(base, size) == 0)
-        freed += size;
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-  }
-  return freed;
-}
-
-/*
-  mspace versions of routines are near-clones of the global
-  versions. This is not so nice but better than the alternatives.
-*/
-
-
-void* mspace_malloc(mspace msp, size_t bytes) {
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (!ok_magic(ms)) {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-    return 0;
-  }
-  if (!PREACTION(ms)) {
-    void* mem;
-    size_t nb;
-    if (bytes <= MAX_SMALL_REQUEST) {
-      bindex_t idx;
-      binmap_t smallbits;
-      nb = (bytes < MIN_REQUEST)? MIN_CHUNK_SIZE : pad_request(bytes);
-      idx = small_index(nb);
-      smallbits = ms->smallmap >> idx;
-
-      if ((smallbits & 0x3U) != 0) { /* Remainderless fit to a smallbin. */
-        mchunkptr b, p;
-        idx += ~smallbits & 1;       /* Uses next bin if idx empty */
-        b = smallbin_at(ms, idx);
-        p = b->fd;
-        assert(chunksize(p) == small_index2size(idx));
-        unlink_first_small_chunk(ms, b, p, idx);
-        set_inuse_and_pinuse(ms, p, small_index2size(idx));
-        mem = chunk2mem(p);
-        check_malloced_chunk(ms, mem, nb);
-        goto postaction;
-      }
-
-      else if (nb > ms->dvsize) {
-        if (smallbits != 0) { /* Use chunk in next nonempty smallbin */
-          mchunkptr b, p, r;
-          size_t rsize;
-          bindex_t i;
-          binmap_t leftbits = (smallbits << idx) & left_bits(idx2bit(idx));
-          binmap_t leastbit = least_bit(leftbits);
-          compute_bit2idx(leastbit, i);
-          b = smallbin_at(ms, i);
-          p = b->fd;
-          assert(chunksize(p) == small_index2size(i));
-          unlink_first_small_chunk(ms, b, p, i);
-          rsize = small_index2size(i) - nb;
-          /* Fit here cannot be remainderless if 4byte sizes */
-          if (SIZE_T_SIZE != 4 && rsize < MIN_CHUNK_SIZE)
-            set_inuse_and_pinuse(ms, p, small_index2size(i));
-          else {
-            set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(ms, p, nb);
-            r = chunk_plus_offset(p, nb);
-            set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(r, rsize);
-            replace_dv(ms, r, rsize);
-          }
-          mem = chunk2mem(p);
-          check_malloced_chunk(ms, mem, nb);
-          goto postaction;
-        }
-
-        else if (ms->treemap != 0 && (mem = tmalloc_small(ms, nb)) != 0) {
-          check_malloced_chunk(ms, mem, nb);
-          goto postaction;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    else if (bytes >= MAX_REQUEST)
-      nb = MAX_SIZE_T; /* Too big to allocate. Force failure (in sys alloc) */
-    else {
-      nb = pad_request(bytes);
-      if (ms->treemap != 0 && (mem = tmalloc_large(ms, nb)) != 0) {
-        check_malloced_chunk(ms, mem, nb);
-        goto postaction;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (nb <= ms->dvsize) {
-      size_t rsize = ms->dvsize - nb;
-      mchunkptr p = ms->dv;
-      if (rsize >= MIN_CHUNK_SIZE) { /* split dv */
-        mchunkptr r = ms->dv = chunk_plus_offset(p, nb);
-        ms->dvsize = rsize;
-        set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(r, rsize);
-        set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(ms, p, nb);
-      }
-      else { /* exhaust dv */
-        size_t dvs = ms->dvsize;
-        ms->dvsize = 0;
-        ms->dv = 0;
-        set_inuse_and_pinuse(ms, p, dvs);
-      }
-      mem = chunk2mem(p);
-      check_malloced_chunk(ms, mem, nb);
-      goto postaction;
-    }
-
-    else if (nb < ms->topsize) { /* Split top */
-      size_t rsize = ms->topsize -= nb;
-      mchunkptr p = ms->top;
-      mchunkptr r = ms->top = chunk_plus_offset(p, nb);
-      r->head = rsize | PINUSE_BIT;
-      set_size_and_pinuse_of_inuse_chunk(ms, p, nb);
-      mem = chunk2mem(p);
-      check_top_chunk(ms, ms->top);
-      check_malloced_chunk(ms, mem, nb);
-      goto postaction;
-    }
-
-    mem = sys_alloc(ms, nb);
-
-  postaction:
-    POSTACTION(ms);
-    return mem;
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-void mspace_free(mspace msp, void* mem) {
-  if (mem != 0) {
-    mchunkptr p  = mem2chunk(mem);
-#if FOOTERS
-    mstate fm = get_mstate_for(p);
-    msp = msp; /* placate people compiling -Wunused */
-#else /* FOOTERS */
-    mstate fm = (mstate)msp;
-#endif /* FOOTERS */
-    if (!ok_magic(fm)) {
-      USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(fm, p);
-      return;
-    }
-    if (!PREACTION(fm)) {
-      check_inuse_chunk(fm, p);
-      if (RTCHECK(ok_address(fm, p) && ok_inuse(p))) {
-        size_t psize = chunksize(p);
-        mchunkptr next = chunk_plus_offset(p, psize);
-        if (!pinuse(p)) {
-          size_t prevsize = p->prev_foot;
-          if (is_mmapped(p)) {
-            psize += prevsize + MMAP_FOOT_PAD;
-            if (CALL_MUNMAP((char*)p - prevsize, psize) == 0)
-              fm->footprint -= psize;
-            goto postaction;
-          }
-          else {
-            mchunkptr prev = chunk_minus_offset(p, prevsize);
-            psize += prevsize;
-            p = prev;
-            if (RTCHECK(ok_address(fm, prev))) { /* consolidate backward */
-              if (p != fm->dv) {
-                unlink_chunk(fm, p, prevsize);
-              }
-              else if ((next->head & INUSE_BITS) == INUSE_BITS) {
-                fm->dvsize = psize;
-                set_free_with_pinuse(p, psize, next);
-                goto postaction;
-              }
-            }
-            else
-              goto erroraction;
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (RTCHECK(ok_next(p, next) && ok_pinuse(next))) {
-          if (!cinuse(next)) {  /* consolidate forward */
-            if (next == fm->top) {
-              size_t tsize = fm->topsize += psize;
-              fm->top = p;
-              p->head = tsize | PINUSE_BIT;
-              if (p == fm->dv) {
-                fm->dv = 0;
-                fm->dvsize = 0;
-              }
-              if (should_trim(fm, tsize))
-                sys_trim(fm, 0);
-              goto postaction;
-            }
-            else if (next == fm->dv) {
-              size_t dsize = fm->dvsize += psize;
-              fm->dv = p;
-              set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(p, dsize);
-              goto postaction;
-            }
-            else {
-              size_t nsize = chunksize(next);
-              psize += nsize;
-              unlink_chunk(fm, next, nsize);
-              set_size_and_pinuse_of_free_chunk(p, psize);
-              if (p == fm->dv) {
-                fm->dvsize = psize;
-                goto postaction;
-              }
-            }
-          }
-          else
-            set_free_with_pinuse(p, psize, next);
-
-          if (is_small(psize)) {
-            insert_small_chunk(fm, p, psize);
-            check_free_chunk(fm, p);
-          }
-          else {
-            tchunkptr tp = (tchunkptr)p;
-            insert_large_chunk(fm, tp, psize);
-            check_free_chunk(fm, p);
-            if (--fm->release_checks == 0)
-              release_unused_segments(fm);
-          }
-          goto postaction;
-        }
-      }
-    erroraction:
-      USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(fm, p);
-    postaction:
-      POSTACTION(fm);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void* mspace_calloc(mspace msp, size_t n_elements, size_t elem_size) {
-  void* mem;
-  size_t req = 0;
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (!ok_magic(ms)) {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-    return 0;
-  }
-  if (n_elements != 0) {
-    req = n_elements * elem_size;
-    if (((n_elements | elem_size) & ~(size_t)0xffff) &&
-        (req / n_elements != elem_size))
-      req = MAX_SIZE_T; /* force downstream failure on overflow */
-  }
-  mem = internal_malloc(ms, req);
-  if (mem != 0 && calloc_must_clear(mem2chunk(mem)))
-    memset(mem, 0, req);
-  return mem;
-}
-
-void* mspace_realloc(mspace msp, void* oldmem, size_t bytes) {
-  if (oldmem == 0)
-    return mspace_malloc(msp, bytes);
-#ifdef REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES
-  if (bytes == 0) {
-    mspace_free(msp, oldmem);
-    return 0;
-  }
-#endif /* REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES */
-  else {
-#if FOOTERS
-    mchunkptr p  = mem2chunk(oldmem);
-    mstate ms = get_mstate_for(p);
-#else /* FOOTERS */
-    mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-#endif /* FOOTERS */
-    if (!ok_magic(ms)) {
-      USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-      return 0;
-    }
-    return internal_realloc(ms, oldmem, bytes);
-  }
-}
-
-void* mspace_memalign(mspace msp, size_t alignment, size_t bytes) {
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (!ok_magic(ms)) {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-    return 0;
-  }
-  return internal_memalign(ms, alignment, bytes);
-}
-
-void** mspace_independent_calloc(mspace msp, size_t n_elements,
-                                 size_t elem_size, void* chunks[]) {
-  size_t sz = elem_size; /* serves as 1-element array */
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (!ok_magic(ms)) {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-    return 0;
-  }
-  return ialloc(ms, n_elements, &sz, 3, chunks);
-}
-
-void** mspace_independent_comalloc(mspace msp, size_t n_elements,
-                                   size_t sizes[], void* chunks[]) {
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (!ok_magic(ms)) {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-    return 0;
-  }
-  return ialloc(ms, n_elements, sizes, 0, chunks);
-}
-
-int mspace_trim(mspace msp, size_t pad) {
-  int result = 0;
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (ok_magic(ms)) {
-    if (!PREACTION(ms)) {
-      result = sys_trim(ms, pad);
-      POSTACTION(ms);
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-void mspace_malloc_stats(mspace msp) {
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (ok_magic(ms)) {
-    internal_malloc_stats(ms);
-  }
-  else {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-  }
-}
-
-size_t mspace_footprint(mspace msp) {
-  size_t result = 0;
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (ok_magic(ms)) {
-    result = ms->footprint;
-  }
-  else {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-
-size_t mspace_max_footprint(mspace msp) {
-  size_t result = 0;
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (ok_magic(ms)) {
-    result = ms->max_footprint;
-  }
-  else {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-
-#if !NO_MALLINFO
-struct mallinfo mspace_mallinfo(mspace msp) {
-  mstate ms = (mstate)msp;
-  if (!ok_magic(ms)) {
-    USAGE_ERROR_ACTION(ms,ms);
-  }
-  return internal_mallinfo(ms);
-}
-#endif /* NO_MALLINFO */
-
-size_t mspace_usable_size(void* mem) {
-  if (mem != 0) {
-    mchunkptr p = mem2chunk(mem);
-    if (is_inuse(p))
-      return chunksize(p) - overhead_for(p);
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-int mspace_mallopt(int param_number, int value) {
-  return change_mparam(param_number, value);
-}
-
-#endif /* MSPACES */
-
-
-/* -------------------- Alternative MORECORE functions ------------------- */
-
-/*
-  Guidelines for creating a custom version of MORECORE:
-
-  * For best performance, MORECORE should allocate in multiples of pagesize.
-  * MORECORE may allocate more memory than requested. (Or even less,
-      but this will usually result in a malloc failure.)
-  * MORECORE must not allocate memory when given argument zero, but
-      instead return one past the end address of memory from previous
-      nonzero call.
-  * For best performance, consecutive calls to MORECORE with positive
-      arguments should return increasing addresses, indicating that
-      space has been contiguously extended.
-  * Even though consecutive calls to MORECORE need not return contiguous
-      addresses, it must be OK for malloc'ed chunks to span multiple
-      regions in those cases where they do happen to be contiguous.
-  * MORECORE need not handle negative arguments -- it may instead
-      just return MFAIL when given negative arguments.
-      Negative arguments are always multiples of pagesize. MORECORE
-      must not misinterpret negative args as large positive unsigned
-      args. You can suppress all such calls from even occurring by defining
-      MORECORE_CANNOT_TRIM,
-
-  As an example alternative MORECORE, here is a custom allocator
-  kindly contributed for pre-OSX macOS.  It uses virtually but not
-  necessarily physically contiguous non-paged memory (locked in,
-  present and won't get swapped out).  You can use it by uncommenting
-  this section, adding some #includes, and setting up the appropriate
-  defines above:
-
-      #define MORECORE osMoreCore
-
-  There is also a shutdown routine that should somehow be called for
-  cleanup upon program exit.
-
-  #define MAX_POOL_ENTRIES 100
-  #define MINIMUM_MORECORE_SIZE  (64 * 1024U)
-  static int next_os_pool;
-  void *our_os_pools[MAX_POOL_ENTRIES];
-
-  void *osMoreCore(int size)
-  {
-    void *ptr = 0;
-    static void *sbrk_top = 0;
-
-    if (size > 0)
-    {
-      if (size < MINIMUM_MORECORE_SIZE)
-         size = MINIMUM_MORECORE_SIZE;
-      if (CurrentExecutionLevel() == kTaskLevel)
-         ptr = PoolAllocateResident(size + RM_PAGE_SIZE, 0);
-      if (ptr == 0)
-      {
-        return (void *) MFAIL;
-      }
-      // save ptrs so they can be freed during cleanup
-      our_os_pools[next_os_pool] = ptr;
-      next_os_pool++;
-      ptr = (void *) ((((size_t) ptr) + RM_PAGE_MASK) & ~RM_PAGE_MASK);
-      sbrk_top = (char *) ptr + size;
-      return ptr;
-    }
-    else if (size < 0)
-    {
-      // we don't currently support shrink behavior
-      return (void *) MFAIL;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      return sbrk_top;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // cleanup any allocated memory pools
-  // called as last thing before shutting down driver
-
-  void osCleanupMem(void)
-  {
-    void **ptr;
-
-    for (ptr = our_os_pools; ptr < &our_os_pools[MAX_POOL_ENTRIES]; ptr++)
-      if (*ptr)
-      {
-         PoolDeallocate(*ptr);
-         *ptr = 0;
-      }
-  }
-
-*/
-
-
-/* -----------------------------------------------------------------------
-History:
-    V2.8.4 Wed May 27 09:56:23 2009  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Use zeros instead of prev foot for is_mmapped
-      * Add mspace_track_large_chunks; thanks to Jean Brouwers
-      * Fix set_inuse in internal_realloc; thanks to Jean Brouwers
-      * Fix insufficient sys_alloc padding when using 16byte alignment
-      * Fix bad error check in mspace_footprint
-      * Adaptations for ptmalloc; thanks to Wolfram Gloger.
-      * Reentrant spin locks; thanks to Earl Chew and others
-      * Win32 improvements; thanks to Niall Douglas and Earl Chew
-      * Add NO_SEGMENT_TRAVERSAL and MAX_RELEASE_CHECK_RATE options
-      * Extension hook in malloc_state
-      * Various small adjustments to reduce warnings on some compilers
-      * Various configuration extensions/changes for more platforms. Thanks
-         to all who contributed these.
-
-    V2.8.3 Thu Sep 22 11:16:32 2005  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Add max_footprint functions
-      * Ensure all appropriate literals are size_t
-      * Fix conditional compilation problem for some #define settings
-      * Avoid concatenating segments with the one provided
-        in create_mspace_with_base
-      * Rename some variables to avoid compiler shadowing warnings
-      * Use explicit lock initialization.
-      * Better handling of sbrk interference.
-      * Simplify and fix segment insertion, trimming and mspace_destroy
-      * Reinstate REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES option from 2.7.x
-      * Thanks especially to Dennis Flanagan for help on these.
-
-    V2.8.2 Sun Jun 12 16:01:10 2005  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Fix memalign brace error.
-
-    V2.8.1 Wed Jun  8 16:11:46 2005  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Fix improper #endif nesting in C++
-      * Add explicit casts needed for C++
-
-    V2.8.0 Mon May 30 14:09:02 2005  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Use trees for large bins
-      * Support mspaces
-      * Use segments to unify sbrk-based and mmap-based system allocation,
-        removing need for emulation on most platforms without sbrk.
-      * Default safety checks
-      * Optional footer checks. Thanks to William Robertson for the idea.
-      * Internal code refactoring
-      * Incorporate suggestions and platform-specific changes.
-        Thanks to Dennis Flanagan, Colin Plumb, Niall Douglas,
-        Aaron Bachmann,  Emery Berger, and others.
-      * Speed up non-fastbin processing enough to remove fastbins.
-      * Remove useless cfree() to avoid conflicts with other apps.
-      * Remove internal memcpy, memset. Compilers handle builtins better.
-      * Remove some options that no one ever used and rename others.
-
-    V2.7.2 Sat Aug 17 09:07:30 2002  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Fix malloc_state bitmap array misdeclaration
-
-    V2.7.1 Thu Jul 25 10:58:03 2002  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Allow tuning of FIRST_SORTED_BIN_SIZE
-      * Use PTR_UINT as type for all ptr->int casts. Thanks to John Belmonte.
-      * Better detection and support for non-contiguousness of MORECORE.
-        Thanks to Andreas Mueller, Conal Walsh, and Wolfram Gloger
-      * Bypass most of malloc if no frees. Thanks To Emery Berger.
-      * Fix freeing of old top non-contiguous chunk im sysmalloc.
-      * Raised default trim and map thresholds to 256K.
-      * Fix mmap-related #defines. Thanks to Lubos Lunak.
-      * Fix copy macros; added LACKS_FCNTL_H. Thanks to Neal Walfield.
-      * Branch-free bin calculation
-      * Default trim and mmap thresholds now 256K.
-
-    V2.7.0 Sun Mar 11 14:14:06 2001  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Introduce independent_comalloc and independent_calloc.
-        Thanks to Michael Pachos for motivation and help.
-      * Make optional .h file available
-      * Allow > 2GB requests on 32bit systems.
-      * new WIN32 sbrk, mmap, munmap, lock code from <Walter@GeNeSys-e.de>.
-        Thanks also to Andreas Mueller <a.mueller at paradatec.de>,
-        and Anonymous.
-      * Allow override of MALLOC_ALIGNMENT (Thanks to Ruud Waij for
-        helping test this.)
-      * memalign: check alignment arg
-      * realloc: don't try to shift chunks backwards, since this
-        leads to  more fragmentation in some programs and doesn't
-        seem to help in any others.
-      * Collect all cases in malloc requiring system memory into sysmalloc
-      * Use mmap as backup to sbrk
-      * Place all internal state in malloc_state
-      * Introduce fastbins (although similar to 2.5.1)
-      * Many minor tunings and cosmetic improvements
-      * Introduce USE_PUBLIC_MALLOC_WRAPPERS, USE_MALLOC_LOCK
-      * Introduce MALLOC_FAILURE_ACTION, MORECORE_CONTIGUOUS
-        Thanks to Tony E. Bennett <tbennett@nvidia.com> and others.
-      * Include errno.h to support default failure action.
-
-    V2.6.6 Sun Dec  5 07:42:19 1999  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * return null for negative arguments
-      * Added Several WIN32 cleanups from Martin C. Fong <mcfong at yahoo.com>
-         * Add 'LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H' for those systems without 'sys/param.h'
-          (e.g. WIN32 platforms)
-         * Cleanup header file inclusion for WIN32 platforms
-         * Cleanup code to avoid Microsoft Visual C++ compiler complaints
-         * Add 'USE_DL_PREFIX' to quickly allow co-existence with existing
-           memory allocation routines
-         * Set 'malloc_getpagesize' for WIN32 platforms (needs more work)
-         * Use 'assert' rather than 'ASSERT' in WIN32 code to conform to
-           usage of 'assert' in non-WIN32 code
-         * Improve WIN32 'sbrk()' emulation's 'findRegion()' routine to
-           avoid infinite loop
-      * Always call 'fREe()' rather than 'free()'
-
-    V2.6.5 Wed Jun 17 15:57:31 1998  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Fixed ordering problem with boundary-stamping
-
-    V2.6.3 Sun May 19 08:17:58 1996  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Added pvalloc, as recommended by H.J. Liu
-      * Added 64bit pointer support mainly from Wolfram Gloger
-      * Added anonymously donated WIN32 sbrk emulation
-      * Malloc, calloc, getpagesize: add optimizations from Raymond Nijssen
-      * malloc_extend_top: fix mask error that caused wastage after
-        foreign sbrks
-      * Add linux mremap support code from HJ Liu
-
-    V2.6.2 Tue Dec  5 06:52:55 1995  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Integrated most documentation with the code.
-      * Add support for mmap, with help from
-        Wolfram Gloger (Gloger@lrz.uni-muenchen.de).
-      * Use last_remainder in more cases.
-      * Pack bins using idea from  colin@nyx10.cs.du.edu
-      * Use ordered bins instead of best-fit threshhold
-      * Eliminate block-local decls to simplify tracing and debugging.
-      * Support another case of realloc via move into top
-      * Fix error occuring when initial sbrk_base not word-aligned.
-      * Rely on page size for units instead of SBRK_UNIT to
-        avoid surprises about sbrk alignment conventions.
-      * Add mallinfo, mallopt. Thanks to Raymond Nijssen
-        (raymond@es.ele.tue.nl) for the suggestion.
-      * Add `pad' argument to malloc_trim and top_pad mallopt parameter.
-      * More precautions for cases where other routines call sbrk,
-        courtesy of Wolfram Gloger (Gloger@lrz.uni-muenchen.de).
-      * Added macros etc., allowing use in linux libc from
-        H.J. Lu (hjl@gnu.ai.mit.edu)
-      * Inverted this history list
-
-    V2.6.1 Sat Dec  2 14:10:57 1995  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Re-tuned and fixed to behave more nicely with V2.6.0 changes.
-      * Removed all preallocation code since under current scheme
-        the work required to undo bad preallocations exceeds
-        the work saved in good cases for most test programs.
-      * No longer use return list or unconsolidated bins since
-        no scheme using them consistently outperforms those that don't
-        given above changes.
-      * Use best fit for very large chunks to prevent some worst-cases.
-      * Added some support for debugging
-
-    V2.6.0 Sat Nov  4 07:05:23 1995  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Removed footers when chunks are in use. Thanks to
-        Paul Wilson (wilson@cs.texas.edu) for the suggestion.
-
-    V2.5.4 Wed Nov  1 07:54:51 1995  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
-      * Added malloc_trim, with help from Wolfram Gloger
-        (wmglo@Dent.MED.Uni-Muenchen.DE).
-
-    V2.5.3 Tue Apr 26 10:16:01 1994  Doug Lea  (dl at g)
-
-    V2.5.2 Tue Apr  5 16:20:40 1994  Doug Lea  (dl at g)
-      * realloc: try to expand in both directions
-      * malloc: swap order of clean-bin strategy;
-      * realloc: only conditionally expand backwards
-      * Try not to scavenge used bins
-      * Use bin counts as a guide to preallocation
-      * Occasionally bin return list chunks in first scan
-      * Add a few optimizations from colin@nyx10.cs.du.edu
-
-    V2.5.1 Sat Aug 14 15:40:43 1993  Doug Lea  (dl at g)
-      * faster bin computation & slightly different binning
-      * merged all consolidations to one part of malloc proper
-         (eliminating old malloc_find_space & malloc_clean_bin)
-      * Scan 2 returns chunks (not just 1)
-      * Propagate failure in realloc if malloc returns 0
-      * Add stuff to allow compilation on non-ANSI compilers
-          from kpv@research.att.com
-
-    V2.5 Sat Aug  7 07:41:59 1993  Doug Lea  (dl at g.oswego.edu)
-      * removed potential for odd address access in prev_chunk
-      * removed dependency on getpagesize.h
-      * misc cosmetics and a bit more internal documentation
-      * anticosmetics: mangled names in macros to evade debugger strangeness
-      * tested on sparc, hp-700, dec-mips, rs6000
-          with gcc & native cc (hp, dec only) allowing
-          Detlefs & Zorn comparison study (in SIGPLAN Notices.)
-
-    Trial version Fri Aug 28 13:14:29 1992  Doug Lea  (dl at g.oswego.edu)
-      * Based loosely on libg++-1.2X malloc. (It retains some of the overall
-         structure of old version,  but most details differ.)
-
-*/
-
-// Emscripten tests
-
-int main(int ac, char **av)
-{
-  int NUM = ac > 1 ? atoi(av[1]) : 0;
-  int REPS = ac > 2 ? atoi(av[2]) : 0;
-  int c1 = 0, c2 = 0;
-  for (int x = 0; x < REPS; x++) {
-    char* allocations[NUM];
-    for (int i = 0; i < NUM/2; i++) {
-      allocations[i] = (char*)malloc((11*i)%1024 + x);
-      assert(allocations[i]);
-      if (i > 10 && i%4 == 1 && allocations[i-10]) {
-        free(allocations[i-10]);
-        allocations[i-10] = NULL;
-      }
-    }
-    for (int i = NUM/2; i < NUM; i++) {
-      allocations[i] = (char*)malloc(1024*(i+1));
-      assert(allocations[i]);
-      if (i > 10 && i%4 != 1 && allocations[i-10]) {
-        free(allocations[i-10]);
-        allocations[i-10] = NULL;
-      }
-    }
-    char* first = allocations[0];
-    for (int i = 0; i < NUM; i++) {
-      if (allocations[i]) {
-        free(allocations[i]);
-      }
-    }
-    char *last = (char*)malloc(512); // should be identical, as we free'd it all
-    char *newer = (char*)malloc(512); // should be different
-    c1 += first == last;
-    c2 += first == newer;
-  }
-  printf("*%d,%d*\n", c1, c2);
-}
-
diff --git a/tests/dlmalloc_test.c b/tests/dlmalloc_test.c
index 6fbc45ab..817778bd 100644
--- a/tests/dlmalloc_test.c
+++ b/tests/dlmalloc_test.c
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 
-int main(int ac, char **av) {
+int main(int ac, char **av)
+{
   int NUM = ac > 1 ? atoi(av[1]) : 0;
   int REPS = ac > 2 ? atoi(av[2]) : 0;
   int c1 = 0, c2 = 0;
@@ -12,16 +13,20 @@ int main(int ac, char **av) {
     char* allocations[NUM];
     for (int i = 0; i < NUM/2; i++) {
       allocations[i] = (char*)malloc((11*i)%1024 + x);
+      //printf("zz alloc: %d\n", (int)allocations[i]);
       assert(allocations[i]);
       if (i > 10 && i%4 == 1 && allocations[i-10]) {
+        //printf("zz free: %d\n", (int)allocations[i-10]);
         free(allocations[i-10]);
         allocations[i-10] = NULL;
       }
     }
     for (int i = NUM/2; i < NUM; i++) {
       allocations[i] = (char*)malloc(1024*(i+1));
+      //printf("zz alloc: %d\n", (int)allocations[i]);
       assert(allocations[i]);
       if (i > 10 && i%4 != 1 && allocations[i-10]) {
+        //printf("zz free: %d\n", (int)allocations[i-10]);
         free(allocations[i-10]);
         allocations[i-10] = NULL;
       }
@@ -29,13 +34,42 @@ int main(int ac, char **av) {
     char* first = allocations[0];
     for (int i = 0; i < NUM; i++) {
       if (allocations[i]) {
+        //printf("zz free: %d\n", (int)allocations[i]);
         free(allocations[i]);
       }
     }
     char *last = (char*)malloc(512); // should be identical, as we free'd it all
+    //printf("zz last: %d\n", (int)last);
     char *newer = (char*)malloc(512); // should be different
+    //printf("zz newer: %d\n", (int)newer);
     c1 += first == last;
     c2 += first == newer;
   }
   printf("*%d,%d*\n", c1, c2);
 }
+
+/* Some debugging tools: Make JS and native code work exactly the same */
+/*
+time_t time ( time_t * timer )
+{
+  if (timer) *timer = 1;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+long sysconf(int name)
+{
+  printf("sysconf: %d (30 is page size)\n", name);
+  return 4096;
+}
+
+void *sbrk(intptr_t increment)
+{
+  static char spaace[1024*1024*1];
+  static intptr_t where = 0;
+  printf("sbrk! spaace=%d  (%d,%d)\n", (int)&spaace[0], where, increment); // copy the value printed at runtime here in native code into your js
+  void *ret = &spaace[where];
+  where += increment;
+  return ret;
+}
+*/
+
diff --git a/tests/env/src.c b/tests/env/src.c
index 46419495..7544966f 100644
--- a/tests/env/src.c
+++ b/tests/env/src.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 int main() {
   printf("List:\n");
-  for (char** str = __environ; *str; str++) {
+  for (char** str = environ; *str; str++) {
     printf("%s\n", *str);
   }
   printf("\n");
diff --git a/tests/fcntl/output.txt b/tests/fcntl/output.txt
index 1077e89b..1ed740e7 100644
--- a/tests/fcntl/output.txt
+++ b/tests/fcntl/output.txt
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ errno: 0
 F_SETFD: 0
 errno: 0
 
-F_GETFL: 2
+F_GETFL: 1
 errno: 0
 
 F_SETFL: 0
 errno: 0
 
-F_GETFL/2: 0x402
+F_GETFL/2: 1
 errno: 0
 
 F_GETLK: 0
diff --git a/tests/fcntl/src.c b/tests/fcntl/src.c
index 1e9a1536..5b40ec79 100644
--- a/tests/fcntl/src.c
+++ b/tests/fcntl/src.c
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ int main() {
   printf("\n");
   errno = 0;
 
-  printf("F_GETFL: %d\n", fcntl(f, F_GETFL));
+  printf("F_GETFL: %d\n", fcntl(f, F_GETFL) == O_RDWR);
   printf("errno: %d\n", errno);
   printf("\n");
   errno = 0;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ int main() {
   printf("\n");
   errno = 0;
 
-  printf("F_GETFL/2: %#x\n", fcntl(f, F_GETFL));
+  printf("F_GETFL/2: %d\n", fcntl(f, F_GETFL) == (O_RDWR | O_APPEND));
   printf("errno: %d\n", errno);
   printf("\n");
   errno = 0;
diff --git a/tests/files.cpp b/tests/files.cpp
index 6283c4f1..d692ce67 100644
--- a/tests/files.cpp
+++ b/tests/files.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ int main()
   printf("input:%s\n", gets((char*)malloc(1024)));
   fwrite("texto\n", 1, 6, stdout);
   fwrite("texte\n", 1, 6, stderr);
+  putchar('$');
+  putc('\n', stdout);
 
   // Writing
 
diff --git a/tests/poppler/Makefile.in b/tests/poppler/Makefile.in
index 3dda576a..47a34509 100644
--- a/tests/poppler/Makefile.in
+++ b/tests/poppler/Makefile.in
@@ -435,17 +435,17 @@ $(srcdir)/Makefile.in:  $(srcdir)/Makefile.am  $(am__configure_deps)
 	  $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign Makefile
 .PRECIOUS: Makefile
 Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
-	@case '$?' in \
-	  *config.status*) \
-	    echo ' $(SHELL) ./config.status'; \
-	    $(SHELL) ./config.status;; \
-	  *) \
-	    echo ' cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $@ $(am__depfiles_maybe)'; \
-	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $@ $(am__depfiles_maybe);; \
-	esac;
+	# XXX Emscripten @case '$?' in \
+	#  *config.status*) \
+	#    echo ' $(SHELL) ./config.status'; \
+	#    $(SHELL) ./config.status;; \
+	#  *) \
+	#    echo ' cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $@ $(am__depfiles_maybe)'; \
+	#    cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $@ $(am__depfiles_maybe);; \
+	#esac;
 
 $(top_builddir)/config.status: $(top_srcdir)/configure $(CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES)
-	$(SHELL) ./config.status --recheck
+	# XXX Emscripten $(SHELL) ./config.status --recheck
 
 $(top_srcdir)/configure:  $(am__configure_deps)
 	$(am__cd) $(srcdir) && $(AUTOCONF)
diff --git a/tests/poppler/include/fontconfig/fontconfig.h b/tests/poppler/include/fontconfig/fontconfig.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4efa4507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/poppler/include/fontconfig/fontconfig.h
@@ -0,0 +1,963 @@
+/*
+ * fontconfig/fontconfig/fontconfig.h
+ *
+ * Copyright © 2001 Keith Packard
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its
+ * documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that
+ * the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
+ * documentation, and that the name of Keith Packard not be used in
+ * advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
+ * specific, written prior permission.  Keith Packard makes no
+ * representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose.  It
+ * is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
+ *
+ * THE AUTHOR(S) DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
+ * INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO
+ * EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
+ * TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+ * PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _FONTCONFIG_H_
+#define _FONTCONFIG_H_
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ >= 4)
+#define FC_ATTRIBUTE_SENTINEL(x) __attribute__((__sentinel__(0)))
+#else
+#define FC_ATTRIBUTE_SENTINEL(x)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FcPublic
+#define FcPublic
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned char	FcChar8;
+typedef unsigned short	FcChar16;
+typedef unsigned int	FcChar32;
+typedef int		FcBool;
+
+/*
+ * Current Fontconfig version number.  This same number
+ * must appear in the fontconfig configure.in file. Yes,
+ * it'a a pain to synchronize version numbers like this.
+ */
+
+#define FC_MAJOR	2
+#define FC_MINOR	8
+#define FC_REVISION	0
+
+#define FC_VERSION	((FC_MAJOR * 10000) + (FC_MINOR * 100) + (FC_REVISION))
+
+/*
+ * Current font cache file format version
+ * This is appended to the cache files so that multiple
+ * versions of the library will peacefully coexist
+ *
+ * Change this value whenever the disk format for the cache file
+ * changes in any non-compatible way.  Try to avoid such changes as
+ * it means multiple copies of the font information.
+ */
+
+#define FC_CACHE_VERSION    "3"
+
+#define FcTrue		1
+#define FcFalse		0
+
+#define FC_FAMILY	    "family"		/* String */
+#define FC_STYLE	    "style"		/* String */
+#define FC_SLANT	    "slant"		/* Int */
+#define FC_WEIGHT	    "weight"		/* Int */
+#define FC_SIZE		    "size"		/* Double */
+#define FC_ASPECT	    "aspect"		/* Double */
+#define FC_PIXEL_SIZE	    "pixelsize"		/* Double */
+#define FC_SPACING	    "spacing"		/* Int */
+#define FC_FOUNDRY	    "foundry"		/* String */
+#define FC_ANTIALIAS	    "antialias"		/* Bool (depends) */
+#define FC_HINTING	    "hinting"		/* Bool (true) */
+#define FC_HINT_STYLE	    "hintstyle"		/* Int */
+#define FC_VERTICAL_LAYOUT  "verticallayout"	/* Bool (false) */
+#define FC_AUTOHINT	    "autohint"		/* Bool (false) */
+#define FC_GLOBAL_ADVANCE   "globaladvance"	/* Bool (true) */
+#define FC_WIDTH	    "width"		/* Int */
+#define FC_FILE		    "file"		/* String */
+#define FC_INDEX	    "index"		/* Int */
+#define FC_FT_FACE	    "ftface"		/* FT_Face */
+#define FC_RASTERIZER	    "rasterizer"	/* String */
+#define FC_OUTLINE	    "outline"		/* Bool */
+#define FC_SCALABLE	    "scalable"		/* Bool */
+#define FC_SCALE	    "scale"		/* double */
+#define FC_DPI		    "dpi"		/* double */
+#define FC_RGBA		    "rgba"		/* Int */
+#define FC_MINSPACE	    "minspace"		/* Bool use minimum line spacing */
+#define FC_SOURCE	    "source"		/* String (deprecated) */
+#define FC_CHARSET	    "charset"		/* CharSet */
+#define FC_LANG		    "lang"		/* String RFC 3066 langs */
+#define FC_FONTVERSION	    "fontversion"	/* Int from 'head' table */
+#define FC_FULLNAME	    "fullname"		/* String */
+#define FC_FAMILYLANG	    "familylang"	/* String RFC 3066 langs */
+#define FC_STYLELANG	    "stylelang"		/* String RFC 3066 langs */
+#define FC_FULLNAMELANG	    "fullnamelang"	/* String RFC 3066 langs */
+#define FC_CAPABILITY       "capability"	/* String */
+#define FC_FONTFORMAT	    "fontformat"	/* String */
+#define FC_EMBOLDEN	    "embolden"		/* Bool - true if emboldening needed*/
+#define FC_EMBEDDED_BITMAP  "embeddedbitmap"	/* Bool - true to enable embedded bitmaps */
+#define FC_DECORATIVE	    "decorative"	/* Bool - true if style is a decorative variant */
+#define FC_LCD_FILTER	    "lcdfilter"		/* Int */
+
+#define FC_CACHE_SUFFIX		    ".cache-"FC_CACHE_VERSION
+#define FC_DIR_CACHE_FILE	    "fonts.cache-"FC_CACHE_VERSION
+#define FC_USER_CACHE_FILE	    ".fonts.cache-"FC_CACHE_VERSION
+
+/* Adjust outline rasterizer */
+#define FC_CHAR_WIDTH	    "charwidth"	/* Int */
+#define FC_CHAR_HEIGHT	    "charheight"/* Int */
+#define FC_MATRIX	    "matrix"    /* FcMatrix */
+
+#define FC_WEIGHT_THIN		    0
+#define FC_WEIGHT_EXTRALIGHT	    40
+#define FC_WEIGHT_ULTRALIGHT	    FC_WEIGHT_EXTRALIGHT
+#define FC_WEIGHT_LIGHT		    50
+#define FC_WEIGHT_BOOK		    75
+#define FC_WEIGHT_REGULAR	    80
+#define FC_WEIGHT_NORMAL	    FC_WEIGHT_REGULAR
+#define FC_WEIGHT_MEDIUM	    100
+#define FC_WEIGHT_DEMIBOLD	    180
+#define FC_WEIGHT_SEMIBOLD	    FC_WEIGHT_DEMIBOLD
+#define FC_WEIGHT_BOLD		    200
+#define FC_WEIGHT_EXTRABOLD	    205
+#define FC_WEIGHT_ULTRABOLD	    FC_WEIGHT_EXTRABOLD
+#define FC_WEIGHT_BLACK		    210
+#define FC_WEIGHT_HEAVY		    FC_WEIGHT_BLACK
+#define FC_WEIGHT_EXTRABLACK	    215
+#define FC_WEIGHT_ULTRABLACK	    FC_WEIGHT_EXTRABLACK
+
+#define FC_SLANT_ROMAN		    0
+#define FC_SLANT_ITALIC		    100
+#define FC_SLANT_OBLIQUE	    110
+
+#define FC_WIDTH_ULTRACONDENSED	    50
+#define FC_WIDTH_EXTRACONDENSED	    63
+#define FC_WIDTH_CONDENSED	    75
+#define FC_WIDTH_SEMICONDENSED	    87
+#define FC_WIDTH_NORMAL		    100
+#define FC_WIDTH_SEMIEXPANDED	    113
+#define FC_WIDTH_EXPANDED	    125
+#define FC_WIDTH_EXTRAEXPANDED	    150
+#define FC_WIDTH_ULTRAEXPANDED	    200
+
+#define FC_PROPORTIONAL		    0
+#define FC_DUAL			    90
+#define FC_MONO			    100
+#define FC_CHARCELL		    110
+
+/* sub-pixel order */
+#define FC_RGBA_UNKNOWN	    0
+#define FC_RGBA_RGB	    1
+#define FC_RGBA_BGR	    2
+#define FC_RGBA_VRGB	    3
+#define FC_RGBA_VBGR	    4
+#define FC_RGBA_NONE	    5
+
+/* hinting style */
+#define FC_HINT_NONE        0
+#define FC_HINT_SLIGHT      1
+#define FC_HINT_MEDIUM      2
+#define FC_HINT_FULL        3
+
+/* LCD filter */
+#define FC_LCD_NONE	    0
+#define FC_LCD_DEFAULT	    1
+#define FC_LCD_LIGHT	    2
+#define FC_LCD_LEGACY	    3
+
+typedef enum _FcType {
+    FcTypeVoid, 
+    FcTypeInteger, 
+    FcTypeDouble, 
+    FcTypeString, 
+    FcTypeBool,
+    FcTypeMatrix,
+    FcTypeCharSet,
+    FcTypeFTFace,
+    FcTypeLangSet
+} FcType;
+
+typedef struct _FcMatrix {
+    double xx, xy, yx, yy;
+} FcMatrix;
+
+#define FcMatrixInit(m)	((m)->xx = (m)->yy = 1, \
+			 (m)->xy = (m)->yx = 0)
+
+/*
+ * A data structure to represent the available glyphs in a font.
+ * This is represented as a sparse boolean btree.
+ */
+
+typedef struct _FcCharSet FcCharSet;
+
+typedef struct _FcObjectType {
+    const char	*object;
+    FcType	type;
+} FcObjectType;
+
+typedef struct _FcConstant {
+    const FcChar8  *name;
+    const char	*object;
+    int		value;
+} FcConstant;
+
+typedef enum _FcResult {
+    FcResultMatch, FcResultNoMatch, FcResultTypeMismatch, FcResultNoId,
+    FcResultOutOfMemory
+} FcResult;
+
+typedef struct _FcPattern   FcPattern;
+
+typedef struct _FcLangSet   FcLangSet;
+
+typedef struct _FcValue {
+    FcType	type;
+    union {
+	const FcChar8	*s;
+	int		i;
+	FcBool		b;
+	double		d;
+	const FcMatrix	*m;
+	const FcCharSet	*c;
+	void		*f;
+	const FcLangSet	*l;
+    } u;
+} FcValue;
+
+typedef struct _FcFontSet {
+    int		nfont;
+    int		sfont;
+    FcPattern	**fonts;
+} FcFontSet;
+
+typedef struct _FcObjectSet {
+    int		nobject;
+    int		sobject;
+    const char	**objects;
+} FcObjectSet;
+    
+typedef enum _FcMatchKind {
+    FcMatchPattern, FcMatchFont, FcMatchScan
+} FcMatchKind;
+
+typedef enum _FcLangResult {
+    FcLangEqual = 0,
+    FcLangDifferentCountry = 1,
+    FcLangDifferentTerritory = 1,
+    FcLangDifferentLang = 2
+} FcLangResult;
+
+typedef enum _FcSetName {
+    FcSetSystem = 0,
+    FcSetApplication = 1
+} FcSetName;
+
+typedef struct _FcAtomic FcAtomic;
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus) || defined(c_plusplus) /* for C++ V2.0 */
+#define _FCFUNCPROTOBEGIN extern "C" {	/* do not leave open across includes */
+#define _FCFUNCPROTOEND }
+#else
+#define _FCFUNCPROTOBEGIN
+#define _FCFUNCPROTOEND
+#endif
+
+typedef enum { FcEndianBig, FcEndianLittle } FcEndian;
+
+typedef struct _FcConfig    FcConfig;
+
+typedef struct _FcGlobalCache	FcFileCache;
+
+typedef struct _FcBlanks    FcBlanks;
+
+typedef struct _FcStrList   FcStrList;
+
+typedef struct _FcStrSet    FcStrSet;
+
+typedef struct _FcCache	    FcCache;
+
+_FCFUNCPROTOBEGIN
+
+/* fcblanks.c */
+FcPublic FcBlanks *
+FcBlanksCreate (void);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcBlanksDestroy (FcBlanks *b);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcBlanksAdd (FcBlanks *b, FcChar32 ucs4);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcBlanksIsMember (FcBlanks *b, FcChar32 ucs4);
+
+/* fccache.c */
+
+FcPublic const FcChar8 *
+FcCacheDir(const FcCache *c);
+
+FcPublic FcFontSet *
+FcCacheCopySet(const FcCache *c);
+
+FcPublic const FcChar8 *
+FcCacheSubdir (const FcCache *c, int i);
+
+FcPublic int
+FcCacheNumSubdir (const FcCache *c);
+
+FcPublic int
+FcCacheNumFont (const FcCache *c);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcDirCacheUnlink (const FcChar8 *dir, FcConfig *config);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcDirCacheValid (const FcChar8 *cache_file);
+
+/* fccfg.c */
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcConfigHome (void);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigEnableHome (FcBool enable);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcConfigFilename (const FcChar8 *url);
+    
+FcPublic FcConfig *
+FcConfigCreate (void);
+
+FcPublic FcConfig *
+FcConfigReference (FcConfig *config);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcConfigDestroy (FcConfig *config);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigSetCurrent (FcConfig *config);
+
+FcPublic FcConfig *
+FcConfigGetCurrent (void);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigUptoDate (FcConfig *config);
+    
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigBuildFonts (FcConfig *config);
+
+FcPublic FcStrList *
+FcConfigGetFontDirs (FcConfig   *config);
+
+FcPublic FcStrList *
+FcConfigGetConfigDirs (FcConfig   *config);
+
+FcPublic FcStrList *
+FcConfigGetConfigFiles (FcConfig    *config);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcConfigGetCache (FcConfig  *config);
+
+FcPublic FcBlanks *
+FcConfigGetBlanks (FcConfig *config);
+
+FcPublic FcStrList *
+FcConfigGetCacheDirs (FcConfig	*config);
+
+FcPublic int
+FcConfigGetRescanInterval (FcConfig *config);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigSetRescanInterval (FcConfig *config, int rescanInterval);
+
+FcPublic FcFontSet *
+FcConfigGetFonts (FcConfig	*config,
+		  FcSetName	set);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigAppFontAddFile (FcConfig    *config,
+			const FcChar8  *file);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigAppFontAddDir (FcConfig	    *config,
+		       const FcChar8   *dir);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcConfigAppFontClear (FcConfig	    *config);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigSubstituteWithPat (FcConfig	*config,
+			   FcPattern	*p,
+			   FcPattern	*p_pat,
+			   FcMatchKind	kind);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigSubstitute (FcConfig	*config,
+		    FcPattern	*p,
+		    FcMatchKind	kind);
+
+/* fccharset.c */
+FcPublic FcCharSet*
+FcCharSetCreate (void);
+
+/* deprecated alias for FcCharSetCreate */
+FcPublic FcCharSet *
+FcCharSetNew (void);
+    
+FcPublic void
+FcCharSetDestroy (FcCharSet *fcs);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcCharSetAddChar (FcCharSet *fcs, FcChar32 ucs4);
+
+FcPublic FcCharSet*
+FcCharSetCopy (FcCharSet *src);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcCharSetEqual (const FcCharSet *a, const FcCharSet *b);
+
+FcPublic FcCharSet*
+FcCharSetIntersect (const FcCharSet *a, const FcCharSet *b);
+
+FcPublic FcCharSet*
+FcCharSetUnion (const FcCharSet *a, const FcCharSet *b);
+
+FcPublic FcCharSet*
+FcCharSetSubtract (const FcCharSet *a, const FcCharSet *b);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcCharSetMerge (FcCharSet *a, const FcCharSet *b, FcBool *changed);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcCharSetHasChar (const FcCharSet *fcs, FcChar32 ucs4);
+
+FcPublic FcChar32
+FcCharSetCount (const FcCharSet *a);
+
+FcPublic FcChar32
+FcCharSetIntersectCount (const FcCharSet *a, const FcCharSet *b);
+
+FcPublic FcChar32
+FcCharSetSubtractCount (const FcCharSet *a, const FcCharSet *b);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcCharSetIsSubset (const FcCharSet *a, const FcCharSet *b);
+
+#define FC_CHARSET_MAP_SIZE (256/32)
+#define FC_CHARSET_DONE	((FcChar32) -1)
+
+FcPublic FcChar32
+FcCharSetFirstPage (const FcCharSet *a, 
+		    FcChar32	    map[FC_CHARSET_MAP_SIZE],
+		    FcChar32	    *next);
+
+FcPublic FcChar32
+FcCharSetNextPage (const FcCharSet  *a, 
+		   FcChar32	    map[FC_CHARSET_MAP_SIZE],
+		   FcChar32	    *next);
+
+/*
+ * old coverage API, rather hard to use correctly
+ */
+
+FcPublic FcChar32
+FcCharSetCoverage (const FcCharSet *a, FcChar32 page, FcChar32 *result);
+
+/* fcdbg.c */
+FcPublic void
+FcValuePrint (const FcValue v);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcPatternPrint (const FcPattern *p);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcFontSetPrint (const FcFontSet *s);
+
+/* fcdefault.c */
+FcPublic void
+FcDefaultSubstitute (FcPattern *pattern);
+
+/* fcdir.c */
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcFileIsDir (const FcChar8 *file);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcFileScan (FcFontSet	    *set,
+	    FcStrSet	    *dirs,
+	    FcFileCache	    *cache,
+	    FcBlanks	    *blanks,
+	    const FcChar8   *file,
+	    FcBool	    force);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcDirScan (FcFontSet	    *set,
+	   FcStrSet	    *dirs,
+	   FcFileCache	    *cache,
+	   FcBlanks	    *blanks,
+	   const FcChar8    *dir,
+	   FcBool	    force);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcDirSave (FcFontSet *set, FcStrSet *dirs, const FcChar8 *dir);
+
+FcPublic FcCache *
+FcDirCacheLoad (const FcChar8 *dir, FcConfig *config, FcChar8 **cache_file);
+    
+FcPublic FcCache *
+FcDirCacheRead (const FcChar8 *dir, FcBool force, FcConfig *config);
+
+FcPublic FcCache *
+FcDirCacheLoadFile (const FcChar8 *cache_file, struct stat *file_stat);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcDirCacheUnload (FcCache *cache);
+
+/* fcfreetype.c */
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcFreeTypeQuery (const FcChar8 *file, int id, FcBlanks *blanks, int *count);
+
+/* fcfs.c */
+
+FcPublic FcFontSet *
+FcFontSetCreate (void);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcFontSetDestroy (FcFontSet *s);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcFontSetAdd (FcFontSet *s, FcPattern *font);
+
+/* fcinit.c */
+FcPublic FcConfig *
+FcInitLoadConfig (void);
+
+FcPublic FcConfig *
+FcInitLoadConfigAndFonts (void);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcInit (void);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcFini (void);
+
+FcPublic int
+FcGetVersion (void);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcInitReinitialize (void);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcInitBringUptoDate (void);
+
+/* fclang.c */
+FcPublic FcStrSet *
+FcGetLangs (void);
+
+FcPublic const FcCharSet *
+FcLangGetCharSet (const FcChar8 *lang);
+
+FcPublic FcLangSet*
+FcLangSetCreate (void);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcLangSetDestroy (FcLangSet *ls);
+
+FcPublic FcLangSet*
+FcLangSetCopy (const FcLangSet *ls);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcLangSetAdd (FcLangSet *ls, const FcChar8 *lang);
+
+FcPublic FcLangResult
+FcLangSetHasLang (const FcLangSet *ls, const FcChar8 *lang);
+
+FcPublic FcLangResult
+FcLangSetCompare (const FcLangSet *lsa, const FcLangSet *lsb);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcLangSetContains (const FcLangSet *lsa, const FcLangSet *lsb);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcLangSetEqual (const FcLangSet *lsa, const FcLangSet *lsb);
+
+FcPublic FcChar32
+FcLangSetHash (const FcLangSet *ls);
+
+FcPublic FcStrSet *
+FcLangSetGetLangs (const FcLangSet *ls);
+
+/* fclist.c */
+FcPublic FcObjectSet *
+FcObjectSetCreate (void);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcObjectSetAdd (FcObjectSet *os, const char *object);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcObjectSetDestroy (FcObjectSet *os);
+
+FcPublic FcObjectSet *
+FcObjectSetVaBuild (const char *first, va_list va);
+
+FcPublic FcObjectSet *
+FcObjectSetBuild (const char *first, ...) FC_ATTRIBUTE_SENTINEL(0);
+
+FcPublic FcFontSet *
+FcFontSetList (FcConfig	    *config,
+	       FcFontSet    **sets,
+	       int	    nsets,
+	       FcPattern    *p,
+	       FcObjectSet  *os);
+
+FcPublic FcFontSet *
+FcFontList (FcConfig	*config,
+	    FcPattern	*p,
+	    FcObjectSet *os);
+
+/* fcatomic.c */
+
+FcPublic FcAtomic *
+FcAtomicCreate (const FcChar8   *file);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcAtomicLock (FcAtomic *atomic);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcAtomicNewFile (FcAtomic *atomic);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcAtomicOrigFile (FcAtomic *atomic);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcAtomicReplaceOrig (FcAtomic *atomic);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcAtomicDeleteNew (FcAtomic *atomic);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcAtomicUnlock (FcAtomic *atomic);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcAtomicDestroy (FcAtomic *atomic);
+
+/* fcmatch.c */
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcFontSetMatch (FcConfig    *config,
+		FcFontSet   **sets,
+		int	    nsets,
+		FcPattern   *p,
+		FcResult    *result);
+
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcFontMatch (FcConfig	*config,
+	     FcPattern	*p, 
+	     FcResult	*result);
+
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcFontRenderPrepare (FcConfig	    *config,
+		     FcPattern	    *pat,
+		     FcPattern	    *font);
+
+FcPublic FcFontSet *
+FcFontSetSort (FcConfig	    *config,
+	       FcFontSet    **sets,
+	       int	    nsets,
+	       FcPattern    *p,
+	       FcBool	    trim,
+	       FcCharSet    **csp,
+	       FcResult	    *result);
+
+FcPublic FcFontSet *
+FcFontSort (FcConfig	 *config,
+	    FcPattern    *p,
+	    FcBool	 trim,
+	    FcCharSet    **csp,
+	    FcResult	 *result);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcFontSetSortDestroy (FcFontSet *fs);
+
+/* fcmatrix.c */
+FcPublic FcMatrix *
+FcMatrixCopy (const FcMatrix *mat);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcMatrixEqual (const FcMatrix *mat1, const FcMatrix *mat2);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcMatrixMultiply (FcMatrix *result, const FcMatrix *a, const FcMatrix *b);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcMatrixRotate (FcMatrix *m, double c, double s);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcMatrixScale (FcMatrix *m, double sx, double sy);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcMatrixShear (FcMatrix *m, double sh, double sv);
+
+/* fcname.c */
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcNameRegisterObjectTypes (const FcObjectType *types, int ntype);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcNameUnregisterObjectTypes (const FcObjectType *types, int ntype);
+    
+FcPublic const FcObjectType *
+FcNameGetObjectType (const char *object);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcNameRegisterConstants (const FcConstant *consts, int nconsts);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcNameUnregisterConstants (const FcConstant *consts, int nconsts);
+    
+FcPublic const FcConstant *
+FcNameGetConstant (FcChar8 *string);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcNameConstant (FcChar8 *string, int *result);
+
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcNameParse (const FcChar8 *name);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcNameUnparse (FcPattern *pat);
+
+/* fcpat.c */
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcPatternCreate (void);
+
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcPatternDuplicate (const FcPattern *p);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcPatternReference (FcPattern *p);
+
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcPatternFilter (FcPattern *p, const FcObjectSet *os);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcValueDestroy (FcValue v);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcValueEqual (FcValue va, FcValue vb);
+
+FcPublic FcValue
+FcValueSave (FcValue v);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcPatternDestroy (FcPattern *p);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternEqual (const FcPattern *pa, const FcPattern *pb);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternEqualSubset (const FcPattern *pa, const FcPattern *pb, const FcObjectSet *os);
+
+FcPublic FcChar32
+FcPatternHash (const FcPattern *p);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternAdd (FcPattern *p, const char *object, FcValue value, FcBool append);
+    
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternAddWeak (FcPattern *p, const char *object, FcValue value, FcBool append);
+    
+FcPublic FcResult
+FcPatternGet (const FcPattern *p, const char *object, int id, FcValue *v);
+    
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternDel (FcPattern *p, const char *object);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternRemove (FcPattern *p, const char *object, int id);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternAddInteger (FcPattern *p, const char *object, int i);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternAddDouble (FcPattern *p, const char *object, double d);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternAddString (FcPattern *p, const char *object, const FcChar8 *s);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternAddMatrix (FcPattern *p, const char *object, const FcMatrix *s);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternAddCharSet (FcPattern *p, const char *object, const FcCharSet *c);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternAddBool (FcPattern *p, const char *object, FcBool b);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcPatternAddLangSet (FcPattern *p, const char *object, const FcLangSet *ls);
+
+FcPublic FcResult
+FcPatternGetInteger (const FcPattern *p, const char *object, int n, int *i);
+
+FcPublic FcResult
+FcPatternGetDouble (const FcPattern *p, const char *object, int n, double *d);
+
+FcPublic FcResult
+FcPatternGetString (const FcPattern *p, const char *object, int n, FcChar8 ** s);
+
+FcPublic FcResult
+FcPatternGetMatrix (const FcPattern *p, const char *object, int n, FcMatrix **s);
+
+FcPublic FcResult
+FcPatternGetCharSet (const FcPattern *p, const char *object, int n, FcCharSet **c);
+
+FcPublic FcResult
+FcPatternGetBool (const FcPattern *p, const char *object, int n, FcBool *b);
+
+FcPublic FcResult
+FcPatternGetLangSet (const FcPattern *p, const char *object, int n, FcLangSet **ls);
+
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcPatternVaBuild (FcPattern *p, va_list va);
+    
+FcPublic FcPattern *
+FcPatternBuild (FcPattern *p, ...) FC_ATTRIBUTE_SENTINEL(0);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcPatternFormat (FcPattern *pat, const FcChar8 *format);
+
+/* fcstr.c */
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcStrCopy (const FcChar8 *s);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcStrCopyFilename (const FcChar8 *s);
+    
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcStrPlus (const FcChar8 *s1, const FcChar8 *s2);
+    
+FcPublic void
+FcStrFree (FcChar8 *s);
+
+/* These are ASCII only, suitable only for pattern element names */
+#define FcIsUpper(c)	((0101 <= (c) && (c) <= 0132))
+#define FcIsLower(c)	((0141 <= (c) && (c) <= 0172))
+#define FcToLower(c)	(FcIsUpper(c) ? (c) - 0101 + 0141 : (c))
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcStrDowncase (const FcChar8 *s);
+
+FcPublic int
+FcStrCmpIgnoreCase (const FcChar8 *s1, const FcChar8 *s2);
+
+FcPublic int
+FcStrCmp (const FcChar8 *s1, const FcChar8 *s2);
+
+FcPublic const FcChar8 *
+FcStrStrIgnoreCase (const FcChar8 *s1, const FcChar8 *s2);
+
+FcPublic const FcChar8 *
+FcStrStr (const FcChar8 *s1, const FcChar8 *s2);
+
+FcPublic int
+FcUtf8ToUcs4 (const FcChar8 *src_orig,
+	      FcChar32	    *dst,
+	      int	    len);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcUtf8Len (const FcChar8    *string,
+	   int		    len,
+	   int		    *nchar,
+	   int		    *wchar);
+
+#define FC_UTF8_MAX_LEN	6
+
+FcPublic int
+FcUcs4ToUtf8 (FcChar32	ucs4,
+	      FcChar8	dest[FC_UTF8_MAX_LEN]);
+
+FcPublic int
+FcUtf16ToUcs4 (const FcChar8	*src_orig,
+	       FcEndian		endian,
+	       FcChar32		*dst,
+	       int		len);	    /* in bytes */
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcUtf16Len (const FcChar8   *string,
+	    FcEndian	    endian,
+	    int		    len,	    /* in bytes */
+	    int		    *nchar,
+	    int		    *wchar);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcStrDirname (const FcChar8 *file);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcStrBasename (const FcChar8 *file);
+
+FcPublic FcStrSet *
+FcStrSetCreate (void);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcStrSetMember (FcStrSet *set, const FcChar8 *s);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcStrSetEqual (FcStrSet *sa, FcStrSet *sb);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcStrSetAdd (FcStrSet *set, const FcChar8 *s);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcStrSetAddFilename (FcStrSet *set, const FcChar8 *s);
+
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcStrSetDel (FcStrSet *set, const FcChar8 *s);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcStrSetDestroy (FcStrSet *set);
+
+FcPublic FcStrList *
+FcStrListCreate (FcStrSet *set);
+
+FcPublic FcChar8 *
+FcStrListNext (FcStrList *list);
+
+FcPublic void
+FcStrListDone (FcStrList *list);
+
+/* fcxml.c */
+FcPublic FcBool
+FcConfigParseAndLoad (FcConfig *config, const FcChar8 *file, FcBool complain);
+
+_FCFUNCPROTOEND
+
+#undef FC_ATTRIBUTE_SENTINEL
+
+
+#ifndef _FCINT_H_
+
+/*
+ * Deprecated functions are placed here to help users fix their code without
+ * digging through documentation
+ */
+ 
+#define FcConfigGetRescanInverval   FcConfigGetRescanInverval_REPLACE_BY_FcConfigGetRescanInterval
+#define FcConfigSetRescanInverval   FcConfigSetRescanInverval_REPLACE_BY_FcConfigSetRescanInterval
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _FONTCONFIG_H_ */
diff --git a/tests/raytrace.cpp b/tests/raytrace.cpp
index 36726839..317e0f42 100644
--- a/tests/raytrace.cpp
+++ b/tests/raytrace.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>       // see http://ompf.org/ray/sphereflake/
 #include <iostream>    // compile with ie g++ -O2 -ffast-math sphereflake.cc
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 //#include "emscripten.h"
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ static void trace_rgss(const int width,const int height) {
 				g+=ray_trace(pool,ray); /*trace*/
 			}
       if (outputLeft) {
-  		  std::cout << int(scale*g)<< " ";
+  		  printf("%d ", int(scale*g)); // std::cout << int(scale*g)<< " ";
         outputLeft--;
       }
 			scan.x+=1; /*next pixel*/
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ static void trace_rgss(const int width,const int height) {
 		scan.x=0;scan.y-=1; /*next line*/
 	}
   if (outputLeft) {
-    std::cout << "\n"; // XXX Emscripten: std::endl crashes...
+    printf("\n"); // std::cout << "\n"; // XXX Emscripten: std::endl crashes...
     outputLeft--;
   }
 }
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ int main(int argc,char*argv[]){
 	pool=new node_t[count];  /* raw */
 	end=pool+count;
 	create(pool,lvl,count,v_t(0,0,0),v_t(+.25,+1,-.5).norm(),1.); /* cooked */
-	std::cout << "P2\n" << size << " " << size << "\n" << size << "\n";
+	printf("P2\n%d %d\n%d\n", size, size, size); // std::cout << "P2\n" << size << " " << size << "\n" << size << "\n";
 	trace_rgss(size, size); /* served */
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/tests/runner.py b/tests/runner.py
index a96a65e7..49083092 100644
--- a/tests/runner.py
+++ b/tests/runner.py
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ import os, unittest, tempfile, shutil, time, inspect, sys, math, glob, tempfile,
 
 # Setup
 
-rootpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
+__rootpath__ = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
 def path_from_root(*pathelems):
-  return os.path.join(rootpath, *pathelems)
+  return os.path.join(__rootpath__, *pathelems)
 exec(open(path_from_root('tools', 'shared.py'), 'r').read())
 
 # Sanity check for config
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
           shutil.copy(os.path.join(self.get_dir(), name),
                       os.path.join(TEMP_DIR, self.id().replace('__main__.', '').replace('.test_', '.')+'.'+suff))
 
-  def skip(self):
-    print >> sys.stderr, '<skip> ',
+  def skip(self, why):
+    print >> sys.stderr, '<skipping: %s> ' % why,
 
   def get_dir(self):
     dirname = TEMP_DIR + '/tmp' # tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=TEMP_DIR)
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
 
   # Similar to LLVM::createStandardModulePasses()
   def pick_llvm_opts(self, optimization_level, optimize_size, allow_nonportable=False):
-    global LLVM_OPT_OPTS, USE_TYPED_ARRAYS
+    global LLVM_OPT_OPTS, USE_TYPED_ARRAYS, QUANTUM_SIZE
 
     #if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: # unsafe optimizations. TODO: fix all issues blocking this from being used
     #  LLVM_OPT_OPTS = ['-O3']
     #  return
 
-    LLVM_OPT_OPTS = pick_llvm_opts(optimization_level, optimize_size, allow_nonportable)
+    LLVM_OPT_OPTS = pick_llvm_opts(optimization_level, optimize_size, allow_nonportable, quantum_size=QUANTUM_SIZE)
 
   # Emscripten optimizations that we run on the .ll file
   def do_ll_opts(self, filename):
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
     if LLVM_OPTS:
       shutil.move(filename + '.o', filename + '.o.pre')
       output = Popen([LLVM_OPT, filename + '.o.pre'] + LLVM_OPT_OPTS + ['-o=' + filename + '.o'], stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT).communicate()[0]
+      assert os.path.exists(filename + '.o'), 'Failed to run llvm optimizations: ' + output
 
   def do_llvm_dis(self, filename):
     # LLVM binary ==> LLVM assembly
@@ -86,8 +87,8 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
       os.remove(filename + '.o.ll')
     except:
       pass
-    Popen([LLVM_DIS, filename + '.o'] + LLVM_DIS_OPTS + ['-o=' + filename + '.o.ll'], stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT).communicate()[0]
-    assert os.path.exists(filename + '.o.ll'), 'Could not create .ll file'
+    output = Popen([LLVM_DIS, filename + '.o'] + LLVM_DIS_OPTS + ['-o=' + filename + '.o.ll'], stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT).communicate()[0]
+    assert os.path.exists(filename + '.o.ll'), 'Could not create .ll file: ' + output
 
   def do_llvm_as(self, source, target):
     # LLVM assembly ==> LLVM binary
@@ -95,8 +96,8 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
       os.remove(target)
     except:
       pass
-    Popen([LLVM_AS, source, '-o=' + target], stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT).communicate()[0]
-    assert os.path.exists(target), 'Could not create bc file'
+    output = Popen([LLVM_AS, source, '-o=' + target], stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT).communicate()[0]
+    assert os.path.exists(target), 'Could not create bc file: ' + output
 
   def do_link(self, files, target):
     output = Popen([LLVM_LINK] + files + ['-o', target], stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT).communicate()[0]
@@ -139,12 +140,10 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
       # the additional files were copied; alter additional_files to point to their full paths now
       additional_files = map(lambda f: os.path.join(dirname, f), additional_files)
 
-    # Copy Emscripten C++ API
-    shutil.copy(path_from_root('src', 'include', 'emscripten.h'), dirname)
-
     # C++ => LLVM binary
     os.chdir(dirname)
     cwd = os.getcwd()
+
     for f in [filename] + additional_files:
       try:
         # Make sure we notice if compilation steps failed
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
         os.remove(f + '.o.ll')
       except:
         pass
-      output = Popen([COMPILER, '-DEMSCRIPTEN', '-emit-llvm'] + COMPILER_OPTS + COMPILER_TEST_OPTS +
+      output = Popen([COMPILER, '-emit-llvm'] + COMPILER_OPTS + COMPILER_TEST_OPTS +
                      ['-I', dirname, '-I', os.path.join(dirname, 'include')] +
                      map(lambda include: '-I' + include, includes) + 
                      ['-c', f, '-o', f + '.o'],
@@ -176,12 +175,17 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
     self.do_emscripten(filename, output_processor, extra_args=extra_emscripten_args)
 
   def do_emscripten(self, filename, output_processor=None, append_ext=True, extra_args=[]):
+    # Add some headers by default. TODO: remove manually adding these in each test
+    if '-H' not in extra_args:
+      extra_args += ['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h,libc/sys/unistd.h,poll.h,libc/math.h,libc/langinfo.h,libc/time.h']
+
     # Run Emscripten
     exported_settings = {}
-    for setting in ['QUANTUM_SIZE', 'RELOOP', 'OPTIMIZE', 'ASSERTIONS', 'USE_TYPED_ARRAYS', 'SAFE_HEAP', 'CHECK_OVERFLOWS', 'CORRECT_OVERFLOWS', 'CORRECT_SIGNS', 'CHECK_SIGNS', 'CORRECT_OVERFLOWS_LINES', 'CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES', 'CORRECT_ROUNDINGS', 'CORRECT_ROUNDINGS_LINES', 'INVOKE_RUN', 'SAFE_HEAP_LINES', 'INIT_STACK', 'AUTO_OPTIMIZE', 'EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS', 'EXPORTED_GLOBALS', 'BUILD_AS_SHARED_LIB', 'INCLUDE_FULL_LIBRARY', 'RUNTIME_TYPE_INFO', 'DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS', 'FAST_MEMORY', 'EXCEPTION_DEBUG']:
+    for setting in ['QUANTUM_SIZE', 'RELOOP', 'OPTIMIZE', 'ASSERTIONS', 'USE_TYPED_ARRAYS', 'SAFE_HEAP', 'CHECK_OVERFLOWS', 'CORRECT_OVERFLOWS', 'CORRECT_SIGNS', 'CHECK_SIGNS', 'CORRECT_OVERFLOWS_LINES', 'CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES', 'CORRECT_ROUNDINGS', 'CORRECT_ROUNDINGS_LINES', 'INVOKE_RUN', 'SAFE_HEAP_LINES', 'INIT_STACK', 'AUTO_OPTIMIZE', 'EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS', 'EXPORTED_GLOBALS', 'BUILD_AS_SHARED_LIB', 'INCLUDE_FULL_LIBRARY', 'RUNTIME_TYPE_INFO', 'DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING', 'TOTAL_MEMORY', 'FAST_MEMORY', 'EXCEPTION_DEBUG', 'PROFILE']:
       try:
         value = eval(setting)
-        exported_settings[setting] = value
+        if value is not None:
+          exported_settings[setting] = value
       except:
         pass
     settings = ['-s %s=%s' % (k, json.dumps(v)) for k, v in exported_settings.items()]
@@ -190,7 +194,7 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
 
     # Detect compilation crashes and errors
     if compiler_output is not None and 'Traceback' in compiler_output and 'in test_' in compiler_output: print compiler_output; assert 0
-    assert os.path.exists(filename + '.o.js'), 'Emscripten failed to generate .js: ' + str(compiler_output)
+    assert os.path.exists(filename + '.o.js') and len(open(filename + '.o.js', 'r').read()) > 0, 'Emscripten failed to generate .js: ' + str(compiler_output)
 
     if output_processor is not None:
       output_processor(open(filename + '.o.js').read())
@@ -211,7 +215,7 @@ class RunnerCore(unittest.TestCase):
     return ret
 
   def run_llvm_interpreter(self, args):
-    return Popen([LLVM_INTERPRETER] + args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT).communicate()[0]
+    return Popen([EXEC_LLVM] + args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT).communicate()[0]
 
   def build_native(self, filename, compiler='g++'):
     Popen([compiler, '-O3', filename, '-o', filename+'.native'], stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT).communicate()[0]
@@ -283,7 +287,6 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
 
     # No building - just process an existing .ll file (or .bc, which we turn into .ll)
     def do_ll_test(self, ll_file, expected_output=None, args=[], js_engines=None, output_nicerizer=None, post_build=None, force_recompile=False, build_ll_hook=None, extra_emscripten_args=[]):
-      if COMPILER != LLVM_GCC: return self.skip() # We use existing .ll, so which compiler is unimportant
 
       filename = os.path.join(self.get_dir(), 'src.cpp')
 
@@ -393,7 +396,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
         self.do_test(src, output, force_c=True)
 
     def test_bigint(self):
-        if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS != 0: return self.skip() # Typed arrays truncate i64.
+        if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS != 0: return self.skip('Typed arrays truncate i64')
         src = '''
           #include <stdio.h>
           int main()
@@ -401,10 +404,20 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
             long long x = 0x0000def123450789ULL; // any bigger than this, and we
             long long y = 0x00020ef123456089ULL; // start to run into the double precision limit!
             printf("*%Ld,%Ld,%Ld,%Ld,%Ld*\\n", x, y, x | y, x & y, x ^ y, x >> 2, y << 2);
+
+            printf("*");
+            long long z = 13;
+            int n = 0;
+            while (z > 1) {
+              printf("%.2f,", (float)z); // these must be integers!
+              z = z >> 1;
+              n++;
+            }
+            printf("*%d*\\n", n);
             return 0;
           }
         '''
-        self.do_test(src, '*245127260211081,579378795077769,808077213656969,16428841631881,791648372025088*')
+        self.do_test(src, '*245127260211081,579378795077769,808077213656969,16428841631881,791648372025088*\n*13.00,6.00,3.00,*3*')
 
     def test_unsigned(self):
         global CORRECT_SIGNS; CORRECT_SIGNS = 1 # We test for exactly this sort of thing here
@@ -414,6 +427,13 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
           const signed char cvals[2] = { -1, -2 }; // compiler can store this is a string, so -1 becomes \FF, and needs re-signing
           int main()
           {
+            {
+              unsigned char x = 200;
+              printf("*%d*\\n", x);
+              unsigned char y = -22;
+              printf("*%d*\\n", y);
+            }
+
             int varey = 100;
             unsigned int MAXEY = -1, MAXEY2 = -77;
             printf("*%u,%d,%u*\\n", MAXEY, varey >= MAXEY, MAXEY2); // 100 >= -1? not in unsigned!
@@ -438,7 +458,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
             return 0;
           }
         '''
-        self.do_test(src, '*4294967295,0,4294967219*\n*-1,1,-1,1*\n*-2,1,-2,1*\n*246,296*\n*1,0*')
+        self.do_test(src)#, '*4294967295,0,4294967219*\n*-1,1,-1,1*\n*-2,1,-2,1*\n*246,296*\n*1,0*')
 
         # Now let's see some code that should just work in USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2, but requires
         # corrections otherwise
@@ -696,7 +716,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
         '''
         self.do_test(src, '4:10,177,543,def\n4\nwowie\ntoo\n76\n5\n(null)\n/* a comment */\n// another\ntest\n', ['wowie', 'too', '74'])
 
-    def test_error(self):
+    def test_errar(self):
         src = r'''
           #include <stdio.h>
           #include <errno.h>
@@ -968,11 +988,13 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
         '''
         self.do_test(src, '*throw...caught!infunc...done!*')
 
-        global DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS
-        DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS = 1
+        global DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING
+        DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING = 1
         self.do_test(src, 'Compiled code throwing an exception')
 
     def test_typed_exceptions(self):
+        return self.skip('TODO: fix this for llvm 3.0')
+
         global SAFE_HEAP; SAFE_HEAP = 0  # Throwing null will cause an ignorable null pointer access.
         global EXCEPTION_DEBUG; EXCEPTION_DEBUG = 0  # Messes up expected output.
         src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'exceptions', 'typed.cpp'), 'r').read()
@@ -1540,7 +1562,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
           self.do_test(src, '*4,3,4*\n*6,4,6*')
 
     def test_varargs(self):
-        if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip() # FIXME: Add support for this
+        if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip('FIXME: Add support for this')
 
         src = '''
           #include <stdio.h>
@@ -1662,10 +1684,12 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
         self.do_test(src, '*1,2,3,5,5,6*\n*stdin==0:0*\n*%*\n*5*\n*66.0*\n*10*\n*0*\n*-10*\n*18*\n*10*\n*0*\n*4294967286*\n*cleaned*')
 
     def test_time(self):
-      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: return self.skip() # Typed arrays = 2 truncate i64s.
+      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: return self.skip('Typed arrays = 2 truncate i64s')
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'time', 'src.c'), 'r').read()
       expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'time', 'output.txt'), 'r').read()
-      self.do_test(src, expected)
+      self.do_test(src, expected,
+                   extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/time.h'])
+                   #extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h,libc/sys/unistd.h,poll.h,libc/math.h,libc/langinfo.h,libc/time.h'])
 
     def test_statics(self):
         # static initializers save i16 but load i8 for some reason
@@ -1755,6 +1779,38 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
           '''
         self.do_test(src, '*0.00,0.00,0.00*\n*0,77,0*\n*0,77,0*\n*0,77,0*')
 
+    def test_memcpy(self):
+        src = '''
+          #include <stdio.h>
+          #include <string.h>
+          #define MAXX 48
+          void reset(unsigned char *buffer) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < MAXX; i++) buffer[i] = i+1;
+          }
+          void dump(unsigned char *buffer) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < MAXX-1; i++) printf("%2d,", buffer[i]);
+            printf("%d\\n", buffer[MAXX-1]);
+          }
+          int main() {
+            unsigned char buffer[MAXX];
+            for (int i = MAXX/4; i < MAXX-MAXX/4; i++) {
+              for (int j = MAXX/4; j < MAXX-MAXX/4; j++) {
+                for (int k = 1; k < MAXX/4; k++) {
+                  if (i == j) continue;
+                  if (i < j && i+k > j) continue;
+                  if (j < i && j+k > i) continue;
+                  printf("[%d,%d,%d]\\n", i, j, k);
+                  reset(buffer);
+                  memcpy(buffer+i, buffer+j, k);
+                  dump(buffer);
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            return 0;
+          }
+          '''
+        self.do_test(src)
+
     def test_nestedstructs(self):
         src = '''
           #include <stdio.h>
@@ -1969,7 +2025,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
 
     def test_dlfcn_data_and_fptr(self):
       global LLVM_OPTS
-      if LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip() # LLVM opts will optimize out parent_func
+      if LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip('LLVM opts will optimize out parent_func')
 
       global BUILD_AS_SHARED_LIB, EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS, EXPORTED_GLOBALS
       lib_src = '''
@@ -2112,11 +2168,12 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
         open(filename, 'w').write(src)
       self.do_test(src, 'Parent global: 123.*Parent global: 456.*',
                    output_nicerizer=lambda x: x.replace('\n', '*'),
-                   post_build=add_pre_run_and_checks)
+                   post_build=add_pre_run_and_checks,
+                   extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h,libc/sys/unistd.h,poll.h,libc/math.h,libc/time.h,libc/langinfo.h'])
       INCLUDE_FULL_LIBRARY = 0
 
     def test_dlfcn_varargs(self):
-      if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip() # FIXME: Add support for this
+      if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip('FIXME: Add support for this')
       global BUILD_AS_SHARED_LIB, EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS
       lib_src = r'''
         void print_ints(int n, ...);
@@ -2213,7 +2270,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       self.do_test(src, re.sub(r'(^|\n)\s+', r'\1', expected))
 
     def test_strtod(self):
-      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: return self.skip() # Typed arrays = 2 truncate doubles.
+      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: return self.skip('Typed arrays = 2 truncate doubles')
       src = r'''
         #include <stdio.h>
         #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -2268,13 +2325,13 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       self.do_test(src, re.sub(r'\n\s+', '\n', expected))
 
     def test_parseInt(self):
-      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS != 0: return self.skip() # Typed arrays truncate i64.
+      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS != 0: return self.skip('Typed arrays truncate i64')
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'parseInt', 'src.c'), 'r').read()
       expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'parseInt', 'output.txt'), 'r').read()
       self.do_test(src, expected)
 
     def test_printf(self):
-      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS != 0: return self.skip() # Typed arrays truncate i64.
+      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS != 0: return self.skip('Typed arrays truncate i64')
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'printf', 'test.c'), 'r').read()
       expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'printf', 'output.txt'), 'r').read()
       self.do_test(src, expected)
@@ -2326,7 +2383,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
     def test_langinfo(self):
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'langinfo', 'test.c'), 'r').read()
       expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'langinfo', 'output.txt'), 'r').read()
-      self.do_test(src, expected)
+      self.do_test(src, expected, extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/langinfo.h'])
 
     def test_files(self):
       global CORRECT_SIGNS; CORRECT_SIGNS = 1 # Just so our output is what we expect. Can flip them both.
@@ -2351,7 +2408,8 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       other.close()
 
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'files.cpp'), 'r').read()
-      self.do_test(src, 'size: 7\ndata: 100,-56,50,25,10,77,123\ninput:hi there!\ntexto\ntexte\n5 : 10,30,20,11,88\nother=some data.\nseeked=me da.\nseeked=ata.\nseeked=ta.\nfscanfed: 10 - hello\n', post_build=post)
+      self.do_test(src, 'size: 7\ndata: 100,-56,50,25,10,77,123\ninput:hi there!\ntexto\ntexte\n$\n5 : 10,30,20,11,88\nother=some data.\nseeked=me da.\nseeked=ata.\nseeked=ta.\nfscanfed: 10 - hello\n',
+                   post_build=post, extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h'])
 
     def test_folders(self):
       def add_pre_run(filename):
@@ -2446,7 +2504,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
         open(filename, 'w').write(src)
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'stat', 'src.c'), 'r').read()
       expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'stat', 'output.txt'), 'r').read()
-      self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=add_pre_run)
+      self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=add_pre_run, extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h'])
 
     def test_fcntl(self):
       def add_pre_run(filename):
@@ -2457,7 +2515,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
         open(filename, 'w').write(src)
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'fcntl', 'src.c'), 'r').read()
       expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'fcntl', 'output.txt'), 'r').read()
-      self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=add_pre_run)
+      self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=add_pre_run, extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h'])
 
     def test_fcntl_open(self):
       def add_pre_run(filename):
@@ -2472,7 +2530,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
         open(filename, 'w').write(src)
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'fcntl-open', 'src.c'), 'r').read()
       expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'fcntl-open', 'output.txt'), 'r').read()
-      self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=add_pre_run)
+      self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=add_pre_run, extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h'])
 
     def test_fcntl_misc(self):
       def add_pre_run(filename):
@@ -2483,7 +2541,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
         open(filename, 'w').write(src)
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'fcntl-misc', 'src.c'), 'r').read()
       expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'fcntl-misc', 'output.txt'), 'r').read()
-      self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=add_pre_run)
+      self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=add_pre_run, extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h'])
 
     def test_poll(self):
       def add_pre_run(filename):
@@ -2516,11 +2574,11 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
 
           printf("ret: %d\n", poll(multi, 5, 123));
           printf("errno: %d\n", errno);
-          printf("multi[0].revents: 0x%x\n", multi[0].revents);
-          printf("multi[1].revents: 0x%x\n", multi[1].revents);
-          printf("multi[2].revents: 0x%x\n", multi[2].revents);
-          printf("multi[3].revents: 0x%x\n", multi[3].revents);
-          printf("multi[4].revents: 0x%x\n", multi[4].revents);
+          printf("multi[0].revents: %d\n", multi[0].revents == (POLLIN | POLLOUT));
+          printf("multi[1].revents: %d\n", multi[1].revents == (POLLIN | POLLOUT));
+          printf("multi[2].revents: %d\n", multi[2].revents == POLLNVAL);
+          printf("multi[3].revents: %d\n", multi[3].revents == 0);
+          printf("multi[4].revents: %d\n", multi[4].revents == POLLOUT);
 
           return 0;
         }
@@ -2528,13 +2586,13 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       expected = r'''
         ret: 4
         errno: 0
-        multi[0].revents: 0x5
-        multi[1].revents: 0x5
-        multi[2].revents: 0x20
-        multi[3].revents: 0x0
-        multi[4].revents: 0x4
+        multi[0].revents: 1
+        multi[1].revents: 1
+        multi[2].revents: 1
+        multi[3].revents: 1
+        multi[4].revents: 1
         '''
-      self.do_test(src, re.sub('(^|\n)\s+', '\\1', expected), post_build=add_pre_run)
+      self.do_test(src, re.sub('(^|\n)\s+', '\\1', expected), post_build=add_pre_run, extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h,poll.h'])
 
     def test_statvfs(self):
       src = r'''
@@ -2689,7 +2747,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
           open(filename, 'w').write(src)
         src = 'int main() {return 0;}\n'
         expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'filesystem', 'output.txt'), 'r').read()
-        self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=addJS)
+        self.do_test(src, expected, post_build=addJS, extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h,libc/sys/unistd.h,poll.h,libc/math.h,libc/langinfo.h,libc/time.h'])
       finally:
         INCLUDE_FULL_LIBRARY = 0
 
@@ -2723,7 +2781,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
     def test_unistd_confstr(self):
       src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'unistd', 'confstr.c'), 'r').read()
       expected = open(path_from_root('tests', 'unistd', 'confstr.out'), 'r').read()
-      self.do_test(src, expected)
+      self.do_test(src, expected, extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/unistd.h'])
 
     def test_unistd_ttyname(self):
       def add_pre_run(filename):
@@ -2902,11 +2960,11 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
 
     def test_raytrace(self):
         global USE_TYPED_ARRAYS
-        if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: return self.skip() # relies on double values
+        if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: return self.skip('Relies on double values')
 
         src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'raytrace.cpp'), 'r').read()
         output = open(path_from_root('tests', 'raytrace.ppm'), 'r').read()
-        self.do_test(src, output, ['3', '16'])
+        self.do_test(src, output, ['3', '16'])#, build_ll_hook=self.do_autodebug)
 
     def test_fasta(self):
         results = [ (1,'''GG*ctt**tgagc*'''), (20,'''GGCCGGGCGCGGTGGCTCACGCCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTT*cttBtatcatatgctaKggNcataaaSatgtaaaDcDRtBggDtctttataattcBgtcg**tacgtgtagcctagtgtttgtgttgcgttatagtctatttgtggacacagtatggtcaaa**tgacgtcttttgatctgacggcgttaacaaagatactctg*'''),
@@ -2917,17 +2975,22 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
 
     def test_dlmalloc(self):
       global CORRECT_SIGNS; CORRECT_SIGNS = 2
-      global CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES; CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES = ['src.cpp:' + str(i) for i in [4816, 4191, 4246, 4199, 4205, 4235, 4227]]
+      global CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES; CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES = ['src.cpp:' + str(i+4) for i in [4816, 4191, 4246, 4199, 4205, 4235, 4227]]
+      global TOTAL_MEMORY; TOTAL_MEMORY = 100*1024*1024 # needed with typed arrays
 
-      src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'dlmalloc.c'), 'r').read()
+      src = open(path_from_root('src', 'dlmalloc.c'), 'r').read() + '\n\n\n' + open(path_from_root('tests', 'dlmalloc_test.c'), 'r').read()
       self.do_test(src, '*1,0*', ['200', '1'])
       self.do_test(src, '*400,0*', ['400', '400'], no_build=True)
 
+      # Linked version
+      src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'dlmalloc_test.c'), 'r').read()
+      self.do_test(src, '*1,0*', ['200', '1'], extra_emscripten_args=['-m'])
+      self.do_test(src, '*400,0*', ['400', '400'], extra_emscripten_args=['-m'], no_build=True)
+
     def zzztest_gl(self):
       # Switch to gcc from g++ - we don't compile properly otherwise (why?)
       global COMPILER
-      if COMPILER != LLVM_GCC: return self.skip()
-      COMPILER = LLVM_GCC.replace('g++', 'gcc')
+      COMPILER = COMPILER.replace('++', '')
 
       def post(filename):
         src = open(filename, 'r').read().replace(
@@ -2984,6 +3047,9 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       #    print opt, "FAIL"
 
     def test_lua(self):
+      global QUANTUM_SIZE
+      if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip('TODO: make this work')
+
       # Overflows in luaS_newlstr hash loop
       global SAFE_HEAP; SAFE_HEAP = 0 # Has various warnings, with copied HEAP_HISTORY values (fixed if we copy 'null' as the type)
       global CORRECT_OVERFLOWS; CORRECT_OVERFLOWS = 1
@@ -2994,7 +3060,8 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       self.do_ll_test(path_from_root('tests', 'lua', 'lua.ll'),
                       'hello lua world!\n17\n1\n2\n3\n4\n7',
                       args=['-e', '''print("hello lua world!");print(17);for x = 1,4 do print(x) end;print(10-3)'''],
-                      output_nicerizer=lambda string: string.replace('\n\n', '\n').replace('\n\n', '\n'))
+                      output_nicerizer=lambda string: string.replace('\n\n', '\n').replace('\n\n', '\n'),
+                      extra_emscripten_args=['-H', 'libc/fcntl.h,libc/sys/unistd.h,poll.h,libc/math.h,libc/langinfo.h,libc/time.h'])
 
     def get_building_dir(self):
       return os.path.join(self.get_dir(), 'building')
@@ -3034,9 +3101,11 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       env['CFLAGS'] = env['EMMAKEN_CFLAGS'] = ' '.join(COMPILER_OPTS + COMPILER_TEST_OPTS) # Normal CFLAGS is ignored by some configure's.
       if configure: # Useful in debugging sometimes to comment this out (and the lines below up to and including the |make| call)
         env['EMMAKEN_JUST_CONFIGURE'] = '1'
-        Popen(configure + configure_args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, env=env).communicate()[0]
+        Popen(configure + configure_args, stdout=open(os.path.join(self.get_dir(), 'configure'), 'w'),
+                                          stderr=open(os.path.join(self.get_dir(), 'configure_err'), 'w'), env=env).communicate()[0]
         del env['EMMAKEN_JUST_CONFIGURE']
-      Popen(make + make_args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, env=env).communicate()[0]
+      Popen(make + make_args, stdout=open(os.path.join(self.get_dir(), 'make'), 'w'),
+                              stderr=open(os.path.join(self.get_dir(), 'make_err'), 'w'), env=env).communicate()[0]
       bc_file = os.path.join(project_dir, 'bc.bc')
       self.do_link(map(lambda lib: os.path.join(project_dir, 'cbuild', lib) if build_subdir else os.path.join(project_dir, lib), generated_libs), bc_file)
       if cache and GlobalCache is not None:
@@ -3050,9 +3119,9 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       return self.get_library('freetype', os.path.join('objs', '.libs', 'libfreetype.a.bc'))
 
     def test_freetype(self):
-      if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip() # TODO: Figure out and try to fix
+      if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip('TODO: Figure out and try to fix')
 
-      if LLVM_OPTS or COMPILER == CLANG: global RELOOP; RELOOP = 0 # Too slow; we do care about typed arrays and OPTIMIZE though
+      if LLVM_OPTS: global RELOOP; RELOOP = 0 # Too slow; we do care about typed arrays and OPTIMIZE though
 
       global CORRECT_SIGNS
       if CORRECT_SIGNS == 0: CORRECT_SIGNS = 1 # Not sure why, but needed
@@ -3076,6 +3145,52 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
                    post_build=post)
                    #build_ll_hook=self.do_autodebug)
 
+    def test_sqlite(self):
+      # gcc -O3 -I/home/alon/Dev/emscripten/tests/sqlite -ldl src.c
+      global QUANTUM_SIZE, OPTIMIZE, RELOOP, USE_TYPED_ARRAYS
+      if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip('TODO FIXME')
+      RELOOP = 0 # too slow
+
+      auto_optimize_data = read_auto_optimize_data(path_from_root('tests', 'sqlite', 'sqlite-autooptimize.fails.txt'))
+
+      global CORRECT_SIGNS; CORRECT_SIGNS = 2
+      global CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES; CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES = auto_optimize_data['signs_lines']
+      global CORRECT_OVERFLOWS; CORRECT_OVERFLOWS = 0
+      global CORRECT_ROUNDINGS; CORRECT_ROUNDINGS = 0
+      global SAFE_HEAP; SAFE_HEAP = 0 # uses time.h to set random bytes, other stuff
+      global DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING; DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING = 1
+      global FAST_MEMORY; FAST_MEMORY = 4*1024*1024
+      global EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS; EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS = ['_main', '_sqlite3_open', '_sqlite3_close', '_sqlite3_exec', '_sqlite3_free', '_callback'];
+
+      global INVOKE_RUN; INVOKE_RUN = 0 # We append code that does run() ourselves
+
+      def post(filename):
+        src = open(filename, 'a')
+        src.write('''
+          FS.init();
+          FS.root.write = true;
+          FS.ignorePermissions = true; // /dev is read-only
+          FS.createPath('/', 'dev/shm/tmp', true, true);
+          FS.ignorePermissions = false;
+          FS.currentPath = '/dev/shm/tmp';
+          run();
+        ''')
+        src.close()
+
+      self.do_test(r'''
+                        #define SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
+                        #define LONGDOUBLE_TYPE double
+                        #define SQLITE_INT64_TYPE int
+                        #define SQLITE_THREADSAFE 0
+                   ''' + open(path_from_root('tests', 'sqlite', 'sqlite3.c'), 'r').read() +
+                         open(path_from_root('tests', 'sqlite', 'benchmark.c'), 'r').read(),
+                   open(path_from_root('tests', 'sqlite', 'benchmark.txt'), 'r').read(),
+                   includes=[path_from_root('tests', 'sqlite')],
+                   force_c=True,
+                   extra_emscripten_args=['-m'],
+                   js_engines=[SPIDERMONKEY_ENGINE], # V8 is slow
+                   post_build=post)#,build_ll_hook=self.do_autodebug)
+
     def test_zlib(self):
       global CORRECT_SIGNS; CORRECT_SIGNS = 1
 
@@ -3104,10 +3219,8 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       global SAFE_HEAP, SAFE_HEAP_LINES, USE_TYPED_ARRAYS, LLVM_OPTS
 
       if LLVM_OPTS: SAFE_HEAP = 0 # Optimizations make it so we do not have debug info on the line we need to ignore
-      if COMPILER == LLVM_GCC:
-        global INIT_STACK; INIT_STACK = 1 # TODO: Investigate why this is necessary
 
-      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: return self.skip() # We have slightly different rounding here for some reason. TODO: activate this
+      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: return self.skip('We have slightly different rounding here for some reason. TODO: activate this')
 
       if SAFE_HEAP:
         # Ignore bitfield warnings
@@ -3125,11 +3238,13 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
                    js_engines=[SPIDERMONKEY_ENGINE]) # V8 issue 1407
 
     def test_poppler(self):
-      if COMPILER != LLVM_GCC: return self.skip() # llvm-link failure when using clang, LLVM bug 9498
-      if RELOOP or LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip() # TODO
-      if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip() # TODO: Figure out and try to fix
+      global RELOOP, LLVM_OPTS, USE_TYPED_ARRAYS, QUANTUM_SIZE
 
-      global USE_TYPED_ARRAYS; USE_TYPED_ARRAYS = 0 # XXX bug - we fail with this FIXME
+      # llvm-link failure when using clang, LLVM bug 9498, still relevant?
+      if RELOOP or LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip('TODO')
+      if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2 or QUANTUM_SIZE == 1: return self.skip('TODO: Figure out and try to fix')
+
+      USE_TYPED_ARRAYS = 0 # XXX bug - we fail with this FIXME
 
       global SAFE_HEAP; SAFE_HEAP = 0 # Has variable object
 
@@ -3155,7 +3270,11 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
                              'psobjs.c:195', 'pshglob.c:165', 'ttload.c:694', 'ttmtx.c:195', 'sfobjs.c:957',
                              'sfobjs.c:958', 'ftstream.c:369', 'ftstream.c:372', 'ttobjs.c:1007'] # And many more...
 
-      global COMPILER_TEST_OPTS; COMPILER_TEST_OPTS += ['-I' + path_from_root('tests', 'libcxx', 'include')] # Avoid libstdc++ linking issue, see libcxx test
+      global COMPILER_TEST_OPTS; COMPILER_TEST_OPTS += [
+        '-I' + path_from_root('tests', 'libcxx', 'include'), # Avoid libstdc++ linking issue, see libcxx test
+        '-I' + path_from_root('tests', 'freetype', 'include'),
+        '-I' + path_from_root('tests', 'poppler', 'include'),
+      ]
 
       global INVOKE_RUN; INVOKE_RUN = 0 # We append code that does run() ourselves
 
@@ -3209,10 +3328,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       else:
         CORRECT_SIGNS = 2
         global CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES
-        if COMPILER == CLANG:
-          CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES = ["mqc.c:566"]
-        else:
-          CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES = ["mqc.c:566", "mqc.c:317"]
+        CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES = ["mqc.c:566", "mqc.c:317"]
 
       original_j2k = path_from_root('tests', 'openjpeg', 'syntensity_lobby_s.j2k')
 
@@ -3288,6 +3404,9 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
                    output_nicerizer=image_compare)# build_ll_hook=self.do_autodebug)
 
     def test_python(self):
+      global QUANTUM_SIZE, USE_TYPED_ARRAYS
+      if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1 or USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2: return self.skip('TODO: make this work')
+
       # Overflows in string_hash
       global CORRECT_OVERFLOWS; CORRECT_OVERFLOWS = 1
       global CHECK_OVERFLOWS; CHECK_OVERFLOWS = 0
@@ -3305,17 +3424,24 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
     # They are only valid enough for us to read for test purposes, not for llvm-as
     # to process.
     def test_cases(self):
+      global QUANTUM_SIZE
       global CHECK_OVERFLOWS; CHECK_OVERFLOWS = 0
-      if LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip() # Our code is not exactly 'normal' llvm assembly
+      if LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip("Our code is not exactly 'normal' llvm assembly")
+
       for name in glob.glob(path_from_root('tests', 'cases', '*.ll')):
         shortname = name.replace('.ll', '')
         print "Testing case '%s'..." % shortname
         output_file = path_from_root('tests', 'cases', shortname + '.txt')
+        if QUANTUM_SIZE == 1:
+          q1_output_file = path_from_root('tests', 'cases', shortname + '_q1.txt')
+          if os.path.exists(q1_output_file):
+            output_file = q1_output_file
         if os.path.exists(output_file):
           output = open(output_file, 'r').read()
         else:
           output = 'hello, world!'
-        self.do_ll_test(path_from_root('tests', 'cases', name), output)
+        if output.rstrip() != 'skip':
+          self.do_ll_test(path_from_root('tests', 'cases', name), output)
 
     # Autodebug the code
     def do_autodebug(self, filename):
@@ -3324,7 +3450,7 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       self.prep_ll_test(filename, filename+'.o.ll.ll', force_recompile=True) # rebuild .bc
 
     def test_autodebug(self):
-      if LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip() # They mess us up
+      if LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip('LLVM opts mess us up')
 
       # Run a test that should work, generating some code
       self.test_structs()
@@ -3334,7 +3460,6 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
 
       # Compare to each other, and to expected output
       self.do_ll_test(path_from_root('tests', filename+'.o.ll.ll'))
-      self.do_ll_test(path_from_root('tests', filename+'.o.ll.ll'), 'AD:38,10\nAD:47,7008\nAD:57,7018\n')
 
       # Test using build_ll_hook
       src = '''
@@ -3347,7 +3472,8 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
             cache[10] = 25;
             next[20] = 51;
             int x = cache[10];
-            printf("*%d,%d*\\n", x, cache[20]);
+            double y = 11.52;
+            printf("*%d,%d,%.2f*\\n", x, cache[20], y);
             return 0;
           }
         '''
@@ -3376,6 +3502,56 @@ if 'benchmark' not in str(sys.argv):
       # Using build_ll_hook forces a recompile, which leads to DFE being done even without opts
       self.do_test(src, '*hello slim world*', build_ll_hook=hook)
 
+    def test_profiling(self):
+      global PROFILE; PROFILE = 1
+      global INVOKE_RUN; INVOKE_RUN = 0
+
+      src = '''
+          #include <stdio.h>
+
+          int inner1(int x) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
+              x += x/3;
+            return x;
+          }
+          int inner2(int x) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+              x -= x/4;
+            return x;
+          }
+          int inner3(int x) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+              x += x/2;
+            x = inner1(x) - inner2(x);
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+              x -= x/2;
+            return x;
+          }
+
+          int main()
+          {
+            int total = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5000; i++)
+              total += inner1(i) - 4*inner3(i);
+            printf("*%d*\\n", total);
+            return 0;
+          }
+        '''
+
+      def post(filename):
+        src = open(filename, 'a')
+        src.write('''
+          startProfiling();
+          run();
+          stopProfiling();
+          printProfiling();
+          print('*ok*');
+        ''')
+        src.close()
+
+      # Using build_ll_hook forces a recompile, which leads to DFE being done even without opts
+      self.do_test(src, ': __Z6inner1i (5000)\n*ok*', post_build=post)
+
     ### Integration tests
 
     def test_scriptaclass(self):
@@ -3612,7 +3788,7 @@ Child2:9
     def test_typeinfo(self):
       global RUNTIME_TYPE_INFO; RUNTIME_TYPE_INFO = 1
       global QUANTUM_SIZE
-      if QUANTUM_SIZE != 4: return self.skip()
+      if QUANTUM_SIZE != 4: return self.skip('We assume normal sizes in the output here')
 
       src = '''
         #include<stdio.h>
@@ -3684,8 +3860,8 @@ Child2:9
     def test_safe_heap(self):
       global SAFE_HEAP, SAFE_HEAP_LINES
 
-      if not SAFE_HEAP: return self.skip()
-      if LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip() # LLVM can optimize away the intermediate |x|...
+      if not SAFE_HEAP: return self.skip('We need SAFE_HEAP to test SAFE_HEAP')
+      if LLVM_OPTS: return self.skip('LLVM can optimize away the intermediate |x|')
       src = '''
         #include<stdio.h>
         int main() {
@@ -3769,7 +3945,7 @@ Child2:9
       try:
         def post(filename):
           lines = open(filename, 'r').readlines()
-          lines = filter(lambda line: '___assert_fail(' in line, lines)
+          lines = filter(lambda line: '___assert_fail(' in line or '___assert_func(' in line, lines)
           found_line_num = any(('//@line 7 "' in line) for line in lines)
           found_filename = any(('src.cpp"\n' in line) for line in lines)
           assert found_line_num, 'Must have debug info with the line number'
@@ -3799,10 +3975,6 @@ Child2:9
       shutil.copy(filename + '.o.js', os.path.join(self.get_dir(), 'new.cpp.o.js'))
       self.do_test(None, 'test\n', basename='new.cpp', no_build=True)
 
-    def test_dlmalloc_linked(self):
-      src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'dlmalloc_test.c'), 'r').read()
-      self.do_test(src, '*1,0*', ['200', '1'], extra_emscripten_args=['-m'])
-
     def test_linespecific(self):
       global CHECK_SIGNS; CHECK_SIGNS = 0
       global CHECK_OVERFLOWS; CHECK_OVERFLOWS = 0
@@ -3970,7 +4142,7 @@ Child2:9
       def check(output):
         # TODO: check the line #
         assert 'Overflow|src.cpp:6 : 60 hits, %20 failures' in output, 'no indication of Overflow corrections'
-        assert 'UnSign|src.cpp:13 : 6 hits, %16 failures' in output, 'no indication of Sign corrections'
+        assert 'UnSign|src.cpp:13 : 6 hits, %17 failures' in output, 'no indication of Sign corrections'
         return output
 
       self.do_test(src, '*186854335,63*\n', output_nicerizer=check)
@@ -3981,7 +4153,7 @@ Child2:9
     exec('''
 class %s(T):
   def setUp(self):
-    global COMPILER, QUANTUM_SIZE, RELOOP, OPTIMIZE, ASSERTIONS, USE_TYPED_ARRAYS, LLVM_OPTS, SAFE_HEAP, CHECK_OVERFLOWS, CORRECT_OVERFLOWS, CORRECT_OVERFLOWS_LINES, CORRECT_SIGNS, CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES, CHECK_SIGNS, COMPILER_TEST_OPTS, CORRECT_ROUNDINGS, CORRECT_ROUNDINGS_LINES, INVOKE_RUN, SAFE_HEAP_LINES, INIT_STACK, AUTO_OPTIMIZE, RUNTIME_TYPE_INFO, DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS
+    global COMPILER, QUANTUM_SIZE, RELOOP, OPTIMIZE, ASSERTIONS, USE_TYPED_ARRAYS, LLVM_OPTS, SAFE_HEAP, CHECK_OVERFLOWS, CORRECT_OVERFLOWS, CORRECT_OVERFLOWS_LINES, CORRECT_SIGNS, CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES, CHECK_SIGNS, COMPILER_TEST_OPTS, CORRECT_ROUNDINGS, CORRECT_ROUNDINGS_LINES, INVOKE_RUN, SAFE_HEAP_LINES, INIT_STACK, AUTO_OPTIMIZE, RUNTIME_TYPE_INFO, DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING, PROFILE, TOTAL_MEMORY, FAST_MEMORY
 
     COMPILER = %r
     llvm_opts = %d
@@ -4004,12 +4176,15 @@ class %s(T):
     CHECK_SIGNS = 0 #1-(embetter or llvm_opts)
     INIT_STACK = 0
     RUNTIME_TYPE_INFO = 0
-    DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS = 0
+    DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING = 0
+    PROFILE = 0
+    TOTAL_MEMORY = FAST_MEMORY = None
+
     if LLVM_OPTS:
       self.pick_llvm_opts(3, True)
     COMPILER_TEST_OPTS = ['-g']
     shutil.rmtree(self.get_dir()) # Useful in debugging sometimes to comment this out
-    os.chdir(self.get_dir()) # make sure it exists
+    os.chdir(self.get_dir()) # Ensure the directory exists and go there
 TT = %s
 ''' % (fullname, compiler, llvm_opts, embetter, quantum_size, typed_arrays, fullname))
     return TT
@@ -4018,12 +4193,9 @@ TT = %s
     for name, compiler, quantum, embetter, typed_arrays in [
       ('clang', CLANG, 1, 0, 0),
       ('clang', CLANG, 4, 0, 0),
-      ('llvm_gcc', LLVM_GCC, 4, 0, 0),
       ('clang', CLANG, 1, 1, 1),
       ('clang', CLANG, 4, 1, 1),
-      ('llvm_gcc', LLVM_GCC, 4, 1, 1),
       ('clang', CLANG, 4, 1, 2),
-      #('llvm_gcc', LLVM_GCC, 4, 1, 2),
     ]:
       fullname = '%s_%d_%d%s%s' % (
         name, llvm_opts, embetter, '' if quantum == 4 else '_q' + str(quantum), '' if typed_arrays in [0, 1] else '_t' + str(typed_arrays)
@@ -4075,7 +4247,9 @@ else:
   CORRECT_ROUNDINGS = 0
   CORRECT_OVERFLOWS_LINES = CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES = CORRECT_ROUNDINGS_LINES = SAFE_HEAP_LINES = []
   LLVM_OPTS = 1
-  DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS = 1
+  DISABLE_EXCEPTION_CATCHING = 1
+  if USE_TYPED_ARRAYS:
+    TOTAL_MEMORY = 100*1024*1024 # XXX Needed for dlmalloc. TODO: Test other values
   FAST_MEMORY = 10*1024*1024
 
   TEST_REPS = 4
@@ -4103,7 +4277,7 @@ else:
 
     def do_benchmark(self, src, args=[], expected_output='FAIL', main_file=None):
       global USE_TYPED_ARRAYS
-      self.pick_llvm_opts(3, True, USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2)
+      self.pick_llvm_opts(3, True) # XXX nonportable fails with dlmalloc #, allow_nonportable=USE_TYPED_ARRAYS == 2)
 
       dirname = self.get_dir()
       filename = os.path.join(dirname, 'src.cpp')
@@ -4238,14 +4412,13 @@ else:
       global CORRECT_SIGNS; CORRECT_SIGNS = 2
       global CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES; CORRECT_SIGNS_LINES = ['src.cpp:' + str(i+4) for i in [4816, 4191, 4246, 4199, 4205, 4235, 4227]]
 
-      src = open(path_from_root('tests', 'dlmalloc.c'), 'r').read()
+      src = open(path_from_root('src', 'dlmalloc.c'), 'r').read() + '\n\n\n' + open(path_from_root('tests', 'dlmalloc_test.c'), 'r').read()
       self.do_benchmark(src, ['400', '400'], '*400,0*')
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   sys.argv = [sys.argv[0]] + ['-v'] + sys.argv[1:] # Verbose output by default
-  for cmd in [CLANG, LLVM_GCC, LLVM_DIS, SPIDERMONKEY_ENGINE[0], V8_ENGINE[0]]:
-    if not os.path.exists(cmd) and \
-        not os.path.exists(cmd + '.exe'): # .exe extension required for Windows
+  for cmd in [CLANG, LLVM_DIS, SPIDERMONKEY_ENGINE[0], V8_ENGINE[0]]:
+    if not os.path.exists(cmd) and not os.path.exists(cmd + '.exe'): # .exe extension required for Windows
       print 'WARNING: Cannot find', cmd
   unittest.main()
 
diff --git a/tests/sqlite/benchmark.c b/tests/sqlite/benchmark.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1385525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sqlite/benchmark.c
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#include <time.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sqlite3.h>
+
+static int callback(void *NotUsed, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
+    printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL");
+  }
+  printf("\n");
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int test(){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;
+  int rc;
+  int i;
+  const char *commands[] = {
+    "CREATE TABLE t2(a INTEGER, b INTEGER, c VARCHAR(100));",
+    "INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(1,13153,'thirteen thousand one hundred fifty three');",
+    "INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(1,987,'some other number');",
+    "SELECT count(*) FROM t2;",
+    "SELECT a, b, c FROM t2;",
+    NULL
+  };
+
+  rc = sqlite3_open(":memory:", &db);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+    sqlite3_close(db);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  for (i = 0; commands[i]; i++) {
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(db, commands[i], callback, 0, &zErrMsg);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "SQL error on %d: %s\n", i, zErrMsg);
+      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_close(db);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int main(){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;
+  int rc, i;
+  clock_t t;
+
+  rc = sqlite3_open(":memory:", &db);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+    sqlite3_close(db);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  #define RUN(cmd) \
+    { \
+      rc = sqlite3_exec(db, cmd, callback, 0, &zErrMsg); \
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){ \
+        fprintf(stderr, "SQL error on %d: %s\n", i, zErrMsg); \
+        sqlite3_free(zErrMsg); \
+        exit(1); \
+      } \
+    }
+
+  #define TIME(msg) \
+    { \
+      printf(msg " : took %d ms\n", (1000*(clock()-t))/CLOCKS_PER_SEC); \
+      t = clock(); \
+    }
+
+  t = clock();
+  TIME("'startup'");
+
+  RUN("CREATE TABLE t1(a INTEGER, b INTEGER, c VARCHAR(100));");
+  TIME("create table");
+
+  RUN("BEGIN;");
+
+  // 25000 INSERTs in a transaction
+  for (i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
+    RUN("INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1,12345,'one 1 one 1 one 1');");
+    RUN("INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(2,23422,'two two two two');");
+    RUN("INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(3,31233,'three three 33333333333 three');");
+    RUN("INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(4,41414,'FOUR four 4 phor FOUR 44444');");
+    RUN("INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(5,52555,'five 5 FIVE Five phayve 55 5 5 5 5 55  5');");
+  }
+  TIME("25,000 inserts");
+
+  RUN("COMMIT;");
+  TIME("commit");
+
+  // Counts
+  RUN("SELECT count(*) FROM t1;");
+  RUN("SELECT count(*) FROM t1 WHERE a == 4");
+  RUN("SELECT count(*) FROM t1 WHERE b > 20000 AND b < 50000;");
+  RUN("SELECT count(*) FROM t1 WHERE c like '%three%';");
+  TIME("selects");
+
+  // Index
+  RUN("CREATE INDEX iiaa ON t1(a);");
+  RUN("CREATE INDEX iibb ON t1(b);");
+  TIME("create indexes");
+
+  RUN("SELECT count(*) FROM t1 WHERE a == 4");
+  RUN("SELECT count(*) FROM t1 WHERE b > 20000 AND b < 50000;");
+  TIME("selects with indexes");
+
+  sqlite3_close(db);
+
+  return test();
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/sqlite/benchmark.txt b/tests/sqlite/benchmark.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..472221df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sqlite/benchmark.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+count(*) = 2
+
+a = 1
+b = 13153
+c = thirteen thousand one hundred fifty three
+
+a = 1
+b = 987
+c = some other number
+
diff --git a/tests/sqlite/sqlite-autooptimize.fails.txt b/tests/sqlite/sqlite-autooptimize.fails.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8fb95c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sqlite/sqlite-autooptimize.fails.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3436 @@
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+ReSign|src.c:107490 : 300491 hits, %0 failures
+ReSign|src.c:18781 : 300473 hits, %0 failures
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+ReSign|src.c:58654 : 300370 hits, %0 failures
+ReSign|src.c:71511 : 300360 hits, %0 failures
+UnSign|src.c:60450 : 300000 hits, %0 failures
+ReSign|src.c:52164 : 299700 hits, %0 failures
+UnSign|src.c:60148 : 299250 hits, %0 failures
+UnSign|src.c:52095 : 297650 hits, %0 failures
+ReSign|dlmalloc.c:4816 : 290833 hits, %0 failures
+ReSign|src.c:51102 : 286959 hits, %0 failures
+ReSign|src.c:64945 : 280054 hits, %0 failures
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+ReSign|src.c:64992 : 280054 hits, %0 failures
+UnSign|src.c:65016 : 280018 hits, %0 failures
+ReSign|src.c:65056 : 280018 hits, %0 failures
+ReSign|src.c:49151 : 277476 hits, %0 failures
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+ReSign|src.c:51643 : 276796 hits, %0 failures
+UnSign|dlmalloc.c:4776 : 276734 hits, %0 failures
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+ReSign|src.c:18308 : 265362 hits, %0 failures
+ReSign|src.c:53012 : 263997 hits, %0 failures
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+ReSign|src.c:69940 : 225884 hits, %0 failures
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+ReSign|src.c:90019 : 225198 hits, %0 failures
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diff --git a/tests/sqlite/sqlite3.c b/tests/sqlite/sqlite3.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bcbb7cdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sqlite/sqlite3.c
@@ -0,0 +1,128434 @@
+/******************************************************************************
+** This file is an amalgamation of many separate C source files from SQLite
+** version 3.7.7.1.  By combining all the individual C code files into this 
+** single large file, the entire code can be compiled as a single translation
+** unit.  This allows many compilers to do optimizations that would not be
+** possible if the files were compiled separately.  Performance improvements
+** of 5% or more are commonly seen when SQLite is compiled as a single
+** translation unit.
+**
+** This file is all you need to compile SQLite.  To use SQLite in other
+** programs, you need this file and the "sqlite3.h" header file that defines
+** the programming interface to the SQLite library.  (If you do not have 
+** the "sqlite3.h" header file at hand, you will find a copy embedded within
+** the text of this file.  Search for "Begin file sqlite3.h" to find the start
+** of the embedded sqlite3.h header file.) Additional code files may be needed
+** if you want a wrapper to interface SQLite with your choice of programming
+** language. The code for the "sqlite3" command-line shell is also in a
+** separate file. This file contains only code for the core SQLite library.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_CORE 1
+#define SQLITE_AMALGAMATION 1
+#ifndef SQLITE_PRIVATE
+# define SQLITE_PRIVATE static
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_API
+# define SQLITE_API
+#endif
+/************** Begin file sqliteInt.h ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** Internal interface definitions for SQLite.
+**
+*/
+#ifndef _SQLITEINT_H_
+#define _SQLITEINT_H_
+
+/*
+** These #defines should enable >2GB file support on POSIX if the
+** underlying operating system supports it.  If the OS lacks
+** large file support, or if the OS is windows, these should be no-ops.
+**
+** Ticket #2739:  The _LARGEFILE_SOURCE macro must appear before any
+** system #includes.  Hence, this block of code must be the very first
+** code in all source files.
+**
+** Large file support can be disabled using the -DSQLITE_DISABLE_LFS switch
+** on the compiler command line.  This is necessary if you are compiling
+** on a recent machine (ex: Red Hat 7.2) but you want your code to work
+** on an older machine (ex: Red Hat 6.0).  If you compile on Red Hat 7.2
+** without this option, LFS is enable.  But LFS does not exist in the kernel
+** in Red Hat 6.0, so the code won't work.  Hence, for maximum binary
+** portability you should omit LFS.
+**
+** Similar is true for Mac OS X.  LFS is only supported on Mac OS X 9 and later.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
+# define _LARGE_FILE       1
+# ifndef _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
+#   define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
+# endif
+# define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Include the configuration header output by 'configure' if we're using the
+** autoconf-based build
+*/
+#ifdef _HAVE_SQLITE_CONFIG_H
+#include "config.h"
+#endif
+
+/************** Include sqliteLimit.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ***********/
+/************** Begin file sqliteLimit.h *************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 May 7
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** 
+** This file defines various limits of what SQLite can process.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The maximum length of a TEXT or BLOB in bytes.   This also
+** limits the size of a row in a table or index.
+**
+** The hard limit is the ability of a 32-bit signed integer
+** to count the size: 2^31-1 or 2147483647.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH 1000000000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This is the maximum number of
+**
+**    * Columns in a table
+**    * Columns in an index
+**    * Columns in a view
+**    * Terms in the SET clause of an UPDATE statement
+**    * Terms in the result set of a SELECT statement
+**    * Terms in the GROUP BY or ORDER BY clauses of a SELECT statement.
+**    * Terms in the VALUES clause of an INSERT statement
+**
+** The hard upper limit here is 32676.  Most database people will
+** tell you that in a well-normalized database, you usually should
+** not have more than a dozen or so columns in any table.  And if
+** that is the case, there is no point in having more than a few
+** dozen values in any of the other situations described above.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN
+# define SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN 2000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum length of a single SQL statement in bytes.
+**
+** It used to be the case that setting this value to zero would
+** turn the limit off.  That is no longer true.  It is not possible
+** to turn this limit off.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH 1000000000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum depth of an expression tree. This is limited to 
+** some extent by SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH. But sometime you might 
+** want to place more severe limits on the complexity of an 
+** expression.
+**
+** A value of 0 used to mean that the limit was not enforced.
+** But that is no longer true.  The limit is now strictly enforced
+** at all times.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH 1000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of terms in a compound SELECT statement.
+** The code generator for compound SELECT statements does one
+** level of recursion for each term.  A stack overflow can result
+** if the number of terms is too large.  In practice, most SQL
+** never has more than 3 or 4 terms.  Use a value of 0 to disable
+** any limit on the number of terms in a compount SELECT.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT
+# define SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT 500
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of opcodes in a VDBE program.
+** Not currently enforced.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP
+# define SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP 25000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of arguments to an SQL function.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG
+# define SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG 127
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of in-memory pages to use for the main database
+** table and for temporary tables.  The SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE  2000
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE  500
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The default number of frames to accumulate in the log file before
+** checkpointing the database in WAL mode.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT  1000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of attached databases.  This must be between 0
+** and 62.  The upper bound on 62 is because a 64-bit integer bitmap
+** is used internally to track attached databases.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED
+# define SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED 10
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** The maximum value of a ?nnn wildcard that the parser will accept.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER
+# define SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER 999
+#endif
+
+/* Maximum page size.  The upper bound on this value is 65536.  This a limit
+** imposed by the use of 16-bit offsets within each page.
+**
+** Earlier versions of SQLite allowed the user to change this value at
+** compile time. This is no longer permitted, on the grounds that it creates
+** a library that is technically incompatible with an SQLite library 
+** compiled with a different limit. If a process operating on a database 
+** with a page-size of 65536 bytes crashes, then an instance of SQLite 
+** compiled with the default page-size limit will not be able to rollback 
+** the aborted transaction. This could lead to database corruption.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+#endif
+#define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE 65536
+
+
+/*
+** The default size of a database page.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 1024
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Ordinarily, if no value is explicitly provided, SQLite creates databases
+** with page size SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE. However, based on certain
+** device characteristics (sector-size and atomic write() support),
+** SQLite may choose a larger value. This constant is the maximum value
+** SQLite will choose on its own.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 8192
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Maximum number of pages in one database file.
+**
+** This is really just the default value for the max_page_count pragma.
+** This value can be lowered (or raised) at run-time using that the
+** max_page_count macro.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT
+# define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT 1073741823
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum length (in bytes) of the pattern in a LIKE or GLOB
+** operator.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH 50000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum depth of recursion for triggers.
+**
+** A value of 1 means that a trigger program will not be able to itself
+** fire any triggers. A value of 0 means that no trigger programs at all 
+** may be executed.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH 1000
+#endif
+
+/************** End of sqliteLimit.h *****************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+
+/* Disable nuisance warnings on Borland compilers */
+#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#pragma warn -rch /* unreachable code */
+#pragma warn -ccc /* Condition is always true or false */
+#pragma warn -aus /* Assigned value is never used */
+#pragma warn -csu /* Comparing signed and unsigned */
+#pragma warn -spa /* Suspicious pointer arithmetic */
+#endif
+
+/* Needed for various definitions... */
+#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
+# define _GNU_SOURCE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Include standard header files as necessary
+*/
+#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The number of samples of an index that SQLite takes in order to 
+** construct a histogram of the table content when running ANALYZE
+** and with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+*/
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES 10
+
+/*
+** The following macros are used to cast pointers to integers and
+** integers to pointers.  The way you do this varies from one compiler
+** to the next, so we have developed the following set of #if statements
+** to generate appropriate macros for a wide range of compilers.
+**
+** The correct "ANSI" way to do this is to use the intptr_t type. 
+** Unfortunately, that typedef is not available on all compilers, or
+** if it is available, it requires an #include of specific headers
+** that vary from one machine to the next.
+**
+** Ticket #3860:  The llvm-gcc-4.2 compiler from Apple chokes on
+** the ((void*)&((char*)0)[X]) construct.  But MSVC chokes on ((void*)(X)).
+** So we have to define the macros in different ways depending on the
+** compiler.
+*/
+#if defined(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)  /* This case should work for GCC */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
+#elif !defined(__GNUC__)       /* Works for compilers other than LLVM */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)&((char*)0)[X])
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(((char*)X)-(char*)0))
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDINT_H)   /* Use this case if we have ANSI headers */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(intptr_t)(X))
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(intptr_t)(X))
+#else                          /* Generates a warning - but it always works */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(X))
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(X))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The SQLITE_THREADSAFE macro must be defined as 0, 1, or 2.
+** 0 means mutexes are permanently disable and the library is never
+** threadsafe.  1 means the library is serialized which is the highest
+** level of threadsafety.  2 means the libary is multithreaded - multiple
+** threads can use SQLite as long as no two threads try to use the same
+** database connection at the same time.
+**
+** Older versions of SQLite used an optional THREADSAFE macro.
+** We support that for legacy.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE)
+#if defined(THREADSAFE)
+# define SQLITE_THREADSAFE THREADSAFE
+#else
+# define SQLITE_THREADSAFE 1 /* IMP: R-07272-22309 */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS macro must be defined as either 0 or 1.
+** It determines whether or not the features related to 
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS are available by default or not. This value can
+** be overridden at runtime using the sqlite3_config() API.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS)
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Exactly one of the following macros must be defined in order to
+** specify which memory allocation subsystem to use.
+**
+**     SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC          // Use normal system malloc()
+**     SQLITE_MEMDEBUG               // Debugging version of system malloc()
+**
+** (Historical note:  There used to be several other options, but we've
+** pared it down to just these two.)
+**
+** If none of the above are defined, then set SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC as
+** the default.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)>1
+# error "At most one of the following compile-time configuration options\
+ is allows: SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC, SQLITE_MEMDEBUG"
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)==0
+# define SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT is not zero, then try to keep the
+** sizes of memory allocations below this value where possible.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT)
+# define SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT 1024
+#endif
+
+/*
+** We need to define _XOPEN_SOURCE as follows in order to enable
+** recursive mutexes on most Unix systems.  But Mac OS X is different.
+** The _XOPEN_SOURCE define causes problems for Mac OS X we are told,
+** so it is omitted there.  See ticket #2673.
+**
+** Later we learn that _XOPEN_SOURCE is poorly or incorrectly
+** implemented on some systems.  So we avoid defining it at all
+** if it is already defined or if it is unneeded because we are
+** not doing a threadsafe build.  Ticket #2681.
+**
+** See also ticket #2741.
+*/
+#if !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE) && !defined(__DARWIN__) && !defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+#  define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500  /* Needed to enable pthread recursive mutexes */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The TCL headers are only needed when compiling the TCL bindings.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_TCL) || defined(TCLSH)
+# include <tcl.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Many people are failing to set -DNDEBUG=1 when compiling SQLite.
+** Setting NDEBUG makes the code smaller and run faster.  So the following
+** lines are added to automatically set NDEBUG unless the -DSQLITE_DEBUG=1
+** option is set.  Thus NDEBUG becomes an opt-in rather than an opt-out
+** feature.
+*/
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
+# define NDEBUG 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The testcase() macro is used to aid in coverage testing.  When 
+** doing coverage testing, the condition inside the argument to
+** testcase() must be evaluated both true and false in order to
+** get full branch coverage.  The testcase() macro is inserted
+** to help ensure adequate test coverage in places where simple
+** condition/decision coverage is inadequate.  For example, testcase()
+** can be used to make sure boundary values are tested.  For
+** bitmask tests, testcase() can be used to make sure each bit
+** is significant and used at least once.  On switch statements
+** where multiple cases go to the same block of code, testcase()
+** can insure that all cases are evaluated.
+**
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3Coverage(int);
+# define testcase(X)  if( X ){ sqlite3Coverage(__LINE__); }
+#else
+# define testcase(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The TESTONLY macro is used to enclose variable declarations or
+** other bits of code that are needed to support the arguments
+** within testcase() and assert() macros.
+*/
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+# define TESTONLY(X)  X
+#else
+# define TESTONLY(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Sometimes we need a small amount of code such as a variable initialization
+** to setup for a later assert() statement.  We do not want this code to
+** appear when assert() is disabled.  The following macro is therefore
+** used to contain that setup code.  The "VVA" acronym stands for
+** "Verification, Validation, and Accreditation".  In other words, the
+** code within VVA_ONLY() will only run during verification processes.
+*/
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+# define VVA_ONLY(X)  X
+#else
+# define VVA_ONLY(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The ALWAYS and NEVER macros surround boolean expressions which 
+** are intended to always be true or false, respectively.  Such
+** expressions could be omitted from the code completely.  But they
+** are included in a few cases in order to enhance the resilience
+** of SQLite to unexpected behavior - to make the code "self-healing"
+** or "ductile" rather than being "brittle" and crashing at the first
+** hint of unplanned behavior.
+**
+** In other words, ALWAYS and NEVER are added for defensive code.
+**
+** When doing coverage testing ALWAYS and NEVER are hard-coded to
+** be true and false so that the unreachable code then specify will
+** not be counted as untested code.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+# define ALWAYS(X)      (1)
+# define NEVER(X)       (0)
+#elif !defined(NDEBUG)
+# define ALWAYS(X)      ((X)?1:(assert(0),0))
+# define NEVER(X)       ((X)?(assert(0),1):0)
+#else
+# define ALWAYS(X)      (X)
+# define NEVER(X)       (X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return true (non-zero) if the input is a integer that is too large
+** to fit in 32-bits.  This macro is used inside of various testcase()
+** macros to verify that we have tested SQLite for large-file support.
+*/
+#define IS_BIG_INT(X)  (((X)&~(i64)0xffffffff)!=0)
+
+/*
+** The macro unlikely() is a hint that surrounds a boolean
+** expression that is usually false.  Macro likely() surrounds
+** a boolean expression that is usually true.  GCC is able to
+** use these hints to generate better code, sometimes.
+*/
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && 0
+# define likely(X)    __builtin_expect((X),1)
+# define unlikely(X)  __builtin_expect((X),0)
+#else
+# define likely(X)    !!(X)
+# define unlikely(X)  !!(X)
+#endif
+
+/************** Include sqlite3.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ***************/
+/************** Begin file sqlite3.h *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This header file defines the interface that the SQLite library
+** presents to client programs.  If a C-function, structure, datatype,
+** or constant definition does not appear in this file, then it is
+** not a published API of SQLite, is subject to change without
+** notice, and should not be referenced by programs that use SQLite.
+**
+** Some of the definitions that are in this file are marked as
+** "experimental".  Experimental interfaces are normally new
+** features recently added to SQLite.  We do not anticipate changes
+** to experimental interfaces but reserve the right to make minor changes
+** if experience from use "in the wild" suggest such changes are prudent.
+**
+** The official C-language API documentation for SQLite is derived
+** from comments in this file.  This file is the authoritative source
+** on how SQLite interfaces are suppose to operate.
+**
+** The name of this file under configuration management is "sqlite.h.in".
+** The makefile makes some minor changes to this file (such as inserting
+** the version number) and changes its name to "sqlite3.h" as
+** part of the build process.
+*/
+#ifndef _SQLITE3_H_
+#define _SQLITE3_H_
+#include <stdarg.h>     /* Needed for the definition of va_list */
+
+/*
+** Make sure we can call this stuff from C++.
+*/
+#if 0
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Add the ability to override 'extern'
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_EXTERN
+# define SQLITE_EXTERN extern
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_API
+# define SQLITE_API
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** These no-op macros are used in front of interfaces to mark those
+** interfaces as either deprecated or experimental.  New applications
+** should not use deprecated interfaces - they are support for backwards
+** compatibility only.  Application writers should be aware that
+** experimental interfaces are subject to change in point releases.
+**
+** These macros used to resolve to various kinds of compiler magic that
+** would generate warning messages when they were used.  But that
+** compiler magic ended up generating such a flurry of bug reports
+** that we have taken it all out and gone back to using simple
+** noop macros.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DEPRECATED
+#define SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+/*
+** Ensure these symbols were not defined by some previous header file.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_VERSION
+# undef SQLITE_VERSION
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER
+# undef SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Compile-Time Library Version Numbers
+**
+** ^(The [SQLITE_VERSION] C preprocessor macro in the sqlite3.h header
+** evaluates to a string literal that is the SQLite version in the
+** format "X.Y.Z" where X is the major version number (always 3 for
+** SQLite3) and Y is the minor version number and Z is the release number.)^
+** ^(The [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER] C preprocessor macro resolves to an integer
+** with the value (X*1000000 + Y*1000 + Z) where X, Y, and Z are the same
+** numbers used in [SQLITE_VERSION].)^
+** The SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER for any given release of SQLite will also
+** be larger than the release from which it is derived.  Either Y will
+** be held constant and Z will be incremented or else Y will be incremented
+** and Z will be reset to zero.
+**
+** Since version 3.6.18, SQLite source code has been stored in the
+** <a href="http://www.fossil-scm.org/">Fossil configuration management
+** system</a>.  ^The SQLITE_SOURCE_ID macro evaluates to
+** a string which identifies a particular check-in of SQLite
+** within its configuration management system.  ^The SQLITE_SOURCE_ID
+** string contains the date and time of the check-in (UTC) and an SHA1
+** hash of the entire source tree.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_libversion()],
+** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
+** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.7.1"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007007
+#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2011-06-28 17:39:05 af0d91adf497f5f36ec3813f04235a6e195a605f"
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_version, sqlite3_sourceid
+**
+** These interfaces provide the same information as the [SQLITE_VERSION],
+** [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER], and [SQLITE_SOURCE_ID] C preprocessor macros
+** but are associated with the library instead of the header file.  ^(Cautious
+** programmers might include assert() statements in their application to
+** verify that values returned by these interfaces match the macros in
+** the header, and thus insure that the application is
+** compiled with matching library and header files.
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** assert( sqlite3_libversion_number()==SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER );
+** assert( strcmp(sqlite3_sourceid(),SQLITE_SOURCE_ID)==0 );
+** assert( strcmp(sqlite3_libversion(),SQLITE_VERSION)==0 );
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_version[] string constant contains the text of [SQLITE_VERSION]
+** macro.  ^The sqlite3_libversion() function returns a pointer to the
+** to the sqlite3_version[] string constant.  The sqlite3_libversion()
+** function is provided for use in DLLs since DLL users usually do not have
+** direct access to string constants within the DLL.  ^The
+** sqlite3_libversion_number() function returns an integer equal to
+** [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER].  ^The sqlite3_sourceid() function returns 
+** a pointer to a string constant whose value is the same as the 
+** [SQLITE_SOURCE_ID] C preprocessor macro.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char sqlite3_version[] = SQLITE_VERSION;
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_libversion(void);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sourceid(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_libversion_number(void);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Compilation Options Diagnostics
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_compileoption_used() function returns 0 or 1 
+** indicating whether the specified option was defined at 
+** compile time.  ^The SQLITE_ prefix may be omitted from the 
+** option name passed to sqlite3_compileoption_used().  
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_compileoption_get() function allows iterating
+** over the list of options that were defined at compile time by
+** returning the N-th compile time option string.  ^If N is out of range,
+** sqlite3_compileoption_get() returns a NULL pointer.  ^The SQLITE_ 
+** prefix is omitted from any strings returned by 
+** sqlite3_compileoption_get().
+**
+** ^Support for the diagnostic functions sqlite3_compileoption_used()
+** and sqlite3_compileoption_get() may be omitted by specifying the 
+** [SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS] option at compile time.
+**
+** See also: SQL functions [sqlite_compileoption_used()] and
+** [sqlite_compileoption_get()] and the [compile_options pragma].
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_compileoption_used(const char *zOptName);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_compileoption_get(int N);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Test To See If The Library Is Threadsafe
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_threadsafe() function returns zero if and only if
+** SQLite was compiled mutexing code omitted due to the
+** [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] compile-time option being set to 0.
+**
+** SQLite can be compiled with or without mutexes.  When
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] C preprocessor macro is 1 or 2, mutexes
+** are enabled and SQLite is threadsafe.  When the
+** [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] macro is 0, 
+** the mutexes are omitted.  Without the mutexes, it is not safe
+** to use SQLite concurrently from more than one thread.
+**
+** Enabling mutexes incurs a measurable performance penalty.
+** So if speed is of utmost importance, it makes sense to disable
+** the mutexes.  But for maximum safety, mutexes should be enabled.
+** ^The default behavior is for mutexes to be enabled.
+**
+** This interface can be used by an application to make sure that the
+** version of SQLite that it is linking against was compiled with
+** the desired setting of the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] macro.
+**
+** This interface only reports on the compile-time mutex setting
+** of the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] flag.  If SQLite is compiled with
+** SQLITE_THREADSAFE=1 or =2 then mutexes are enabled by default but
+** can be fully or partially disabled using a call to [sqlite3_config()]
+** with the verbs [SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD], [SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD],
+** or [SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX].  ^(The return value of the
+** sqlite3_threadsafe() function shows only the compile-time setting of
+** thread safety, not any run-time changes to that setting made by
+** sqlite3_config(). In other words, the return value from sqlite3_threadsafe()
+** is unchanged by calls to sqlite3_config().)^
+**
+** See the [threading mode] documentation for additional information.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_threadsafe(void);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Handle
+** KEYWORDS: {database connection} {database connections}
+**
+** Each open SQLite database is represented by a pointer to an instance of
+** the opaque structure named "sqlite3".  It is useful to think of an sqlite3
+** pointer as an object.  The [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], and
+** [sqlite3_open_v2()] interfaces are its constructors, and [sqlite3_close()]
+** is its destructor.  There are many other interfaces (such as
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()], [sqlite3_create_function()], and
+** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] to name but three) that are methods on an
+** sqlite3 object.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3 sqlite3;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: 64-Bit Integer Types
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite_int64 sqlite_uint64
+**
+** Because there is no cross-platform way to specify 64-bit integer types
+** SQLite includes typedefs for 64-bit signed and unsigned integers.
+**
+** The sqlite3_int64 and sqlite3_uint64 are the preferred type definitions.
+** The sqlite_int64 and sqlite_uint64 types are supported for backwards
+** compatibility only.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_int64 and sqlite_int64 types can store integer values
+** between -9223372036854775808 and +9223372036854775807 inclusive.  ^The
+** sqlite3_uint64 and sqlite_uint64 types can store integer values 
+** between 0 and +18446744073709551615 inclusive.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_INT64_TYPE
+  typedef SQLITE_INT64_TYPE sqlite_int64;
+  typedef unsigned SQLITE_INT64_TYPE sqlite_uint64;
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+  typedef __int64 sqlite_int64;
+  typedef unsigned __int64 sqlite_uint64;
+#else
+  typedef long long int sqlite_int64;
+  typedef unsigned long long int sqlite_uint64;
+#endif
+typedef sqlite_int64 sqlite3_int64;
+typedef sqlite_uint64 sqlite3_uint64;
+
+/*
+** If compiling for a processor that lacks floating point support,
+** substitute integer for floating-point.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+# define double sqlite3_int64
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Closing A Database Connection
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_close() routine is the destructor for the [sqlite3] object.
+** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() return SQLITE_OK if the [sqlite3] object is
+** successfully destroyed and all associated resources are deallocated.
+**
+** Applications must [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements]
+** and [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles] associated with
+** the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
+** sqlite3_close() is called on a [database connection] that still has
+** outstanding [prepared statements] or [BLOB handles], then it returns
+** SQLITE_BUSY.
+**
+** ^If [sqlite3_close()] is invoked while a transaction is open,
+** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
+**
+** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] must be either a NULL
+** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained
+** from [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], or
+** [sqlite3_open_v2()], and not previously closed.
+** ^Calling sqlite3_close() with a NULL pointer argument is a 
+** harmless no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *);
+
+/*
+** The type for a callback function.
+** This is legacy and deprecated.  It is included for historical
+** compatibility and is not documented.
+*/
+typedef int (*sqlite3_callback)(void*,int,char**, char**);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: One-Step Query Execution Interface
+**
+** The sqlite3_exec() interface is a convenience wrapper around
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()], [sqlite3_step()], and [sqlite3_finalize()],
+** that allows an application to run multiple statements of SQL
+** without having to use a lot of C code. 
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_exec() interface runs zero or more UTF-8 encoded,
+** semicolon-separate SQL statements passed into its 2nd argument,
+** in the context of the [database connection] passed in as its 1st
+** argument.  ^If the callback function of the 3rd argument to
+** sqlite3_exec() is not NULL, then it is invoked for each result row
+** coming out of the evaluated SQL statements.  ^The 4th argument to
+** sqlite3_exec() is relayed through to the 1st argument of each
+** callback invocation.  ^If the callback pointer to sqlite3_exec()
+** is NULL, then no callback is ever invoked and result rows are
+** ignored.
+**
+** ^If an error occurs while evaluating the SQL statements passed into
+** sqlite3_exec(), then execution of the current statement stops and
+** subsequent statements are skipped.  ^If the 5th parameter to sqlite3_exec()
+** is not NULL then any error message is written into memory obtained
+** from [sqlite3_malloc()] and passed back through the 5th parameter.
+** To avoid memory leaks, the application should invoke [sqlite3_free()]
+** on error message strings returned through the 5th parameter of
+** of sqlite3_exec() after the error message string is no longer needed.
+** ^If the 5th parameter to sqlite3_exec() is not NULL and no errors
+** occur, then sqlite3_exec() sets the pointer in its 5th parameter to
+** NULL before returning.
+**
+** ^If an sqlite3_exec() callback returns non-zero, the sqlite3_exec()
+** routine returns SQLITE_ABORT without invoking the callback again and
+** without running any subsequent SQL statements.
+**
+** ^The 2nd argument to the sqlite3_exec() callback function is the
+** number of columns in the result.  ^The 3rd argument to the sqlite3_exec()
+** callback is an array of pointers to strings obtained as if from
+** [sqlite3_column_text()], one for each column.  ^If an element of a
+** result row is NULL then the corresponding string pointer for the
+** sqlite3_exec() callback is a NULL pointer.  ^The 4th argument to the
+** sqlite3_exec() callback is an array of pointers to strings where each
+** entry represents the name of corresponding result column as obtained
+** from [sqlite3_column_name()].
+**
+** ^If the 2nd parameter to sqlite3_exec() is a NULL pointer, a pointer
+** to an empty string, or a pointer that contains only whitespace and/or 
+** SQL comments, then no SQL statements are evaluated and the database
+** is not changed.
+**
+** Restrictions:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> The application must insure that the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec()
+**      is a valid and open [database connection].
+** <li> The application must not close [database connection] specified by
+**      the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
+** <li> The application must not modify the SQL statement text passed into
+**      the 2nd parameter of sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
+** </ul>
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
+  sqlite3*,                                  /* An open database */
+  const char *sql,                           /* SQL to be evaluated */
+  int (*callback)(void*,int,char**,char**),  /* Callback function */
+  void *,                                    /* 1st argument to callback */
+  char **errmsg                              /* Error msg written here */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Result Codes
+** KEYWORDS: SQLITE_OK {error code} {error codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {result code} {result codes}
+**
+** Many SQLite functions return an integer result code from the set shown
+** here in order to indicates success or failure.
+**
+** New error codes may be added in future versions of SQLite.
+**
+** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes],
+** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | result codes].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_OK           0   /* Successful result */
+/* beginning-of-error-codes */
+#define SQLITE_ERROR        1   /* SQL error or missing database */
+#define SQLITE_INTERNAL     2   /* Internal logic error in SQLite */
+#define SQLITE_PERM         3   /* Access permission denied */
+#define SQLITE_ABORT        4   /* Callback routine requested an abort */
+#define SQLITE_BUSY         5   /* The database file is locked */
+#define SQLITE_LOCKED       6   /* A table in the database is locked */
+#define SQLITE_NOMEM        7   /* A malloc() failed */
+#define SQLITE_READONLY     8   /* Attempt to write a readonly database */
+#define SQLITE_INTERRUPT    9   /* Operation terminated by sqlite3_interrupt()*/
+#define SQLITE_IOERR       10   /* Some kind of disk I/O error occurred */
+#define SQLITE_CORRUPT     11   /* The database disk image is malformed */
+#define SQLITE_NOTFOUND    12   /* Unknown opcode in sqlite3_file_control() */
+#define SQLITE_FULL        13   /* Insertion failed because database is full */
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN    14   /* Unable to open the database file */
+#define SQLITE_PROTOCOL    15   /* Database lock protocol error */
+#define SQLITE_EMPTY       16   /* Database is empty */
+#define SQLITE_SCHEMA      17   /* The database schema changed */
+#define SQLITE_TOOBIG      18   /* String or BLOB exceeds size limit */
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT  19   /* Abort due to constraint violation */
+#define SQLITE_MISMATCH    20   /* Data type mismatch */
+#define SQLITE_MISUSE      21   /* Library used incorrectly */
+#define SQLITE_NOLFS       22   /* Uses OS features not supported on host */
+#define SQLITE_AUTH        23   /* Authorization denied */
+#define SQLITE_FORMAT      24   /* Auxiliary database format error */
+#define SQLITE_RANGE       25   /* 2nd parameter to sqlite3_bind out of range */
+#define SQLITE_NOTADB      26   /* File opened that is not a database file */
+#define SQLITE_ROW         100  /* sqlite3_step() has another row ready */
+#define SQLITE_DONE        101  /* sqlite3_step() has finished executing */
+/* end-of-error-codes */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Extended Result Codes
+** KEYWORDS: {extended error code} {extended error codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {extended result code} {extended result codes}
+**
+** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 26 integer
+** [SQLITE_OK | result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
+** these result codes are too coarse-grained.  They do not provide as
+** much information about problems as programmers might like.  In an effort to
+** address this, newer versions of SQLite (version 3.3.8 and later) include
+** support for additional result codes that provide more detailed information
+** about errors. The extended result codes are enabled or disabled
+** on a per database connection basis using the
+** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.
+**
+** Some of the available extended result codes are listed here.
+** One may expect the number of extended result codes will be expand
+** over time.  Software that uses extended result codes should expect
+** to see new result codes in future releases of SQLite.
+**
+** The SQLITE_OK result code will never be extended.  It will always
+** be exactly zero.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_READ              (SQLITE_IOERR | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ        (SQLITE_IOERR | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE             (SQLITE_IOERR | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC             (SQLITE_IOERR | (4<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC         (SQLITE_IOERR | (5<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE          (SQLITE_IOERR | (6<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT             (SQLITE_IOERR | (7<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK            (SQLITE_IOERR | (8<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK            (SQLITE_IOERR | (9<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE            (SQLITE_IOERR | (10<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED           (SQLITE_IOERR | (11<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM             (SQLITE_IOERR | (12<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS            (SQLITE_IOERR | (13<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK (SQLITE_IOERR | (14<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (15<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE             (SQLITE_IOERR | (16<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE         (SQLITE_IOERR | (17<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN           (SQLITE_IOERR | (18<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE           (SQLITE_IOERR | (19<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK           (SQLITE_IOERR | (20<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP            (SQLITE_IOERR | (21<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (22<<8))
+#define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Flags For File Open Operations
+**
+** These bit values are intended for use in the
+** 3rd parameter to the [sqlite3_open_v2()] interface and
+** in the 4th parameter to the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY         0x00000001  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE        0x00000002  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE           0x00000004  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE    0x00000008  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE        0x00000010  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY        0x00000020  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_URI              0x00000040  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB          0x00000100  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB          0x00000200  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB     0x00000400  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL     0x00000800  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL     0x00001000  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL       0x00002000  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL   0x00004000  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX          0x00008000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX        0x00010000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE      0x00020000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE     0x00040000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_WAL              0x00080000  /* VFS only */
+
+/* Reserved:                         0x00F00000 */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Device Characteristics
+**
+** The xDeviceCharacteristics method of the [sqlite3_io_methods]
+** object returns an integer which is a vector of the these
+** bit values expressing I/O characteristics of the mass storage
+** device that holds the file that the [sqlite3_io_methods]
+** refers to.
+**
+** The SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC property means that all writes of
+** any size are atomic.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMICnnn values
+** mean that writes of blocks that are nnn bytes in size and
+** are aligned to an address which is an integer multiple of
+** nnn are atomic.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND value means
+** that when data is appended to a file, the data is appended
+** first then the size of the file is extended, never the other
+** way around.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL property means that
+** information is written to disk in the same order as calls
+** to xWrite().
+*/
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC                 0x00000001
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512              0x00000002
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC1K               0x00000004
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC2K               0x00000008
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC4K               0x00000010
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC8K               0x00000020
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC16K              0x00000040
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC32K              0x00000080
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K              0x00000100
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND            0x00000200
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL             0x00000400
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN  0x00000800
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: File Locking Levels
+**
+** SQLite uses one of these integer values as the second
+** argument to calls it makes to the xLock() and xUnlock() methods
+** of an [sqlite3_io_methods] object.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_NONE          0
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_SHARED        1
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_RESERVED      2
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_PENDING       3
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE     4
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Synchronization Type Flags
+**
+** When SQLite invokes the xSync() method of an
+** [sqlite3_io_methods] object it uses a combination of
+** these integer values as the second argument.
+**
+** When the SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY flag is used, it means that the
+** sync operation only needs to flush data to mass storage.  Inode
+** information need not be flushed. If the lower four bits of the flag
+** equal SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL, that means to use normal fsync() semantics.
+** If the lower four bits equal SQLITE_SYNC_FULL, that means
+** to use Mac OS X style fullsync instead of fsync().
+**
+** Do not confuse the SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL flags
+** with the [PRAGMA synchronous]=NORMAL and [PRAGMA synchronous]=FULL
+** settings.  The [synchronous pragma] determines when calls to the
+** xSync VFS method occur and applies uniformly across all platforms.
+** The SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL flags determine how
+** energetic or rigorous or forceful the sync operations are and
+** only make a difference on Mac OSX for the default SQLite code.
+** (Third-party VFS implementations might also make the distinction
+** between SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL, but among the
+** operating systems natively supported by SQLite, only Mac OSX
+** cares about the difference.)
+*/
+#define SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL        0x00002
+#define SQLITE_SYNC_FULL          0x00003
+#define SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY      0x00010
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: OS Interface Open File Handle
+**
+** An [sqlite3_file] object represents an open file in the 
+** [sqlite3_vfs | OS interface layer].  Individual OS interface
+** implementations will
+** want to subclass this object by appending additional fields
+** for their own use.  The pMethods entry is a pointer to an
+** [sqlite3_io_methods] object that defines methods for performing
+** I/O operations on the open file.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_file sqlite3_file;
+struct sqlite3_file {
+  const struct sqlite3_io_methods *pMethods;  /* Methods for an open file */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: OS Interface File Virtual Methods Object
+**
+** Every file opened by the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method populates an
+** [sqlite3_file] object (or, more commonly, a subclass of the
+** [sqlite3_file] object) with a pointer to an instance of this object.
+** This object defines the methods used to perform various operations
+** against the open file represented by the [sqlite3_file] object.
+**
+** If the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method sets the sqlite3_file.pMethods element 
+** to a non-NULL pointer, then the sqlite3_io_methods.xClose method
+** may be invoked even if the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] reported that it failed.  The
+** only way to prevent a call to xClose following a failed [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen]
+** is for the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] to set the sqlite3_file.pMethods element
+** to NULL.
+**
+** The flags argument to xSync may be one of [SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL] or
+** [SQLITE_SYNC_FULL].  The first choice is the normal fsync().
+** The second choice is a Mac OS X style fullsync.  The [SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY]
+** flag may be ORed in to indicate that only the data of the file
+** and not its inode needs to be synced.
+**
+** The integer values to xLock() and xUnlock() are one of
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_NONE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_SHARED],
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_RESERVED],
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_PENDING], or
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE].
+** </ul>
+** xLock() increases the lock. xUnlock() decreases the lock.
+** The xCheckReservedLock() method checks whether any database connection,
+** either in this process or in some other process, is holding a RESERVED,
+** PENDING, or EXCLUSIVE lock on the file.  It returns true
+** if such a lock exists and false otherwise.
+**
+** The xFileControl() method is a generic interface that allows custom
+** VFS implementations to directly control an open file using the
+** [sqlite3_file_control()] interface.  The second "op" argument is an
+** integer opcode.  The third argument is a generic pointer intended to
+** point to a structure that may contain arguments or space in which to
+** write return values.  Potential uses for xFileControl() might be
+** functions to enable blocking locks with timeouts, to change the
+** locking strategy (for example to use dot-file locks), to inquire
+** about the status of a lock, or to break stale locks.  The SQLite
+** core reserves all opcodes less than 100 for its own use.
+** A [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
+** Applications that define a custom xFileControl method should use opcodes
+** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.  VFS implementations should
+** return [SQLITE_NOTFOUND] for file control opcodes that they do not
+** recognize.
+**
+** The xSectorSize() method returns the sector size of the
+** device that underlies the file.  The sector size is the
+** minimum write that can be performed without disturbing
+** other bytes in the file.  The xDeviceCharacteristics()
+** method returns a bit vector describing behaviors of the
+** underlying device:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC1K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC2K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC4K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC8K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC16K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC32K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL]
+** </ul>
+**
+** The SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC property means that all writes of
+** any size are atomic.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMICnnn values
+** mean that writes of blocks that are nnn bytes in size and
+** are aligned to an address which is an integer multiple of
+** nnn are atomic.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND value means
+** that when data is appended to a file, the data is appended
+** first then the size of the file is extended, never the other
+** way around.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL property means that
+** information is written to disk in the same order as calls
+** to xWrite().
+**
+** If xRead() returns SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ it must also fill
+** in the unread portions of the buffer with zeros.  A VFS that
+** fails to zero-fill short reads might seem to work.  However,
+** failure to zero-fill short reads will eventually lead to
+** database corruption.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_io_methods sqlite3_io_methods;
+struct sqlite3_io_methods {
+  int iVersion;
+  int (*xClose)(sqlite3_file*);
+  int (*xRead)(sqlite3_file*, void*, int iAmt, sqlite3_int64 iOfst);
+  int (*xWrite)(sqlite3_file*, const void*, int iAmt, sqlite3_int64 iOfst);
+  int (*xTruncate)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 size);
+  int (*xSync)(sqlite3_file*, int flags);
+  int (*xFileSize)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 *pSize);
+  int (*xLock)(sqlite3_file*, int);
+  int (*xUnlock)(sqlite3_file*, int);
+  int (*xCheckReservedLock)(sqlite3_file*, int *pResOut);
+  int (*xFileControl)(sqlite3_file*, int op, void *pArg);
+  int (*xSectorSize)(sqlite3_file*);
+  int (*xDeviceCharacteristics)(sqlite3_file*);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 1 */
+  int (*xShmMap)(sqlite3_file*, int iPg, int pgsz, int, void volatile**);
+  int (*xShmLock)(sqlite3_file*, int offset, int n, int flags);
+  void (*xShmBarrier)(sqlite3_file*);
+  int (*xShmUnmap)(sqlite3_file*, int deleteFlag);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 2 */
+  /* Additional methods may be added in future releases */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Standard File Control Opcodes
+**
+** These integer constants are opcodes for the xFileControl method
+** of the [sqlite3_io_methods] object and for the [sqlite3_file_control()]
+** interface.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE] opcode is used for debugging.  This
+** opcode causes the xFileControl method to write the current state of
+** the lock (one of [SQLITE_LOCK_NONE], [SQLITE_LOCK_SHARED],
+** [SQLITE_LOCK_RESERVED], [SQLITE_LOCK_PENDING], or [SQLITE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE])
+** into an integer that the pArg argument points to. This capability
+** is used during testing and only needs to be supported when SQLITE_TEST
+** is defined.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT] opcode is used by SQLite to give the VFS
+** layer a hint of how large the database file will grow to be during the
+** current transaction.  This hint is not guaranteed to be accurate but it
+** is often close.  The underlying VFS might choose to preallocate database
+** file space based on this hint in order to help writes to the database
+** file run faster.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE] opcode is used to request that the VFS
+** extends and truncates the database file in chunks of a size specified
+** by the user. The fourth argument to [sqlite3_file_control()] should 
+** point to an integer (type int) containing the new chunk-size to use
+** for the nominated database. Allocating database file space in large
+** chunks (say 1MB at a time), may reduce file-system fragmentation and
+** improve performance on some systems.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER] opcode is used to obtain a pointer
+** to the [sqlite3_file] object associated with a particular database
+** connection.  See the [sqlite3_file_control()] documentation for
+** additional information.
+**
+** ^(The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED] opcode is generated internally by
+** SQLite and sent to all VFSes in place of a call to the xSync method
+** when the database connection has [PRAGMA synchronous] set to OFF.)^
+** Some specialized VFSes need this signal in order to operate correctly
+** when [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] is set, but most 
+** VFSes do not need this signal and should silently ignore this opcode.
+** Applications should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this
+** opcode as doing so may disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes
+** that do require it.  
+*/
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE        1
+#define SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE      2
+#define SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE      3
+#define SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO             4
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT        5
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE       6
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER     7
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED     8
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutex Handle
+**
+** The mutex module within SQLite defines [sqlite3_mutex] to be an
+** abstract type for a mutex object.  The SQLite core never looks
+** at the internal representation of an [sqlite3_mutex].  It only
+** deals with pointers to the [sqlite3_mutex] object.
+**
+** Mutexes are created using [sqlite3_mutex_alloc()].
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: OS Interface Object
+**
+** An instance of the sqlite3_vfs object defines the interface between
+** the SQLite core and the underlying operating system.  The "vfs"
+** in the name of the object stands for "virtual file system".  See
+** the [VFS | VFS documentation] for further information.
+**
+** The value of the iVersion field is initially 1 but may be larger in
+** future versions of SQLite.  Additional fields may be appended to this
+** object when the iVersion value is increased.  Note that the structure
+** of the sqlite3_vfs object changes in the transaction between
+** SQLite version 3.5.9 and 3.6.0 and yet the iVersion field was not
+** modified.
+**
+** The szOsFile field is the size of the subclassed [sqlite3_file]
+** structure used by this VFS.  mxPathname is the maximum length of
+** a pathname in this VFS.
+**
+** Registered sqlite3_vfs objects are kept on a linked list formed by
+** the pNext pointer.  The [sqlite3_vfs_register()]
+** and [sqlite3_vfs_unregister()] interfaces manage this list
+** in a thread-safe way.  The [sqlite3_vfs_find()] interface
+** searches the list.  Neither the application code nor the VFS
+** implementation should use the pNext pointer.
+**
+** The pNext field is the only field in the sqlite3_vfs
+** structure that SQLite will ever modify.  SQLite will only access
+** or modify this field while holding a particular static mutex.
+** The application should never modify anything within the sqlite3_vfs
+** object once the object has been registered.
+**
+** The zName field holds the name of the VFS module.  The name must
+** be unique across all VFS modules.
+**
+** [[sqlite3_vfs.xOpen]]
+** ^SQLite guarantees that the zFilename parameter to xOpen
+** is either a NULL pointer or string obtained
+** from xFullPathname() with an optional suffix added.
+** ^If a suffix is added to the zFilename parameter, it will
+** consist of a single "-" character followed by no more than
+** 10 alphanumeric and/or "-" characters.
+** ^SQLite further guarantees that
+** the string will be valid and unchanged until xClose() is
+** called. Because of the previous sentence,
+** the [sqlite3_file] can safely store a pointer to the
+** filename if it needs to remember the filename for some reason.
+** If the zFilename parameter to xOpen is a NULL pointer then xOpen
+** must invent its own temporary name for the file.  ^Whenever the 
+** xFilename parameter is NULL it will also be the case that the
+** flags parameter will include [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE].
+**
+** The flags argument to xOpen() includes all bits set in
+** the flags argument to [sqlite3_open_v2()].  Or if [sqlite3_open()]
+** or [sqlite3_open16()] is used, then flags includes at least
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE] | [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE]. 
+** If xOpen() opens a file read-only then it sets *pOutFlags to
+** include [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY].  Other bits in *pOutFlags may be set.
+**
+** ^(SQLite will also add one of the following flags to the xOpen()
+** call, depending on the object being opened:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_WAL]
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** The file I/O implementation can use the object type flags to
+** change the way it deals with files.  For example, an application
+** that does not care about crash recovery or rollback might make
+** the open of a journal file a no-op.  Writes to this journal would
+** also be no-ops, and any attempt to read the journal would return
+** SQLITE_IOERR.  Or the implementation might recognize that a database
+** file will be doing page-aligned sector reads and writes in a random
+** order and set up its I/O subsystem accordingly.
+**
+** SQLite might also add one of the following flags to the xOpen method:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE]
+** <li> [SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE]
+** </ul>
+**
+** The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE] flag means the file should be
+** deleted when it is closed.  ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE]
+** will be set for TEMP databases and their journals, transient
+** databases, and subjournals.
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE] flag is always used in conjunction
+** with the [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE] flag, which are both directly
+** analogous to the O_EXCL and O_CREAT flags of the POSIX open()
+** API.  The SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE flag, when paired with the 
+** SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, is used to indicate that file should always
+** be created, and that it is an error if it already exists.
+** It is <i>not</i> used to indicate the file should be opened 
+** for exclusive access.
+**
+** ^At least szOsFile bytes of memory are allocated by SQLite
+** to hold the  [sqlite3_file] structure passed as the third
+** argument to xOpen.  The xOpen method does not have to
+** allocate the structure; it should just fill it in.  Note that
+** the xOpen method must set the sqlite3_file.pMethods to either
+** a valid [sqlite3_io_methods] object or to NULL.  xOpen must do
+** this even if the open fails.  SQLite expects that the sqlite3_file.pMethods
+** element will be valid after xOpen returns regardless of the success
+** or failure of the xOpen call.
+**
+** [[sqlite3_vfs.xAccess]]
+** ^The flags argument to xAccess() may be [SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS]
+** to test for the existence of a file, or [SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE] to
+** test whether a file is readable and writable, or [SQLITE_ACCESS_READ]
+** to test whether a file is at least readable.   The file can be a
+** directory.
+**
+** ^SQLite will always allocate at least mxPathname+1 bytes for the
+** output buffer xFullPathname.  The exact size of the output buffer
+** is also passed as a parameter to both  methods. If the output buffer
+** is not large enough, [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] should be returned. Since this is
+** handled as a fatal error by SQLite, vfs implementations should endeavor
+** to prevent this by setting mxPathname to a sufficiently large value.
+**
+** The xRandomness(), xSleep(), xCurrentTime(), and xCurrentTimeInt64()
+** interfaces are not strictly a part of the filesystem, but they are
+** included in the VFS structure for completeness.
+** The xRandomness() function attempts to return nBytes bytes
+** of good-quality randomness into zOut.  The return value is
+** the actual number of bytes of randomness obtained.
+** The xSleep() method causes the calling thread to sleep for at
+** least the number of microseconds given.  ^The xCurrentTime()
+** method returns a Julian Day Number for the current date and time as
+** a floating point value.
+** ^The xCurrentTimeInt64() method returns, as an integer, the Julian
+** Day Number multiplied by 86400000 (the number of milliseconds in 
+** a 24-hour day).  
+** ^SQLite will use the xCurrentTimeInt64() method to get the current
+** date and time if that method is available (if iVersion is 2 or 
+** greater and the function pointer is not NULL) and will fall back
+** to xCurrentTime() if xCurrentTimeInt64() is unavailable.
+**
+** ^The xSetSystemCall(), xGetSystemCall(), and xNestSystemCall() interfaces
+** are not used by the SQLite core.  These optional interfaces are provided
+** by some VFSes to facilitate testing of the VFS code. By overriding 
+** system calls with functions under its control, a test program can
+** simulate faults and error conditions that would otherwise be difficult
+** or impossible to induce.  The set of system calls that can be overridden
+** varies from one VFS to another, and from one version of the same VFS to the
+** next.  Applications that use these interfaces must be prepared for any
+** or all of these interfaces to be NULL or for their behavior to change
+** from one release to the next.  Applications must not attempt to access
+** any of these methods if the iVersion of the VFS is less than 3.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_vfs sqlite3_vfs;
+typedef void (*sqlite3_syscall_ptr)(void);
+struct sqlite3_vfs {
+  int iVersion;            /* Structure version number (currently 3) */
+  int szOsFile;            /* Size of subclassed sqlite3_file */
+  int mxPathname;          /* Maximum file pathname length */
+  sqlite3_vfs *pNext;      /* Next registered VFS */
+  const char *zName;       /* Name of this virtual file system */
+  void *pAppData;          /* Pointer to application-specific data */
+  int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, sqlite3_file*,
+               int flags, int *pOutFlags);
+  int (*xDelete)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, int syncDir);
+  int (*xAccess)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, int flags, int *pResOut);
+  int (*xFullPathname)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, int nOut, char *zOut);
+  void *(*xDlOpen)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zFilename);
+  void (*xDlError)(sqlite3_vfs*, int nByte, char *zErrMsg);
+  void (*(*xDlSym)(sqlite3_vfs*,void*, const char *zSymbol))(void);
+  void (*xDlClose)(sqlite3_vfs*, void*);
+  int (*xRandomness)(sqlite3_vfs*, int nByte, char *zOut);
+  int (*xSleep)(sqlite3_vfs*, int microseconds);
+  int (*xCurrentTime)(sqlite3_vfs*, double*);
+  int (*xGetLastError)(sqlite3_vfs*, int, char *);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_vfs object
+  ** definition.  Those that follow are added in version 2 or later
+  */
+  int (*xCurrentTimeInt64)(sqlite3_vfs*, sqlite3_int64*);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in versions 1 and 2 of the sqlite_vfs object.
+  ** Those below are for version 3 and greater.
+  */
+  int (*xSetSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, sqlite3_syscall_ptr);
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr (*xGetSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName);
+  const char *(*xNextSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in versions 1 through 3 of the sqlite_vfs object.
+  ** New fields may be appended in figure versions.  The iVersion
+  ** value will increment whenever this happens. 
+  */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Flags for the xAccess VFS method
+**
+** These integer constants can be used as the third parameter to
+** the xAccess method of an [sqlite3_vfs] object.  They determine
+** what kind of permissions the xAccess method is looking for.
+** With SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, the xAccess method
+** simply checks whether the file exists.
+** With SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE, the xAccess method
+** checks whether the named directory is both readable and writable
+** (in other words, if files can be added, removed, and renamed within
+** the directory).
+** The SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE constant is currently used only by the
+** [temp_store_directory pragma], though this could change in a future
+** release of SQLite.
+** With SQLITE_ACCESS_READ, the xAccess method
+** checks whether the file is readable.  The SQLITE_ACCESS_READ constant is
+** currently unused, though it might be used in a future release of
+** SQLite.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS    0
+#define SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE 1   /* Used by PRAGMA temp_store_directory */
+#define SQLITE_ACCESS_READ      2   /* Unused */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Flags for the xShmLock VFS method
+**
+** These integer constants define the various locking operations
+** allowed by the xShmLock method of [sqlite3_io_methods].  The
+** following are the only legal combinations of flags to the
+** xShmLock method:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED
+** <li>  SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE
+** <li>  SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED
+** <li>  SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE
+** </ul>
+**
+** When unlocking, the same SHARED or EXCLUSIVE flag must be supplied as
+** was given no the corresponding lock.  
+**
+** The xShmLock method can transition between unlocked and SHARED or
+** between unlocked and EXCLUSIVE.  It cannot transition between SHARED
+** and EXCLUSIVE.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK       1
+#define SQLITE_SHM_LOCK         2
+#define SQLITE_SHM_SHARED       4
+#define SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE    8
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Maximum xShmLock index
+**
+** The xShmLock method on [sqlite3_io_methods] may use values
+** between 0 and this upper bound as its "offset" argument.
+** The SQLite core will never attempt to acquire or release a
+** lock outside of this range
+*/
+#define SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK        8
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Initialize The SQLite Library
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_initialize() routine initializes the
+** SQLite library.  ^The sqlite3_shutdown() routine
+** deallocates any resources that were allocated by sqlite3_initialize().
+** These routines are designed to aid in process initialization and
+** shutdown on embedded systems.  Workstation applications using
+** SQLite normally do not need to invoke either of these routines.
+**
+** A call to sqlite3_initialize() is an "effective" call if it is
+** the first time sqlite3_initialize() is invoked during the lifetime of
+** the process, or if it is the first time sqlite3_initialize() is invoked
+** following a call to sqlite3_shutdown().  ^(Only an effective call
+** of sqlite3_initialize() does any initialization.  All other calls
+** are harmless no-ops.)^
+**
+** A call to sqlite3_shutdown() is an "effective" call if it is the first
+** call to sqlite3_shutdown() since the last sqlite3_initialize().  ^(Only
+** an effective call to sqlite3_shutdown() does any deinitialization.
+** All other valid calls to sqlite3_shutdown() are harmless no-ops.)^
+**
+** The sqlite3_initialize() interface is threadsafe, but sqlite3_shutdown()
+** is not.  The sqlite3_shutdown() interface must only be called from a
+** single thread.  All open [database connections] must be closed and all
+** other SQLite resources must be deallocated prior to invoking
+** sqlite3_shutdown().
+**
+** Among other things, ^sqlite3_initialize() will invoke
+** sqlite3_os_init().  Similarly, ^sqlite3_shutdown()
+** will invoke sqlite3_os_end().
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_initialize() routine returns [SQLITE_OK] on success.
+** ^If for some reason, sqlite3_initialize() is unable to initialize
+** the library (perhaps it is unable to allocate a needed resource such
+** as a mutex) it returns an [error code] other than [SQLITE_OK].
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_initialize() routine is called internally by many other
+** SQLite interfaces so that an application usually does not need to
+** invoke sqlite3_initialize() directly.  For example, [sqlite3_open()]
+** calls sqlite3_initialize() so the SQLite library will be automatically
+** initialized when [sqlite3_open()] is called if it has not be initialized
+** already.  ^However, if SQLite is compiled with the [SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT]
+** compile-time option, then the automatic calls to sqlite3_initialize()
+** are omitted and the application must call sqlite3_initialize() directly
+** prior to using any other SQLite interface.  For maximum portability,
+** it is recommended that applications always invoke sqlite3_initialize()
+** directly prior to using any other SQLite interface.  Future releases
+** of SQLite may require this.  In other words, the behavior exhibited
+** when SQLite is compiled with [SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT] might become the
+** default behavior in some future release of SQLite.
+**
+** The sqlite3_os_init() routine does operating-system specific
+** initialization of the SQLite library.  The sqlite3_os_end()
+** routine undoes the effect of sqlite3_os_init().  Typical tasks
+** performed by these routines include allocation or deallocation
+** of static resources, initialization of global variables,
+** setting up a default [sqlite3_vfs] module, or setting up
+** a default configuration using [sqlite3_config()].
+**
+** The application should never invoke either sqlite3_os_init()
+** or sqlite3_os_end() directly.  The application should only invoke
+** sqlite3_initialize() and sqlite3_shutdown().  The sqlite3_os_init()
+** interface is called automatically by sqlite3_initialize() and
+** sqlite3_os_end() is called by sqlite3_shutdown().  Appropriate
+** implementations for sqlite3_os_init() and sqlite3_os_end()
+** are built into SQLite when it is compiled for Unix, Windows, or OS/2.
+** When [custom builds | built for other platforms]
+** (using the [SQLITE_OS_OTHER=1] compile-time
+** option) the application must supply a suitable implementation for
+** sqlite3_os_init() and sqlite3_os_end().  An application-supplied
+** implementation of sqlite3_os_init() or sqlite3_os_end()
+** must return [SQLITE_OK] on success and some other [error code] upon
+** failure.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_shutdown(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Configuring The SQLite Library
+**
+** The sqlite3_config() interface is used to make global configuration
+** changes to SQLite in order to tune SQLite to the specific needs of
+** the application.  The default configuration is recommended for most
+** applications and so this routine is usually not necessary.  It is
+** provided to support rare applications with unusual needs.
+**
+** The sqlite3_config() interface is not threadsafe.  The application
+** must insure that no other SQLite interfaces are invoked by other
+** threads while sqlite3_config() is running.  Furthermore, sqlite3_config()
+** may only be invoked prior to library initialization using
+** [sqlite3_initialize()] or after shutdown by [sqlite3_shutdown()].
+** ^If sqlite3_config() is called after [sqlite3_initialize()] and before
+** [sqlite3_shutdown()] then it will return SQLITE_MISUSE.
+** Note, however, that ^sqlite3_config() can be called as part of the
+** implementation of an application-defined [sqlite3_os_init()].
+**
+** The first argument to sqlite3_config() is an integer
+** [configuration option] that determines
+** what property of SQLite is to be configured.  Subsequent arguments
+** vary depending on the [configuration option]
+** in the first argument.
+**
+** ^When a configuration option is set, sqlite3_config() returns [SQLITE_OK].
+** ^If the option is unknown or SQLite is unable to set the option
+** then this routine returns a non-zero [error code].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_config(int, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Configure database connections
+**
+** The sqlite3_db_config() interface is used to make configuration
+** changes to a [database connection].  The interface is similar to
+** [sqlite3_config()] except that the changes apply to a single
+** [database connection] (specified in the first argument).
+**
+** The second argument to sqlite3_db_config(D,V,...)  is the
+** [SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE | configuration verb] - an integer code 
+** that indicates what aspect of the [database connection] is being configured.
+** Subsequent arguments vary depending on the configuration verb.
+**
+** ^Calls to sqlite3_db_config() return SQLITE_OK if and only if
+** the call is considered successful.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_config(sqlite3*, int op, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocation Routines
+**
+** An instance of this object defines the interface between SQLite
+** and low-level memory allocation routines.
+**
+** This object is used in only one place in the SQLite interface.
+** A pointer to an instance of this object is the argument to
+** [sqlite3_config()] when the configuration option is
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC] or [SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC].  
+** By creating an instance of this object
+** and passing it to [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC])
+** during configuration, an application can specify an alternative
+** memory allocation subsystem for SQLite to use for all of its
+** dynamic memory needs.
+**
+** Note that SQLite comes with several [built-in memory allocators]
+** that are perfectly adequate for the overwhelming majority of applications
+** and that this object is only useful to a tiny minority of applications
+** with specialized memory allocation requirements.  This object is
+** also used during testing of SQLite in order to specify an alternative
+** memory allocator that simulates memory out-of-memory conditions in
+** order to verify that SQLite recovers gracefully from such
+** conditions.
+**
+** The xMalloc and xFree methods must work like the
+** malloc() and free() functions from the standard C library.
+** The xRealloc method must work like realloc() from the standard C library
+** with the exception that if the second argument to xRealloc is zero,
+** xRealloc must be a no-op - it must not perform any allocation or
+** deallocation.  ^SQLite guarantees that the second argument to
+** xRealloc is always a value returned by a prior call to xRoundup.
+** And so in cases where xRoundup always returns a positive number,
+** xRealloc can perform exactly as the standard library realloc() and
+** still be in compliance with this specification.
+**
+** xSize should return the allocated size of a memory allocation
+** previously obtained from xMalloc or xRealloc.  The allocated size
+** is always at least as big as the requested size but may be larger.
+**
+** The xRoundup method returns what would be the allocated size of
+** a memory allocation given a particular requested size.  Most memory
+** allocators round up memory allocations at least to the next multiple
+** of 8.  Some allocators round up to a larger multiple or to a power of 2.
+** Every memory allocation request coming in through [sqlite3_malloc()]
+** or [sqlite3_realloc()] first calls xRoundup.  If xRoundup returns 0, 
+** that causes the corresponding memory allocation to fail.
+**
+** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  (For example,
+** it might allocate any require mutexes or initialize internal data
+** structures.  The xShutdown method is invoked (indirectly) by
+** [sqlite3_shutdown()] and should deallocate any resources acquired
+** by xInit.  The pAppData pointer is used as the only parameter to
+** xInit and xShutdown.
+**
+** SQLite holds the [SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER] mutex when it invokes
+** the xInit method, so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.  The
+** xShutdown method is only called from [sqlite3_shutdown()] so it does
+** not need to be threadsafe either.  For all other methods, SQLite
+** holds the [SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM] mutex as long as the
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS] configuration option is turned on (which
+** it is by default) and so the methods are automatically serialized.
+** However, if [SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS] is disabled, then the other
+** methods must be threadsafe or else make their own arrangements for
+** serialization.
+**
+** SQLite will never invoke xInit() more than once without an intervening
+** call to xShutdown().
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_mem_methods sqlite3_mem_methods;
+struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
+  void *(*xMalloc)(int);         /* Memory allocation function */
+  void (*xFree)(void*);          /* Free a prior allocation */
+  void *(*xRealloc)(void*,int);  /* Resize an allocation */
+  int (*xSize)(void*);           /* Return the size of an allocation */
+  int (*xRoundup)(int);          /* Round up request size to allocation size */
+  int (*xInit)(void*);           /* Initialize the memory allocator */
+  void (*xShutdown)(void*);      /* Deinitialize the memory allocator */
+  void *pAppData;                /* Argument to xInit() and xShutdown() */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Configuration Options
+** KEYWORDS: {configuration option}
+**
+** These constants are the available integer configuration options that
+** can be passed as the first argument to the [sqlite3_config()] interface.
+**
+** New configuration options may be added in future releases of SQLite.
+** Existing configuration options might be discontinued.  Applications
+** should check the return code from [sqlite3_config()] to make sure that
+** the call worked.  The [sqlite3_config()] interface will return a
+** non-zero [error code] if a discontinued or unsupported configuration option
+** is invoked.
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD</dt>
+** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
+** [threading mode] to Single-thread.  In other words, it disables
+** all mutexing and puts SQLite into a mode where it can only be used
+** by a single thread.   ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** it is not possible to change the [threading mode] from its default
+** value of Single-thread and so [sqlite3_config()] will return 
+** [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD
+** configuration option.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD</dt>
+** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
+** [threading mode] to Multi-thread.  In other words, it disables
+** mutexing on [database connection] and [prepared statement] objects.
+** The application is responsible for serializing access to
+** [database connections] and [prepared statements].  But other mutexes
+** are enabled so that SQLite will be safe to use in a multi-threaded
+** environment as long as no two threads attempt to use the same
+** [database connection] at the same time.  ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** it is not possible to set the Multi-thread [threading mode] and
+** [sqlite3_config()] will return [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD configuration option.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED</dt>
+** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
+** [threading mode] to Serialized. In other words, this option enables
+** all mutexes including the recursive
+** mutexes on [database connection] and [prepared statement] objects.
+** In this mode (which is the default when SQLite is compiled with
+** [SQLITE_THREADSAFE=1]) the SQLite library will itself serialize access
+** to [database connections] and [prepared statements] so that the
+** application is free to use the same [database connection] or the
+** same [prepared statement] in different threads at the same time.
+** ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** it is not possible to set the Serialized [threading mode] and
+** [sqlite3_config()] will return [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED configuration option.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** instance of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure.  The argument specifies
+** alternative low-level memory allocation routines to be used in place of
+** the memory allocation routines built into SQLite.)^ ^SQLite makes
+** its own private copy of the content of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure
+** before the [sqlite3_config()] call returns.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** instance of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure.  The [sqlite3_mem_methods]
+** structure is filled with the currently defined memory allocation routines.)^
+** This option can be used to overload the default memory allocation
+** routines with a wrapper that simulations memory allocation failure or
+** tracks memory usage, for example. </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option takes single argument of type int, interpreted as a 
+** boolean, which enables or disables the collection of memory allocation 
+** statistics. ^(When memory allocation statistics are disabled, the 
+** following SQLite interfaces become non-operational:
+**   <ul>
+**   <li> [sqlite3_memory_used()]
+**   <li> [sqlite3_memory_highwater()]
+**   <li> [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()]
+**   <li> [sqlite3_status()]
+**   </ul>)^
+** ^Memory allocation statistics are enabled by default unless SQLite is
+** compiled with [SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS]=0 in which case memory
+** allocation statistics are disabled by default.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite can use for
+** scratch memory.  There are three arguments:  A pointer an 8-byte
+** aligned memory buffer from which the scratch allocations will be
+** drawn, the size of each scratch allocation (sz),
+** and the maximum number of scratch allocations (N).  The sz
+** argument must be a multiple of 16.
+** The first argument must be a pointer to an 8-byte aligned buffer
+** of at least sz*N bytes of memory.
+** ^SQLite will use no more than two scratch buffers per thread.  So
+** N should be set to twice the expected maximum number of threads.
+** ^SQLite will never require a scratch buffer that is more than 6
+** times the database page size. ^If SQLite needs needs additional
+** scratch memory beyond what is provided by this configuration option, then 
+** [sqlite3_malloc()] will be used to obtain the memory needed.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite can use for
+** the database page cache with the default page cache implementation.  
+** This configuration should not be used if an application-define page
+** cache implementation is loaded using the SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE option.
+** There are three arguments to this option: A pointer to 8-byte aligned
+** memory, the size of each page buffer (sz), and the number of pages (N).
+** The sz argument should be the size of the largest database page
+** (a power of two between 512 and 32768) plus a little extra for each
+** page header.  ^The page header size is 20 to 40 bytes depending on
+** the host architecture.  ^It is harmless, apart from the wasted memory,
+** to make sz a little too large.  The first
+** argument should point to an allocation of at least sz*N bytes of memory.
+** ^SQLite will use the memory provided by the first argument to satisfy its
+** memory needs for the first N pages that it adds to cache.  ^If additional
+** page cache memory is needed beyond what is provided by this option, then
+** SQLite goes to [sqlite3_malloc()] for the additional storage space.
+** The pointer in the first argument must
+** be aligned to an 8-byte boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite
+** will be undefined.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite will use
+** for all of its dynamic memory allocation needs beyond those provided
+** for by [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH] and [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE].
+** There are three arguments: An 8-byte aligned pointer to the memory,
+** the number of bytes in the memory buffer, and the minimum allocation size.
+** ^If the first pointer (the memory pointer) is NULL, then SQLite reverts
+** to using its default memory allocator (the system malloc() implementation),
+** undoing any prior invocation of [SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC].  ^If the
+** memory pointer is not NULL and either [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3] or
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5] are defined, then the alternative memory
+** allocator is engaged to handle all of SQLites memory allocation needs.
+** The first pointer (the memory pointer) must be aligned to an 8-byte
+** boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite will be undefined.
+** The minimum allocation size is capped at 2^12. Reasonable values
+** for the minimum allocation size are 2^5 through 2^8.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** instance of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure.  The argument specifies
+** alternative low-level mutex routines to be used in place
+** the mutex routines built into SQLite.)^  ^SQLite makes a copy of the
+** content of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure before the call to
+** [sqlite3_config()] returns. ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** the entire mutexing subsystem is omitted from the build and hence calls to
+** [sqlite3_config()] with the SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX configuration option will
+** return [SQLITE_ERROR].</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** instance of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure.  The
+** [sqlite3_mutex_methods]
+** structure is filled with the currently defined mutex routines.)^
+** This option can be used to overload the default mutex allocation
+** routines with a wrapper used to track mutex usage for performance
+** profiling or testing, for example.   ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** the entire mutexing subsystem is omitted from the build and hence calls to
+** [sqlite3_config()] with the SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX configuration option will
+** return [SQLITE_ERROR].</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes two arguments that determine the default
+** memory allocation for the lookaside memory allocator on each
+** [database connection].  The first argument is the
+** size of each lookaside buffer slot and the second is the number of
+** slots allocated to each database connection.)^  ^(This option sets the
+** <i>default</i> lookaside size. The [SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE]
+** verb to [sqlite3_db_config()] can be used to change the lookaside
+** configuration on individual connections.)^ </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to
+** an [sqlite3_pcache_methods] object.  This object specifies the interface
+** to a custom page cache implementation.)^  ^SQLite makes a copy of the
+** object and uses it for page cache memory allocations.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** [sqlite3_pcache_methods] object.  SQLite copies of the current
+** page cache implementation into that object.)^ </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
+** <dd> ^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
+** function with a call signature of void(*)(void*,int,const char*), 
+** and a pointer to void. ^If the function pointer is not NULL, it is
+** invoked by [sqlite3_log()] to process each logging event.  ^If the
+** function pointer is NULL, the [sqlite3_log()] interface becomes a no-op.
+** ^The void pointer that is the second argument to SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG is
+** passed through as the first parameter to the application-defined logger
+** function whenever that function is invoked.  ^The second parameter to
+** the logger function is a copy of the first parameter to the corresponding
+** [sqlite3_log()] call and is intended to be a [result code] or an
+** [extended result code].  ^The third parameter passed to the logger is
+** log message after formatting via [sqlite3_snprintf()].
+** The SQLite logging interface is not reentrant; the logger function
+** supplied by the application must not invoke any SQLite interface.
+** In a multi-threaded application, the application-defined logger
+** function must be threadsafe. </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_URI]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_URI
+** <dd> This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
+** URI handling is globally enabled. If the parameter is zero, then URI handling
+** is globally disabled. If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
+** passed to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], [sqlite3_open16()] or
+** specified as part of [ATTACH] commands are interpreted as URIs, regardless
+** of whether or not the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is set when the database
+** connection is opened. If it is globally disabled, filenames are
+** only interpreted as URIs if the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set when the
+** database connection is opened. By default, URI handling is globally
+** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
+** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD  1  /* nil */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD   2  /* nil */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED    3  /* nil */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC        4  /* sqlite3_mem_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC     5  /* sqlite3_mem_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH       6  /* void*, int sz, int N */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE     7  /* void*, int sz, int N */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP          8  /* void*, int nByte, int min */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS     9  /* boolean */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX        10  /* sqlite3_mutex_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX     11  /* sqlite3_mutex_methods* */
+/* previously SQLITE_CONFIG_CHUNKALLOC 12 which is now unused. */ 
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE    13  /* int int */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE       14  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE    15  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG          16  /* xFunc, void* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_URI          17  /* int */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Configuration Options
+**
+** These constants are the available integer configuration options that
+** can be passed as the second argument to the [sqlite3_db_config()] interface.
+**
+** New configuration options may be added in future releases of SQLite.
+** Existing configuration options might be discontinued.  Applications
+** should check the return code from [sqlite3_db_config()] to make sure that
+** the call worked.  ^The [sqlite3_db_config()] interface will return a
+** non-zero [error code] if a discontinued or unsupported configuration option
+** is invoked.
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option takes three additional arguments that determine the 
+** [lookaside memory allocator] configuration for the [database connection].
+** ^The first argument (the third parameter to [sqlite3_db_config()] is a
+** pointer to a memory buffer to use for lookaside memory.
+** ^The first argument after the SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE verb
+** may be NULL in which case SQLite will allocate the
+** lookaside buffer itself using [sqlite3_malloc()]. ^The second argument is the
+** size of each lookaside buffer slot.  ^The third argument is the number of
+** slots.  The size of the buffer in the first argument must be greater than
+** or equal to the product of the second and third arguments.  The buffer
+** must be aligned to an 8-byte boundary.  ^If the second argument to
+** SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE is not a multiple of 8, it is internally
+** rounded down to the next smaller multiple of 8.  ^(The lookaside memory
+** configuration for a database connection can only be changed when that
+** connection is not currently using lookaside memory, or in other words
+** when the "current value" returned by
+** [sqlite3_db_status](D,[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE],...) is zero.
+** Any attempt to change the lookaside memory configuration when lookaside
+** memory is in use leaves the configuration unchanged and returns 
+** [SQLITE_BUSY].)^</dd>
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option is used to enable or disable the enforcement of
+** [foreign key constraints].  There should be two additional arguments.
+** The first argument is an integer which is 0 to disable FK enforcement,
+** positive to enable FK enforcement or negative to leave FK enforcement
+** unchanged.  The second parameter is a pointer to an integer into which
+** is written 0 or 1 to indicate whether FK enforcement is off or on
+** following this call.  The second parameter may be a NULL pointer, in
+** which case the FK enforcement setting is not reported back. </dd>
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option is used to enable or disable [CREATE TRIGGER | triggers].
+** There should be two additional arguments.
+** The first argument is an integer which is 0 to disable triggers,
+** positive to enable triggers or negative to leave the setting unchanged.
+** The second parameter is a pointer to an integer into which
+** is written 0 or 1 to indicate whether triggers are disabled or enabled
+** following this call.  The second parameter may be a NULL pointer, in
+** which case the trigger setting is not reported back. </dd>
+**
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE       1001  /* void* int int */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY     1002  /* int int* */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER  1003  /* int int* */
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Extended Result Codes
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_extended_result_codes() routine enables or disables the
+** [extended result codes] feature of SQLite. ^The extended result
+** codes are disabled by default for historical compatibility.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_result_codes(sqlite3*, int onoff);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Last Insert Rowid
+**
+** ^Each entry in an SQLite table has a unique 64-bit signed
+** integer key called the [ROWID | "rowid"]. ^The rowid is always available
+** as an undeclared column named ROWID, OID, or _ROWID_ as long as those
+** names are not also used by explicitly declared columns. ^If
+** the table has a column of type [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] then that column
+** is another alias for the rowid.
+**
+** ^This routine returns the [rowid] of the most recent
+** successful [INSERT] into the database from the [database connection]
+** in the first argument.  ^As of SQLite version 3.7.7, this routines
+** records the last insert rowid of both ordinary tables and [virtual tables].
+** ^If no successful [INSERT]s
+** have ever occurred on that database connection, zero is returned.
+**
+** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger or within a [virtual table]
+** method, then this routine will return the [rowid] of the inserted
+** row as long as the trigger or virtual table method is running.
+** But once the trigger or virtual table method ends, the value returned 
+** by this routine reverts to what it was before the trigger or virtual
+** table method began.)^
+**
+** ^An [INSERT] that fails due to a constraint violation is not a
+** successful [INSERT] and does not change the value returned by this
+** routine.  ^Thus INSERT OR FAIL, INSERT OR IGNORE, INSERT OR ROLLBACK,
+** and INSERT OR ABORT make no changes to the return value of this
+** routine when their insertion fails.  ^(When INSERT OR REPLACE
+** encounters a constraint violation, it does not fail.  The
+** INSERT continues to completion after deleting rows that caused
+** the constraint problem so INSERT OR REPLACE will always change
+** the return value of this interface.)^
+**
+** ^For the purposes of this routine, an [INSERT] is considered to
+** be successful even if it is subsequently rolled back.
+**
+** This function is accessible to SQL statements via the
+** [last_insert_rowid() SQL function].
+**
+** If a separate thread performs a new [INSERT] on the same
+** database connection while the [sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()]
+** function is running and thus changes the last insert [rowid],
+** then the value returned by [sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()] is
+** unpredictable and might not equal either the old or the new
+** last insert [rowid].
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Count The Number Of Rows Modified
+**
+** ^This function returns the number of database rows that were changed
+** or inserted or deleted by the most recently completed SQL statement
+** on the [database connection] specified by the first parameter.
+** ^(Only changes that are directly specified by the [INSERT], [UPDATE],
+** or [DELETE] statement are counted.  Auxiliary changes caused by
+** triggers or [foreign key actions] are not counted.)^ Use the
+** [sqlite3_total_changes()] function to find the total number of changes
+** including changes caused by triggers and foreign key actions.
+**
+** ^Changes to a view that are simulated by an [INSTEAD OF trigger]
+** are not counted.  Only real table changes are counted.
+**
+** ^(A "row change" is a change to a single row of a single table
+** caused by an INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE statement.  Rows that
+** are changed as side effects of [REPLACE] constraint resolution,
+** rollback, ABORT processing, [DROP TABLE], or by any other
+** mechanisms do not count as direct row changes.)^
+**
+** A "trigger context" is a scope of execution that begins and
+** ends with the script of a [CREATE TRIGGER | trigger]. 
+** Most SQL statements are
+** evaluated outside of any trigger.  This is the "top level"
+** trigger context.  If a trigger fires from the top level, a
+** new trigger context is entered for the duration of that one
+** trigger.  Subtriggers create subcontexts for their duration.
+**
+** ^Calling [sqlite3_exec()] or [sqlite3_step()] recursively does
+** not create a new trigger context.
+**
+** ^This function returns the number of direct row changes in the
+** most recent INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement within the same
+** trigger context.
+**
+** ^Thus, when called from the top level, this function returns the
+** number of changes in the most recent INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+** that also occurred at the top level.  ^(Within the body of a trigger,
+** the sqlite3_changes() interface can be called to find the number of
+** changes in the most recently completed INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+** statement within the body of the same trigger.
+** However, the number returned does not include changes
+** caused by subtriggers since those have their own context.)^
+**
+** See also the [sqlite3_total_changes()] interface, the
+** [count_changes pragma], and the [changes() SQL function].
+**
+** If a separate thread makes changes on the same database connection
+** while [sqlite3_changes()] is running then the value returned
+** is unpredictable and not meaningful.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_changes(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Total Number Of Rows Modified
+**
+** ^This function returns the number of row changes caused by [INSERT],
+** [UPDATE] or [DELETE] statements since the [database connection] was opened.
+** ^(The count returned by sqlite3_total_changes() includes all changes
+** from all [CREATE TRIGGER | trigger] contexts and changes made by
+** [foreign key actions]. However,
+** the count does not include changes used to implement [REPLACE] constraints,
+** do rollbacks or ABORT processing, or [DROP TABLE] processing.  The
+** count does not include rows of views that fire an [INSTEAD OF trigger],
+** though if the INSTEAD OF trigger makes changes of its own, those changes 
+** are counted.)^
+** ^The sqlite3_total_changes() function counts the changes as soon as
+** the statement that makes them is completed (when the statement handle
+** is passed to [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()]).
+**
+** See also the [sqlite3_changes()] interface, the
+** [count_changes pragma], and the [total_changes() SQL function].
+**
+** If a separate thread makes changes on the same database connection
+** while [sqlite3_total_changes()] is running then the value
+** returned is unpredictable and not meaningful.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_total_changes(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Interrupt A Long-Running Query
+**
+** ^This function causes any pending database operation to abort and
+** return at its earliest opportunity. This routine is typically
+** called in response to a user action such as pressing "Cancel"
+** or Ctrl-C where the user wants a long query operation to halt
+** immediately.
+**
+** ^It is safe to call this routine from a thread different from the
+** thread that is currently running the database operation.  But it
+** is not safe to call this routine with a [database connection] that
+** is closed or might close before sqlite3_interrupt() returns.
+**
+** ^If an SQL operation is very nearly finished at the time when
+** sqlite3_interrupt() is called, then it might not have an opportunity
+** to be interrupted and might continue to completion.
+**
+** ^An SQL operation that is interrupted will return [SQLITE_INTERRUPT].
+** ^If the interrupted SQL operation is an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+** that is inside an explicit transaction, then the entire transaction
+** will be rolled back automatically.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_interrupt(D) call is in effect until all currently running
+** SQL statements on [database connection] D complete.  ^Any new SQL statements
+** that are started after the sqlite3_interrupt() call and before the 
+** running statements reaches zero are interrupted as if they had been
+** running prior to the sqlite3_interrupt() call.  ^New SQL statements
+** that are started after the running statement count reaches zero are
+** not effected by the sqlite3_interrupt().
+** ^A call to sqlite3_interrupt(D) that occurs when there are no running
+** SQL statements is a no-op and has no effect on SQL statements
+** that are started after the sqlite3_interrupt() call returns.
+**
+** If the database connection closes while [sqlite3_interrupt()]
+** is running then bad things will likely happen.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_interrupt(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine If An SQL Statement Is Complete
+**
+** These routines are useful during command-line input to determine if the
+** currently entered text seems to form a complete SQL statement or
+** if additional input is needed before sending the text into
+** SQLite for parsing.  ^These routines return 1 if the input string
+** appears to be a complete SQL statement.  ^A statement is judged to be
+** complete if it ends with a semicolon token and is not a prefix of a
+** well-formed CREATE TRIGGER statement.  ^Semicolons that are embedded within
+** string literals or quoted identifier names or comments are not
+** independent tokens (they are part of the token in which they are
+** embedded) and thus do not count as a statement terminator.  ^Whitespace
+** and comments that follow the final semicolon are ignored.
+**
+** ^These routines return 0 if the statement is incomplete.  ^If a
+** memory allocation fails, then SQLITE_NOMEM is returned.
+**
+** ^These routines do not parse the SQL statements thus
+** will not detect syntactically incorrect SQL.
+**
+** ^(If SQLite has not been initialized using [sqlite3_initialize()] prior 
+** to invoking sqlite3_complete16() then sqlite3_initialize() is invoked
+** automatically by sqlite3_complete16().  If that initialization fails,
+** then the return value from sqlite3_complete16() will be non-zero
+** regardless of whether or not the input SQL is complete.)^
+**
+** The input to [sqlite3_complete()] must be a zero-terminated
+** UTF-8 string.
+**
+** The input to [sqlite3_complete16()] must be a zero-terminated
+** UTF-16 string in native byte order.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete(const char *sql);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete16(const void *sql);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Register A Callback To Handle SQLITE_BUSY Errors
+**
+** ^This routine sets a callback function that might be invoked whenever
+** an attempt is made to open a database table that another thread
+** or process has locked.
+**
+** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
+** is returned immediately upon encountering the lock.  ^If the busy callback
+** is not NULL, then the callback might be invoked with two arguments.
+**
+** ^The first argument to the busy handler is a copy of the void* pointer which
+** is the third argument to sqlite3_busy_handler().  ^The second argument to
+** the busy handler callback is the number of times that the busy handler has
+** been invoked for this locking event.  ^If the
+** busy callback returns 0, then no additional attempts are made to
+** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] is returned.
+** ^If the callback returns non-zero, then another attempt
+** is made to open the database for reading and the cycle repeats.
+**
+** The presence of a busy handler does not guarantee that it will be invoked
+** when there is lock contention. ^If SQLite determines that invoking the busy
+** handler could result in a deadlock, it will go ahead and return [SQLITE_BUSY]
+** or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] instead of invoking the busy handler.
+** Consider a scenario where one process is holding a read lock that
+** it is trying to promote to a reserved lock and
+** a second process is holding a reserved lock that it is trying
+** to promote to an exclusive lock.  The first process cannot proceed
+** because it is blocked by the second and the second process cannot
+** proceed because it is blocked by the first.  If both processes
+** invoke the busy handlers, neither will make any progress.  Therefore,
+** SQLite returns [SQLITE_BUSY] for the first process, hoping that this
+** will induce the first process to release its read lock and allow
+** the second process to proceed.
+**
+** ^The default busy callback is NULL.
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_BUSY] error is converted to [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
+** when SQLite is in the middle of a large transaction where all the
+** changes will not fit into the in-memory cache.  SQLite will
+** already hold a RESERVED lock on the database file, but it needs
+** to promote this lock to EXCLUSIVE so that it can spill cache
+** pages into the database file without harm to concurrent
+** readers.  ^If it is unable to promote the lock, then the in-memory
+** cache will be left in an inconsistent state and so the error
+** code is promoted from the relatively benign [SQLITE_BUSY] to
+** the more severe [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].  ^This error code promotion
+** forces an automatic rollback of the changes.  See the
+** <a href="/cvstrac/wiki?p=CorruptionFollowingBusyError">
+** CorruptionFollowingBusyError</a> wiki page for a discussion of why
+** this is important.
+**
+** ^(There can only be a single busy handler defined for each
+** [database connection].  Setting a new busy handler clears any
+** previously set handler.)^  ^Note that calling [sqlite3_busy_timeout()]
+** will also set or clear the busy handler.
+**
+** The busy callback should not take any actions which modify the
+** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  Any such actions
+** result in undefined behavior.
+** 
+** A busy handler must not close the database connection
+** or [prepared statement] that invoked the busy handler.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_handler(sqlite3*, int(*)(void*,int), void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Set A Busy Timeout
+**
+** ^This routine sets a [sqlite3_busy_handler | busy handler] that sleeps
+** for a specified amount of time when a table is locked.  ^The handler
+** will sleep multiple times until at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping
+** have accumulated.  ^After at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping,
+** the handler returns 0 which causes [sqlite3_step()] to return
+** [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].
+**
+** ^Calling this routine with an argument less than or equal to zero
+** turns off all busy handlers.
+**
+** ^(There can only be a single busy handler for a particular
+** [database connection] any any given moment.  If another busy handler
+** was defined  (using [sqlite3_busy_handler()]) prior to calling
+** this routine, that other busy handler is cleared.)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Convenience Routines For Running Queries
+**
+** This is a legacy interface that is preserved for backwards compatibility.
+** Use of this interface is not recommended.
+**
+** Definition: A <b>result table</b> is memory data structure created by the
+** [sqlite3_get_table()] interface.  A result table records the
+** complete query results from one or more queries.
+**
+** The table conceptually has a number of rows and columns.  But
+** these numbers are not part of the result table itself.  These
+** numbers are obtained separately.  Let N be the number of rows
+** and M be the number of columns.
+**
+** A result table is an array of pointers to zero-terminated UTF-8 strings.
+** There are (N+1)*M elements in the array.  The first M pointers point
+** to zero-terminated strings that  contain the names of the columns.
+** The remaining entries all point to query results.  NULL values result
+** in NULL pointers.  All other values are in their UTF-8 zero-terminated
+** string representation as returned by [sqlite3_column_text()].
+**
+** A result table might consist of one or more memory allocations.
+** It is not safe to pass a result table directly to [sqlite3_free()].
+** A result table should be deallocated using [sqlite3_free_table()].
+**
+** ^(As an example of the result table format, suppose a query result
+** is as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**        Name        | Age
+**        -----------------------
+**        Alice       | 43
+**        Bob         | 28
+**        Cindy       | 21
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** There are two column (M==2) and three rows (N==3).  Thus the
+** result table has 8 entries.  Suppose the result table is stored
+** in an array names azResult.  Then azResult holds this content:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**        azResult&#91;0] = "Name";
+**        azResult&#91;1] = "Age";
+**        azResult&#91;2] = "Alice";
+**        azResult&#91;3] = "43";
+**        azResult&#91;4] = "Bob";
+**        azResult&#91;5] = "28";
+**        azResult&#91;6] = "Cindy";
+**        azResult&#91;7] = "21";
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_get_table() function evaluates one or more
+** semicolon-separated SQL statements in the zero-terminated UTF-8
+** string of its 2nd parameter and returns a result table to the
+** pointer given in its 3rd parameter.
+**
+** After the application has finished with the result from sqlite3_get_table(),
+** it must pass the result table pointer to sqlite3_free_table() in order to
+** release the memory that was malloced.  Because of the way the
+** [sqlite3_malloc()] happens within sqlite3_get_table(), the calling
+** function must not try to call [sqlite3_free()] directly.  Only
+** [sqlite3_free_table()] is able to release the memory properly and safely.
+**
+** The sqlite3_get_table() interface is implemented as a wrapper around
+** [sqlite3_exec()].  The sqlite3_get_table() routine does not have access
+** to any internal data structures of SQLite.  It uses only the public
+** interface defined here.  As a consequence, errors that occur in the
+** wrapper layer outside of the internal [sqlite3_exec()] call are not
+** reflected in subsequent calls to [sqlite3_errcode()] or
+** [sqlite3_errmsg()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_table(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* An open database */
+  const char *zSql,     /* SQL to be evaluated */
+  char ***pazResult,    /* Results of the query */
+  int *pnRow,           /* Number of result rows written here */
+  int *pnColumn,        /* Number of result columns written here */
+  char **pzErrmsg       /* Error msg written here */
+);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_table(char **result);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Formatted String Printing Functions
+**
+** These routines are work-alikes of the "printf()" family of functions
+** from the standard C library.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mprintf() and sqlite3_vmprintf() routines write their
+** results into memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()].
+** The strings returned by these two routines should be
+** released by [sqlite3_free()].  ^Both routines return a
+** NULL pointer if [sqlite3_malloc()] is unable to allocate enough
+** memory to hold the resulting string.
+**
+** ^(The sqlite3_snprintf() routine is similar to "snprintf()" from
+** the standard C library.  The result is written into the
+** buffer supplied as the second parameter whose size is given by
+** the first parameter. Note that the order of the
+** first two parameters is reversed from snprintf().)^  This is an
+** historical accident that cannot be fixed without breaking
+** backwards compatibility.  ^(Note also that sqlite3_snprintf()
+** returns a pointer to its buffer instead of the number of
+** characters actually written into the buffer.)^  We admit that
+** the number of characters written would be a more useful return
+** value but we cannot change the implementation of sqlite3_snprintf()
+** now without breaking compatibility.
+**
+** ^As long as the buffer size is greater than zero, sqlite3_snprintf()
+** guarantees that the buffer is always zero-terminated.  ^The first
+** parameter "n" is the total size of the buffer, including space for
+** the zero terminator.  So the longest string that can be completely
+** written will be n-1 characters.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_vsnprintf() routine is a varargs version of sqlite3_snprintf().
+**
+** These routines all implement some additional formatting
+** options that are useful for constructing SQL statements.
+** All of the usual printf() formatting options apply.  In addition, there
+** is are "%q", "%Q", and "%z" options.
+**
+** ^(The %q option works like %s in that it substitutes a null-terminated
+** string from the argument list.  But %q also doubles every '\'' character.
+** %q is designed for use inside a string literal.)^  By doubling each '\''
+** character it escapes that character and allows it to be inserted into
+** the string.
+**
+** For example, assume the string variable zText contains text as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  char *zText = "It's a happy day!";
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** One can use this text in an SQL statement as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  char *zSQL = sqlite3_mprintf("INSERT INTO table VALUES('%q')", zText);
+**  sqlite3_exec(db, zSQL, 0, 0, 0);
+**  sqlite3_free(zSQL);
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** Because the %q format string is used, the '\'' character in zText
+** is escaped and the SQL generated is as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  INSERT INTO table1 VALUES('It''s a happy day!')
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** This is correct.  Had we used %s instead of %q, the generated SQL
+** would have looked like this:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  INSERT INTO table1 VALUES('It's a happy day!');
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** This second example is an SQL syntax error.  As a general rule you should
+** always use %q instead of %s when inserting text into a string literal.
+**
+** ^(The %Q option works like %q except it also adds single quotes around
+** the outside of the total string.  Additionally, if the parameter in the
+** argument list is a NULL pointer, %Q substitutes the text "NULL" (without
+** single quotes).)^  So, for example, one could say:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  char *zSQL = sqlite3_mprintf("INSERT INTO table VALUES(%Q)", zText);
+**  sqlite3_exec(db, zSQL, 0, 0, 0);
+**  sqlite3_free(zSQL);
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** The code above will render a correct SQL statement in the zSQL
+** variable even if the zText variable is a NULL pointer.
+**
+** ^(The "%z" formatting option works like "%s" but with the
+** addition that after the string has been read and copied into
+** the result, [sqlite3_free()] is called on the input string.)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_mprintf(const char*,...);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vmprintf(const char*, va_list);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_snprintf(int,char*,const char*, ...);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vsnprintf(int,char*,const char*, va_list);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocation Subsystem
+**
+** The SQLite core uses these three routines for all of its own
+** internal memory allocation needs. "Core" in the previous sentence
+** does not include operating-system specific VFS implementation.  The
+** Windows VFS uses native malloc() and free() for some operations.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_malloc() routine returns a pointer to a block
+** of memory at least N bytes in length, where N is the parameter.
+** ^If sqlite3_malloc() is unable to obtain sufficient free
+** memory, it returns a NULL pointer.  ^If the parameter N to
+** sqlite3_malloc() is zero or negative then sqlite3_malloc() returns
+** a NULL pointer.
+**
+** ^Calling sqlite3_free() with a pointer previously returned
+** by sqlite3_malloc() or sqlite3_realloc() releases that memory so
+** that it might be reused.  ^The sqlite3_free() routine is
+** a no-op if is called with a NULL pointer.  Passing a NULL pointer
+** to sqlite3_free() is harmless.  After being freed, memory
+** should neither be read nor written.  Even reading previously freed
+** memory might result in a segmentation fault or other severe error.
+** Memory corruption, a segmentation fault, or other severe error
+** might result if sqlite3_free() is called with a non-NULL pointer that
+** was not obtained from sqlite3_malloc() or sqlite3_realloc().
+**
+** ^(The sqlite3_realloc() interface attempts to resize a
+** prior memory allocation to be at least N bytes, where N is the
+** second parameter.  The memory allocation to be resized is the first
+** parameter.)^ ^ If the first parameter to sqlite3_realloc()
+** is a NULL pointer then its behavior is identical to calling
+** sqlite3_malloc(N) where N is the second parameter to sqlite3_realloc().
+** ^If the second parameter to sqlite3_realloc() is zero or
+** negative then the behavior is exactly the same as calling
+** sqlite3_free(P) where P is the first parameter to sqlite3_realloc().
+** ^sqlite3_realloc() returns a pointer to a memory allocation
+** of at least N bytes in size or NULL if sufficient memory is unavailable.
+** ^If M is the size of the prior allocation, then min(N,M) bytes
+** of the prior allocation are copied into the beginning of buffer returned
+** by sqlite3_realloc() and the prior allocation is freed.
+** ^If sqlite3_realloc() returns NULL, then the prior allocation
+** is not freed.
+**
+** ^The memory returned by sqlite3_malloc() and sqlite3_realloc()
+** is always aligned to at least an 8 byte boundary, or to a
+** 4 byte boundary if the [SQLITE_4_BYTE_ALIGNED_MALLOC] compile-time
+** option is used.
+**
+** In SQLite version 3.5.0 and 3.5.1, it was possible to define
+** the SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORY_ALLOCATION which would cause the built-in
+** implementation of these routines to be omitted.  That capability
+** is no longer provided.  Only built-in memory allocators can be used.
+**
+** The Windows OS interface layer calls
+** the system malloc() and free() directly when converting
+** filenames between the UTF-8 encoding used by SQLite
+** and whatever filename encoding is used by the particular Windows
+** installation.  Memory allocation errors are detected, but
+** they are reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
+** [SQLITE_IOERR] rather than [SQLITE_NOMEM].
+**
+** The pointer arguments to [sqlite3_free()] and [sqlite3_realloc()]
+** must be either NULL or else pointers obtained from a prior
+** invocation of [sqlite3_malloc()] or [sqlite3_realloc()] that have
+** not yet been released.
+**
+** The application must not read or write any part of
+** a block of memory after it has been released using
+** [sqlite3_free()] or [sqlite3_realloc()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_malloc(int);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_realloc(void*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free(void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocator Statistics
+**
+** SQLite provides these two interfaces for reporting on the status
+** of the [sqlite3_malloc()], [sqlite3_free()], and [sqlite3_realloc()]
+** routines, which form the built-in memory allocation subsystem.
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_memory_used()] routine returns the number of bytes
+** of memory currently outstanding (malloced but not freed).
+** ^The [sqlite3_memory_highwater()] routine returns the maximum
+** value of [sqlite3_memory_used()] since the high-water mark
+** was last reset.  ^The values returned by [sqlite3_memory_used()] and
+** [sqlite3_memory_highwater()] include any overhead
+** added by SQLite in its implementation of [sqlite3_malloc()],
+** but not overhead added by the any underlying system library
+** routines that [sqlite3_malloc()] may call.
+**
+** ^The memory high-water mark is reset to the current value of
+** [sqlite3_memory_used()] if and only if the parameter to
+** [sqlite3_memory_highwater()] is true.  ^The value returned
+** by [sqlite3_memory_highwater(1)] is the high-water mark
+** prior to the reset.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_used(void);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_highwater(int resetFlag);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Pseudo-Random Number Generator
+**
+** SQLite contains a high-quality pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) used to
+** select random [ROWID | ROWIDs] when inserting new records into a table that
+** already uses the largest possible [ROWID].  The PRNG is also used for
+** the build-in random() and randomblob() SQL functions.  This interface allows
+** applications to access the same PRNG for other purposes.
+**
+** ^A call to this routine stores N bytes of randomness into buffer P.
+**
+** ^The first time this routine is invoked (either internally or by
+** the application) the PRNG is seeded using randomness obtained
+** from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
+** ^On all subsequent invocations, the pseudo-randomness is generated
+** internally and without recourse to the [sqlite3_vfs] xRandomness
+** method.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *P);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Compile-Time Authorization Callbacks
+**
+** ^This routine registers an authorizer callback with a particular
+** [database connection], supplied in the first argument.
+** ^The authorizer callback is invoked as SQL statements are being compiled
+** by [sqlite3_prepare()] or its variants [sqlite3_prepare_v2()],
+** [sqlite3_prepare16()] and [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()].  ^At various
+** points during the compilation process, as logic is being created
+** to perform various actions, the authorizer callback is invoked to
+** see if those actions are allowed.  ^The authorizer callback should
+** return [SQLITE_OK] to allow the action, [SQLITE_IGNORE] to disallow the
+** specific action but allow the SQL statement to continue to be
+** compiled, or [SQLITE_DENY] to cause the entire SQL statement to be
+** rejected with an error.  ^If the authorizer callback returns
+** any value other than [SQLITE_IGNORE], [SQLITE_OK], or [SQLITE_DENY]
+** then the [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or equivalent call that triggered
+** the authorizer will fail with an error message.
+**
+** When the callback returns [SQLITE_OK], that means the operation
+** requested is ok.  ^When the callback returns [SQLITE_DENY], the
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or equivalent call that triggered the
+** authorizer will fail with an error message explaining that
+** access is denied. 
+**
+** ^The first parameter to the authorizer callback is a copy of the third
+** parameter to the sqlite3_set_authorizer() interface. ^The second parameter
+** to the callback is an integer [SQLITE_COPY | action code] that specifies
+** the particular action to be authorized. ^The third through sixth parameters
+** to the callback are zero-terminated strings that contain additional
+** details about the action to be authorized.
+**
+** ^If the action code is [SQLITE_READ]
+** and the callback returns [SQLITE_IGNORE] then the
+** [prepared statement] statement is constructed to substitute
+** a NULL value in place of the table column that would have
+** been read if [SQLITE_OK] had been returned.  The [SQLITE_IGNORE]
+** return can be used to deny an untrusted user access to individual
+** columns of a table.
+** ^If the action code is [SQLITE_DELETE] and the callback returns
+** [SQLITE_IGNORE] then the [DELETE] operation proceeds but the
+** [truncate optimization] is disabled and all rows are deleted individually.
+**
+** An authorizer is used when [sqlite3_prepare | preparing]
+** SQL statements from an untrusted source, to ensure that the SQL statements
+** do not try to access data they are not allowed to see, or that they do not
+** try to execute malicious statements that damage the database.  For
+** example, an application may allow a user to enter arbitrary
+** SQL queries for evaluation by a database.  But the application does
+** not want the user to be able to make arbitrary changes to the
+** database.  An authorizer could then be put in place while the
+** user-entered SQL is being [sqlite3_prepare | prepared] that
+** disallows everything except [SELECT] statements.
+**
+** Applications that need to process SQL from untrusted sources
+** might also consider lowering resource limits using [sqlite3_limit()]
+** and limiting database size using the [max_page_count] [PRAGMA]
+** in addition to using an authorizer.
+**
+** ^(Only a single authorizer can be in place on a database connection
+** at a time.  Each call to sqlite3_set_authorizer overrides the
+** previous call.)^  ^Disable the authorizer by installing a NULL callback.
+** The authorizer is disabled by default.
+**
+** The authorizer callback must not do anything that will modify
+** the database connection that invoked the authorizer callback.
+** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
+** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
+**
+** ^When [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] is used to prepare a statement, the
+** statement might be re-prepared during [sqlite3_step()] due to a 
+** schema change.  Hence, the application should ensure that the
+** correct authorizer callback remains in place during the [sqlite3_step()].
+**
+** ^Note that the authorizer callback is invoked only during
+** [sqlite3_prepare()] or its variants.  Authorization is not
+** performed during statement evaluation in [sqlite3_step()], unless
+** as stated in the previous paragraph, sqlite3_step() invokes
+** sqlite3_prepare_v2() to reprepare a statement after a schema change.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_set_authorizer(
+  sqlite3*,
+  int (*xAuth)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*),
+  void *pUserData
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Authorizer Return Codes
+**
+** The [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer callback function] must
+** return either [SQLITE_OK] or one of these two constants in order
+** to signal SQLite whether or not the action is permitted.  See the
+** [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer documentation] for additional
+** information.
+**
+** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | return code]
+** from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DENY   1   /* Abort the SQL statement with an error */
+#define SQLITE_IGNORE 2   /* Don't allow access, but don't generate an error */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Authorizer Action Codes
+**
+** The [sqlite3_set_authorizer()] interface registers a callback function
+** that is invoked to authorize certain SQL statement actions.  The
+** second parameter to the callback is an integer code that specifies
+** what action is being authorized.  These are the integer action codes that
+** the authorizer callback may be passed.
+**
+** These action code values signify what kind of operation is to be
+** authorized.  The 3rd and 4th parameters to the authorization
+** callback function will be parameters or NULL depending on which of these
+** codes is used as the second parameter.  ^(The 5th parameter to the
+** authorizer callback is the name of the database ("main", "temp",
+** etc.) if applicable.)^  ^The 6th parameter to the authorizer callback
+** is the name of the inner-most trigger or view that is responsible for
+** the access attempt or NULL if this access attempt is directly from
+** top-level SQL code.
+*/
+/******************************************* 3rd ************ 4th ***********/
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_INDEX          1   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TABLE          2   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_INDEX     3   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TABLE     4   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TRIGGER   5   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_VIEW      6   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TRIGGER        7   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_VIEW           8   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DELETE                9   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_INDEX           10   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TABLE           11   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_INDEX      12   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TABLE      13   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TRIGGER    14   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_VIEW       15   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TRIGGER         16   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_VIEW            17   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_INSERT               18   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_PRAGMA               19   /* Pragma Name     1st arg or NULL */
+#define SQLITE_READ                 20   /* Table Name      Column Name     */
+#define SQLITE_SELECT               21   /* NULL            NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_TRANSACTION          22   /* Operation       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_UPDATE               23   /* Table Name      Column Name     */
+#define SQLITE_ATTACH               24   /* Filename        NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DETACH               25   /* Database Name   NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_ALTER_TABLE          26   /* Database Name   Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_REINDEX              27   /* Index Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_ANALYZE              28   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_VTABLE        29   /* Table Name      Module Name     */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_VTABLE          30   /* Table Name      Module Name     */
+#define SQLITE_FUNCTION             31   /* NULL            Function Name   */
+#define SQLITE_SAVEPOINT            32   /* Operation       Savepoint Name  */
+#define SQLITE_COPY                  0   /* No longer used */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Tracing And Profiling Functions
+**
+** These routines register callback functions that can be used for
+** tracing and profiling the execution of SQL statements.
+**
+** ^The callback function registered by sqlite3_trace() is invoked at
+** various times when an SQL statement is being run by [sqlite3_step()].
+** ^The sqlite3_trace() callback is invoked with a UTF-8 rendering of the
+** SQL statement text as the statement first begins executing.
+** ^(Additional sqlite3_trace() callbacks might occur
+** as each triggered subprogram is entered.  The callbacks for triggers
+** contain a UTF-8 SQL comment that identifies the trigger.)^
+**
+** ^The callback function registered by sqlite3_profile() is invoked
+** as each SQL statement finishes.  ^The profile callback contains
+** the original statement text and an estimate of wall-clock time
+** of how long that statement took to run.  ^The profile callback
+** time is in units of nanoseconds, however the current implementation
+** is only capable of millisecond resolution so the six least significant
+** digits in the time are meaningless.  Future versions of SQLite
+** might provide greater resolution on the profiler callback.  The
+** sqlite3_profile() function is considered experimental and is
+** subject to change in future versions of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_trace(sqlite3*, void(*xTrace)(void*,const char*), void*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL void *sqlite3_profile(sqlite3*,
+   void(*xProfile)(void*,const char*,sqlite3_uint64), void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Query Progress Callbacks
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_progress_handler(D,N,X,P) interface causes the callback
+** function X to be invoked periodically during long running calls to
+** [sqlite3_exec()], [sqlite3_step()] and [sqlite3_get_table()] for
+** database connection D.  An example use for this
+** interface is to keep a GUI updated during a large query.
+**
+** ^The parameter P is passed through as the only parameter to the 
+** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the number of 
+** [virtual machine instructions] that are evaluated between successive
+** invocations of the callback X.
+**
+** ^Only a single progress handler may be defined at one time per
+** [database connection]; setting a new progress handler cancels the
+** old one.  ^Setting parameter X to NULL disables the progress handler.
+** ^The progress handler is also disabled by setting N to a value less
+** than 1.
+**
+** ^If the progress callback returns non-zero, the operation is
+** interrupted.  This feature can be used to implement a
+** "Cancel" button on a GUI progress dialog box.
+**
+** The progress handler callback must not do anything that will modify
+** the database connection that invoked the progress handler.
+** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
+** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
+**
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(sqlite3*, int, int(*)(void*), void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Opening A New Database Connection
+**
+** ^These routines open an SQLite database file as specified by the 
+** filename argument. ^The filename argument is interpreted as UTF-8 for
+** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open_v2() and as UTF-16 in the native byte
+** order for sqlite3_open16(). ^(A [database connection] handle is usually
+** returned in *ppDb, even if an error occurs.  The only exception is that
+** if SQLite is unable to allocate memory to hold the [sqlite3] object,
+** a NULL will be written into *ppDb instead of a pointer to the [sqlite3]
+** object.)^ ^(If the database is opened (and/or created) successfully, then
+** [SQLITE_OK] is returned.  Otherwise an [error code] is returned.)^ ^The
+** [sqlite3_errmsg()] or [sqlite3_errmsg16()] routines can be used to obtain
+** an English language description of the error following a failure of any
+** of the sqlite3_open() routines.
+**
+** ^The default encoding for the database will be UTF-8 if
+** sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2() is called and
+** UTF-16 in the native byte order if sqlite3_open16() is used.
+**
+** Whether or not an error occurs when it is opened, resources
+** associated with the [database connection] handle should be released by
+** passing it to [sqlite3_close()] when it is no longer required.
+**
+** The sqlite3_open_v2() interface works like sqlite3_open()
+** except that it accepts two additional parameters for additional control
+** over the new database connection.  ^(The flags parameter to
+** sqlite3_open_v2() can take one of
+** the following three values, optionally combined with the 
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE],
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE], and/or [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flags:)^
+**
+** <dl>
+** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY]</dt>
+** <dd>The database is opened in read-only mode.  If the database does not
+** already exist, an error is returned.</dd>)^
+**
+** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE]</dt>
+** <dd>The database is opened for reading and writing if possible, or reading
+** only if the file is write protected by the operating system.  In either
+** case the database must already exist, otherwise an error is returned.</dd>)^
+**
+** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE] | [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE]</dt>
+** <dd>The database is opened for reading and writing, and is created if
+** it does not already exist. This is the behavior that is always used for
+** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open16().</dd>)^
+** </dl>
+**
+** If the 3rd parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is not one of the
+** combinations shown above optionally combined with other
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY | SQLITE_OPEN_* bits]
+** then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** ^If the [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX] flag is set, then the database connection
+** opens in the multi-thread [threading mode] as long as the single-thread
+** mode has not been set at compile-time or start-time.  ^If the
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX] flag is set then the database connection opens
+** in the serialized [threading mode] unless single-thread was
+** previously selected at compile-time or start-time.
+** ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE] flag causes the database connection to be
+** eligible to use [shared cache mode], regardless of whether or not shared
+** cache is enabled using [sqlite3_enable_shared_cache()].  ^The
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE] flag causes the database connection to not
+** participate in [shared cache mode] even if it is enabled.
+**
+** ^The fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is the name of the
+** [sqlite3_vfs] object that defines the operating system interface that
+** the new database connection should use.  ^If the fourth parameter is
+** a NULL pointer then the default [sqlite3_vfs] object is used.
+**
+** ^If the filename is ":memory:", then a private, temporary in-memory database
+** is created for the connection.  ^This in-memory database will vanish when
+** the database connection is closed.  Future versions of SQLite might
+** make use of additional special filenames that begin with the ":" character.
+** It is recommended that when a database filename actually does begin with
+** a ":" character you should prefix the filename with a pathname such as
+** "./" to avoid ambiguity.
+**
+** ^If the filename is an empty string, then a private, temporary
+** on-disk database will be created.  ^This private database will be
+** automatically deleted as soon as the database connection is closed.
+**
+** [[URI filenames in sqlite3_open()]] <h3>URI Filenames</h3>
+**
+** ^If [URI filename] interpretation is enabled, and the filename argument
+** begins with "file:", then the filename is interpreted as a URI. ^URI
+** filename interpretation is enabled if the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is
+** set in the fourth argument to sqlite3_open_v2(), or if it has
+** been enabled globally using the [SQLITE_CONFIG_URI] option with the
+** [sqlite3_config()] method or by the [SQLITE_USE_URI] compile-time option.
+** As of SQLite version 3.7.7, URI filename interpretation is turned off
+** by default, but future releases of SQLite might enable URI filename
+** interpretation by default.  See "[URI filenames]" for additional
+** information.
+**
+** URI filenames are parsed according to RFC 3986. ^If the URI contains an
+** authority, then it must be either an empty string or the string 
+** "localhost". ^If the authority is not an empty string or "localhost", an 
+** error is returned to the caller. ^The fragment component of a URI, if 
+** present, is ignored.
+**
+** ^SQLite uses the path component of the URI as the name of the disk file
+** which contains the database. ^If the path begins with a '/' character, 
+** then it is interpreted as an absolute path. ^If the path does not begin 
+** with a '/' (meaning that the authority section is omitted from the URI)
+** then the path is interpreted as a relative path. 
+** ^On windows, the first component of an absolute path 
+** is a drive specification (e.g. "C:").
+**
+** [[core URI query parameters]]
+** The query component of a URI may contain parameters that are interpreted
+** either by SQLite itself, or by a [VFS | custom VFS implementation].
+** SQLite interprets the following three query parameters:
+**
+** <ul>
+**   <li> <b>vfs</b>: ^The "vfs" parameter may be used to specify the name of
+**     a VFS object that provides the operating system interface that should
+**     be used to access the database file on disk. ^If this option is set to
+**     an empty string the default VFS object is used. ^Specifying an unknown
+**     VFS is an error. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the vfs option is
+**     present, then the VFS specified by the option takes precedence over
+**     the value passed as the fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
+**
+**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw" or
+**     "rwc". Attempting to set it to any other value is an error)^. 
+**     ^If "ro" is specified, then the database is opened for read-only 
+**     access, just as if the [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY] flag had been set in the 
+**     third argument to sqlite3_prepare_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
+**     "rw", then the database is opened for read-write (but not create) 
+**     access, as if SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE (but not SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE) had 
+**     been set. ^Value "rwc" is equivalent to setting both 
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is 
+**     used, it is an error to specify a value for the mode parameter that is 
+**     less restrictive than that specified by the flags passed as the third 
+**     parameter.
+**
+**   <li> <b>cache</b>: ^The cache parameter may be set to either "shared" or
+**     "private". ^Setting it to "shared" is equivalent to setting the
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE bit in the flags argument passed to
+**     sqlite3_open_v2(). ^Setting the cache parameter to "private" is 
+**     equivalent to setting the SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE bit.
+**     ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the "cache" parameter is present in
+**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behaviour requested by setting
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE flag.
+** </ul>
+**
+** ^Specifying an unknown parameter in the query component of a URI is not an
+** error.  Future versions of SQLite might understand additional query
+** parameters.  See "[query parameters with special meaning to SQLite]" for
+** additional information.
+**
+** [[URI filename examples]] <h3>URI filename examples</h3>
+**
+** <table border="1" align=center cellpadding=5>
+** <tr><th> URI filenames <th> Results
+** <tr><td> file:data.db <td> 
+**          Open the file "data.db" in the current directory.
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db<br>
+**          file:///home/fred/data.db <br> 
+**          file://localhost/home/fred/data.db <br> <td> 
+**          Open the database file "/home/fred/data.db".
+** <tr><td> file://darkstar/home/fred/data.db <td> 
+**          An error. "darkstar" is not a recognized authority.
+** <tr><td style="white-space:nowrap"> 
+**          file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/fred/Desktop/data.db
+**     <td> Windows only: Open the file "data.db" on fred's desktop on drive
+**          C:. Note that the %20 escaping in this example is not strictly 
+**          necessary - space characters can be used literally
+**          in URI filenames.
+** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=ro&cache=private <td> 
+**          Open file "data.db" in the current directory for read-only access.
+**          Regardless of whether or not shared-cache mode is enabled by
+**          default, use a private cache.
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-nolock <td>
+**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-nolock".
+** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=readonly <td> 
+**          An error. "readonly" is not a valid option for the "mode" parameter.
+** </table>
+**
+** ^URI hexadecimal escape sequences (%HH) are supported within the path and
+** query components of a URI. A hexadecimal escape sequence consists of a
+** percent sign - "%" - followed by exactly two hexadecimal digits 
+** specifying an octet value. ^Before the path or query components of a
+** URI filename are interpreted, they are encoded using UTF-8 and all 
+** hexadecimal escape sequences replaced by a single byte containing the
+** corresponding octet. If this process generates an invalid UTF-8 encoding,
+** the results are undefined.
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows users:</b>  The encoding used for the filename argument
+** of sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open_v2() must be UTF-8, not whatever
+** codepage is currently defined.  Filenames containing international
+** characters must be converted to UTF-8 prior to passing them into
+** sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open(
+  const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb          /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open16(
+  const void *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-16) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb          /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_v2(
+  const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb,         /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+  int flags,              /* Flags */
+  const char *zVfs        /* Name of VFS module to use */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Obtain Values For URI Parameters
+**
+** This is a utility routine, useful to VFS implementations, that checks
+** to see if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
+** parameter, and if so obtains the value of the query parameter.
+**
+** The zFilename argument is the filename pointer passed into the xOpen()
+** method of a VFS implementation.  The zParam argument is the name of the
+** query parameter we seek.  This routine returns the value of the zParam
+** parameter if it exists.  If the parameter does not exist, this routine
+** returns a NULL pointer.
+**
+** If the zFilename argument to this function is not a pointer that SQLite
+** passed into the xOpen VFS method, then the behavior of this routine
+** is undefined and probably undesirable.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_parameter(const char *zFilename, const char *zParam);
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Error Codes And Messages
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_errcode() interface returns the numeric [result code] or
+** [extended result code] for the most recent failed sqlite3_* API call
+** associated with a [database connection]. If a prior API call failed
+** but the most recent API call succeeded, the return value from
+** sqlite3_errcode() is undefined.  ^The sqlite3_extended_errcode()
+** interface is the same except that it always returns the 
+** [extended result code] even when extended result codes are
+** disabled.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_errmsg() and sqlite3_errmsg16() return English-language
+** text that describes the error, as either UTF-8 or UTF-16 respectively.
+** ^(Memory to hold the error message string is managed internally.
+** The application does not need to worry about freeing the result.
+** However, the error string might be overwritten or deallocated by
+** subsequent calls to other SQLite interface functions.)^
+**
+** When the serialized [threading mode] is in use, it might be the
+** case that a second error occurs on a separate thread in between
+** the time of the first error and the call to these interfaces.
+** When that happens, the second error will be reported since these
+** interfaces always report the most recent result.  To avoid
+** this, each thread can obtain exclusive use of the [database connection] D
+** by invoking [sqlite3_mutex_enter]([sqlite3_db_mutex](D)) before beginning
+** to use D and invoking [sqlite3_mutex_leave]([sqlite3_db_mutex](D)) after
+** all calls to the interfaces listed here are completed.
+**
+** If an interface fails with SQLITE_MISUSE, that means the interface
+** was invoked incorrectly by the application.  In that case, the
+** error code and message may or may not be set.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: SQL Statement Object
+** KEYWORDS: {prepared statement} {prepared statements}
+**
+** An instance of this object represents a single SQL statement.
+** This object is variously known as a "prepared statement" or a
+** "compiled SQL statement" or simply as a "statement".
+**
+** The life of a statement object goes something like this:
+**
+** <ol>
+** <li> Create the object using [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or a related
+**      function.
+** <li> Bind values to [host parameters] using the sqlite3_bind_*()
+**      interfaces.
+** <li> Run the SQL by calling [sqlite3_step()] one or more times.
+** <li> Reset the statement using [sqlite3_reset()] then go back
+**      to step 2.  Do this zero or more times.
+** <li> Destroy the object using [sqlite3_finalize()].
+** </ol>
+**
+** Refer to documentation on individual methods above for additional
+** information.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_stmt sqlite3_stmt;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Run-time Limits
+**
+** ^(This interface allows the size of various constructs to be limited
+** on a connection by connection basis.  The first parameter is the
+** [database connection] whose limit is to be set or queried.  The
+** second parameter is one of the [limit categories] that define a
+** class of constructs to be size limited.  The third parameter is the
+** new limit for that construct.)^
+**
+** ^If the new limit is a negative number, the limit is unchanged.
+** ^(For each limit category SQLITE_LIMIT_<i>NAME</i> there is a 
+** [limits | hard upper bound]
+** set at compile-time by a C preprocessor macro called
+** [limits | SQLITE_MAX_<i>NAME</i>].
+** (The "_LIMIT_" in the name is changed to "_MAX_".))^
+** ^Attempts to increase a limit above its hard upper bound are
+** silently truncated to the hard upper bound.
+**
+** ^Regardless of whether or not the limit was changed, the 
+** [sqlite3_limit()] interface returns the prior value of the limit.
+** ^Hence, to find the current value of a limit without changing it,
+** simply invoke this interface with the third parameter set to -1.
+**
+** Run-time limits are intended for use in applications that manage
+** both their own internal database and also databases that are controlled
+** by untrusted external sources.  An example application might be a
+** web browser that has its own databases for storing history and
+** separate databases controlled by JavaScript applications downloaded
+** off the Internet.  The internal databases can be given the
+** large, default limits.  Databases managed by external sources can
+** be given much smaller limits designed to prevent a denial of service
+** attack.  Developers might also want to use the [sqlite3_set_authorizer()]
+** interface to further control untrusted SQL.  The size of the database
+** created by an untrusted script can be contained using the
+** [max_page_count] [PRAGMA].
+**
+** New run-time limit categories may be added in future releases.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3*, int id, int newVal);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Limit Categories
+** KEYWORDS: {limit category} {*limit categories}
+**
+** These constants define various performance limits
+** that can be lowered at run-time using [sqlite3_limit()].
+** The synopsis of the meanings of the various limits is shown below.
+** Additional information is available at [limits | Limits in SQLite].
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum size of any string or BLOB or table row, in bytes.<dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum length of an SQL statement, in bytes.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of columns in a table definition or in the
+** result set of a [SELECT] or the maximum number of columns in an index
+** or in an ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum depth of the parse tree on any expression.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of terms in a compound SELECT statement.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of instructions in a virtual machine program
+** used to implement an SQL statement.  This limit is not currently
+** enforced, though that might be added in some future release of
+** SQLite.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of arguments on a function.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of [ATTACH | attached databases].)^</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum length of the pattern argument to the [LIKE] or
+** [GLOB] operators.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum index number of any [parameter] in an SQL statement.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum depth of recursion for triggers.</dd>)^
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH                    0
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH                1
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN                    2
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH                3
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT           4
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP                   5
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG              6
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED                  7
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH       8
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER           9
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH            10
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Compiling An SQL Statement
+** KEYWORDS: {SQL statement compiler}
+**
+** To execute an SQL query, it must first be compiled into a byte-code
+** program using one of these routines.
+**
+** The first argument, "db", is a [database connection] obtained from a
+** prior successful call to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()] or
+** [sqlite3_open16()].  The database connection must not have been closed.
+**
+** The second argument, "zSql", is the statement to be compiled, encoded
+** as either UTF-8 or UTF-16.  The sqlite3_prepare() and sqlite3_prepare_v2()
+** interfaces use UTF-8, and sqlite3_prepare16() and sqlite3_prepare16_v2()
+** use UTF-16.
+**
+** ^If the nByte argument is less than zero, then zSql is read up to the
+** first zero terminator. ^If nByte is non-negative, then it is the maximum
+** number of  bytes read from zSql.  ^When nByte is non-negative, the
+** zSql string ends at either the first '\000' or '\u0000' character or
+** the nByte-th byte, whichever comes first. If the caller knows
+** that the supplied string is nul-terminated, then there is a small
+** performance advantage to be gained by passing an nByte parameter that
+** is equal to the number of bytes in the input string <i>including</i>
+** the nul-terminator bytes.
+**
+** ^If pzTail is not NULL then *pzTail is made to point to the first byte
+** past the end of the first SQL statement in zSql.  These routines only
+** compile the first statement in zSql, so *pzTail is left pointing to
+** what remains uncompiled.
+**
+** ^*ppStmt is left pointing to a compiled [prepared statement] that can be
+** executed using [sqlite3_step()].  ^If there is an error, *ppStmt is set
+** to NULL.  ^If the input text contains no SQL (if the input is an empty
+** string or a comment) then *ppStmt is set to NULL.
+** The calling procedure is responsible for deleting the compiled
+** SQL statement using [sqlite3_finalize()] after it has finished with it.
+** ppStmt may not be NULL.
+**
+** ^On success, the sqlite3_prepare() family of routines return [SQLITE_OK];
+** otherwise an [error code] is returned.
+**
+** The sqlite3_prepare_v2() and sqlite3_prepare16_v2() interfaces are
+** recommended for all new programs. The two older interfaces are retained
+** for backwards compatibility, but their use is discouraged.
+** ^In the "v2" interfaces, the prepared statement
+** that is returned (the [sqlite3_stmt] object) contains a copy of the
+** original SQL text. This causes the [sqlite3_step()] interface to
+** behave differently in three ways:
+**
+** <ol>
+** <li>
+** ^If the database schema changes, instead of returning [SQLITE_SCHEMA] as it
+** always used to do, [sqlite3_step()] will automatically recompile the SQL
+** statement and try to run it again.
+** </li>
+**
+** <li>
+** ^When an error occurs, [sqlite3_step()] will return one of the detailed
+** [error codes] or [extended error codes].  ^The legacy behavior was that
+** [sqlite3_step()] would only return a generic [SQLITE_ERROR] result code
+** and the application would have to make a second call to [sqlite3_reset()]
+** in order to find the underlying cause of the problem. With the "v2" prepare
+** interfaces, the underlying reason for the error is returned immediately.
+** </li>
+**
+** <li>
+** ^If the specific value bound to [parameter | host parameter] in the 
+** WHERE clause might influence the choice of query plan for a statement,
+** then the statement will be automatically recompiled, as if there had been 
+** a schema change, on the first  [sqlite3_step()] call following any change
+** to the [sqlite3_bind_text | bindings] of that [parameter]. 
+** ^The specific value of WHERE-clause [parameter] might influence the 
+** choice of query plan if the parameter is the left-hand side of a [LIKE]
+** or [GLOB] operator or if the parameter is compared to an indexed column
+** and the [SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2] compile-time option is enabled.
+** the 
+** </li>
+** </ol>
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const char *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-8 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const char **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const char *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-8 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const char **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const void *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-16 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const void **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const void *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-16 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const void **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Retrieving Statement SQL
+**
+** ^This interface can be used to retrieve a saved copy of the original
+** SQL text used to create a [prepared statement] if that statement was
+** compiled using either [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sql(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine If An SQL Statement Writes The Database
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_stmt_readonly(X) interface returns true (non-zero) if
+** and only if the [prepared statement] X makes no direct changes to
+** the content of the database file.
+**
+** Note that [application-defined SQL functions] or
+** [virtual tables] might change the database indirectly as a side effect.  
+** ^(For example, if an application defines a function "eval()" that 
+** calls [sqlite3_exec()], then the following SQL statement would
+** change the database file through side-effects:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**    SELECT eval('DELETE FROM t1') FROM t2;
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** But because the [SELECT] statement does not change the database file
+** directly, sqlite3_stmt_readonly() would still return true.)^
+**
+** ^Transaction control statements such as [BEGIN], [COMMIT], [ROLLBACK],
+** [SAVEPOINT], and [RELEASE] cause sqlite3_stmt_readonly() to return true,
+** since the statements themselves do not actually modify the database but
+** rather they control the timing of when other statements modify the 
+** database.  ^The [ATTACH] and [DETACH] statements also cause
+** sqlite3_stmt_readonly() to return true since, while those statements
+** change the configuration of a database connection, they do not make 
+** changes to the content of the database files on disk.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_readonly(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Dynamically Typed Value Object
+** KEYWORDS: {protected sqlite3_value} {unprotected sqlite3_value}
+**
+** SQLite uses the sqlite3_value object to represent all values
+** that can be stored in a database table. SQLite uses dynamic typing
+** for the values it stores.  ^Values stored in sqlite3_value objects
+** can be integers, floating point values, strings, BLOBs, or NULL.
+**
+** An sqlite3_value object may be either "protected" or "unprotected".
+** Some interfaces require a protected sqlite3_value.  Other interfaces
+** will accept either a protected or an unprotected sqlite3_value.
+** Every interface that accepts sqlite3_value arguments specifies
+** whether or not it requires a protected sqlite3_value.
+**
+** The terms "protected" and "unprotected" refer to whether or not
+** a mutex is held.  An internal mutex is held for a protected
+** sqlite3_value object but no mutex is held for an unprotected
+** sqlite3_value object.  If SQLite is compiled to be single-threaded
+** (with [SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] and with [sqlite3_threadsafe()] returning 0)
+** or if SQLite is run in one of reduced mutex modes 
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD] or [SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD]
+** then there is no distinction between protected and unprotected
+** sqlite3_value objects and they can be used interchangeably.  However,
+** for maximum code portability it is recommended that applications
+** still make the distinction between protected and unprotected
+** sqlite3_value objects even when not strictly required.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_value objects that are passed as parameters into the
+** implementation of [application-defined SQL functions] are protected.
+** ^The sqlite3_value object returned by
+** [sqlite3_column_value()] is unprotected.
+** Unprotected sqlite3_value objects may only be used with
+** [sqlite3_result_value()] and [sqlite3_bind_value()].
+** The [sqlite3_value_blob | sqlite3_value_type()] family of
+** interfaces require protected sqlite3_value objects.
+*/
+typedef struct Mem sqlite3_value;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: SQL Function Context Object
+**
+** The context in which an SQL function executes is stored in an
+** sqlite3_context object.  ^A pointer to an sqlite3_context object
+** is always first parameter to [application-defined SQL functions].
+** The application-defined SQL function implementation will pass this
+** pointer through into calls to [sqlite3_result_int | sqlite3_result()],
+** [sqlite3_aggregate_context()], [sqlite3_user_data()],
+** [sqlite3_context_db_handle()], [sqlite3_get_auxdata()],
+** and/or [sqlite3_set_auxdata()].
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_context sqlite3_context;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Binding Values To Prepared Statements
+** KEYWORDS: {host parameter} {host parameters} {host parameter name}
+** KEYWORDS: {SQL parameter} {SQL parameters} {parameter binding}
+**
+** ^(In the SQL statement text input to [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and its variants,
+** literals may be replaced by a [parameter] that matches one of following
+** templates:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  ?
+** <li>  ?NNN
+** <li>  :VVV
+** <li>  @VVV
+** <li>  $VVV
+** </ul>
+**
+** In the templates above, NNN represents an integer literal,
+** and VVV represents an alphanumeric identifier.)^  ^The values of these
+** parameters (also called "host parameter names" or "SQL parameters")
+** can be set using the sqlite3_bind_*() routines defined here.
+**
+** ^The first argument to the sqlite3_bind_*() routines is always
+** a pointer to the [sqlite3_stmt] object returned from
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or its variants.
+**
+** ^The second argument is the index of the SQL parameter to be set.
+** ^The leftmost SQL parameter has an index of 1.  ^When the same named
+** SQL parameter is used more than once, second and subsequent
+** occurrences have the same index as the first occurrence.
+** ^The index for named parameters can be looked up using the
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()] API if desired.  ^The index
+** for "?NNN" parameters is the value of NNN.
+** ^The NNN value must be between 1 and the [sqlite3_limit()]
+** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 999).
+**
+** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
+**
+** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
+** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
+** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
+** ^If the fourth parameter is negative, the length of the string is
+** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
+**
+** ^The fifth argument to sqlite3_bind_blob(), sqlite3_bind_text(), and
+** sqlite3_bind_text16() is a destructor used to dispose of the BLOB or
+** string after SQLite has finished with it.  ^The destructor is called
+** to dispose of the BLOB or string even if the call to sqlite3_bind_blob(),
+** sqlite3_bind_text(), or sqlite3_bind_text16() fails.  
+** ^If the fifth argument is
+** the special value [SQLITE_STATIC], then SQLite assumes that the
+** information is in static, unmanaged space and does not need to be freed.
+** ^If the fifth argument has the value [SQLITE_TRANSIENT], then
+** SQLite makes its own private copy of the data immediately, before
+** the sqlite3_bind_*() routine returns.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_bind_zeroblob() routine binds a BLOB of length N that
+** is filled with zeroes.  ^A zeroblob uses a fixed amount of memory
+** (just an integer to hold its size) while it is being processed.
+** Zeroblobs are intended to serve as placeholders for BLOBs whose
+** content is later written using
+** [sqlite3_blob_open | incremental BLOB I/O] routines.
+** ^A negative value for the zeroblob results in a zero-length BLOB.
+**
+** ^If any of the sqlite3_bind_*() routines are called with a NULL pointer
+** for the [prepared statement] or with a prepared statement for which
+** [sqlite3_step()] has been called more recently than [sqlite3_reset()],
+** then the call will return [SQLITE_MISUSE].  If any sqlite3_bind_()
+** routine is passed a [prepared statement] that has been finalized, the
+** result is undefined and probably harmful.
+**
+** ^Bindings are not cleared by the [sqlite3_reset()] routine.
+** ^Unbound parameters are interpreted as NULL.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_bind_* routines return [SQLITE_OK] on success or an
+** [error code] if anything goes wrong.
+** ^[SQLITE_RANGE] is returned if the parameter
+** index is out of range.  ^[SQLITE_NOMEM] is returned if malloc() fails.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_bind_parameter_count()],
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_name()], and [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const void*, int n, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int, double);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int(sqlite3_stmt*, int, int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_null(sqlite3_stmt*, int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const char*, int n, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text16(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const void*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_value(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_zeroblob(sqlite3_stmt*, int, int n);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Number Of SQL Parameters
+**
+** ^This routine can be used to find the number of [SQL parameters]
+** in a [prepared statement].  SQL parameters are tokens of the
+** form "?", "?NNN", ":AAA", "$AAA", or "@AAA" that serve as
+** placeholders for values that are [sqlite3_bind_blob | bound]
+** to the parameters at a later time.
+**
+** ^(This routine actually returns the index of the largest (rightmost)
+** parameter. For all forms except ?NNN, this will correspond to the
+** number of unique parameters.  If parameters of the ?NNN form are used,
+** there may be gaps in the list.)^
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_bind_blob|sqlite3_bind()],
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_name()], and
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(sqlite3_stmt*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Name Of A Host Parameter
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(P,N) interface returns
+** the name of the N-th [SQL parameter] in the [prepared statement] P.
+** ^(SQL parameters of the form "?NNN" or ":AAA" or "@AAA" or "$AAA"
+** have a name which is the string "?NNN" or ":AAA" or "@AAA" or "$AAA"
+** respectively.
+** In other words, the initial ":" or "$" or "@" or "?"
+** is included as part of the name.)^
+** ^Parameters of the form "?" without a following integer have no name
+** and are referred to as "nameless" or "anonymous parameters".
+**
+** ^The first host parameter has an index of 1, not 0.
+**
+** ^If the value N is out of range or if the N-th parameter is
+** nameless, then NULL is returned.  ^The returned string is
+** always in UTF-8 encoding even if the named parameter was
+** originally specified as UTF-16 in [sqlite3_prepare16()] or
+** [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()].
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_bind_blob|sqlite3_bind()],
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_count()], and
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(sqlite3_stmt*, int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Index Of A Parameter With A Given Name
+**
+** ^Return the index of an SQL parameter given its name.  ^The
+** index value returned is suitable for use as the second
+** parameter to [sqlite3_bind_blob|sqlite3_bind()].  ^A zero
+** is returned if no matching parameter is found.  ^The parameter
+** name must be given in UTF-8 even if the original statement
+** was prepared from UTF-16 text using [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()].
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_bind_blob|sqlite3_bind()],
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_count()], and
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_index(sqlite3_stmt*, const char *zName);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Reset All Bindings On A Prepared Statement
+**
+** ^Contrary to the intuition of many, [sqlite3_reset()] does not reset
+** the [sqlite3_bind_blob | bindings] on a [prepared statement].
+** ^Use this routine to reset all host parameters to NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_clear_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Number Of Columns In A Result Set
+**
+** ^Return the number of columns in the result set returned by the
+** [prepared statement]. ^This routine returns 0 if pStmt is an SQL
+** statement that does not return data (for example an [UPDATE]).
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_data_count()]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Column Names In A Result Set
+**
+** ^These routines return the name assigned to a particular column
+** in the result set of a [SELECT] statement.  ^The sqlite3_column_name()
+** interface returns a pointer to a zero-terminated UTF-8 string
+** and sqlite3_column_name16() returns a pointer to a zero-terminated
+** UTF-16 string.  ^The first parameter is the [prepared statement]
+** that implements the [SELECT] statement. ^The second parameter is the
+** column number.  ^The leftmost column is number 0.
+**
+** ^The returned string pointer is valid until either the [prepared statement]
+** is destroyed by [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the statement is automatically
+** reprepared by the first call to [sqlite3_step()] for a particular run
+** or until the next call to
+** sqlite3_column_name() or sqlite3_column_name16() on the same column.
+**
+** ^If sqlite3_malloc() fails during the processing of either routine
+** (for example during a conversion from UTF-8 to UTF-16) then a
+** NULL pointer is returned.
+**
+** ^The name of a result column is the value of the "AS" clause for
+** that column, if there is an AS clause.  If there is no AS clause
+** then the name of the column is unspecified and may change from
+** one release of SQLite to the next.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_name(sqlite3_stmt*, int N);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_name16(sqlite3_stmt*, int N);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Source Of Data In A Query Result
+**
+** ^These routines provide a means to determine the database, table, and
+** table column that is the origin of a particular result column in
+** [SELECT] statement.
+** ^The name of the database or table or column can be returned as
+** either a UTF-8 or UTF-16 string.  ^The _database_ routines return
+** the database name, the _table_ routines return the table name, and
+** the origin_ routines return the column name.
+** ^The returned string is valid until the [prepared statement] is destroyed
+** using [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the statement is automatically
+** reprepared by the first call to [sqlite3_step()] for a particular run
+** or until the same information is requested
+** again in a different encoding.
+**
+** ^The names returned are the original un-aliased names of the
+** database, table, and column.
+**
+** ^The first argument to these interfaces is a [prepared statement].
+** ^These functions return information about the Nth result column returned by
+** the statement, where N is the second function argument.
+** ^The left-most column is column 0 for these routines.
+**
+** ^If the Nth column returned by the statement is an expression or
+** subquery and is not a column value, then all of these functions return
+** NULL.  ^These routine might also return NULL if a memory allocation error
+** occurs.  ^Otherwise, they return the name of the attached database, table,
+** or column that query result column was extracted from.
+**
+** ^As with all other SQLite APIs, those whose names end with "16" return
+** UTF-16 encoded strings and the other functions return UTF-8.
+**
+** ^These APIs are only available if the library was compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA] C-preprocessor symbol.
+**
+** If two or more threads call one or more of these routines against the same
+** prepared statement and column at the same time then the results are
+** undefined.
+**
+** If two or more threads call one or more
+** [sqlite3_column_database_name | column metadata interfaces]
+** for the same [prepared statement] and result column
+** at the same time then the results are undefined.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_database_name(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_database_name16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_table_name(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_table_name16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_origin_name(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_origin_name16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Declared Datatype Of A Query Result
+**
+** ^(The first parameter is a [prepared statement].
+** If this statement is a [SELECT] statement and the Nth column of the
+** returned result set of that [SELECT] is a table column (not an
+** expression or subquery) then the declared type of the table
+** column is returned.)^  ^If the Nth column of the result set is an
+** expression or subquery, then a NULL pointer is returned.
+** ^The returned string is always UTF-8 encoded.
+**
+** ^(For example, given the database schema:
+**
+** CREATE TABLE t1(c1 VARIANT);
+**
+** and the following statement to be compiled:
+**
+** SELECT c1 + 1, c1 FROM t1;
+**
+** this routine would return the string "VARIANT" for the second result
+** column (i==1), and a NULL pointer for the first result column (i==0).)^
+**
+** ^SQLite uses dynamic run-time typing.  ^So just because a column
+** is declared to contain a particular type does not mean that the
+** data stored in that column is of the declared type.  SQLite is
+** strongly typed, but the typing is dynamic not static.  ^Type
+** is associated with individual values, not with the containers
+** used to hold those values.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_decltype(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_decltype16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Evaluate An SQL Statement
+**
+** After a [prepared statement] has been prepared using either
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()] or one of the legacy
+** interfaces [sqlite3_prepare()] or [sqlite3_prepare16()], this function
+** must be called one or more times to evaluate the statement.
+**
+** The details of the behavior of the sqlite3_step() interface depend
+** on whether the statement was prepared using the newer "v2" interface
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()] or the older legacy
+** interface [sqlite3_prepare()] and [sqlite3_prepare16()].  The use of the
+** new "v2" interface is recommended for new applications but the legacy
+** interface will continue to be supported.
+**
+** ^In the legacy interface, the return value will be either [SQLITE_BUSY],
+** [SQLITE_DONE], [SQLITE_ROW], [SQLITE_ERROR], or [SQLITE_MISUSE].
+** ^With the "v2" interface, any of the other [result codes] or
+** [extended result codes] might be returned as well.
+**
+** ^[SQLITE_BUSY] means that the database engine was unable to acquire the
+** database locks it needs to do its job.  ^If the statement is a [COMMIT]
+** or occurs outside of an explicit transaction, then you can retry the
+** statement.  If the statement is not a [COMMIT] and occurs within an
+** explicit transaction then you should rollback the transaction before
+** continuing.
+**
+** ^[SQLITE_DONE] means that the statement has finished executing
+** successfully.  sqlite3_step() should not be called again on this virtual
+** machine without first calling [sqlite3_reset()] to reset the virtual
+** machine back to its initial state.
+**
+** ^If the SQL statement being executed returns any data, then [SQLITE_ROW]
+** is returned each time a new row of data is ready for processing by the
+** caller. The values may be accessed using the [column access functions].
+** sqlite3_step() is called again to retrieve the next row of data.
+**
+** ^[SQLITE_ERROR] means that a run-time error (such as a constraint
+** violation) has occurred.  sqlite3_step() should not be called again on
+** the VM. More information may be found by calling [sqlite3_errmsg()].
+** ^With the legacy interface, a more specific error code (for example,
+** [SQLITE_INTERRUPT], [SQLITE_SCHEMA], [SQLITE_CORRUPT], and so forth)
+** can be obtained by calling [sqlite3_reset()] on the
+** [prepared statement].  ^In the "v2" interface,
+** the more specific error code is returned directly by sqlite3_step().
+**
+** [SQLITE_MISUSE] means that the this routine was called inappropriately.
+** Perhaps it was called on a [prepared statement] that has
+** already been [sqlite3_finalize | finalized] or on one that had
+** previously returned [SQLITE_ERROR] or [SQLITE_DONE].  Or it could
+** be the case that the same database connection is being used by two or
+** more threads at the same moment in time.
+**
+** For all versions of SQLite up to and including 3.6.23.1, a call to
+** [sqlite3_reset()] was required after sqlite3_step() returned anything
+** other than [SQLITE_ROW] before any subsequent invocation of
+** sqlite3_step().  Failure to reset the prepared statement using 
+** [sqlite3_reset()] would result in an [SQLITE_MISUSE] return from
+** sqlite3_step().  But after version 3.6.23.1, sqlite3_step() began
+** calling [sqlite3_reset()] automatically in this circumstance rather
+** than returning [SQLITE_MISUSE].  This is not considered a compatibility
+** break because any application that ever receives an SQLITE_MISUSE error
+** is broken by definition.  The [SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET] compile-time option
+** can be used to restore the legacy behavior.
+**
+** <b>Goofy Interface Alert:</b> In the legacy interface, the sqlite3_step()
+** API always returns a generic error code, [SQLITE_ERROR], following any
+** error other than [SQLITE_BUSY] and [SQLITE_MISUSE].  You must call
+** [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()] in order to find one of the
+** specific [error codes] that better describes the error.
+** We admit that this is a goofy design.  The problem has been fixed
+** with the "v2" interface.  If you prepare all of your SQL statements
+** using either [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()] instead
+** of the legacy [sqlite3_prepare()] and [sqlite3_prepare16()] interfaces,
+** then the more specific [error codes] are returned directly
+** by sqlite3_step().  The use of the "v2" interface is recommended.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_step(sqlite3_stmt*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Number of columns in a result set
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) interface returns the number of columns in the
+** current row of the result set of [prepared statement] P.
+** ^If prepared statement P does not have results ready to return
+** (via calls to the [sqlite3_column_int | sqlite3_column_*()] of
+** interfaces) then sqlite3_data_count(P) returns 0.
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) routine also returns 0 if P is a NULL pointer.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_column_count()]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Fundamental Datatypes
+** KEYWORDS: SQLITE_TEXT
+**
+** ^(Every value in SQLite has one of five fundamental datatypes:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> 64-bit signed integer
+** <li> 64-bit IEEE floating point number
+** <li> string
+** <li> BLOB
+** <li> NULL
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** These constants are codes for each of those types.
+**
+** Note that the SQLITE_TEXT constant was also used in SQLite version 2
+** for a completely different meaning.  Software that links against both
+** SQLite version 2 and SQLite version 3 should use SQLITE3_TEXT, not
+** SQLITE_TEXT.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_INTEGER  1
+#define SQLITE_FLOAT    2
+#define SQLITE_BLOB     4
+#define SQLITE_NULL     5
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEXT
+# undef SQLITE_TEXT
+#else
+# define SQLITE_TEXT     3
+#endif
+#define SQLITE3_TEXT     3
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Result Values From A Query
+** KEYWORDS: {column access functions}
+**
+** These routines form the "result set" interface.
+**
+** ^These routines return information about a single column of the current
+** result row of a query.  ^In every case the first argument is a pointer
+** to the [prepared statement] that is being evaluated (the [sqlite3_stmt*]
+** that was returned from [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or one of its variants)
+** and the second argument is the index of the column for which information
+** should be returned. ^The leftmost column of the result set has the index 0.
+** ^The number of columns in the result can be determined using
+** [sqlite3_column_count()].
+**
+** If the SQL statement does not currently point to a valid row, or if the
+** column index is out of range, the result is undefined.
+** These routines may only be called when the most recent call to
+** [sqlite3_step()] has returned [SQLITE_ROW] and neither
+** [sqlite3_reset()] nor [sqlite3_finalize()] have been called subsequently.
+** If any of these routines are called after [sqlite3_reset()] or
+** [sqlite3_finalize()] or after [sqlite3_step()] has returned
+** something other than [SQLITE_ROW], the results are undefined.
+** If [sqlite3_step()] or [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()]
+** are called from a different thread while any of these routines
+** are pending, then the results are undefined.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_column_type() routine returns the
+** [SQLITE_INTEGER | datatype code] for the initial data type
+** of the result column.  ^The returned value is one of [SQLITE_INTEGER],
+** [SQLITE_FLOAT], [SQLITE_TEXT], [SQLITE_BLOB], or [SQLITE_NULL].  The value
+** returned by sqlite3_column_type() is only meaningful if no type
+** conversions have occurred as described below.  After a type conversion,
+** the value returned by sqlite3_column_type() is undefined.  Future
+** versions of SQLite may change the behavior of sqlite3_column_type()
+** following a type conversion.
+**
+** ^If the result is a BLOB or UTF-8 string then the sqlite3_column_bytes()
+** routine returns the number of bytes in that BLOB or string.
+** ^If the result is a UTF-16 string, then sqlite3_column_bytes() converts
+** the string to UTF-8 and then returns the number of bytes.
+** ^If the result is a numeric value then sqlite3_column_bytes() uses
+** [sqlite3_snprintf()] to convert that value to a UTF-8 string and returns
+** the number of bytes in that string.
+** ^If the result is NULL, then sqlite3_column_bytes() returns zero.
+**
+** ^If the result is a BLOB or UTF-16 string then the sqlite3_column_bytes16()
+** routine returns the number of bytes in that BLOB or string.
+** ^If the result is a UTF-8 string, then sqlite3_column_bytes16() converts
+** the string to UTF-16 and then returns the number of bytes.
+** ^If the result is a numeric value then sqlite3_column_bytes16() uses
+** [sqlite3_snprintf()] to convert that value to a UTF-16 string and returns
+** the number of bytes in that string.
+** ^If the result is NULL, then sqlite3_column_bytes16() returns zero.
+**
+** ^The values returned by [sqlite3_column_bytes()] and 
+** [sqlite3_column_bytes16()] do not include the zero terminators at the end
+** of the string.  ^For clarity: the values returned by
+** [sqlite3_column_bytes()] and [sqlite3_column_bytes16()] are the number of
+** bytes in the string, not the number of characters.
+**
+** ^Strings returned by sqlite3_column_text() and sqlite3_column_text16(),
+** even empty strings, are always zero terminated.  ^The return
+** value from sqlite3_column_blob() for a zero-length BLOB is a NULL pointer.
+**
+** ^The object returned by [sqlite3_column_value()] is an
+** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object.  An unprotected sqlite3_value object
+** may only be used with [sqlite3_bind_value()] and [sqlite3_result_value()].
+** If the [unprotected sqlite3_value] object returned by
+** [sqlite3_column_value()] is used in any other way, including calls
+** to routines like [sqlite3_value_int()], [sqlite3_value_text()],
+** or [sqlite3_value_bytes()], then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** These routines attempt to convert the value where appropriate.  ^For
+** example, if the internal representation is FLOAT and a text result
+** is requested, [sqlite3_snprintf()] is used internally to perform the
+** conversion automatically.  ^(The following table details the conversions
+** that are applied:
+**
+** <blockquote>
+** <table border="1">
+** <tr><th> Internal<br>Type <th> Requested<br>Type <th>  Conversion
+**
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td> INTEGER   <td> Result is 0
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Result is 0.0
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is NULL pointer
+** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert from integer to float
+** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the integer
+** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as INTEGER->TEXT
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert from float to integer
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the float
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as FLOAT->TEXT
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> Use atoi()
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Use atof()
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>   BLOB    <td> No change
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert to TEXT then use atoi()
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert to TEXT then use atof()
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>   TEXT    <td> Add a zero terminator if needed
+** </table>
+** </blockquote>)^
+**
+** The table above makes reference to standard C library functions atoi()
+** and atof().  SQLite does not really use these functions.  It has its
+** own equivalent internal routines.  The atoi() and atof() names are
+** used in the table for brevity and because they are familiar to most
+** C programmers.
+**
+** Note that when type conversions occur, pointers returned by prior
+** calls to sqlite3_column_blob(), sqlite3_column_text(), and/or
+** sqlite3_column_text16() may be invalidated.
+** Type conversions and pointer invalidations might occur
+** in the following cases:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> The initial content is a BLOB and sqlite3_column_text() or
+**      sqlite3_column_text16() is called.  A zero-terminator might
+**      need to be added to the string.</li>
+** <li> The initial content is UTF-8 text and sqlite3_column_bytes16() or
+**      sqlite3_column_text16() is called.  The content must be converted
+**      to UTF-16.</li>
+** <li> The initial content is UTF-16 text and sqlite3_column_bytes() or
+**      sqlite3_column_text() is called.  The content must be converted
+**      to UTF-8.</li>
+** </ul>
+**
+** ^Conversions between UTF-16be and UTF-16le are always done in place and do
+** not invalidate a prior pointer, though of course the content of the buffer
+** that the prior pointer references will have been modified.  Other kinds
+** of conversion are done in place when it is possible, but sometimes they
+** are not possible and in those cases prior pointers are invalidated.
+**
+** The safest and easiest to remember policy is to invoke these routines
+** in one of the following ways:
+**
+** <ul>
+**  <li>sqlite3_column_text() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes()</li>
+**  <li>sqlite3_column_blob() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes()</li>
+**  <li>sqlite3_column_text16() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes16()</li>
+** </ul>
+**
+** In other words, you should call sqlite3_column_text(),
+** sqlite3_column_blob(), or sqlite3_column_text16() first to force the result
+** into the desired format, then invoke sqlite3_column_bytes() or
+** sqlite3_column_bytes16() to find the size of the result.  Do not mix calls
+** to sqlite3_column_text() or sqlite3_column_blob() with calls to
+** sqlite3_column_bytes16(), and do not mix calls to sqlite3_column_text16()
+** with calls to sqlite3_column_bytes().
+**
+** ^The pointers returned are valid until a type conversion occurs as
+** described above, or until [sqlite3_step()] or [sqlite3_reset()] or
+** [sqlite3_finalize()] is called.  ^The memory space used to hold strings
+** and BLOBs is freed automatically.  Do <b>not</b> pass the pointers returned
+** [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
+** [sqlite3_free()].
+**
+** ^(If a memory allocation error occurs during the evaluation of any
+** of these routines, a default value is returned.  The default value
+** is either the integer 0, the floating point number 0.0, or a NULL
+** pointer.  Subsequent calls to [sqlite3_errcode()] will return
+** [SQLITE_NOMEM].)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes16(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API double sqlite3_column_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_int(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_column_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_column_text(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_text16(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_type(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_value *sqlite3_column_value(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Destroy A Prepared Statement Object
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_finalize() function is called to delete a [prepared statement].
+** ^If the most recent evaluation of the statement encountered no errors
+** or if the statement is never been evaluated, then sqlite3_finalize() returns
+** SQLITE_OK.  ^If the most recent evaluation of statement S failed, then
+** sqlite3_finalize(S) returns the appropriate [error code] or
+** [extended error code].
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_finalize(S) routine can be called at any point during
+** the life cycle of [prepared statement] S:
+** before statement S is ever evaluated, after
+** one or more calls to [sqlite3_reset()], or after any call
+** to [sqlite3_step()] regardless of whether or not the statement has
+** completed execution.
+**
+** ^Invoking sqlite3_finalize() on a NULL pointer is a harmless no-op.
+**
+** The application must finalize every [prepared statement] in order to avoid
+** resource leaks.  It is a grievous error for the application to try to use
+** a prepared statement after it has been finalized.  Any use of a prepared
+** statement after it has been finalized can result in undefined and
+** undesirable behavior such as segfaults and heap corruption.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_finalize(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Reset A Prepared Statement Object
+**
+** The sqlite3_reset() function is called to reset a [prepared statement]
+** object back to its initial state, ready to be re-executed.
+** ^Any SQL statement variables that had values bound to them using
+** the [sqlite3_bind_blob | sqlite3_bind_*() API] retain their values.
+** Use [sqlite3_clear_bindings()] to reset the bindings.
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_reset(S)] interface resets the [prepared statement] S
+** back to the beginning of its program.
+**
+** ^If the most recent call to [sqlite3_step(S)] for the
+** [prepared statement] S returned [SQLITE_ROW] or [SQLITE_DONE],
+** or if [sqlite3_step(S)] has never before been called on S,
+** then [sqlite3_reset(S)] returns [SQLITE_OK].
+**
+** ^If the most recent call to [sqlite3_step(S)] for the
+** [prepared statement] S indicated an error, then
+** [sqlite3_reset(S)] returns an appropriate [error code].
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_reset(S)] interface does not change the values
+** of any [sqlite3_bind_blob|bindings] on the [prepared statement] S.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Create Or Redefine SQL Functions
+** KEYWORDS: {function creation routines}
+** KEYWORDS: {application-defined SQL function}
+** KEYWORDS: {application-defined SQL functions}
+**
+** ^These functions (collectively known as "function creation routines")
+** are used to add SQL functions or aggregates or to redefine the behavior
+** of existing SQL functions or aggregates.  The only differences between
+** these routines are the text encoding expected for
+** the second parameter (the name of the function being created)
+** and the presence or absence of a destructor callback for
+** the application data pointer.
+**
+** ^The first parameter is the [database connection] to which the SQL
+** function is to be added.  ^If an application uses more than one database
+** connection then application-defined SQL functions must be added
+** to each database connection separately.
+**
+** ^The second parameter is the name of the SQL function to be created or
+** redefined.  ^The length of the name is limited to 255 bytes in a UTF-8
+** representation, exclusive of the zero-terminator.  ^Note that the name
+** length limit is in UTF-8 bytes, not characters nor UTF-16 bytes.  
+** ^Any attempt to create a function with a longer name
+** will result in [SQLITE_MISUSE] being returned.
+**
+** ^The third parameter (nArg)
+** is the number of arguments that the SQL function or
+** aggregate takes. ^If this parameter is -1, then the SQL function or
+** aggregate may take any number of arguments between 0 and the limit
+** set by [sqlite3_limit]([SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG]).  If the third
+** parameter is less than -1 or greater than 127 then the behavior is
+** undefined.
+**
+** ^The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
+** [SQLITE_UTF8 | text encoding] this SQL function prefers for
+** its parameters.  Every SQL function implementation must be able to work
+** with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
+** more efficient with one encoding than another.  ^An application may
+** invoke sqlite3_create_function() or sqlite3_create_function16() multiple
+** times with the same function but with different values of eTextRep.
+** ^When multiple implementations of the same function are available, SQLite
+** will pick the one that involves the least amount of data conversion.
+** If there is only a single implementation which does not care what text
+** encoding is used, then the fourth argument should be [SQLITE_ANY].
+**
+** ^(The fifth parameter is an arbitrary pointer.  The implementation of the
+** function can gain access to this pointer using [sqlite3_user_data()].)^
+**
+** ^The sixth, seventh and eighth parameters, xFunc, xStep and xFinal, are
+** pointers to C-language functions that implement the SQL function or
+** aggregate. ^A scalar SQL function requires an implementation of the xFunc
+** callback only; NULL pointers must be passed as the xStep and xFinal
+** parameters. ^An aggregate SQL function requires an implementation of xStep
+** and xFinal and NULL pointer must be passed for xFunc. ^To delete an existing
+** SQL function or aggregate, pass NULL pointers for all three function
+** callbacks.
+**
+** ^(If the ninth parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2() is not NULL,
+** then it is destructor for the application data pointer. 
+** The destructor is invoked when the function is deleted, either by being
+** overloaded or when the database connection closes.)^
+** ^The destructor is also invoked if the call to
+** sqlite3_create_function_v2() fails.
+** ^When the destructor callback of the tenth parameter is invoked, it
+** is passed a single argument which is a copy of the application data 
+** pointer which was the fifth parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2().
+**
+** ^It is permitted to register multiple implementations of the same
+** functions with the same name but with either differing numbers of
+** arguments or differing preferred text encodings.  ^SQLite will use
+** the implementation that most closely matches the way in which the
+** SQL function is used.  ^A function implementation with a non-negative
+** nArg parameter is a better match than a function implementation with
+** a negative nArg.  ^A function where the preferred text encoding
+** matches the database encoding is a better
+** match than a function where the encoding is different.  
+** ^A function where the encoding difference is between UTF16le and UTF16be
+** is a closer match than a function where the encoding difference is
+** between UTF8 and UTF16.
+**
+** ^Built-in functions may be overloaded by new application-defined functions.
+**
+** ^An application-defined function is permitted to call other
+** SQLite interfaces.  However, such calls must not
+** close the database connection nor finalize or reset the prepared
+** statement in which the function is running.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function16(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const void *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Text Encodings
+**
+** These constant define integer codes that represent the various
+** text encodings supported by SQLite.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_UTF8           1
+#define SQLITE_UTF16LE        2
+#define SQLITE_UTF16BE        3
+#define SQLITE_UTF16          4    /* Use native byte order */
+#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* sqlite3_create_function only */
+#define SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED  8    /* sqlite3_create_collation only */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Functions
+** DEPRECATED
+**
+** These functions are [deprecated].  In order to maintain
+** backwards compatibility with older code, these functions continue 
+** to be supported.  However, new applications should avoid
+** the use of these functions.  To help encourage people to avoid
+** using these functions, we are not going to tell you what they do.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_aggregate_count(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_expired(sqlite3_stmt*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_transfer_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*, sqlite3_stmt*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_global_recover(void);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_thread_cleanup(void);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),void*,sqlite3_int64);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Obtaining SQL Function Parameter Values
+**
+** The C-language implementation of SQL functions and aggregates uses
+** this set of interface routines to access the parameter values on
+** the function or aggregate.
+**
+** The xFunc (for scalar functions) or xStep (for aggregates) parameters
+** to [sqlite3_create_function()] and [sqlite3_create_function16()]
+** define callbacks that implement the SQL functions and aggregates.
+** The 3rd parameter to these callbacks is an array of pointers to
+** [protected sqlite3_value] objects.  There is one [sqlite3_value] object for
+** each parameter to the SQL function.  These routines are used to
+** extract values from the [sqlite3_value] objects.
+**
+** These routines work only with [protected sqlite3_value] objects.
+** Any attempt to use these routines on an [unprotected sqlite3_value]
+** object results in undefined behavior.
+**
+** ^These routines work just like the corresponding [column access functions]
+** except that  these routines take a single [protected sqlite3_value] object
+** pointer instead of a [sqlite3_stmt*] pointer and an integer column number.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_value_text16() interface extracts a UTF-16 string
+** in the native byte-order of the host machine.  ^The
+** sqlite3_value_text16be() and sqlite3_value_text16le() interfaces
+** extract UTF-16 strings as big-endian and little-endian respectively.
+**
+** ^(The sqlite3_value_numeric_type() interface attempts to apply
+** numeric affinity to the value.  This means that an attempt is
+** made to convert the value to an integer or floating point.  If
+** such a conversion is possible without loss of information (in other
+** words, if the value is a string that looks like a number)
+** then the conversion is performed.  Otherwise no conversion occurs.
+** The [SQLITE_INTEGER | datatype] after conversion is returned.)^
+**
+** Please pay particular attention to the fact that the pointer returned
+** from [sqlite3_value_blob()], [sqlite3_value_text()], or
+** [sqlite3_value_text16()] can be invalidated by a subsequent call to
+** [sqlite3_value_bytes()], [sqlite3_value_bytes16()], [sqlite3_value_text()],
+** or [sqlite3_value_text16()].
+**
+** These routines must be called from the same thread as
+** the SQL function that supplied the [sqlite3_value*] parameters.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_blob(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes16(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API double sqlite3_value_double(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_int(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_value_int64(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_value_text(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16le(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16be(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_type(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_numeric_type(sqlite3_value*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Obtain Aggregate Function Context
+**
+** Implementations of aggregate SQL functions use this
+** routine to allocate memory for storing their state.
+**
+** ^The first time the sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine is called 
+** for a particular aggregate function, SQLite
+** allocates N of memory, zeroes out that memory, and returns a pointer
+** to the new memory. ^On second and subsequent calls to
+** sqlite3_aggregate_context() for the same aggregate function instance,
+** the same buffer is returned.  Sqlite3_aggregate_context() is normally
+** called once for each invocation of the xStep callback and then one
+** last time when the xFinal callback is invoked.  ^(When no rows match
+** an aggregate query, the xStep() callback of the aggregate function
+** implementation is never called and xFinal() is called exactly once.
+** In those cases, sqlite3_aggregate_context() might be called for the
+** first time from within xFinal().)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer if N is
+** less than or equal to zero or if a memory allocate error occurs.
+**
+** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
+** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
+** value of N in subsequent call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
+** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
+** allocation.)^
+**
+** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
+** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.
+**
+** The first parameter must be a copy of the
+** [sqlite3_context | SQL function context] that is the first parameter
+** to the xStep or xFinal callback routine that implements the aggregate
+** function.
+**
+** This routine must be called from the same thread in which
+** the aggregate SQL function is running.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_aggregate_context(sqlite3_context*, int nBytes);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: User Data For Functions
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_user_data() interface returns a copy of
+** the pointer that was the pUserData parameter (the 5th parameter)
+** of the [sqlite3_create_function()]
+** and [sqlite3_create_function16()] routines that originally
+** registered the application defined function.
+**
+** This routine must be called from the same thread in which
+** the application-defined function is running.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_user_data(sqlite3_context*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Database Connection For Functions
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_context_db_handle() interface returns a copy of
+** the pointer to the [database connection] (the 1st parameter)
+** of the [sqlite3_create_function()]
+** and [sqlite3_create_function16()] routines that originally
+** registered the application defined function.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_context_db_handle(sqlite3_context*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Function Auxiliary Data
+**
+** The following two functions may be used by scalar SQL functions to
+** associate metadata with argument values. If the same value is passed to
+** multiple invocations of the same SQL function during query execution, under
+** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved. This may
+** be used, for example, to add a regular-expression matching scalar
+** function. The compiled version of the regular expression is stored as
+** metadata associated with the SQL value passed as the regular expression
+** pattern.  The compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
+** invocations of the same function so that the original pattern string
+** does not need to be recompiled on each invocation.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface returns a pointer to the metadata
+** associated by the sqlite3_set_auxdata() function with the Nth argument
+** value to the application-defined function. ^If no metadata has been ever
+** been set for the Nth argument of the function, or if the corresponding
+** function parameter has changed since the meta-data was set,
+** then sqlite3_get_auxdata() returns a NULL pointer.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface saves the metadata
+** pointed to by its 3rd parameter as the metadata for the N-th
+** argument of the application-defined function.  Subsequent
+** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata() might return this data, if it has
+** not been destroyed.
+** ^If it is not NULL, SQLite will invoke the destructor
+** function given by the 4th parameter to sqlite3_set_auxdata() on
+** the metadata when the corresponding function parameter changes
+** or when the SQL statement completes, whichever comes first.
+**
+** SQLite is free to call the destructor and drop metadata on any
+** parameter of any function at any time.  ^The only guarantee is that
+** the destructor will be called before the metadata is dropped.
+**
+** ^(In practice, metadata is preserved between function calls for
+** expressions that are constant at compile time. This includes literal
+** values and [parameters].)^
+**
+** These routines must be called from the same thread in which
+** the SQL function is running.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_get_auxdata(sqlite3_context*, int N);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_set_auxdata(sqlite3_context*, int N, void*, void (*)(void*));
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Constants Defining Special Destructor Behavior
+**
+** These are special values for the destructor that is passed in as the
+** final argument to routines like [sqlite3_result_blob()].  ^If the destructor
+** argument is SQLITE_STATIC, it means that the content pointer is constant
+** and will never change.  It does not need to be destroyed.  ^The
+** SQLITE_TRANSIENT value means that the content will likely change in
+** the near future and that SQLite should make its own private copy of
+** the content before returning.
+**
+** The typedef is necessary to work around problems in certain
+** C++ compilers.  See ticket #2191.
+*/
+typedef void (*sqlite3_destructor_type)(void*);
+#define SQLITE_STATIC      ((sqlite3_destructor_type)0)
+#define SQLITE_TRANSIENT   ((sqlite3_destructor_type)-1)
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Setting The Result Of An SQL Function
+**
+** These routines are used by the xFunc or xFinal callbacks that
+** implement SQL functions and aggregates.  See
+** [sqlite3_create_function()] and [sqlite3_create_function16()]
+** for additional information.
+**
+** These functions work very much like the [parameter binding] family of
+** functions used to bind values to host parameters in prepared statements.
+** Refer to the [SQL parameter] documentation for additional information.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_blob() interface sets the result from
+** an application-defined function to be the BLOB whose content is pointed
+** to by the second parameter and which is N bytes long where N is the
+** third parameter.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_zeroblob() interfaces set the result of
+** the application-defined function to be a BLOB containing all zero
+** bytes and N bytes in size, where N is the value of the 2nd parameter.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_double() interface sets the result from
+** an application-defined function to be a floating point value specified
+** by its 2nd argument.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16() functions
+** cause the implemented SQL function to throw an exception.
+** ^SQLite uses the string pointed to by the
+** 2nd parameter of sqlite3_result_error() or sqlite3_result_error16()
+** as the text of an error message.  ^SQLite interprets the error
+** message string from sqlite3_result_error() as UTF-8. ^SQLite
+** interprets the string from sqlite3_result_error16() as UTF-16 in native
+** byte order.  ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error()
+** or sqlite3_result_error16() is negative then SQLite takes as the error
+** message all text up through the first zero character.
+** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error() or
+** sqlite3_result_error16() is non-negative then SQLite takes that many
+** bytes (not characters) from the 2nd parameter as the error message.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16()
+** routines make a private copy of the error message text before
+** they return.  Hence, the calling function can deallocate or
+** modify the text after they return without harm.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_code() function changes the error code
+** returned by SQLite as a result of an error in a function.  ^By default,
+** the error code is SQLITE_ERROR.  ^A subsequent call to sqlite3_result_error()
+** or sqlite3_result_error16() resets the error code to SQLITE_ERROR.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
+** indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
+** indicating that a memory allocation failed.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_int() interface sets the return value
+** of the application-defined function to be the 32-bit signed integer
+** value given in the 2nd argument.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_int64() interface sets the return value
+** of the application-defined function to be the 64-bit signed integer
+** value given in the 2nd argument.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_null() interface sets the return value
+** of the application-defined function to be NULL.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_text(), sqlite3_result_text16(),
+** sqlite3_result_text16le(), and sqlite3_result_text16be() interfaces
+** set the return value of the application-defined function to be
+** a text string which is represented as UTF-8, UTF-16 native byte order,
+** UTF-16 little endian, or UTF-16 big endian, respectively.
+** ^SQLite takes the text result from the application from
+** the 2nd parameter of the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces.
+** ^If the 3rd parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
+** is negative, then SQLite takes result text from the 2nd parameter
+** through the first zero character.
+** ^If the 3rd parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
+** is non-negative, then as many bytes (not characters) of the text
+** pointed to by the 2nd parameter are taken as the application-defined
+** function result.
+** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
+** or sqlite3_result_blob is a non-NULL pointer, then SQLite calls that
+** function as the destructor on the text or BLOB result when it has
+** finished using that result.
+** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces or to
+** sqlite3_result_blob is the special constant SQLITE_STATIC, then SQLite
+** assumes that the text or BLOB result is in constant space and does not
+** copy the content of the parameter nor call a destructor on the content
+** when it has finished using that result.
+** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
+** or sqlite3_result_blob is the special constant SQLITE_TRANSIENT
+** then SQLite makes a copy of the result into space obtained from
+** from [sqlite3_malloc()] before it returns.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_value() interface sets the result of
+** the application-defined function to be a copy the
+** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object specified by the 2nd parameter.  ^The
+** sqlite3_result_value() interface makes a copy of the [sqlite3_value]
+** so that the [sqlite3_value] specified in the parameter may change or
+** be deallocated after sqlite3_result_value() returns without harm.
+** ^A [protected sqlite3_value] object may always be used where an
+** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object is required, so either
+** kind of [sqlite3_value] object can be used with this interface.
+**
+** If these routines are called from within the different thread
+** than the one containing the application-defined function that received
+** the [sqlite3_context] pointer, the results are undefined.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_blob(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_double(sqlite3_context*, double);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error(sqlite3_context*, const char*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error16(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_toobig(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_nomem(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_code(sqlite3_context*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int(sqlite3_context*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int64(sqlite3_context*, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_null(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text(sqlite3_context*, const char*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16le(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int,void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16be(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int,void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_value(sqlite3_context*, sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_zeroblob(sqlite3_context*, int n);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Define New Collating Sequences
+**
+** ^These functions add, remove, or modify a [collation] associated
+** with the [database connection] specified as the first argument.
+**
+** ^The name of the collation is a UTF-8 string
+** for sqlite3_create_collation() and sqlite3_create_collation_v2()
+** and a UTF-16 string in native byte order for sqlite3_create_collation16().
+** ^Collation names that compare equal according to [sqlite3_strnicmp()] are
+** considered to be the same name.
+**
+** ^(The third argument (eTextRep) must be one of the constants:
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF8],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16LE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16BE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16], or
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED].
+** </ul>)^
+** ^The eTextRep argument determines the encoding of strings passed
+** to the collating function callback, xCallback.
+** ^The [SQLITE_UTF16] and [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] values for eTextRep
+** force strings to be UTF16 with native byte order.
+** ^The [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] value for eTextRep forces strings to begin
+** on an even byte address.
+**
+** ^The fourth argument, pArg, is an application data pointer that is passed
+** through as the first argument to the collating function callback.
+**
+** ^The fifth argument, xCallback, is a pointer to the collating function.
+** ^Multiple collating functions can be registered using the same name but
+** with different eTextRep parameters and SQLite will use whichever
+** function requires the least amount of data transformation.
+** ^If the xCallback argument is NULL then the collating function is
+** deleted.  ^When all collating functions having the same name are deleted,
+** that collation is no longer usable.
+**
+** ^The collating function callback is invoked with a copy of the pArg 
+** application data pointer and with two strings in the encoding specified
+** by the eTextRep argument.  The collating function must return an
+** integer that is negative, zero, or positive
+** if the first string is less than, equal to, or greater than the second,
+** respectively.  A collating function must always return the same answer
+** given the same inputs.  If two or more collating functions are registered
+** to the same collation name (using different eTextRep values) then all
+** must give an equivalent answer when invoked with equivalent strings.
+** The collating function must obey the following properties for all
+** strings A, B, and C:
+**
+** <ol>
+** <li> If A==B then B==A.
+** <li> If A==B and B==C then A==C.
+** <li> If A&lt;B THEN B&gt;A.
+** <li> If A&lt;B and B&lt;C then A&lt;C.
+** </ol>
+**
+** If a collating function fails any of the above constraints and that
+** collating function is  registered and used, then the behavior of SQLite
+** is undefined.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_create_collation_v2() works like sqlite3_create_collation()
+** with the addition that the xDestroy callback is invoked on pArg when
+** the collating function is deleted.
+** ^Collating functions are deleted when they are overridden by later
+** calls to the collation creation functions or when the
+** [database connection] is closed using [sqlite3_close()].
+**
+** ^The xDestroy callback is <u>not</u> called if the 
+** sqlite3_create_collation_v2() function fails.  Applications that invoke
+** sqlite3_create_collation_v2() with a non-NULL xDestroy argument should 
+** check the return code and dispose of the application data pointer
+** themselves rather than expecting SQLite to deal with it for them.
+** This is different from every other SQLite interface.  The inconsistency 
+** is unfortunate but cannot be changed without breaking backwards 
+** compatibility.
+**
+** See also:  [sqlite3_collation_needed()] and [sqlite3_collation_needed16()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  const char *zName, 
+  int eTextRep, 
+  void *pArg,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation_v2(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  const char *zName, 
+  int eTextRep, 
+  void *pArg,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*),
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation16(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  const void *zName,
+  int eTextRep, 
+  void *pArg,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Collation Needed Callbacks
+**
+** ^To avoid having to register all collation sequences before a database
+** can be used, a single callback function may be registered with the
+** [database connection] to be invoked whenever an undefined collation
+** sequence is required.
+**
+** ^If the function is registered using the sqlite3_collation_needed() API,
+** then it is passed the names of undefined collation sequences as strings
+** encoded in UTF-8. ^If sqlite3_collation_needed16() is used,
+** the names are passed as UTF-16 in machine native byte order.
+** ^A call to either function replaces the existing collation-needed callback.
+**
+** ^(When the callback is invoked, the first argument passed is a copy
+** of the second argument to sqlite3_collation_needed() or
+** sqlite3_collation_needed16().  The second argument is the database
+** connection.  The third argument is one of [SQLITE_UTF8], [SQLITE_UTF16BE],
+** or [SQLITE_UTF16LE], indicating the most desirable form of the collation
+** sequence function required.  The fourth parameter is the name of the
+** required collation sequence.)^
+**
+** The callback function should register the desired collation using
+** [sqlite3_create_collation()], [sqlite3_create_collation16()], or
+** [sqlite3_create_collation_v2()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  void*, 
+  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const char*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed16(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  void*,
+  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*)
+);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+/*
+** Specify the key for an encrypted database.  This routine should be
+** called right after sqlite3_open().
+**
+** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
+** of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
+);
+
+/*
+** Change the key on an open database.  If the current database is not
+** encrypted, this routine will encrypt it.  If pNew==0 or nNew==0, the
+** database is decrypted.
+**
+** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
+** of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
+);
+
+/*
+** Specify the activation key for a SEE database.  Unless 
+** activated, none of the SEE routines will work.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_see(
+  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
+);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
+/*
+** Specify the activation key for a CEROD database.  Unless 
+** activated, none of the CEROD routines will work.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_cerod(
+  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
+);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Suspend Execution For A Short Time
+**
+** The sqlite3_sleep() function causes the current thread to suspend execution
+** for at least a number of milliseconds specified in its parameter.
+**
+** If the operating system does not support sleep requests with
+** millisecond time resolution, then the time will be rounded up to
+** the nearest second. The number of milliseconds of sleep actually
+** requested from the operating system is returned.
+**
+** ^SQLite implements this interface by calling the xSleep()
+** method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.  If the xSleep() method
+** of the default VFS is not implemented correctly, or not implemented at
+** all, then the behavior of sqlite3_sleep() may deviate from the description
+** in the previous paragraphs.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sleep(int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Name Of The Folder Holding Temporary Files
+**
+** ^(If this global variable is made to point to a string which is
+** the name of a folder (a.k.a. directory), then all temporary files
+** created by SQLite when using a built-in [sqlite3_vfs | VFS]
+** will be placed in that directory.)^  ^If this variable
+** is a NULL pointer, then SQLite performs a search for an appropriate
+** temporary file directory.
+**
+** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
+** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
+** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
+** thread.
+** It is intended that this variable be set once
+** as part of process initialization and before any SQLite interface
+** routines have been called and that this variable remain unchanged
+** thereafter.
+**
+** ^The [temp_store_directory pragma] may modify this variable and cause
+** it to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc].  ^Furthermore,
+** the [temp_store_directory pragma] always assumes that any string
+** that this variable points to is held in memory obtained from 
+** [sqlite3_malloc] and the pragma may attempt to free that memory
+** using [sqlite3_free].
+** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
+** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
+** or else the use of the [temp_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_temp_directory;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Test For Auto-Commit Mode
+** KEYWORDS: {autocommit mode}
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_get_autocommit() interface returns non-zero or
+** zero if the given database connection is or is not in autocommit mode,
+** respectively.  ^Autocommit mode is on by default.
+** ^Autocommit mode is disabled by a [BEGIN] statement.
+** ^Autocommit mode is re-enabled by a [COMMIT] or [ROLLBACK].
+**
+** If certain kinds of errors occur on a statement within a multi-statement
+** transaction (errors including [SQLITE_FULL], [SQLITE_IOERR],
+** [SQLITE_NOMEM], [SQLITE_BUSY], and [SQLITE_INTERRUPT]) then the
+** transaction might be rolled back automatically.  The only way to
+** find out whether SQLite automatically rolled back the transaction after
+** an error is to use this function.
+**
+** If another thread changes the autocommit status of the database
+** connection while this routine is running, then the return value
+** is undefined.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_autocommit(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Find The Database Handle Of A Prepared Statement
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_db_handle interface returns the [database connection] handle
+** to which a [prepared statement] belongs.  ^The [database connection]
+** returned by sqlite3_db_handle is the same [database connection]
+** that was the first argument
+** to the [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] call (or its variants) that was used to
+** create the statement in the first place.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_db_handle(sqlite3_stmt*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Find the next prepared statement
+**
+** ^This interface returns a pointer to the next [prepared statement] after
+** pStmt associated with the [database connection] pDb.  ^If pStmt is NULL
+** then this interface returns a pointer to the first prepared statement
+** associated with the database connection pDb.  ^If no prepared statement
+** satisfies the conditions of this routine, it returns NULL.
+**
+** The [database connection] pointer D in a call to
+** [sqlite3_next_stmt(D,S)] must refer to an open database
+** connection and in particular must not be a NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_stmt *sqlite3_next_stmt(sqlite3 *pDb, sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Commit And Rollback Notification Callbacks
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_commit_hook() interface registers a callback
+** function to be invoked whenever a transaction is [COMMIT | committed].
+** ^Any callback set by a previous call to sqlite3_commit_hook()
+** for the same database connection is overridden.
+** ^The sqlite3_rollback_hook() interface registers a callback
+** function to be invoked whenever a transaction is [ROLLBACK | rolled back].
+** ^Any callback set by a previous call to sqlite3_rollback_hook()
+** for the same database connection is overridden.
+** ^The pArg argument is passed through to the callback.
+** ^If the callback on a commit hook function returns non-zero,
+** then the commit is converted into a rollback.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_commit_hook(D,C,P) and sqlite3_rollback_hook(D,C,P) functions
+** return the P argument from the previous call of the same function
+** on the same [database connection] D, or NULL for
+** the first call for each function on D.
+**
+** The callback implementation must not do anything that will modify
+** the database connection that invoked the callback.  Any actions
+** to modify the database connection must be deferred until after the
+** completion of the [sqlite3_step()] call that triggered the commit
+** or rollback hook in the first place.
+** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
+** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
+**
+** ^Registering a NULL function disables the callback.
+**
+** ^When the commit hook callback routine returns zero, the [COMMIT]
+** operation is allowed to continue normally.  ^If the commit hook
+** returns non-zero, then the [COMMIT] is converted into a [ROLLBACK].
+** ^The rollback hook is invoked on a rollback that results from a commit
+** hook returning non-zero, just as it would be with any other rollback.
+**
+** ^For the purposes of this API, a transaction is said to have been
+** rolled back if an explicit "ROLLBACK" statement is executed, or
+** an error or constraint causes an implicit rollback to occur.
+** ^The rollback callback is not invoked if a transaction is
+** automatically rolled back because the database connection is closed.
+**
+** See also the [sqlite3_update_hook()] interface.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_commit_hook(sqlite3*, int(*)(void*), void*);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_rollback_hook(sqlite3*, void(*)(void *), void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Data Change Notification Callbacks
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_update_hook() interface registers a callback function
+** with the [database connection] identified by the first argument
+** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** ^Any callback set by a previous call to this function
+** for the same database connection is overridden.
+**
+** ^The second argument is a pointer to the function to invoke when a
+** row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** ^The first argument to the callback is a copy of the third argument
+** to sqlite3_update_hook().
+** ^The second callback argument is one of [SQLITE_INSERT], [SQLITE_DELETE],
+** or [SQLITE_UPDATE], depending on the operation that caused the callback
+** to be invoked.
+** ^The third and fourth arguments to the callback contain pointers to the
+** database and table name containing the affected row.
+** ^The final callback parameter is the [rowid] of the row.
+** ^In the case of an update, this is the [rowid] after the update takes place.
+**
+** ^(The update hook is not invoked when internal system tables are
+** modified (i.e. sqlite_master and sqlite_sequence).)^
+**
+** ^In the current implementation, the update hook
+** is not invoked when duplication rows are deleted because of an
+** [ON CONFLICT | ON CONFLICT REPLACE] clause.  ^Nor is the update hook
+** invoked when rows are deleted using the [truncate optimization].
+** The exceptions defined in this paragraph might change in a future
+** release of SQLite.
+**
+** The update hook implementation must not do anything that will modify
+** the database connection that invoked the update hook.  Any actions
+** to modify the database connection must be deferred until after the
+** completion of the [sqlite3_step()] call that triggered the update hook.
+** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
+** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_update_hook(D,C,P) function
+** returns the P argument from the previous call
+** on the same [database connection] D, or NULL for
+** the first call on D.
+**
+** See also the [sqlite3_commit_hook()] and [sqlite3_rollback_hook()]
+** interfaces.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_update_hook(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  void(*)(void *,int ,char const *,char const *,sqlite3_int64),
+  void*
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Shared Pager Cache
+** KEYWORDS: {shared cache}
+**
+** ^(This routine enables or disables the sharing of the database cache
+** and schema data structures between [database connection | connections]
+** to the same database. Sharing is enabled if the argument is true
+** and disabled if the argument is false.)^
+**
+** ^Cache sharing is enabled and disabled for an entire process.
+** This is a change as of SQLite version 3.5.0. In prior versions of SQLite,
+** sharing was enabled or disabled for each thread separately.
+**
+** ^(The cache sharing mode set by this interface effects all subsequent
+** calls to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], and [sqlite3_open16()].
+** Existing database connections continue use the sharing mode
+** that was in effect at the time they were opened.)^
+**
+** ^(This routine returns [SQLITE_OK] if shared cache was enabled or disabled
+** successfully.  An [error code] is returned otherwise.)^
+**
+** ^Shared cache is disabled by default. But this might change in
+** future releases of SQLite.  Applications that care about shared
+** cache setting should set it explicitly.
+**
+** See Also:  [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Attempt To Free Heap Memory
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_release_memory() interface attempts to free N bytes
+** of heap memory by deallocating non-essential memory allocations
+** held by the database library.   Memory used to cache database
+** pages to improve performance is an example of non-essential memory.
+** ^sqlite3_release_memory() returns the number of bytes actually freed,
+** which might be more or less than the amount requested.
+** ^The sqlite3_release_memory() routine is a no-op returning zero
+** if SQLite is not compiled with [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_release_memory(int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Impose A Limit On Heap Size
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() interface sets and/or queries the
+** soft limit on the amount of heap memory that may be allocated by SQLite.
+** ^SQLite strives to keep heap memory utilization below the soft heap
+** limit by reducing the number of pages held in the page cache
+** as heap memory usages approaches the limit.
+** ^The soft heap limit is "soft" because even though SQLite strives to stay
+** below the limit, it will exceed the limit rather than generate
+** an [SQLITE_NOMEM] error.  In other words, the soft heap limit 
+** is advisory only.
+**
+** ^The return value from sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() is the size of
+** the soft heap limit prior to the call.  ^If the argument N is negative
+** then no change is made to the soft heap limit.  Hence, the current
+** size of the soft heap limit can be determined by invoking
+** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() with a negative argument.
+**
+** ^If the argument N is zero then the soft heap limit is disabled.
+**
+** ^(The soft heap limit is not enforced in the current implementation
+** if one or more of following conditions are true:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> The soft heap limit is set to zero.
+** <li> Memory accounting is disabled using a combination of the
+**      [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS],...) start-time option and
+**      the [SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS] compile-time option.
+** <li> An alternative page cache implementation is specified using
+**      [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE],...).
+** <li> The page cache allocates from its own memory pool supplied
+**      by [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE],...) rather than
+**      from the heap.
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** Beginning with SQLite version 3.7.3, the soft heap limit is enforced
+** regardless of whether or not the [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT]
+** compile-time option is invoked.  With [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT],
+** the soft heap limit is enforced on every memory allocation.  Without
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT], the soft heap limit is only enforced
+** when memory is allocated by the page cache.  Testing suggests that because
+** the page cache is the predominate memory user in SQLite, most
+** applications will achieve adequate soft heap limit enforcement without
+** the use of [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT].
+**
+** The circumstances under which SQLite will enforce the soft heap limit may
+** changes in future releases of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(sqlite3_int64 N);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Soft Heap Limit Interface
+** DEPRECATED
+**
+** This is a deprecated version of the [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()]
+** interface.  This routine is provided for historical compatibility
+** only.  All new applications should use the
+** [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()] interface rather than this one.
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int N);
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Extract Metadata About A Column Of A Table
+**
+** ^This routine returns metadata about a specific column of a specific
+** database table accessible using the [database connection] handle
+** passed as the first function argument.
+**
+** ^The column is identified by the second, third and fourth parameters to
+** this function. ^The second parameter is either the name of the database
+** (i.e. "main", "temp", or an attached database) containing the specified
+** table or NULL. ^If it is NULL, then all attached databases are searched
+** for the table using the same algorithm used by the database engine to
+** resolve unqualified table references.
+**
+** ^The third and fourth parameters to this function are the table and column
+** name of the desired column, respectively. Neither of these parameters
+** may be NULL.
+**
+** ^Metadata is returned by writing to the memory locations passed as the 5th
+** and subsequent parameters to this function. ^Any of these arguments may be
+** NULL, in which case the corresponding element of metadata is omitted.
+**
+** ^(<blockquote>
+** <table border="1">
+** <tr><th> Parameter <th> Output<br>Type <th>  Description
+**
+** <tr><td> 5th <td> const char* <td> Data type
+** <tr><td> 6th <td> const char* <td> Name of default collation sequence
+** <tr><td> 7th <td> int         <td> True if column has a NOT NULL constraint
+** <tr><td> 8th <td> int         <td> True if column is part of the PRIMARY KEY
+** <tr><td> 9th <td> int         <td> True if column is [AUTOINCREMENT]
+** </table>
+** </blockquote>)^
+**
+** ^The memory pointed to by the character pointers returned for the
+** declaration type and collation sequence is valid only until the next
+** call to any SQLite API function.
+**
+** ^If the specified table is actually a view, an [error code] is returned.
+**
+** ^If the specified column is "rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_" and an
+** [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] column has been explicitly declared, then the output
+** parameters are set for the explicitly declared column. ^(If there is no
+** explicitly declared [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] column, then the output
+** parameters are set as follows:
+**
+** <pre>
+**     data type: "INTEGER"
+**     collation sequence: "BINARY"
+**     not null: 0
+**     primary key: 1
+**     auto increment: 0
+** </pre>)^
+**
+** ^(This function may load one or more schemas from database files. If an
+** error occurs during this process, or if the requested table or column
+** cannot be found, an [error code] is returned and an error message left
+** in the [database connection] (to be retrieved using sqlite3_errmsg()).)^
+**
+** ^This API is only available if the library was compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA] C-preprocessor symbol defined.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_table_column_metadata(
+  sqlite3 *db,                /* Connection handle */
+  const char *zDbName,        /* Database name or NULL */
+  const char *zTableName,     /* Table name */
+  const char *zColumnName,    /* Column name */
+  char const **pzDataType,    /* OUTPUT: Declared data type */
+  char const **pzCollSeq,     /* OUTPUT: Collation sequence name */
+  int *pNotNull,              /* OUTPUT: True if NOT NULL constraint exists */
+  int *pPrimaryKey,           /* OUTPUT: True if column part of PK */
+  int *pAutoinc               /* OUTPUT: True if column is auto-increment */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Load An Extension
+**
+** ^This interface loads an SQLite extension library from the named file.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface attempts to load an
+** SQLite extension library contained in the file zFile.
+**
+** ^The entry point is zProc.
+** ^zProc may be 0, in which case the name of the entry point
+** defaults to "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface returns
+** [SQLITE_OK] on success and [SQLITE_ERROR] if something goes wrong.
+** ^If an error occurs and pzErrMsg is not 0, then the
+** [sqlite3_load_extension()] interface shall attempt to
+** fill *pzErrMsg with error message text stored in memory
+** obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()]. The calling function
+** should free this memory by calling [sqlite3_free()].
+**
+** ^Extension loading must be enabled using
+** [sqlite3_enable_load_extension()] prior to calling this API,
+** otherwise an error will be returned.
+**
+** See also the [load_extension() SQL function].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_load_extension(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* Load the extension into this database connection */
+  const char *zFile,    /* Name of the shared library containing extension */
+  const char *zProc,    /* Entry point.  Derived from zFile if 0 */
+  char **pzErrMsg       /* Put error message here if not 0 */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Extension Loading
+**
+** ^So as not to open security holes in older applications that are
+** unprepared to deal with extension loading, and as a means of disabling
+** extension loading while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
+** is provided to turn the [sqlite3_load_extension()] mechanism on and off.
+**
+** ^Extension loading is off by default. See ticket #1863.
+** ^Call the sqlite3_enable_load_extension() routine with onoff==1
+** to turn extension loading on and call it with onoff==0 to turn
+** it back off again.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_load_extension(sqlite3 *db, int onoff);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Automatically Load Statically Linked Extensions
+**
+** ^This interface causes the xEntryPoint() function to be invoked for
+** each new [database connection] that is created.  The idea here is that
+** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked SQLite extension
+** that is to be automatically loaded into all new database connections.
+**
+** ^(Even though the function prototype shows that xEntryPoint() takes
+** no arguments and returns void, SQLite invokes xEntryPoint() with three
+** arguments and expects and integer result as if the signature of the
+** entry point where as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** &nbsp;  int xEntryPoint(
+** &nbsp;    sqlite3 *db,
+** &nbsp;    const char **pzErrMsg,
+** &nbsp;    const struct sqlite3_api_routines *pThunk
+** &nbsp;  );
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
+**
+** If the xEntryPoint routine encounters an error, it should make *pzErrMsg
+** point to an appropriate error message (obtained from [sqlite3_mprintf()])
+** and return an appropriate [error code].  ^SQLite ensures that *pzErrMsg
+** is NULL before calling the xEntryPoint().  ^SQLite will invoke
+** [sqlite3_free()] on *pzErrMsg after xEntryPoint() returns.  ^If any
+** xEntryPoint() returns an error, the [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()],
+** or [sqlite3_open_v2()] call that provoked the xEntryPoint() will fail.
+**
+** ^Calling sqlite3_auto_extension(X) with an entry point X that is already
+** on the list of automatic extensions is a harmless no-op. ^No entry point
+** will be called more than once for each database connection that is opened.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Reset Automatic Extension Loading
+**
+** ^This interface disables all automatic extensions previously
+** registered using [sqlite3_auto_extension()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_reset_auto_extension(void);
+
+/*
+** The interface to the virtual-table mechanism is currently considered
+** to be experimental.  The interface might change in incompatible ways.
+** If this is a problem for you, do not use the interface at this time.
+**
+** When the virtual-table mechanism stabilizes, we will declare the
+** interface fixed, support it indefinitely, and remove this comment.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Structures used by the virtual table interface
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_vtab sqlite3_vtab;
+typedef struct sqlite3_index_info sqlite3_index_info;
+typedef struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor sqlite3_vtab_cursor;
+typedef struct sqlite3_module sqlite3_module;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Object
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_module {virtual table module}
+**
+** This structure, sometimes called a "virtual table module", 
+** defines the implementation of a [virtual tables].  
+** This structure consists mostly of methods for the module.
+**
+** ^A virtual table module is created by filling in a persistent
+** instance of this structure and passing a pointer to that instance
+** to [sqlite3_create_module()] or [sqlite3_create_module_v2()].
+** ^The registration remains valid until it is replaced by a different
+** module or until the [database connection] closes.  The content
+** of this structure must not change while it is registered with
+** any database connection.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_module {
+  int iVersion;
+  int (*xCreate)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
+               int argc, const char *const*argv,
+               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab, char**);
+  int (*xConnect)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
+               int argc, const char *const*argv,
+               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab, char**);
+  int (*xBestIndex)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info*);
+  int (*xDisconnect)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor);
+  int (*xClose)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
+  int (*xFilter)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
+                int argc, sqlite3_value **argv);
+  int (*xNext)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
+  int (*xEof)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
+  int (*xColumn)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_context*, int);
+  int (*xRowid)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_int64 *pRowid);
+  int (*xUpdate)(sqlite3_vtab *, int, sqlite3_value **, sqlite3_int64 *);
+  int (*xBegin)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xSync)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xCommit)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xRollback)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xFindFunction)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int nArg, const char *zName,
+                       void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+                       void **ppArg);
+  int (*xRename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
+  /* The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_module object. Those 
+  ** below are for version 2 and greater. */
+  int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+  int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+  int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Indexing Information
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_index_info
+**
+** The sqlite3_index_info structure and its substructures is used as part
+** of the [virtual table] interface to
+** pass information into and receive the reply from the [xBestIndex]
+** method of a [virtual table module].  The fields under **Inputs** are the
+** inputs to xBestIndex and are read-only.  xBestIndex inserts its
+** results into the **Outputs** fields.
+**
+** ^(The aConstraint[] array records WHERE clause constraints of the form:
+**
+** <blockquote>column OP expr</blockquote>
+**
+** where OP is =, &lt;, &lt;=, &gt;, or &gt;=.)^  ^(The particular operator is
+** stored in aConstraint[].op using one of the
+** [SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ | SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ values].)^
+** ^(The index of the column is stored in
+** aConstraint[].iColumn.)^  ^(aConstraint[].usable is TRUE if the
+** expr on the right-hand side can be evaluated (and thus the constraint
+** is usable) and false if it cannot.)^
+**
+** ^The optimizer automatically inverts terms of the form "expr OP column"
+** and makes other simplifications to the WHERE clause in an attempt to
+** get as many WHERE clause terms into the form shown above as possible.
+** ^The aConstraint[] array only reports WHERE clause terms that are
+** relevant to the particular virtual table being queried.
+**
+** ^Information about the ORDER BY clause is stored in aOrderBy[].
+** ^Each term of aOrderBy records a column of the ORDER BY clause.
+**
+** The [xBestIndex] method must fill aConstraintUsage[] with information
+** about what parameters to pass to xFilter.  ^If argvIndex>0 then
+** the right-hand side of the corresponding aConstraint[] is evaluated
+** and becomes the argvIndex-th entry in argv.  ^(If aConstraintUsage[].omit
+** is true, then the constraint is assumed to be fully handled by the
+** virtual table and is not checked again by SQLite.)^
+**
+** ^The idxNum and idxPtr values are recorded and passed into the
+** [xFilter] method.
+** ^[sqlite3_free()] is used to free idxPtr if and only if
+** needToFreeIdxPtr is true.
+**
+** ^The orderByConsumed means that output from [xFilter]/[xNext] will occur in
+** the correct order to satisfy the ORDER BY clause so that no separate
+** sorting step is required.
+**
+** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of doing the
+** particular lookup.  A full scan of a table with N entries should have
+** a cost of N.  A binary search of a table of N entries should have a
+** cost of approximately log(N).
+*/
+struct sqlite3_index_info {
+  /* Inputs */
+  int nConstraint;           /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint {
+     int iColumn;              /* Column on left-hand side of constraint */
+     unsigned char op;         /* Constraint operator */
+     unsigned char usable;     /* True if this constraint is usable */
+     int iTermOffset;          /* Used internally - xBestIndex should ignore */
+  } *aConstraint;            /* Table of WHERE clause constraints */
+  int nOrderBy;              /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
+  struct sqlite3_index_orderby {
+     int iColumn;              /* Column number */
+     unsigned char desc;       /* True for DESC.  False for ASC. */
+  } *aOrderBy;               /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  /* Outputs */
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage {
+    int argvIndex;           /* if >0, constraint is part of argv to xFilter */
+    unsigned char omit;      /* Do not code a test for this constraint */
+  } *aConstraintUsage;
+  int idxNum;                /* Number used to identify the index */
+  char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
+  int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
+  int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
+  double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Constraint Operator Codes
+**
+** These macros defined the allowed values for the
+** [sqlite3_index_info].aConstraint[].op field.  Each value represents
+** an operator that is part of a constraint term in the wHERE clause of
+** a query that uses a [virtual table].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ    2
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT    4
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE    8
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT    16
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE    32
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH 64
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Register A Virtual Table Implementation
+**
+** ^These routines are used to register a new [virtual table module] name.
+** ^Module names must be registered before
+** creating a new [virtual table] using the module and before using a
+** preexisting [virtual table] for the module.
+**
+** ^The module name is registered on the [database connection] specified
+** by the first parameter.  ^The name of the module is given by the 
+** second parameter.  ^The third parameter is a pointer to
+** the implementation of the [virtual table module].   ^The fourth
+** parameter is an arbitrary client data pointer that is passed through
+** into the [xCreate] and [xConnect] methods of the virtual table module
+** when a new virtual table is be being created or reinitialized.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_create_module_v2() interface has a fifth parameter which
+** is a pointer to a destructor for the pClientData.  ^SQLite will
+** invoke the destructor function (if it is not NULL) when SQLite
+** no longer needs the pClientData pointer.  ^The destructor will also
+** be invoked if the call to sqlite3_create_module_v2() fails.
+** ^The sqlite3_create_module()
+** interface is equivalent to sqlite3_create_module_v2() with a NULL
+** destructor.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module(
+  sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
+  const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
+  const sqlite3_module *p,   /* Methods for the module */
+  void *pClientData          /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
+  const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
+  const sqlite3_module *p,   /* Methods for the module */
+  void *pClientData,         /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)     /* Module destructor function */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Instance Object
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_vtab
+**
+** Every [virtual table module] implementation uses a subclass
+** of this object to describe a particular instance
+** of the [virtual table].  Each subclass will
+** be tailored to the specific needs of the module implementation.
+** The purpose of this superclass is to define certain fields that are
+** common to all module implementations.
+**
+** ^Virtual tables methods can set an error message by assigning a
+** string obtained from [sqlite3_mprintf()] to zErrMsg.  The method should
+** take care that any prior string is freed by a call to [sqlite3_free()]
+** prior to assigning a new string to zErrMsg.  ^After the error message
+** is delivered up to the client application, the string will be automatically
+** freed by sqlite3_free() and the zErrMsg field will be zeroed.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_vtab {
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;  /* The module for this virtual table */
+  int nRef;                       /* NO LONGER USED */
+  char *zErrMsg;                  /* Error message from sqlite3_mprintf() */
+  /* Virtual table implementations will typically add additional fields */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Cursor Object
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_vtab_cursor {virtual table cursor}
+**
+** Every [virtual table module] implementation uses a subclass of the
+** following structure to describe cursors that point into the
+** [virtual table] and are used
+** to loop through the virtual table.  Cursors are created using the
+** [sqlite3_module.xOpen | xOpen] method of the module and are destroyed
+** by the [sqlite3_module.xClose | xClose] method.  Cursors are used
+** by the [xFilter], [xNext], [xEof], [xColumn], and [xRowid] methods
+** of the module.  Each module implementation will define
+** the content of a cursor structure to suit its own needs.
+**
+** This superclass exists in order to define fields of the cursor that
+** are common to all implementations.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor {
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;      /* Virtual table of this cursor */
+  /* Virtual table implementations will typically add additional fields */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Declare The Schema Of A Virtual Table
+**
+** ^The [xCreate] and [xConnect] methods of a
+** [virtual table module] call this interface
+** to declare the format (the names and datatypes of the columns) of
+** the virtual tables they implement.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3*, const char *zSQL);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Overload A Function For A Virtual Table
+**
+** ^(Virtual tables can provide alternative implementations of functions
+** using the [xFindFunction] method of the [virtual table module].  
+** But global versions of those functions
+** must exist in order to be overloaded.)^
+**
+** ^(This API makes sure a global version of a function with a particular
+** name and number of parameters exists.  If no such function exists
+** before this API is called, a new function is created.)^  ^The implementation
+** of the new function always causes an exception to be thrown.  So
+** the new function is not good for anything by itself.  Its only
+** purpose is to be a placeholder function that can be overloaded
+** by a [virtual table].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_overload_function(sqlite3*, const char *zFuncName, int nArg);
+
+/*
+** The interface to the virtual-table mechanism defined above (back up
+** to a comment remarkably similar to this one) is currently considered
+** to be experimental.  The interface might change in incompatible ways.
+** If this is a problem for you, do not use the interface at this time.
+**
+** When the virtual-table mechanism stabilizes, we will declare the
+** interface fixed, support it indefinitely, and remove this comment.
+*/
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: A Handle To An Open BLOB
+** KEYWORDS: {BLOB handle} {BLOB handles}
+**
+** An instance of this object represents an open BLOB on which
+** [sqlite3_blob_open | incremental BLOB I/O] can be performed.
+** ^Objects of this type are created by [sqlite3_blob_open()]
+** and destroyed by [sqlite3_blob_close()].
+** ^The [sqlite3_blob_read()] and [sqlite3_blob_write()] interfaces
+** can be used to read or write small subsections of the BLOB.
+** ^The [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] interface returns the size of the BLOB in bytes.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_blob sqlite3_blob;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Open A BLOB For Incremental I/O
+**
+** ^(This interfaces opens a [BLOB handle | handle] to the BLOB located
+** in row iRow, column zColumn, table zTable in database zDb;
+** in other words, the same BLOB that would be selected by:
+**
+** <pre>
+**     SELECT zColumn FROM zDb.zTable WHERE [rowid] = iRow;
+** </pre>)^
+**
+** ^If the flags parameter is non-zero, then the BLOB is opened for read
+** and write access. ^If it is zero, the BLOB is opened for read access.
+** ^It is not possible to open a column that is part of an index or primary 
+** key for writing. ^If [foreign key constraints] are enabled, it is 
+** not possible to open a column that is part of a [child key] for writing.
+**
+** ^Note that the database name is not the filename that contains
+** the database but rather the symbolic name of the database that
+** appears after the AS keyword when the database is connected using [ATTACH].
+** ^For the main database file, the database name is "main".
+** ^For TEMP tables, the database name is "temp".
+**
+** ^(On success, [SQLITE_OK] is returned and the new [BLOB handle] is written
+** to *ppBlob. Otherwise an [error code] is returned and *ppBlob is set
+** to be a null pointer.)^
+** ^This function sets the [database connection] error code and message
+** accessible via [sqlite3_errcode()] and [sqlite3_errmsg()] and related
+** functions. ^Note that the *ppBlob variable is always initialized in a
+** way that makes it safe to invoke [sqlite3_blob_close()] on *ppBlob
+** regardless of the success or failure of this routine.
+**
+** ^(If the row that a BLOB handle points to is modified by an
+** [UPDATE], [DELETE], or by [ON CONFLICT] side-effects
+** then the BLOB handle is marked as "expired".
+** This is true if any column of the row is changed, even a column
+** other than the one the BLOB handle is open on.)^
+** ^Calls to [sqlite3_blob_read()] and [sqlite3_blob_write()] for
+** an expired BLOB handle fail with a return code of [SQLITE_ABORT].
+** ^(Changes written into a BLOB prior to the BLOB expiring are not
+** rolled back by the expiration of the BLOB.  Such changes will eventually
+** commit if the transaction continues to completion.)^
+**
+** ^Use the [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] interface to determine the size of
+** the opened blob.  ^The size of a blob may not be changed by this
+** interface.  Use the [UPDATE] SQL command to change the size of a
+** blob.
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_bind_zeroblob()] and [sqlite3_result_zeroblob()] interfaces
+** and the built-in [zeroblob] SQL function can be used, if desired,
+** to create an empty, zero-filled blob in which to read or write using
+** this interface.
+**
+** To avoid a resource leak, every open [BLOB handle] should eventually
+** be released by a call to [sqlite3_blob_close()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
+  sqlite3*,
+  const char *zDb,
+  const char *zTable,
+  const char *zColumn,
+  sqlite3_int64 iRow,
+  int flags,
+  sqlite3_blob **ppBlob
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Move a BLOB Handle to a New Row
+**
+** ^This function is used to move an existing blob handle so that it points
+** to a different row of the same database table. ^The new row is identified
+** by the rowid value passed as the second argument. Only the row can be
+** changed. ^The database, table and column on which the blob handle is open
+** remain the same. Moving an existing blob handle to a new row can be
+** faster than closing the existing handle and opening a new one.
+**
+** ^(The new row must meet the same criteria as for [sqlite3_blob_open()] -
+** it must exist and there must be either a blob or text value stored in
+** the nominated column.)^ ^If the new row is not present in the table, or if
+** it does not contain a blob or text value, or if another error occurs, an
+** SQLite error code is returned and the blob handle is considered aborted.
+** ^All subsequent calls to [sqlite3_blob_read()], [sqlite3_blob_write()] or
+** [sqlite3_blob_reopen()] on an aborted blob handle immediately return
+** SQLITE_ABORT. ^Calling [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] on an aborted blob handle
+** always returns zero.
+**
+** ^This function sets the database handle error code and message.
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL int sqlite3_blob_reopen(sqlite3_blob *, sqlite3_int64);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Close A BLOB Handle
+**
+** ^Closes an open [BLOB handle].
+**
+** ^Closing a BLOB shall cause the current transaction to commit
+** if there are no other BLOBs, no pending prepared statements, and the
+** database connection is in [autocommit mode].
+** ^If any writes were made to the BLOB, they might be held in cache
+** until the close operation if they will fit.
+**
+** ^(Closing the BLOB often forces the changes
+** out to disk and so if any I/O errors occur, they will likely occur
+** at the time when the BLOB is closed.  Any errors that occur during
+** closing are reported as a non-zero return value.)^
+**
+** ^(The BLOB is closed unconditionally.  Even if this routine returns
+** an error code, the BLOB is still closed.)^
+**
+** ^Calling this routine with a null pointer (such as would be returned
+** by a failed call to [sqlite3_blob_open()]) is a harmless no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_close(sqlite3_blob *);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Return The Size Of An Open BLOB
+**
+** ^Returns the size in bytes of the BLOB accessible via the 
+** successfully opened [BLOB handle] in its only argument.  ^The
+** incremental blob I/O routines can only read or overwriting existing
+** blob content; they cannot change the size of a blob.
+**
+** This routine only works on a [BLOB handle] which has been created
+** by a prior successful call to [sqlite3_blob_open()] and which has not
+** been closed by [sqlite3_blob_close()].  Passing any other pointer in
+** to this routine results in undefined and probably undesirable behavior.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_bytes(sqlite3_blob *);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Read Data From A BLOB Incrementally
+**
+** ^(This function is used to read data from an open [BLOB handle] into a
+** caller-supplied buffer. N bytes of data are copied into buffer Z
+** from the open BLOB, starting at offset iOffset.)^
+**
+** ^If offset iOffset is less than N bytes from the end of the BLOB,
+** [SQLITE_ERROR] is returned and no data is read.  ^If N or iOffset is
+** less than zero, [SQLITE_ERROR] is returned and no data is read.
+** ^The size of the blob (and hence the maximum value of N+iOffset)
+** can be determined using the [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] interface.
+**
+** ^An attempt to read from an expired [BLOB handle] fails with an
+** error code of [SQLITE_ABORT].
+**
+** ^(On success, sqlite3_blob_read() returns SQLITE_OK.
+** Otherwise, an [error code] or an [extended error code] is returned.)^
+**
+** This routine only works on a [BLOB handle] which has been created
+** by a prior successful call to [sqlite3_blob_open()] and which has not
+** been closed by [sqlite3_blob_close()].  Passing any other pointer in
+** to this routine results in undefined and probably undesirable behavior.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_blob_write()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_read(sqlite3_blob *, void *Z, int N, int iOffset);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Write Data Into A BLOB Incrementally
+**
+** ^This function is used to write data into an open [BLOB handle] from a
+** caller-supplied buffer. ^N bytes of data are copied from the buffer Z
+** into the open BLOB, starting at offset iOffset.
+**
+** ^If the [BLOB handle] passed as the first argument was not opened for
+** writing (the flags parameter to [sqlite3_blob_open()] was zero),
+** this function returns [SQLITE_READONLY].
+**
+** ^This function may only modify the contents of the BLOB; it is
+** not possible to increase the size of a BLOB using this API.
+** ^If offset iOffset is less than N bytes from the end of the BLOB,
+** [SQLITE_ERROR] is returned and no data is written.  ^If N is
+** less than zero [SQLITE_ERROR] is returned and no data is written.
+** The size of the BLOB (and hence the maximum value of N+iOffset)
+** can be determined using the [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] interface.
+**
+** ^An attempt to write to an expired [BLOB handle] fails with an
+** error code of [SQLITE_ABORT].  ^Writes to the BLOB that occurred
+** before the [BLOB handle] expired are not rolled back by the
+** expiration of the handle, though of course those changes might
+** have been overwritten by the statement that expired the BLOB handle
+** or by other independent statements.
+**
+** ^(On success, sqlite3_blob_write() returns SQLITE_OK.
+** Otherwise, an  [error code] or an [extended error code] is returned.)^
+**
+** This routine only works on a [BLOB handle] which has been created
+** by a prior successful call to [sqlite3_blob_open()] and which has not
+** been closed by [sqlite3_blob_close()].  Passing any other pointer in
+** to this routine results in undefined and probably undesirable behavior.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_blob_read()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_write(sqlite3_blob *, const void *z, int n, int iOffset);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual File System Objects
+**
+** A virtual filesystem (VFS) is an [sqlite3_vfs] object
+** that SQLite uses to interact
+** with the underlying operating system.  Most SQLite builds come with a
+** single default VFS that is appropriate for the host computer.
+** New VFSes can be registered and existing VFSes can be unregistered.
+** The following interfaces are provided.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_vfs_find() interface returns a pointer to a VFS given its name.
+** ^Names are case sensitive.
+** ^Names are zero-terminated UTF-8 strings.
+** ^If there is no match, a NULL pointer is returned.
+** ^If zVfsName is NULL then the default VFS is returned.
+**
+** ^New VFSes are registered with sqlite3_vfs_register().
+** ^Each new VFS becomes the default VFS if the makeDflt flag is set.
+** ^The same VFS can be registered multiple times without injury.
+** ^To make an existing VFS into the default VFS, register it again
+** with the makeDflt flag set.  If two different VFSes with the
+** same name are registered, the behavior is undefined.  If a
+** VFS is registered with a name that is NULL or an empty string,
+** then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** ^Unregister a VFS with the sqlite3_vfs_unregister() interface.
+** ^(If the default VFS is unregistered, another VFS is chosen as
+** the default.  The choice for the new VFS is arbitrary.)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3_vfs_find(const char *zVfsName);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_register(sqlite3_vfs*, int makeDflt);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_unregister(sqlite3_vfs*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutexes
+**
+** The SQLite core uses these routines for thread
+** synchronization. Though they are intended for internal
+** use by SQLite, code that links against SQLite is
+** permitted to use any of these routines.
+**
+** The SQLite source code contains multiple implementations
+** of these mutex routines.  An appropriate implementation
+** is selected automatically at compile-time.  ^(The following
+** implementations are available in the SQLite core:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
+** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREAD
+** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
+** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP implementation is a set of routines
+** that does no real locking and is appropriate for use in
+** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2,
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREAD, and SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations
+** are appropriate for use on OS/2, Unix, and Windows.
+**
+** ^(If SQLite is compiled with the SQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF preprocessor
+** macro defined (with "-DSQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF=1"), then no mutex
+** implementation is included with the library. In this case the
+** application must supply a custom mutex implementation using the
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX] option of the sqlite3_config() function
+** before calling sqlite3_initialize() or any other public sqlite3_
+** function that calls sqlite3_initialize().)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mutex_alloc() routine allocates a new
+** mutex and returns a pointer to it. ^If it returns NULL
+** that means that a mutex could not be allocated.  ^SQLite
+** will unwind its stack and return an error.  ^(The argument
+** to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() is one of these integer constants:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** ^The first two constants (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST and SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE)
+** cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
+** a new mutex.  ^The new mutex is recursive when SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** is used but not necessarily so when SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST is used.
+** The mutex implementation does not need to make a distinction
+** between SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE and SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST if it does
+** not want to.  ^SQLite will only request a recursive mutex in
+** cases where it really needs one.  ^If a faster non-recursive mutex
+** implementation is available on the host platform, the mutex subsystem
+** might return such a mutex in response to SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST.
+**
+** ^The other allowed parameters to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() (anything other
+** than SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST and SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) each return
+** a pointer to a static preexisting mutex.  ^Six static mutexes are
+** used by the current version of SQLite.  Future versions of SQLite
+** may add additional static mutexes.  Static mutexes are for internal
+** use by SQLite only.  Applications that use SQLite mutexes should
+** use only the dynamic mutexes returned by SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST or
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE.
+**
+** ^Note that if one of the dynamic mutex parameters (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** or SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) is used then sqlite3_mutex_alloc()
+** returns a different mutex on every call.  ^But for the static
+** mutex types, the same mutex is returned on every call that has
+** the same type number.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mutex_free() routine deallocates a previously
+** allocated dynamic mutex.  ^SQLite is careful to deallocate every
+** dynamic mutex that it allocates.  The dynamic mutexes must not be in
+** use when they are deallocated.  Attempting to deallocate a static
+** mutex results in undefined behavior.  ^SQLite never deallocates
+** a static mutex.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mutex_enter() and sqlite3_mutex_try() routines attempt
+** to enter a mutex.  ^If another thread is already within the mutex,
+** sqlite3_mutex_enter() will block and sqlite3_mutex_try() will return
+** SQLITE_BUSY.  ^The sqlite3_mutex_try() interface returns [SQLITE_OK]
+** upon successful entry.  ^(Mutexes created using
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE can be entered multiple times by the same thread.
+** In such cases the,
+** mutex must be exited an equal number of times before another thread
+** can enter.)^  ^(If the same thread tries to enter any other
+** kind of mutex more than once, the behavior is undefined.
+** SQLite will never exhibit
+** such behavior in its own use of mutexes.)^
+**
+** ^(Some systems (for example, Windows 95) do not support the operation
+** implemented by sqlite3_mutex_try().  On those systems, sqlite3_mutex_try()
+** will always return SQLITE_BUSY.  The SQLite core only ever uses
+** sqlite3_mutex_try() as an optimization so this is acceptable behavior.)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mutex_leave() routine exits a mutex that was
+** previously entered by the same thread.   ^(The behavior
+** is undefined if the mutex is not currently entered by the
+** calling thread or is not currently allocated.  SQLite will
+** never do either.)^
+**
+** ^If the argument to sqlite3_mutex_enter(), sqlite3_mutex_try(), or
+** sqlite3_mutex_leave() is a NULL pointer, then all three routines
+** behave as no-ops.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_mutex_held()] and [sqlite3_mutex_notheld()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_mutex_alloc(int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_free(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_try(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3_mutex*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutex Methods Object
+**
+** An instance of this structure defines the low-level routines
+** used to allocate and use mutexes.
+**
+** Usually, the default mutex implementations provided by SQLite are
+** sufficient, however the user has the option of substituting a custom
+** implementation for specialized deployments or systems for which SQLite
+** does not provide a suitable implementation. In this case, the user
+** creates and populates an instance of this structure to pass
+** to sqlite3_config() along with the [SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX] option.
+** Additionally, an instance of this structure can be used as an
+** output variable when querying the system for the current mutex
+** implementation, using the [SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX] option.
+**
+** ^The xMutexInit method defined by this structure is invoked as
+** part of system initialization by the sqlite3_initialize() function.
+** ^The xMutexInit routine is called by SQLite exactly once for each
+** effective call to [sqlite3_initialize()].
+**
+** ^The xMutexEnd method defined by this structure is invoked as
+** part of system shutdown by the sqlite3_shutdown() function. The
+** implementation of this method is expected to release all outstanding
+** resources obtained by the mutex methods implementation, especially
+** those obtained by the xMutexInit method.  ^The xMutexEnd()
+** interface is invoked exactly once for each call to [sqlite3_shutdown()].
+**
+** ^(The remaining seven methods defined by this structure (xMutexAlloc,
+** xMutexFree, xMutexEnter, xMutexTry, xMutexLeave, xMutexHeld and
+** xMutexNotheld) implement the following interfaces (respectively):
+**
+** <ul>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_alloc()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_free()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_enter()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_try()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_leave()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_held()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_notheld()] </li>
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** The only difference is that the public sqlite3_XXX functions enumerated
+** above silently ignore any invocations that pass a NULL pointer instead
+** of a valid mutex handle. The implementations of the methods defined
+** by this structure are not required to handle this case, the results
+** of passing a NULL pointer instead of a valid mutex handle are undefined
+** (i.e. it is acceptable to provide an implementation that segfaults if
+** it is passed a NULL pointer).
+**
+** The xMutexInit() method must be threadsafe.  ^It must be harmless to
+** invoke xMutexInit() multiple times within the same process and without
+** intervening calls to xMutexEnd().  Second and subsequent calls to
+** xMutexInit() must be no-ops.
+**
+** ^xMutexInit() must not use SQLite memory allocation ([sqlite3_malloc()]
+** and its associates).  ^Similarly, xMutexAlloc() must not use SQLite memory
+** allocation for a static mutex.  ^However xMutexAlloc() may use SQLite
+** memory allocation for a fast or recursive mutex.
+**
+** ^SQLite will invoke the xMutexEnd() method when [sqlite3_shutdown()] is
+** called, but only if the prior call to xMutexInit returned SQLITE_OK.
+** If xMutexInit fails in any way, it is expected to clean up after itself
+** prior to returning.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_mutex_methods sqlite3_mutex_methods;
+struct sqlite3_mutex_methods {
+  int (*xMutexInit)(void);
+  int (*xMutexEnd)(void);
+  sqlite3_mutex *(*xMutexAlloc)(int);
+  void (*xMutexFree)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  void (*xMutexEnter)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  int (*xMutexTry)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  void (*xMutexLeave)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  int (*xMutexHeld)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  int (*xMutexNotheld)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutex Verification Routines
+**
+** The sqlite3_mutex_held() and sqlite3_mutex_notheld() routines
+** are intended for use inside assert() statements.  ^The SQLite core
+** never uses these routines except inside an assert() and applications
+** are advised to follow the lead of the core.  ^The SQLite core only
+** provides implementations for these routines when it is compiled
+** with the SQLITE_DEBUG flag.  ^External mutex implementations
+** are only required to provide these routines if SQLITE_DEBUG is
+** defined and if NDEBUG is not defined.
+**
+** ^These routines should return true if the mutex in their argument
+** is held or not held, respectively, by the calling thread.
+**
+** ^The implementation is not required to provided versions of these
+** routines that actually work. If the implementation does not provide working
+** versions of these routines, it should at least provide stubs that always
+** return true so that one does not get spurious assertion failures.
+**
+** ^If the argument to sqlite3_mutex_held() is a NULL pointer then
+** the routine should return 1.   This seems counter-intuitive since
+** clearly the mutex cannot be held if it does not exist.  But
+** the reason the mutex does not exist is because the build is not
+** using mutexes.  And we do not want the assert() containing the
+** call to sqlite3_mutex_held() to fail, so a non-zero return is
+** the appropriate thing to do.  ^The sqlite3_mutex_notheld()
+** interface should also return 1 when given a NULL pointer.
+*/
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_notheld(sqlite3_mutex*);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutex Types
+**
+** The [sqlite3_mutex_alloc()] interface takes a single argument
+** which is one of these integer constants.
+**
+** The set of static mutexes may change from one SQLite release to the
+** next.  Applications that override the built-in mutex logic must be
+** prepared to accommodate additional static mutexes.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST             0
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE        1
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER    2
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM       3  /* sqlite3_malloc() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2      4  /* NOT USED */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN      4  /* sqlite3BtreeOpen() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG      5  /* sqlite3_random() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU       6  /* lru page list */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7  /* NOT USED */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM      7  /* sqlite3PageMalloc() */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Retrieve the mutex for a database connection
+**
+** ^This interface returns a pointer the [sqlite3_mutex] object that 
+** serializes access to the [database connection] given in the argument
+** when the [threading mode] is Serialized.
+** ^If the [threading mode] is Single-thread or Multi-thread then this
+** routine returns a NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_db_mutex(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Low-Level Control Of Database Files
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_file_control()] interface makes a direct call to the
+** xFileControl method for the [sqlite3_io_methods] object associated
+** with a particular database identified by the second argument. ^The
+** name of the database is "main" for the main database or "temp" for the
+** TEMP database, or the name that appears after the AS keyword for
+** databases that are added using the [ATTACH] SQL command.
+** ^A NULL pointer can be used in place of "main" to refer to the
+** main database file.
+** ^The third and fourth parameters to this routine
+** are passed directly through to the second and third parameters of
+** the xFileControl method.  ^The return value of the xFileControl
+** method becomes the return value of this routine.
+**
+** ^The SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER value for the op parameter causes
+** a pointer to the underlying [sqlite3_file] object to be written into
+** the space pointed to by the 4th parameter.  ^The SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER
+** case is a short-circuit path which does not actually invoke the
+** underlying sqlite3_io_methods.xFileControl method.
+**
+** ^If the second parameter (zDbName) does not match the name of any
+** open database file, then SQLITE_ERROR is returned.  ^This error
+** code is not remembered and will not be recalled by [sqlite3_errcode()]
+** or [sqlite3_errmsg()].  The underlying xFileControl method might
+** also return SQLITE_ERROR.  There is no way to distinguish between
+** an incorrect zDbName and an SQLITE_ERROR return from the underlying
+** xFileControl method.
+**
+** See also: [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_file_control(sqlite3*, const char *zDbName, int op, void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Testing Interface
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_test_control() interface is used to read out internal
+** state of SQLite and to inject faults into SQLite for testing
+** purposes.  ^The first parameter is an operation code that determines
+** the number, meaning, and operation of all subsequent parameters.
+**
+** This interface is not for use by applications.  It exists solely
+** for verifying the correct operation of the SQLite library.  Depending
+** on how the SQLite library is compiled, this interface might not exist.
+**
+** The details of the operation codes, their meanings, the parameters
+** they take, and what they do are all subject to change without notice.
+** Unlike most of the SQLite API, this function is not guaranteed to
+** operate consistently from one release to the next.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_test_control(int op, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Testing Interface Operation Codes
+**
+** These constants are the valid operation code parameters used
+** as the first argument to [sqlite3_test_control()].
+**
+** These parameters and their meanings are subject to change
+** without notice.  These values are for testing purposes only.
+** Applications should not use any of these parameters or the
+** [sqlite3_test_control()] interface.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FIRST                    5
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SAVE                5
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESTORE             6
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET               7
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BITVEC_TEST              8
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FAULT_INSTALL            9
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS     10
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE            11
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT                  12
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS                  13
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE                 14
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS           15
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD               16
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PGHDRSZ                 17
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           18
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         19
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    19
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: SQLite Runtime Status
+**
+** ^This interface is used to retrieve runtime status information
+** about the performance of SQLite, and optionally to reset various
+** highwater marks.  ^The first argument is an integer code for
+** the specific parameter to measure.  ^(Recognized integer codes
+** are of the form [status parameters | SQLITE_STATUS_...].)^
+** ^The current value of the parameter is returned into *pCurrent.
+** ^The highest recorded value is returned in *pHighwater.  ^If the
+** resetFlag is true, then the highest record value is reset after
+** *pHighwater is written.  ^(Some parameters do not record the highest
+** value.  For those parameters
+** nothing is written into *pHighwater and the resetFlag is ignored.)^
+** ^(Other parameters record only the highwater mark and not the current
+** value.  For these latter parameters nothing is written into *pCurrent.)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
+** non-zero [error code] on failure.
+**
+** This routine is threadsafe but is not atomic.  This routine can be
+** called while other threads are running the same or different SQLite
+** interfaces.  However the values returned in *pCurrent and
+** *pHighwater reflect the status of SQLite at different points in time
+** and it is possible that another thread might change the parameter
+** in between the times when *pCurrent and *pHighwater are written.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_db_status()]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetFlag);
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters
+** KEYWORDS: {status parameters}
+**
+** These integer constants designate various run-time status parameters
+** that can be returned by [sqlite3_status()].
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter is the current amount of memory checked out
+** using [sqlite3_malloc()], either directly or indirectly.  The
+** figure includes calls made to [sqlite3_malloc()] by the application
+** and internal memory usage by the SQLite library.  Scratch memory
+** controlled by [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH] and auxiliary page-cache
+** memory controlled by [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE] is not included in
+** this parameter.  The amount returned is the sum of the allocation
+** sizes as reported by the xSize method in [sqlite3_mem_methods].</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
+** handed to [sqlite3_malloc()] or [sqlite3_realloc()] (or their
+** internal equivalents).  Only the value returned in the
+** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
+** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the number of separate memory allocations
+** currently checked out.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of pages used out of the
+** [pagecache memory allocator] that was configured using 
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE].  The
+** value returned is in pages, not in bytes.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW]] 
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of bytes of page cache
+** allocation which could not be satisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]
+** buffer and where forced to overflow to [sqlite3_malloc()].  The
+** returned value includes allocations that overflowed because they
+** where too large (they were larger than the "sz" parameter to
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]) and allocations that overflowed because
+** no space was left in the page cache.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
+** handed to [pagecache memory allocator].  Only the value returned in the
+** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
+** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of allocations used out of the
+** [scratch memory allocator] configured using
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH].  The value returned is in allocations, not
+** in bytes.  Since a single thread may only have one scratch allocation
+** outstanding at time, this parameter also reports the number of threads
+** using scratch memory at the same time.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of bytes of scratch memory
+** allocation which could not be satisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]
+** buffer and where forced to overflow to [sqlite3_malloc()].  The values
+** returned include overflows because the requested allocation was too
+** larger (that is, because the requested allocation was larger than the
+** "sz" parameter to [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]) and because no scratch buffer
+** slots were available.
+** </dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
+** handed to [scratch memory allocator].  Only the value returned in the
+** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
+** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the deepest parser stack.  It is only
+** meaningful if SQLite is compiled with [YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH].</dd>)^
+** </dl>
+**
+** New status parameters may be added from time to time.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED          0
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED       1
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW   2
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED         3
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW     4
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE          5
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK         6
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE       7
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE         8
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT         9
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Status
+**
+** ^This interface is used to retrieve runtime status information 
+** about a single [database connection].  ^The first argument is the
+** database connection object to be interrogated.  ^The second argument
+** is an integer constant, taken from the set of
+** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS options], that
+** determines the parameter to interrogate.  The set of 
+** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS options] is likely
+** to grow in future releases of SQLite.
+**
+** ^The current value of the requested parameter is written into *pCur
+** and the highest instantaneous value is written into *pHiwtr.  ^If
+** the resetFlg is true, then the highest instantaneous value is
+** reset back down to the current value.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_db_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
+** non-zero [error code] on failure.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_status()] and [sqlite3_stmt_status()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(sqlite3*, int op, int *pCur, int *pHiwtr, int resetFlg);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters for database connections
+** KEYWORDS: {SQLITE_DBSTATUS options}
+**
+** These constants are the available integer "verbs" that can be passed as
+** the second argument to the [sqlite3_db_status()] interface.
+**
+** New verbs may be added in future releases of SQLite. Existing verbs
+** might be discontinued. Applications should check the return code from
+** [sqlite3_db_status()] to make sure that the call worked.
+** The [sqlite3_db_status()] interface will return a non-zero error code
+** if a discontinued or unsupported verb is invoked.
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of lookaside memory slots currently
+** checked out.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that were 
+** satisfied using lookaside memory. Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that might have
+** been satisfied using lookaside memory but failed due to the amount of
+** memory requested being larger than the lookaside slot size.
+** Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that might have
+** been satisfied using lookaside memory but failed due to all lookaside
+** memory already being in use.
+** Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
+** memory used by all pager caches associated with the database connection.)^
+** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED is always 0.
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
+** memory used to store the schema for all databases associated
+** with the connection - main, temp, and any [ATTACH]-ed databases.)^ 
+** ^The full amount of memory used by the schemas is reported, even if the
+** schema memory is shared with other database connections due to
+** [shared cache mode] being enabled.
+** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED is always 0.
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
+** and lookaside memory used by all prepared statements associated with
+** the database connection.)^
+** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED is always 0.
+** </dd>
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED       0
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED           1
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED          2
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED            3
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT        4
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE  5
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL  6
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                  6   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Prepared Statement Status
+**
+** ^(Each prepared statement maintains various
+** [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counters] that measure the number
+** of times it has performed specific operations.)^  These counters can
+** be used to monitor the performance characteristics of the prepared
+** statements.  For example, if the number of table steps greatly exceeds
+** the number of table searches or result rows, that would tend to indicate
+** that the prepared statement is using a full table scan rather than
+** an index.  
+**
+** ^(This interface is used to retrieve and reset counter values from
+** a [prepared statement].  The first argument is the prepared statement
+** object to be interrogated.  The second argument
+** is an integer code for a specific [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counter]
+** to be interrogated.)^
+** ^The current value of the requested counter is returned.
+** ^If the resetFlg is true, then the counter is reset to zero after this
+** interface call returns.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_status()] and [sqlite3_db_status()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_status(sqlite3_stmt*, int op,int resetFlg);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters for prepared statements
+** KEYWORDS: {SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counter} {SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counters}
+**
+** These preprocessor macros define integer codes that name counter
+** values associated with the [sqlite3_stmt_status()] interface.
+** The meanings of the various counters are as follows:
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of times that SQLite has stepped forward in
+** a table as part of a full table scan.  Large numbers for this counter
+** may indicate opportunities for performance improvement through 
+** careful use of indices.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of sort operations that have occurred.
+** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
+** improvement performance through careful use of indices.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of rows inserted into transient indices that
+** were created automatically in order to help joins run faster.
+** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
+** improvement performance by adding permanent indices that do not
+** need to be reinitialized each time the statement is run.</dd>
+**
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP     1
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT              2
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX         3
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Custom Page Cache Object
+**
+** The sqlite3_pcache type is opaque.  It is implemented by
+** the pluggable module.  The SQLite core has no knowledge of
+** its size or internal structure and never deals with the
+** sqlite3_pcache object except by holding and passing pointers
+** to the object.
+**
+** See [sqlite3_pcache_methods] for additional information.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_pcache sqlite3_pcache;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Application Defined Page Cache.
+** KEYWORDS: {page cache}
+**
+** ^(The [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE], ...) interface can
+** register an alternative page cache implementation by passing in an 
+** instance of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure.)^
+** In many applications, most of the heap memory allocated by 
+** SQLite is used for the page cache.
+** By implementing a 
+** custom page cache using this API, an application can better control
+** the amount of memory consumed by SQLite, the way in which 
+** that memory is allocated and released, and the policies used to 
+** determine exactly which parts of a database file are cached and for 
+** how long.
+**
+** The alternative page cache mechanism is an
+** extreme measure that is only needed by the most demanding applications.
+** The built-in page cache is recommended for most uses.
+**
+** ^(The contents of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure are copied to an
+** internal buffer by SQLite within the call to [sqlite3_config].  Hence
+** the application may discard the parameter after the call to
+** [sqlite3_config()] returns.)^
+**
+** [[the xInit() page cache method]]
+** ^(The xInit() method is called once for each effective 
+** call to [sqlite3_initialize()])^
+** (usually only once during the lifetime of the process). ^(The xInit()
+** method is passed a copy of the sqlite3_pcache_methods.pArg value.)^
+** The intent of the xInit() method is to set up global data structures 
+** required by the custom page cache implementation. 
+** ^(If the xInit() method is NULL, then the 
+** built-in default page cache is used instead of the application defined
+** page cache.)^
+**
+** [[the xShutdown() page cache method]]
+** ^The xShutdown() method is called by [sqlite3_shutdown()].
+** It can be used to clean up 
+** any outstanding resources before process shutdown, if required.
+** ^The xShutdown() method may be NULL.
+**
+** ^SQLite automatically serializes calls to the xInit method,
+** so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.  ^The
+** xShutdown method is only called from [sqlite3_shutdown()] so it does
+** not need to be threadsafe either.  All other methods must be threadsafe
+** in multithreaded applications.
+**
+** ^SQLite will never invoke xInit() more than once without an intervening
+** call to xShutdown().
+**
+** [[the xCreate() page cache methods]]
+** ^SQLite invokes the xCreate() method to construct a new cache instance.
+** SQLite will typically create one cache instance for each open database file,
+** though this is not guaranteed. ^The
+** first parameter, szPage, is the size in bytes of the pages that must
+** be allocated by the cache.  ^szPage will not be a power of two.  ^szPage
+** will the page size of the database file that is to be cached plus an
+** increment (here called "R") of less than 250.  SQLite will use the
+** extra R bytes on each page to store metadata about the underlying
+** database page on disk.  The value of R depends
+** on the SQLite version, the target platform, and how SQLite was compiled.
+** ^(R is constant for a particular build of SQLite. Except, there are two
+** distinct values of R when SQLite is compiled with the proprietary
+** ZIPVFS extension.)^  ^The second argument to
+** xCreate(), bPurgeable, is true if the cache being created will
+** be used to cache database pages of a file stored on disk, or
+** false if it is used for an in-memory database. The cache implementation
+** does not have to do anything special based with the value of bPurgeable;
+** it is purely advisory.  ^On a cache where bPurgeable is false, SQLite will
+** never invoke xUnpin() except to deliberately delete a page.
+** ^In other words, calls to xUnpin() on a cache with bPurgeable set to
+** false will always have the "discard" flag set to true.  
+** ^Hence, a cache created with bPurgeable false will
+** never contain any unpinned pages.
+**
+** [[the xCachesize() page cache method]]
+** ^(The xCachesize() method may be called at any time by SQLite to set the
+** suggested maximum cache-size (number of pages stored by) the cache
+** instance passed as the first argument. This is the value configured using
+** the SQLite "[PRAGMA cache_size]" command.)^  As with the bPurgeable
+** parameter, the implementation is not required to do anything with this
+** value; it is advisory only.
+**
+** [[the xPagecount() page cache methods]]
+** The xPagecount() method must return the number of pages currently
+** stored in the cache, both pinned and unpinned.
+** 
+** [[the xFetch() page cache methods]]
+** The xFetch() method locates a page in the cache and returns a pointer to 
+** the page, or a NULL pointer.
+** A "page", in this context, means a buffer of szPage bytes aligned at an
+** 8-byte boundary. The page to be fetched is determined by the key. ^The
+** minimum key value is 1.  After it has been retrieved using xFetch, the page 
+** is considered to be "pinned".
+**
+** If the requested page is already in the page cache, then the page cache
+** implementation must return a pointer to the page buffer with its content
+** intact.  If the requested page is not already in the cache, then the
+** cache implementation should use the value of the createFlag
+** parameter to help it determined what action to take:
+**
+** <table border=1 width=85% align=center>
+** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behaviour when page is not already in cache
+** <tr><td> 0 <td> Do not allocate a new page.  Return NULL.
+** <tr><td> 1 <td> Allocate a new page if it easy and convenient to do so.
+**                 Otherwise return NULL.
+** <tr><td> 2 <td> Make every effort to allocate a new page.  Only return
+**                 NULL if allocating a new page is effectively impossible.
+** </table>
+**
+** ^(SQLite will normally invoke xFetch() with a createFlag of 0 or 1.  SQLite
+** will only use a createFlag of 2 after a prior call with a createFlag of 1
+** failed.)^  In between the to xFetch() calls, SQLite may
+** attempt to unpin one or more cache pages by spilling the content of
+** pinned pages to disk and synching the operating system disk cache.
+**
+** [[the xUnpin() page cache method]]
+** ^xUnpin() is called by SQLite with a pointer to a currently pinned page
+** as its second argument.  If the third parameter, discard, is non-zero,
+** then the page must be evicted from the cache.
+** ^If the discard parameter is
+** zero, then the page may be discarded or retained at the discretion of
+** page cache implementation. ^The page cache implementation
+** may choose to evict unpinned pages at any time.
+**
+** The cache must not perform any reference counting. A single 
+** call to xUnpin() unpins the page regardless of the number of prior calls 
+** to xFetch().
+**
+** [[the xRekey() page cache methods]]
+** The xRekey() method is used to change the key value associated with the
+** page passed as the second argument. If the cache
+** previously contains an entry associated with newKey, it must be
+** discarded. ^Any prior cache entry associated with newKey is guaranteed not
+** to be pinned.
+**
+** When SQLite calls the xTruncate() method, the cache must discard all
+** existing cache entries with page numbers (keys) greater than or equal
+** to the value of the iLimit parameter passed to xTruncate(). If any
+** of these pages are pinned, they are implicitly unpinned, meaning that
+** they can be safely discarded.
+**
+** [[the xDestroy() page cache method]]
+** ^The xDestroy() method is used to delete a cache allocated by xCreate().
+** All resources associated with the specified cache should be freed. ^After
+** calling the xDestroy() method, SQLite considers the [sqlite3_pcache*]
+** handle invalid, and will not use it with any other sqlite3_pcache_methods
+** functions.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_pcache_methods sqlite3_pcache_methods;
+struct sqlite3_pcache_methods {
+  void *pArg;
+  int (*xInit)(void*);
+  void (*xShutdown)(void*);
+  sqlite3_pcache *(*xCreate)(int szPage, int bPurgeable);
+  void (*xCachesize)(sqlite3_pcache*, int nCachesize);
+  int (*xPagecount)(sqlite3_pcache*);
+  void *(*xFetch)(sqlite3_pcache*, unsigned key, int createFlag);
+  void (*xUnpin)(sqlite3_pcache*, void*, int discard);
+  void (*xRekey)(sqlite3_pcache*, void*, unsigned oldKey, unsigned newKey);
+  void (*xTruncate)(sqlite3_pcache*, unsigned iLimit);
+  void (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_pcache*);
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Online Backup Object
+**
+** The sqlite3_backup object records state information about an ongoing
+** online backup operation.  ^The sqlite3_backup object is created by
+** a call to [sqlite3_backup_init()] and is destroyed by a call to
+** [sqlite3_backup_finish()].
+**
+** See Also: [Using the SQLite Online Backup API]
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Online Backup API.
+**
+** The backup API copies the content of one database into another.
+** It is useful either for creating backups of databases or
+** for copying in-memory databases to or from persistent files. 
+**
+** See Also: [Using the SQLite Online Backup API]
+**
+** ^SQLite holds a write transaction open on the destination database file
+** for the duration of the backup operation.
+** ^The source database is read-locked only while it is being read;
+** it is not locked continuously for the entire backup operation.
+** ^Thus, the backup may be performed on a live source database without
+** preventing other database connections from
+** reading or writing to the source database while the backup is underway.
+** 
+** ^(To perform a backup operation: 
+**   <ol>
+**     <li><b>sqlite3_backup_init()</b> is called once to initialize the
+**         backup, 
+**     <li><b>sqlite3_backup_step()</b> is called one or more times to transfer 
+**         the data between the two databases, and finally
+**     <li><b>sqlite3_backup_finish()</b> is called to release all resources 
+**         associated with the backup operation. 
+**   </ol>)^
+** There should be exactly one call to sqlite3_backup_finish() for each
+** successful call to sqlite3_backup_init().
+**
+** [[sqlite3_backup_init()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_init()</b>
+**
+** ^The D and N arguments to sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) are the 
+** [database connection] associated with the destination database 
+** and the database name, respectively.
+** ^The database name is "main" for the main database, "temp" for the
+** temporary database, or the name specified after the AS keyword in
+** an [ATTACH] statement for an attached database.
+** ^The S and M arguments passed to 
+** sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) identify the [database connection]
+** and database name of the source database, respectively.
+** ^The source and destination [database connections] (parameters S and D)
+** must be different or else sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) will fail with
+** an error.
+**
+** ^If an error occurs within sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M), then NULL is
+** returned and an error code and error message are stored in the
+** destination [database connection] D.
+** ^The error code and message for the failed call to sqlite3_backup_init()
+** can be retrieved using the [sqlite3_errcode()], [sqlite3_errmsg()], and/or
+** [sqlite3_errmsg16()] functions.
+** ^A successful call to sqlite3_backup_init() returns a pointer to an
+** [sqlite3_backup] object.
+** ^The [sqlite3_backup] object may be used with the sqlite3_backup_step() and
+** sqlite3_backup_finish() functions to perform the specified backup 
+** operation.
+**
+** [[sqlite3_backup_step()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_step()</b>
+**
+** ^Function sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) will copy up to N pages between 
+** the source and destination databases specified by [sqlite3_backup] object B.
+** ^If N is negative, all remaining source pages are copied. 
+** ^If sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) successfully copies N pages and there
+** are still more pages to be copied, then the function returns [SQLITE_OK].
+** ^If sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) successfully finishes copying all pages
+** from source to destination, then it returns [SQLITE_DONE].
+** ^If an error occurs while running sqlite3_backup_step(B,N),
+** then an [error code] is returned. ^As well as [SQLITE_OK] and
+** [SQLITE_DONE], a call to sqlite3_backup_step() may return [SQLITE_READONLY],
+** [SQLITE_NOMEM], [SQLITE_BUSY], [SQLITE_LOCKED], or an
+** [SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS | SQLITE_IOERR_XXX] extended error code.
+**
+** ^(The sqlite3_backup_step() might return [SQLITE_READONLY] if
+** <ol>
+** <li> the destination database was opened read-only, or
+** <li> the destination database is using write-ahead-log journaling
+** and the destination and source page sizes differ, or
+** <li> the destination database is an in-memory database and the
+** destination and source page sizes differ.
+** </ol>)^
+**
+** ^If sqlite3_backup_step() cannot obtain a required file-system lock, then
+** the [sqlite3_busy_handler | busy-handler function]
+** is invoked (if one is specified). ^If the 
+** busy-handler returns non-zero before the lock is available, then 
+** [SQLITE_BUSY] is returned to the caller. ^In this case the call to
+** sqlite3_backup_step() can be retried later. ^If the source
+** [database connection]
+** is being used to write to the source database when sqlite3_backup_step()
+** is called, then [SQLITE_LOCKED] is returned immediately. ^Again, in this
+** case the call to sqlite3_backup_step() can be retried later on. ^(If
+** [SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS | SQLITE_IOERR_XXX], [SQLITE_NOMEM], or
+** [SQLITE_READONLY] is returned, then 
+** there is no point in retrying the call to sqlite3_backup_step(). These 
+** errors are considered fatal.)^  The application must accept 
+** that the backup operation has failed and pass the backup operation handle 
+** to the sqlite3_backup_finish() to release associated resources.
+**
+** ^The first call to sqlite3_backup_step() obtains an exclusive lock
+** on the destination file. ^The exclusive lock is not released until either 
+** sqlite3_backup_finish() is called or the backup operation is complete 
+** and sqlite3_backup_step() returns [SQLITE_DONE].  ^Every call to
+** sqlite3_backup_step() obtains a [shared lock] on the source database that
+** lasts for the duration of the sqlite3_backup_step() call.
+** ^Because the source database is not locked between calls to
+** sqlite3_backup_step(), the source database may be modified mid-way
+** through the backup process.  ^If the source database is modified by an
+** external process or via a database connection other than the one being
+** used by the backup operation, then the backup will be automatically
+** restarted by the next call to sqlite3_backup_step(). ^If the source 
+** database is modified by the using the same database connection as is used
+** by the backup operation, then the backup database is automatically
+** updated at the same time.
+**
+** [[sqlite3_backup_finish()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_finish()</b>
+**
+** When sqlite3_backup_step() has returned [SQLITE_DONE], or when the 
+** application wishes to abandon the backup operation, the application
+** should destroy the [sqlite3_backup] by passing it to sqlite3_backup_finish().
+** ^The sqlite3_backup_finish() interfaces releases all
+** resources associated with the [sqlite3_backup] object. 
+** ^If sqlite3_backup_step() has not yet returned [SQLITE_DONE], then any
+** active write-transaction on the destination database is rolled back.
+** The [sqlite3_backup] object is invalid
+** and may not be used following a call to sqlite3_backup_finish().
+**
+** ^The value returned by sqlite3_backup_finish is [SQLITE_OK] if no
+** sqlite3_backup_step() errors occurred, regardless or whether or not
+** sqlite3_backup_step() completed.
+** ^If an out-of-memory condition or IO error occurred during any prior
+** sqlite3_backup_step() call on the same [sqlite3_backup] object, then
+** sqlite3_backup_finish() returns the corresponding [error code].
+**
+** ^A return of [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_LOCKED] from sqlite3_backup_step()
+** is not a permanent error and does not affect the return value of
+** sqlite3_backup_finish().
+**
+** [[sqlite3_backup__remaining()]] [[sqlite3_backup_pagecount()]]
+** <b>sqlite3_backup_remaining() and sqlite3_backup_pagecount()</b>
+**
+** ^Each call to sqlite3_backup_step() sets two values inside
+** the [sqlite3_backup] object: the number of pages still to be backed
+** up and the total number of pages in the source database file.
+** The sqlite3_backup_remaining() and sqlite3_backup_pagecount() interfaces
+** retrieve these two values, respectively.
+**
+** ^The values returned by these functions are only updated by
+** sqlite3_backup_step(). ^If the source database is modified during a backup
+** operation, then the values are not updated to account for any extra
+** pages that need to be updated or the size of the source database file
+** changing.
+**
+** <b>Concurrent Usage of Database Handles</b>
+**
+** ^The source [database connection] may be used by the application for other
+** purposes while a backup operation is underway or being initialized.
+** ^If SQLite is compiled and configured to support threadsafe database
+** connections, then the source database connection may be used concurrently
+** from within other threads.
+**
+** However, the application must guarantee that the destination 
+** [database connection] is not passed to any other API (by any thread) after 
+** sqlite3_backup_init() is called and before the corresponding call to
+** sqlite3_backup_finish().  SQLite does not currently check to see
+** if the application incorrectly accesses the destination [database connection]
+** and so no error code is reported, but the operations may malfunction
+** nevertheless.  Use of the destination database connection while a
+** backup is in progress might also also cause a mutex deadlock.
+**
+** If running in [shared cache mode], the application must
+** guarantee that the shared cache used by the destination database
+** is not accessed while the backup is running. In practice this means
+** that the application must guarantee that the disk file being 
+** backed up to is not accessed by any connection within the process,
+** not just the specific connection that was passed to sqlite3_backup_init().
+**
+** The [sqlite3_backup] object itself is partially threadsafe. Multiple 
+** threads may safely make multiple concurrent calls to sqlite3_backup_step().
+** However, the sqlite3_backup_remaining() and sqlite3_backup_pagecount()
+** APIs are not strictly speaking threadsafe. If they are invoked at the
+** same time as another thread is invoking sqlite3_backup_step() it is
+** possible that they return invalid values.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_backup *sqlite3_backup_init(
+  sqlite3 *pDest,                        /* Destination database handle */
+  const char *zDestName,                 /* Destination database name */
+  sqlite3 *pSource,                      /* Source database handle */
+  const char *zSourceName                /* Source database name */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_step(sqlite3_backup *p, int nPage);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_finish(sqlite3_backup *p);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_remaining(sqlite3_backup *p);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_pagecount(sqlite3_backup *p);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Unlock Notification
+**
+** ^When running in shared-cache mode, a database operation may fail with
+** an [SQLITE_LOCKED] error if the required locks on the shared-cache or
+** individual tables within the shared-cache cannot be obtained. See
+** [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode] for a description of shared-cache locking. 
+** ^This API may be used to register a callback that SQLite will invoke 
+** when the connection currently holding the required lock relinquishes it.
+** ^This API is only available if the library was compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY] C-preprocessor symbol defined.
+**
+** See Also: [Using the SQLite Unlock Notification Feature].
+**
+** ^Shared-cache locks are released when a database connection concludes
+** its current transaction, either by committing it or rolling it back. 
+**
+** ^When a connection (known as the blocked connection) fails to obtain a
+** shared-cache lock and SQLITE_LOCKED is returned to the caller, the
+** identity of the database connection (the blocking connection) that
+** has locked the required resource is stored internally. ^After an 
+** application receives an SQLITE_LOCKED error, it may call the
+** sqlite3_unlock_notify() method with the blocked connection handle as 
+** the first argument to register for a callback that will be invoked
+** when the blocking connections current transaction is concluded. ^The
+** callback is invoked from within the [sqlite3_step] or [sqlite3_close]
+** call that concludes the blocking connections transaction.
+**
+** ^(If sqlite3_unlock_notify() is called in a multi-threaded application,
+** there is a chance that the blocking connection will have already
+** concluded its transaction by the time sqlite3_unlock_notify() is invoked.
+** If this happens, then the specified callback is invoked immediately,
+** from within the call to sqlite3_unlock_notify().)^
+**
+** ^If the blocked connection is attempting to obtain a write-lock on a
+** shared-cache table, and more than one other connection currently holds
+** a read-lock on the same table, then SQLite arbitrarily selects one of 
+** the other connections to use as the blocking connection.
+**
+** ^(There may be at most one unlock-notify callback registered by a 
+** blocked connection. If sqlite3_unlock_notify() is called when the
+** blocked connection already has a registered unlock-notify callback,
+** then the new callback replaces the old.)^ ^If sqlite3_unlock_notify() is
+** called with a NULL pointer as its second argument, then any existing
+** unlock-notify callback is canceled. ^The blocked connections 
+** unlock-notify callback may also be canceled by closing the blocked
+** connection using [sqlite3_close()].
+**
+** The unlock-notify callback is not reentrant. If an application invokes
+** any sqlite3_xxx API functions from within an unlock-notify callback, a
+** crash or deadlock may be the result.
+**
+** ^Unless deadlock is detected (see below), sqlite3_unlock_notify() always
+** returns SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** <b>Callback Invocation Details</b>
+**
+** When an unlock-notify callback is registered, the application provides a 
+** single void* pointer that is passed to the callback when it is invoked.
+** However, the signature of the callback function allows SQLite to pass
+** it an array of void* context pointers. The first argument passed to
+** an unlock-notify callback is a pointer to an array of void* pointers,
+** and the second is the number of entries in the array.
+**
+** When a blocking connections transaction is concluded, there may be
+** more than one blocked connection that has registered for an unlock-notify
+** callback. ^If two or more such blocked connections have specified the
+** same callback function, then instead of invoking the callback function
+** multiple times, it is invoked once with the set of void* context pointers
+** specified by the blocked connections bundled together into an array.
+** This gives the application an opportunity to prioritize any actions 
+** related to the set of unblocked database connections.
+**
+** <b>Deadlock Detection</b>
+**
+** Assuming that after registering for an unlock-notify callback a 
+** database waits for the callback to be issued before taking any further
+** action (a reasonable assumption), then using this API may cause the
+** application to deadlock. For example, if connection X is waiting for
+** connection Y's transaction to be concluded, and similarly connection
+** Y is waiting on connection X's transaction, then neither connection
+** will proceed and the system may remain deadlocked indefinitely.
+**
+** To avoid this scenario, the sqlite3_unlock_notify() performs deadlock
+** detection. ^If a given call to sqlite3_unlock_notify() would put the
+** system in a deadlocked state, then SQLITE_LOCKED is returned and no
+** unlock-notify callback is registered. The system is said to be in
+** a deadlocked state if connection A has registered for an unlock-notify
+** callback on the conclusion of connection B's transaction, and connection
+** B has itself registered for an unlock-notify callback when connection
+** A's transaction is concluded. ^Indirect deadlock is also detected, so
+** the system is also considered to be deadlocked if connection B has
+** registered for an unlock-notify callback on the conclusion of connection
+** C's transaction, where connection C is waiting on connection A. ^Any
+** number of levels of indirection are allowed.
+**
+** <b>The "DROP TABLE" Exception</b>
+**
+** When a call to [sqlite3_step()] returns SQLITE_LOCKED, it is almost 
+** always appropriate to call sqlite3_unlock_notify(). There is however,
+** one exception. When executing a "DROP TABLE" or "DROP INDEX" statement,
+** SQLite checks if there are any currently executing SELECT statements
+** that belong to the same connection. If there are, SQLITE_LOCKED is
+** returned. In this case there is no "blocking connection", so invoking
+** sqlite3_unlock_notify() results in the unlock-notify callback being
+** invoked immediately. If the application then re-attempts the "DROP TABLE"
+** or "DROP INDEX" query, an infinite loop might be the result.
+**
+** One way around this problem is to check the extended error code returned
+** by an sqlite3_step() call. ^(If there is a blocking connection, then the
+** extended error code is set to SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE. Otherwise, in
+** the special "DROP TABLE/INDEX" case, the extended error code is just 
+** SQLITE_LOCKED.)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_unlock_notify(
+  sqlite3 *pBlocked,                          /* Waiting connection */
+  void (*xNotify)(void **apArg, int nArg),    /* Callback function to invoke */
+  void *pNotifyArg                            /* Argument to pass to xNotify */
+);
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: String Comparison
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_strnicmp()] API allows applications and extensions to
+** compare the contents of two buffers containing UTF-8 strings in a
+** case-independent fashion, using the same definition of case independence 
+** that SQLite uses internally when comparing identifiers.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *, const char *, int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Error Logging Interface
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the error log
+** established by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG] option to [sqlite3_config()].
+** ^If logging is enabled, the zFormat string and subsequent arguments are
+** used with [sqlite3_snprintf()] to generate the final output string.
+**
+** The sqlite3_log() interface is intended for use by extensions such as
+** virtual tables, collating functions, and SQL functions.  While there is
+** nothing to prevent an application from calling sqlite3_log(), doing so
+** is considered bad form.
+**
+** The zFormat string must not be NULL.
+**
+** To avoid deadlocks and other threading problems, the sqlite3_log() routine
+** will not use dynamically allocated memory.  The log message is stored in
+** a fixed-length buffer on the stack.  If the log message is longer than
+** a few hundred characters, it will be truncated to the length of the
+** buffer.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_log(int iErrCode, const char *zFormat, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Write-Ahead Log Commit Hook
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_hook()] function is used to register a callback that
+** will be invoked each time a database connection commits data to a
+** [write-ahead log] (i.e. whenever a transaction is committed in
+** [journal_mode | journal_mode=WAL mode]). 
+**
+** ^The callback is invoked by SQLite after the commit has taken place and 
+** the associated write-lock on the database released, so the implementation 
+** may read, write or [checkpoint] the database as required.
+**
+** ^The first parameter passed to the callback function when it is invoked
+** is a copy of the third parameter passed to sqlite3_wal_hook() when
+** registering the callback. ^The second is a copy of the database handle.
+** ^The third parameter is the name of the database that was written to -
+** either "main" or the name of an [ATTACH]-ed database. ^The fourth parameter
+** is the number of pages currently in the write-ahead log file,
+** including those that were just committed.
+**
+** The callback function should normally return [SQLITE_OK].  ^If an error
+** code is returned, that error will propagate back up through the
+** SQLite code base to cause the statement that provoked the callback
+** to report an error, though the commit will have still occurred. If the
+** callback returns [SQLITE_ROW] or [SQLITE_DONE], or if it returns a value
+** that does not correspond to any valid SQLite error code, the results
+** are undefined.
+**
+** A single database handle may have at most a single write-ahead log callback 
+** registered at one time. ^Calling [sqlite3_wal_hook()] replaces any
+** previously registered write-ahead log callback. ^Note that the
+** [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
+** [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] both invoke [sqlite3_wal_hook()] and will
+** those overwrite any prior [sqlite3_wal_hook()] settings.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_wal_hook(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  int(*)(void *,sqlite3*,const char*,int),
+  void*
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Configure an auto-checkpoint
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(D,N)] is a wrapper around
+** [sqlite3_wal_hook()] that causes any database on [database connection] D
+** to automatically [checkpoint]
+** after committing a transaction if there are N or
+** more frames in the [write-ahead log] file.  ^Passing zero or 
+** a negative value as the nFrame parameter disables automatic
+** checkpoints entirely.
+**
+** ^The callback registered by this function replaces any existing callback
+** registered using [sqlite3_wal_hook()].  ^Likewise, registering a callback
+** using [sqlite3_wal_hook()] disables the automatic checkpoint mechanism
+** configured by this function.
+**
+** ^The [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
+** from SQL.
+**
+** ^Every new [database connection] defaults to having the auto-checkpoint
+** enabled with a threshold of 1000 or [SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT]
+** pages.  The use of this interface
+** is only necessary if the default setting is found to be suboptimal
+** for a particular application.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(sqlite3 *db, int N);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint a database
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(D,X)] interface causes database named X
+** on [database connection] D to be [checkpointed].  ^If X is NULL or an
+** empty string, then a checkpoint is run on all databases of
+** connection D.  ^If the database connection D is not in
+** [WAL | write-ahead log mode] then this interface is a harmless no-op.
+**
+** ^The [wal_checkpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
+** from SQL.  ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
+** [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to cause this interface to be
+** run whenever the WAL reaches a certain size threshold.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint a database
+**
+** Run a checkpoint operation on WAL database zDb attached to database 
+** handle db. The specific operation is determined by the value of the 
+** eMode parameter:
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE<dd>
+**   Checkpoint as many frames as possible without waiting for any database 
+**   readers or writers to finish. Sync the db file if all frames in the log
+**   are checkpointed. This mode is the same as calling 
+**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The busy-handler callback is never invoked.
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<dd>
+**   This mode blocks (calls the busy-handler callback) until there is no
+**   database writer and all readers are reading from the most recent database
+**   snapshot. It then checkpoints all frames in the log file and syncs the
+**   database file. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
+**   but not database readers.
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART<dd>
+**   This mode works the same way as SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, except after 
+**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the busy-handler callback)
+**   until all readers are reading from the database file only. This ensures 
+**   that the next client to write to the database file restarts the log file 
+**   from the beginning. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
+**   but not database readers.
+** </dl>
+**
+** If pnLog is not NULL, then *pnLog is set to the total number of frames in
+** the log file before returning. If pnCkpt is not NULL, then *pnCkpt is set to
+** the total number of checkpointed frames (including any that were already
+** checkpointed when this function is called). *pnLog and *pnCkpt may be
+** populated even if sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2() returns other than SQLITE_OK.
+** If no values are available because of an error, they are both set to -1
+** before returning to communicate this to the caller.
+**
+** All calls obtain an exclusive "checkpoint" lock on the database file. If
+** any other process is running a checkpoint operation at the same time, the 
+** lock cannot be obtained and SQLITE_BUSY is returned. Even if there is a 
+** busy-handler configured, it will not be invoked in this case.
+**
+** The SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL and RESTART modes also obtain the exclusive 
+** "writer" lock on the database file. If the writer lock cannot be obtained
+** immediately, and a busy-handler is configured, it is invoked and the writer
+** lock retried until either the busy-handler returns 0 or the lock is
+** successfully obtained. The busy-handler is also invoked while waiting for
+** database readers as described above. If the busy-handler returns 0 before
+** the writer lock is obtained or while waiting for database readers, the
+** checkpoint operation proceeds from that point in the same way as 
+** SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE - checkpointing as many frames as possible 
+** without blocking any further. SQLITE_BUSY is returned in this case.
+**
+** If parameter zDb is NULL or points to a zero length string, then the
+** specified operation is attempted on all WAL databases. In this case the
+** values written to output parameters *pnLog and *pnCkpt are undefined. If 
+** an SQLITE_BUSY error is encountered when processing one or more of the 
+** attached WAL databases, the operation is still attempted on any remaining 
+** attached databases and SQLITE_BUSY is returned to the caller. If any other 
+** error occurs while processing an attached database, processing is abandoned 
+** and the error code returned to the caller immediately. If no error 
+** (SQLITE_BUSY or otherwise) is encountered while processing the attached 
+** databases, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+**
+** If database zDb is the name of an attached database that is not in WAL
+** mode, SQLITE_OK is returned and both *pnLog and *pnCkpt set to -1. If
+** zDb is not NULL (or a zero length string) and is not the name of any
+** attached database, SQLITE_ERROR is returned to the caller.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  const char *zDb,                /* Name of attached database (or NULL) */
+  int eMode,                      /* SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_* value */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Size of WAL log in frames */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Total number of frames checkpointed */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint operation parameters
+**
+** These constants can be used as the 3rd parameter to
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()].  See the [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()]
+** documentation for additional information about the meaning and use of
+** each of these values.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE 0
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL    1
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART 2
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Interface Configuration
+**
+** This function may be called by either the [xConnect] or [xCreate] method
+** of a [virtual table] implementation to configure
+** various facets of the virtual table interface.
+**
+** If this interface is invoked outside the context of an xConnect or
+** xCreate virtual table method then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** At present, there is only one option that may be configured using
+** this function. (See [SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT].)  Further options
+** may be added in the future.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_config(sqlite3*, int op, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Configuration Options
+**
+** These macros define the various options to the
+** [sqlite3_vtab_config()] interface that [virtual table] implementations
+** can use to customize and optimize their behavior.
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT
+** <dd>Calls of the form
+** [sqlite3_vtab_config](db,SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT,X) are supported,
+** where X is an integer.  If X is zero, then the [virtual table] whose
+** [xCreate] or [xConnect] method invoked [sqlite3_vtab_config()] does not
+** support constraints.  In this configuration (which is the default) if
+** a call to the [xUpdate] method returns [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], then the entire
+** statement is rolled back as if [ON CONFLICT | OR ABORT] had been
+** specified as part of the users SQL statement, regardless of the actual
+** ON CONFLICT mode specified.
+**
+** If X is non-zero, then the virtual table implementation guarantees
+** that if [xUpdate] returns [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], it will do so before
+** any modifications to internal or persistent data structures have been made.
+** If the [ON CONFLICT] mode is ABORT, FAIL, IGNORE or ROLLBACK, SQLite 
+** is able to roll back a statement or database transaction, and abandon
+** or continue processing the current SQL statement as appropriate. 
+** If the ON CONFLICT mode is REPLACE and the [xUpdate] method returns
+** [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], SQLite handles this as if the ON CONFLICT mode
+** had been ABORT.
+**
+** Virtual table implementations that are required to handle OR REPLACE
+** must do so within the [xUpdate] method. If a call to the 
+** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] function indicates that the current ON 
+** CONFLICT policy is REPLACE, the virtual table implementation should 
+** silently replace the appropriate rows within the xUpdate callback and
+** return SQLITE_OK. Or, if this is not possible, it may return
+** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, in which case SQLite falls back to OR ABORT 
+** constraint handling.
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT 1
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine The Virtual Table Conflict Policy
+**
+** This function may only be called from within a call to the [xUpdate] method
+** of a [virtual table] implementation for an INSERT or UPDATE operation. ^The
+** value returned is one of [SQLITE_ROLLBACK], [SQLITE_IGNORE], [SQLITE_FAIL],
+** [SQLITE_ABORT], or [SQLITE_REPLACE], according to the [ON CONFLICT] mode
+** of the SQL statement that triggered the call to the [xUpdate] method of the
+** [virtual table].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(sqlite3 *);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Conflict resolution modes
+**
+** These constants are returned by [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] to
+** inform a [virtual table] implementation what the [ON CONFLICT] mode
+** is for the SQL statement being evaluated.
+**
+** Note that the [SQLITE_IGNORE] constant is also used as a potential
+** return value from the [sqlite3_set_authorizer()] callback and that
+** [SQLITE_ABORT] is also a [result code].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_ROLLBACK 1
+/* #define SQLITE_IGNORE 2 // Also used by sqlite3_authorizer() callback */
+#define SQLITE_FAIL     3
+/* #define SQLITE_ABORT 4  // Also an error code */
+#define SQLITE_REPLACE  5
+
+
+
+/*
+** Undo the hack that converts floating point types to integer for
+** builds on processors without floating point support.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+# undef double
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+}  /* End of the 'extern "C"' block */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** 2010 August 30
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SQLITE3RTREE_H_
+#define _SQLITE3RTREE_H_
+
+
+#if 0
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry sqlite3_rtree_geometry;
+
+/*
+** Register a geometry callback named zGeom that can be used as part of an
+** R-Tree geometry query as follows:
+**
+**   SELECT ... FROM <rtree> WHERE <rtree col> MATCH $zGeom(... params ...)
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zGeom,
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int nCoord, double *aCoord, int *pRes),
+  void *pContext
+);
+
+
+/*
+** A pointer to a structure of the following type is passed as the first
+** argument to callbacks registered using rtree_geometry_callback().
+*/
+struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry {
+  void *pContext;                 /* Copy of pContext passed to s_r_g_c() */
+  int nParam;                     /* Size of array aParam[] */
+  double *aParam;                 /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
+  void *pUser;                    /* Callback implementation user data */
+  void (*xDelUser)(void *);       /* Called by SQLite to clean up pUser */
+};
+
+
+#if 0
+}  /* end of the 'extern "C"' block */
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* ifndef _SQLITE3RTREE_H_ */
+
+
+/************** End of sqlite3.h *********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+/************** Include hash.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ******************/
+/************** Begin file hash.h ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implemenation
+** used in SQLite.
+*/
+#ifndef _SQLITE_HASH_H_
+#define _SQLITE_HASH_H_
+
+/* Forward declarations of structures. */
+typedef struct Hash Hash;
+typedef struct HashElem HashElem;
+
+/* A complete hash table is an instance of the following structure.
+** The internals of this structure are intended to be opaque -- client
+** code should not attempt to access or modify the fields of this structure
+** directly.  Change this structure only by using the routines below.
+** However, some of the "procedures" and "functions" for modifying and
+** accessing this structure are really macros, so we can't really make
+** this structure opaque.
+**
+** All elements of the hash table are on a single doubly-linked list.
+** Hash.first points to the head of this list.
+**
+** There are Hash.htsize buckets.  Each bucket points to a spot in
+** the global doubly-linked list.  The contents of the bucket are the
+** element pointed to plus the next _ht.count-1 elements in the list.
+**
+** Hash.htsize and Hash.ht may be zero.  In that case lookup is done
+** by a linear search of the global list.  For small tables, the 
+** Hash.ht table is never allocated because if there are few elements
+** in the table, it is faster to do a linear search than to manage
+** the hash table.
+*/
+struct Hash {
+  unsigned int htsize;      /* Number of buckets in the hash table */
+  unsigned int count;       /* Number of entries in this table */
+  HashElem *first;          /* The first element of the array */
+  struct _ht {              /* the hash table */
+    int count;                 /* Number of entries with this hash */
+    HashElem *chain;           /* Pointer to first entry with this hash */
+  } *ht;
+};
+
+/* Each element in the hash table is an instance of the following 
+** structure.  All elements are stored on a single doubly-linked list.
+**
+** Again, this structure is intended to be opaque, but it can't really
+** be opaque because it is used by macros.
+*/
+struct HashElem {
+  HashElem *next, *prev;       /* Next and previous elements in the table */
+  void *data;                  /* Data associated with this element */
+  const char *pKey; int nKey;  /* Key associated with this element */
+};
+
+/*
+** Access routines.  To delete, insert a NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HashInit(Hash*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HashInsert(Hash*, const char *pKey, int nKey, void *pData);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HashFind(const Hash*, const char *pKey, int nKey);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HashClear(Hash*);
+
+/*
+** Macros for looping over all elements of a hash table.  The idiom is
+** like this:
+**
+**   Hash h;
+**   HashElem *p;
+**   ...
+**   for(p=sqliteHashFirst(&h); p; p=sqliteHashNext(p)){
+**     SomeStructure *pData = sqliteHashData(p);
+**     // do something with pData
+**   }
+*/
+#define sqliteHashFirst(H)  ((H)->first)
+#define sqliteHashNext(E)   ((E)->next)
+#define sqliteHashData(E)   ((E)->data)
+/* #define sqliteHashKey(E)    ((E)->pKey) // NOT USED */
+/* #define sqliteHashKeysize(E) ((E)->nKey)  // NOT USED */
+
+/*
+** Number of entries in a hash table
+*/
+/* #define sqliteHashCount(H)  ((H)->count) // NOT USED */
+
+#endif /* _SQLITE_HASH_H_ */
+
+/************** End of hash.h ************************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+/************** Include parse.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h *****************/
+/************** Begin file parse.h *******************************************/
+#define TK_SEMI                            1
+#define TK_EXPLAIN                         2
+#define TK_QUERY                           3
+#define TK_PLAN                            4
+#define TK_BEGIN                           5
+#define TK_TRANSACTION                     6
+#define TK_DEFERRED                        7
+#define TK_IMMEDIATE                       8
+#define TK_EXCLUSIVE                       9
+#define TK_COMMIT                         10
+#define TK_END                            11
+#define TK_ROLLBACK                       12
+#define TK_SAVEPOINT                      13
+#define TK_RELEASE                        14
+#define TK_TO                             15
+#define TK_TABLE                          16
+#define TK_CREATE                         17
+#define TK_IF                             18
+#define TK_NOT                            19
+#define TK_EXISTS                         20
+#define TK_TEMP                           21
+#define TK_LP                             22
+#define TK_RP                             23
+#define TK_AS                             24
+#define TK_COMMA                          25
+#define TK_ID                             26
+#define TK_INDEXED                        27
+#define TK_ABORT                          28
+#define TK_ACTION                         29
+#define TK_AFTER                          30
+#define TK_ANALYZE                        31
+#define TK_ASC                            32
+#define TK_ATTACH                         33
+#define TK_BEFORE                         34
+#define TK_BY                             35
+#define TK_CASCADE                        36
+#define TK_CAST                           37
+#define TK_COLUMNKW                       38
+#define TK_CONFLICT                       39
+#define TK_DATABASE                       40
+#define TK_DESC                           41
+#define TK_DETACH                         42
+#define TK_EACH                           43
+#define TK_FAIL                           44
+#define TK_FOR                            45
+#define TK_IGNORE                         46
+#define TK_INITIALLY                      47
+#define TK_INSTEAD                        48
+#define TK_LIKE_KW                        49
+#define TK_MATCH                          50
+#define TK_NO                             51
+#define TK_KEY                            52
+#define TK_OF                             53
+#define TK_OFFSET                         54
+#define TK_PRAGMA                         55
+#define TK_RAISE                          56
+#define TK_REPLACE                        57
+#define TK_RESTRICT                       58
+#define TK_ROW                            59
+#define TK_TRIGGER                        60
+#define TK_VACUUM                         61
+#define TK_VIEW                           62
+#define TK_VIRTUAL                        63
+#define TK_REINDEX                        64
+#define TK_RENAME                         65
+#define TK_CTIME_KW                       66
+#define TK_ANY                            67
+#define TK_OR                             68
+#define TK_AND                            69
+#define TK_IS                             70
+#define TK_BETWEEN                        71
+#define TK_IN                             72
+#define TK_ISNULL                         73
+#define TK_NOTNULL                        74
+#define TK_NE                             75
+#define TK_EQ                             76
+#define TK_GT                             77
+#define TK_LE                             78
+#define TK_LT                             79
+#define TK_GE                             80
+#define TK_ESCAPE                         81
+#define TK_BITAND                         82
+#define TK_BITOR                          83
+#define TK_LSHIFT                         84
+#define TK_RSHIFT                         85
+#define TK_PLUS                           86
+#define TK_MINUS                          87
+#define TK_STAR                           88
+#define TK_SLASH                          89
+#define TK_REM                            90
+#define TK_CONCAT                         91
+#define TK_COLLATE                        92
+#define TK_BITNOT                         93
+#define TK_STRING                         94
+#define TK_JOIN_KW                        95
+#define TK_CONSTRAINT                     96
+#define TK_DEFAULT                        97
+#define TK_NULL                           98
+#define TK_PRIMARY                        99
+#define TK_UNIQUE                         100
+#define TK_CHECK                          101
+#define TK_REFERENCES                     102
+#define TK_AUTOINCR                       103
+#define TK_ON                             104
+#define TK_INSERT                         105
+#define TK_DELETE                         106
+#define TK_UPDATE                         107
+#define TK_SET                            108
+#define TK_DEFERRABLE                     109
+#define TK_FOREIGN                        110
+#define TK_DROP                           111
+#define TK_UNION                          112
+#define TK_ALL                            113
+#define TK_EXCEPT                         114
+#define TK_INTERSECT                      115
+#define TK_SELECT                         116
+#define TK_DISTINCT                       117
+#define TK_DOT                            118
+#define TK_FROM                           119
+#define TK_JOIN                           120
+#define TK_USING                          121
+#define TK_ORDER                          122
+#define TK_GROUP                          123
+#define TK_HAVING                         124
+#define TK_LIMIT                          125
+#define TK_WHERE                          126
+#define TK_INTO                           127
+#define TK_VALUES                         128
+#define TK_INTEGER                        129
+#define TK_FLOAT                          130
+#define TK_BLOB                           131
+#define TK_REGISTER                       132
+#define TK_VARIABLE                       133
+#define TK_CASE                           134
+#define TK_WHEN                           135
+#define TK_THEN                           136
+#define TK_ELSE                           137
+#define TK_INDEX                          138
+#define TK_ALTER                          139
+#define TK_ADD                            140
+#define TK_TO_TEXT                        141
+#define TK_TO_BLOB                        142
+#define TK_TO_NUMERIC                     143
+#define TK_TO_INT                         144
+#define TK_TO_REAL                        145
+#define TK_ISNOT                          146
+#define TK_END_OF_FILE                    147
+#define TK_ILLEGAL                        148
+#define TK_SPACE                          149
+#define TK_UNCLOSED_STRING                150
+#define TK_FUNCTION                       151
+#define TK_COLUMN                         152
+#define TK_AGG_FUNCTION                   153
+#define TK_AGG_COLUMN                     154
+#define TK_CONST_FUNC                     155
+#define TK_UMINUS                         156
+#define TK_UPLUS                          157
+
+/************** End of parse.h ***********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+/*
+** If compiling for a processor that lacks floating point support,
+** substitute integer for floating-point
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+# define double sqlite_int64
+# define float sqlite_int64
+# define LONGDOUBLE_TYPE sqlite_int64
+# ifndef SQLITE_BIG_DBL
+#   define SQLITE_BIG_DBL (((sqlite3_int64)1)<<50)
+# endif
+# define SQLITE_OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS 1
+# define SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE 1
+# undef SQLITE_MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT
+# undef SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_BIG_DBL
+# define SQLITE_BIG_DBL (1e99)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** OMIT_TEMPDB is set to 1 if SQLITE_OMIT_TEMPDB is defined, or 0
+** afterward. Having this macro allows us to cause the C compiler 
+** to omit code used by TEMP tables without messy #ifndef statements.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TEMPDB
+#define OMIT_TEMPDB 1
+#else
+#define OMIT_TEMPDB 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The "file format" number is an integer that is incremented whenever
+** the VDBE-level file format changes.  The following macros define the
+** the default file format for new databases and the maximum file format
+** that the library can read.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_MAX_FILE_FORMAT 4
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Determine whether triggers are recursive by default.  This can be
+** changed at run-time using a pragma.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Provide a default value for SQLITE_TEMP_STORE in case it is not specified
+** on the command-line
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_TEMP_STORE
+# define SQLITE_TEMP_STORE 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** GCC does not define the offsetof() macro so we'll have to do it
+** ourselves.
+*/
+#ifndef offsetof
+#define offsetof(STRUCTURE,FIELD) ((int)((char*)&((STRUCTURE*)0)->FIELD))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Check to see if this machine uses EBCDIC.  (Yes, believe it or
+** not, there are still machines out there that use EBCDIC.)
+*/
+#if 'A' == '\301'
+# define SQLITE_EBCDIC 1
+#else
+# define SQLITE_ASCII 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Integers of known sizes.  These typedefs might change for architectures
+** where the sizes very.  Preprocessor macros are available so that the
+** types can be conveniently redefined at compile-type.  Like this:
+**
+**         cc '-DUINTPTR_TYPE=long long int' ...
+*/
+#ifndef UINT32_TYPE
+# ifdef HAVE_UINT32_T
+#  define UINT32_TYPE uint32_t
+# else
+#  define UINT32_TYPE unsigned int
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef UINT16_TYPE
+# ifdef HAVE_UINT16_T
+#  define UINT16_TYPE uint16_t
+# else
+#  define UINT16_TYPE unsigned short int
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef INT16_TYPE
+# ifdef HAVE_INT16_T
+#  define INT16_TYPE int16_t
+# else
+#  define INT16_TYPE short int
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef UINT8_TYPE
+# ifdef HAVE_UINT8_T
+#  define UINT8_TYPE uint8_t
+# else
+#  define UINT8_TYPE unsigned char
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef INT8_TYPE
+# ifdef HAVE_INT8_T
+#  define INT8_TYPE int8_t
+# else
+#  define INT8_TYPE signed char
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef LONGDOUBLE_TYPE
+# define LONGDOUBLE_TYPE long double
+#endif
+typedef sqlite_int64 i64;          /* 8-byte signed integer */
+typedef sqlite_uint64 u64;         /* 8-byte unsigned integer */
+typedef UINT32_TYPE u32;           /* 4-byte unsigned integer */
+typedef UINT16_TYPE u16;           /* 2-byte unsigned integer */
+typedef INT16_TYPE i16;            /* 2-byte signed integer */
+typedef UINT8_TYPE u8;             /* 1-byte unsigned integer */
+typedef INT8_TYPE i8;              /* 1-byte signed integer */
+
+/*
+** SQLITE_MAX_U32 is a u64 constant that is the maximum u64 value
+** that can be stored in a u32 without loss of data.  The value
+** is 0x00000000ffffffff.  But because of quirks of some compilers, we
+** have to specify the value in the less intuitive manner shown:
+*/
+#define SQLITE_MAX_U32  ((((u64)1)<<32)-1)
+
+/*
+** Macros to determine whether the machine is big or little endian,
+** evaluated at runtime.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const int sqlite3one = 1;
+#else
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const int sqlite3one;
+#endif
+#if defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86)\
+                             || defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__)
+# define SQLITE_BIGENDIAN    0
+# define SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN 1
+# define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE  SQLITE_UTF16LE
+#else
+# define SQLITE_BIGENDIAN    (*(char *)(&sqlite3one)==0)
+# define SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN (*(char *)(&sqlite3one)==1)
+# define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE (SQLITE_BIGENDIAN?SQLITE_UTF16BE:SQLITE_UTF16LE)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Constants for the largest and smallest possible 64-bit signed integers.
+** These macros are designed to work correctly on both 32-bit and 64-bit
+** compilers.
+*/
+#define LARGEST_INT64  (0xffffffff|(((i64)0x7fffffff)<<32))
+#define SMALLEST_INT64 (((i64)-1) - LARGEST_INT64)
+
+/* 
+** Round up a number to the next larger multiple of 8.  This is used
+** to force 8-byte alignment on 64-bit architectures.
+*/
+#define ROUND8(x)     (((x)+7)&~7)
+
+/*
+** Round down to the nearest multiple of 8
+*/
+#define ROUNDDOWN8(x) ((x)&~7)
+
+/*
+** Assert that the pointer X is aligned to an 8-byte boundary.  This
+** macro is used only within assert() to verify that the code gets
+** all alignment restrictions correct.
+**
+** Except, if SQLITE_4_BYTE_ALIGNED_MALLOC is defined, then the
+** underlying malloc() implemention might return us 4-byte aligned
+** pointers.  In that case, only verify 4-byte alignment.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_4_BYTE_ALIGNED_MALLOC
+# define EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(X)   ((((char*)(X) - (char*)0)&3)==0)
+#else
+# define EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(X)   ((((char*)(X) - (char*)0)&7)==0)
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is used to store the busy-handler
+** callback for a given sqlite handle. 
+**
+** The sqlite.busyHandler member of the sqlite struct contains the busy
+** callback for the database handle. Each pager opened via the sqlite
+** handle is passed a pointer to sqlite.busyHandler. The busy-handler
+** callback is currently invoked only from within pager.c.
+*/
+typedef struct BusyHandler BusyHandler;
+struct BusyHandler {
+  int (*xFunc)(void *,int);  /* The busy callback */
+  void *pArg;                /* First arg to busy callback */
+  int nBusy;                 /* Incremented with each busy call */
+};
+
+/*
+** Name of the master database table.  The master database table
+** is a special table that holds the names and attributes of all
+** user tables and indices.
+*/
+#define MASTER_NAME       "sqlite_master"
+#define TEMP_MASTER_NAME  "sqlite_temp_master"
+
+/*
+** The root-page of the master database table.
+*/
+#define MASTER_ROOT       1
+
+/*
+** The name of the schema table.
+*/
+#define SCHEMA_TABLE(x)  ((!OMIT_TEMPDB)&&(x==1)?TEMP_MASTER_NAME:MASTER_NAME)
+
+/*
+** A convenience macro that returns the number of elements in
+** an array.
+*/
+#define ArraySize(X)    ((int)(sizeof(X)/sizeof(X[0])))
+
+/*
+** The following value as a destructor means to use sqlite3DbFree().
+** This is an internal extension to SQLITE_STATIC and SQLITE_TRANSIENT.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DYNAMIC   ((sqlite3_destructor_type)sqlite3DbFree)
+
+/*
+** When SQLITE_OMIT_WSD is defined, it means that the target platform does
+** not support Writable Static Data (WSD) such as global and static variables.
+** All variables must either be on the stack or dynamically allocated from
+** the heap.  When WSD is unsupported, the variable declarations scattered
+** throughout the SQLite code must become constants instead.  The SQLITE_WSD
+** macro is used for this purpose.  And instead of referencing the variable
+** directly, we use its constant as a key to lookup the run-time allocated
+** buffer that holds real variable.  The constant is also the initializer
+** for the run-time allocated buffer.
+**
+** In the usual case where WSD is supported, the SQLITE_WSD and GLOBAL
+** macros become no-ops and have zero performance impact.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+  #define SQLITE_WSD const
+  #define GLOBAL(t,v) (*(t*)sqlite3_wsd_find((void*)&(v), sizeof(v)))
+  #define sqlite3GlobalConfig GLOBAL(struct Sqlite3Config, sqlite3Config)
+SQLITE_API   int sqlite3_wsd_init(int N, int J);
+SQLITE_API   void *sqlite3_wsd_find(void *K, int L);
+#else
+  #define SQLITE_WSD 
+  #define GLOBAL(t,v) v
+  #define sqlite3GlobalConfig sqlite3Config
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following macros are used to suppress compiler warnings and to
+** make it clear to human readers when a function parameter is deliberately 
+** left unused within the body of a function. This usually happens when
+** a function is called via a function pointer. For example the 
+** implementation of an SQL aggregate step callback may not use the
+** parameter indicating the number of arguments passed to the aggregate,
+** if it knows that this is enforced elsewhere.
+**
+** When a function parameter is not used at all within the body of a function,
+** it is generally named "NotUsed" or "NotUsed2" to make things even clearer.
+** However, these macros may also be used to suppress warnings related to
+** parameters that may or may not be used depending on compilation options.
+** For example those parameters only used in assert() statements. In these
+** cases the parameters are named as per the usual conventions.
+*/
+#define UNUSED_PARAMETER(x) (void)(x)
+#define UNUSED_PARAMETER2(x,y) UNUSED_PARAMETER(x),UNUSED_PARAMETER(y)
+
+/*
+** Forward references to structures
+*/
+typedef struct AggInfo AggInfo;
+typedef struct AuthContext AuthContext;
+typedef struct AutoincInfo AutoincInfo;
+typedef struct Bitvec Bitvec;
+typedef struct CollSeq CollSeq;
+typedef struct Column Column;
+typedef struct Db Db;
+typedef struct Schema Schema;
+typedef struct Expr Expr;
+typedef struct ExprList ExprList;
+typedef struct ExprSpan ExprSpan;
+typedef struct FKey FKey;
+typedef struct FuncDestructor FuncDestructor;
+typedef struct FuncDef FuncDef;
+typedef struct FuncDefHash FuncDefHash;
+typedef struct IdList IdList;
+typedef struct Index Index;
+typedef struct IndexSample IndexSample;
+typedef struct KeyClass KeyClass;
+typedef struct KeyInfo KeyInfo;
+typedef struct Lookaside Lookaside;
+typedef struct LookasideSlot LookasideSlot;
+typedef struct Module Module;
+typedef struct NameContext NameContext;
+typedef struct Parse Parse;
+typedef struct RowSet RowSet;
+typedef struct Savepoint Savepoint;
+typedef struct Select Select;
+typedef struct SrcList SrcList;
+typedef struct StrAccum StrAccum;
+typedef struct Table Table;
+typedef struct TableLock TableLock;
+typedef struct Token Token;
+typedef struct Trigger Trigger;
+typedef struct TriggerPrg TriggerPrg;
+typedef struct TriggerStep TriggerStep;
+typedef struct UnpackedRecord UnpackedRecord;
+typedef struct VTable VTable;
+typedef struct VtabCtx VtabCtx;
+typedef struct Walker Walker;
+typedef struct WherePlan WherePlan;
+typedef struct WhereInfo WhereInfo;
+typedef struct WhereLevel WhereLevel;
+
+/*
+** Defer sourcing vdbe.h and btree.h until after the "u8" and 
+** "BusyHandler" typedefs. vdbe.h also requires a few of the opaque
+** pointer types (i.e. FuncDef) defined above.
+*/
+/************** Include btree.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h *****************/
+/************** Begin file btree.h *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This header file defines the interface that the sqlite B-Tree file
+** subsystem.  See comments in the source code for a detailed description
+** of what each interface routine does.
+*/
+#ifndef _BTREE_H_
+#define _BTREE_H_
+
+/* TODO: This definition is just included so other modules compile. It
+** needs to be revisited.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_N_BTREE_META 10
+
+/*
+** If defined as non-zero, auto-vacuum is enabled by default. Otherwise
+** it must be turned on for each database using "PRAGMA auto_vacuum = 1".
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM
+  #define SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM 0
+#endif
+
+#define BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_NONE 0        /* Do not do auto-vacuum */
+#define BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_FULL 1        /* Do full auto-vacuum */
+#define BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_INCR 2        /* Incremental vacuum */
+
+/*
+** Forward declarations of structure
+*/
+typedef struct Btree Btree;
+typedef struct BtCursor BtCursor;
+typedef struct BtShared BtShared;
+
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,       /* VFS to use with this b-tree */
+  const char *zFilename,   /* Name of database file to open */
+  sqlite3 *db,             /* Associated database connection */
+  Btree **ppBtree,         /* Return open Btree* here */
+  int flags,               /* Flags */
+  int vfsFlags             /* Flags passed through to VFS open */
+);
+
+/* The flags parameter to sqlite3BtreeOpen can be the bitwise or of the
+** following values.
+**
+** NOTE:  These values must match the corresponding PAGER_ values in
+** pager.h.
+*/
+#define BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL  1  /* Do not create or use a rollback journal */
+#define BTREE_NO_READLOCK   2  /* Omit readlocks on readonly files */
+#define BTREE_MEMORY        4  /* This is an in-memory DB */
+#define BTREE_SINGLE        8  /* The file contains at most 1 b-tree */
+#define BTREE_UNORDERED    16  /* Use of a hash implementation is OK */
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClose(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(Btree*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(Btree*,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSyncDisabled(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(Btree *p, int nPagesize, int nReserve, int eFix);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMaxPageCount(Btree*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BtreeLastPage(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(Btree*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(Btree *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(Btree *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(Btree*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(Btree*, const char *zMaster);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(Btree*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommit(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeRollback(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(Btree*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(Btree*, int*, int flags);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsInReadTrans(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsInBackup(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3BtreeSchema(Btree *, int, void(*)(void *));
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSchemaLocked(Btree *pBtree);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeLockTable(Btree *pBtree, int iTab, u8 isWriteLock);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSavepoint(Btree *, int, int);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3BtreeGetFilename(Btree *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3BtreeGetJournalname(Btree *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCopyFile(Btree *, Btree *);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(Btree *);
+
+/* The flags parameter to sqlite3BtreeCreateTable can be the bitwise OR
+** of the flags shown below.
+**
+** Every SQLite table must have either BTREE_INTKEY or BTREE_BLOBKEY set.
+** With BTREE_INTKEY, the table key is a 64-bit integer and arbitrary data
+** is stored in the leaves.  (BTREE_INTKEY is used for SQL tables.)  With
+** BTREE_BLOBKEY, the key is an arbitrary BLOB and no content is stored
+** anywhere - the key is the content.  (BTREE_BLOBKEY is used for SQL
+** indices.)
+*/
+#define BTREE_INTKEY     1    /* Table has only 64-bit signed integer keys */
+#define BTREE_BLOBKEY    2    /* Table has keys only - no data */
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDropTable(Btree*, int, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClearTable(Btree*, int, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(Btree*, int);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(Btree *pBtree, int idx, u32 *pValue);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(Btree*, int idx, u32 value);
+
+/*
+** The second parameter to sqlite3BtreeGetMeta or sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta
+** should be one of the following values. The integer values are assigned 
+** to constants so that the offset of the corresponding field in an
+** SQLite database header may be found using the following formula:
+**
+**   offset = 36 + (idx * 4)
+**
+** For example, the free-page-count field is located at byte offset 36 of
+** the database file header. The incr-vacuum-flag field is located at
+** byte offset 64 (== 36+4*7).
+*/
+#define BTREE_FREE_PAGE_COUNT     0
+#define BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION      1
+#define BTREE_FILE_FORMAT         2
+#define BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE  3
+#define BTREE_LARGEST_ROOT_PAGE   4
+#define BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING       5
+#define BTREE_USER_VERSION        6
+#define BTREE_INCR_VACUUM         7
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursor(
+  Btree*,                              /* BTree containing table to open */
+  int iTable,                          /* Index of root page */
+  int wrFlag,                          /* 1 for writing.  0 for read-only */
+  struct KeyInfo*,                     /* First argument to compare function */
+  BtCursor *pCursor                    /* Space to write cursor structure */
+);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorSize(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorZero(BtCursor*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCloseCursor(BtCursor*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(
+  BtCursor*,
+  UnpackedRecord *pUnKey,
+  i64 intKey,
+  int bias,
+  int *pRes
+);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(BtCursor*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDelete(BtCursor*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeInsert(BtCursor*, const void *pKey, i64 nKey,
+                                  const void *pData, int nData,
+                                  int nZero, int bias, int seekResult);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeFirst(BtCursor*, int *pRes);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeLast(BtCursor*, int *pRes);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeNext(BtCursor*, int *pRes);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeEof(BtCursor*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePrevious(BtCursor*, int *pRes);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeKeySize(BtCursor*, i64 *pSize);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeKey(BtCursor*, u32 offset, u32 amt, void*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor*, int *pAmt);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor*, int *pAmt);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDataSize(BtCursor*, u32 *pSize);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeData(BtCursor*, u32 offset, u32 amt, void*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(BtCursor*, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(BtCursor*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(Btree*, int *aRoot, int nRoot, int, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE struct Pager *sqlite3BtreePager(Btree*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePutData(BtCursor*, u32 offset, u32 amt, void*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(BtCursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(BtCursor *);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(Btree *pBt, int iVersion);
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(BtCursor*);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCount(BtCursor *, i64 *);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorInfo(BtCursor*, int*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorList(Btree*);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(Btree*, int, int *, int *);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If we are not using shared cache, then there is no need to
+** use mutexes to access the BtShared structures.  So make the
+** Enter and Leave procedures no-ops.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeEnter(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(sqlite3*);
+#else
+# define sqlite3BtreeEnter(X) 
+# define sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(X)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeSharable(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeLeave(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(BtCursor*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(BtCursor*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(sqlite3*);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  /* These routines are used inside assert() statements only. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(sqlite3*,int,Schema*);
+#endif
+#else
+
+# define sqlite3BtreeSharable(X) 0
+# define sqlite3BtreeLeave(X)
+# define sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(X)
+# define sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(X)
+# define sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(X)
+
+# define sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(X) 1
+# define sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(X) 1
+# define sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(X,Y,Z) 1
+#endif
+
+
+#endif /* _BTREE_H_ */
+
+/************** End of btree.h ***********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+/************** Include vdbe.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ******************/
+/************** Begin file vdbe.h ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** Header file for the Virtual DataBase Engine (VDBE)
+**
+** This header defines the interface to the virtual database engine
+** or VDBE.  The VDBE implements an abstract machine that runs a
+** simple program to access and modify the underlying database.
+*/
+#ifndef _SQLITE_VDBE_H_
+#define _SQLITE_VDBE_H_
+
+/*
+** A single VDBE is an opaque structure named "Vdbe".  Only routines
+** in the source file sqliteVdbe.c are allowed to see the insides
+** of this structure.
+*/
+typedef struct Vdbe Vdbe;
+
+/*
+** The names of the following types declared in vdbeInt.h are required
+** for the VdbeOp definition.
+*/
+typedef struct VdbeFunc VdbeFunc;
+typedef struct Mem Mem;
+typedef struct SubProgram SubProgram;
+
+/*
+** A single instruction of the virtual machine has an opcode
+** and as many as three operands.  The instruction is recorded
+** as an instance of the following structure:
+*/
+struct VdbeOp {
+  u8 opcode;          /* What operation to perform */
+  signed char p4type; /* One of the P4_xxx constants for p4 */
+  u8 opflags;         /* Mask of the OPFLG_* flags in opcodes.h */
+  u8 p5;              /* Fifth parameter is an unsigned character */
+  int p1;             /* First operand */
+  int p2;             /* Second parameter (often the jump destination) */
+  int p3;             /* The third parameter */
+  union {             /* fourth parameter */
+    int i;                 /* Integer value if p4type==P4_INT32 */
+    void *p;               /* Generic pointer */
+    char *z;               /* Pointer to data for string (char array) types */
+    i64 *pI64;             /* Used when p4type is P4_INT64 */
+    double *pReal;         /* Used when p4type is P4_REAL */
+    FuncDef *pFunc;        /* Used when p4type is P4_FUNCDEF */
+    VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;   /* Used when p4type is P4_VDBEFUNC */
+    CollSeq *pColl;        /* Used when p4type is P4_COLLSEQ */
+    Mem *pMem;             /* Used when p4type is P4_MEM */
+    VTable *pVtab;         /* Used when p4type is P4_VTAB */
+    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;     /* Used when p4type is P4_KEYINFO */
+    int *ai;               /* Used when p4type is P4_INTARRAY */
+    SubProgram *pProgram;  /* Used when p4type is P4_SUBPROGRAM */
+  } p4;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  char *zComment;          /* Comment to improve readability */
+#endif
+#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
+  int cnt;                 /* Number of times this instruction was executed */
+  u64 cycles;              /* Total time spent executing this instruction */
+#endif
+};
+typedef struct VdbeOp VdbeOp;
+
+
+/*
+** A sub-routine used to implement a trigger program.
+*/
+struct SubProgram {
+  VdbeOp *aOp;                  /* Array of opcodes for sub-program */
+  int nOp;                      /* Elements in aOp[] */
+  int nMem;                     /* Number of memory cells required */
+  int nCsr;                     /* Number of cursors required */
+  void *token;                  /* id that may be used to recursive triggers */
+  SubProgram *pNext;            /* Next sub-program already visited */
+};
+
+/*
+** A smaller version of VdbeOp used for the VdbeAddOpList() function because
+** it takes up less space.
+*/
+struct VdbeOpList {
+  u8 opcode;          /* What operation to perform */
+  signed char p1;     /* First operand */
+  signed char p2;     /* Second parameter (often the jump destination) */
+  signed char p3;     /* Third parameter */
+};
+typedef struct VdbeOpList VdbeOpList;
+
+/*
+** Allowed values of VdbeOp.p4type
+*/
+#define P4_NOTUSED    0   /* The P4 parameter is not used */
+#define P4_DYNAMIC  (-1)  /* Pointer to a string obtained from sqliteMalloc() */
+#define P4_STATIC   (-2)  /* Pointer to a static string */
+#define P4_COLLSEQ  (-4)  /* P4 is a pointer to a CollSeq structure */
+#define P4_FUNCDEF  (-5)  /* P4 is a pointer to a FuncDef structure */
+#define P4_KEYINFO  (-6)  /* P4 is a pointer to a KeyInfo structure */
+#define P4_VDBEFUNC (-7)  /* P4 is a pointer to a VdbeFunc structure */
+#define P4_MEM      (-8)  /* P4 is a pointer to a Mem*    structure */
+#define P4_TRANSIENT  0   /* P4 is a pointer to a transient string */
+#define P4_VTAB     (-10) /* P4 is a pointer to an sqlite3_vtab structure */
+#define P4_MPRINTF  (-11) /* P4 is a string obtained from sqlite3_mprintf() */
+#define P4_REAL     (-12) /* P4 is a 64-bit floating point value */
+#define P4_INT64    (-13) /* P4 is a 64-bit signed integer */
+#define P4_INT32    (-14) /* P4 is a 32-bit signed integer */
+#define P4_INTARRAY (-15) /* P4 is a vector of 32-bit integers */
+#define P4_SUBPROGRAM  (-18) /* P4 is a pointer to a SubProgram structure */
+
+/* When adding a P4 argument using P4_KEYINFO, a copy of the KeyInfo structure
+** is made.  That copy is freed when the Vdbe is finalized.  But if the
+** argument is P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF, the passed in pointer is used.  It still
+** gets freed when the Vdbe is finalized so it still should be obtained
+** from a single sqliteMalloc().  But no copy is made and the calling
+** function should *not* try to free the KeyInfo.
+*/
+#define P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF (-16)
+#define P4_KEYINFO_STATIC  (-17)
+
+/*
+** The Vdbe.aColName array contains 5n Mem structures, where n is the 
+** number of columns of data returned by the statement.
+*/
+#define COLNAME_NAME     0
+#define COLNAME_DECLTYPE 1
+#define COLNAME_DATABASE 2
+#define COLNAME_TABLE    3
+#define COLNAME_COLUMN   4
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
+# define COLNAME_N        5      /* Number of COLNAME_xxx symbols */
+#else
+# ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE
+#   define COLNAME_N      1      /* Store only the name */
+# else
+#   define COLNAME_N      2      /* Store the name and decltype */
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following macro converts a relative address in the p2 field
+** of a VdbeOp structure into a negative number so that 
+** sqlite3VdbeAddOpList() knows that the address is relative.  Calling
+** the macro again restores the address.
+*/
+#define ADDR(X)  (-1-(X))
+
+/*
+** The makefile scans the vdbe.c source file and creates the "opcodes.h"
+** header file that defines a number for each opcode used by the VDBE.
+*/
+/************** Include opcodes.h in the middle of vdbe.h ********************/
+/************** Begin file opcodes.h *****************************************/
+/* Automatically generated.  Do not edit */
+/* See the mkopcodeh.awk script for details */
+#define OP_Goto                                 1
+#define OP_Gosub                                2
+#define OP_Return                               3
+#define OP_Yield                                4
+#define OP_HaltIfNull                           5
+#define OP_Halt                                 6
+#define OP_Integer                              7
+#define OP_Int64                                8
+#define OP_Real                               130   /* same as TK_FLOAT    */
+#define OP_String8                             94   /* same as TK_STRING   */
+#define OP_String                               9
+#define OP_Null                                10
+#define OP_Blob                                11
+#define OP_Variable                            12
+#define OP_Move                                13
+#define OP_Copy                                14
+#define OP_SCopy                               15
+#define OP_ResultRow                           16
+#define OP_Concat                              91   /* same as TK_CONCAT   */
+#define OP_Add                                 86   /* same as TK_PLUS     */
+#define OP_Subtract                            87   /* same as TK_MINUS    */
+#define OP_Multiply                            88   /* same as TK_STAR     */
+#define OP_Divide                              89   /* same as TK_SLASH    */
+#define OP_Remainder                           90   /* same as TK_REM      */
+#define OP_CollSeq                             17
+#define OP_Function                            18
+#define OP_BitAnd                              82   /* same as TK_BITAND   */
+#define OP_BitOr                               83   /* same as TK_BITOR    */
+#define OP_ShiftLeft                           84   /* same as TK_LSHIFT   */
+#define OP_ShiftRight                          85   /* same as TK_RSHIFT   */
+#define OP_AddImm                              20
+#define OP_MustBeInt                           21
+#define OP_RealAffinity                        22
+#define OP_ToText                             141   /* same as TK_TO_TEXT  */
+#define OP_ToBlob                             142   /* same as TK_TO_BLOB  */
+#define OP_ToNumeric                          143   /* same as TK_TO_NUMERIC*/
+#define OP_ToInt                              144   /* same as TK_TO_INT   */
+#define OP_ToReal                             145   /* same as TK_TO_REAL  */
+#define OP_Eq                                  76   /* same as TK_EQ       */
+#define OP_Ne                                  75   /* same as TK_NE       */
+#define OP_Lt                                  79   /* same as TK_LT       */
+#define OP_Le                                  78   /* same as TK_LE       */
+#define OP_Gt                                  77   /* same as TK_GT       */
+#define OP_Ge                                  80   /* same as TK_GE       */
+#define OP_Permutation                         23
+#define OP_Compare                             24
+#define OP_Jump                                25
+#define OP_And                                 69   /* same as TK_AND      */
+#define OP_Or                                  68   /* same as TK_OR       */
+#define OP_Not                                 19   /* same as TK_NOT      */
+#define OP_BitNot                              93   /* same as TK_BITNOT   */
+#define OP_If                                  26
+#define OP_IfNot                               27
+#define OP_IsNull                              73   /* same as TK_ISNULL   */
+#define OP_NotNull                             74   /* same as TK_NOTNULL  */
+#define OP_Column                              28
+#define OP_Affinity                            29
+#define OP_MakeRecord                          30
+#define OP_Count                               31
+#define OP_Savepoint                           32
+#define OP_AutoCommit                          33
+#define OP_Transaction                         34
+#define OP_ReadCookie                          35
+#define OP_SetCookie                           36
+#define OP_VerifyCookie                        37
+#define OP_OpenRead                            38
+#define OP_OpenWrite                           39
+#define OP_OpenAutoindex                       40
+#define OP_OpenEphemeral                       41
+#define OP_OpenPseudo                          42
+#define OP_Close                               43
+#define OP_SeekLt                              44
+#define OP_SeekLe                              45
+#define OP_SeekGe                              46
+#define OP_SeekGt                              47
+#define OP_Seek                                48
+#define OP_NotFound                            49
+#define OP_Found                               50
+#define OP_IsUnique                            51
+#define OP_NotExists                           52
+#define OP_Sequence                            53
+#define OP_NewRowid                            54
+#define OP_Insert                              55
+#define OP_InsertInt                           56
+#define OP_Delete                              57
+#define OP_ResetCount                          58
+#define OP_RowKey                              59
+#define OP_RowData                             60
+#define OP_Rowid                               61
+#define OP_NullRow                             62
+#define OP_Last                                63
+#define OP_Sort                                64
+#define OP_Rewind                              65
+#define OP_Prev                                66
+#define OP_Next                                67
+#define OP_IdxInsert                           70
+#define OP_IdxDelete                           71
+#define OP_IdxRowid                            72
+#define OP_IdxLT                               81
+#define OP_IdxGE                               92
+#define OP_Destroy                             95
+#define OP_Clear                               96
+#define OP_CreateIndex                         97
+#define OP_CreateTable                         98
+#define OP_ParseSchema                         99
+#define OP_LoadAnalysis                       100
+#define OP_DropTable                          101
+#define OP_DropIndex                          102
+#define OP_DropTrigger                        103
+#define OP_IntegrityCk                        104
+#define OP_RowSetAdd                          105
+#define OP_RowSetRead                         106
+#define OP_RowSetTest                         107
+#define OP_Program                            108
+#define OP_Param                              109
+#define OP_FkCounter                          110
+#define OP_FkIfZero                           111
+#define OP_MemMax                             112
+#define OP_IfPos                              113
+#define OP_IfNeg                              114
+#define OP_IfZero                             115
+#define OP_AggStep                            116
+#define OP_AggFinal                           117
+#define OP_Checkpoint                         118
+#define OP_JournalMode                        119
+#define OP_Vacuum                             120
+#define OP_IncrVacuum                         121
+#define OP_Expire                             122
+#define OP_TableLock                          123
+#define OP_VBegin                             124
+#define OP_VCreate                            125
+#define OP_VDestroy                           126
+#define OP_VOpen                              127
+#define OP_VFilter                            128
+#define OP_VColumn                            129
+#define OP_VNext                              131
+#define OP_VRename                            132
+#define OP_VUpdate                            133
+#define OP_Pagecount                          134
+#define OP_MaxPgcnt                           135
+#define OP_Trace                              136
+#define OP_Noop                               137
+#define OP_Explain                            138
+
+/* The following opcode values are never used */
+#define OP_NotUsed_139                        139
+#define OP_NotUsed_140                        140
+
+
+/* Properties such as "out2" or "jump" that are specified in
+** comments following the "case" for each opcode in the vdbe.c
+** are encoded into bitvectors as follows:
+*/
+#define OPFLG_JUMP            0x0001  /* jump:  P2 holds jmp target */
+#define OPFLG_OUT2_PRERELEASE 0x0002  /* out2-prerelease: */
+#define OPFLG_IN1             0x0004  /* in1:   P1 is an input */
+#define OPFLG_IN2             0x0008  /* in2:   P2 is an input */
+#define OPFLG_IN3             0x0010  /* in3:   P3 is an input */
+#define OPFLG_OUT2            0x0020  /* out2:  P2 is an output */
+#define OPFLG_OUT3            0x0040  /* out3:  P3 is an output */
+#define OPFLG_INITIALIZER {\
+/*   0 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04, 0x10, 0x00, 0x02,\
+/*   8 */ 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x24, 0x24,\
+/*  16 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x00,\
+/*  24 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,\
+/*  32 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/*  40 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11,\
+/*  48 */ 0x08, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00,\
+/*  56 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01,\
+/*  64 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x08, 0x00,\
+/*  72 */ 0x02, 0x05, 0x05, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15,\
+/*  80 */ 0x15, 0x01, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c,\
+/*  88 */ 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x01, 0x24, 0x02, 0x02,\
+/*  96 */ 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/* 104 */ 0x00, 0x0c, 0x45, 0x15, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01,\
+/* 112 */ 0x08, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,\
+/* 120 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/* 128 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02,\
+/* 136 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,\
+/* 144 */ 0x04, 0x04,}
+
+/************** End of opcodes.h *********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in vdbe.h ***********************/
+
+/*
+** Prototypes for the VDBE interface.  See comments on the implementation
+** for a description of what each of these routines does.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(Vdbe*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(Vdbe*,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(Vdbe*,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int,const char *zP4,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe*, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(Vdbe*,int,char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe*, int addr, int P1);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe*, int addr, int P2);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(Vdbe*, int addr, int P3);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(Vdbe*, u8 P5);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe*, int addr);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe*, int addr, int N);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(Vdbe*, int addr, const char *zP4, int N);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(Vdbe*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(Vdbe*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDelete(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(sqlite3*,Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(Vdbe*,Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFinalize(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(Vdbe*);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(Vdbe *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeTrace(Vdbe*,FILE*);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResetStepResult(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRewind(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeReset(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(Vdbe*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSetColName(Vdbe*, int, int, const char *, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeCountChanges(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3 *sqlite3VdbeDb(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetSql(Vdbe*, const char *z, int n, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSwap(Vdbe*,Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeTakeOpArray(Vdbe*, int*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetValue(Vdbe*, int, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(Vdbe*, int);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   char *sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(Vdbe*, const char*);
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(KeyInfo*,int,const void*,char*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord(UnpackedRecord*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLinkSubProgram(Vdbe *, SubProgram *);
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeComment(Vdbe*, const char*, ...);
+# define VdbeComment(X)  sqlite3VdbeComment X
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeNoopComment(Vdbe*, const char*, ...);
+# define VdbeNoopComment(X)  sqlite3VdbeNoopComment X
+#else
+# define VdbeComment(X)
+# define VdbeNoopComment(X)
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+/************** End of vdbe.h ************************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+/************** Include pager.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h *****************/
+/************** Begin file pager.h *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This header file defines the interface that the sqlite page cache
+** subsystem.  The page cache subsystem reads and writes a file a page
+** at a time and provides a journal for rollback.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _PAGER_H_
+#define _PAGER_H_
+
+/*
+** Default maximum size for persistent journal files. A negative 
+** value means no limit. This value may be overridden using the 
+** sqlite3PagerJournalSizeLimit() API. See also "PRAGMA journal_size_limit".
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT
+  #define SQLITE_DEFAULT_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT -1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The type used to represent a page number.  The first page in a file
+** is called page 1.  0 is used to represent "not a page".
+*/
+typedef u32 Pgno;
+
+/*
+** Each open file is managed by a separate instance of the "Pager" structure.
+*/
+typedef struct Pager Pager;
+
+/*
+** Handle type for pages.
+*/
+typedef struct PgHdr DbPage;
+
+/*
+** Page number PAGER_MJ_PGNO is never used in an SQLite database (it is
+** reserved for working around a windows/posix incompatibility). It is
+** used in the journal to signify that the remainder of the journal file 
+** is devoted to storing a master journal name - there are no more pages to
+** roll back. See comments for function writeMasterJournal() in pager.c 
+** for details.
+*/
+#define PAGER_MJ_PGNO(x) ((Pgno)((PENDING_BYTE/((x)->pageSize))+1))
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for the flags parameter to sqlite3PagerOpen().
+**
+** NOTE: These values must match the corresponding BTREE_ values in btree.h.
+*/
+#define PAGER_OMIT_JOURNAL  0x0001    /* Do not use a rollback journal */
+#define PAGER_NO_READLOCK   0x0002    /* Omit readlocks on readonly files */
+#define PAGER_MEMORY        0x0004    /* In-memory database */
+
+/*
+** Valid values for the second argument to sqlite3PagerLockingMode().
+*/
+#define PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_QUERY      -1
+#define PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL      0
+#define PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE   1
+
+/*
+** Numeric constants that encode the journalmode.  
+*/
+#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY     (-1)  /* Query the value of journalmode */
+#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE      0   /* Commit by deleting journal file */
+#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST     1   /* Commit by zeroing journal header */
+#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF         2   /* Journal omitted.  */
+#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE    3   /* Commit by truncating journal */
+#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY      4   /* In-memory journal file */
+#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL         5   /* Use write-ahead logging */
+
+/*
+** The remainder of this file contains the declarations of the functions
+** that make up the Pager sub-system API. See source code comments for 
+** a detailed description of each routine.
+*/
+
+/* Open and close a Pager connection. */ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs*,
+  Pager **ppPager,
+  const char*,
+  int,
+  int,
+  int,
+  void(*)(DbPage*)
+);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerClose(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerReadFileheader(Pager*, int, unsigned char*);
+
+/* Functions used to configure a Pager object. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetBusyhandler(Pager*, int(*)(void *), void *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(Pager*, u32*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMaxPageCount(Pager*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(Pager*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(Pager*,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerLockingMode(Pager *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(Pager *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE i64 sqlite3PagerJournalSizeLimit(Pager *, i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_backup **sqlite3PagerBackupPtr(Pager*);
+
+/* Functions used to obtain and release page references. */ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerAcquire(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno, DbPage **ppPage, int clrFlag);
+#define sqlite3PagerGet(A,B,C) sqlite3PagerAcquire(A,B,C,0)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE DbPage *sqlite3PagerLookup(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerRef(DbPage*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnref(DbPage*);
+
+/* Operations on page references. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWrite(DbPage*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerDontWrite(DbPage*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMovepage(Pager*,DbPage*,Pgno,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerPageRefcount(DbPage*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerGetData(DbPage *); 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerGetExtra(DbPage *); 
+
+/* Functions used to manage pager transactions and savepoints. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerPagecount(Pager*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerBegin(Pager*, int exFlag, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(Pager*,const char *zMaster, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerExclusiveLock(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseTwo(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerRollback(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int n);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int op, int iSavepoint);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSharedLock(Pager *pPager);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, int, int*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager, int *pisOpen);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager);
+
+/* Functions used to query pager state and configuration. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3PagerIsreadonly(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerRefcount(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMemUsed(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3PagerVfs(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerFile(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerJournalname(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerNosync(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerTempSpace(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(Pager*);
+
+/* Functions used to truncate the database file. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(Pager*,Pgno);
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerCodec(DbPage *);
+#endif
+
+/* Functions to support testing and debugging. */
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   Pgno sqlite3PagerPagenumber(DbPage*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerIswriteable(DbPage*);
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int *sqlite3PagerStats(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3PagerRefdump(Pager*);
+  void disable_simulated_io_errors(void);
+  void enable_simulated_io_errors(void);
+#else
+# define disable_simulated_io_errors()
+# define enable_simulated_io_errors()
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _PAGER_H_ */
+
+/************** End of pager.h ***********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+/************** Include pcache.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ****************/
+/************** Begin file pcache.h ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 August 05
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This header file defines the interface that the sqlite page cache
+** subsystem. 
+*/
+
+#ifndef _PCACHE_H_
+
+typedef struct PgHdr PgHdr;
+typedef struct PCache PCache;
+
+/*
+** Every page in the cache is controlled by an instance of the following
+** structure.
+*/
+struct PgHdr {
+  void *pData;                   /* Content of this page */
+  void *pExtra;                  /* Extra content */
+  PgHdr *pDirty;                 /* Transient list of dirty pages */
+  Pgno pgno;                     /* Page number for this page */
+  Pager *pPager;                 /* The pager this page is part of */
+#ifdef SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES
+  u32 pageHash;                  /* Hash of page content */
+#endif
+  u16 flags;                     /* PGHDR flags defined below */
+
+  /**********************************************************************
+  ** Elements above are public.  All that follows is private to pcache.c
+  ** and should not be accessed by other modules.
+  */
+  i16 nRef;                      /* Number of users of this page */
+  PCache *pCache;                /* Cache that owns this page */
+
+  PgHdr *pDirtyNext;             /* Next element in list of dirty pages */
+  PgHdr *pDirtyPrev;             /* Previous element in list of dirty pages */
+};
+
+/* Bit values for PgHdr.flags */
+#define PGHDR_DIRTY             0x002  /* Page has changed */
+#define PGHDR_NEED_SYNC         0x004  /* Fsync the rollback journal before
+                                       ** writing this page to the database */
+#define PGHDR_NEED_READ         0x008  /* Content is unread */
+#define PGHDR_REUSE_UNLIKELY    0x010  /* A hint that reuse is unlikely */
+#define PGHDR_DONT_WRITE        0x020  /* Do not write content to disk */
+
+/* Initialize and shutdown the page cache subsystem */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheInitialize(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheShutdown(void);
+
+/* Page cache buffer management:
+** These routines implement SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PCacheBufferSetup(void *, int sz, int n);
+
+/* Create a new pager cache.
+** Under memory stress, invoke xStress to try to make pages clean.
+** Only clean and unpinned pages can be reclaimed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheOpen(
+  int szPage,                    /* Size of every page */
+  int szExtra,                   /* Extra space associated with each page */
+  int bPurgeable,                /* True if pages are on backing store */
+  int (*xStress)(void*, PgHdr*), /* Call to try to make pages clean */
+  void *pStress,                 /* Argument to xStress */
+  PCache *pToInit                /* Preallocated space for the PCache */
+);
+
+/* Modify the page-size after the cache has been created. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheSetPageSize(PCache *, int);
+
+/* Return the size in bytes of a PCache object.  Used to preallocate
+** storage space.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheSize(void);
+
+/* One release per successful fetch.  Page is pinned until released.
+** Reference counted. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheFetch(PCache*, Pgno, int createFlag, PgHdr**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheRelease(PgHdr*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheDrop(PgHdr*);         /* Remove page from cache */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(PgHdr*);    /* Make sure page is marked dirty */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheMakeClean(PgHdr*);    /* Mark a single page as clean */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(PCache*);    /* Mark all dirty list pages as clean */
+
+/* Change a page number.  Used by incr-vacuum. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheMove(PgHdr*, Pgno);
+
+/* Remove all pages with pgno>x.  Reset the cache if x==0 */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheTruncate(PCache*, Pgno x);
+
+/* Get a list of all dirty pages in the cache, sorted by page number */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE PgHdr *sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(PCache*);
+
+/* Reset and close the cache object */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheClose(PCache*);
+
+/* Clear flags from pages of the page cache */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheClearSyncFlags(PCache *);
+
+/* Discard the contents of the cache */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheClear(PCache*);
+
+/* Return the total number of outstanding page references */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheRefCount(PCache*);
+
+/* Increment the reference count of an existing page */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheRef(PgHdr*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcachePageRefcount(PgHdr*);
+
+/* Return the total number of pages stored in the cache */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcachePagecount(PCache*);
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/* Iterate through all dirty pages currently stored in the cache. This
+** interface is only available if SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES is defined when the 
+** library is built.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheIterateDirty(PCache *pCache, void (*xIter)(PgHdr *));
+#endif
+
+/* Set and get the suggested cache-size for the specified pager-cache.
+**
+** If no global maximum is configured, then the system attempts to limit
+** the total number of pages cached by purgeable pager-caches to the sum
+** of the suggested cache-sizes.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheSetCachesize(PCache *, int);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheGetCachesize(PCache *);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
+/* Try to return memory used by the pcache module to the main memory heap */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheReleaseMemory(int);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheStats(int*,int*,int*,int*);
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PCacheSetDefault(void);
+
+#endif /* _PCACHE_H_ */
+
+/************** End of pcache.h **********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+
+/************** Include os.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ********************/
+/************** Begin file os.h **********************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 16
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This header file (together with is companion C source-code file
+** "os.c") attempt to abstract the underlying operating system so that
+** the SQLite library will work on both POSIX and windows systems.
+**
+** This header file is #include-ed by sqliteInt.h and thus ends up
+** being included by every source file.
+*/
+#ifndef _SQLITE_OS_H_
+#define _SQLITE_OS_H_
+
+/*
+** Figure out if we are dealing with Unix, Windows, or some other
+** operating system.  After the following block of preprocess macros,
+** all of SQLITE_OS_UNIX, SQLITE_OS_WIN, SQLITE_OS_OS2, and SQLITE_OS_OTHER 
+** will defined to either 1 or 0.  One of the four will be 1.  The other 
+** three will be 0.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_OS_OTHER)
+# if SQLITE_OS_OTHER==1
+#   undef SQLITE_OS_UNIX
+#   define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
+#   undef SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#   define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+#   undef SQLITE_OS_OS2
+#   define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
+# else
+#   undef SQLITE_OS_OTHER
+# endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OS_UNIX) && !defined(SQLITE_OS_OTHER)
+# define SQLITE_OS_OTHER 0
+# ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#   if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#     define SQLITE_OS_WIN 1
+#     define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
+#     define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
+#   elif defined(__EMX__) || defined(_OS2) || defined(OS2) || defined(_OS2_) || defined(__OS2__)
+#     define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+#     define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
+#     define SQLITE_OS_OS2 1
+#   else
+#     define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+#     define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 1
+#     define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
+#  endif
+# else
+#  define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
+#  define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
+# endif
+#else
+# ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#  define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Determine if we are dealing with WindowsCE - which has a much
+** reduced API.
+*/
+#if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 1
+#else
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 0
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Define the maximum size of a temporary filename
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
+# include <windows.h>
+# define SQLITE_TEMPNAME_SIZE (MAX_PATH+50)
+#elif SQLITE_OS_OS2
+# if (__GNUC__ > 3 || __GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3) && defined(OS2_HIGH_MEMORY)
+#  include <os2safe.h> /* has to be included before os2.h for linking to work */
+# endif
+# define INCL_DOSDATETIME
+# define INCL_DOSFILEMGR
+# define INCL_DOSERRORS
+# define INCL_DOSMISC
+# define INCL_DOSPROCESS
+# define INCL_DOSMODULEMGR
+# define INCL_DOSSEMAPHORES
+# include <os2.h>
+# include <uconv.h>
+# define SQLITE_TEMPNAME_SIZE (CCHMAXPATHCOMP)
+#else
+# define SQLITE_TEMPNAME_SIZE 200
+#endif
+
+/* If the SET_FULLSYNC macro is not defined above, then make it
+** a no-op
+*/
+#ifndef SET_FULLSYNC
+# define SET_FULLSYNC(x,y)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The default size of a disk sector
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE 512
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Temporary files are named starting with this prefix followed by 16 random
+** alphanumeric characters, and no file extension. They are stored in the
+** OS's standard temporary file directory, and are deleted prior to exit.
+** If sqlite is being embedded in another program, you may wish to change the
+** prefix to reflect your program's name, so that if your program exits
+** prematurely, old temporary files can be easily identified. This can be done
+** using -DSQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX=myprefix_ on the compiler command line.
+**
+** 2006-10-31:  The default prefix used to be "sqlite_".  But then
+** Mcafee started using SQLite in their anti-virus product and it
+** started putting files with the "sqlite" name in the c:/temp folder.
+** This annoyed many windows users.  Those users would then do a 
+** Google search for "sqlite", find the telephone numbers of the
+** developers and call to wake them up at night and complain.
+** For this reason, the default name prefix is changed to be "sqlite" 
+** spelled backwards.  So the temp files are still identified, but
+** anybody smart enough to figure out the code is also likely smart
+** enough to know that calling the developer will not help get rid
+** of the file.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX
+# define SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX "etilqs_"
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following values may be passed as the second argument to
+** sqlite3OsLock(). The various locks exhibit the following semantics:
+**
+** SHARED:    Any number of processes may hold a SHARED lock simultaneously.
+** RESERVED:  A single process may hold a RESERVED lock on a file at
+**            any time. Other processes may hold and obtain new SHARED locks.
+** PENDING:   A single process may hold a PENDING lock on a file at
+**            any one time. Existing SHARED locks may persist, but no new
+**            SHARED locks may be obtained by other processes.
+** EXCLUSIVE: An EXCLUSIVE lock precludes all other locks.
+**
+** PENDING_LOCK may not be passed directly to sqlite3OsLock(). Instead, a
+** process that requests an EXCLUSIVE lock may actually obtain a PENDING
+** lock. This can be upgraded to an EXCLUSIVE lock by a subsequent call to
+** sqlite3OsLock().
+*/
+#define NO_LOCK         0
+#define SHARED_LOCK     1
+#define RESERVED_LOCK   2
+#define PENDING_LOCK    3
+#define EXCLUSIVE_LOCK  4
+
+/*
+** File Locking Notes:  (Mostly about windows but also some info for Unix)
+**
+** We cannot use LockFileEx() or UnlockFileEx() on Win95/98/ME because
+** those functions are not available.  So we use only LockFile() and
+** UnlockFile().
+**
+** LockFile() prevents not just writing but also reading by other processes.
+** A SHARED_LOCK is obtained by locking a single randomly-chosen 
+** byte out of a specific range of bytes. The lock byte is obtained at 
+** random so two separate readers can probably access the file at the 
+** same time, unless they are unlucky and choose the same lock byte.
+** An EXCLUSIVE_LOCK is obtained by locking all bytes in the range.
+** There can only be one writer.  A RESERVED_LOCK is obtained by locking
+** a single byte of the file that is designated as the reserved lock byte.
+** A PENDING_LOCK is obtained by locking a designated byte different from
+** the RESERVED_LOCK byte.
+**
+** On WinNT/2K/XP systems, LockFileEx() and UnlockFileEx() are available,
+** which means we can use reader/writer locks.  When reader/writer locks
+** are used, the lock is placed on the same range of bytes that is used
+** for probabilistic locking in Win95/98/ME.  Hence, the locking scheme
+** will support two or more Win95 readers or two or more WinNT readers.
+** But a single Win95 reader will lock out all WinNT readers and a single
+** WinNT reader will lock out all other Win95 readers.
+**
+** The following #defines specify the range of bytes used for locking.
+** SHARED_SIZE is the number of bytes available in the pool from which
+** a random byte is selected for a shared lock.  The pool of bytes for
+** shared locks begins at SHARED_FIRST. 
+**
+** The same locking strategy and
+** byte ranges are used for Unix.  This leaves open the possiblity of having
+** clients on win95, winNT, and unix all talking to the same shared file
+** and all locking correctly.  To do so would require that samba (or whatever
+** tool is being used for file sharing) implements locks correctly between
+** windows and unix.  I'm guessing that isn't likely to happen, but by
+** using the same locking range we are at least open to the possibility.
+**
+** Locking in windows is manditory.  For this reason, we cannot store
+** actual data in the bytes used for locking.  The pager never allocates
+** the pages involved in locking therefore.  SHARED_SIZE is selected so
+** that all locks will fit on a single page even at the minimum page size.
+** PENDING_BYTE defines the beginning of the locks.  By default PENDING_BYTE
+** is set high so that we don't have to allocate an unused page except
+** for very large databases.  But one should test the page skipping logic 
+** by setting PENDING_BYTE low and running the entire regression suite.
+**
+** Changing the value of PENDING_BYTE results in a subtly incompatible
+** file format.  Depending on how it is changed, you might not notice
+** the incompatibility right away, even running a full regression test.
+** The default location of PENDING_BYTE is the first byte past the
+** 1GB boundary.
+**
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+# define PENDING_BYTE     (0x40000000)
+#else
+# define PENDING_BYTE      sqlite3PendingByte
+#endif
+#define RESERVED_BYTE     (PENDING_BYTE+1)
+#define SHARED_FIRST      (PENDING_BYTE+2)
+#define SHARED_SIZE       510
+
+/*
+** Wrapper around OS specific sqlite3_os_init() function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsInit(void);
+
+/* 
+** Functions for accessing sqlite3_file methods 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsClose(sqlite3_file*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsRead(sqlite3_file*, void*, int amt, i64 offset);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsWrite(sqlite3_file*, const void*, int amt, i64 offset);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsTruncate(sqlite3_file*, i64 size);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsSync(sqlite3_file*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFileSize(sqlite3_file*, i64 *pSize);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsLock(sqlite3_file*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsUnlock(sqlite3_file*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFileControl(sqlite3_file*,int,void*);
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_DB_UNCHANGED 0xca093fa0
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsSectorSize(sqlite3_file *id);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmMap(sqlite3_file *,int,int,int,void volatile **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmLock(sqlite3_file *id, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsShmBarrier(sqlite3_file *id);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmUnmap(sqlite3_file *id, int);
+
+/* 
+** Functions for accessing sqlite3_vfs methods 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsOpen(sqlite3_vfs *, const char *, sqlite3_file*, int, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsDelete(sqlite3_vfs *, const char *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsAccess(sqlite3_vfs *, const char *, int, int *pResOut);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFullPathname(sqlite3_vfs *, const char *, int, char *);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3OsDlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *, const char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsDlError(sqlite3_vfs *, int, char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void (*sqlite3OsDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *, void *, const char *))(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsDlClose(sqlite3_vfs *, void *);
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsRandomness(sqlite3_vfs *, int, char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsSleep(sqlite3_vfs *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *, sqlite3_int64*);
+
+/*
+** Convenience functions for opening and closing files using 
+** sqlite3_malloc() to obtain space for the file-handle structure.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsOpenMalloc(sqlite3_vfs *, const char *, sqlite3_file **, int,int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsCloseFree(sqlite3_file *);
+
+#endif /* _SQLITE_OS_H_ */
+
+/************** End of os.h **************************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+/************** Include mutex.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h *****************/
+/************** Begin file mutex.h *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 August 28
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains the common header for all mutex implementations.
+** The sqliteInt.h header #includes this file so that it is available
+** to all source files.  We break it out in an effort to keep the code
+** better organized.
+**
+** NOTE:  source files should *not* #include this header file directly.
+** Source files should #include the sqliteInt.h file and let that file
+** include this one indirectly.
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** Figure out what version of the code to use.  The choices are
+**
+**   SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT         No mutex logic.  Not even stubs.  The
+**                             mutexes implemention cannot be overridden
+**                             at start-time.
+**
+**   SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP         For single-threaded applications.  No
+**                             mutual exclusion is provided.  But this
+**                             implementation can be overridden at
+**                             start-time.
+**
+**   SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS     For multi-threaded applications on Unix.
+**
+**   SQLITE_MUTEX_W32          For multi-threaded applications on Win32.
+**
+**   SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2          For multi-threaded applications on OS/2.
+*/
+#if !SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+# define SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE && !defined(SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP)
+#  if SQLITE_OS_UNIX
+#    define SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS
+#  elif SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#    define SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
+#  elif SQLITE_OS_OS2
+#    define SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
+#  else
+#    define SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
+/*
+** If this is a no-op implementation, implement everything as macros.
+*/
+#define sqlite3_mutex_alloc(X)    ((sqlite3_mutex*)8)
+#define sqlite3_mutex_free(X)
+#define sqlite3_mutex_enter(X)
+#define sqlite3_mutex_try(X)      SQLITE_OK
+#define sqlite3_mutex_leave(X)
+#define sqlite3_mutex_held(X)     ((void)(X),1)
+#define sqlite3_mutex_notheld(X)  ((void)(X),1)
+#define sqlite3MutexAlloc(X)      ((sqlite3_mutex*)8)
+#define sqlite3MutexInit()        SQLITE_OK
+#define sqlite3MutexEnd()
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT) */
+
+/************** End of mutex.h ***********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+
+
+/*
+** Each database file to be accessed by the system is an instance
+** of the following structure.  There are normally two of these structures
+** in the sqlite.aDb[] array.  aDb[0] is the main database file and
+** aDb[1] is the database file used to hold temporary tables.  Additional
+** databases may be attached.
+*/
+struct Db {
+  char *zName;         /* Name of this database */
+  Btree *pBt;          /* The B*Tree structure for this database file */
+  u8 inTrans;          /* 0: not writable.  1: Transaction.  2: Checkpoint */
+  u8 safety_level;     /* How aggressive at syncing data to disk */
+  Schema *pSchema;     /* Pointer to database schema (possibly shared) */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure stores a database schema.
+**
+** Most Schema objects are associated with a Btree.  The exception is
+** the Schema for the TEMP databaes (sqlite3.aDb[1]) which is free-standing.
+** In shared cache mode, a single Schema object can be shared by multiple
+** Btrees that refer to the same underlying BtShared object.
+** 
+** Schema objects are automatically deallocated when the last Btree that
+** references them is destroyed.   The TEMP Schema is manually freed by
+** sqlite3_close().
+*
+** A thread must be holding a mutex on the corresponding Btree in order
+** to access Schema content.  This implies that the thread must also be
+** holding a mutex on the sqlite3 connection pointer that owns the Btree.
+** For a TEMP Schema, only the connection mutex is required.
+*/
+struct Schema {
+  int schema_cookie;   /* Database schema version number for this file */
+  int iGeneration;     /* Generation counter.  Incremented with each change */
+  Hash tblHash;        /* All tables indexed by name */
+  Hash idxHash;        /* All (named) indices indexed by name */
+  Hash trigHash;       /* All triggers indexed by name */
+  Hash fkeyHash;       /* All foreign keys by referenced table name */
+  Table *pSeqTab;      /* The sqlite_sequence table used by AUTOINCREMENT */
+  u8 file_format;      /* Schema format version for this file */
+  u8 enc;              /* Text encoding used by this database */
+  u16 flags;           /* Flags associated with this schema */
+  int cache_size;      /* Number of pages to use in the cache */
+};
+
+/*
+** These macros can be used to test, set, or clear bits in the 
+** Db.pSchema->flags field.
+*/
+#define DbHasProperty(D,I,P)     (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags&(P))==(P))
+#define DbHasAnyProperty(D,I,P)  (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags&(P))!=0)
+#define DbSetProperty(D,I,P)     (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags|=(P)
+#define DbClearProperty(D,I,P)   (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags&=~(P)
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for the DB.pSchema->flags field.
+**
+** The DB_SchemaLoaded flag is set after the database schema has been
+** read into internal hash tables.
+**
+** DB_UnresetViews means that one or more views have column names that
+** have been filled out.  If the schema changes, these column names might
+** changes and so the view will need to be reset.
+*/
+#define DB_SchemaLoaded    0x0001  /* The schema has been loaded */
+#define DB_UnresetViews    0x0002  /* Some views have defined column names */
+#define DB_Empty           0x0004  /* The file is empty (length 0 bytes) */
+
+/*
+** The number of different kinds of things that can be limited
+** using the sqlite3_limit() interface.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_N_LIMIT (SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH+1)
+
+/*
+** Lookaside malloc is a set of fixed-size buffers that can be used
+** to satisfy small transient memory allocation requests for objects
+** associated with a particular database connection.  The use of
+** lookaside malloc provides a significant performance enhancement
+** (approx 10%) by avoiding numerous malloc/free requests while parsing
+** SQL statements.
+**
+** The Lookaside structure holds configuration information about the
+** lookaside malloc subsystem.  Each available memory allocation in
+** the lookaside subsystem is stored on a linked list of LookasideSlot
+** objects.
+**
+** Lookaside allocations are only allowed for objects that are associated
+** with a particular database connection.  Hence, schema information cannot
+** be stored in lookaside because in shared cache mode the schema information
+** is shared by multiple database connections.  Therefore, while parsing
+** schema information, the Lookaside.bEnabled flag is cleared so that
+** lookaside allocations are not used to construct the schema objects.
+*/
+struct Lookaside {
+  u16 sz;                 /* Size of each buffer in bytes */
+  u8 bEnabled;            /* False to disable new lookaside allocations */
+  u8 bMalloced;           /* True if pStart obtained from sqlite3_malloc() */
+  int nOut;               /* Number of buffers currently checked out */
+  int mxOut;              /* Highwater mark for nOut */
+  int anStat[3];          /* 0: hits.  1: size misses.  2: full misses */
+  LookasideSlot *pFree;   /* List of available buffers */
+  void *pStart;           /* First byte of available memory space */
+  void *pEnd;             /* First byte past end of available space */
+};
+struct LookasideSlot {
+  LookasideSlot *pNext;    /* Next buffer in the list of free buffers */
+};
+
+/*
+** A hash table for function definitions.
+**
+** Hash each FuncDef structure into one of the FuncDefHash.a[] slots.
+** Collisions are on the FuncDef.pHash chain.
+*/
+struct FuncDefHash {
+  FuncDef *a[23];       /* Hash table for functions */
+};
+
+/*
+** Each database connection is an instance of the following structure.
+**
+** The sqlite.lastRowid records the last insert rowid generated by an
+** insert statement.  Inserts on views do not affect its value.  Each
+** trigger has its own context, so that lastRowid can be updated inside
+** triggers as usual.  The previous value will be restored once the trigger
+** exits.  Upon entering a before or instead of trigger, lastRowid is no
+** longer (since after version 2.8.12) reset to -1.
+**
+** The sqlite.nChange does not count changes within triggers and keeps no
+** context.  It is reset at start of sqlite3_exec.
+** The sqlite.lsChange represents the number of changes made by the last
+** insert, update, or delete statement.  It remains constant throughout the
+** length of a statement and is then updated by OP_SetCounts.  It keeps a
+** context stack just like lastRowid so that the count of changes
+** within a trigger is not seen outside the trigger.  Changes to views do not
+** affect the value of lsChange.
+** The sqlite.csChange keeps track of the number of current changes (since
+** the last statement) and is used to update sqlite_lsChange.
+**
+** The member variables sqlite.errCode, sqlite.zErrMsg and sqlite.zErrMsg16
+** store the most recent error code and, if applicable, string. The
+** internal function sqlite3Error() is used to set these variables
+** consistently.
+*/
+struct sqlite3 {
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;            /* OS Interface */
+  int nDb;                      /* Number of backends currently in use */
+  Db *aDb;                      /* All backends */
+  int flags;                    /* Miscellaneous flags. See below */
+  unsigned int openFlags;       /* Flags passed to sqlite3_vfs.xOpen() */
+  int errCode;                  /* Most recent error code (SQLITE_*) */
+  int errMask;                  /* & result codes with this before returning */
+  u8 autoCommit;                /* The auto-commit flag. */
+  u8 temp_store;                /* 1: file 2: memory 0: default */
+  u8 mallocFailed;              /* True if we have seen a malloc failure */
+  u8 dfltLockMode;              /* Default locking-mode for attached dbs */
+  signed char nextAutovac;      /* Autovac setting after VACUUM if >=0 */
+  u8 suppressErr;               /* Do not issue error messages if true */
+  u8 vtabOnConflict;            /* Value to return for s3_vtab_on_conflict() */
+  int nextPagesize;             /* Pagesize after VACUUM if >0 */
+  int nTable;                   /* Number of tables in the database */
+  CollSeq *pDfltColl;           /* The default collating sequence (BINARY) */
+  i64 lastRowid;                /* ROWID of most recent insert (see above) */
+  u32 magic;                    /* Magic number for detect library misuse */
+  int nChange;                  /* Value returned by sqlite3_changes() */
+  int nTotalChange;             /* Value returned by sqlite3_total_changes() */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;         /* Connection mutex */
+  int aLimit[SQLITE_N_LIMIT];   /* Limits */
+  struct sqlite3InitInfo {      /* Information used during initialization */
+    int iDb;                    /* When back is being initialized */
+    int newTnum;                /* Rootpage of table being initialized */
+    u8 busy;                    /* TRUE if currently initializing */
+    u8 orphanTrigger;           /* Last statement is orphaned TEMP trigger */
+  } init;
+  int nExtension;               /* Number of loaded extensions */
+  void **aExtension;            /* Array of shared library handles */
+  struct Vdbe *pVdbe;           /* List of active virtual machines */
+  int activeVdbeCnt;            /* Number of VDBEs currently executing */
+  int writeVdbeCnt;             /* Number of active VDBEs that are writing */
+  int vdbeExecCnt;              /* Number of nested calls to VdbeExec() */
+  void (*xTrace)(void*,const char*);        /* Trace function */
+  void *pTraceArg;                          /* Argument to the trace function */
+  void (*xProfile)(void*,const char*,u64);  /* Profiling function */
+  void *pProfileArg;                        /* Argument to profile function */
+  void *pCommitArg;                 /* Argument to xCommitCallback() */   
+  int (*xCommitCallback)(void*);    /* Invoked at every commit. */
+  void *pRollbackArg;               /* Argument to xRollbackCallback() */   
+  void (*xRollbackCallback)(void*); /* Invoked at every commit. */
+  void *pUpdateArg;
+  void (*xUpdateCallback)(void*,int, const char*,const char*,sqlite_int64);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  int (*xWalCallback)(void *, sqlite3 *, const char *, int);
+  void *pWalArg;
+#endif
+  void(*xCollNeeded)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const char*);
+  void(*xCollNeeded16)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*);
+  void *pCollNeededArg;
+  sqlite3_value *pErr;          /* Most recent error message */
+  char *zErrMsg;                /* Most recent error message (UTF-8 encoded) */
+  char *zErrMsg16;              /* Most recent error message (UTF-16 encoded) */
+  union {
+    volatile int isInterrupted; /* True if sqlite3_interrupt has been called */
+    double notUsed1;            /* Spacer */
+  } u1;
+  Lookaside lookaside;          /* Lookaside malloc configuration */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  int (*xAuth)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*);
+                                /* Access authorization function */
+  void *pAuthArg;               /* 1st argument to the access auth function */
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+  int (*xProgress)(void *);     /* The progress callback */
+  void *pProgressArg;           /* Argument to the progress callback */
+  int nProgressOps;             /* Number of opcodes for progress callback */
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  Hash aModule;                 /* populated by sqlite3_create_module() */
+  VtabCtx *pVtabCtx;            /* Context for active vtab connect/create */
+  VTable **aVTrans;             /* Virtual tables with open transactions */
+  int nVTrans;                  /* Allocated size of aVTrans */
+  VTable *pDisconnect;    /* Disconnect these in next sqlite3_prepare() */
+#endif
+  FuncDefHash aFunc;            /* Hash table of connection functions */
+  Hash aCollSeq;                /* All collating sequences */
+  BusyHandler busyHandler;      /* Busy callback */
+  int busyTimeout;              /* Busy handler timeout, in msec */
+  Db aDbStatic[2];              /* Static space for the 2 default backends */
+  Savepoint *pSavepoint;        /* List of active savepoints */
+  int nSavepoint;               /* Number of non-transaction savepoints */
+  int nStatement;               /* Number of nested statement-transactions  */
+  u8 isTransactionSavepoint;    /* True if the outermost savepoint is a TS */
+  i64 nDeferredCons;            /* Net deferred constraints this transaction. */
+  int *pnBytesFreed;            /* If not NULL, increment this in DbFree() */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
+  /* The following variables are all protected by the STATIC_MASTER 
+  ** mutex, not by sqlite3.mutex. They are used by code in notify.c. 
+  **
+  ** When X.pUnlockConnection==Y, that means that X is waiting for Y to
+  ** unlock so that it can proceed.
+  **
+  ** When X.pBlockingConnection==Y, that means that something that X tried
+  ** tried to do recently failed with an SQLITE_LOCKED error due to locks
+  ** held by Y.
+  */
+  sqlite3 *pBlockingConnection; /* Connection that caused SQLITE_LOCKED */
+  sqlite3 *pUnlockConnection;           /* Connection to watch for unlock */
+  void *pUnlockArg;                     /* Argument to xUnlockNotify */
+  void (*xUnlockNotify)(void **, int);  /* Unlock notify callback */
+  sqlite3 *pNextBlocked;        /* Next in list of all blocked connections */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** A macro to discover the encoding of a database.
+*/
+#define ENC(db) ((db)->aDb[0].pSchema->enc)
+
+/*
+** Possible values for the sqlite3.flags.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_VdbeTrace      0x00000100  /* True to trace VDBE execution */
+#define SQLITE_InternChanges  0x00000200  /* Uncommitted Hash table changes */
+#define SQLITE_FullColNames   0x00000400  /* Show full column names on SELECT */
+#define SQLITE_ShortColNames  0x00000800  /* Show short columns names */
+#define SQLITE_CountRows      0x00001000  /* Count rows changed by INSERT, */
+                                          /*   DELETE, or UPDATE and return */
+                                          /*   the count using a callback. */
+#define SQLITE_NullCallback   0x00002000  /* Invoke the callback once if the */
+                                          /*   result set is empty */
+#define SQLITE_SqlTrace       0x00004000  /* Debug print SQL as it executes */
+#define SQLITE_VdbeListing    0x00008000  /* Debug listings of VDBE programs */
+#define SQLITE_WriteSchema    0x00010000  /* OK to update SQLITE_MASTER */
+#define SQLITE_NoReadlock     0x00020000  /* Readlocks are omitted when 
+                                          ** accessing read-only databases */
+#define SQLITE_IgnoreChecks   0x00040000  /* Do not enforce check constraints */
+#define SQLITE_ReadUncommitted 0x0080000  /* For shared-cache mode */
+#define SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt  0x00100000  /* Create new databases in format 1 */
+#define SQLITE_FullFSync      0x00200000  /* Use full fsync on the backend */
+#define SQLITE_CkptFullFSync  0x00400000  /* Use full fsync for checkpoint */
+#define SQLITE_RecoveryMode   0x00800000  /* Ignore schema errors */
+#define SQLITE_ReverseOrder   0x01000000  /* Reverse unordered SELECTs */
+#define SQLITE_RecTriggers    0x02000000  /* Enable recursive triggers */
+#define SQLITE_ForeignKeys    0x04000000  /* Enforce foreign key constraints  */
+#define SQLITE_AutoIndex      0x08000000  /* Enable automatic indexes */
+#define SQLITE_PreferBuiltin  0x10000000  /* Preference to built-in funcs */
+#define SQLITE_LoadExtension  0x20000000  /* Enable load_extension */
+#define SQLITE_EnableTrigger  0x40000000  /* True to enable triggers */
+
+/*
+** Bits of the sqlite3.flags field that are used by the
+** sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) interface.
+** These must be the low-order bits of the flags field.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_QueryFlattener 0x01        /* Disable query flattening */
+#define SQLITE_ColumnCache    0x02        /* Disable the column cache */
+#define SQLITE_IndexSort      0x04        /* Disable indexes for sorting */
+#define SQLITE_IndexSearch    0x08        /* Disable indexes for searching */
+#define SQLITE_IndexCover     0x10        /* Disable index covering table */
+#define SQLITE_GroupByOrder   0x20        /* Disable GROUPBY cover of ORDERBY */
+#define SQLITE_FactorOutConst 0x40        /* Disable factoring out constants */
+#define SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt   0x80        /* Store REAL as INT in indices */
+#define SQLITE_OptMask        0xff        /* Mask of all disablable opts */
+
+/*
+** Possible values for the sqlite.magic field.
+** The numbers are obtained at random and have no special meaning, other
+** than being distinct from one another.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_MAGIC_OPEN     0xa029a697  /* Database is open */
+#define SQLITE_MAGIC_CLOSED   0x9f3c2d33  /* Database is closed */
+#define SQLITE_MAGIC_SICK     0x4b771290  /* Error and awaiting close */
+#define SQLITE_MAGIC_BUSY     0xf03b7906  /* Database currently in use */
+#define SQLITE_MAGIC_ERROR    0xb5357930  /* An SQLITE_MISUSE error occurred */
+
+/*
+** Each SQL function is defined by an instance of the following
+** structure.  A pointer to this structure is stored in the sqlite.aFunc
+** hash table.  When multiple functions have the same name, the hash table
+** points to a linked list of these structures.
+*/
+struct FuncDef {
+  i16 nArg;            /* Number of arguments.  -1 means unlimited */
+  u8 iPrefEnc;         /* Preferred text encoding (SQLITE_UTF8, 16LE, 16BE) */
+  u8 flags;            /* Some combination of SQLITE_FUNC_* */
+  void *pUserData;     /* User data parameter */
+  FuncDef *pNext;      /* Next function with same name */
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**); /* Regular function */
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**); /* Aggregate step */
+  void (*xFinalize)(sqlite3_context*);                /* Aggregate finalizer */
+  char *zName;         /* SQL name of the function. */
+  FuncDef *pHash;      /* Next with a different name but the same hash */
+  FuncDestructor *pDestructor;   /* Reference counted destructor function */
+};
+
+/*
+** This structure encapsulates a user-function destructor callback (as
+** configured using create_function_v2()) and a reference counter. When
+** create_function_v2() is called to create a function with a destructor,
+** a single object of this type is allocated. FuncDestructor.nRef is set to 
+** the number of FuncDef objects created (either 1 or 3, depending on whether
+** or not the specified encoding is SQLITE_ANY). The FuncDef.pDestructor
+** member of each of the new FuncDef objects is set to point to the allocated
+** FuncDestructor.
+**
+** Thereafter, when one of the FuncDef objects is deleted, the reference
+** count on this object is decremented. When it reaches 0, the destructor
+** is invoked and the FuncDestructor structure freed.
+*/
+struct FuncDestructor {
+  int nRef;
+  void (*xDestroy)(void *);
+  void *pUserData;
+};
+
+/*
+** Possible values for FuncDef.flags
+*/
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE     0x01 /* Candidate for the LIKE optimization */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_CASE     0x02 /* Case-sensitive LIKE-type function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM    0x04 /* Ephemeral.  Delete with VDBE */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL 0x08 /* sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq() might be called */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_PRIVATE  0x10 /* Allowed for internal use only */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT    0x20 /* Built-in count(*) aggregate */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE 0x40 /* Built-in coalesce() or ifnull() function */
+
+/*
+** The following three macros, FUNCTION(), LIKEFUNC() and AGGREGATE() are
+** used to create the initializers for the FuncDef structures.
+**
+**   FUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc)
+**     Used to create a scalar function definition of a function zName 
+**     implemented by C function xFunc that accepts nArg arguments. The
+**     value passed as iArg is cast to a (void*) and made available
+**     as the user-data (sqlite3_user_data()) for the function. If 
+**     argument bNC is true, then the SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL flag is set.
+**
+**   AGGREGATE(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xStep, xFinal)
+**     Used to create an aggregate function definition implemented by
+**     the C functions xStep and xFinal. The first four parameters
+**     are interpreted in the same way as the first 4 parameters to
+**     FUNCTION().
+**
+**   LIKEFUNC(zName, nArg, pArg, flags)
+**     Used to create a scalar function definition of a function zName 
+**     that accepts nArg arguments and is implemented by a call to C 
+**     function likeFunc. Argument pArg is cast to a (void *) and made
+**     available as the function user-data (sqlite3_user_data()). The
+**     FuncDef.flags variable is set to the value passed as the flags
+**     parameter.
+*/
+#define FUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc) \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
+   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(iArg), 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
+#define STR_FUNCTION(zName, nArg, pArg, bNC, xFunc) \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
+   pArg, 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
+#define LIKEFUNC(zName, nArg, arg, flags) \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, flags, (void *)arg, 0, likeFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
+#define AGGREGATE(zName, nArg, arg, nc, xStep, xFinal) \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, nc*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
+   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(arg), 0, 0, xStep,xFinal,#zName,0,0}
+
+/*
+** All current savepoints are stored in a linked list starting at
+** sqlite3.pSavepoint. The first element in the list is the most recently
+** opened savepoint. Savepoints are added to the list by the vdbe
+** OP_Savepoint instruction.
+*/
+struct Savepoint {
+  char *zName;                        /* Savepoint name (nul-terminated) */
+  i64 nDeferredCons;                  /* Number of deferred fk violations */
+  Savepoint *pNext;                   /* Parent savepoint (if any) */
+};
+
+/*
+** The following are used as the second parameter to sqlite3Savepoint(),
+** and as the P1 argument to the OP_Savepoint instruction.
+*/
+#define SAVEPOINT_BEGIN      0
+#define SAVEPOINT_RELEASE    1
+#define SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK   2
+
+
+/*
+** Each SQLite module (virtual table definition) is defined by an
+** instance of the following structure, stored in the sqlite3.aModule
+** hash table.
+*/
+struct Module {
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;       /* Callback pointers */
+  const char *zName;                   /* Name passed to create_module() */
+  void *pAux;                          /* pAux passed to create_module() */
+  void (*xDestroy)(void *);            /* Module destructor function */
+};
+
+/*
+** information about each column of an SQL table is held in an instance
+** of this structure.
+*/
+struct Column {
+  char *zName;     /* Name of this column */
+  Expr *pDflt;     /* Default value of this column */
+  char *zDflt;     /* Original text of the default value */
+  char *zType;     /* Data type for this column */
+  char *zColl;     /* Collating sequence.  If NULL, use the default */
+  u8 notNull;      /* True if there is a NOT NULL constraint */
+  u8 isPrimKey;    /* True if this column is part of the PRIMARY KEY */
+  char affinity;   /* One of the SQLITE_AFF_... values */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  u8 isHidden;     /* True if this column is 'hidden' */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** A "Collating Sequence" is defined by an instance of the following
+** structure. Conceptually, a collating sequence consists of a name and
+** a comparison routine that defines the order of that sequence.
+**
+** There may two separate implementations of the collation function, one
+** that processes text in UTF-8 encoding (CollSeq.xCmp) and another that
+** processes text encoded in UTF-16 (CollSeq.xCmp16), using the machine
+** native byte order. When a collation sequence is invoked, SQLite selects
+** the version that will require the least expensive encoding
+** translations, if any.
+**
+** The CollSeq.pUser member variable is an extra parameter that passed in
+** as the first argument to the UTF-8 comparison function, xCmp.
+** CollSeq.pUser16 is the equivalent for the UTF-16 comparison function,
+** xCmp16.
+**
+** If both CollSeq.xCmp and CollSeq.xCmp16 are NULL, it means that the
+** collating sequence is undefined.  Indices built on an undefined
+** collating sequence may not be read or written.
+*/
+struct CollSeq {
+  char *zName;          /* Name of the collating sequence, UTF-8 encoded */
+  u8 enc;               /* Text encoding handled by xCmp() */
+  u8 type;              /* One of the SQLITE_COLL_... values below */
+  void *pUser;          /* First argument to xCmp() */
+  int (*xCmp)(void*,int, const void*, int, const void*);
+  void (*xDel)(void*);  /* Destructor for pUser */
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values of CollSeq.type:
+*/
+#define SQLITE_COLL_BINARY  1  /* The default memcmp() collating sequence */
+#define SQLITE_COLL_NOCASE  2  /* The built-in NOCASE collating sequence */
+#define SQLITE_COLL_REVERSE 3  /* The built-in REVERSE collating sequence */
+#define SQLITE_COLL_USER    0  /* Any other user-defined collating sequence */
+
+/*
+** A sort order can be either ASC or DESC.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_SO_ASC       0  /* Sort in ascending order */
+#define SQLITE_SO_DESC      1  /* Sort in ascending order */
+
+/*
+** Column affinity types.
+**
+** These used to have mnemonic name like 'i' for SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER and
+** 't' for SQLITE_AFF_TEXT.  But we can save a little space and improve
+** the speed a little by numbering the values consecutively.  
+**
+** But rather than start with 0 or 1, we begin with 'a'.  That way,
+** when multiple affinity types are concatenated into a string and
+** used as the P4 operand, they will be more readable.
+**
+** Note also that the numeric types are grouped together so that testing
+** for a numeric type is a single comparison.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_AFF_TEXT     'a'
+#define SQLITE_AFF_NONE     'b'
+#define SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC  'c'
+#define SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER  'd'
+#define SQLITE_AFF_REAL     'e'
+
+#define sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(X)  ((X)>=SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC)
+
+/*
+** The SQLITE_AFF_MASK values masks off the significant bits of an
+** affinity value. 
+*/
+#define SQLITE_AFF_MASK     0x67
+
+/*
+** Additional bit values that can be ORed with an affinity without
+** changing the affinity.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL   0x08  /* jumps if either operand is NULL */
+#define SQLITE_STOREP2      0x10  /* Store result in reg[P2] rather than jump */
+#define SQLITE_NULLEQ       0x80  /* NULL=NULL */
+
+/*
+** An object of this type is created for each virtual table present in
+** the database schema. 
+**
+** If the database schema is shared, then there is one instance of this
+** structure for each database connection (sqlite3*) that uses the shared
+** schema. This is because each database connection requires its own unique
+** instance of the sqlite3_vtab* handle used to access the virtual table 
+** implementation. sqlite3_vtab* handles can not be shared between 
+** database connections, even when the rest of the in-memory database 
+** schema is shared, as the implementation often stores the database
+** connection handle passed to it via the xConnect() or xCreate() method
+** during initialization internally. This database connection handle may
+** then be used by the virtual table implementation to access real tables 
+** within the database. So that they appear as part of the callers 
+** transaction, these accesses need to be made via the same database 
+** connection as that used to execute SQL operations on the virtual table.
+**
+** All VTable objects that correspond to a single table in a shared
+** database schema are initially stored in a linked-list pointed to by
+** the Table.pVTable member variable of the corresponding Table object.
+** When an sqlite3_prepare() operation is required to access the virtual
+** table, it searches the list for the VTable that corresponds to the
+** database connection doing the preparing so as to use the correct
+** sqlite3_vtab* handle in the compiled query.
+**
+** When an in-memory Table object is deleted (for example when the
+** schema is being reloaded for some reason), the VTable objects are not 
+** deleted and the sqlite3_vtab* handles are not xDisconnect()ed 
+** immediately. Instead, they are moved from the Table.pVTable list to
+** another linked list headed by the sqlite3.pDisconnect member of the
+** corresponding sqlite3 structure. They are then deleted/xDisconnected 
+** next time a statement is prepared using said sqlite3*. This is done
+** to avoid deadlock issues involving multiple sqlite3.mutex mutexes.
+** Refer to comments above function sqlite3VtabUnlockList() for an
+** explanation as to why it is safe to add an entry to an sqlite3.pDisconnect
+** list without holding the corresponding sqlite3.mutex mutex.
+**
+** The memory for objects of this type is always allocated by 
+** sqlite3DbMalloc(), using the connection handle stored in VTable.db as 
+** the first argument.
+*/
+struct VTable {
+  sqlite3 *db;              /* Database connection associated with this table */
+  Module *pMod;             /* Pointer to module implementation */
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;      /* Pointer to vtab instance */
+  int nRef;                 /* Number of pointers to this structure */
+  u8 bConstraint;           /* True if constraints are supported */
+  int iSavepoint;           /* Depth of the SAVEPOINT stack */
+  VTable *pNext;            /* Next in linked list (see above) */
+};
+
+/*
+** Each SQL table is represented in memory by an instance of the
+** following structure.
+**
+** Table.zName is the name of the table.  The case of the original
+** CREATE TABLE statement is stored, but case is not significant for
+** comparisons.
+**
+** Table.nCol is the number of columns in this table.  Table.aCol is a
+** pointer to an array of Column structures, one for each column.
+**
+** If the table has an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, then Table.iPKey is the index of
+** the column that is that key.   Otherwise Table.iPKey is negative.  Note
+** that the datatype of the PRIMARY KEY must be INTEGER for this field to
+** be set.  An INTEGER PRIMARY KEY is used as the rowid for each row of
+** the table.  If a table has no INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, then a random rowid
+** is generated for each row of the table.  TF_HasPrimaryKey is set if
+** the table has any PRIMARY KEY, INTEGER or otherwise.
+**
+** Table.tnum is the page number for the root BTree page of the table in the
+** database file.  If Table.iDb is the index of the database table backend
+** in sqlite.aDb[].  0 is for the main database and 1 is for the file that
+** holds temporary tables and indices.  If TF_Ephemeral is set
+** then the table is stored in a file that is automatically deleted
+** when the VDBE cursor to the table is closed.  In this case Table.tnum 
+** refers VDBE cursor number that holds the table open, not to the root
+** page number.  Transient tables are used to hold the results of a
+** sub-query that appears instead of a real table name in the FROM clause 
+** of a SELECT statement.
+*/
+struct Table {
+  char *zName;         /* Name of the table or view */
+  int iPKey;           /* If not negative, use aCol[iPKey] as the primary key */
+  int nCol;            /* Number of columns in this table */
+  Column *aCol;        /* Information about each column */
+  Index *pIndex;       /* List of SQL indexes on this table. */
+  int tnum;            /* Root BTree node for this table (see note above) */
+  unsigned nRowEst;    /* Estimated rows in table - from sqlite_stat1 table */
+  Select *pSelect;     /* NULL for tables.  Points to definition if a view. */
+  u16 nRef;            /* Number of pointers to this Table */
+  u8 tabFlags;         /* Mask of TF_* values */
+  u8 keyConf;          /* What to do in case of uniqueness conflict on iPKey */
+  FKey *pFKey;         /* Linked list of all foreign keys in this table */
+  char *zColAff;       /* String defining the affinity of each column */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+  Expr *pCheck;        /* The AND of all CHECK constraints */
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
+  int addColOffset;    /* Offset in CREATE TABLE stmt to add a new column */
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  VTable *pVTable;     /* List of VTable objects. */
+  int nModuleArg;      /* Number of arguments to the module */
+  char **azModuleArg;  /* Text of all module args. [0] is module name */
+#endif
+  Trigger *pTrigger;   /* List of triggers stored in pSchema */
+  Schema *pSchema;     /* Schema that contains this table */
+  Table *pNextZombie;  /* Next on the Parse.pZombieTab list */
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for Tabe.tabFlags.
+*/
+#define TF_Readonly        0x01    /* Read-only system table */
+#define TF_Ephemeral       0x02    /* An ephemeral table */
+#define TF_HasPrimaryKey   0x04    /* Table has a primary key */
+#define TF_Autoincrement   0x08    /* Integer primary key is autoincrement */
+#define TF_Virtual         0x10    /* Is a virtual table */
+#define TF_NeedMetadata    0x20    /* aCol[].zType and aCol[].pColl missing */
+
+
+
+/*
+** Test to see whether or not a table is a virtual table.  This is
+** done as a macro so that it will be optimized out when virtual
+** table support is omitted from the build.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+#  define IsVirtual(X)      (((X)->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)!=0)
+#  define IsHiddenColumn(X) ((X)->isHidden)
+#else
+#  define IsVirtual(X)      0
+#  define IsHiddenColumn(X) 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Each foreign key constraint is an instance of the following structure.
+**
+** A foreign key is associated with two tables.  The "from" table is
+** the table that contains the REFERENCES clause that creates the foreign
+** key.  The "to" table is the table that is named in the REFERENCES clause.
+** Consider this example:
+**
+**     CREATE TABLE ex1(
+**       a INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+**       b INTEGER CONSTRAINT fk1 REFERENCES ex2(x)
+**     );
+**
+** For foreign key "fk1", the from-table is "ex1" and the to-table is "ex2".
+**
+** Each REFERENCES clause generates an instance of the following structure
+** which is attached to the from-table.  The to-table need not exist when
+** the from-table is created.  The existence of the to-table is not checked.
+*/
+struct FKey {
+  Table *pFrom;     /* Table containing the REFERENCES clause (aka: Child) */
+  FKey *pNextFrom;  /* Next foreign key in pFrom */
+  char *zTo;        /* Name of table that the key points to (aka: Parent) */
+  FKey *pNextTo;    /* Next foreign key on table named zTo */
+  FKey *pPrevTo;    /* Previous foreign key on table named zTo */
+  int nCol;         /* Number of columns in this key */
+  /* EV: R-30323-21917 */
+  u8 isDeferred;    /* True if constraint checking is deferred till COMMIT */
+  u8 aAction[2];          /* ON DELETE and ON UPDATE actions, respectively */
+  Trigger *apTrigger[2];  /* Triggers for aAction[] actions */
+  struct sColMap {  /* Mapping of columns in pFrom to columns in zTo */
+    int iFrom;         /* Index of column in pFrom */
+    char *zCol;        /* Name of column in zTo.  If 0 use PRIMARY KEY */
+  } aCol[1];        /* One entry for each of nCol column s */
+};
+
+/*
+** SQLite supports many different ways to resolve a constraint
+** error.  ROLLBACK processing means that a constraint violation
+** causes the operation in process to fail and for the current transaction
+** to be rolled back.  ABORT processing means the operation in process
+** fails and any prior changes from that one operation are backed out,
+** but the transaction is not rolled back.  FAIL processing means that
+** the operation in progress stops and returns an error code.  But prior
+** changes due to the same operation are not backed out and no rollback
+** occurs.  IGNORE means that the particular row that caused the constraint
+** error is not inserted or updated.  Processing continues and no error
+** is returned.  REPLACE means that preexisting database rows that caused
+** a UNIQUE constraint violation are removed so that the new insert or
+** update can proceed.  Processing continues and no error is reported.
+**
+** RESTRICT, SETNULL, and CASCADE actions apply only to foreign keys.
+** RESTRICT is the same as ABORT for IMMEDIATE foreign keys and the
+** same as ROLLBACK for DEFERRED keys.  SETNULL means that the foreign
+** key is set to NULL.  CASCADE means that a DELETE or UPDATE of the
+** referenced table row is propagated into the row that holds the
+** foreign key.
+** 
+** The following symbolic values are used to record which type
+** of action to take.
+*/
+#define OE_None     0   /* There is no constraint to check */
+#define OE_Rollback 1   /* Fail the operation and rollback the transaction */
+#define OE_Abort    2   /* Back out changes but do no rollback transaction */
+#define OE_Fail     3   /* Stop the operation but leave all prior changes */
+#define OE_Ignore   4   /* Ignore the error. Do not do the INSERT or UPDATE */
+#define OE_Replace  5   /* Delete existing record, then do INSERT or UPDATE */
+
+#define OE_Restrict 6   /* OE_Abort for IMMEDIATE, OE_Rollback for DEFERRED */
+#define OE_SetNull  7   /* Set the foreign key value to NULL */
+#define OE_SetDflt  8   /* Set the foreign key value to its default */
+#define OE_Cascade  9   /* Cascade the changes */
+
+#define OE_Default  99  /* Do whatever the default action is */
+
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is passed as the first
+** argument to sqlite3VdbeKeyCompare and is used to control the 
+** comparison of the two index keys.
+*/
+struct KeyInfo {
+  sqlite3 *db;        /* The database connection */
+  u8 enc;             /* Text encoding - one of the SQLITE_UTF* values */
+  u16 nField;         /* Number of entries in aColl[] */
+  u8 *aSortOrder;     /* Sort order for each column.  May be NULL */
+  CollSeq *aColl[1];  /* Collating sequence for each term of the key */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure holds information about a
+** single index record that has already been parsed out into individual
+** values.
+**
+** A record is an object that contains one or more fields of data.
+** Records are used to store the content of a table row and to store
+** the key of an index.  A blob encoding of a record is created by
+** the OP_MakeRecord opcode of the VDBE and is disassembled by the
+** OP_Column opcode.
+**
+** This structure holds a record that has already been disassembled
+** into its constituent fields.
+*/
+struct UnpackedRecord {
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;  /* Collation and sort-order information */
+  u16 nField;         /* Number of entries in apMem[] */
+  u16 flags;          /* Boolean settings.  UNPACKED_... below */
+  i64 rowid;          /* Used by UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH */
+  Mem *aMem;          /* Values */
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values of UnpackedRecord.flags
+*/
+#define UNPACKED_NEED_FREE     0x0001  /* Memory is from sqlite3Malloc() */
+#define UNPACKED_NEED_DESTROY  0x0002  /* apMem[]s should all be destroyed */
+#define UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID  0x0004  /* Ignore trailing rowid on key1 */
+#define UNPACKED_INCRKEY       0x0008  /* Make this key an epsilon larger */
+#define UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH  0x0010  /* A prefix match is considered OK */
+#define UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH 0x0020  /* A prefix match is considered OK */
+
+/*
+** Each SQL index is represented in memory by an
+** instance of the following structure.
+**
+** The columns of the table that are to be indexed are described
+** by the aiColumn[] field of this structure.  For example, suppose
+** we have the following table and index:
+**
+**     CREATE TABLE Ex1(c1 int, c2 int, c3 text);
+**     CREATE INDEX Ex2 ON Ex1(c3,c1);
+**
+** In the Table structure describing Ex1, nCol==3 because there are
+** three columns in the table.  In the Index structure describing
+** Ex2, nColumn==2 since 2 of the 3 columns of Ex1 are indexed.
+** The value of aiColumn is {2, 0}.  aiColumn[0]==2 because the 
+** first column to be indexed (c3) has an index of 2 in Ex1.aCol[].
+** The second column to be indexed (c1) has an index of 0 in
+** Ex1.aCol[], hence Ex2.aiColumn[1]==0.
+**
+** The Index.onError field determines whether or not the indexed columns
+** must be unique and what to do if they are not.  When Index.onError=OE_None,
+** it means this is not a unique index.  Otherwise it is a unique index
+** and the value of Index.onError indicate the which conflict resolution 
+** algorithm to employ whenever an attempt is made to insert a non-unique
+** element.
+*/
+struct Index {
+  char *zName;     /* Name of this index */
+  int nColumn;     /* Number of columns in the table used by this index */
+  int *aiColumn;   /* Which columns are used by this index.  1st is 0 */
+  unsigned *aiRowEst; /* Result of ANALYZE: Est. rows selected by each column */
+  Table *pTable;   /* The SQL table being indexed */
+  int tnum;        /* Page containing root of this index in database file */
+  u8 onError;      /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
+  u8 autoIndex;    /* True if is automatically created (ex: by UNIQUE) */
+  u8 bUnordered;   /* Use this index for == or IN queries only */
+  char *zColAff;   /* String defining the affinity of each column */
+  Index *pNext;    /* The next index associated with the same table */
+  Schema *pSchema; /* Schema containing this index */
+  u8 *aSortOrder;  /* Array of size Index.nColumn. True==DESC, False==ASC */
+  char **azColl;   /* Array of collation sequence names for index */
+  IndexSample *aSample;    /* Array of SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES samples */
+};
+
+/*
+** Each sample stored in the sqlite_stat2 table is represented in memory 
+** using a structure of this type.
+*/
+struct IndexSample {
+  union {
+    char *z;        /* Value if eType is SQLITE_TEXT or SQLITE_BLOB */
+    double r;       /* Value if eType is SQLITE_FLOAT or SQLITE_INTEGER */
+  } u;
+  u8 eType;         /* SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_INTEGER ... etc. */
+  u8 nByte;         /* Size in byte of text or blob. */
+};
+
+/*
+** Each token coming out of the lexer is an instance of
+** this structure.  Tokens are also used as part of an expression.
+**
+** Note if Token.z==0 then Token.dyn and Token.n are undefined and
+** may contain random values.  Do not make any assumptions about Token.dyn
+** and Token.n when Token.z==0.
+*/
+struct Token {
+  const char *z;     /* Text of the token.  Not NULL-terminated! */
+  unsigned int n;    /* Number of characters in this token */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure contains information needed to generate
+** code for a SELECT that contains aggregate functions.
+**
+** If Expr.op==TK_AGG_COLUMN or TK_AGG_FUNCTION then Expr.pAggInfo is a
+** pointer to this structure.  The Expr.iColumn field is the index in
+** AggInfo.aCol[] or AggInfo.aFunc[] of information needed to generate
+** code for that node.
+**
+** AggInfo.pGroupBy and AggInfo.aFunc.pExpr point to fields within the
+** original Select structure that describes the SELECT statement.  These
+** fields do not need to be freed when deallocating the AggInfo structure.
+*/
+struct AggInfo {
+  u8 directMode;          /* Direct rendering mode means take data directly
+                          ** from source tables rather than from accumulators */
+  u8 useSortingIdx;       /* In direct mode, reference the sorting index rather
+                          ** than the source table */
+  int sortingIdx;         /* Cursor number of the sorting index */
+  ExprList *pGroupBy;     /* The group by clause */
+  int nSortingColumn;     /* Number of columns in the sorting index */
+  struct AggInfo_col {    /* For each column used in source tables */
+    Table *pTab;             /* Source table */
+    int iTable;              /* Cursor number of the source table */
+    int iColumn;             /* Column number within the source table */
+    int iSorterColumn;       /* Column number in the sorting index */
+    int iMem;                /* Memory location that acts as accumulator */
+    Expr *pExpr;             /* The original expression */
+  } *aCol;
+  int nColumn;            /* Number of used entries in aCol[] */
+  int nColumnAlloc;       /* Number of slots allocated for aCol[] */
+  int nAccumulator;       /* Number of columns that show through to the output.
+                          ** Additional columns are used only as parameters to
+                          ** aggregate functions */
+  struct AggInfo_func {   /* For each aggregate function */
+    Expr *pExpr;             /* Expression encoding the function */
+    FuncDef *pFunc;          /* The aggregate function implementation */
+    int iMem;                /* Memory location that acts as accumulator */
+    int iDistinct;           /* Ephemeral table used to enforce DISTINCT */
+  } *aFunc;
+  int nFunc;              /* Number of entries in aFunc[] */
+  int nFuncAlloc;         /* Number of slots allocated for aFunc[] */
+};
+
+/*
+** The datatype ynVar is a signed integer, either 16-bit or 32-bit.
+** Usually it is 16-bits.  But if SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER is greater
+** than 32767 we have to make it 32-bit.  16-bit is preferred because
+** it uses less memory in the Expr object, which is a big memory user
+** in systems with lots of prepared statements.  And few applications
+** need more than about 10 or 20 variables.  But some extreme users want
+** to have prepared statements with over 32767 variables, and for them
+** the option is available (at compile-time).
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER<=32767
+typedef i16 ynVar;
+#else
+typedef int ynVar;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Each node of an expression in the parse tree is an instance
+** of this structure.
+**
+** Expr.op is the opcode. The integer parser token codes are reused
+** as opcodes here. For example, the parser defines TK_GE to be an integer
+** code representing the ">=" operator. This same integer code is reused
+** to represent the greater-than-or-equal-to operator in the expression
+** tree.
+**
+** If the expression is an SQL literal (TK_INTEGER, TK_FLOAT, TK_BLOB, 
+** or TK_STRING), then Expr.token contains the text of the SQL literal. If
+** the expression is a variable (TK_VARIABLE), then Expr.token contains the 
+** variable name. Finally, if the expression is an SQL function (TK_FUNCTION),
+** then Expr.token contains the name of the function.
+**
+** Expr.pRight and Expr.pLeft are the left and right subexpressions of a
+** binary operator. Either or both may be NULL.
+**
+** Expr.x.pList is a list of arguments if the expression is an SQL function,
+** a CASE expression or an IN expression of the form "<lhs> IN (<y>, <z>...)".
+** Expr.x.pSelect is used if the expression is a sub-select or an expression of
+** the form "<lhs> IN (SELECT ...)". If the EP_xIsSelect bit is set in the
+** Expr.flags mask, then Expr.x.pSelect is valid. Otherwise, Expr.x.pList is 
+** valid.
+**
+** An expression of the form ID or ID.ID refers to a column in a table.
+** For such expressions, Expr.op is set to TK_COLUMN and Expr.iTable is
+** the integer cursor number of a VDBE cursor pointing to that table and
+** Expr.iColumn is the column number for the specific column.  If the
+** expression is used as a result in an aggregate SELECT, then the
+** value is also stored in the Expr.iAgg column in the aggregate so that
+** it can be accessed after all aggregates are computed.
+**
+** If the expression is an unbound variable marker (a question mark 
+** character '?' in the original SQL) then the Expr.iTable holds the index 
+** number for that variable.
+**
+** If the expression is a subquery then Expr.iColumn holds an integer
+** register number containing the result of the subquery.  If the
+** subquery gives a constant result, then iTable is -1.  If the subquery
+** gives a different answer at different times during statement processing
+** then iTable is the address of a subroutine that computes the subquery.
+**
+** If the Expr is of type OP_Column, and the table it is selecting from
+** is a disk table or the "old.*" pseudo-table, then pTab points to the
+** corresponding table definition.
+**
+** ALLOCATION NOTES:
+**
+** Expr objects can use a lot of memory space in database schema.  To
+** help reduce memory requirements, sometimes an Expr object will be
+** truncated.  And to reduce the number of memory allocations, sometimes
+** two or more Expr objects will be stored in a single memory allocation,
+** together with Expr.zToken strings.
+**
+** If the EP_Reduced and EP_TokenOnly flags are set when
+** an Expr object is truncated.  When EP_Reduced is set, then all
+** the child Expr objects in the Expr.pLeft and Expr.pRight subtrees
+** are contained within the same memory allocation.  Note, however, that
+** the subtrees in Expr.x.pList or Expr.x.pSelect are always separately
+** allocated, regardless of whether or not EP_Reduced is set.
+*/
+struct Expr {
+  u8 op;                 /* Operation performed by this node */
+  char affinity;         /* The affinity of the column or 0 if not a column */
+  u16 flags;             /* Various flags.  EP_* See below */
+  union {
+    char *zToken;          /* Token value. Zero terminated and dequoted */
+    int iValue;            /* Non-negative integer value if EP_IntValue */
+  } u;
+
+  /* If the EP_TokenOnly flag is set in the Expr.flags mask, then no
+  ** space is allocated for the fields below this point. An attempt to
+  ** access them will result in a segfault or malfunction. 
+  *********************************************************************/
+
+  Expr *pLeft;           /* Left subnode */
+  Expr *pRight;          /* Right subnode */
+  union {
+    ExprList *pList;     /* Function arguments or in "<expr> IN (<expr-list)" */
+    Select *pSelect;     /* Used for sub-selects and "<expr> IN (<select>)" */
+  } x;
+  CollSeq *pColl;        /* The collation type of the column or 0 */
+
+  /* If the EP_Reduced flag is set in the Expr.flags mask, then no
+  ** space is allocated for the fields below this point. An attempt to
+  ** access them will result in a segfault or malfunction.
+  *********************************************************************/
+
+  int iTable;            /* TK_COLUMN: cursor number of table holding column
+                         ** TK_REGISTER: register number
+                         ** TK_TRIGGER: 1 -> new, 0 -> old */
+  ynVar iColumn;         /* TK_COLUMN: column index.  -1 for rowid.
+                         ** TK_VARIABLE: variable number (always >= 1). */
+  i16 iAgg;              /* Which entry in pAggInfo->aCol[] or ->aFunc[] */
+  i16 iRightJoinTable;   /* If EP_FromJoin, the right table of the join */
+  u8 flags2;             /* Second set of flags.  EP2_... */
+  u8 op2;                /* If a TK_REGISTER, the original value of Expr.op */
+  AggInfo *pAggInfo;     /* Used by TK_AGG_COLUMN and TK_AGG_FUNCTION */
+  Table *pTab;           /* Table for TK_COLUMN expressions. */
+#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
+  int nHeight;           /* Height of the tree headed by this node */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** The following are the meanings of bits in the Expr.flags field.
+*/
+#define EP_FromJoin   0x0001  /* Originated in ON or USING clause of a join */
+#define EP_Agg        0x0002  /* Contains one or more aggregate functions */
+#define EP_Resolved   0x0004  /* IDs have been resolved to COLUMNs */
+#define EP_Error      0x0008  /* Expression contains one or more errors */
+#define EP_Distinct   0x0010  /* Aggregate function with DISTINCT keyword */
+#define EP_VarSelect  0x0020  /* pSelect is correlated, not constant */
+#define EP_DblQuoted  0x0040  /* token.z was originally in "..." */
+#define EP_InfixFunc  0x0080  /* True for an infix function: LIKE, GLOB, etc */
+#define EP_ExpCollate 0x0100  /* Collating sequence specified explicitly */
+#define EP_FixedDest  0x0200  /* Result needed in a specific register */
+#define EP_IntValue   0x0400  /* Integer value contained in u.iValue */
+#define EP_xIsSelect  0x0800  /* x.pSelect is valid (otherwise x.pList is) */
+
+#define EP_Reduced    0x1000  /* Expr struct is EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE bytes only */
+#define EP_TokenOnly  0x2000  /* Expr struct is EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE bytes only */
+#define EP_Static     0x4000  /* Held in memory not obtained from malloc() */
+
+/*
+** The following are the meanings of bits in the Expr.flags2 field.
+*/
+#define EP2_MallocedToken  0x0001  /* Need to sqlite3DbFree() Expr.zToken */
+#define EP2_Irreducible    0x0002  /* Cannot EXPRDUP_REDUCE this Expr */
+
+/*
+** The pseudo-routine sqlite3ExprSetIrreducible sets the EP2_Irreducible
+** flag on an expression structure.  This flag is used for VV&A only.  The
+** routine is implemented as a macro that only works when in debugging mode,
+** so as not to burden production code.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+# define ExprSetIrreducible(X)  (X)->flags2 |= EP2_Irreducible
+#else
+# define ExprSetIrreducible(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** These macros can be used to test, set, or clear bits in the 
+** Expr.flags field.
+*/
+#define ExprHasProperty(E,P)     (((E)->flags&(P))==(P))
+#define ExprHasAnyProperty(E,P)  (((E)->flags&(P))!=0)
+#define ExprSetProperty(E,P)     (E)->flags|=(P)
+#define ExprClearProperty(E,P)   (E)->flags&=~(P)
+
+/*
+** Macros to determine the number of bytes required by a normal Expr 
+** struct, an Expr struct with the EP_Reduced flag set in Expr.flags 
+** and an Expr struct with the EP_TokenOnly flag set.
+*/
+#define EXPR_FULLSIZE           sizeof(Expr)           /* Full size */
+#define EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE        offsetof(Expr,iTable)  /* Common features */
+#define EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE      offsetof(Expr,pLeft)   /* Fewer features */
+
+/*
+** Flags passed to the sqlite3ExprDup() function. See the header comment 
+** above sqlite3ExprDup() for details.
+*/
+#define EXPRDUP_REDUCE         0x0001  /* Used reduced-size Expr nodes */
+
+/*
+** A list of expressions.  Each expression may optionally have a
+** name.  An expr/name combination can be used in several ways, such
+** as the list of "expr AS ID" fields following a "SELECT" or in the
+** list of "ID = expr" items in an UPDATE.  A list of expressions can
+** also be used as the argument to a function, in which case the a.zName
+** field is not used.
+*/
+struct ExprList {
+  int nExpr;             /* Number of expressions on the list */
+  int nAlloc;            /* Number of entries allocated below */
+  int iECursor;          /* VDBE Cursor associated with this ExprList */
+  struct ExprList_item {
+    Expr *pExpr;           /* The list of expressions */
+    char *zName;           /* Token associated with this expression */
+    char *zSpan;           /* Original text of the expression */
+    u8 sortOrder;          /* 1 for DESC or 0 for ASC */
+    u8 done;               /* A flag to indicate when processing is finished */
+    u16 iCol;              /* For ORDER BY, column number in result set */
+    u16 iAlias;            /* Index into Parse.aAlias[] for zName */
+  } *a;                  /* One entry for each expression */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure is used by the parser to record both
+** the parse tree for an expression and the span of input text for an
+** expression.
+*/
+struct ExprSpan {
+  Expr *pExpr;          /* The expression parse tree */
+  const char *zStart;   /* First character of input text */
+  const char *zEnd;     /* One character past the end of input text */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure can hold a simple list of identifiers,
+** such as the list "a,b,c" in the following statements:
+**
+**      INSERT INTO t(a,b,c) VALUES ...;
+**      CREATE INDEX idx ON t(a,b,c);
+**      CREATE TRIGGER trig BEFORE UPDATE ON t(a,b,c) ...;
+**
+** The IdList.a.idx field is used when the IdList represents the list of
+** column names after a table name in an INSERT statement.  In the statement
+**
+**     INSERT INTO t(a,b,c) ...
+**
+** If "a" is the k-th column of table "t", then IdList.a[0].idx==k.
+*/
+struct IdList {
+  struct IdList_item {
+    char *zName;      /* Name of the identifier */
+    int idx;          /* Index in some Table.aCol[] of a column named zName */
+  } *a;
+  int nId;         /* Number of identifiers on the list */
+  int nAlloc;      /* Number of entries allocated for a[] below */
+};
+
+/*
+** The bitmask datatype defined below is used for various optimizations.
+**
+** Changing this from a 64-bit to a 32-bit type limits the number of
+** tables in a join to 32 instead of 64.  But it also reduces the size
+** of the library by 738 bytes on ix86.
+*/
+typedef u64 Bitmask;
+
+/*
+** The number of bits in a Bitmask.  "BMS" means "BitMask Size".
+*/
+#define BMS  ((int)(sizeof(Bitmask)*8))
+
+/*
+** The following structure describes the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.
+** Each table or subquery in the FROM clause is a separate element of
+** the SrcList.a[] array.
+**
+** With the addition of multiple database support, the following structure
+** can also be used to describe a particular table such as the table that
+** is modified by an INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE statement.  In standard SQL,
+** such a table must be a simple name: ID.  But in SQLite, the table can
+** now be identified by a database name, a dot, then the table name: ID.ID.
+**
+** The jointype starts out showing the join type between the current table
+** and the next table on the list.  The parser builds the list this way.
+** But sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType() later shifts the jointypes so that each
+** jointype expresses the join between the table and the previous table.
+**
+** In the colUsed field, the high-order bit (bit 63) is set if the table
+** contains more than 63 columns and the 64-th or later column is used.
+*/
+struct SrcList {
+  i16 nSrc;        /* Number of tables or subqueries in the FROM clause */
+  i16 nAlloc;      /* Number of entries allocated in a[] below */
+  struct SrcList_item {
+    char *zDatabase;  /* Name of database holding this table */
+    char *zName;      /* Name of the table */
+    char *zAlias;     /* The "B" part of a "A AS B" phrase.  zName is the "A" */
+    Table *pTab;      /* An SQL table corresponding to zName */
+    Select *pSelect;  /* A SELECT statement used in place of a table name */
+    u8 isPopulated;   /* Temporary table associated with SELECT is populated */
+    u8 jointype;      /* Type of join between this able and the previous */
+    u8 notIndexed;    /* True if there is a NOT INDEXED clause */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+    u8 iSelectId;     /* If pSelect!=0, the id of the sub-select in EQP */
+#endif
+    int iCursor;      /* The VDBE cursor number used to access this table */
+    Expr *pOn;        /* The ON clause of a join */
+    IdList *pUsing;   /* The USING clause of a join */
+    Bitmask colUsed;  /* Bit N (1<<N) set if column N of pTab is used */
+    char *zIndex;     /* Identifier from "INDEXED BY <zIndex>" clause */
+    Index *pIndex;    /* Index structure corresponding to zIndex, if any */
+  } a[1];             /* One entry for each identifier on the list */
+};
+
+/*
+** Permitted values of the SrcList.a.jointype field
+*/
+#define JT_INNER     0x0001    /* Any kind of inner or cross join */
+#define JT_CROSS     0x0002    /* Explicit use of the CROSS keyword */
+#define JT_NATURAL   0x0004    /* True for a "natural" join */
+#define JT_LEFT      0x0008    /* Left outer join */
+#define JT_RIGHT     0x0010    /* Right outer join */
+#define JT_OUTER     0x0020    /* The "OUTER" keyword is present */
+#define JT_ERROR     0x0040    /* unknown or unsupported join type */
+
+
+/*
+** A WherePlan object holds information that describes a lookup
+** strategy.
+**
+** This object is intended to be opaque outside of the where.c module.
+** It is included here only so that that compiler will know how big it
+** is.  None of the fields in this object should be used outside of
+** the where.c module.
+**
+** Within the union, pIdx is only used when wsFlags&WHERE_INDEXED is true.
+** pTerm is only used when wsFlags&WHERE_MULTI_OR is true.  And pVtabIdx
+** is only used when wsFlags&WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE is true.  It is never the
+** case that more than one of these conditions is true.
+*/
+struct WherePlan {
+  u32 wsFlags;                   /* WHERE_* flags that describe the strategy */
+  u32 nEq;                       /* Number of == constraints */
+  double nRow;                   /* Estimated number of rows (for EQP) */
+  union {
+    Index *pIdx;                   /* Index when WHERE_INDEXED is true */
+    struct WhereTerm *pTerm;       /* WHERE clause term for OR-search */
+    sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx;  /* Virtual table index to use */
+  } u;
+};
+
+/*
+** For each nested loop in a WHERE clause implementation, the WhereInfo
+** structure contains a single instance of this structure.  This structure
+** is intended to be private the the where.c module and should not be
+** access or modified by other modules.
+**
+** The pIdxInfo field is used to help pick the best index on a
+** virtual table.  The pIdxInfo pointer contains indexing
+** information for the i-th table in the FROM clause before reordering.
+** All the pIdxInfo pointers are freed by whereInfoFree() in where.c.
+** All other information in the i-th WhereLevel object for the i-th table
+** after FROM clause ordering.
+*/
+struct WhereLevel {
+  WherePlan plan;       /* query plan for this element of the FROM clause */
+  int iLeftJoin;        /* Memory cell used to implement LEFT OUTER JOIN */
+  int iTabCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access the table */
+  int iIdxCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access pIdx */
+  int addrBrk;          /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
+  int addrNxt;          /* Jump here to start the next IN combination */
+  int addrCont;         /* Jump here to continue with the next loop cycle */
+  int addrFirst;        /* First instruction of interior of the loop */
+  u8 iFrom;             /* Which entry in the FROM clause */
+  u8 op, p5;            /* Opcode and P5 of the opcode that ends the loop */
+  int p1, p2;           /* Operands of the opcode used to ends the loop */
+  union {               /* Information that depends on plan.wsFlags */
+    struct {
+      int nIn;              /* Number of entries in aInLoop[] */
+      struct InLoop {
+        int iCur;              /* The VDBE cursor used by this IN operator */
+        int addrInTop;         /* Top of the IN loop */
+      } *aInLoop;           /* Information about each nested IN operator */
+    } in;                 /* Used when plan.wsFlags&WHERE_IN_ABLE */
+  } u;
+
+  /* The following field is really not part of the current level.  But
+  ** we need a place to cache virtual table index information for each
+  ** virtual table in the FROM clause and the WhereLevel structure is
+  ** a convenient place since there is one WhereLevel for each FROM clause
+  ** element.
+  */
+  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;  /* Index info for n-th source table */
+};
+
+/*
+** Flags appropriate for the wctrlFlags parameter of sqlite3WhereBegin()
+** and the WhereInfo.wctrlFlags member.
+*/
+#define WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL   0x0000 /* No-op */
+#define WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN      0x0001 /* ORDER BY processing for min() func */
+#define WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX      0x0002 /* ORDER BY processing for max() func */
+#define WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED  0x0004 /* Want to do one-pass UPDATE/DELETE */
+#define WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK    0x0008 /* Ok to return a row more than once */
+#define WHERE_OMIT_OPEN        0x0010 /* Table cursors are already open */
+#define WHERE_OMIT_CLOSE       0x0020 /* Omit close of table & index cursors */
+#define WHERE_FORCE_TABLE      0x0040 /* Do not use an index-only search */
+#define WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY    0x0080 /* Only code the 1st table in pTabList */
+
+/*
+** The WHERE clause processing routine has two halves.  The
+** first part does the start of the WHERE loop and the second
+** half does the tail of the WHERE loop.  An instance of
+** this structure is returned by the first half and passed
+** into the second half to give some continuity.
+*/
+struct WhereInfo {
+  Parse *pParse;       /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  u16 wctrlFlags;      /* Flags originally passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
+  u8 okOnePass;        /* Ok to use one-pass algorithm for UPDATE or DELETE */
+  u8 untestedTerms;    /* Not all WHERE terms resolved by outer loop */
+  SrcList *pTabList;             /* List of tables in the join */
+  int iTop;                      /* The very beginning of the WHERE loop */
+  int iContinue;                 /* Jump here to continue with next record */
+  int iBreak;                    /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
+  int nLevel;                    /* Number of nested loop */
+  struct WhereClause *pWC;       /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
+  double savedNQueryLoop;        /* pParse->nQueryLoop outside the WHERE loop */
+  double nRowOut;                /* Estimated number of output rows */
+  WhereLevel a[1];               /* Information about each nest loop in WHERE */
+};
+
+/*
+** A NameContext defines a context in which to resolve table and column
+** names.  The context consists of a list of tables (the pSrcList) field and
+** a list of named expression (pEList).  The named expression list may
+** be NULL.  The pSrc corresponds to the FROM clause of a SELECT or
+** to the table being operated on by INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.  The
+** pEList corresponds to the result set of a SELECT and is NULL for
+** other statements.
+**
+** NameContexts can be nested.  When resolving names, the inner-most 
+** context is searched first.  If no match is found, the next outer
+** context is checked.  If there is still no match, the next context
+** is checked.  This process continues until either a match is found
+** or all contexts are check.  When a match is found, the nRef member of
+** the context containing the match is incremented. 
+**
+** Each subquery gets a new NameContext.  The pNext field points to the
+** NameContext in the parent query.  Thus the process of scanning the
+** NameContext list corresponds to searching through successively outer
+** subqueries looking for a match.
+*/
+struct NameContext {
+  Parse *pParse;       /* The parser */
+  SrcList *pSrcList;   /* One or more tables used to resolve names */
+  ExprList *pEList;    /* Optional list of named expressions */
+  int nRef;            /* Number of names resolved by this context */
+  int nErr;            /* Number of errors encountered while resolving names */
+  u8 allowAgg;         /* Aggregate functions allowed here */
+  u8 hasAgg;           /* True if aggregates are seen */
+  u8 isCheck;          /* True if resolving names in a CHECK constraint */
+  int nDepth;          /* Depth of subquery recursion. 1 for no recursion */
+  AggInfo *pAggInfo;   /* Information about aggregates at this level */
+  NameContext *pNext;  /* Next outer name context.  NULL for outermost */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure contains all information
+** needed to generate code for a single SELECT statement.
+**
+** nLimit is set to -1 if there is no LIMIT clause.  nOffset is set to 0.
+** If there is a LIMIT clause, the parser sets nLimit to the value of the
+** limit and nOffset to the value of the offset (or 0 if there is not
+** offset).  But later on, nLimit and nOffset become the memory locations
+** in the VDBE that record the limit and offset counters.
+**
+** addrOpenEphm[] entries contain the address of OP_OpenEphemeral opcodes.
+** These addresses must be stored so that we can go back and fill in
+** the P4_KEYINFO and P2 parameters later.  Neither the KeyInfo nor
+** the number of columns in P2 can be computed at the same time
+** as the OP_OpenEphm instruction is coded because not
+** enough information about the compound query is known at that point.
+** The KeyInfo for addrOpenTran[0] and [1] contains collating sequences
+** for the result set.  The KeyInfo for addrOpenTran[2] contains collating
+** sequences for the ORDER BY clause.
+*/
+struct Select {
+  ExprList *pEList;      /* The fields of the result */
+  u8 op;                 /* One of: TK_UNION TK_ALL TK_INTERSECT TK_EXCEPT */
+  char affinity;         /* MakeRecord with this affinity for SRT_Set */
+  u16 selFlags;          /* Various SF_* values */
+  SrcList *pSrc;         /* The FROM clause */
+  Expr *pWhere;          /* The WHERE clause */
+  ExprList *pGroupBy;    /* The GROUP BY clause */
+  Expr *pHaving;         /* The HAVING clause */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;    /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  Select *pPrior;        /* Prior select in a compound select statement */
+  Select *pNext;         /* Next select to the left in a compound */
+  Select *pRightmost;    /* Right-most select in a compound select statement */
+  Expr *pLimit;          /* LIMIT expression. NULL means not used. */
+  Expr *pOffset;         /* OFFSET expression. NULL means not used. */
+  int iLimit, iOffset;   /* Memory registers holding LIMIT & OFFSET counters */
+  int addrOpenEphm[3];   /* OP_OpenEphem opcodes related to this select */
+  double nSelectRow;     /* Estimated number of result rows */
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for Select.selFlags.  The "SF" prefix stands for
+** "Select Flag".
+*/
+#define SF_Distinct        0x0001  /* Output should be DISTINCT */
+#define SF_Resolved        0x0002  /* Identifiers have been resolved */
+#define SF_Aggregate       0x0004  /* Contains aggregate functions */
+#define SF_UsesEphemeral   0x0008  /* Uses the OpenEphemeral opcode */
+#define SF_Expanded        0x0010  /* sqlite3SelectExpand() called on this */
+#define SF_HasTypeInfo     0x0020  /* FROM subqueries have Table metadata */
+
+
+/*
+** The results of a select can be distributed in several ways.  The
+** "SRT" prefix means "SELECT Result Type".
+*/
+#define SRT_Union        1  /* Store result as keys in an index */
+#define SRT_Except       2  /* Remove result from a UNION index */
+#define SRT_Exists       3  /* Store 1 if the result is not empty */
+#define SRT_Discard      4  /* Do not save the results anywhere */
+
+/* The ORDER BY clause is ignored for all of the above */
+#define IgnorableOrderby(X) ((X->eDest)<=SRT_Discard)
+
+#define SRT_Output       5  /* Output each row of result */
+#define SRT_Mem          6  /* Store result in a memory cell */
+#define SRT_Set          7  /* Store results as keys in an index */
+#define SRT_Table        8  /* Store result as data with an automatic rowid */
+#define SRT_EphemTab     9  /* Create transient tab and store like SRT_Table */
+#define SRT_Coroutine   10  /* Generate a single row of result */
+
+/*
+** A structure used to customize the behavior of sqlite3Select(). See
+** comments above sqlite3Select() for details.
+*/
+typedef struct SelectDest SelectDest;
+struct SelectDest {
+  u8 eDest;         /* How to dispose of the results */
+  u8 affinity;      /* Affinity used when eDest==SRT_Set */
+  int iParm;        /* A parameter used by the eDest disposal method */
+  int iMem;         /* Base register where results are written */
+  int nMem;         /* Number of registers allocated */
+};
+
+/*
+** During code generation of statements that do inserts into AUTOINCREMENT 
+** tables, the following information is attached to the Table.u.autoInc.p
+** pointer of each autoincrement table to record some side information that
+** the code generator needs.  We have to keep per-table autoincrement
+** information in case inserts are down within triggers.  Triggers do not
+** normally coordinate their activities, but we do need to coordinate the
+** loading and saving of autoincrement information.
+*/
+struct AutoincInfo {
+  AutoincInfo *pNext;   /* Next info block in a list of them all */
+  Table *pTab;          /* Table this info block refers to */
+  int iDb;              /* Index in sqlite3.aDb[] of database holding pTab */
+  int regCtr;           /* Memory register holding the rowid counter */
+};
+
+/*
+** Size of the column cache
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_N_COLCACHE
+# define SQLITE_N_COLCACHE 10
+#endif
+
+/*
+** At least one instance of the following structure is created for each 
+** trigger that may be fired while parsing an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE
+** statement. All such objects are stored in the linked list headed at
+** Parse.pTriggerPrg and deleted once statement compilation has been
+** completed.
+**
+** A Vdbe sub-program that implements the body and WHEN clause of trigger
+** TriggerPrg.pTrigger, assuming a default ON CONFLICT clause of
+** TriggerPrg.orconf, is stored in the TriggerPrg.pProgram variable.
+** The Parse.pTriggerPrg list never contains two entries with the same
+** values for both pTrigger and orconf.
+**
+** The TriggerPrg.aColmask[0] variable is set to a mask of old.* columns
+** accessed (or set to 0 for triggers fired as a result of INSERT 
+** statements). Similarly, the TriggerPrg.aColmask[1] variable is set to
+** a mask of new.* columns used by the program.
+*/
+struct TriggerPrg {
+  Trigger *pTrigger;      /* Trigger this program was coded from */
+  int orconf;             /* Default ON CONFLICT policy */
+  SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Program implementing pTrigger/orconf */
+  u32 aColmask[2];        /* Masks of old.*, new.* columns accessed */
+  TriggerPrg *pNext;      /* Next entry in Parse.pTriggerPrg list */
+};
+
+/*
+** The yDbMask datatype for the bitmask of all attached databases.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>30
+  typedef sqlite3_uint64 yDbMask;
+#else
+  typedef unsigned int yDbMask;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** An SQL parser context.  A copy of this structure is passed through
+** the parser and down into all the parser action routine in order to
+** carry around information that is global to the entire parse.
+**
+** The structure is divided into two parts.  When the parser and code
+** generate call themselves recursively, the first part of the structure
+** is constant but the second part is reset at the beginning and end of
+** each recursion.
+**
+** The nTableLock and aTableLock variables are only used if the shared-cache 
+** feature is enabled (if sqlite3Tsd()->useSharedData is true). They are
+** used to store the set of table-locks required by the statement being
+** compiled. Function sqlite3TableLock() is used to add entries to the
+** list.
+*/
+struct Parse {
+  sqlite3 *db;         /* The main database structure */
+  int rc;              /* Return code from execution */
+  char *zErrMsg;       /* An error message */
+  Vdbe *pVdbe;         /* An engine for executing database bytecode */
+  u8 colNamesSet;      /* TRUE after OP_ColumnName has been issued to pVdbe */
+  u8 nameClash;        /* A permanent table name clashes with temp table name */
+  u8 checkSchema;      /* Causes schema cookie check after an error */
+  u8 nested;           /* Number of nested calls to the parser/code generator */
+  u8 parseError;       /* True after a parsing error.  Ticket #1794 */
+  u8 nTempReg;         /* Number of temporary registers in aTempReg[] */
+  u8 nTempInUse;       /* Number of aTempReg[] currently checked out */
+  int aTempReg[8];     /* Holding area for temporary registers */
+  int nRangeReg;       /* Size of the temporary register block */
+  int iRangeReg;       /* First register in temporary register block */
+  int nErr;            /* Number of errors seen */
+  int nTab;            /* Number of previously allocated VDBE cursors */
+  int nMem;            /* Number of memory cells used so far */
+  int nSet;            /* Number of sets used so far */
+  int ckBase;          /* Base register of data during check constraints */
+  int iCacheLevel;     /* ColCache valid when aColCache[].iLevel<=iCacheLevel */
+  int iCacheCnt;       /* Counter used to generate aColCache[].lru values */
+  u8 nColCache;        /* Number of entries in the column cache */
+  u8 iColCache;        /* Next entry of the cache to replace */
+  struct yColCache {
+    int iTable;           /* Table cursor number */
+    int iColumn;          /* Table column number */
+    u8 tempReg;           /* iReg is a temp register that needs to be freed */
+    int iLevel;           /* Nesting level */
+    int iReg;             /* Reg with value of this column. 0 means none. */
+    int lru;              /* Least recently used entry has the smallest value */
+  } aColCache[SQLITE_N_COLCACHE];  /* One for each column cache entry */
+  yDbMask writeMask;   /* Start a write transaction on these databases */
+  yDbMask cookieMask;  /* Bitmask of schema verified databases */
+  u8 isMultiWrite;     /* True if statement may affect/insert multiple rows */
+  u8 mayAbort;         /* True if statement may throw an ABORT exception */
+  int cookieGoto;      /* Address of OP_Goto to cookie verifier subroutine */
+  int cookieValue[SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+2];  /* Values of cookies to verify */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  int nTableLock;        /* Number of locks in aTableLock */
+  TableLock *aTableLock; /* Required table locks for shared-cache mode */
+#endif
+  int regRowid;        /* Register holding rowid of CREATE TABLE entry */
+  int regRoot;         /* Register holding root page number for new objects */
+  AutoincInfo *pAinc;  /* Information about AUTOINCREMENT counters */
+  int nMaxArg;         /* Max args passed to user function by sub-program */
+
+  /* Information used while coding trigger programs. */
+  Parse *pToplevel;    /* Parse structure for main program (or NULL) */
+  Table *pTriggerTab;  /* Table triggers are being coded for */
+  u32 oldmask;         /* Mask of old.* columns referenced */
+  u32 newmask;         /* Mask of new.* columns referenced */
+  u8 eTriggerOp;       /* TK_UPDATE, TK_INSERT or TK_DELETE */
+  u8 eOrconf;          /* Default ON CONFLICT policy for trigger steps */
+  u8 disableTriggers;  /* True to disable triggers */
+  double nQueryLoop;   /* Estimated number of iterations of a query */
+
+  /* Above is constant between recursions.  Below is reset before and after
+  ** each recursion */
+
+  int nVar;            /* Number of '?' variables seen in the SQL so far */
+  int nzVar;           /* Number of available slots in azVar[] */
+  char **azVar;        /* Pointers to names of parameters */
+  Vdbe *pReprepare;    /* VM being reprepared (sqlite3Reprepare()) */
+  int nAlias;          /* Number of aliased result set columns */
+  int nAliasAlloc;     /* Number of allocated slots for aAlias[] */
+  int *aAlias;         /* Register used to hold aliased result */
+  u8 explain;          /* True if the EXPLAIN flag is found on the query */
+  Token sNameToken;    /* Token with unqualified schema object name */
+  Token sLastToken;    /* The last token parsed */
+  const char *zTail;   /* All SQL text past the last semicolon parsed */
+  Table *pNewTable;    /* A table being constructed by CREATE TABLE */
+  Trigger *pNewTrigger;     /* Trigger under construct by a CREATE TRIGGER */
+  const char *zAuthContext; /* The 6th parameter to db->xAuth callbacks */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  Token sArg;                /* Complete text of a module argument */
+  u8 declareVtab;            /* True if inside sqlite3_declare_vtab() */
+  int nVtabLock;             /* Number of virtual tables to lock */
+  Table **apVtabLock;        /* Pointer to virtual tables needing locking */
+#endif
+  int nHeight;            /* Expression tree height of current sub-select */
+  Table *pZombieTab;      /* List of Table objects to delete after code gen */
+  TriggerPrg *pTriggerPrg;    /* Linked list of coded triggers */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  int iSelectId;
+  int iNextSelectId;
+#endif
+};
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  #define IN_DECLARE_VTAB 0
+#else
+  #define IN_DECLARE_VTAB (pParse->declareVtab)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure can be declared on a stack and used
+** to save the Parse.zAuthContext value so that it can be restored later.
+*/
+struct AuthContext {
+  const char *zAuthContext;   /* Put saved Parse.zAuthContext here */
+  Parse *pParse;              /* The Parse structure */
+};
+
+/*
+** Bitfield flags for P5 value in OP_Insert and OP_Delete
+*/
+#define OPFLAG_NCHANGE       0x01    /* Set to update db->nChange */
+#define OPFLAG_LASTROWID     0x02    /* Set to update db->lastRowid */
+#define OPFLAG_ISUPDATE      0x04    /* This OP_Insert is an sql UPDATE */
+#define OPFLAG_APPEND        0x08    /* This is likely to be an append */
+#define OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT 0x10    /* Try to avoid a seek in BtreeInsert() */
+#define OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE    0x20    /* Clear pseudo-table cache in OP_Column */
+
+/*
+ * Each trigger present in the database schema is stored as an instance of
+ * struct Trigger. 
+ *
+ * Pointers to instances of struct Trigger are stored in two ways.
+ * 1. In the "trigHash" hash table (part of the sqlite3* that represents the 
+ *    database). This allows Trigger structures to be retrieved by name.
+ * 2. All triggers associated with a single table form a linked list, using the
+ *    pNext member of struct Trigger. A pointer to the first element of the
+ *    linked list is stored as the "pTrigger" member of the associated
+ *    struct Table.
+ *
+ * The "step_list" member points to the first element of a linked list
+ * containing the SQL statements specified as the trigger program.
+ */
+struct Trigger {
+  char *zName;            /* The name of the trigger                        */
+  char *table;            /* The table or view to which the trigger applies */
+  u8 op;                  /* One of TK_DELETE, TK_UPDATE, TK_INSERT         */
+  u8 tr_tm;               /* One of TRIGGER_BEFORE, TRIGGER_AFTER */
+  Expr *pWhen;            /* The WHEN clause of the expression (may be NULL) */
+  IdList *pColumns;       /* If this is an UPDATE OF <column-list> trigger,
+                             the <column-list> is stored here */
+  Schema *pSchema;        /* Schema containing the trigger */
+  Schema *pTabSchema;     /* Schema containing the table */
+  TriggerStep *step_list; /* Link list of trigger program steps             */
+  Trigger *pNext;         /* Next trigger associated with the table */
+};
+
+/*
+** A trigger is either a BEFORE or an AFTER trigger.  The following constants
+** determine which. 
+**
+** If there are multiple triggers, you might of some BEFORE and some AFTER.
+** In that cases, the constants below can be ORed together.
+*/
+#define TRIGGER_BEFORE  1
+#define TRIGGER_AFTER   2
+
+/*
+ * An instance of struct TriggerStep is used to store a single SQL statement
+ * that is a part of a trigger-program. 
+ *
+ * Instances of struct TriggerStep are stored in a singly linked list (linked
+ * using the "pNext" member) referenced by the "step_list" member of the 
+ * associated struct Trigger instance. The first element of the linked list is
+ * the first step of the trigger-program.
+ * 
+ * The "op" member indicates whether this is a "DELETE", "INSERT", "UPDATE" or
+ * "SELECT" statement. The meanings of the other members is determined by the 
+ * value of "op" as follows:
+ *
+ * (op == TK_INSERT)
+ * orconf    -> stores the ON CONFLICT algorithm
+ * pSelect   -> If this is an INSERT INTO ... SELECT ... statement, then
+ *              this stores a pointer to the SELECT statement. Otherwise NULL.
+ * target    -> A token holding the quoted name of the table to insert into.
+ * pExprList -> If this is an INSERT INTO ... VALUES ... statement, then
+ *              this stores values to be inserted. Otherwise NULL.
+ * pIdList   -> If this is an INSERT INTO ... (<column-names>) VALUES ... 
+ *              statement, then this stores the column-names to be
+ *              inserted into.
+ *
+ * (op == TK_DELETE)
+ * target    -> A token holding the quoted name of the table to delete from.
+ * pWhere    -> The WHERE clause of the DELETE statement if one is specified.
+ *              Otherwise NULL.
+ * 
+ * (op == TK_UPDATE)
+ * target    -> A token holding the quoted name of the table to update rows of.
+ * pWhere    -> The WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement if one is specified.
+ *              Otherwise NULL.
+ * pExprList -> A list of the columns to update and the expressions to update
+ *              them to. See sqlite3Update() documentation of "pChanges"
+ *              argument.
+ * 
+ */
+struct TriggerStep {
+  u8 op;               /* One of TK_DELETE, TK_UPDATE, TK_INSERT, TK_SELECT */
+  u8 orconf;           /* OE_Rollback etc. */
+  Trigger *pTrig;      /* The trigger that this step is a part of */
+  Select *pSelect;     /* SELECT statment or RHS of INSERT INTO .. SELECT ... */
+  Token target;        /* Target table for DELETE, UPDATE, INSERT */
+  Expr *pWhere;        /* The WHERE clause for DELETE or UPDATE steps */
+  ExprList *pExprList; /* SET clause for UPDATE.  VALUES clause for INSERT */
+  IdList *pIdList;     /* Column names for INSERT */
+  TriggerStep *pNext;  /* Next in the link-list */
+  TriggerStep *pLast;  /* Last element in link-list. Valid for 1st elem only */
+};
+
+/*
+** The following structure contains information used by the sqliteFix...
+** routines as they walk the parse tree to make database references
+** explicit.  
+*/
+typedef struct DbFixer DbFixer;
+struct DbFixer {
+  Parse *pParse;      /* The parsing context.  Error messages written here */
+  const char *zDb;    /* Make sure all objects are contained in this database */
+  const char *zType;  /* Type of the container - used for error messages */
+  const Token *pName; /* Name of the container - used for error messages */
+};
+
+/*
+** An objected used to accumulate the text of a string where we
+** do not necessarily know how big the string will be in the end.
+*/
+struct StrAccum {
+  sqlite3 *db;         /* Optional database for lookaside.  Can be NULL */
+  char *zBase;         /* A base allocation.  Not from malloc. */
+  char *zText;         /* The string collected so far */
+  int  nChar;          /* Length of the string so far */
+  int  nAlloc;         /* Amount of space allocated in zText */
+  int  mxAlloc;        /* Maximum allowed string length */
+  u8   mallocFailed;   /* Becomes true if any memory allocation fails */
+  u8   useMalloc;      /* 0: none,  1: sqlite3DbMalloc,  2: sqlite3_malloc */
+  u8   tooBig;         /* Becomes true if string size exceeds limits */
+};
+
+/*
+** A pointer to this structure is used to communicate information
+** from sqlite3Init and OP_ParseSchema into the sqlite3InitCallback.
+*/
+typedef struct {
+  sqlite3 *db;        /* The database being initialized */
+  int iDb;            /* 0 for main database.  1 for TEMP, 2.. for ATTACHed */
+  char **pzErrMsg;    /* Error message stored here */
+  int rc;             /* Result code stored here */
+} InitData;
+
+/*
+** Structure containing global configuration data for the SQLite library.
+**
+** This structure also contains some state information.
+*/
+struct Sqlite3Config {
+  int bMemstat;                     /* True to enable memory status */
+  int bCoreMutex;                   /* True to enable core mutexing */
+  int bFullMutex;                   /* True to enable full mutexing */
+  int bOpenUri;                     /* True to interpret filenames as URIs */
+  int mxStrlen;                     /* Maximum string length */
+  int szLookaside;                  /* Default lookaside buffer size */
+  int nLookaside;                   /* Default lookaside buffer count */
+  sqlite3_mem_methods m;            /* Low-level memory allocation interface */
+  sqlite3_mutex_methods mutex;      /* Low-level mutex interface */
+  sqlite3_pcache_methods pcache;    /* Low-level page-cache interface */
+  void *pHeap;                      /* Heap storage space */
+  int nHeap;                        /* Size of pHeap[] */
+  int mnReq, mxReq;                 /* Min and max heap requests sizes */
+  void *pScratch;                   /* Scratch memory */
+  int szScratch;                    /* Size of each scratch buffer */
+  int nScratch;                     /* Number of scratch buffers */
+  void *pPage;                      /* Page cache memory */
+  int szPage;                       /* Size of each page in pPage[] */
+  int nPage;                        /* Number of pages in pPage[] */
+  int mxParserStack;                /* maximum depth of the parser stack */
+  int sharedCacheEnabled;           /* true if shared-cache mode enabled */
+  /* The above might be initialized to non-zero.  The following need to always
+  ** initially be zero, however. */
+  int isInit;                       /* True after initialization has finished */
+  int inProgress;                   /* True while initialization in progress */
+  int isMutexInit;                  /* True after mutexes are initialized */
+  int isMallocInit;                 /* True after malloc is initialized */
+  int isPCacheInit;                 /* True after malloc is initialized */
+  sqlite3_mutex *pInitMutex;        /* Mutex used by sqlite3_initialize() */
+  int nRefInitMutex;                /* Number of users of pInitMutex */
+  void (*xLog)(void*,int,const char*); /* Function for logging */
+  void *pLogArg;                       /* First argument to xLog() */
+  int bLocaltimeFault;              /* True to fail localtime() calls */
+};
+
+/*
+** Context pointer passed down through the tree-walk.
+*/
+struct Walker {
+  int (*xExprCallback)(Walker*, Expr*);     /* Callback for expressions */
+  int (*xSelectCallback)(Walker*,Select*);  /* Callback for SELECTs */
+  Parse *pParse;                            /* Parser context.  */
+  union {                                   /* Extra data for callback */
+    NameContext *pNC;                          /* Naming context */
+    int i;                                     /* Integer value */
+  } u;
+};
+
+/* Forward declarations */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkExpr(Walker*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkExprList(Walker*, ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelect(Walker*, Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelectExpr(Walker*, Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelectFrom(Walker*, Select*);
+
+/*
+** Return code from the parse-tree walking primitives and their
+** callbacks.
+*/
+#define WRC_Continue    0   /* Continue down into children */
+#define WRC_Prune       1   /* Omit children but continue walking siblings */
+#define WRC_Abort       2   /* Abandon the tree walk */
+
+/*
+** Assuming zIn points to the first byte of a UTF-8 character,
+** advance zIn to point to the first byte of the next UTF-8 character.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_SKIP_UTF8(zIn) {                        \
+  if( (*(zIn++))>=0xc0 ){                              \
+    while( (*zIn & 0xc0)==0x80 ){ zIn++; }             \
+  }                                                    \
+}
+
+/*
+** The SQLITE_*_BKPT macros are substitutes for the error codes with
+** the same name but without the _BKPT suffix.  These macros invoke
+** routines that report the line-number on which the error originated
+** using sqlite3_log().  The routines also provide a convenient place
+** to set a debugger breakpoint.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CorruptError(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MisuseError(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CantopenError(int);
+#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT sqlite3CorruptError(__LINE__)
+#define SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT sqlite3MisuseError(__LINE__)
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT sqlite3CantopenError(__LINE__)
+
+
+/*
+** FTS4 is really an extension for FTS3.  It is enabled using the
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 macro.  But to avoid confusion we also all
+** the SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4 macro to serve as an alisse for SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4) && !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+# define SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The ctype.h header is needed for non-ASCII systems.  It is also
+** needed by FTS3 when FTS3 is included in the amalgamation.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_ASCII) || \
+    (defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) && defined(SQLITE_AMALGAMATION))
+# include <ctype.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following macros mimic the standard library functions toupper(),
+** isspace(), isalnum(), isdigit() and isxdigit(), respectively. The
+** sqlite versions only work for ASCII characters, regardless of locale.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ASCII
+# define sqlite3Toupper(x)  ((x)&~(sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)(x)]&0x20))
+# define sqlite3Isspace(x)   (sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)(x)]&0x01)
+# define sqlite3Isalnum(x)   (sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)(x)]&0x06)
+# define sqlite3Isalpha(x)   (sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)(x)]&0x02)
+# define sqlite3Isdigit(x)   (sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)(x)]&0x04)
+# define sqlite3Isxdigit(x)  (sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)(x)]&0x08)
+# define sqlite3Tolower(x)   (sqlite3UpperToLower[(unsigned char)(x)])
+#else
+# define sqlite3Toupper(x)   toupper((unsigned char)(x))
+# define sqlite3Isspace(x)   isspace((unsigned char)(x))
+# define sqlite3Isalnum(x)   isalnum((unsigned char)(x))
+# define sqlite3Isalpha(x)   isalpha((unsigned char)(x))
+# define sqlite3Isdigit(x)   isdigit((unsigned char)(x))
+# define sqlite3Isxdigit(x)  isxdigit((unsigned char)(x))
+# define sqlite3Tolower(x)   tolower((unsigned char)(x))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Internal function prototypes
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3StrICmp(const char *, const char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Strlen30(const char*);
+#define sqlite3StrNICmp sqlite3_strnicmp
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MallocInit(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MallocEnd(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Malloc(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3MallocZero(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbMallocZero(sqlite3*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbMallocRaw(sqlite3*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3DbStrDup(sqlite3*,const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3DbStrNDup(sqlite3*,const char*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Realloc(void*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(sqlite3 *, void *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbRealloc(sqlite3 *, void *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DbFree(sqlite3*, void*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MallocSize(void*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbMallocSize(sqlite3*, void*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ScratchMalloc(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ScratchFree(void*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PageMalloc(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PageFree(void*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemSetDefault(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BenignMallocHooks(void (*)(void), void (*)(void));
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3HeapNearlyFull(void);
+
+/*
+** On systems with ample stack space and that support alloca(), make
+** use of alloca() to obtain space for large automatic objects.  By default,
+** obtain space from malloc().
+**
+** The alloca() routine never returns NULL.  This will cause code paths
+** that deal with sqlite3StackAlloc() failures to be unreachable.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_USE_ALLOCA
+# define sqlite3StackAllocRaw(D,N)   alloca(N)
+# define sqlite3StackAllocZero(D,N)  memset(alloca(N), 0, N)
+# define sqlite3StackFree(D,P)       
+#else
+# define sqlite3StackAllocRaw(D,N)   sqlite3DbMallocRaw(D,N)
+# define sqlite3StackAllocZero(D,N)  sqlite3DbMallocZero(D,N)
+# define sqlite3StackFree(D,P)       sqlite3DbFree(D,P)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_mem_methods *sqlite3MemGetMemsys3(void);
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_mem_methods *sqlite3MemGetMemsys5(void);
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3NoopMutex(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3MutexAlloc(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3MutexInit(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3MutexEnd(void);
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3StatusValue(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StatusAdd(int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StatusSet(int, int);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3IsNaN(double);
+#else
+# define sqlite3IsNaN(X)  0
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(StrAccum*, int, const char*, va_list);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum*, const char*, ...);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3MPrintf(sqlite3*,const char*, ...);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VMPrintf(sqlite3*,const char*, va_list);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3MAppendf(sqlite3*,char*,const char*,...);
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DebugPrintf(const char*, ...);
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void *sqlite3TestTextToPtr(const char*);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SetString(char **, sqlite3*, const char*, ...);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ErrorMsg(Parse*, const char*, ...);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Dequote(char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3KeywordCode(const unsigned char*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunParser(Parse*, const char*, char **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FinishCoding(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetTempReg(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(Parse*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetTempRange(Parse*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(Parse*,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAlloc(sqlite3*,int,const Token*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3Expr(sqlite3*,int,const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(sqlite3*,Expr*,Expr*,Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3PExpr(Parse*, int, Expr*, Expr*, const Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAnd(sqlite3*,Expr*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprFunction(Parse*,ExprList*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(Parse*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprDelete(sqlite3*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE ExprList *sqlite3ExprListAppend(Parse*,ExprList*,Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListSetName(Parse*,ExprList*,Token*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(Parse*,ExprList*,ExprSpan*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListDelete(sqlite3*, ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Init(sqlite3*, char**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InitCallback(void*, int, char**, char**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Token*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(sqlite3*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginParse(Parse*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(Parse*,Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenMasterTable(Parse *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StartTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,int,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddColumn(Parse*,Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddNotNull(Parse*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(Parse*, ExprList*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(Parse*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddColumnType(Parse*,Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddDefaultValue(Parse*,ExprSpan*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCollateType(Parse*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ParseUri(const char*,const char*,unsigned int*,
+                    sqlite3_vfs**,char**,char **);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Bitvec *sqlite3BitvecCreate(u32);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecTest(Bitvec*, u32);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecSet(Bitvec*, u32);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BitvecClear(Bitvec*, u32, void*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BitvecDestroy(Bitvec*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BitvecSize(Bitvec*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecBuiltinTest(int,int*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE RowSet *sqlite3RowSetInit(sqlite3*, void*, unsigned int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetClear(RowSet*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetInsert(RowSet*, i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet*, u8 iBatch, i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetNext(RowSet*, i64*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateView(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Token*,Select*,int,int);
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(Parse*,Table*);
+#else
+# define sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(A,B) 0
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTable(Parse*, SrcList*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTable(sqlite3*, Table*);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(Parse *pParse);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3AutoincrementEnd(Parse *pParse);
+#else
+# define sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(X)
+# define sqlite3AutoincrementEnd(X)
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(Parse*, SrcList*, ExprList*, Select*, IdList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ArrayAllocate(sqlite3*,void*,int,int,int*,int*,int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListAppend(sqlite3*, IdList*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IdListIndex(IdList*,const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListEnlarge(sqlite3*, SrcList*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListAppend(sqlite3*, SrcList*, Token*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(Parse*, SrcList*, Token*, Token*,
+                                      Token*, Select*, Expr*, IdList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(Parse *, SrcList *, Token *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexedByLookup(Parse *, struct SrcList_item *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(SrcList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(Parse*, SrcList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3IdListDelete(sqlite3*, IdList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListDelete(sqlite3*, SrcList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(Parse*,Token*,Token*,SrcList*,ExprList*,int,Token*,
+                        Token*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropIndex(Parse*, SrcList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(Parse*, Select*, SelectDest*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectNew(Parse*,ExprList*,SrcList*,Expr*,ExprList*,
+                         Expr*,ExprList*,int,Expr*,Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectDelete(sqlite3*, Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3SrcListLookup(Parse*, SrcList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsReadOnly(Parse*, Table*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenTable(Parse*, int iCur, int iDb, Table*, int);
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3LimitWhere(Parse *, SrcList *, Expr *, ExprList *, Expr *, Expr *, char *);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteFrom(Parse*, SrcList*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(Parse*, SrcList*, ExprList*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(Parse*, SrcList*, Expr*, ExprList**, u16);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereEnd(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(Vdbe*, Table*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeMove(Parse*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(Parse*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheStore(Parse*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePush(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(Parse*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheClear(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(Parse*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCode(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(Parse*, Expr*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(Parse*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(Parse*, ExprList*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfTrue(Parse*, Expr*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfFalse(Parse*, Expr*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3FindTable(sqlite3*,const char*, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3LocateTable(Parse*,int isView,const char*, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3FindIndex(sqlite3*,const char*, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTable(sqlite3*,int,const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteIndex(sqlite3*,int,const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Vacuum(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunVacuum(char**, sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3NameFromToken(sqlite3*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList*, ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(NameContext*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(NameContext*,ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3GetVdbe(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngSaveState(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngRestoreState(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngResetState(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackAll(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(Parse*, const char *zDb);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginTransaction(Parse*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitTransaction(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackTransaction(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Savepoint(Parse*, int, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CloseSavepoints(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstant(Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantOrFunction(Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsInteger(Expr*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(const Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(Vdbe*, const Expr*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(const Expr*, char);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsRowid(const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int, Trigger *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(Parse*, Table*, int, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(Parse*, Index*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(Parse*,Table*,int,int,
+                                     int*,int,int,int,int,int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CompleteInsertion(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(Parse*, Table*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(Parse*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MultiWrite(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MayAbort(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(Parse*, int, char*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprDup(sqlite3*,Expr*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE ExprList *sqlite3ExprListDup(sqlite3*,ExprList*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListDup(sqlite3*,SrcList*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListDup(sqlite3*,IdList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectDup(sqlite3*,Select*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FuncDefInsert(FuncDefHash*, FuncDef*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3FindFunction(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,u8,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterBuiltinFunctions(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterDateTimeFunctions(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterGlobalFunctions(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ChangeCookie(Parse*, int);
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MaterializeView(Parse*, Table*, Expr*, int);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BeginTrigger(Parse*, Token*,Token*,int,int,IdList*,SrcList*,
+                           Expr*,int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FinishTrigger(Parse*, TriggerStep*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DropTrigger(Parse*, SrcList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DropTriggerPtr(Parse*, Trigger*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   Trigger *sqlite3TriggersExist(Parse *, Table*, int, ExprList*, int *pMask);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   Trigger *sqlite3TriggerList(Parse *, Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(Parse*, Trigger *, int, ExprList*, int, Table *,
+                            int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3CodeRowTriggerDirect(Parse *, Trigger *, Table *, int, int, int);
+  void sqliteViewTriggers(Parse*, Table*, Expr*, int, ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(sqlite3*, TriggerStep*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerSelectStep(sqlite3*,Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(sqlite3*,Token*, IdList*,
+                                        ExprList*,Select*,u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerUpdateStep(sqlite3*,Token*,ExprList*, Expr*, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerDeleteStep(sqlite3*,Token*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DeleteTrigger(sqlite3*, Trigger*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTrigger(sqlite3*,int,const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   u32 sqlite3TriggerColmask(Parse*,Trigger*,ExprList*,int,int,Table*,int);
+# define sqlite3ParseToplevel(p) ((p)->pToplevel ? (p)->pToplevel : (p))
+#else
+# define sqlite3TriggersExist(B,C,D,E,F) 0
+# define sqlite3DeleteTrigger(A,B)
+# define sqlite3DropTriggerPtr(A,B)
+# define sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTrigger(A,B,C)
+# define sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)
+# define sqlite3CodeRowTriggerDirect(A,B,C,D,E,F)
+# define sqlite3TriggerList(X, Y) 0
+# define sqlite3ParseToplevel(p) p
+# define sqlite3TriggerColmask(A,B,C,D,E,F,G) 0
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3JoinType(Parse*, Token*, Token*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateForeignKey(Parse*, ExprList*, Token*, ExprList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeferForeignKey(Parse*, int);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3AuthRead(Parse*,Expr*,Schema*,SrcList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3AuthCheck(Parse*,int, const char*, const char*, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3AuthContextPush(Parse*, AuthContext*, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3AuthContextPop(AuthContext*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3AuthReadCol(Parse*, const char *, const char *, int);
+#else
+# define sqlite3AuthRead(a,b,c,d)
+# define sqlite3AuthCheck(a,b,c,d,e)    SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3AuthContextPush(a,b,c)
+# define sqlite3AuthContextPop(a)  ((void)(a))
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse*, Expr*, Expr*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixInit(DbFixer*, Parse*, int, const char*, const Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSrcList(DbFixer*, SrcList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSelect(DbFixer*, Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExpr(DbFixer*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExprList(DbFixer*, ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixTriggerStep(DbFixer*, TriggerStep*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double*, int, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetInt32(const char *, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi(const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf16ByteLen(const void *pData, int nChar);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8CharLen(const char *pData, int nByte);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(const u8*, const u8**);
+
+/*
+** Routines to read and write variable-length integers.  These used to
+** be defined locally, but now we use the varint routines in the util.c
+** file.  Code should use the MACRO forms below, as the Varint32 versions
+** are coded to assume the single byte case is already handled (which 
+** the MACRO form does).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PutVarint(unsigned char*, u64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PutVarint32(unsigned char*, u32);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetVarint(const unsigned char *, u64 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetVarint32(const unsigned char *, u32 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VarintLen(u64 v);
+
+/*
+** The header of a record consists of a sequence variable-length integers.
+** These integers are almost always small and are encoded as a single byte.
+** The following macros take advantage this fact to provide a fast encode
+** and decode of the integers in a record header.  It is faster for the common
+** case where the integer is a single byte.  It is a little slower when the
+** integer is two or more bytes.  But overall it is faster.
+**
+** The following expressions are equivalent:
+**
+**     x = sqlite3GetVarint32( A, &B );
+**     x = sqlite3PutVarint32( A, B );
+**
+**     x = getVarint32( A, B );
+**     x = putVarint32( A, B );
+**
+*/
+#define getVarint32(A,B)  (u8)((*(A)<(u8)0x80) ? ((B) = (u32)*(A)),1 : sqlite3GetVarint32((A), (u32 *)&(B)))
+#define putVarint32(A,B)  (u8)(((u32)(B)<(u32)0x80) ? (*(A) = (unsigned char)(B)),1 : sqlite3PutVarint32((A), (B)))
+#define getVarint    sqlite3GetVarint
+#define putVarint    sqlite3PutVarint
+
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(Vdbe *, Index *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinityStr(Vdbe *, Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3CompareAffinity(Expr *pExpr, char aff2);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(Expr *pExpr, char idx_affinity);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(Expr *pExpr);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char*, i64*, int, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Error(sqlite3*, int, const char*,...);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3*, const char *z, int n);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3HexToInt(int h);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TwoPartName(Parse *, Token *, Token *, Token **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrStr(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadSchema(Parse *pParse);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3FindCollSeq(sqlite3*,u8 enc, const char*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3LocateCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const char*zName);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetColl(Expr*, CollSeq*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(Parse *pParse, Expr*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckCollSeq(Parse *, CollSeq *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckObjectName(Parse *, const char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(sqlite3 *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AddInt64(i64*,i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SubInt64(i64*,i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MulInt64(i64*,i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AbsInt32(int);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FileSuffix3(const char*, char*);
+#else
+# define sqlite3FileSuffix3(X,Y)
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3ValueText(sqlite3_value*, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueBytes(sqlite3_value*, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetStr(sqlite3_value*, int, const void *,u8, 
+                        void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueFree(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3ValueNew(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf16to8(sqlite3 *, const void*, int, u8);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf8to16(sqlite3 *, u8, char *, int, int *);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueFromExpr(sqlite3 *, Expr *, u8, u8, sqlite3_value **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(sqlite3_value *, u8, u8);
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const unsigned char sqlite3OpcodeProperty[];
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const unsigned char sqlite3UpperToLower[];
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const unsigned char sqlite3CtypeMap[];
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const Token sqlite3IntTokens[];
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SQLITE_WSD struct Sqlite3Config sqlite3Config;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SQLITE_WSD FuncDefHash sqlite3GlobalFunctions;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PendingByte;
+#endif
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RootPageMoved(sqlite3*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Reindex(Parse*, Token*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterFunctions(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterRenameTable(Parse*, SrcList*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetToken(const unsigned char *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3NestedParse(Parse*, const char*, ...);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(Parse *, Expr *, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectPrep(Parse*, Select*, NameContext*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprNames(NameContext*, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelectNames(Parse*, Select*, NameContext*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(Parse*, Select*, ExprList*, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *, Table *, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn(Parse *, Token *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(Parse *, SrcList *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(sqlite3*, u8, CollSeq *, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Analyze(Parse*, Token*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(BusyHandler*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDb(sqlite3*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDbName(sqlite3 *, const char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AnalysisLoad(sqlite3*,int iDB);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(sqlite3*,Index*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DefaultRowEst(Index*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(sqlite3*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsLikeFunction(sqlite3*,Expr*,int*,char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MinimumFileFormat(Parse*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaClear(void *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Schema *sqlite3SchemaGet(sqlite3 *, Btree *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SchemaToIndex(sqlite3 *db, Schema *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(Parse *, Index *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CreateFunc(sqlite3 *, const char *, int, int, void *, 
+  void (*)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
+  void (*)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **), void (*)(sqlite3_context*),
+  FuncDestructor *pDestructor
+);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ApiExit(sqlite3 *db, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(Parse *);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumInit(StrAccum*, char*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum*,const char*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3StrAccumFinish(StrAccum*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumReset(StrAccum*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectDestInit(SelectDest*,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3CreateColumnExpr(sqlite3 *, SrcList *, int, int);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupRestart(sqlite3_backup *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupUpdate(sqlite3_backup *, Pgno, const u8 *);
+
+/*
+** The interface to the LEMON-generated parser
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ParserAlloc(void*(*)(size_t));
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParserFree(void*, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Parser(void*, int, Token, Parse*);
+#ifdef YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3ParserStackPeak(void*);
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AutoLoadExtensions(sqlite3*);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3CloseExtensions(sqlite3*);
+#else
+# define sqlite3CloseExtensions(X)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TableLock(Parse *, int, int, u8, const char *);
+#else
+  #define sqlite3TableLock(v,w,x,y,z)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3Utf8To8(unsigned char*);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+#  define sqlite3VtabClear(Y)
+#  define sqlite3VtabSync(X,Y) SQLITE_OK
+#  define sqlite3VtabRollback(X)
+#  define sqlite3VtabCommit(X)
+#  define sqlite3VtabInSync(db) 0
+#  define sqlite3VtabLock(X) 
+#  define sqlite3VtabUnlock(X)
+#  define sqlite3VtabUnlockList(X)
+#  define sqlite3VtabSavepoint(X, Y, Z) SQLITE_OK
+#else
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabClear(sqlite3 *db, Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, char **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabRollback(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabCommit(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabLock(VTable *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabUnlock(VTable *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabUnlockList(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSavepoint(sqlite3 *, int, int);
+#  define sqlite3VtabInSync(db) ((db)->nVTrans>0 && (db)->aVTrans==0)
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(Parse*,Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabBeginParse(Parse*, Token*, Token*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabFinishParse(Parse*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabArgInit(Parse*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabArgExtend(Parse*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallCreate(sqlite3*, int, const char *, char **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallConnect(Parse*, Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallDestroy(sqlite3*, int, const char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabBegin(sqlite3 *, VTable *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3VtabOverloadFunction(sqlite3 *,FuncDef*, int nArg, Expr*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3InvalidFunction(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex(Vdbe*, const char*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TransferBindings(sqlite3_stmt *, sqlite3_stmt *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Reprepare(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(Parse*, ExprList*, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(Parse *, Expr *, Expr *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE VTable *sqlite3GetVTable(sqlite3*, Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3JournalModename(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
+
+/* Declarations for functions in fkey.c. All of these are replaced by
+** no-op macros if OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY is defined. In this case no foreign
+** key functionality is available. If OMIT_TRIGGER is defined but
+** OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY is not, only some of the functions are no-oped. In
+** this case foreign keys are parsed, but no other functionality is 
+** provided (enforcement of FK constraints requires the triggers sub-system).
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkCheck(Parse*, Table*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkDropTable(Parse*, SrcList *, Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkActions(Parse*, Table*, ExprList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3FkRequired(Parse*, Table*, int*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   u32 sqlite3FkOldmask(Parse*, Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   FKey *sqlite3FkReferences(Table *);
+#else
+  #define sqlite3FkActions(a,b,c,d)
+  #define sqlite3FkCheck(a,b,c,d)
+  #define sqlite3FkDropTable(a,b,c)
+  #define sqlite3FkOldmask(a,b)      0
+  #define sqlite3FkRequired(a,b,c,d) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkDelete(sqlite3 *, Table*);
+#else
+  #define sqlite3FkDelete(a,b)
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Available fault injectors.  Should be numbered beginning with 0.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_FAULTINJECTOR_MALLOC     0
+#define SQLITE_FAULTINJECTOR_COUNT      1
+
+/*
+** The interface to the code in fault.c used for identifying "benign"
+** malloc failures. This is only present if SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+** is not defined.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3EndBenignMalloc(void);
+#else
+  #define sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc()
+  #define sqlite3EndBenignMalloc()
+#endif
+
+#define IN_INDEX_ROWID           1
+#define IN_INDEX_EPH             2
+#define IN_INDEX_INDEX           3
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *, Expr *, int*);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalOpen(sqlite3_vfs *, const char *, sqlite3_file *, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalSize(sqlite3_vfs *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalCreate(sqlite3_file *);
+#else
+  #define sqlite3JournalSize(pVfs) ((pVfs)->szOsFile)
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemJournalOpen(sqlite3_file *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemJournalSize(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsMemJournal(sqlite3_file *);
+
+#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ExprSetHeight(Parse *pParse, Expr *p);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3SelectExprHeight(Select *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(Parse*, int);
+#else
+  #define sqlite3ExprSetHeight(x,y)
+  #define sqlite3SelectExprHeight(x) 0
+  #define sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(x,y)
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Get4byte(const u8*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Put4byte(u8*, u32);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ConnectionBlocked(sqlite3 *, sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ConnectionUnlocked(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ConnectionClosed(sqlite3 *db);
+#else
+  #define sqlite3ConnectionBlocked(x,y)
+  #define sqlite3ConnectionUnlocked(x)
+  #define sqlite3ConnectionClosed(x)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ParserTrace(FILE*, char *);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If the SQLITE_ENABLE IOTRACE exists then the global variable
+** sqlite3IoTrace is a pointer to a printf-like routine used to
+** print I/O tracing messages. 
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE
+# define IOTRACE(A)  if( sqlite3IoTrace ){ sqlite3IoTrace A; }
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeIOTraceSql(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void (*sqlite3IoTrace)(const char*,...);
+#else
+# define IOTRACE(A)
+# define sqlite3VdbeIOTraceSql(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** These routines are available for the mem2.c debugging memory allocator
+** only.  They are used to verify that different "types" of memory
+** allocations are properly tracked by the system.
+**
+** sqlite3MemdebugSetType() sets the "type" of an allocation to one of
+** the MEMTYPE_* macros defined below.  The type must be a bitmask with
+** a single bit set.
+**
+** sqlite3MemdebugHasType() returns true if any of the bits in its second
+** argument match the type set by the previous sqlite3MemdebugSetType().
+** sqlite3MemdebugHasType() is intended for use inside assert() statements.
+**
+** sqlite3MemdebugNoType() returns true if none of the bits in its second
+** argument match the type set by the previous sqlite3MemdebugSetType().
+**
+** Perhaps the most important point is the difference between MEMTYPE_HEAP
+** and MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE.  If an allocation is MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE, that means
+** it might have been allocated by lookaside, except the allocation was
+** too large or lookaside was already full.  It is important to verify
+** that allocations that might have been satisfied by lookaside are not
+** passed back to non-lookaside free() routines.  Asserts such as the
+** example above are placed on the non-lookaside free() routines to verify
+** this constraint. 
+**
+** All of this is no-op for a production build.  It only comes into
+** play when the SQLITE_MEMDEBUG compile-time option is used.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MEMDEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3MemdebugSetType(void*,u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3MemdebugHasType(void*,u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3MemdebugNoType(void*,u8);
+#else
+# define sqlite3MemdebugSetType(X,Y)  /* no-op */
+# define sqlite3MemdebugHasType(X,Y)  1
+# define sqlite3MemdebugNoType(X,Y)   1
+#endif
+#define MEMTYPE_HEAP       0x01  /* General heap allocations */
+#define MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE  0x02  /* Might have been lookaside memory */
+#define MEMTYPE_SCRATCH    0x04  /* Scratch allocations */
+#define MEMTYPE_PCACHE     0x08  /* Page cache allocations */
+#define MEMTYPE_DB         0x10  /* Uses sqlite3DbMalloc, not sqlite_malloc */
+
+#endif /* _SQLITEINT_H_ */
+
+/************** End of sqliteInt.h *******************************************/
+/************** Begin file global.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 June 13
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains definitions of global variables and contants.
+*/
+
+/* An array to map all upper-case characters into their corresponding
+** lower-case character. 
+**
+** SQLite only considers US-ASCII (or EBCDIC) characters.  We do not
+** handle case conversions for the UTF character set since the tables
+** involved are nearly as big or bigger than SQLite itself.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const unsigned char sqlite3UpperToLower[] = {
+#ifdef SQLITE_ASCII
+      0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
+     18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
+     36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,
+     54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,
+    104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,
+    122, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,
+    108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,
+    126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,
+    144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,
+    162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,
+    180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,
+    198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,
+    216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,
+    234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,
+    252,253,254,255
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
+      0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, /* 0x */
+     16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, /* 1x */
+     32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, /* 2x */
+     48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, /* 3x */
+     64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, /* 4x */
+     80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, /* 5x */
+     96, 97, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,106,107,108,109,110,111, /* 6x */
+    112, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,122,123,124,125,126,127, /* 7x */
+    128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143, /* 8x */
+    144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,156,159, /* 9x */
+    160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,140,141,142,175, /* Ax */
+    176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191, /* Bx */
+    192,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,202,203,204,205,206,207, /* Cx */
+    208,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,218,219,220,221,222,223, /* Dx */
+    224,225,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,232,203,204,205,206,207, /* Ex */
+    239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,219,220,221,222,255, /* Fx */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** The following 256 byte lookup table is used to support SQLites built-in
+** equivalents to the following standard library functions:
+**
+**   isspace()                        0x01
+**   isalpha()                        0x02
+**   isdigit()                        0x04
+**   isalnum()                        0x06
+**   isxdigit()                       0x08
+**   toupper()                        0x20
+**   SQLite identifier character      0x40
+**
+** Bit 0x20 is set if the mapped character requires translation to upper
+** case. i.e. if the character is a lower-case ASCII character.
+** If x is a lower-case ASCII character, then its upper-case equivalent
+** is (x - 0x20). Therefore toupper() can be implemented as:
+**
+**   (x & ~(map[x]&0x20))
+**
+** Standard function tolower() is implemented using the sqlite3UpperToLower[]
+** array. tolower() is used more often than toupper() by SQLite.
+**
+** Bit 0x40 is set if the character non-alphanumeric and can be used in an 
+** SQLite identifier.  Identifiers are alphanumerics, "_", "$", and any
+** non-ASCII UTF character. Hence the test for whether or not a character is
+** part of an identifier is 0x46.
+**
+** SQLite's versions are identical to the standard versions assuming a
+** locale of "C". They are implemented as macros in sqliteInt.h.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ASCII
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const unsigned char sqlite3CtypeMap[256] = {
+  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  /* 00..07    ........ */
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,  /* 08..0f    ........ */
+  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  /* 10..17    ........ */
+  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  /* 18..1f    ........ */
+  0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  /* 20..27     !"#$%&' */
+  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  /* 28..2f    ()*+,-./ */
+  0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c,  /* 30..37    01234567 */
+  0x0c, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  /* 38..3f    89:;<=>? */
+
+  0x00, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x02,  /* 40..47    @ABCDEFG */
+  0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02,  /* 48..4f    HIJKLMNO */
+  0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02,  /* 50..57    PQRSTUVW */
+  0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x40,  /* 58..5f    XYZ[\]^_ */
+  0x00, 0x2a, 0x2a, 0x2a, 0x2a, 0x2a, 0x2a, 0x22,  /* 60..67    `abcdefg */
+  0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22,  /* 68..6f    hijklmno */
+  0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22,  /* 70..77    pqrstuvw */
+  0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  /* 78..7f    xyz{|}~. */
+
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* 80..87    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* 88..8f    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* 90..97    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* 98..9f    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* a0..a7    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* a8..af    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* b0..b7    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* b8..bf    ........ */
+
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* c0..c7    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* c8..cf    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* d0..d7    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* d8..df    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* e0..e7    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* e8..ef    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,  /* f0..f7    ........ */
+  0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40   /* f8..ff    ........ */
+};
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_USE_URI
+# define  SQLITE_USE_URI 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following singleton contains the global configuration for
+** the SQLite library.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SQLITE_WSD struct Sqlite3Config sqlite3Config = {
+   SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS,  /* bMemstat */
+   1,                         /* bCoreMutex */
+   SQLITE_THREADSAFE==1,      /* bFullMutex */
+   SQLITE_USE_URI,            /* bOpenUri */
+   0x7ffffffe,                /* mxStrlen */
+   100,                       /* szLookaside */
+   500,                       /* nLookaside */
+   {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},         /* m */
+   {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},       /* mutex */
+   {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},   /* pcache */
+   (void*)0,                  /* pHeap */
+   0,                         /* nHeap */
+   0, 0,                      /* mnHeap, mxHeap */
+   (void*)0,                  /* pScratch */
+   0,                         /* szScratch */
+   0,                         /* nScratch */
+   (void*)0,                  /* pPage */
+   0,                         /* szPage */
+   0,                         /* nPage */
+   0,                         /* mxParserStack */
+   0,                         /* sharedCacheEnabled */
+   /* All the rest should always be initialized to zero */
+   0,                         /* isInit */
+   0,                         /* inProgress */
+   0,                         /* isMutexInit */
+   0,                         /* isMallocInit */
+   0,                         /* isPCacheInit */
+   0,                         /* pInitMutex */
+   0,                         /* nRefInitMutex */
+   0,                         /* xLog */
+   0,                         /* pLogArg */
+   0,                         /* bLocaltimeFault */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Hash table for global functions - functions common to all
+** database connections.  After initialization, this table is
+** read-only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SQLITE_WSD FuncDefHash sqlite3GlobalFunctions;
+
+/*
+** Constant tokens for values 0 and 1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const Token sqlite3IntTokens[] = {
+   { "0", 1 },
+   { "1", 1 }
+};
+
+
+/*
+** The value of the "pending" byte must be 0x40000000 (1 byte past the
+** 1-gibabyte boundary) in a compatible database.  SQLite never uses
+** the database page that contains the pending byte.  It never attempts
+** to read or write that page.  The pending byte page is set assign
+** for use by the VFS layers as space for managing file locks.
+**
+** During testing, it is often desirable to move the pending byte to
+** a different position in the file.  This allows code that has to
+** deal with the pending byte to run on files that are much smaller
+** than 1 GiB.  The sqlite3_test_control() interface can be used to
+** move the pending byte.
+**
+** IMPORTANT:  Changing the pending byte to any value other than
+** 0x40000000 results in an incompatible database file format!
+** Changing the pending byte during operating results in undefined
+** and dileterious behavior.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PendingByte = 0x40000000;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Properties of opcodes.  The OPFLG_INITIALIZER macro is
+** created by mkopcodeh.awk during compilation.  Data is obtained
+** from the comments following the "case OP_xxxx:" statements in
+** the vdbe.c file.  
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const unsigned char sqlite3OpcodeProperty[] = OPFLG_INITIALIZER;
+
+/************** End of global.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file ctime.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2010 February 23
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file implements routines used to report what compile-time options
+** SQLite was built with.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+
+
+/*
+** An array of names of all compile-time options.  This array should 
+** be sorted A-Z.
+**
+** This array looks large, but in a typical installation actually uses
+** only a handful of compile-time options, so most times this array is usually
+** rather short and uses little memory space.
+*/
+static const char * const azCompileOpt[] = {
+
+/* These macros are provided to "stringify" the value of the define
+** for those options in which the value is meaningful. */
+#define CTIMEOPT_VAL_(opt) #opt
+#define CTIMEOPT_VAL(opt) CTIMEOPT_VAL_(opt)
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_32BIT_ROWID
+  "32BIT_ROWID",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_4_BYTE_ALIGNED_MALLOC
+  "4_BYTE_ALIGNED_MALLOC",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE
+  "CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES
+  "CHECK_PAGES",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
+  "COVERAGE_TEST",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  "DEBUG",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE
+  "DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE),
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
+  "DISABLE_DIRSYNC",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
+  "DISABLE_LFS",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+  "ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
+  "ENABLE_CEROD",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
+  "ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT
+  "ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS1
+  "ENABLE_FTS1",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS2
+  "ENABLE_FTS2",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
+  "ENABLE_FTS3",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_PARENTHESIS
+  "ENABLE_FTS3_PARENTHESIS",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4
+  "ENABLE_FTS4",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
+  "ENABLE_ICU",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE
+  "ENABLE_IOTRACE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION
+  "ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  "ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE),
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
+  "ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3
+  "ENABLE_MEMSYS3",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5
+  "ENABLE_MEMSYS5",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_OVERSIZE_CELL_CHECK
+  "ENABLE_OVERSIZE_CELL_CHECK",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
+  "ENABLE_RTREE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+  "ENABLE_STAT2",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
+  "ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT
+  "ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+  "HAS_CODEC",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN
+  "HAVE_ISNAN",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX
+  "HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_IGNORE_AFP_LOCK_ERRORS
+  "IGNORE_AFP_LOCK_ERRORS",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS
+  "IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_INT64_TYPE
+  "INT64_TYPE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_LOCK_TRACE
+  "LOCK_TRACE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_MEMDEBUG
+  "MEMDEBUG",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT
+  "MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
+  "NO_SYNC",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
+  "OMIT_ALTERTABLE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE
+  "OMIT_ANALYZE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_ATTACH
+  "OMIT_ATTACH",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  "OMIT_AUTHORIZATION",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+  "OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  "OMIT_AUTOINIT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+  "OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET
+  "OMIT_AUTORESET",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  "OMIT_AUTOVACUUM",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_BETWEEN_OPTIMIZATION
+  "OMIT_BETWEEN_OPTIMIZATION",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
+  "OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
+  "OMIT_BTREECOUNT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+  "OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
+  "OMIT_CAST",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+  "OMIT_CHECK",
+#endif
+/* // redundant
+** #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+**   "OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS",
+** #endif
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE
+  "OMIT_COMPLETE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
+  "OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS
+  "OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE
+  "OMIT_DECLTYPE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+  "OMIT_DEPRECATED",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DISKIO
+  "OMIT_DISKIO",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  "OMIT_EXPLAIN",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS
+  "OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+  "OMIT_FLOATING_POINT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  "OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_GET_TABLE
+  "OMIT_GET_TABLE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+  "OMIT_INCRBLOB",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
+  "OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_LIKE_OPTIMIZATION
+  "OMIT_LIKE_OPTIMIZATION",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+  "OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME
+  "OMIT_LOCALTIME",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_LOOKASIDE
+  "OMIT_LOOKASIDE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
+  "OMIT_MEMORYDB",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
+  "OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+  "OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_PRAGMA
+  "OMIT_PRAGMA",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+  "OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_QUICKBALANCE
+  "OMIT_QUICKBALANCE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_REINDEX
+  "OMIT_REINDEX",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS
+  "OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS
+  "OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  "OMIT_SHARED_CACHE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+  "OMIT_SUBQUERY",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TCL_VARIABLE
+  "OMIT_TCL_VARIABLE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TEMPDB
+  "OMIT_TEMPDB",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+  "OMIT_TRACE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  "OMIT_TRIGGER",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRUNCATE_OPTIMIZATION
+  "OMIT_TRUNCATE_OPTIMIZATION",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+  "OMIT_UTF16",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM
+  "OMIT_VACUUM",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+  "OMIT_VIEW",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  "OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  "OMIT_WAL",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+  "OMIT_WSD",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_XFER_OPT
+  "OMIT_XFER_OPT",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_PERFORMANCE_TRACE
+  "PERFORMANCE_TRACE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_PROXY_DEBUG
+  "PROXY_DEBUG",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE
+  "SECURE_DELETE",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_SMALL_STACK
+  "SMALL_STACK",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_SOUNDEX
+  "SOUNDEX",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_TCL
+  "TCL",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEMP_STORE
+  "TEMP_STORE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_TEMP_STORE),
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  "TEST",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  "THREADSAFE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_THREADSAFE),
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_USE_ALLOCA
+  "USE_ALLOCA",
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC
+  "ZERO_MALLOC"
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** Given the name of a compile-time option, return true if that option
+** was used and false if not.
+**
+** The name can optionally begin with "SQLITE_" but the "SQLITE_" prefix
+** is not required for a match.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_compileoption_used(const char *zOptName){
+  int i, n;
+  if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zOptName, "SQLITE_", 7)==0 ) zOptName += 7;
+  n = sqlite3Strlen30(zOptName);
+
+  /* Since ArraySize(azCompileOpt) is normally in single digits, a
+  ** linear search is adequate.  No need for a binary search. */
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(azCompileOpt); i++){
+    if(   (sqlite3StrNICmp(zOptName, azCompileOpt[i], n)==0)
+       && ( (azCompileOpt[i][n]==0) || (azCompileOpt[i][n]=='=') ) ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the N-th compile-time option string.  If N is out of range,
+** return a NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_compileoption_get(int N){
+  if( N>=0 && N<ArraySize(azCompileOpt) ){
+    return azCompileOpt[N];
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS */
+
+/************** End of ctime.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file status.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 June 18
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This module implements the sqlite3_status() interface and related
+** functionality.
+*/
+/************** Include vdbeInt.h in the middle of status.c ******************/
+/************** Begin file vdbeInt.h *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2003 September 6
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This is the header file for information that is private to the
+** VDBE.  This information used to all be at the top of the single
+** source code file "vdbe.c".  When that file became too big (over
+** 6000 lines long) it was split up into several smaller files and
+** this header information was factored out.
+*/
+#ifndef _VDBEINT_H_
+#define _VDBEINT_H_
+
+/*
+** SQL is translated into a sequence of instructions to be
+** executed by a virtual machine.  Each instruction is an instance
+** of the following structure.
+*/
+typedef struct VdbeOp Op;
+
+/*
+** Boolean values
+*/
+typedef unsigned char Bool;
+
+/*
+** A cursor is a pointer into a single BTree within a database file.
+** The cursor can seek to a BTree entry with a particular key, or
+** loop over all entries of the Btree.  You can also insert new BTree
+** entries or retrieve the key or data from the entry that the cursor
+** is currently pointing to.
+** 
+** Every cursor that the virtual machine has open is represented by an
+** instance of the following structure.
+*/
+struct VdbeCursor {
+  BtCursor *pCursor;    /* The cursor structure of the backend */
+  Btree *pBt;           /* Separate file holding temporary table */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;    /* Info about index keys needed by index cursors */
+  int iDb;              /* Index of cursor database in db->aDb[] (or -1) */
+  int pseudoTableReg;   /* Register holding pseudotable content. */
+  int nField;           /* Number of fields in the header */
+  Bool zeroed;          /* True if zeroed out and ready for reuse */
+  Bool rowidIsValid;    /* True if lastRowid is valid */
+  Bool atFirst;         /* True if pointing to first entry */
+  Bool useRandomRowid;  /* Generate new record numbers semi-randomly */
+  Bool nullRow;         /* True if pointing to a row with no data */
+  Bool deferredMoveto;  /* A call to sqlite3BtreeMoveto() is needed */
+  Bool isTable;         /* True if a table requiring integer keys */
+  Bool isIndex;         /* True if an index containing keys only - no data */
+  Bool isOrdered;       /* True if the underlying table is BTREE_UNORDERED */
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;  /* The cursor for a virtual table */
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;     /* Module for cursor pVtabCursor */
+  i64 seqCount;         /* Sequence counter */
+  i64 movetoTarget;     /* Argument to the deferred sqlite3BtreeMoveto() */
+  i64 lastRowid;        /* Last rowid from a Next or NextIdx operation */
+
+  /* Result of last sqlite3BtreeMoveto() done by an OP_NotExists or 
+  ** OP_IsUnique opcode on this cursor. */
+  int seekResult;
+
+  /* Cached information about the header for the data record that the
+  ** cursor is currently pointing to.  Only valid if cacheStatus matches
+  ** Vdbe.cacheCtr.  Vdbe.cacheCtr will never take on the value of
+  ** CACHE_STALE and so setting cacheStatus=CACHE_STALE guarantees that
+  ** the cache is out of date.
+  **
+  ** aRow might point to (ephemeral) data for the current row, or it might
+  ** be NULL.
+  */
+  u32 cacheStatus;      /* Cache is valid if this matches Vdbe.cacheCtr */
+  int payloadSize;      /* Total number of bytes in the record */
+  u32 *aType;           /* Type values for all entries in the record */
+  u32 *aOffset;         /* Cached offsets to the start of each columns data */
+  u8 *aRow;             /* Data for the current row, if all on one page */
+};
+typedef struct VdbeCursor VdbeCursor;
+
+/*
+** When a sub-program is executed (OP_Program), a structure of this type
+** is allocated to store the current value of the program counter, as
+** well as the current memory cell array and various other frame specific
+** values stored in the Vdbe struct. When the sub-program is finished, 
+** these values are copied back to the Vdbe from the VdbeFrame structure,
+** restoring the state of the VM to as it was before the sub-program
+** began executing.
+**
+** The memory for a VdbeFrame object is allocated and managed by a memory
+** cell in the parent (calling) frame. When the memory cell is deleted or
+** overwritten, the VdbeFrame object is not freed immediately. Instead, it
+** is linked into the Vdbe.pDelFrame list. The contents of the Vdbe.pDelFrame
+** list is deleted when the VM is reset in VdbeHalt(). The reason for doing
+** this instead of deleting the VdbeFrame immediately is to avoid recursive
+** calls to sqlite3VdbeMemRelease() when the memory cells belonging to the
+** child frame are released.
+**
+** The currently executing frame is stored in Vdbe.pFrame. Vdbe.pFrame is
+** set to NULL if the currently executing frame is the main program.
+*/
+typedef struct VdbeFrame VdbeFrame;
+struct VdbeFrame {
+  Vdbe *v;                /* VM this frame belongs to */
+  int pc;                 /* Program Counter in parent (calling) frame */
+  Op *aOp;                /* Program instructions for parent frame */
+  int nOp;                /* Size of aOp array */
+  Mem *aMem;              /* Array of memory cells for parent frame */
+  int nMem;               /* Number of entries in aMem */
+  VdbeCursor **apCsr;     /* Array of Vdbe cursors for parent frame */
+  u16 nCursor;            /* Number of entries in apCsr */
+  void *token;            /* Copy of SubProgram.token */
+  int nChildMem;          /* Number of memory cells for child frame */
+  int nChildCsr;          /* Number of cursors for child frame */
+  i64 lastRowid;          /* Last insert rowid (sqlite3.lastRowid) */
+  int nChange;            /* Statement changes (Vdbe.nChanges)     */
+  VdbeFrame *pParent;     /* Parent of this frame, or NULL if parent is main */
+};
+
+#define VdbeFrameMem(p) ((Mem *)&((u8 *)p)[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeFrame))])
+
+/*
+** A value for VdbeCursor.cacheValid that means the cache is always invalid.
+*/
+#define CACHE_STALE 0
+
+/*
+** Internally, the vdbe manipulates nearly all SQL values as Mem
+** structures. Each Mem struct may cache multiple representations (string,
+** integer etc.) of the same value.
+*/
+struct Mem {
+  sqlite3 *db;        /* The associated database connection */
+  char *z;            /* String or BLOB value */
+  double r;           /* Real value */
+  union {
+    i64 i;              /* Integer value used when MEM_Int is set in flags */
+    int nZero;          /* Used when bit MEM_Zero is set in flags */
+    FuncDef *pDef;      /* Used only when flags==MEM_Agg */
+    RowSet *pRowSet;    /* Used only when flags==MEM_RowSet */
+    VdbeFrame *pFrame;  /* Used when flags==MEM_Frame */
+  } u;
+  int n;              /* Number of characters in string value, excluding '\0' */
+  u16 flags;          /* Some combination of MEM_Null, MEM_Str, MEM_Dyn, etc. */
+  u8  type;           /* One of SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_TEXT, SQLITE_INTEGER, etc */
+  u8  enc;            /* SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_UTF16BE, SQLITE_UTF16LE */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  Mem *pScopyFrom;    /* This Mem is a shallow copy of pScopyFrom */
+  void *pFiller;      /* So that sizeof(Mem) is a multiple of 8 */
+#endif
+  void (*xDel)(void *);  /* If not null, call this function to delete Mem.z */
+  char *zMalloc;      /* Dynamic buffer allocated by sqlite3_malloc() */
+};
+
+/* One or more of the following flags are set to indicate the validOK
+** representations of the value stored in the Mem struct.
+**
+** If the MEM_Null flag is set, then the value is an SQL NULL value.
+** No other flags may be set in this case.
+**
+** If the MEM_Str flag is set then Mem.z points at a string representation.
+** Usually this is encoded in the same unicode encoding as the main
+** database (see below for exceptions). If the MEM_Term flag is also
+** set, then the string is nul terminated. The MEM_Int and MEM_Real 
+** flags may coexist with the MEM_Str flag.
+*/
+#define MEM_Null      0x0001   /* Value is NULL */
+#define MEM_Str       0x0002   /* Value is a string */
+#define MEM_Int       0x0004   /* Value is an integer */
+#define MEM_Real      0x0008   /* Value is a real number */
+#define MEM_Blob      0x0010   /* Value is a BLOB */
+#define MEM_RowSet    0x0020   /* Value is a RowSet object */
+#define MEM_Frame     0x0040   /* Value is a VdbeFrame object */
+#define MEM_Invalid   0x0080   /* Value is undefined */
+#define MEM_TypeMask  0x00ff   /* Mask of type bits */
+
+/* Whenever Mem contains a valid string or blob representation, one of
+** the following flags must be set to determine the memory management
+** policy for Mem.z.  The MEM_Term flag tells us whether or not the
+** string is \000 or \u0000 terminated
+*/
+#define MEM_Term      0x0200   /* String rep is nul terminated */
+#define MEM_Dyn       0x0400   /* Need to call sqliteFree() on Mem.z */
+#define MEM_Static    0x0800   /* Mem.z points to a static string */
+#define MEM_Ephem     0x1000   /* Mem.z points to an ephemeral string */
+#define MEM_Agg       0x2000   /* Mem.z points to an agg function context */
+#define MEM_Zero      0x4000   /* Mem.i contains count of 0s appended to blob */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+  #undef MEM_Zero
+  #define MEM_Zero 0x0000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Clear any existing type flags from a Mem and replace them with f
+*/
+#define MemSetTypeFlag(p, f) \
+   ((p)->flags = ((p)->flags&~(MEM_TypeMask|MEM_Zero))|f)
+
+/*
+** Return true if a memory cell is not marked as invalid.  This macro
+** is for use inside assert() statements only.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#define memIsValid(M)  ((M)->flags & MEM_Invalid)==0
+#endif
+
+
+/* A VdbeFunc is just a FuncDef (defined in sqliteInt.h) that contains
+** additional information about auxiliary information bound to arguments
+** of the function.  This is used to implement the sqlite3_get_auxdata()
+** and sqlite3_set_auxdata() APIs.  The "auxdata" is some auxiliary data
+** that can be associated with a constant argument to a function.  This
+** allows functions such as "regexp" to compile their constant regular
+** expression argument once and reused the compiled code for multiple
+** invocations.
+*/
+struct VdbeFunc {
+  FuncDef *pFunc;               /* The definition of the function */
+  int nAux;                     /* Number of entries allocated for apAux[] */
+  struct AuxData {
+    void *pAux;                   /* Aux data for the i-th argument */
+    void (*xDelete)(void *);      /* Destructor for the aux data */
+  } apAux[1];                   /* One slot for each function argument */
+};
+
+/*
+** The "context" argument for a installable function.  A pointer to an
+** instance of this structure is the first argument to the routines used
+** implement the SQL functions.
+**
+** There is a typedef for this structure in sqlite.h.  So all routines,
+** even the public interface to SQLite, can use a pointer to this structure.
+** But this file is the only place where the internal details of this
+** structure are known.
+**
+** This structure is defined inside of vdbeInt.h because it uses substructures
+** (Mem) which are only defined there.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_context {
+  FuncDef *pFunc;       /* Pointer to function information.  MUST BE FIRST */
+  VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;  /* Auxilary data, if created. */
+  Mem s;                /* The return value is stored here */
+  Mem *pMem;            /* Memory cell used to store aggregate context */
+  int isError;          /* Error code returned by the function. */
+  CollSeq *pColl;       /* Collating sequence */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the virtual machine.  This structure contains the complete
+** state of the virtual machine.
+**
+** The "sqlite3_stmt" structure pointer that is returned by sqlite3_prepare()
+** is really a pointer to an instance of this structure.
+**
+** The Vdbe.inVtabMethod variable is set to non-zero for the duration of
+** any virtual table method invocations made by the vdbe program. It is
+** set to 2 for xDestroy method calls and 1 for all other methods. This
+** variable is used for two purposes: to allow xDestroy methods to execute
+** "DROP TABLE" statements and to prevent some nasty side effects of
+** malloc failure when SQLite is invoked recursively by a virtual table 
+** method function.
+*/
+struct Vdbe {
+  sqlite3 *db;            /* The database connection that owns this statement */
+  Op *aOp;                /* Space to hold the virtual machine's program */
+  Mem *aMem;              /* The memory locations */
+  Mem **apArg;            /* Arguments to currently executing user function */
+  Mem *aColName;          /* Column names to return */
+  Mem *pResultSet;        /* Pointer to an array of results */
+  int nMem;               /* Number of memory locations currently allocated */
+  int nOp;                /* Number of instructions in the program */
+  int nOpAlloc;           /* Number of slots allocated for aOp[] */
+  int nLabel;             /* Number of labels used */
+  int nLabelAlloc;        /* Number of slots allocated in aLabel[] */
+  int *aLabel;            /* Space to hold the labels */
+  u16 nResColumn;         /* Number of columns in one row of the result set */
+  u16 nCursor;            /* Number of slots in apCsr[] */
+  u32 magic;              /* Magic number for sanity checking */
+  char *zErrMsg;          /* Error message written here */
+  Vdbe *pPrev,*pNext;     /* Linked list of VDBEs with the same Vdbe.db */
+  VdbeCursor **apCsr;     /* One element of this array for each open cursor */
+  Mem *aVar;              /* Values for the OP_Variable opcode. */
+  char **azVar;           /* Name of variables */
+  ynVar nVar;             /* Number of entries in aVar[] */
+  ynVar nzVar;            /* Number of entries in azVar[] */
+  u32 cacheCtr;           /* VdbeCursor row cache generation counter */
+  int pc;                 /* The program counter */
+  int rc;                 /* Value to return */
+  u8 errorAction;         /* Recovery action to do in case of an error */
+  u8 explain;             /* True if EXPLAIN present on SQL command */
+  u8 changeCntOn;         /* True to update the change-counter */
+  u8 expired;             /* True if the VM needs to be recompiled */
+  u8 runOnlyOnce;         /* Automatically expire on reset */
+  u8 minWriteFileFormat;  /* Minimum file format for writable database files */
+  u8 inVtabMethod;        /* See comments above */
+  u8 usesStmtJournal;     /* True if uses a statement journal */
+  u8 readOnly;            /* True for read-only statements */
+  u8 isPrepareV2;         /* True if prepared with prepare_v2() */
+  int nChange;            /* Number of db changes made since last reset */
+  yDbMask btreeMask;      /* Bitmask of db->aDb[] entries referenced */
+  yDbMask lockMask;       /* Subset of btreeMask that requires a lock */
+  int iStatement;         /* Statement number (or 0 if has not opened stmt) */
+  int aCounter[3];        /* Counters used by sqlite3_stmt_status() */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+  i64 startTime;          /* Time when query started - used for profiling */
+#endif
+  i64 nFkConstraint;      /* Number of imm. FK constraints this VM */
+  i64 nStmtDefCons;       /* Number of def. constraints when stmt started */
+  char *zSql;             /* Text of the SQL statement that generated this */
+  void *pFree;            /* Free this when deleting the vdbe */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  FILE *trace;            /* Write an execution trace here, if not NULL */
+#endif
+  VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* Parent frame */
+  VdbeFrame *pDelFrame;   /* List of frame objects to free on VM reset */
+  int nFrame;             /* Number of frames in pFrame list */
+  u32 expmask;            /* Binding to these vars invalidates VM */
+  SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Linked list of all sub-programs used by VM */
+};
+
+/*
+** The following are allowed values for Vdbe.magic
+*/
+#define VDBE_MAGIC_INIT     0x26bceaa5    /* Building a VDBE program */
+#define VDBE_MAGIC_RUN      0xbdf20da3    /* VDBE is ready to execute */
+#define VDBE_MAGIC_HALT     0x519c2973    /* VDBE has completed execution */
+#define VDBE_MAGIC_DEAD     0xb606c3c8    /* The VDBE has been deallocated */
+
+/*
+** Function prototypes
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFreeCursor(Vdbe *, VdbeCursor*);
+void sqliteVdbePopStack(Vdbe*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(VdbeCursor*);
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(VDBE_PROFILE)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbePrintOp(FILE*, int, Op*);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u32);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialType(Mem*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(unsigned char*, int, Mem*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(const unsigned char*, u32, Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(VdbeFunc*, int);
+
+int sqlite2BtreeKeyCompare(BtCursor *, const void *, int, int, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(VdbeCursor*,UnpackedRecord*,int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(sqlite3*, BtCursor *, i64 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem*, const Mem*, const CollSeq*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(Mem *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemCopy(Mem*, const Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(Mem*, const Mem*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemMove(Mem*, Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(Mem*, const char*, int, u8, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(Mem*, i64);
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+# define sqlite3VdbeMemSetDouble sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64
+#else
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeMemSetDouble(Mem*, double);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetZeroBlob(Mem*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetRowSet(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(Mem*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE i64 sqlite3VdbeIntValue(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE double sqlite3VdbeRealValue(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(BtCursor*,int,int,int,Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(Mem *p);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem*, FuncDef*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(VdbeFrame*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(VdbeFrame *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(Mem *pMem);
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeEnter(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeLeave(Vdbe*);
+#else
+# define sqlite3VdbeEnter(X)
+# define sqlite3VdbeLeave(X)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemPrepareToChange(Vdbe*,Mem*);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(Vdbe *, int);
+#else
+# define sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p,i) 0
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemTranslate(Mem*, u8);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbePrintSql(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeMemPrettyPrint(Mem *pMem, char *zBuf);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemHandleBom(Mem *pMem);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(Mem *);
+#else
+  #define sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(x) SQLITE_OK
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_VDBEINT_H_) */
+
+/************** End of vdbeInt.h *********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in status.c *********************/
+
+/*
+** Variables in which to record status information.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3StatType sqlite3StatType;
+static SQLITE_WSD struct sqlite3StatType {
+  int nowValue[10];         /* Current value */
+  int mxValue[10];          /* Maximum value */
+} sqlite3Stat = { {0,}, {0,} };
+
+
+/* The "wsdStat" macro will resolve to the status information
+** state vector.  If writable static data is unsupported on the target,
+** we have to locate the state vector at run-time.  In the more common
+** case where writable static data is supported, wsdStat can refer directly
+** to the "sqlite3Stat" state vector declared above.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+# define wsdStatInit  sqlite3StatType *x = &GLOBAL(sqlite3StatType,sqlite3Stat)
+# define wsdStat x[0]
+#else
+# define wsdStatInit
+# define wsdStat sqlite3Stat
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return the current value of a status parameter.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3StatusValue(int op){
+  wsdStatInit;
+  assert( op>=0 && op<ArraySize(wsdStat.nowValue) );
+  return wsdStat.nowValue[op];
+}
+
+/*
+** Add N to the value of a status record.  It is assumed that the
+** caller holds appropriate locks.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StatusAdd(int op, int N){
+  wsdStatInit;
+  assert( op>=0 && op<ArraySize(wsdStat.nowValue) );
+  wsdStat.nowValue[op] += N;
+  if( wsdStat.nowValue[op]>wsdStat.mxValue[op] ){
+    wsdStat.mxValue[op] = wsdStat.nowValue[op];
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the value of a status to X.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StatusSet(int op, int X){
+  wsdStatInit;
+  assert( op>=0 && op<ArraySize(wsdStat.nowValue) );
+  wsdStat.nowValue[op] = X;
+  if( wsdStat.nowValue[op]>wsdStat.mxValue[op] ){
+    wsdStat.mxValue[op] = wsdStat.nowValue[op];
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Query status information.
+**
+** This implementation assumes that reading or writing an aligned
+** 32-bit integer is an atomic operation.  If that assumption is not true,
+** then this routine is not threadsafe.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetFlag){
+  wsdStatInit;
+  if( op<0 || op>=ArraySize(wsdStat.nowValue) ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  *pCurrent = wsdStat.nowValue[op];
+  *pHighwater = wsdStat.mxValue[op];
+  if( resetFlag ){
+    wsdStat.mxValue[op] = wsdStat.nowValue[op];
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Query status information for a single database connection
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* The database connection whose status is desired */
+  int op,               /* Status verb */
+  int *pCurrent,        /* Write current value here */
+  int *pHighwater,      /* Write high-water mark here */
+  int resetFlag         /* Reset high-water mark if true */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;   /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  switch( op ){
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED: {
+      *pCurrent = db->lookaside.nOut;
+      *pHighwater = db->lookaside.mxOut;
+      if( resetFlag ){
+        db->lookaside.mxOut = db->lookaside.nOut;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT:
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE:
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL: {
+      testcase( op==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT );
+      testcase( op==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE );
+      testcase( op==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL );
+      assert( (op-SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT)>=0 );
+      assert( (op-SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT)<3 );
+      *pCurrent = 0;
+      *pHighwater = db->lookaside.anStat[op - SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT];
+      if( resetFlag ){
+        db->lookaside.anStat[op - SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT] = 0;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* 
+    ** Return an approximation for the amount of memory currently used
+    ** by all pagers associated with the given database connection.  The
+    ** highwater mark is meaningless and is returned as zero.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED: {
+      int totalUsed = 0;
+      int i;
+      sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+      for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+        Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+        if( pBt ){
+          Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pBt);
+          totalUsed += sqlite3PagerMemUsed(pPager);
+        }
+      }
+      sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+      *pCurrent = totalUsed;
+      *pHighwater = 0;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    ** *pCurrent gets an accurate estimate of the amount of memory used
+    ** to store the schema for all databases (main, temp, and any ATTACHed
+    ** databases.  *pHighwater is set to zero.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED: {
+      int i;                      /* Used to iterate through schemas */
+      int nByte = 0;              /* Used to accumulate return value */
+
+      sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+      db->pnBytesFreed = &nByte;
+      for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+        Schema *pSchema = db->aDb[i].pSchema;
+        if( ALWAYS(pSchema!=0) ){
+          HashElem *p;
+
+          nByte += sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRoundup(sizeof(HashElem)) * (
+              pSchema->tblHash.count 
+            + pSchema->trigHash.count
+            + pSchema->idxHash.count
+            + pSchema->fkeyHash.count
+          );
+          nByte += sqlite3MallocSize(pSchema->tblHash.ht);
+          nByte += sqlite3MallocSize(pSchema->trigHash.ht);
+          nByte += sqlite3MallocSize(pSchema->idxHash.ht);
+          nByte += sqlite3MallocSize(pSchema->fkeyHash.ht);
+
+          for(p=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->trigHash); p; p=sqliteHashNext(p)){
+            sqlite3DeleteTrigger(db, (Trigger*)sqliteHashData(p));
+          }
+          for(p=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->tblHash); p; p=sqliteHashNext(p)){
+            sqlite3DeleteTable(db, (Table *)sqliteHashData(p));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      db->pnBytesFreed = 0;
+      sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+
+      *pHighwater = 0;
+      *pCurrent = nByte;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    ** *pCurrent gets an accurate estimate of the amount of memory used
+    ** to store all prepared statements.
+    ** *pHighwater is set to zero.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED: {
+      struct Vdbe *pVdbe;         /* Used to iterate through VMs */
+      int nByte = 0;              /* Used to accumulate return value */
+
+      db->pnBytesFreed = &nByte;
+      for(pVdbe=db->pVdbe; pVdbe; pVdbe=pVdbe->pNext){
+        sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(db, pVdbe);
+      }
+      db->pnBytesFreed = 0;
+
+      *pHighwater = 0;
+      *pCurrent = nByte;
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/************** End of status.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file date.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2003 October 31
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the C functions that implement date and time
+** functions for SQLite.  
+**
+** There is only one exported symbol in this file - the function
+** sqlite3RegisterDateTimeFunctions() found at the bottom of the file.
+** All other code has file scope.
+**
+** SQLite processes all times and dates as Julian Day numbers.  The
+** dates and times are stored as the number of days since noon
+** in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C. according to the Gregorian
+** calendar system. 
+**
+** 1970-01-01 00:00:00 is JD 2440587.5
+** 2000-01-01 00:00:00 is JD 2451544.5
+**
+** This implemention requires years to be expressed as a 4-digit number
+** which means that only dates between 0000-01-01 and 9999-12-31 can
+** be represented, even though julian day numbers allow a much wider
+** range of dates.
+**
+** The Gregorian calendar system is used for all dates and times,
+** even those that predate the Gregorian calendar.  Historians usually
+** use the Julian calendar for dates prior to 1582-10-15 and for some
+** dates afterwards, depending on locale.  Beware of this difference.
+**
+** The conversion algorithms are implemented based on descriptions
+** in the following text:
+**
+**      Jean Meeus
+**      Astronomical Algorithms, 2nd Edition, 1998
+**      ISBM 0-943396-61-1
+**      Willmann-Bell, Inc
+**      Richmond, Virginia (USA)
+*/
+#include <time.h>
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS
+
+
+/*
+** A structure for holding a single date and time.
+*/
+typedef struct DateTime DateTime;
+struct DateTime {
+  sqlite3_int64 iJD; /* The julian day number times 86400000 */
+  int Y, M, D;       /* Year, month, and day */
+  int h, m;          /* Hour and minutes */
+  int tz;            /* Timezone offset in minutes */
+  double s;          /* Seconds */
+  char validYMD;     /* True (1) if Y,M,D are valid */
+  char validHMS;     /* True (1) if h,m,s are valid */
+  char validJD;      /* True (1) if iJD is valid */
+  char validTZ;      /* True (1) if tz is valid */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Convert zDate into one or more integers.  Additional arguments
+** come in groups of 5 as follows:
+**
+**       N       number of digits in the integer
+**       min     minimum allowed value of the integer
+**       max     maximum allowed value of the integer
+**       nextC   first character after the integer
+**       pVal    where to write the integers value.
+**
+** Conversions continue until one with nextC==0 is encountered.
+** The function returns the number of successful conversions.
+*/
+static int getDigits(const char *zDate, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  int val;
+  int N;
+  int min;
+  int max;
+  int nextC;
+  int *pVal;
+  int cnt = 0;
+  va_start(ap, zDate);
+  do{
+    N = va_arg(ap, int);
+    min = va_arg(ap, int);
+    max = va_arg(ap, int);
+    nextC = va_arg(ap, int);
+    pVal = va_arg(ap, int*);
+    val = 0;
+    while( N-- ){
+      if( !sqlite3Isdigit(*zDate) ){
+        goto end_getDigits;
+      }
+      val = val*10 + *zDate - '0';
+      zDate++;
+    }
+    if( val<min || val>max || (nextC!=0 && nextC!=*zDate) ){
+      goto end_getDigits;
+    }
+    *pVal = val;
+    zDate++;
+    cnt++;
+  }while( nextC );
+end_getDigits:
+  va_end(ap);
+  return cnt;
+}
+
+/*
+** Parse a timezone extension on the end of a date-time.
+** The extension is of the form:
+**
+**        (+/-)HH:MM
+**
+** Or the "zulu" notation:
+**
+**        Z
+**
+** If the parse is successful, write the number of minutes
+** of change in p->tz and return 0.  If a parser error occurs,
+** return non-zero.
+**
+** A missing specifier is not considered an error.
+*/
+static int parseTimezone(const char *zDate, DateTime *p){
+  int sgn = 0;
+  int nHr, nMn;
+  int c;
+  while( sqlite3Isspace(*zDate) ){ zDate++; }
+  p->tz = 0;
+  c = *zDate;
+  if( c=='-' ){
+    sgn = -1;
+  }else if( c=='+' ){
+    sgn = +1;
+  }else if( c=='Z' || c=='z' ){
+    zDate++;
+    goto zulu_time;
+  }else{
+    return c!=0;
+  }
+  zDate++;
+  if( getDigits(zDate, 2, 0, 14, ':', &nHr, 2, 0, 59, 0, &nMn)!=2 ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  zDate += 5;
+  p->tz = sgn*(nMn + nHr*60);
+zulu_time:
+  while( sqlite3Isspace(*zDate) ){ zDate++; }
+  return *zDate!=0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Parse times of the form HH:MM or HH:MM:SS or HH:MM:SS.FFFF.
+** The HH, MM, and SS must each be exactly 2 digits.  The
+** fractional seconds FFFF can be one or more digits.
+**
+** Return 1 if there is a parsing error and 0 on success.
+*/
+static int parseHhMmSs(const char *zDate, DateTime *p){
+  int h, m, s;
+  double ms = 0.0;
+  if( getDigits(zDate, 2, 0, 24, ':', &h, 2, 0, 59, 0, &m)!=2 ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  zDate += 5;
+  if( *zDate==':' ){
+    zDate++;
+    if( getDigits(zDate, 2, 0, 59, 0, &s)!=1 ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    zDate += 2;
+    if( *zDate=='.' && sqlite3Isdigit(zDate[1]) ){
+      double rScale = 1.0;
+      zDate++;
+      while( sqlite3Isdigit(*zDate) ){
+        ms = ms*10.0 + *zDate - '0';
+        rScale *= 10.0;
+        zDate++;
+      }
+      ms /= rScale;
+    }
+  }else{
+    s = 0;
+  }
+  p->validJD = 0;
+  p->validHMS = 1;
+  p->h = h;
+  p->m = m;
+  p->s = s + ms;
+  if( parseTimezone(zDate, p) ) return 1;
+  p->validTZ = (p->tz!=0)?1:0;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert from YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS to julian day.  We always assume
+** that the YYYY-MM-DD is according to the Gregorian calendar.
+**
+** Reference:  Meeus page 61
+*/
+static void computeJD(DateTime *p){
+  int Y, M, D, A, B, X1, X2;
+
+  if( p->validJD ) return;
+  if( p->validYMD ){
+    Y = p->Y;
+    M = p->M;
+    D = p->D;
+  }else{
+    Y = 2000;  /* If no YMD specified, assume 2000-Jan-01 */
+    M = 1;
+    D = 1;
+  }
+  if( M<=2 ){
+    Y--;
+    M += 12;
+  }
+  A = Y/100;
+  B = 2 - A + (A/4);
+  X1 = 36525*(Y+4716)/100;
+  X2 = 306001*(M+1)/10000;
+  p->iJD = (sqlite3_int64)((X1 + X2 + D + B - 1524.5 ) * 86400000);
+  p->validJD = 1;
+  if( p->validHMS ){
+    p->iJD += p->h*3600000 + p->m*60000 + (sqlite3_int64)(p->s*1000);
+    if( p->validTZ ){
+      p->iJD -= p->tz*60000;
+      p->validYMD = 0;
+      p->validHMS = 0;
+      p->validTZ = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Parse dates of the form
+**
+**     YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.FFF
+**     YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
+**     YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM
+**     YYYY-MM-DD
+**
+** Write the result into the DateTime structure and return 0
+** on success and 1 if the input string is not a well-formed
+** date.
+*/
+static int parseYyyyMmDd(const char *zDate, DateTime *p){
+  int Y, M, D, neg;
+
+  if( zDate[0]=='-' ){
+    zDate++;
+    neg = 1;
+  }else{
+    neg = 0;
+  }
+  if( getDigits(zDate,4,0,9999,'-',&Y,2,1,12,'-',&M,2,1,31,0,&D)!=3 ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  zDate += 10;
+  while( sqlite3Isspace(*zDate) || 'T'==*(u8*)zDate ){ zDate++; }
+  if( parseHhMmSs(zDate, p)==0 ){
+    /* We got the time */
+  }else if( *zDate==0 ){
+    p->validHMS = 0;
+  }else{
+    return 1;
+  }
+  p->validJD = 0;
+  p->validYMD = 1;
+  p->Y = neg ? -Y : Y;
+  p->M = M;
+  p->D = D;
+  if( p->validTZ ){
+    computeJD(p);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the time to the current time reported by the VFS
+*/
+static void setDateTimeToCurrent(sqlite3_context *context, DateTime *p){
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &p->iJD);
+  p->validJD = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to parse the given string into a Julian Day Number.  Return
+** the number of errors.
+**
+** The following are acceptable forms for the input string:
+**
+**      YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.FFF  +/-HH:MM
+**      DDDD.DD 
+**      now
+**
+** In the first form, the +/-HH:MM is always optional.  The fractional
+** seconds extension (the ".FFF") is optional.  The seconds portion
+** (":SS.FFF") is option.  The year and date can be omitted as long
+** as there is a time string.  The time string can be omitted as long
+** as there is a year and date.
+*/
+static int parseDateOrTime(
+  sqlite3_context *context, 
+  const char *zDate, 
+  DateTime *p
+){
+  double r;
+  if( parseYyyyMmDd(zDate,p)==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }else if( parseHhMmSs(zDate, p)==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(zDate,"now")==0){
+    setDateTimeToCurrent(context, p);
+    return 0;
+  }else if( sqlite3AtoF(zDate, &r, sqlite3Strlen30(zDate), SQLITE_UTF8) ){
+    p->iJD = (sqlite3_int64)(r*86400000.0 + 0.5);
+    p->validJD = 1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute the Year, Month, and Day from the julian day number.
+*/
+static void computeYMD(DateTime *p){
+  int Z, A, B, C, D, E, X1;
+  if( p->validYMD ) return;
+  if( !p->validJD ){
+    p->Y = 2000;
+    p->M = 1;
+    p->D = 1;
+  }else{
+    Z = (int)((p->iJD + 43200000)/86400000);
+    A = (int)((Z - 1867216.25)/36524.25);
+    A = Z + 1 + A - (A/4);
+    B = A + 1524;
+    C = (int)((B - 122.1)/365.25);
+    D = (36525*C)/100;
+    E = (int)((B-D)/30.6001);
+    X1 = (int)(30.6001*E);
+    p->D = B - D - X1;
+    p->M = E<14 ? E-1 : E-13;
+    p->Y = p->M>2 ? C - 4716 : C - 4715;
+  }
+  p->validYMD = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute the Hour, Minute, and Seconds from the julian day number.
+*/
+static void computeHMS(DateTime *p){
+  int s;
+  if( p->validHMS ) return;
+  computeJD(p);
+  s = (int)((p->iJD + 43200000) % 86400000);
+  p->s = s/1000.0;
+  s = (int)p->s;
+  p->s -= s;
+  p->h = s/3600;
+  s -= p->h*3600;
+  p->m = s/60;
+  p->s += s - p->m*60;
+  p->validHMS = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute both YMD and HMS
+*/
+static void computeYMD_HMS(DateTime *p){
+  computeYMD(p);
+  computeHMS(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear the YMD and HMS and the TZ
+*/
+static void clearYMD_HMS_TZ(DateTime *p){
+  p->validYMD = 0;
+  p->validHMS = 0;
+  p->validTZ = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** On recent Windows platforms, the localtime_s() function is available
+** as part of the "Secure CRT". It is essentially equivalent to 
+** localtime_r() available under most POSIX platforms, except that the 
+** order of the parameters is reversed.
+**
+** See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a442x3ye(VS.80).aspx.
+**
+** If the user has not indicated to use localtime_r() or localtime_s()
+** already, check for an MSVC build environment that provides 
+** localtime_s().
+*/
+#if !defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_R) && !defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_S) && \
+     defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_CRT_INSECURE_DEPRECATE)
+#define HAVE_LOCALTIME_S 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME
+/*
+** The following routine implements the rough equivalent of localtime_r()
+** using whatever operating-system specific localtime facility that
+** is available.  This routine returns 0 on success and
+** non-zero on any kind of error.
+**
+** If the sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault variable is true then this
+** routine will always fail.
+*/
+static int osLocaltime(time_t *t, struct tm *pTm){
+  int rc;
+#if (!defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_R) || !HAVE_LOCALTIME_R) \
+      && (!defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_S) || !HAVE_LOCALTIME_S)
+  struct tm *pX;
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+  pX = localtime(t);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault ) pX = 0;
+#endif
+  if( pX ) *pTm = *pX;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  rc = pX==0;
+#else
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault ) return 1;
+#endif
+#if defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_R) && HAVE_LOCALTIME_R
+  rc = localtime_r(t, pTm)==0;
+#else
+  rc = localtime_s(pTm, t);
+#endif /* HAVE_LOCALTIME_R */
+#endif /* HAVE_LOCALTIME_R || HAVE_LOCALTIME_S */
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME */
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME
+/*
+** Compute the difference (in milliseconds) between localtime and UTC
+** (a.k.a. GMT) for the time value p where p is in UTC. If no error occurs,
+** return this value and set *pRc to SQLITE_OK. 
+**
+** Or, if an error does occur, set *pRc to SQLITE_ERROR. The returned value
+** is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static sqlite3_int64 localtimeOffset(
+  DateTime *p,                    /* Date at which to calculate offset */
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Write error here if one occurs */
+  int *pRc                        /* OUT: Error code. SQLITE_OK or ERROR */
+){
+  DateTime x, y;
+  time_t t;
+  struct tm sLocal;
+
+  /* Initialize the contents of sLocal to avoid a compiler warning. */
+  memset(&sLocal, 0, sizeof(sLocal));
+
+  x = *p;
+  computeYMD_HMS(&x);
+  if( x.Y<1971 || x.Y>=2038 ){
+    x.Y = 2000;
+    x.M = 1;
+    x.D = 1;
+    x.h = 0;
+    x.m = 0;
+    x.s = 0.0;
+  } else {
+    int s = (int)(x.s + 0.5);
+    x.s = s;
+  }
+  x.tz = 0;
+  x.validJD = 0;
+  computeJD(&x);
+  t = (time_t)(x.iJD/1000 - 21086676*(i64)10000);
+  if( osLocaltime(&t, &sLocal) ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(pCtx, "local time unavailable", -1);
+    *pRc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  y.Y = sLocal.tm_year + 1900;
+  y.M = sLocal.tm_mon + 1;
+  y.D = sLocal.tm_mday;
+  y.h = sLocal.tm_hour;
+  y.m = sLocal.tm_min;
+  y.s = sLocal.tm_sec;
+  y.validYMD = 1;
+  y.validHMS = 1;
+  y.validJD = 0;
+  y.validTZ = 0;
+  computeJD(&y);
+  *pRc = SQLITE_OK;
+  return y.iJD - x.iJD;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME */
+
+/*
+** Process a modifier to a date-time stamp.  The modifiers are
+** as follows:
+**
+**     NNN days
+**     NNN hours
+**     NNN minutes
+**     NNN.NNNN seconds
+**     NNN months
+**     NNN years
+**     start of month
+**     start of year
+**     start of week
+**     start of day
+**     weekday N
+**     unixepoch
+**     localtime
+**     utc
+**
+** Return 0 on success and 1 if there is any kind of error. If the error
+** is in a system call (i.e. localtime()), then an error message is written
+** to context pCtx. If the error is an unrecognized modifier, no error is
+** written to pCtx.
+*/
+static int parseModifier(sqlite3_context *pCtx, const char *zMod, DateTime *p){
+  int rc = 1;
+  int n;
+  double r;
+  char *z, zBuf[30];
+  z = zBuf;
+  for(n=0; n<ArraySize(zBuf)-1 && zMod[n]; n++){
+    z[n] = (char)sqlite3UpperToLower[(u8)zMod[n]];
+  }
+  z[n] = 0;
+  switch( z[0] ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME
+    case 'l': {
+      /*    localtime
+      **
+      ** Assuming the current time value is UTC (a.k.a. GMT), shift it to
+      ** show local time.
+      */
+      if( strcmp(z, "localtime")==0 ){
+        computeJD(p);
+        p->iJD += localtimeOffset(p, pCtx, &rc);
+        clearYMD_HMS_TZ(p);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+    case 'u': {
+      /*
+      **    unixepoch
+      **
+      ** Treat the current value of p->iJD as the number of
+      ** seconds since 1970.  Convert to a real julian day number.
+      */
+      if( strcmp(z, "unixepoch")==0 && p->validJD ){
+        p->iJD = (p->iJD + 43200)/86400 + 21086676*(i64)10000000;
+        clearYMD_HMS_TZ(p);
+        rc = 0;
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME
+      else if( strcmp(z, "utc")==0 ){
+        sqlite3_int64 c1;
+        computeJD(p);
+        c1 = localtimeOffset(p, pCtx, &rc);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          p->iJD -= c1;
+          clearYMD_HMS_TZ(p);
+          p->iJD += c1 - localtimeOffset(p, pCtx, &rc);
+        }
+      }
+#endif
+      break;
+    }
+    case 'w': {
+      /*
+      **    weekday N
+      **
+      ** Move the date to the same time on the next occurrence of
+      ** weekday N where 0==Sunday, 1==Monday, and so forth.  If the
+      ** date is already on the appropriate weekday, this is a no-op.
+      */
+      if( strncmp(z, "weekday ", 8)==0
+               && sqlite3AtoF(&z[8], &r, sqlite3Strlen30(&z[8]), SQLITE_UTF8)
+               && (n=(int)r)==r && n>=0 && r<7 ){
+        sqlite3_int64 Z;
+        computeYMD_HMS(p);
+        p->validTZ = 0;
+        p->validJD = 0;
+        computeJD(p);
+        Z = ((p->iJD + 129600000)/86400000) % 7;
+        if( Z>n ) Z -= 7;
+        p->iJD += (n - Z)*86400000;
+        clearYMD_HMS_TZ(p);
+        rc = 0;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case 's': {
+      /*
+      **    start of TTTTT
+      **
+      ** Move the date backwards to the beginning of the current day,
+      ** or month or year.
+      */
+      if( strncmp(z, "start of ", 9)!=0 ) break;
+      z += 9;
+      computeYMD(p);
+      p->validHMS = 1;
+      p->h = p->m = 0;
+      p->s = 0.0;
+      p->validTZ = 0;
+      p->validJD = 0;
+      if( strcmp(z,"month")==0 ){
+        p->D = 1;
+        rc = 0;
+      }else if( strcmp(z,"year")==0 ){
+        computeYMD(p);
+        p->M = 1;
+        p->D = 1;
+        rc = 0;
+      }else if( strcmp(z,"day")==0 ){
+        rc = 0;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case '+':
+    case '-':
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9': {
+      double rRounder;
+      for(n=1; z[n] && z[n]!=':' && !sqlite3Isspace(z[n]); n++){}
+      if( !sqlite3AtoF(z, &r, n, SQLITE_UTF8) ){
+        rc = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+      if( z[n]==':' ){
+        /* A modifier of the form (+|-)HH:MM:SS.FFF adds (or subtracts) the
+        ** specified number of hours, minutes, seconds, and fractional seconds
+        ** to the time.  The ".FFF" may be omitted.  The ":SS.FFF" may be
+        ** omitted.
+        */
+        const char *z2 = z;
+        DateTime tx;
+        sqlite3_int64 day;
+        if( !sqlite3Isdigit(*z2) ) z2++;
+        memset(&tx, 0, sizeof(tx));
+        if( parseHhMmSs(z2, &tx) ) break;
+        computeJD(&tx);
+        tx.iJD -= 43200000;
+        day = tx.iJD/86400000;
+        tx.iJD -= day*86400000;
+        if( z[0]=='-' ) tx.iJD = -tx.iJD;
+        computeJD(p);
+        clearYMD_HMS_TZ(p);
+        p->iJD += tx.iJD;
+        rc = 0;
+        break;
+      }
+      z += n;
+      while( sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z++;
+      n = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+      if( n>10 || n<3 ) break;
+      if( z[n-1]=='s' ){ z[n-1] = 0; n--; }
+      computeJD(p);
+      rc = 0;
+      rRounder = r<0 ? -0.5 : +0.5;
+      if( n==3 && strcmp(z,"day")==0 ){
+        p->iJD += (sqlite3_int64)(r*86400000.0 + rRounder);
+      }else if( n==4 && strcmp(z,"hour")==0 ){
+        p->iJD += (sqlite3_int64)(r*(86400000.0/24.0) + rRounder);
+      }else if( n==6 && strcmp(z,"minute")==0 ){
+        p->iJD += (sqlite3_int64)(r*(86400000.0/(24.0*60.0)) + rRounder);
+      }else if( n==6 && strcmp(z,"second")==0 ){
+        p->iJD += (sqlite3_int64)(r*(86400000.0/(24.0*60.0*60.0)) + rRounder);
+      }else if( n==5 && strcmp(z,"month")==0 ){
+        int x, y;
+        computeYMD_HMS(p);
+        p->M += (int)r;
+        x = p->M>0 ? (p->M-1)/12 : (p->M-12)/12;
+        p->Y += x;
+        p->M -= x*12;
+        p->validJD = 0;
+        computeJD(p);
+        y = (int)r;
+        if( y!=r ){
+          p->iJD += (sqlite3_int64)((r - y)*30.0*86400000.0 + rRounder);
+        }
+      }else if( n==4 && strcmp(z,"year")==0 ){
+        int y = (int)r;
+        computeYMD_HMS(p);
+        p->Y += y;
+        p->validJD = 0;
+        computeJD(p);
+        if( y!=r ){
+          p->iJD += (sqlite3_int64)((r - y)*365.0*86400000.0 + rRounder);
+        }
+      }else{
+        rc = 1;
+      }
+      clearYMD_HMS_TZ(p);
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Process time function arguments.  argv[0] is a date-time stamp.
+** argv[1] and following are modifiers.  Parse them all and write
+** the resulting time into the DateTime structure p.  Return 0
+** on success and 1 if there are any errors.
+**
+** If there are zero parameters (if even argv[0] is undefined)
+** then assume a default value of "now" for argv[0].
+*/
+static int isDate(
+  sqlite3_context *context, 
+  int argc, 
+  sqlite3_value **argv, 
+  DateTime *p
+){
+  int i;
+  const unsigned char *z;
+  int eType;
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
+  if( argc==0 ){
+    setDateTimeToCurrent(context, p);
+  }else if( (eType = sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]))==SQLITE_FLOAT
+                   || eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
+    p->iJD = (sqlite3_int64)(sqlite3_value_double(argv[0])*86400000.0 + 0.5);
+    p->validJD = 1;
+  }else{
+    z = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+    if( !z || parseDateOrTime(context, (char*)z, p) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  for(i=1; i<argc; i++){
+    z = sqlite3_value_text(argv[i]);
+    if( z==0 || parseModifier(context, (char*)z, p) ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** The following routines implement the various date and time functions
+** of SQLite.
+*/
+
+/*
+**    julianday( TIMESTRING, MOD, MOD, ...)
+**
+** Return the julian day number of the date specified in the arguments
+*/
+static void juliandayFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  DateTime x;
+  if( isDate(context, argc, argv, &x)==0 ){
+    computeJD(&x);
+    sqlite3_result_double(context, x.iJD/86400000.0);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+**    datetime( TIMESTRING, MOD, MOD, ...)
+**
+** Return YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
+*/
+static void datetimeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  DateTime x;
+  if( isDate(context, argc, argv, &x)==0 ){
+    char zBuf[100];
+    computeYMD_HMS(&x);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d",
+                     x.Y, x.M, x.D, x.h, x.m, (int)(x.s));
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+**    time( TIMESTRING, MOD, MOD, ...)
+**
+** Return HH:MM:SS
+*/
+static void timeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  DateTime x;
+  if( isDate(context, argc, argv, &x)==0 ){
+    char zBuf[100];
+    computeHMS(&x);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "%02d:%02d:%02d", x.h, x.m, (int)x.s);
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+**    date( TIMESTRING, MOD, MOD, ...)
+**
+** Return YYYY-MM-DD
+*/
+static void dateFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  DateTime x;
+  if( isDate(context, argc, argv, &x)==0 ){
+    char zBuf[100];
+    computeYMD(&x);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "%04d-%02d-%02d", x.Y, x.M, x.D);
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+**    strftime( FORMAT, TIMESTRING, MOD, MOD, ...)
+**
+** Return a string described by FORMAT.  Conversions as follows:
+**
+**   %d  day of month
+**   %f  ** fractional seconds  SS.SSS
+**   %H  hour 00-24
+**   %j  day of year 000-366
+**   %J  ** Julian day number
+**   %m  month 01-12
+**   %M  minute 00-59
+**   %s  seconds since 1970-01-01
+**   %S  seconds 00-59
+**   %w  day of week 0-6  sunday==0
+**   %W  week of year 00-53
+**   %Y  year 0000-9999
+**   %%  %
+*/
+static void strftimeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  DateTime x;
+  u64 n;
+  size_t i,j;
+  char *z;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  const char *zFmt = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  char zBuf[100];
+  if( zFmt==0 || isDate(context, argc-1, argv+1, &x) ) return;
+  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  for(i=0, n=1; zFmt[i]; i++, n++){
+    if( zFmt[i]=='%' ){
+      switch( zFmt[i+1] ){
+        case 'd':
+        case 'H':
+        case 'm':
+        case 'M':
+        case 'S':
+        case 'W':
+          n++;
+          /* fall thru */
+        case 'w':
+        case '%':
+          break;
+        case 'f':
+          n += 8;
+          break;
+        case 'j':
+          n += 3;
+          break;
+        case 'Y':
+          n += 8;
+          break;
+        case 's':
+        case 'J':
+          n += 50;
+          break;
+        default:
+          return;  /* ERROR.  return a NULL */
+      }
+      i++;
+    }
+  }
+  testcase( n==sizeof(zBuf)-1 );
+  testcase( n==sizeof(zBuf) );
+  testcase( n==(u64)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]+1 );
+  testcase( n==(u64)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] );
+  if( n<sizeof(zBuf) ){
+    z = zBuf;
+  }else if( n>(u64)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_toobig(context);
+    return;
+  }else{
+    z = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, (int)n);
+    if( z==0 ){
+      sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  computeJD(&x);
+  computeYMD_HMS(&x);
+  for(i=j=0; zFmt[i]; i++){
+    if( zFmt[i]!='%' ){
+      z[j++] = zFmt[i];
+    }else{
+      i++;
+      switch( zFmt[i] ){
+        case 'd':  sqlite3_snprintf(3, &z[j],"%02d",x.D); j+=2; break;
+        case 'f': {
+          double s = x.s;
+          if( s>59.999 ) s = 59.999;
+          sqlite3_snprintf(7, &z[j],"%06.3f", s);
+          j += sqlite3Strlen30(&z[j]);
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'H':  sqlite3_snprintf(3, &z[j],"%02d",x.h); j+=2; break;
+        case 'W': /* Fall thru */
+        case 'j': {
+          int nDay;             /* Number of days since 1st day of year */
+          DateTime y = x;
+          y.validJD = 0;
+          y.M = 1;
+          y.D = 1;
+          computeJD(&y);
+          nDay = (int)((x.iJD-y.iJD+43200000)/86400000);
+          if( zFmt[i]=='W' ){
+            int wd;   /* 0=Monday, 1=Tuesday, ... 6=Sunday */
+            wd = (int)(((x.iJD+43200000)/86400000)%7);
+            sqlite3_snprintf(3, &z[j],"%02d",(nDay+7-wd)/7);
+            j += 2;
+          }else{
+            sqlite3_snprintf(4, &z[j],"%03d",nDay+1);
+            j += 3;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'J': {
+          sqlite3_snprintf(20, &z[j],"%.16g",x.iJD/86400000.0);
+          j+=sqlite3Strlen30(&z[j]);
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'm':  sqlite3_snprintf(3, &z[j],"%02d",x.M); j+=2; break;
+        case 'M':  sqlite3_snprintf(3, &z[j],"%02d",x.m); j+=2; break;
+        case 's': {
+          sqlite3_snprintf(30,&z[j],"%lld",
+                           (i64)(x.iJD/1000 - 21086676*(i64)10000));
+          j += sqlite3Strlen30(&z[j]);
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'S':  sqlite3_snprintf(3,&z[j],"%02d",(int)x.s); j+=2; break;
+        case 'w': {
+          z[j++] = (char)(((x.iJD+129600000)/86400000) % 7) + '0';
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'Y': {
+          sqlite3_snprintf(5,&z[j],"%04d",x.Y); j+=sqlite3Strlen30(&z[j]);
+          break;
+        }
+        default:   z[j++] = '%'; break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  z[j] = 0;
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, z, -1,
+                      z==zBuf ? SQLITE_TRANSIENT : SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+}
+
+/*
+** current_time()
+**
+** This function returns the same value as time('now').
+*/
+static void ctimeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  timeFunc(context, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** current_date()
+**
+** This function returns the same value as date('now').
+*/
+static void cdateFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  dateFunc(context, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** current_timestamp()
+**
+** This function returns the same value as datetime('now').
+*/
+static void ctimestampFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  datetimeFunc(context, 0, 0);
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS) */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS
+/*
+** If the library is compiled to omit the full-scale date and time
+** handling (to get a smaller binary), the following minimal version
+** of the functions current_time(), current_date() and current_timestamp()
+** are included instead. This is to support column declarations that
+** include "DEFAULT CURRENT_TIME" etc.
+**
+** This function uses the C-library functions time(), gmtime()
+** and strftime(). The format string to pass to strftime() is supplied
+** as the user-data for the function.
+*/
+static void currentTimeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  time_t t;
+  char *zFormat = (char *)sqlite3_user_data(context);
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  sqlite3_int64 iT;
+  char zBuf[20];
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argv);
+
+  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &iT);
+  t = iT/1000 - 10000*(sqlite3_int64)21086676;
+#ifdef HAVE_GMTIME_R
+  {
+    struct tm sNow;
+    gmtime_r(&t, &sNow);
+    strftime(zBuf, 20, zFormat, &sNow);
+  }
+#else
+  {
+    struct tm *pTm;
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+    pTm = gmtime(&t);
+    strftime(zBuf, 20, zFormat, pTm);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This function registered all of the above C functions as SQL
+** functions.  This should be the only routine in this file with
+** external linkage.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterDateTimeFunctions(void){
+  static SQLITE_WSD FuncDef aDateTimeFuncs[] = {
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS
+    FUNCTION(julianday,        -1, 0, 0, juliandayFunc ),
+    FUNCTION(date,             -1, 0, 0, dateFunc      ),
+    FUNCTION(time,             -1, 0, 0, timeFunc      ),
+    FUNCTION(datetime,         -1, 0, 0, datetimeFunc  ),
+    FUNCTION(strftime,         -1, 0, 0, strftimeFunc  ),
+    FUNCTION(current_time,      0, 0, 0, ctimeFunc     ),
+    FUNCTION(current_timestamp, 0, 0, 0, ctimestampFunc),
+    FUNCTION(current_date,      0, 0, 0, cdateFunc     ),
+#else
+    STR_FUNCTION(current_time,      0, "%H:%M:%S",          0, currentTimeFunc),
+    STR_FUNCTION(current_date,      0, "%Y-%m-%d",          0, currentTimeFunc),
+    STR_FUNCTION(current_timestamp, 0, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", 0, currentTimeFunc),
+#endif
+  };
+  int i;
+  FuncDefHash *pHash = &GLOBAL(FuncDefHash, sqlite3GlobalFunctions);
+  FuncDef *aFunc = (FuncDef*)&GLOBAL(FuncDef, aDateTimeFuncs);
+
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aDateTimeFuncs); i++){
+    sqlite3FuncDefInsert(pHash, &aFunc[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+/************** End of date.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file os.c **********************************************/
+/*
+** 2005 November 29
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains OS interface code that is common to all
+** architectures.
+*/
+#define _SQLITE_OS_C_ 1
+#undef _SQLITE_OS_C_
+
+/*
+** The default SQLite sqlite3_vfs implementations do not allocate
+** memory (actually, os_unix.c allocates a small amount of memory
+** from within OsOpen()), but some third-party implementations may.
+** So we test the effects of a malloc() failing and the sqlite3OsXXX()
+** function returning SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM using the DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST macro.
+**
+** The following functions are instrumented for malloc() failure 
+** testing:
+**
+**     sqlite3OsOpen()
+**     sqlite3OsRead()
+**     sqlite3OsWrite()
+**     sqlite3OsSync()
+**     sqlite3OsLock()
+**
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_memdebug_vfs_oom_test = 1;
+  #define DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(x)                                       \
+  if (sqlite3_memdebug_vfs_oom_test && (!x || !sqlite3IsMemJournal(x))) {  \
+    void *pTstAlloc = sqlite3Malloc(10);                             \
+    if (!pTstAlloc) return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;                       \
+    sqlite3_free(pTstAlloc);                                         \
+  }
+#else
+  #define DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(x)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following routines are convenience wrappers around methods
+** of the sqlite3_file object.  This is mostly just syntactic sugar. All
+** of this would be completely automatic if SQLite were coded using
+** C++ instead of plain old C.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsClose(sqlite3_file *pId){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pId->pMethods ){
+    rc = pId->pMethods->xClose(pId);
+    pId->pMethods = 0;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsRead(sqlite3_file *id, void *pBuf, int amt, i64 offset){
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  return id->pMethods->xRead(id, pBuf, amt, offset);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsWrite(sqlite3_file *id, const void *pBuf, int amt, i64 offset){
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  return id->pMethods->xWrite(id, pBuf, amt, offset);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsTruncate(sqlite3_file *id, i64 size){
+  return id->pMethods->xTruncate(id, size);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsSync(sqlite3_file *id, int flags){
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  return id->pMethods->xSync(id, flags);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFileSize(sqlite3_file *id, i64 *pSize){
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  return id->pMethods->xFileSize(id, pSize);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsLock(sqlite3_file *id, int lockType){
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  return id->pMethods->xLock(id, lockType);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int lockType){
+  return id->pMethods->xUnlock(id, lockType);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  return id->pMethods->xCheckReservedLock(id, pResOut);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
+  return id->pMethods->xFileControl(id, op, pArg);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsSectorSize(sqlite3_file *id){
+  int (*xSectorSize)(sqlite3_file*) = id->pMethods->xSectorSize;
+  return (xSectorSize ? xSectorSize(id) : SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id){
+  return id->pMethods->xDeviceCharacteristics(id);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmLock(sqlite3_file *id, int offset, int n, int flags){
+  return id->pMethods->xShmLock(id, offset, n, flags);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsShmBarrier(sqlite3_file *id){
+  id->pMethods->xShmBarrier(id);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmUnmap(sqlite3_file *id, int deleteFlag){
+  return id->pMethods->xShmUnmap(id, deleteFlag);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmMap(
+  sqlite3_file *id,               /* Database file handle */
+  int iPage,
+  int pgsz,
+  int bExtend,                    /* True to extend file if necessary */
+  void volatile **pp              /* OUT: Pointer to mapping */
+){
+  return id->pMethods->xShmMap(id, iPage, pgsz, bExtend, pp);
+}
+
+/*
+** The next group of routines are convenience wrappers around the
+** VFS methods.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, 
+  const char *zPath, 
+  sqlite3_file *pFile, 
+  int flags, 
+  int *pFlagsOut
+){
+  int rc;
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(0);
+  /* 0x87f3f is a mask of SQLITE_OPEN_ flags that are valid to be passed
+  ** down into the VFS layer.  Some SQLITE_OPEN_ flags (for example,
+  ** SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE) are blocked before
+  ** reaching the VFS. */
+  rc = pVfs->xOpen(pVfs, zPath, pFile, flags & 0x87f3f, pFlagsOut);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pFile->pMethods==0 );
+  return rc;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsDelete(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zPath, int dirSync){
+  return pVfs->xDelete(pVfs, zPath, dirSync);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsAccess(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, 
+  const char *zPath, 
+  int flags, 
+  int *pResOut
+){
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(0);
+  return pVfs->xAccess(pVfs, zPath, flags, pResOut);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFullPathname(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, 
+  const char *zPath, 
+  int nPathOut, 
+  char *zPathOut
+){
+  zPathOut[0] = 0;
+  return pVfs->xFullPathname(pVfs, zPath, nPathOut, zPathOut);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3OsDlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zPath){
+  return pVfs->xDlOpen(pVfs, zPath);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsDlError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nByte, char *zBufOut){
+  pVfs->xDlError(pVfs, nByte, zBufOut);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void (*sqlite3OsDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHdle, const char *zSym))(void){
+  return pVfs->xDlSym(pVfs, pHdle, zSym);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsDlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
+  pVfs->xDlClose(pVfs, pHandle);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsRandomness(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nByte, char *zBufOut){
+  return pVfs->xRandomness(pVfs, nByte, zBufOut);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsSleep(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nMicro){
+  return pVfs->xSleep(pVfs, nMicro);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *pTimeOut){
+  int rc;
+  /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-49045-42493 SQLite will use the xCurrentTimeInt64()
+  ** method to get the current date and time if that method is available
+  ** (if iVersion is 2 or greater and the function pointer is not NULL) and
+  ** will fall back to xCurrentTime() if xCurrentTimeInt64() is
+  ** unavailable.
+  */
+  if( pVfs->iVersion>=2 && pVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64 ){
+    rc = pVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64(pVfs, pTimeOut);
+  }else{
+    double r;
+    rc = pVfs->xCurrentTime(pVfs, &r);
+    *pTimeOut = (sqlite3_int64)(r*86400000.0);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsOpenMalloc(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, 
+  const char *zFile, 
+  sqlite3_file **ppFile, 
+  int flags,
+  int *pOutFlags
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  sqlite3_file *pFile;
+  pFile = (sqlite3_file *)sqlite3Malloc(pVfs->szOsFile);
+  if( pFile ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, zFile, pFile, flags, pOutFlags);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_free(pFile);
+    }else{
+      *ppFile = pFile;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsCloseFree(sqlite3_file *pFile){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pFile );
+  rc = sqlite3OsClose(pFile);
+  sqlite3_free(pFile);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is a wrapper around the OS specific implementation of
+** sqlite3_os_init(). The purpose of the wrapper is to provide the
+** ability to simulate a malloc failure, so that the handling of an
+** error in sqlite3_os_init() by the upper layers can be tested.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsInit(void){
+  void *p = sqlite3_malloc(10);
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  return sqlite3_os_init();
+}
+
+/*
+** The list of all registered VFS implementations.
+*/
+static sqlite3_vfs * SQLITE_WSD vfsList = 0;
+#define vfsList GLOBAL(sqlite3_vfs *, vfsList)
+
+/*
+** Locate a VFS by name.  If no name is given, simply return the
+** first VFS on the list.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3_vfs_find(const char *zVfs){
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = 0;
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  int rc = sqlite3_initialize();
+  if( rc ) return 0;
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+#endif
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+  for(pVfs = vfsList; pVfs; pVfs=pVfs->pNext){
+    if( zVfs==0 ) break;
+    if( strcmp(zVfs, pVfs->zName)==0 ) break;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  return pVfs;
+}
+
+/*
+** Unlink a VFS from the linked list
+*/
+static void vfsUnlink(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER)) );
+  if( pVfs==0 ){
+    /* No-op */
+  }else if( vfsList==pVfs ){
+    vfsList = pVfs->pNext;
+  }else if( vfsList ){
+    sqlite3_vfs *p = vfsList;
+    while( p->pNext && p->pNext!=pVfs ){
+      p = p->pNext;
+    }
+    if( p->pNext==pVfs ){
+      p->pNext = pVfs->pNext;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Register a VFS with the system.  It is harmless to register the same
+** VFS multiple times.  The new VFS becomes the default if makeDflt is
+** true.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_register(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int makeDflt){
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  int rc = sqlite3_initialize();
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+#endif
+  mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+  vfsUnlink(pVfs);
+  if( makeDflt || vfsList==0 ){
+    pVfs->pNext = vfsList;
+    vfsList = pVfs;
+  }else{
+    pVfs->pNext = vfsList->pNext;
+    vfsList->pNext = pVfs;
+  }
+  assert(vfsList);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Unregister a VFS so that it is no longer accessible.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_unregister(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs){
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+#endif
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+  vfsUnlink(pVfs);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/************** End of os.c **************************************************/
+/************** Begin file fault.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 Jan 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code to support the concept of "benign" 
+** malloc failures (when the xMalloc() or xRealloc() method of the
+** sqlite3_mem_methods structure fails to allocate a block of memory
+** and returns 0). 
+**
+** Most malloc failures are non-benign. After they occur, SQLite
+** abandons the current operation and returns an error code (usually
+** SQLITE_NOMEM) to the user. However, sometimes a fault is not necessarily
+** fatal. For example, if a malloc fails while resizing a hash table, this 
+** is completely recoverable simply by not carrying out the resize. The 
+** hash table will continue to function normally.  So a malloc failure 
+** during a hash table resize is a benign fault.
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+
+/*
+** Global variables.
+*/
+typedef struct BenignMallocHooks BenignMallocHooks;
+static SQLITE_WSD struct BenignMallocHooks {
+  void (*xBenignBegin)(void);
+  void (*xBenignEnd)(void);
+} sqlite3Hooks = { 0, 0 };
+
+/* The "wsdHooks" macro will resolve to the appropriate BenignMallocHooks
+** structure.  If writable static data is unsupported on the target,
+** we have to locate the state vector at run-time.  In the more common
+** case where writable static data is supported, wsdHooks can refer directly
+** to the "sqlite3Hooks" state vector declared above.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+# define wsdHooksInit \
+  BenignMallocHooks *x = &GLOBAL(BenignMallocHooks,sqlite3Hooks)
+# define wsdHooks x[0]
+#else
+# define wsdHooksInit
+# define wsdHooks sqlite3Hooks
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Register hooks to call when sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc() and
+** sqlite3EndBenignMalloc() are called, respectively.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BenignMallocHooks(
+  void (*xBenignBegin)(void),
+  void (*xBenignEnd)(void)
+){
+  wsdHooksInit;
+  wsdHooks.xBenignBegin = xBenignBegin;
+  wsdHooks.xBenignEnd = xBenignEnd;
+}
+
+/*
+** This (sqlite3EndBenignMalloc()) is called by SQLite code to indicate that
+** subsequent malloc failures are benign. A call to sqlite3EndBenignMalloc()
+** indicates that subsequent malloc failures are non-benign.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc(void){
+  wsdHooksInit;
+  if( wsdHooks.xBenignBegin ){
+    wsdHooks.xBenignBegin();
+  }
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndBenignMalloc(void){
+  wsdHooksInit;
+  if( wsdHooks.xBenignEnd ){
+    wsdHooks.xBenignEnd();
+  }
+}
+
+#endif   /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST */
+
+/************** End of fault.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file mem0.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 October 28
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains a no-op memory allocation drivers for use when
+** SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC is defined.  The allocation drivers implemented
+** here always fail.  SQLite will not operate with these drivers.  These
+** are merely placeholders.  Real drivers must be substituted using
+** sqlite3_config() before SQLite will operate.
+*/
+
+/*
+** This version of the memory allocator is the default.  It is
+** used when no other memory allocator is specified using compile-time
+** macros.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC
+
+/*
+** No-op versions of all memory allocation routines
+*/
+static void *sqlite3MemMalloc(int nByte){ return 0; }
+static void sqlite3MemFree(void *pPrior){ return; }
+static void *sqlite3MemRealloc(void *pPrior, int nByte){ return 0; }
+static int sqlite3MemSize(void *pPrior){ return 0; }
+static int sqlite3MemRoundup(int n){ return n; }
+static int sqlite3MemInit(void *NotUsed){ return SQLITE_OK; }
+static void sqlite3MemShutdown(void *NotUsed){ return; }
+
+/*
+** This routine is the only routine in this file with external linkage.
+**
+** Populate the low-level memory allocation function pointers in
+** sqlite3GlobalConfig.m with pointers to the routines in this file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemSetDefault(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mem_methods defaultMethods = {
+     sqlite3MemMalloc,
+     sqlite3MemFree,
+     sqlite3MemRealloc,
+     sqlite3MemSize,
+     sqlite3MemRoundup,
+     sqlite3MemInit,
+     sqlite3MemShutdown,
+     0
+  };
+  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC, &defaultMethods);
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC */
+
+/************** End of mem0.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file mem1.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 August 14
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains low-level memory allocation drivers for when
+** SQLite will use the standard C-library malloc/realloc/free interface
+** to obtain the memory it needs.
+**
+** This file contains implementations of the low-level memory allocation
+** routines specified in the sqlite3_mem_methods object.
+*/
+
+/*
+** This version of the memory allocator is the default.  It is
+** used when no other memory allocator is specified using compile-time
+** macros.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC
+
+/*
+** Like malloc(), but remember the size of the allocation
+** so that we can find it later using sqlite3MemSize().
+**
+** For this low-level routine, we are guaranteed that nByte>0 because
+** cases of nByte<=0 will be intercepted and dealt with by higher level
+** routines.
+*/
+static void *sqlite3MemMalloc(int nByte){
+  sqlite3_int64 *p;
+  assert( nByte>0 );
+  nByte = ROUND8(nByte);
+  p = malloc( nByte+8 );
+  if( p ){
+    p[0] = nByte;
+    p++;
+  }else{
+    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to allocate %u bytes of memory", nByte);
+  }
+  return (void *)p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Like free() but works for allocations obtained from sqlite3MemMalloc()
+** or sqlite3MemRealloc().
+**
+** For this low-level routine, we already know that pPrior!=0 since
+** cases where pPrior==0 will have been intecepted and dealt with
+** by higher-level routines.
+*/
+static void sqlite3MemFree(void *pPrior){
+  sqlite3_int64 *p = (sqlite3_int64*)pPrior;
+  assert( pPrior!=0 );
+  p--;
+  free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Report the allocated size of a prior return from xMalloc()
+** or xRealloc().
+*/
+static int sqlite3MemSize(void *pPrior){
+  sqlite3_int64 *p;
+  if( pPrior==0 ) return 0;
+  p = (sqlite3_int64*)pPrior;
+  p--;
+  return (int)p[0];
+}
+
+/*
+** Like realloc().  Resize an allocation previously obtained from
+** sqlite3MemMalloc().
+**
+** For this low-level interface, we know that pPrior!=0.  Cases where
+** pPrior==0 while have been intercepted by higher-level routine and
+** redirected to xMalloc.  Similarly, we know that nByte>0 becauses
+** cases where nByte<=0 will have been intercepted by higher-level
+** routines and redirected to xFree.
+*/
+static void *sqlite3MemRealloc(void *pPrior, int nByte){
+  sqlite3_int64 *p = (sqlite3_int64*)pPrior;
+  assert( pPrior!=0 && nByte>0 );
+  assert( nByte==ROUND8(nByte) ); /* EV: R-46199-30249 */
+  p--;
+  p = realloc(p, nByte+8 );
+  if( p ){
+    p[0] = nByte;
+    p++;
+  }else{
+    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM,
+      "failed memory resize %u to %u bytes",
+      sqlite3MemSize(pPrior), nByte);
+  }
+  return (void*)p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Round up a request size to the next valid allocation size.
+*/
+static int sqlite3MemRoundup(int n){
+  return ROUND8(n);
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize this module.
+*/
+static int sqlite3MemInit(void *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deinitialize this module.
+*/
+static void sqlite3MemShutdown(void *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  return;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is the only routine in this file with external linkage.
+**
+** Populate the low-level memory allocation function pointers in
+** sqlite3GlobalConfig.m with pointers to the routines in this file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemSetDefault(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mem_methods defaultMethods = {
+     sqlite3MemMalloc,
+     sqlite3MemFree,
+     sqlite3MemRealloc,
+     sqlite3MemSize,
+     sqlite3MemRoundup,
+     sqlite3MemInit,
+     sqlite3MemShutdown,
+     0
+  };
+  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC, &defaultMethods);
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC */
+
+/************** End of mem1.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file mem2.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 August 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains low-level memory allocation drivers for when
+** SQLite will use the standard C-library malloc/realloc/free interface
+** to obtain the memory it needs while adding lots of additional debugging
+** information to each allocation in order to help detect and fix memory
+** leaks and memory usage errors.
+**
+** This file contains implementations of the low-level memory allocation
+** routines specified in the sqlite3_mem_methods object.
+*/
+
+/*
+** This version of the memory allocator is used only if the
+** SQLITE_MEMDEBUG macro is defined
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MEMDEBUG
+
+/*
+** The backtrace functionality is only available with GLIBC
+*/
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+  extern int backtrace(void**,int);
+  extern void backtrace_symbols_fd(void*const*,int,int);
+#else
+# define backtrace(A,B) 1
+# define backtrace_symbols_fd(A,B,C)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Each memory allocation looks like this:
+**
+**  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+**  | Title |  backtrace pointers |  MemBlockHdr |  allocation |  EndGuard |
+**  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+**
+** The application code sees only a pointer to the allocation.  We have
+** to back up from the allocation pointer to find the MemBlockHdr.  The
+** MemBlockHdr tells us the size of the allocation and the number of
+** backtrace pointers.  There is also a guard word at the end of the
+** MemBlockHdr.
+*/
+struct MemBlockHdr {
+  i64 iSize;                          /* Size of this allocation */
+  struct MemBlockHdr *pNext, *pPrev;  /* Linked list of all unfreed memory */
+  char nBacktrace;                    /* Number of backtraces on this alloc */
+  char nBacktraceSlots;               /* Available backtrace slots */
+  u8 nTitle;                          /* Bytes of title; includes '\0' */
+  u8 eType;                           /* Allocation type code */
+  int iForeGuard;                     /* Guard word for sanity */
+};
+
+/*
+** Guard words
+*/
+#define FOREGUARD 0x80F5E153
+#define REARGUARD 0xE4676B53
+
+/*
+** Number of malloc size increments to track.
+*/
+#define NCSIZE  1000
+
+/*
+** All of the static variables used by this module are collected
+** into a single structure named "mem".  This is to keep the
+** static variables organized and to reduce namespace pollution
+** when this module is combined with other in the amalgamation.
+*/
+static struct {
+  
+  /*
+  ** Mutex to control access to the memory allocation subsystem.
+  */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;
+
+  /*
+  ** Head and tail of a linked list of all outstanding allocations
+  */
+  struct MemBlockHdr *pFirst;
+  struct MemBlockHdr *pLast;
+  
+  /*
+  ** The number of levels of backtrace to save in new allocations.
+  */
+  int nBacktrace;
+  void (*xBacktrace)(int, int, void **);
+
+  /*
+  ** Title text to insert in front of each block
+  */
+  int nTitle;        /* Bytes of zTitle to save.  Includes '\0' and padding */
+  char zTitle[100];  /* The title text */
+
+  /* 
+  ** sqlite3MallocDisallow() increments the following counter.
+  ** sqlite3MallocAllow() decrements it.
+  */
+  int disallow; /* Do not allow memory allocation */
+
+  /*
+  ** Gather statistics on the sizes of memory allocations.
+  ** nAlloc[i] is the number of allocation attempts of i*8
+  ** bytes.  i==NCSIZE is the number of allocation attempts for
+  ** sizes more than NCSIZE*8 bytes.
+  */
+  int nAlloc[NCSIZE];      /* Total number of allocations */
+  int nCurrent[NCSIZE];    /* Current number of allocations */
+  int mxCurrent[NCSIZE];   /* Highwater mark for nCurrent */
+
+} mem;
+
+
+/*
+** Adjust memory usage statistics
+*/
+static void adjustStats(int iSize, int increment){
+  int i = ROUND8(iSize)/8;
+  if( i>NCSIZE-1 ){
+    i = NCSIZE - 1;
+  }
+  if( increment>0 ){
+    mem.nAlloc[i]++;
+    mem.nCurrent[i]++;
+    if( mem.nCurrent[i]>mem.mxCurrent[i] ){
+      mem.mxCurrent[i] = mem.nCurrent[i];
+    }
+  }else{
+    mem.nCurrent[i]--;
+    assert( mem.nCurrent[i]>=0 );
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Given an allocation, find the MemBlockHdr for that allocation.
+**
+** This routine checks the guards at either end of the allocation and
+** if they are incorrect it asserts.
+*/
+static struct MemBlockHdr *sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(void *pAllocation){
+  struct MemBlockHdr *p;
+  int *pInt;
+  u8 *pU8;
+  int nReserve;
+
+  p = (struct MemBlockHdr*)pAllocation;
+  p--;
+  assert( p->iForeGuard==(int)FOREGUARD );
+  nReserve = ROUND8(p->iSize);
+  pInt = (int*)pAllocation;
+  pU8 = (u8*)pAllocation;
+  assert( pInt[nReserve/sizeof(int)]==(int)REARGUARD );
+  /* This checks any of the "extra" bytes allocated due
+  ** to rounding up to an 8 byte boundary to ensure 
+  ** they haven't been overwritten.
+  */
+  while( nReserve-- > p->iSize ) assert( pU8[nReserve]==0x65 );
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of bytes currently allocated at address p.
+*/
+static int sqlite3MemSize(void *p){
+  struct MemBlockHdr *pHdr;
+  if( !p ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  pHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(p);
+  return pHdr->iSize;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize the memory allocation subsystem.
+*/
+static int sqlite3MemInit(void *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  assert( (sizeof(struct MemBlockHdr)&7) == 0 );
+  if( !sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
+    /* If memory status is enabled, then the malloc.c wrapper will already
+    ** hold the STATIC_MEM mutex when the routines here are invoked. */
+    mem.mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deinitialize the memory allocation subsystem.
+*/
+static void sqlite3MemShutdown(void *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  mem.mutex = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Round up a request size to the next valid allocation size.
+*/
+static int sqlite3MemRoundup(int n){
+  return ROUND8(n);
+}
+
+/*
+** Fill a buffer with pseudo-random bytes.  This is used to preset
+** the content of a new memory allocation to unpredictable values and
+** to clear the content of a freed allocation to unpredictable values.
+*/
+static void randomFill(char *pBuf, int nByte){
+  unsigned int x, y, r;
+  x = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pBuf);
+  y = nByte | 1;
+  while( nByte >= 4 ){
+    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
+    y = y*1103515245 + 12345;
+    r = x ^ y;
+    *(int*)pBuf = r;
+    pBuf += 4;
+    nByte -= 4;
+  }
+  while( nByte-- > 0 ){
+    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
+    y = y*1103515245 + 12345;
+    r = x ^ y;
+    *(pBuf++) = r & 0xff;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate nByte bytes of memory.
+*/
+static void *sqlite3MemMalloc(int nByte){
+  struct MemBlockHdr *pHdr;
+  void **pBt;
+  char *z;
+  int *pInt;
+  void *p = 0;
+  int totalSize;
+  int nReserve;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem.mutex);
+  assert( mem.disallow==0 );
+  nReserve = ROUND8(nByte);
+  totalSize = nReserve + sizeof(*pHdr) + sizeof(int) +
+               mem.nBacktrace*sizeof(void*) + mem.nTitle;
+  p = malloc(totalSize);
+  if( p ){
+    z = p;
+    pBt = (void**)&z[mem.nTitle];
+    pHdr = (struct MemBlockHdr*)&pBt[mem.nBacktrace];
+    pHdr->pNext = 0;
+    pHdr->pPrev = mem.pLast;
+    if( mem.pLast ){
+      mem.pLast->pNext = pHdr;
+    }else{
+      mem.pFirst = pHdr;
+    }
+    mem.pLast = pHdr;
+    pHdr->iForeGuard = FOREGUARD;
+    pHdr->eType = MEMTYPE_HEAP;
+    pHdr->nBacktraceSlots = mem.nBacktrace;
+    pHdr->nTitle = mem.nTitle;
+    if( mem.nBacktrace ){
+      void *aAddr[40];
+      pHdr->nBacktrace = backtrace(aAddr, mem.nBacktrace+1)-1;
+      memcpy(pBt, &aAddr[1], pHdr->nBacktrace*sizeof(void*));
+      assert(pBt[0]);
+      if( mem.xBacktrace ){
+        mem.xBacktrace(nByte, pHdr->nBacktrace-1, &aAddr[1]);
+      }
+    }else{
+      pHdr->nBacktrace = 0;
+    }
+    if( mem.nTitle ){
+      memcpy(z, mem.zTitle, mem.nTitle);
+    }
+    pHdr->iSize = nByte;
+    adjustStats(nByte, +1);
+    pInt = (int*)&pHdr[1];
+    pInt[nReserve/sizeof(int)] = REARGUARD;
+    randomFill((char*)pInt, nByte);
+    memset(((char*)pInt)+nByte, 0x65, nReserve-nByte);
+    p = (void*)pInt;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem.mutex);
+  return p; 
+}
+
+/*
+** Free memory.
+*/
+static void sqlite3MemFree(void *pPrior){
+  struct MemBlockHdr *pHdr;
+  void **pBt;
+  char *z;
+  assert( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat || sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex==0 
+       || mem.mutex!=0 );
+  pHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(pPrior);
+  pBt = (void**)pHdr;
+  pBt -= pHdr->nBacktraceSlots;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem.mutex);
+  if( pHdr->pPrev ){
+    assert( pHdr->pPrev->pNext==pHdr );
+    pHdr->pPrev->pNext = pHdr->pNext;
+  }else{
+    assert( mem.pFirst==pHdr );
+    mem.pFirst = pHdr->pNext;
+  }
+  if( pHdr->pNext ){
+    assert( pHdr->pNext->pPrev==pHdr );
+    pHdr->pNext->pPrev = pHdr->pPrev;
+  }else{
+    assert( mem.pLast==pHdr );
+    mem.pLast = pHdr->pPrev;
+  }
+  z = (char*)pBt;
+  z -= pHdr->nTitle;
+  adjustStats(pHdr->iSize, -1);
+  randomFill(z, sizeof(void*)*pHdr->nBacktraceSlots + sizeof(*pHdr) +
+                pHdr->iSize + sizeof(int) + pHdr->nTitle);
+  free(z);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem.mutex);  
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the size of an existing memory allocation.
+**
+** For this debugging implementation, we *always* make a copy of the
+** allocation into a new place in memory.  In this way, if the 
+** higher level code is using pointer to the old allocation, it is 
+** much more likely to break and we are much more liking to find
+** the error.
+*/
+static void *sqlite3MemRealloc(void *pPrior, int nByte){
+  struct MemBlockHdr *pOldHdr;
+  void *pNew;
+  assert( mem.disallow==0 );
+  assert( (nByte & 7)==0 );     /* EV: R-46199-30249 */
+  pOldHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(pPrior);
+  pNew = sqlite3MemMalloc(nByte);
+  if( pNew ){
+    memcpy(pNew, pPrior, nByte<pOldHdr->iSize ? nByte : pOldHdr->iSize);
+    if( nByte>pOldHdr->iSize ){
+      randomFill(&((char*)pNew)[pOldHdr->iSize], nByte - pOldHdr->iSize);
+    }
+    sqlite3MemFree(pPrior);
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Populate the low-level memory allocation function pointers in
+** sqlite3GlobalConfig.m with pointers to the routines in this file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemSetDefault(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mem_methods defaultMethods = {
+     sqlite3MemMalloc,
+     sqlite3MemFree,
+     sqlite3MemRealloc,
+     sqlite3MemSize,
+     sqlite3MemRoundup,
+     sqlite3MemInit,
+     sqlite3MemShutdown,
+     0
+  };
+  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC, &defaultMethods);
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the "type" of an allocation.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemdebugSetType(void *p, u8 eType){
+  if( p && sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc==sqlite3MemMalloc ){
+    struct MemBlockHdr *pHdr;
+    pHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(p);
+    assert( pHdr->iForeGuard==FOREGUARD );
+    pHdr->eType = eType;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the mask of type in eType matches the type of the
+** allocation p.  Also return true if p==NULL.
+**
+** This routine is designed for use within an assert() statement, to
+** verify the type of an allocation.  For example:
+**
+**     assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemdebugHasType(void *p, u8 eType){
+  int rc = 1;
+  if( p && sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc==sqlite3MemMalloc ){
+    struct MemBlockHdr *pHdr;
+    pHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(p);
+    assert( pHdr->iForeGuard==FOREGUARD );         /* Allocation is valid */
+    if( (pHdr->eType&eType)==0 ){
+      rc = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the mask of type in eType matches no bits of the type of the
+** allocation p.  Also return true if p==NULL.
+**
+** This routine is designed for use within an assert() statement, to
+** verify the type of an allocation.  For example:
+**
+**     assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemdebugNoType(void *p, u8 eType){
+  int rc = 1;
+  if( p && sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc==sqlite3MemMalloc ){
+    struct MemBlockHdr *pHdr;
+    pHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(p);
+    assert( pHdr->iForeGuard==FOREGUARD );         /* Allocation is valid */
+    if( (pHdr->eType&eType)!=0 ){
+      rc = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the number of backtrace levels kept for each allocation.
+** A value of zero turns off backtracing.  The number is always rounded
+** up to a multiple of 2.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemdebugBacktrace(int depth){
+  if( depth<0 ){ depth = 0; }
+  if( depth>20 ){ depth = 20; }
+  depth = (depth+1)&0xfe;
+  mem.nBacktrace = depth;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemdebugBacktraceCallback(void (*xBacktrace)(int, int, void **)){
+  mem.xBacktrace = xBacktrace;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the title string for subsequent allocations.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemdebugSettitle(const char *zTitle){
+  unsigned int n = sqlite3Strlen30(zTitle) + 1;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem.mutex);
+  if( n>=sizeof(mem.zTitle) ) n = sizeof(mem.zTitle)-1;
+  memcpy(mem.zTitle, zTitle, n);
+  mem.zTitle[n] = 0;
+  mem.nTitle = ROUND8(n);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem.mutex);
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemdebugSync(){
+  struct MemBlockHdr *pHdr;
+  for(pHdr=mem.pFirst; pHdr; pHdr=pHdr->pNext){
+    void **pBt = (void**)pHdr;
+    pBt -= pHdr->nBacktraceSlots;
+    mem.xBacktrace(pHdr->iSize, pHdr->nBacktrace-1, &pBt[1]);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Open the file indicated and write a log of all unfreed memory 
+** allocations into that log.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemdebugDump(const char *zFilename){
+  FILE *out;
+  struct MemBlockHdr *pHdr;
+  void **pBt;
+  int i;
+  out = fopen(zFilename, "w");
+  if( out==0 ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "** Unable to output memory debug output log: %s **\n",
+                    zFilename);
+    return;
+  }
+  for(pHdr=mem.pFirst; pHdr; pHdr=pHdr->pNext){
+    char *z = (char*)pHdr;
+    z -= pHdr->nBacktraceSlots*sizeof(void*) + pHdr->nTitle;
+    fprintf(out, "**** %lld bytes at %p from %s ****\n", 
+            pHdr->iSize, &pHdr[1], pHdr->nTitle ? z : "???");
+    if( pHdr->nBacktrace ){
+      fflush(out);
+      pBt = (void**)pHdr;
+      pBt -= pHdr->nBacktraceSlots;
+      backtrace_symbols_fd(pBt, pHdr->nBacktrace, fileno(out));
+      fprintf(out, "\n");
+    }
+  }
+  fprintf(out, "COUNTS:\n");
+  for(i=0; i<NCSIZE-1; i++){
+    if( mem.nAlloc[i] ){
+      fprintf(out, "   %5d: %10d %10d %10d\n", 
+            i*8, mem.nAlloc[i], mem.nCurrent[i], mem.mxCurrent[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  if( mem.nAlloc[NCSIZE-1] ){
+    fprintf(out, "   %5d: %10d %10d %10d\n",
+             NCSIZE*8-8, mem.nAlloc[NCSIZE-1],
+             mem.nCurrent[NCSIZE-1], mem.mxCurrent[NCSIZE-1]);
+  }
+  fclose(out);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of times sqlite3MemMalloc() has been called.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemdebugMallocCount(){
+  int i;
+  int nTotal = 0;
+  for(i=0; i<NCSIZE; i++){
+    nTotal += mem.nAlloc[i];
+  }
+  return nTotal;
+}
+
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_MEMDEBUG */
+
+/************** End of mem2.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file mem3.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 October 14
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the C functions that implement a memory
+** allocation subsystem for use by SQLite. 
+**
+** This version of the memory allocation subsystem omits all
+** use of malloc(). The SQLite user supplies a block of memory
+** before calling sqlite3_initialize() from which allocations
+** are made and returned by the xMalloc() and xRealloc() 
+** implementations. Once sqlite3_initialize() has been called,
+** the amount of memory available to SQLite is fixed and cannot
+** be changed.
+**
+** This version of the memory allocation subsystem is included
+** in the build only if SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3 is defined.
+*/
+
+/*
+** This version of the memory allocator is only built into the library
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3 is defined. Defining this symbol does not
+** mean that the library will use a memory-pool by default, just that
+** it is available. The mempool allocator is activated by calling
+** sqlite3_config().
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3
+
+/*
+** Maximum size (in Mem3Blocks) of a "small" chunk.
+*/
+#define MX_SMALL 10
+
+
+/*
+** Number of freelist hash slots
+*/
+#define N_HASH  61
+
+/*
+** A memory allocation (also called a "chunk") consists of two or 
+** more blocks where each block is 8 bytes.  The first 8 bytes are 
+** a header that is not returned to the user.
+**
+** A chunk is two or more blocks that is either checked out or
+** free.  The first block has format u.hdr.  u.hdr.size4x is 4 times the
+** size of the allocation in blocks if the allocation is free.
+** The u.hdr.size4x&1 bit is true if the chunk is checked out and
+** false if the chunk is on the freelist.  The u.hdr.size4x&2 bit
+** is true if the previous chunk is checked out and false if the
+** previous chunk is free.  The u.hdr.prevSize field is the size of
+** the previous chunk in blocks if the previous chunk is on the
+** freelist. If the previous chunk is checked out, then
+** u.hdr.prevSize can be part of the data for that chunk and should
+** not be read or written.
+**
+** We often identify a chunk by its index in mem3.aPool[].  When
+** this is done, the chunk index refers to the second block of
+** the chunk.  In this way, the first chunk has an index of 1.
+** A chunk index of 0 means "no such chunk" and is the equivalent
+** of a NULL pointer.
+**
+** The second block of free chunks is of the form u.list.  The
+** two fields form a double-linked list of chunks of related sizes.
+** Pointers to the head of the list are stored in mem3.aiSmall[] 
+** for smaller chunks and mem3.aiHash[] for larger chunks.
+**
+** The second block of a chunk is user data if the chunk is checked 
+** out.  If a chunk is checked out, the user data may extend into
+** the u.hdr.prevSize value of the following chunk.
+*/
+typedef struct Mem3Block Mem3Block;
+struct Mem3Block {
+  union {
+    struct {
+      u32 prevSize;   /* Size of previous chunk in Mem3Block elements */
+      u32 size4x;     /* 4x the size of current chunk in Mem3Block elements */
+    } hdr;
+    struct {
+      u32 next;       /* Index in mem3.aPool[] of next free chunk */
+      u32 prev;       /* Index in mem3.aPool[] of previous free chunk */
+    } list;
+  } u;
+};
+
+/*
+** All of the static variables used by this module are collected
+** into a single structure named "mem3".  This is to keep the
+** static variables organized and to reduce namespace pollution
+** when this module is combined with other in the amalgamation.
+*/
+static SQLITE_WSD struct Mem3Global {
+  /*
+  ** Memory available for allocation. nPool is the size of the array
+  ** (in Mem3Blocks) pointed to by aPool less 2.
+  */
+  u32 nPool;
+  Mem3Block *aPool;
+
+  /*
+  ** True if we are evaluating an out-of-memory callback.
+  */
+  int alarmBusy;
+  
+  /*
+  ** Mutex to control access to the memory allocation subsystem.
+  */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;
+  
+  /*
+  ** The minimum amount of free space that we have seen.
+  */
+  u32 mnMaster;
+
+  /*
+  ** iMaster is the index of the master chunk.  Most new allocations
+  ** occur off of this chunk.  szMaster is the size (in Mem3Blocks)
+  ** of the current master.  iMaster is 0 if there is not master chunk.
+  ** The master chunk is not in either the aiHash[] or aiSmall[].
+  */
+  u32 iMaster;
+  u32 szMaster;
+
+  /*
+  ** Array of lists of free blocks according to the block size 
+  ** for smaller chunks, or a hash on the block size for larger
+  ** chunks.
+  */
+  u32 aiSmall[MX_SMALL-1];   /* For sizes 2 through MX_SMALL, inclusive */
+  u32 aiHash[N_HASH];        /* For sizes MX_SMALL+1 and larger */
+} mem3 = { 97535575 };
+
+#define mem3 GLOBAL(struct Mem3Global, mem3)
+
+/*
+** Unlink the chunk at mem3.aPool[i] from list it is currently
+** on.  *pRoot is the list that i is a member of.
+*/
+static void memsys3UnlinkFromList(u32 i, u32 *pRoot){
+  u32 next = mem3.aPool[i].u.list.next;
+  u32 prev = mem3.aPool[i].u.list.prev;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+  if( prev==0 ){
+    *pRoot = next;
+  }else{
+    mem3.aPool[prev].u.list.next = next;
+  }
+  if( next ){
+    mem3.aPool[next].u.list.prev = prev;
+  }
+  mem3.aPool[i].u.list.next = 0;
+  mem3.aPool[i].u.list.prev = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Unlink the chunk at index i from 
+** whatever list is currently a member of.
+*/
+static void memsys3Unlink(u32 i){
+  u32 size, hash;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+  assert( (mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x & 1)==0 );
+  assert( i>=1 );
+  size = mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x/4;
+  assert( size==mem3.aPool[i+size-1].u.hdr.prevSize );
+  assert( size>=2 );
+  if( size <= MX_SMALL ){
+    memsys3UnlinkFromList(i, &mem3.aiSmall[size-2]);
+  }else{
+    hash = size % N_HASH;
+    memsys3UnlinkFromList(i, &mem3.aiHash[hash]);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Link the chunk at mem3.aPool[i] so that is on the list rooted
+** at *pRoot.
+*/
+static void memsys3LinkIntoList(u32 i, u32 *pRoot){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+  mem3.aPool[i].u.list.next = *pRoot;
+  mem3.aPool[i].u.list.prev = 0;
+  if( *pRoot ){
+    mem3.aPool[*pRoot].u.list.prev = i;
+  }
+  *pRoot = i;
+}
+
+/*
+** Link the chunk at index i into either the appropriate
+** small chunk list, or into the large chunk hash table.
+*/
+static void memsys3Link(u32 i){
+  u32 size, hash;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+  assert( i>=1 );
+  assert( (mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x & 1)==0 );
+  size = mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x/4;
+  assert( size==mem3.aPool[i+size-1].u.hdr.prevSize );
+  assert( size>=2 );
+  if( size <= MX_SMALL ){
+    memsys3LinkIntoList(i, &mem3.aiSmall[size-2]);
+  }else{
+    hash = size % N_HASH;
+    memsys3LinkIntoList(i, &mem3.aiHash[hash]);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If the STATIC_MEM mutex is not already held, obtain it now. The mutex
+** will already be held (obtained by code in malloc.c) if
+** sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemStat is true.
+*/
+static void memsys3Enter(void){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat==0 && mem3.mutex==0 ){
+    mem3.mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM);
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem3.mutex);
+}
+static void memsys3Leave(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem3.mutex);
+}
+
+/*
+** Called when we are unable to satisfy an allocation of nBytes.
+*/
+static void memsys3OutOfMemory(int nByte){
+  if( !mem3.alarmBusy ){
+    mem3.alarmBusy = 1;
+    assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem3.mutex);
+    sqlite3_release_memory(nByte);
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem3.mutex);
+    mem3.alarmBusy = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Chunk i is a free chunk that has been unlinked.  Adjust its 
+** size parameters for check-out and return a pointer to the 
+** user portion of the chunk.
+*/
+static void *memsys3Checkout(u32 i, u32 nBlock){
+  u32 x;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+  assert( i>=1 );
+  assert( mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x/4==nBlock );
+  assert( mem3.aPool[i+nBlock-1].u.hdr.prevSize==nBlock );
+  x = mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x;
+  mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x = nBlock*4 | 1 | (x&2);
+  mem3.aPool[i+nBlock-1].u.hdr.prevSize = nBlock;
+  mem3.aPool[i+nBlock-1].u.hdr.size4x |= 2;
+  return &mem3.aPool[i];
+}
+
+/*
+** Carve a piece off of the end of the mem3.iMaster free chunk.
+** Return a pointer to the new allocation.  Or, if the master chunk
+** is not large enough, return 0.
+*/
+static void *memsys3FromMaster(u32 nBlock){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+  assert( mem3.szMaster>=nBlock );
+  if( nBlock>=mem3.szMaster-1 ){
+    /* Use the entire master */
+    void *p = memsys3Checkout(mem3.iMaster, mem3.szMaster);
+    mem3.iMaster = 0;
+    mem3.szMaster = 0;
+    mem3.mnMaster = 0;
+    return p;
+  }else{
+    /* Split the master block.  Return the tail. */
+    u32 newi, x;
+    newi = mem3.iMaster + mem3.szMaster - nBlock;
+    assert( newi > mem3.iMaster+1 );
+    mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster+mem3.szMaster-1].u.hdr.prevSize = nBlock;
+    mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster+mem3.szMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x |= 2;
+    mem3.aPool[newi-1].u.hdr.size4x = nBlock*4 + 1;
+    mem3.szMaster -= nBlock;
+    mem3.aPool[newi-1].u.hdr.prevSize = mem3.szMaster;
+    x = mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x & 2;
+    mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x = mem3.szMaster*4 | x;
+    if( mem3.szMaster < mem3.mnMaster ){
+      mem3.mnMaster = mem3.szMaster;
+    }
+    return (void*)&mem3.aPool[newi];
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** *pRoot is the head of a list of free chunks of the same size
+** or same size hash.  In other words, *pRoot is an entry in either
+** mem3.aiSmall[] or mem3.aiHash[].  
+**
+** This routine examines all entries on the given list and tries
+** to coalesce each entries with adjacent free chunks.  
+**
+** If it sees a chunk that is larger than mem3.iMaster, it replaces 
+** the current mem3.iMaster with the new larger chunk.  In order for
+** this mem3.iMaster replacement to work, the master chunk must be
+** linked into the hash tables.  That is not the normal state of
+** affairs, of course.  The calling routine must link the master
+** chunk before invoking this routine, then must unlink the (possibly
+** changed) master chunk once this routine has finished.
+*/
+static void memsys3Merge(u32 *pRoot){
+  u32 iNext, prev, size, i, x;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+  for(i=*pRoot; i>0; i=iNext){
+    iNext = mem3.aPool[i].u.list.next;
+    size = mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x;
+    assert( (size&1)==0 );
+    if( (size&2)==0 ){
+      memsys3UnlinkFromList(i, pRoot);
+      assert( i > mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.prevSize );
+      prev = i - mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.prevSize;
+      if( prev==iNext ){
+        iNext = mem3.aPool[prev].u.list.next;
+      }
+      memsys3Unlink(prev);
+      size = i + size/4 - prev;
+      x = mem3.aPool[prev-1].u.hdr.size4x & 2;
+      mem3.aPool[prev-1].u.hdr.size4x = size*4 | x;
+      mem3.aPool[prev+size-1].u.hdr.prevSize = size;
+      memsys3Link(prev);
+      i = prev;
+    }else{
+      size /= 4;
+    }
+    if( size>mem3.szMaster ){
+      mem3.iMaster = i;
+      mem3.szMaster = size;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a block of memory of at least nBytes in size.
+** Return NULL if unable.
+**
+** This function assumes that the necessary mutexes, if any, are
+** already held by the caller. Hence "Unsafe".
+*/
+static void *memsys3MallocUnsafe(int nByte){
+  u32 i;
+  u32 nBlock;
+  u32 toFree;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+  assert( sizeof(Mem3Block)==8 );
+  if( nByte<=12 ){
+    nBlock = 2;
+  }else{
+    nBlock = (nByte + 11)/8;
+  }
+  assert( nBlock>=2 );
+
+  /* STEP 1:
+  ** Look for an entry of the correct size in either the small
+  ** chunk table or in the large chunk hash table.  This is
+  ** successful most of the time (about 9 times out of 10).
+  */
+  if( nBlock <= MX_SMALL ){
+    i = mem3.aiSmall[nBlock-2];
+    if( i>0 ){
+      memsys3UnlinkFromList(i, &mem3.aiSmall[nBlock-2]);
+      return memsys3Checkout(i, nBlock);
+    }
+  }else{
+    int hash = nBlock % N_HASH;
+    for(i=mem3.aiHash[hash]; i>0; i=mem3.aPool[i].u.list.next){
+      if( mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x/4==nBlock ){
+        memsys3UnlinkFromList(i, &mem3.aiHash[hash]);
+        return memsys3Checkout(i, nBlock);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* STEP 2:
+  ** Try to satisfy the allocation by carving a piece off of the end
+  ** of the master chunk.  This step usually works if step 1 fails.
+  */
+  if( mem3.szMaster>=nBlock ){
+    return memsys3FromMaster(nBlock);
+  }
+
+
+  /* STEP 3:  
+  ** Loop through the entire memory pool.  Coalesce adjacent free
+  ** chunks.  Recompute the master chunk as the largest free chunk.
+  ** Then try again to satisfy the allocation by carving a piece off
+  ** of the end of the master chunk.  This step happens very
+  ** rarely (we hope!)
+  */
+  for(toFree=nBlock*16; toFree<(mem3.nPool*16); toFree *= 2){
+    memsys3OutOfMemory(toFree);
+    if( mem3.iMaster ){
+      memsys3Link(mem3.iMaster);
+      mem3.iMaster = 0;
+      mem3.szMaster = 0;
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<N_HASH; i++){
+      memsys3Merge(&mem3.aiHash[i]);
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<MX_SMALL-1; i++){
+      memsys3Merge(&mem3.aiSmall[i]);
+    }
+    if( mem3.szMaster ){
+      memsys3Unlink(mem3.iMaster);
+      if( mem3.szMaster>=nBlock ){
+        return memsys3FromMaster(nBlock);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If none of the above worked, then we fail. */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free an outstanding memory allocation.
+**
+** This function assumes that the necessary mutexes, if any, are
+** already held by the caller. Hence "Unsafe".
+*/
+void memsys3FreeUnsafe(void *pOld){
+  Mem3Block *p = (Mem3Block*)pOld;
+  int i;
+  u32 size, x;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem3.mutex) );
+  assert( p>mem3.aPool && p<&mem3.aPool[mem3.nPool] );
+  i = p - mem3.aPool;
+  assert( (mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x&1)==1 );
+  size = mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x/4;
+  assert( i+size<=mem3.nPool+1 );
+  mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x &= ~1;
+  mem3.aPool[i+size-1].u.hdr.prevSize = size;
+  mem3.aPool[i+size-1].u.hdr.size4x &= ~2;
+  memsys3Link(i);
+
+  /* Try to expand the master using the newly freed chunk */
+  if( mem3.iMaster ){
+    while( (mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x&2)==0 ){
+      size = mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster-1].u.hdr.prevSize;
+      mem3.iMaster -= size;
+      mem3.szMaster += size;
+      memsys3Unlink(mem3.iMaster);
+      x = mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x & 2;
+      mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x = mem3.szMaster*4 | x;
+      mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster+mem3.szMaster-1].u.hdr.prevSize = mem3.szMaster;
+    }
+    x = mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x & 2;
+    while( (mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster+mem3.szMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x&1)==0 ){
+      memsys3Unlink(mem3.iMaster+mem3.szMaster);
+      mem3.szMaster += mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster+mem3.szMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x/4;
+      mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster-1].u.hdr.size4x = mem3.szMaster*4 | x;
+      mem3.aPool[mem3.iMaster+mem3.szMaster-1].u.hdr.prevSize = mem3.szMaster;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the size of an outstanding allocation, in bytes.  The
+** size returned omits the 8-byte header overhead.  This only
+** works for chunks that are currently checked out.
+*/
+static int memsys3Size(void *p){
+  Mem3Block *pBlock;
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;
+  pBlock = (Mem3Block*)p;
+  assert( (pBlock[-1].u.hdr.size4x&1)!=0 );
+  return (pBlock[-1].u.hdr.size4x&~3)*2 - 4;
+}
+
+/*
+** Round up a request size to the next valid allocation size.
+*/
+static int memsys3Roundup(int n){
+  if( n<=12 ){
+    return 12;
+  }else{
+    return ((n+11)&~7) - 4;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate nBytes of memory.
+*/
+static void *memsys3Malloc(int nBytes){
+  sqlite3_int64 *p;
+  assert( nBytes>0 );          /* malloc.c filters out 0 byte requests */
+  memsys3Enter();
+  p = memsys3MallocUnsafe(nBytes);
+  memsys3Leave();
+  return (void*)p; 
+}
+
+/*
+** Free memory.
+*/
+void memsys3Free(void *pPrior){
+  assert( pPrior );
+  memsys3Enter();
+  memsys3FreeUnsafe(pPrior);
+  memsys3Leave();
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the size of an existing memory allocation
+*/
+void *memsys3Realloc(void *pPrior, int nBytes){
+  int nOld;
+  void *p;
+  if( pPrior==0 ){
+    return sqlite3_malloc(nBytes);
+  }
+  if( nBytes<=0 ){
+    sqlite3_free(pPrior);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  nOld = memsys3Size(pPrior);
+  if( nBytes<=nOld && nBytes>=nOld-128 ){
+    return pPrior;
+  }
+  memsys3Enter();
+  p = memsys3MallocUnsafe(nBytes);
+  if( p ){
+    if( nOld<nBytes ){
+      memcpy(p, pPrior, nOld);
+    }else{
+      memcpy(p, pPrior, nBytes);
+    }
+    memsys3FreeUnsafe(pPrior);
+  }
+  memsys3Leave();
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize this module.
+*/
+static int memsys3Init(void *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  if( !sqlite3GlobalConfig.pHeap ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  /* Store a pointer to the memory block in global structure mem3. */
+  assert( sizeof(Mem3Block)==8 );
+  mem3.aPool = (Mem3Block *)sqlite3GlobalConfig.pHeap;
+  mem3.nPool = (sqlite3GlobalConfig.nHeap / sizeof(Mem3Block)) - 2;
+
+  /* Initialize the master block. */
+  mem3.szMaster = mem3.nPool;
+  mem3.mnMaster = mem3.szMaster;
+  mem3.iMaster = 1;
+  mem3.aPool[0].u.hdr.size4x = (mem3.szMaster<<2) + 2;
+  mem3.aPool[mem3.nPool].u.hdr.prevSize = mem3.nPool;
+  mem3.aPool[mem3.nPool].u.hdr.size4x = 1;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deinitialize this module.
+*/
+static void memsys3Shutdown(void *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  mem3.mutex = 0;
+  return;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** Open the file indicated and write a log of all unfreed memory 
+** allocations into that log.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Memsys3Dump(const char *zFilename){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  FILE *out;
+  u32 i, j;
+  u32 size;
+  if( zFilename==0 || zFilename[0]==0 ){
+    out = stdout;
+  }else{
+    out = fopen(zFilename, "w");
+    if( out==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "** Unable to output memory debug output log: %s **\n",
+                      zFilename);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  memsys3Enter();
+  fprintf(out, "CHUNKS:\n");
+  for(i=1; i<=mem3.nPool; i+=size/4){
+    size = mem3.aPool[i-1].u.hdr.size4x;
+    if( size/4<=1 ){
+      fprintf(out, "%p size error\n", &mem3.aPool[i]);
+      assert( 0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    if( (size&1)==0 && mem3.aPool[i+size/4-1].u.hdr.prevSize!=size/4 ){
+      fprintf(out, "%p tail size does not match\n", &mem3.aPool[i]);
+      assert( 0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    if( ((mem3.aPool[i+size/4-1].u.hdr.size4x&2)>>1)!=(size&1) ){
+      fprintf(out, "%p tail checkout bit is incorrect\n", &mem3.aPool[i]);
+      assert( 0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    if( size&1 ){
+      fprintf(out, "%p %6d bytes checked out\n", &mem3.aPool[i], (size/4)*8-8);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(out, "%p %6d bytes free%s\n", &mem3.aPool[i], (size/4)*8-8,
+                  i==mem3.iMaster ? " **master**" : "");
+    }
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<MX_SMALL-1; i++){
+    if( mem3.aiSmall[i]==0 ) continue;
+    fprintf(out, "small(%2d):", i);
+    for(j = mem3.aiSmall[i]; j>0; j=mem3.aPool[j].u.list.next){
+      fprintf(out, " %p(%d)", &mem3.aPool[j],
+              (mem3.aPool[j-1].u.hdr.size4x/4)*8-8);
+    }
+    fprintf(out, "\n"); 
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<N_HASH; i++){
+    if( mem3.aiHash[i]==0 ) continue;
+    fprintf(out, "hash(%2d):", i);
+    for(j = mem3.aiHash[i]; j>0; j=mem3.aPool[j].u.list.next){
+      fprintf(out, " %p(%d)", &mem3.aPool[j],
+              (mem3.aPool[j-1].u.hdr.size4x/4)*8-8);
+    }
+    fprintf(out, "\n"); 
+  }
+  fprintf(out, "master=%d\n", mem3.iMaster);
+  fprintf(out, "nowUsed=%d\n", mem3.nPool*8 - mem3.szMaster*8);
+  fprintf(out, "mxUsed=%d\n", mem3.nPool*8 - mem3.mnMaster*8);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem3.mutex);
+  if( out==stdout ){
+    fflush(stdout);
+  }else{
+    fclose(out);
+  }
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(zFilename);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is the only routine in this file with external 
+** linkage.
+**
+** Populate the low-level memory allocation function pointers in
+** sqlite3GlobalConfig.m with pointers to the routines in this file. The
+** arguments specify the block of memory to manage.
+**
+** This routine is only called by sqlite3_config(), and therefore
+** is not required to be threadsafe (it is not).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_mem_methods *sqlite3MemGetMemsys3(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mem_methods mempoolMethods = {
+     memsys3Malloc,
+     memsys3Free,
+     memsys3Realloc,
+     memsys3Size,
+     memsys3Roundup,
+     memsys3Init,
+     memsys3Shutdown,
+     0
+  };
+  return &mempoolMethods;
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3 */
+
+/************** End of mem3.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file mem5.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 October 14
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the C functions that implement a memory
+** allocation subsystem for use by SQLite. 
+**
+** This version of the memory allocation subsystem omits all
+** use of malloc(). The application gives SQLite a block of memory
+** before calling sqlite3_initialize() from which allocations
+** are made and returned by the xMalloc() and xRealloc() 
+** implementations. Once sqlite3_initialize() has been called,
+** the amount of memory available to SQLite is fixed and cannot
+** be changed.
+**
+** This version of the memory allocation subsystem is included
+** in the build only if SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5 is defined.
+**
+** This memory allocator uses the following algorithm:
+**
+**   1.  All memory allocations sizes are rounded up to a power of 2.
+**
+**   2.  If two adjacent free blocks are the halves of a larger block,
+**       then the two blocks are coalesed into the single larger block.
+**
+**   3.  New memory is allocated from the first available free block.
+**
+** This algorithm is described in: J. M. Robson. "Bounds for Some Functions
+** Concerning Dynamic Storage Allocation". Journal of the Association for
+** Computing Machinery, Volume 21, Number 8, July 1974, pages 491-499.
+** 
+** Let n be the size of the largest allocation divided by the minimum
+** allocation size (after rounding all sizes up to a power of 2.)  Let M
+** be the maximum amount of memory ever outstanding at one time.  Let
+** N be the total amount of memory available for allocation.  Robson
+** proved that this memory allocator will never breakdown due to 
+** fragmentation as long as the following constraint holds:
+**
+**      N >=  M*(1 + log2(n)/2) - n + 1
+**
+** The sqlite3_status() logic tracks the maximum values of n and M so
+** that an application can, at any time, verify this constraint.
+*/
+
+/*
+** This version of the memory allocator is used only when 
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5 is defined.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5
+
+/*
+** A minimum allocation is an instance of the following structure.
+** Larger allocations are an array of these structures where the
+** size of the array is a power of 2.
+**
+** The size of this object must be a power of two.  That fact is
+** verified in memsys5Init().
+*/
+typedef struct Mem5Link Mem5Link;
+struct Mem5Link {
+  int next;       /* Index of next free chunk */
+  int prev;       /* Index of previous free chunk */
+};
+
+/*
+** Maximum size of any allocation is ((1<<LOGMAX)*mem5.szAtom). Since
+** mem5.szAtom is always at least 8 and 32-bit integers are used,
+** it is not actually possible to reach this limit.
+*/
+#define LOGMAX 30
+
+/*
+** Masks used for mem5.aCtrl[] elements.
+*/
+#define CTRL_LOGSIZE  0x1f    /* Log2 Size of this block */
+#define CTRL_FREE     0x20    /* True if not checked out */
+
+/*
+** All of the static variables used by this module are collected
+** into a single structure named "mem5".  This is to keep the
+** static variables organized and to reduce namespace pollution
+** when this module is combined with other in the amalgamation.
+*/
+static SQLITE_WSD struct Mem5Global {
+  /*
+  ** Memory available for allocation
+  */
+  int szAtom;      /* Smallest possible allocation in bytes */
+  int nBlock;      /* Number of szAtom sized blocks in zPool */
+  u8 *zPool;       /* Memory available to be allocated */
+  
+  /*
+  ** Mutex to control access to the memory allocation subsystem.
+  */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;
+
+  /*
+  ** Performance statistics
+  */
+  u64 nAlloc;         /* Total number of calls to malloc */
+  u64 totalAlloc;     /* Total of all malloc calls - includes internal frag */
+  u64 totalExcess;    /* Total internal fragmentation */
+  u32 currentOut;     /* Current checkout, including internal fragmentation */
+  u32 currentCount;   /* Current number of distinct checkouts */
+  u32 maxOut;         /* Maximum instantaneous currentOut */
+  u32 maxCount;       /* Maximum instantaneous currentCount */
+  u32 maxRequest;     /* Largest allocation (exclusive of internal frag) */
+  
+  /*
+  ** Lists of free blocks.  aiFreelist[0] is a list of free blocks of
+  ** size mem5.szAtom.  aiFreelist[1] holds blocks of size szAtom*2.
+  ** and so forth.
+  */
+  int aiFreelist[LOGMAX+1];
+
+  /*
+  ** Space for tracking which blocks are checked out and the size
+  ** of each block.  One byte per block.
+  */
+  u8 *aCtrl;
+
+} mem5;
+
+/*
+** Access the static variable through a macro for SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+*/
+#define mem5 GLOBAL(struct Mem5Global, mem5)
+
+/*
+** Assuming mem5.zPool is divided up into an array of Mem5Link
+** structures, return a pointer to the idx-th such lik.
+*/
+#define MEM5LINK(idx) ((Mem5Link *)(&mem5.zPool[(idx)*mem5.szAtom]))
+
+/*
+** Unlink the chunk at mem5.aPool[i] from list it is currently
+** on.  It should be found on mem5.aiFreelist[iLogsize].
+*/
+static void memsys5Unlink(int i, int iLogsize){
+  int next, prev;
+  assert( i>=0 && i<mem5.nBlock );
+  assert( iLogsize>=0 && iLogsize<=LOGMAX );
+  assert( (mem5.aCtrl[i] & CTRL_LOGSIZE)==iLogsize );
+
+  next = MEM5LINK(i)->next;
+  prev = MEM5LINK(i)->prev;
+  if( prev<0 ){
+    mem5.aiFreelist[iLogsize] = next;
+  }else{
+    MEM5LINK(prev)->next = next;
+  }
+  if( next>=0 ){
+    MEM5LINK(next)->prev = prev;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Link the chunk at mem5.aPool[i] so that is on the iLogsize
+** free list.
+*/
+static void memsys5Link(int i, int iLogsize){
+  int x;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem5.mutex) );
+  assert( i>=0 && i<mem5.nBlock );
+  assert( iLogsize>=0 && iLogsize<=LOGMAX );
+  assert( (mem5.aCtrl[i] & CTRL_LOGSIZE)==iLogsize );
+
+  x = MEM5LINK(i)->next = mem5.aiFreelist[iLogsize];
+  MEM5LINK(i)->prev = -1;
+  if( x>=0 ){
+    assert( x<mem5.nBlock );
+    MEM5LINK(x)->prev = i;
+  }
+  mem5.aiFreelist[iLogsize] = i;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the STATIC_MEM mutex is not already held, obtain it now. The mutex
+** will already be held (obtained by code in malloc.c) if
+** sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemStat is true.
+*/
+static void memsys5Enter(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem5.mutex);
+}
+static void memsys5Leave(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem5.mutex);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the size of an outstanding allocation, in bytes.  The
+** size returned omits the 8-byte header overhead.  This only
+** works for chunks that are currently checked out.
+*/
+static int memsys5Size(void *p){
+  int iSize = 0;
+  if( p ){
+    int i = ((u8 *)p-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom;
+    assert( i>=0 && i<mem5.nBlock );
+    iSize = mem5.szAtom * (1 << (mem5.aCtrl[i]&CTRL_LOGSIZE));
+  }
+  return iSize;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find the first entry on the freelist iLogsize.  Unlink that
+** entry and return its index. 
+*/
+static int memsys5UnlinkFirst(int iLogsize){
+  int i;
+  int iFirst;
+
+  assert( iLogsize>=0 && iLogsize<=LOGMAX );
+  i = iFirst = mem5.aiFreelist[iLogsize];
+  assert( iFirst>=0 );
+  while( i>0 ){
+    if( i<iFirst ) iFirst = i;
+    i = MEM5LINK(i)->next;
+  }
+  memsys5Unlink(iFirst, iLogsize);
+  return iFirst;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a block of memory of at least nBytes in size.
+** Return NULL if unable.  Return NULL if nBytes==0.
+**
+** The caller guarantees that nByte positive.
+**
+** The caller has obtained a mutex prior to invoking this
+** routine so there is never any chance that two or more
+** threads can be in this routine at the same time.
+*/
+static void *memsys5MallocUnsafe(int nByte){
+  int i;           /* Index of a mem5.aPool[] slot */
+  int iBin;        /* Index into mem5.aiFreelist[] */
+  int iFullSz;     /* Size of allocation rounded up to power of 2 */
+  int iLogsize;    /* Log2 of iFullSz/POW2_MIN */
+
+  /* nByte must be a positive */
+  assert( nByte>0 );
+
+  /* Keep track of the maximum allocation request.  Even unfulfilled
+  ** requests are counted */
+  if( (u32)nByte>mem5.maxRequest ){
+    mem5.maxRequest = nByte;
+  }
+
+  /* Abort if the requested allocation size is larger than the largest
+  ** power of two that we can represent using 32-bit signed integers.
+  */
+  if( nByte > 0x40000000 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Round nByte up to the next valid power of two */
+  for(iFullSz=mem5.szAtom, iLogsize=0; iFullSz<nByte; iFullSz *= 2, iLogsize++){}
+
+  /* Make sure mem5.aiFreelist[iLogsize] contains at least one free
+  ** block.  If not, then split a block of the next larger power of
+  ** two in order to create a new free block of size iLogsize.
+  */
+  for(iBin=iLogsize; mem5.aiFreelist[iBin]<0 && iBin<=LOGMAX; iBin++){}
+  if( iBin>LOGMAX ){
+    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to allocate %u bytes", nByte);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  i = memsys5UnlinkFirst(iBin);
+  while( iBin>iLogsize ){
+    int newSize;
+
+    iBin--;
+    newSize = 1 << iBin;
+    mem5.aCtrl[i+newSize] = CTRL_FREE | iBin;
+    memsys5Link(i+newSize, iBin);
+  }
+  mem5.aCtrl[i] = iLogsize;
+
+  /* Update allocator performance statistics. */
+  mem5.nAlloc++;
+  mem5.totalAlloc += iFullSz;
+  mem5.totalExcess += iFullSz - nByte;
+  mem5.currentCount++;
+  mem5.currentOut += iFullSz;
+  if( mem5.maxCount<mem5.currentCount ) mem5.maxCount = mem5.currentCount;
+  if( mem5.maxOut<mem5.currentOut ) mem5.maxOut = mem5.currentOut;
+
+  /* Return a pointer to the allocated memory. */
+  return (void*)&mem5.zPool[i*mem5.szAtom];
+}
+
+/*
+** Free an outstanding memory allocation.
+*/
+static void memsys5FreeUnsafe(void *pOld){
+  u32 size, iLogsize;
+  int iBlock;
+
+  /* Set iBlock to the index of the block pointed to by pOld in 
+  ** the array of mem5.szAtom byte blocks pointed to by mem5.zPool.
+  */
+  iBlock = ((u8 *)pOld-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom;
+
+  /* Check that the pointer pOld points to a valid, non-free block. */
+  assert( iBlock>=0 && iBlock<mem5.nBlock );
+  assert( ((u8 *)pOld-mem5.zPool)%mem5.szAtom==0 );
+  assert( (mem5.aCtrl[iBlock] & CTRL_FREE)==0 );
+
+  iLogsize = mem5.aCtrl[iBlock] & CTRL_LOGSIZE;
+  size = 1<<iLogsize;
+  assert( iBlock+size-1<(u32)mem5.nBlock );
+
+  mem5.aCtrl[iBlock] |= CTRL_FREE;
+  mem5.aCtrl[iBlock+size-1] |= CTRL_FREE;
+  assert( mem5.currentCount>0 );
+  assert( mem5.currentOut>=(size*mem5.szAtom) );
+  mem5.currentCount--;
+  mem5.currentOut -= size*mem5.szAtom;
+  assert( mem5.currentOut>0 || mem5.currentCount==0 );
+  assert( mem5.currentCount>0 || mem5.currentOut==0 );
+
+  mem5.aCtrl[iBlock] = CTRL_FREE | iLogsize;
+  while( ALWAYS(iLogsize<LOGMAX) ){
+    int iBuddy;
+    if( (iBlock>>iLogsize) & 1 ){
+      iBuddy = iBlock - size;
+    }else{
+      iBuddy = iBlock + size;
+    }
+    assert( iBuddy>=0 );
+    if( (iBuddy+(1<<iLogsize))>mem5.nBlock ) break;
+    if( mem5.aCtrl[iBuddy]!=(CTRL_FREE | iLogsize) ) break;
+    memsys5Unlink(iBuddy, iLogsize);
+    iLogsize++;
+    if( iBuddy<iBlock ){
+      mem5.aCtrl[iBuddy] = CTRL_FREE | iLogsize;
+      mem5.aCtrl[iBlock] = 0;
+      iBlock = iBuddy;
+    }else{
+      mem5.aCtrl[iBlock] = CTRL_FREE | iLogsize;
+      mem5.aCtrl[iBuddy] = 0;
+    }
+    size *= 2;
+  }
+  memsys5Link(iBlock, iLogsize);
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate nBytes of memory
+*/
+static void *memsys5Malloc(int nBytes){
+  sqlite3_int64 *p = 0;
+  if( nBytes>0 ){
+    memsys5Enter();
+    p = memsys5MallocUnsafe(nBytes);
+    memsys5Leave();
+  }
+  return (void*)p; 
+}
+
+/*
+** Free memory.
+**
+** The outer layer memory allocator prevents this routine from
+** being called with pPrior==0.
+*/
+static void memsys5Free(void *pPrior){
+  assert( pPrior!=0 );
+  memsys5Enter();
+  memsys5FreeUnsafe(pPrior);
+  memsys5Leave();  
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the size of an existing memory allocation.
+**
+** The outer layer memory allocator prevents this routine from
+** being called with pPrior==0.  
+**
+** nBytes is always a value obtained from a prior call to
+** memsys5Round().  Hence nBytes is always a non-negative power
+** of two.  If nBytes==0 that means that an oversize allocation
+** (an allocation larger than 0x40000000) was requested and this
+** routine should return 0 without freeing pPrior.
+*/
+static void *memsys5Realloc(void *pPrior, int nBytes){
+  int nOld;
+  void *p;
+  assert( pPrior!=0 );
+  assert( (nBytes&(nBytes-1))==0 );  /* EV: R-46199-30249 */
+  assert( nBytes>=0 );
+  if( nBytes==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  nOld = memsys5Size(pPrior);
+  if( nBytes<=nOld ){
+    return pPrior;
+  }
+  memsys5Enter();
+  p = memsys5MallocUnsafe(nBytes);
+  if( p ){
+    memcpy(p, pPrior, nOld);
+    memsys5FreeUnsafe(pPrior);
+  }
+  memsys5Leave();
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Round up a request size to the next valid allocation size.  If
+** the allocation is too large to be handled by this allocation system,
+** return 0.
+**
+** All allocations must be a power of two and must be expressed by a
+** 32-bit signed integer.  Hence the largest allocation is 0x40000000
+** or 1073741824 bytes.
+*/
+static int memsys5Roundup(int n){
+  int iFullSz;
+  if( n > 0x40000000 ) return 0;
+  for(iFullSz=mem5.szAtom; iFullSz<n; iFullSz *= 2);
+  return iFullSz;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the ceiling of the logarithm base 2 of iValue.
+**
+** Examples:   memsys5Log(1) -> 0
+**             memsys5Log(2) -> 1
+**             memsys5Log(4) -> 2
+**             memsys5Log(5) -> 3
+**             memsys5Log(8) -> 3
+**             memsys5Log(9) -> 4
+*/
+static int memsys5Log(int iValue){
+  int iLog;
+  for(iLog=0; (iLog<(int)((sizeof(int)*8)-1)) && (1<<iLog)<iValue; iLog++);
+  return iLog;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize the memory allocator.
+**
+** This routine is not threadsafe.  The caller must be holding a mutex
+** to prevent multiple threads from entering at the same time.
+*/
+static int memsys5Init(void *NotUsed){
+  int ii;            /* Loop counter */
+  int nByte;         /* Number of bytes of memory available to this allocator */
+  u8 *zByte;         /* Memory usable by this allocator */
+  int nMinLog;       /* Log base 2 of minimum allocation size in bytes */
+  int iOffset;       /* An offset into mem5.aCtrl[] */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+
+  /* For the purposes of this routine, disable the mutex */
+  mem5.mutex = 0;
+
+  /* The size of a Mem5Link object must be a power of two.  Verify that
+  ** this is case.
+  */
+  assert( (sizeof(Mem5Link)&(sizeof(Mem5Link)-1))==0 );
+
+  nByte = sqlite3GlobalConfig.nHeap;
+  zByte = (u8*)sqlite3GlobalConfig.pHeap;
+  assert( zByte!=0 );  /* sqlite3_config() does not allow otherwise */
+
+  /* boundaries on sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq are enforced in sqlite3_config() */
+  nMinLog = memsys5Log(sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq);
+  mem5.szAtom = (1<<nMinLog);
+  while( (int)sizeof(Mem5Link)>mem5.szAtom ){
+    mem5.szAtom = mem5.szAtom << 1;
+  }
+
+  mem5.nBlock = (nByte / (mem5.szAtom+sizeof(u8)));
+  mem5.zPool = zByte;
+  mem5.aCtrl = (u8 *)&mem5.zPool[mem5.nBlock*mem5.szAtom];
+
+  for(ii=0; ii<=LOGMAX; ii++){
+    mem5.aiFreelist[ii] = -1;
+  }
+
+  iOffset = 0;
+  for(ii=LOGMAX; ii>=0; ii--){
+    int nAlloc = (1<<ii);
+    if( (iOffset+nAlloc)<=mem5.nBlock ){
+      mem5.aCtrl[iOffset] = ii | CTRL_FREE;
+      memsys5Link(iOffset, ii);
+      iOffset += nAlloc;
+    }
+    assert((iOffset+nAlloc)>mem5.nBlock);
+  }
+
+  /* If a mutex is required for normal operation, allocate one */
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat==0 ){
+    mem5.mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM);
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deinitialize this module.
+*/
+static void memsys5Shutdown(void *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  mem5.mutex = 0;
+  return;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+/*
+** Open the file indicated and write a log of all unfreed memory 
+** allocations into that log.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Memsys5Dump(const char *zFilename){
+  FILE *out;
+  int i, j, n;
+  int nMinLog;
+
+  if( zFilename==0 || zFilename[0]==0 ){
+    out = stdout;
+  }else{
+    out = fopen(zFilename, "w");
+    if( out==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "** Unable to output memory debug output log: %s **\n",
+                      zFilename);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  memsys5Enter();
+  nMinLog = memsys5Log(mem5.szAtom);
+  for(i=0; i<=LOGMAX && i+nMinLog<32; i++){
+    for(n=0, j=mem5.aiFreelist[i]; j>=0; j = MEM5LINK(j)->next, n++){}
+    fprintf(out, "freelist items of size %d: %d\n", mem5.szAtom << i, n);
+  }
+  fprintf(out, "mem5.nAlloc       = %llu\n", mem5.nAlloc);
+  fprintf(out, "mem5.totalAlloc   = %llu\n", mem5.totalAlloc);
+  fprintf(out, "mem5.totalExcess  = %llu\n", mem5.totalExcess);
+  fprintf(out, "mem5.currentOut   = %u\n", mem5.currentOut);
+  fprintf(out, "mem5.currentCount = %u\n", mem5.currentCount);
+  fprintf(out, "mem5.maxOut       = %u\n", mem5.maxOut);
+  fprintf(out, "mem5.maxCount     = %u\n", mem5.maxCount);
+  fprintf(out, "mem5.maxRequest   = %u\n", mem5.maxRequest);
+  memsys5Leave();
+  if( out==stdout ){
+    fflush(stdout);
+  }else{
+    fclose(out);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This routine is the only routine in this file with external 
+** linkage. It returns a pointer to a static sqlite3_mem_methods
+** struct populated with the memsys5 methods.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_mem_methods *sqlite3MemGetMemsys5(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mem_methods memsys5Methods = {
+     memsys5Malloc,
+     memsys5Free,
+     memsys5Realloc,
+     memsys5Size,
+     memsys5Roundup,
+     memsys5Init,
+     memsys5Shutdown,
+     0
+  };
+  return &memsys5Methods;
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5 */
+
+/************** End of mem5.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file mutex.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 August 14
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes.
+**
+** This file contains code that is common across all mutex implementations.
+*/
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT)
+/*
+** For debugging purposes, record when the mutex subsystem is initialized
+** and uninitialized so that we can assert() if there is an attempt to
+** allocate a mutex while the system is uninitialized.
+*/
+static SQLITE_WSD int mutexIsInit = 0;
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
+/*
+** Initialize the mutex system.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MutexInit(void){ 
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( !sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexAlloc ){
+    /* If the xMutexAlloc method has not been set, then the user did not
+    ** install a mutex implementation via sqlite3_config() prior to 
+    ** sqlite3_initialize() being called. This block copies pointers to
+    ** the default implementation into the sqlite3GlobalConfig structure.
+    */
+    sqlite3_mutex_methods const *pFrom;
+    sqlite3_mutex_methods *pTo = &sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex;
+
+    if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex ){
+      pFrom = sqlite3DefaultMutex();
+    }else{
+      pFrom = sqlite3NoopMutex();
+    }
+    memcpy(pTo, pFrom, offsetof(sqlite3_mutex_methods, xMutexAlloc));
+    memcpy(&pTo->xMutexFree, &pFrom->xMutexFree,
+           sizeof(*pTo) - offsetof(sqlite3_mutex_methods, xMutexFree));
+    pTo->xMutexAlloc = pFrom->xMutexAlloc;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexInit();
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  GLOBAL(int, mutexIsInit) = 1;
+#endif
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Shutdown the mutex system. This call frees resources allocated by
+** sqlite3MutexInit().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MutexEnd(void){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexEnd ){
+    rc = sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexEnd();
+  }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  GLOBAL(int, mutexIsInit) = 0;
+#endif
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Retrieve a pointer to a static mutex or allocate a new dynamic one.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_mutex_alloc(int id){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  if( sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
+#endif
+  return sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexAlloc(id);
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3MutexAlloc(int id){
+  if( !sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  assert( GLOBAL(int, mutexIsInit) );
+  return sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexAlloc(id);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free a dynamic mutex.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_free(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  if( p ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexFree(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Obtain the mutex p. If some other thread already has the mutex, block
+** until it can be obtained.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  if( p ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexEnter(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Obtain the mutex p. If successful, return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if another
+** thread holds the mutex and it cannot be obtained, return SQLITE_BUSY.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_try(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( p ){
+    return sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexTry(p);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_leave() routine exits a mutex that was previously
+** entered by the same thread.  The behavior is undefined if the mutex 
+** is not currently entered. If a NULL pointer is passed as an argument
+** this function is a no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  if( p ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexLeave(p);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_held() and sqlite3_mutex_notheld() routine are
+** intended for use inside assert() statements.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  return p==0 || sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexHeld(p);
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_notheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  return p==0 || sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexNotheld(p);
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT */
+
+/************** End of mutex.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file mutex_noop.c **************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 October 07
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes.
+**
+** This implementation in this file does not provide any mutual
+** exclusion and is thus suitable for use only in applications
+** that use SQLite in a single thread.  The routines defined
+** here are place-holders.  Applications can substitute working
+** mutex routines at start-time using the
+**
+**     sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX,...)
+**
+** interface.
+**
+** If compiled with SQLITE_DEBUG, then additional logic is inserted
+** that does error checking on mutexes to make sure they are being
+** called correctly.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Stub routines for all mutex methods.
+**
+** This routines provide no mutual exclusion or error checking.
+*/
+static int noopMutexInit(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
+static int noopMutexEnd(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
+static sqlite3_mutex *noopMutexAlloc(int id){ 
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
+  return (sqlite3_mutex*)8; 
+}
+static void noopMutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *p){ UNUSED_PARAMETER(p); return; }
+static void noopMutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *p){ UNUSED_PARAMETER(p); return; }
+static int noopMutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+static void noopMutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *p){ UNUSED_PARAMETER(p); return; }
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3NoopMutex(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mutex_methods sMutex = {
+    noopMutexInit,
+    noopMutexEnd,
+    noopMutexAlloc,
+    noopMutexFree,
+    noopMutexEnter,
+    noopMutexTry,
+    noopMutexLeave,
+
+    0,
+    0,
+  };
+
+  return &sMutex;
+}
+#endif /* !SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** In this implementation, error checking is provided for testing
+** and debugging purposes.  The mutexes still do not provide any
+** mutual exclusion.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The mutex object
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_debug_mutex {
+  int id;     /* The mutex type */
+  int cnt;    /* Number of entries without a matching leave */
+} sqlite3_debug_mutex;
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_held() and sqlite3_mutex_notheld() routine are
+** intended for use inside assert() statements.
+*/
+static int debugMutexHeld(sqlite3_mutex *pX){
+  sqlite3_debug_mutex *p = (sqlite3_debug_mutex*)pX;
+  return p==0 || p->cnt>0;
+}
+static int debugMutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *pX){
+  sqlite3_debug_mutex *p = (sqlite3_debug_mutex*)pX;
+  return p==0 || p->cnt==0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize and deinitialize the mutex subsystem.
+*/
+static int debugMutexInit(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
+static int debugMutexEnd(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_alloc() routine allocates a new
+** mutex and returns a pointer to it.  If it returns NULL
+** that means that a mutex could not be allocated. 
+*/
+static sqlite3_mutex *debugMutexAlloc(int id){
+  static sqlite3_debug_mutex aStatic[6];
+  sqlite3_debug_mutex *pNew = 0;
+  switch( id ){
+    case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST:
+    case SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE: {
+      pNew = sqlite3Malloc(sizeof(*pNew));
+      if( pNew ){
+        pNew->id = id;
+        pNew->cnt = 0;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      assert( id-2 >= 0 );
+      assert( id-2 < (int)(sizeof(aStatic)/sizeof(aStatic[0])) );
+      pNew = &aStatic[id-2];
+      pNew->id = id;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return (sqlite3_mutex*)pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine deallocates a previously allocated mutex.
+*/
+static void debugMutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *pX){
+  sqlite3_debug_mutex *p = (sqlite3_debug_mutex*)pX;
+  assert( p->cnt==0 );
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_enter() and sqlite3_mutex_try() routines attempt
+** to enter a mutex.  If another thread is already within the mutex,
+** sqlite3_mutex_enter() will block and sqlite3_mutex_try() will return
+** SQLITE_BUSY.  The sqlite3_mutex_try() interface returns SQLITE_OK
+** upon successful entry.  Mutexes created using SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE can
+** be entered multiple times by the same thread.  In such cases the,
+** mutex must be exited an equal number of times before another thread
+** can enter.  If the same thread tries to enter any other kind of mutex
+** more than once, the behavior is undefined.
+*/
+static void debugMutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *pX){
+  sqlite3_debug_mutex *p = (sqlite3_debug_mutex*)pX;
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || debugMutexNotheld(pX) );
+  p->cnt++;
+}
+static int debugMutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *pX){
+  sqlite3_debug_mutex *p = (sqlite3_debug_mutex*)pX;
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || debugMutexNotheld(pX) );
+  p->cnt++;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_leave() routine exits a mutex that was
+** previously entered by the same thread.  The behavior
+** is undefined if the mutex is not currently entered or
+** is not currently allocated.  SQLite will never do either.
+*/
+static void debugMutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *pX){
+  sqlite3_debug_mutex *p = (sqlite3_debug_mutex*)pX;
+  assert( debugMutexHeld(pX) );
+  p->cnt--;
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || debugMutexNotheld(pX) );
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3NoopMutex(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mutex_methods sMutex = {
+    debugMutexInit,
+    debugMutexEnd,
+    debugMutexAlloc,
+    debugMutexFree,
+    debugMutexEnter,
+    debugMutexTry,
+    debugMutexLeave,
+
+    debugMutexHeld,
+    debugMutexNotheld
+  };
+
+  return &sMutex;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+/*
+** If compiled with SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP, then the no-op mutex implementation
+** is used regardless of the run-time threadsafety setting.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
+  return sqlite3NoopMutex();
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP */
+#endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT */
+
+/************** End of mutex_noop.c ******************************************/
+/************** Begin file mutex_os2.c ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 August 28
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes for OS/2
+*/
+
+/*
+** The code in this file is only used if SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2 is defined.
+** See the mutex.h file for details.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
+
+/********************** OS/2 Mutex Implementation **********************
+**
+** This implementation of mutexes is built using the OS/2 API.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The mutex object
+** Each recursive mutex is an instance of the following structure.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_mutex {
+  HMTX mutex;       /* Mutex controlling the lock */
+  int  id;          /* Mutex type */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+ int   trace;       /* True to trace changes */
+#endif
+};
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0, 0, 0 }
+#else
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0, 0 }
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Initialize and deinitialize the mutex subsystem.
+*/
+static int os2MutexInit(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
+static int os2MutexEnd(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_alloc() routine allocates a new
+** mutex and returns a pointer to it.  If it returns NULL
+** that means that a mutex could not be allocated. 
+** SQLite will unwind its stack and return an error.  The argument
+** to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() is one of these integer constants:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
+** </ul>
+**
+** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
+** a new mutex.  The new mutex is recursive when SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** is used but not necessarily so when SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST is used.
+** The mutex implementation does not need to make a distinction
+** between SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE and SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST if it does
+** not want to.  But SQLite will only request a recursive mutex in
+** cases where it really needs one.  If a faster non-recursive mutex
+** implementation is available on the host platform, the mutex subsystem
+** might return such a mutex in response to SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST.
+**
+** The other allowed parameters to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() each return
+** a pointer to a static preexisting mutex.  Six static mutexes are
+** used by the current version of SQLite.  Future versions of SQLite
+** may add additional static mutexes.  Static mutexes are for internal
+** use by SQLite only.  Applications that use SQLite mutexes should
+** use only the dynamic mutexes returned by SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST or
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE.
+**
+** Note that if one of the dynamic mutex parameters (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** or SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) is used then sqlite3_mutex_alloc()
+** returns a different mutex on every call.  But for the static
+** mutex types, the same mutex is returned on every call that has
+** the same type number.
+*/
+static sqlite3_mutex *os2MutexAlloc(int iType){
+  sqlite3_mutex *p = NULL;
+  switch( iType ){
+    case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST:
+    case SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE: {
+      p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
+      if( p ){
+        p->id = iType;
+        if( DosCreateMutexSem( 0, &p->mutex, 0, FALSE ) != NO_ERROR ){
+          sqlite3_free( p );
+          p = NULL;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      static volatile int isInit = 0;
+      static sqlite3_mutex staticMutexes[6] = {
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+      };
+      if ( !isInit ){
+        APIRET rc;
+        PTIB ptib;
+        PPIB ppib;
+        HMTX mutex;
+        char name[32];
+        DosGetInfoBlocks( &ptib, &ppib );
+        sqlite3_snprintf( sizeof(name), name, "\\SEM32\\SQLITE%04x",
+                          ppib->pib_ulpid );
+        while( !isInit ){
+          mutex = 0;
+          rc = DosCreateMutexSem( name, &mutex, 0, FALSE);
+          if( rc == NO_ERROR ){
+            unsigned int i;
+            if( !isInit ){
+              for( i = 0; i < sizeof(staticMutexes)/sizeof(staticMutexes[0]); i++ ){
+                DosCreateMutexSem( 0, &staticMutexes[i].mutex, 0, FALSE );
+              }
+              isInit = 1;
+            }
+            DosCloseMutexSem( mutex );
+          }else if( rc == ERROR_DUPLICATE_NAME ){
+            DosSleep( 1 );
+          }else{
+            return p;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      assert( iType-2 >= 0 );
+      assert( iType-2 < sizeof(staticMutexes)/sizeof(staticMutexes[0]) );
+      p = &staticMutexes[iType-2];
+      p->id = iType;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This routine deallocates a previously allocated mutex.
+** SQLite is careful to deallocate every mutex that it allocates.
+*/
+static void os2MutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  TID tid;
+  PID pid;
+  ULONG ulCount;
+  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
+  assert( ulCount==0 );
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+#endif
+  DosCloseMutexSem( p->mutex );
+  sqlite3_free( p );
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_held() and sqlite3_mutex_notheld() routine are
+** intended for use inside assert() statements.
+*/
+static int os2MutexHeld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  TID tid;
+  PID pid;
+  ULONG ulCount;
+  PTIB ptib;
+  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
+  if( ulCount==0 || ( ulCount>1 && p->id!=SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE ) )
+    return 0;
+  DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
+  return tid==ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
+}
+static int os2MutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  TID tid;
+  PID pid;
+  ULONG ulCount;
+  PTIB ptib;
+  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
+  if( ulCount==0 )
+    return 1;
+  DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
+  return tid!=ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
+}
+static void os2MutexTrace(sqlite3_mutex *p, char *pAction){
+  TID   tid;
+  PID   pid;
+  ULONG ulCount;
+  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
+  printf("%s mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%ld\n", pAction, (void*)p, p->trace, ulCount);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_enter() and sqlite3_mutex_try() routines attempt
+** to enter a mutex.  If another thread is already within the mutex,
+** sqlite3_mutex_enter() will block and sqlite3_mutex_try() will return
+** SQLITE_BUSY.  The sqlite3_mutex_try() interface returns SQLITE_OK
+** upon successful entry.  Mutexes created using SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE can
+** be entered multiple times by the same thread.  In such cases the,
+** mutex must be exited an equal number of times before another thread
+** can enter.  If the same thread tries to enter any other kind of mutex
+** more than once, the behavior is undefined.
+*/
+static void os2MutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || os2MutexNotheld(p) );
+  DosRequestMutexSem(p->mutex, SEM_INDEFINITE_WAIT);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "enter");
+#endif
+}
+static int os2MutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || os2MutexNotheld(p) );
+  if( DosRequestMutexSem(p->mutex, SEM_IMMEDIATE_RETURN) == NO_ERROR ) {
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "try");
+#endif
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_leave() routine exits a mutex that was
+** previously entered by the same thread.  The behavior
+** is undefined if the mutex is not currently entered or
+** is not currently allocated.  SQLite will never do either.
+*/
+static void os2MutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  assert( os2MutexHeld(p) );
+  DosReleaseMutexSem(p->mutex);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "leave");
+#endif
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mutex_methods sMutex = {
+    os2MutexInit,
+    os2MutexEnd,
+    os2MutexAlloc,
+    os2MutexFree,
+    os2MutexEnter,
+    os2MutexTry,
+    os2MutexLeave,
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    os2MutexHeld,
+    os2MutexNotheld
+#else
+    0,
+    0
+#endif
+  };
+
+  return &sMutex;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2 */
+
+/************** End of mutex_os2.c *******************************************/
+/************** Begin file mutex_unix.c **************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 August 28
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes for pthreads
+*/
+
+/*
+** The code in this file is only used if we are compiling threadsafe
+** under unix with pthreads.
+**
+** Note that this implementation requires a version of pthreads that
+** supports recursive mutexes.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS
+
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex.id, sqlite3_mutex.nRef, and sqlite3_mutex.owner fields
+** are necessary under two condidtions:  (1) Debug builds and (2) using
+** home-grown mutexes.  Encapsulate these conditions into a single #define.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX)
+# define SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF 1
+#else
+# define SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Each recursive mutex is an instance of the following structure.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_mutex {
+  pthread_mutex_t mutex;     /* Mutex controlling the lock */
+#if SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF
+  int id;                    /* Mutex type */
+  volatile int nRef;         /* Number of entrances */
+  volatile pthread_t owner;  /* Thread that is within this mutex */
+  int trace;                 /* True to trace changes */
+#endif
+};
+#if SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0, 0, (pthread_t)0, 0 }
+#else
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER }
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_held() and sqlite3_mutex_notheld() routine are
+** intended for use only inside assert() statements.  On some platforms,
+** there might be race conditions that can cause these routines to
+** deliver incorrect results.  In particular, if pthread_equal() is
+** not an atomic operation, then these routines might delivery
+** incorrect results.  On most platforms, pthread_equal() is a 
+** comparison of two integers and is therefore atomic.  But we are
+** told that HPUX is not such a platform.  If so, then these routines
+** will not always work correctly on HPUX.
+**
+** On those platforms where pthread_equal() is not atomic, SQLite
+** should be compiled without -DSQLITE_DEBUG and with -DNDEBUG to
+** make sure no assert() statements are evaluated and hence these
+** routines are never called.
+*/
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+static int pthreadMutexHeld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  return (p->nRef!=0 && pthread_equal(p->owner, pthread_self()));
+}
+static int pthreadMutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  return p->nRef==0 || pthread_equal(p->owner, pthread_self())==0;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Initialize and deinitialize the mutex subsystem.
+*/
+static int pthreadMutexInit(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
+static int pthreadMutexEnd(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_alloc() routine allocates a new
+** mutex and returns a pointer to it.  If it returns NULL
+** that means that a mutex could not be allocated.  SQLite
+** will unwind its stack and return an error.  The argument
+** to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() is one of these integer constants:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** </ul>
+**
+** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
+** a new mutex.  The new mutex is recursive when SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** is used but not necessarily so when SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST is used.
+** The mutex implementation does not need to make a distinction
+** between SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE and SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST if it does
+** not want to.  But SQLite will only request a recursive mutex in
+** cases where it really needs one.  If a faster non-recursive mutex
+** implementation is available on the host platform, the mutex subsystem
+** might return such a mutex in response to SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST.
+**
+** The other allowed parameters to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() each return
+** a pointer to a static preexisting mutex.  Six static mutexes are
+** used by the current version of SQLite.  Future versions of SQLite
+** may add additional static mutexes.  Static mutexes are for internal
+** use by SQLite only.  Applications that use SQLite mutexes should
+** use only the dynamic mutexes returned by SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST or
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE.
+**
+** Note that if one of the dynamic mutex parameters (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** or SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) is used then sqlite3_mutex_alloc()
+** returns a different mutex on every call.  But for the static 
+** mutex types, the same mutex is returned on every call that has
+** the same type number.
+*/
+static sqlite3_mutex *pthreadMutexAlloc(int iType){
+  static sqlite3_mutex staticMutexes[] = {
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
+  };
+  sqlite3_mutex *p;
+  switch( iType ){
+    case SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE: {
+      p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
+      if( p ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX
+        /* If recursive mutexes are not available, we will have to
+        ** build our own.  See below. */
+        pthread_mutex_init(&p->mutex, 0);
+#else
+        /* Use a recursive mutex if it is available */
+        pthread_mutexattr_t recursiveAttr;
+        pthread_mutexattr_init(&recursiveAttr);
+        pthread_mutexattr_settype(&recursiveAttr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
+        pthread_mutex_init(&p->mutex, &recursiveAttr);
+        pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&recursiveAttr);
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF
+        p->id = iType;
+#endif
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST: {
+      p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
+      if( p ){
+#if SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF
+        p->id = iType;
+#endif
+        pthread_mutex_init(&p->mutex, 0);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      assert( iType-2 >= 0 );
+      assert( iType-2 < ArraySize(staticMutexes) );
+      p = &staticMutexes[iType-2];
+#if SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF
+      p->id = iType;
+#endif
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This routine deallocates a previously
+** allocated mutex.  SQLite is careful to deallocate every
+** mutex that it allocates.
+*/
+static void pthreadMutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  assert( p->nRef==0 );
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+  pthread_mutex_destroy(&p->mutex);
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_enter() and sqlite3_mutex_try() routines attempt
+** to enter a mutex.  If another thread is already within the mutex,
+** sqlite3_mutex_enter() will block and sqlite3_mutex_try() will return
+** SQLITE_BUSY.  The sqlite3_mutex_try() interface returns SQLITE_OK
+** upon successful entry.  Mutexes created using SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE can
+** be entered multiple times by the same thread.  In such cases the,
+** mutex must be exited an equal number of times before another thread
+** can enter.  If the same thread tries to enter any other kind of mutex
+** more than once, the behavior is undefined.
+*/
+static void pthreadMutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || pthreadMutexNotheld(p) );
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX
+  /* If recursive mutexes are not available, then we have to grow
+  ** our own.  This implementation assumes that pthread_equal()
+  ** is atomic - that it cannot be deceived into thinking self
+  ** and p->owner are equal if p->owner changes between two values
+  ** that are not equal to self while the comparison is taking place.
+  ** This implementation also assumes a coherent cache - that 
+  ** separate processes cannot read different values from the same
+  ** address at the same time.  If either of these two conditions
+  ** are not met, then the mutexes will fail and problems will result.
+  */
+  {
+    pthread_t self = pthread_self();
+    if( p->nRef>0 && pthread_equal(p->owner, self) ){
+      p->nRef++;
+    }else{
+      pthread_mutex_lock(&p->mutex);
+      assert( p->nRef==0 );
+      p->owner = self;
+      p->nRef = 1;
+    }
+  }
+#else
+  /* Use the built-in recursive mutexes if they are available.
+  */
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&p->mutex);
+#if SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF
+  assert( p->nRef>0 || p->owner==0 );
+  p->owner = pthread_self();
+  p->nRef++;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( p->trace ){
+    printf("enter mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+static int pthreadMutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  int rc;
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || pthreadMutexNotheld(p) );
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX
+  /* If recursive mutexes are not available, then we have to grow
+  ** our own.  This implementation assumes that pthread_equal()
+  ** is atomic - that it cannot be deceived into thinking self
+  ** and p->owner are equal if p->owner changes between two values
+  ** that are not equal to self while the comparison is taking place.
+  ** This implementation also assumes a coherent cache - that 
+  ** separate processes cannot read different values from the same
+  ** address at the same time.  If either of these two conditions
+  ** are not met, then the mutexes will fail and problems will result.
+  */
+  {
+    pthread_t self = pthread_self();
+    if( p->nRef>0 && pthread_equal(p->owner, self) ){
+      p->nRef++;
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }else if( pthread_mutex_trylock(&p->mutex)==0 ){
+      assert( p->nRef==0 );
+      p->owner = self;
+      p->nRef = 1;
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }
+  }
+#else
+  /* Use the built-in recursive mutexes if they are available.
+  */
+  if( pthread_mutex_trylock(&p->mutex)==0 ){
+#if SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF
+    p->owner = pthread_self();
+    p->nRef++;
+#endif
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p->trace ){
+    printf("enter mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+  }
+#endif
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_leave() routine exits a mutex that was
+** previously entered by the same thread.  The behavior
+** is undefined if the mutex is not currently entered or
+** is not currently allocated.  SQLite will never do either.
+*/
+static void pthreadMutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  assert( pthreadMutexHeld(p) );
+#if SQLITE_MUTEX_NREF
+  p->nRef--;
+  if( p->nRef==0 ) p->owner = 0;
+#endif
+  assert( p->nRef==0 || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX
+  if( p->nRef==0 ){
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&p->mutex);
+  }
+#else
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&p->mutex);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( p->trace ){
+    printf("leave mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mutex_methods sMutex = {
+    pthreadMutexInit,
+    pthreadMutexEnd,
+    pthreadMutexAlloc,
+    pthreadMutexFree,
+    pthreadMutexEnter,
+    pthreadMutexTry,
+    pthreadMutexLeave,
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    pthreadMutexHeld,
+    pthreadMutexNotheld
+#else
+    0,
+    0
+#endif
+  };
+
+  return &sMutex;
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREAD */
+
+/************** End of mutex_unix.c ******************************************/
+/************** Begin file mutex_w32.c ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 August 14
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes for win32
+*/
+
+/*
+** The code in this file is only used if we are compiling multithreaded
+** on a win32 system.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
+
+/*
+** Each recursive mutex is an instance of the following structure.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_mutex {
+  CRITICAL_SECTION mutex;    /* Mutex controlling the lock */
+  int id;                    /* Mutex type */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  volatile int nRef;         /* Number of enterances */
+  volatile DWORD owner;      /* Thread holding this mutex */
+  int trace;                 /* True to trace changes */
+#endif
+};
+#define SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0 }
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0, 0L, (DWORD)0, 0 }
+#else
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0 }
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return true (non-zero) if we are running under WinNT, Win2K, WinXP,
+** or WinCE.  Return false (zero) for Win95, Win98, or WinME.
+**
+** Here is an interesting observation:  Win95, Win98, and WinME lack
+** the LockFileEx() API.  But we can still statically link against that
+** API as long as we don't call it win running Win95/98/ME.  A call to
+** this routine is used to determine if the host is Win95/98/ME or
+** WinNT/2K/XP so that we will know whether or not we can safely call
+** the LockFileEx() API.
+**
+** mutexIsNT() is only used for the TryEnterCriticalSection() API call,
+** which is only available if your application was compiled with 
+** _WIN32_WINNT defined to a value >= 0x0400.  Currently, the only
+** call to TryEnterCriticalSection() is #ifdef'ed out, so #ifdef 
+** this out as well.
+*/
+#if 0
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+# define mutexIsNT()  (1)
+#else
+  static int mutexIsNT(void){
+    static int osType = 0;
+    if( osType==0 ){
+      OSVERSIONINFO sInfo;
+      sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
+      GetVersionEx(&sInfo);
+      osType = sInfo.dwPlatformId==VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT ? 2 : 1;
+    }
+    return osType==2;
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_held() and sqlite3_mutex_notheld() routine are
+** intended for use only inside assert() statements.
+*/
+static int winMutexHeld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  return p->nRef!=0 && p->owner==GetCurrentThreadId();
+}
+static int winMutexNotheld2(sqlite3_mutex *p, DWORD tid){
+  return p->nRef==0 || p->owner!=tid;
+}
+static int winMutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId(); 
+  return winMutexNotheld2(p, tid);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Initialize and deinitialize the mutex subsystem.
+*/
+static sqlite3_mutex winMutex_staticMutexes[6] = {
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
+};
+static int winMutex_isInit = 0;
+/* As winMutexInit() and winMutexEnd() are called as part
+** of the sqlite3_initialize and sqlite3_shutdown()
+** processing, the "interlocked" magic is probably not
+** strictly necessary.
+*/
+static long winMutex_lock = 0;
+
+static int winMutexInit(void){ 
+  /* The first to increment to 1 does actual initialization */
+  if( InterlockedCompareExchange(&winMutex_lock, 1, 0)==0 ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(winMutex_staticMutexes); i++){
+      InitializeCriticalSection(&winMutex_staticMutexes[i].mutex);
+    }
+    winMutex_isInit = 1;
+  }else{
+    /* Someone else is in the process of initing the static mutexes */
+    while( !winMutex_isInit ){
+      Sleep(1);
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK; 
+}
+
+static int winMutexEnd(void){ 
+  /* The first to decrement to 0 does actual shutdown 
+  ** (which should be the last to shutdown.) */
+  if( InterlockedCompareExchange(&winMutex_lock, 0, 1)==1 ){
+    if( winMutex_isInit==1 ){
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(winMutex_staticMutexes); i++){
+        DeleteCriticalSection(&winMutex_staticMutexes[i].mutex);
+      }
+      winMutex_isInit = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK; 
+}
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_alloc() routine allocates a new
+** mutex and returns a pointer to it.  If it returns NULL
+** that means that a mutex could not be allocated.  SQLite
+** will unwind its stack and return an error.  The argument
+** to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() is one of these integer constants:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** </ul>
+**
+** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
+** a new mutex.  The new mutex is recursive when SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** is used but not necessarily so when SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST is used.
+** The mutex implementation does not need to make a distinction
+** between SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE and SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST if it does
+** not want to.  But SQLite will only request a recursive mutex in
+** cases where it really needs one.  If a faster non-recursive mutex
+** implementation is available on the host platform, the mutex subsystem
+** might return such a mutex in response to SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST.
+**
+** The other allowed parameters to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() each return
+** a pointer to a static preexisting mutex.  Six static mutexes are
+** used by the current version of SQLite.  Future versions of SQLite
+** may add additional static mutexes.  Static mutexes are for internal
+** use by SQLite only.  Applications that use SQLite mutexes should
+** use only the dynamic mutexes returned by SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST or
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE.
+**
+** Note that if one of the dynamic mutex parameters (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** or SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) is used then sqlite3_mutex_alloc()
+** returns a different mutex on every call.  But for the static 
+** mutex types, the same mutex is returned on every call that has
+** the same type number.
+*/
+static sqlite3_mutex *winMutexAlloc(int iType){
+  sqlite3_mutex *p;
+
+  switch( iType ){
+    case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST:
+    case SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE: {
+      p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
+      if( p ){  
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+        p->id = iType;
+#endif
+        InitializeCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
+      assert( iType-2 >= 0 );
+      assert( iType-2 < ArraySize(winMutex_staticMutexes) );
+      p = &winMutex_staticMutexes[iType-2];
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      p->id = iType;
+#endif
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This routine deallocates a previously
+** allocated mutex.  SQLite is careful to deallocate every
+** mutex that it allocates.
+*/
+static void winMutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+  assert( p );
+  assert( p->nRef==0 && p->owner==0 );
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+  DeleteCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_enter() and sqlite3_mutex_try() routines attempt
+** to enter a mutex.  If another thread is already within the mutex,
+** sqlite3_mutex_enter() will block and sqlite3_mutex_try() will return
+** SQLITE_BUSY.  The sqlite3_mutex_try() interface returns SQLITE_OK
+** upon successful entry.  Mutexes created using SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE can
+** be entered multiple times by the same thread.  In such cases the,
+** mutex must be exited an equal number of times before another thread
+** can enter.  If the same thread tries to enter any other kind of mutex
+** more than once, the behavior is undefined.
+*/
+static void winMutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId(); 
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || winMutexNotheld2(p, tid) );
+#endif
+  EnterCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  assert( p->nRef>0 || p->owner==0 );
+  p->owner = tid; 
+  p->nRef++;
+  if( p->trace ){
+    printf("enter mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+static int winMutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId(); 
+#endif
+  int rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || winMutexNotheld2(p, tid) );
+  /*
+  ** The sqlite3_mutex_try() routine is very rarely used, and when it
+  ** is used it is merely an optimization.  So it is OK for it to always
+  ** fail.  
+  **
+  ** The TryEnterCriticalSection() interface is only available on WinNT.
+  ** And some windows compilers complain if you try to use it without
+  ** first doing some #defines that prevent SQLite from building on Win98.
+  ** For that reason, we will omit this optimization for now.  See
+  ** ticket #2685.
+  */
+#if 0
+  if( mutexIsNT() && TryEnterCriticalSection(&p->mutex) ){
+    p->owner = tid;
+    p->nRef++;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p->trace ){
+    printf("try mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+  }
+#endif
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3_mutex_leave() routine exits a mutex that was
+** previously entered by the same thread.  The behavior
+** is undefined if the mutex is not currently entered or
+** is not currently allocated.  SQLite will never do either.
+*/
+static void winMutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *p){
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId();
+  assert( p->nRef>0 );
+  assert( p->owner==tid );
+  p->nRef--;
+  if( p->nRef==0 ) p->owner = 0;
+  assert( p->nRef==0 || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+#endif
+  LeaveCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( p->trace ){
+    printf("leave mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mutex_methods sMutex = {
+    winMutexInit,
+    winMutexEnd,
+    winMutexAlloc,
+    winMutexFree,
+    winMutexEnter,
+    winMutexTry,
+    winMutexLeave,
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    winMutexHeld,
+    winMutexNotheld
+#else
+    0,
+    0
+#endif
+  };
+
+  return &sMutex;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 */
+
+/************** End of mutex_w32.c *******************************************/
+/************** Begin file malloc.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** Memory allocation functions used throughout sqlite.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Attempt to release up to n bytes of non-essential memory currently
+** held by SQLite. An example of non-essential memory is memory used to
+** cache database pages that are not currently in use.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_release_memory(int n){
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
+  return sqlite3PcacheReleaseMemory(n);
+#else
+  /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-34391-24921 The sqlite3_release_memory() routine
+  ** is a no-op returning zero if SQLite is not compiled with
+  ** SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT. */
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(n);
+  return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following object records the location of
+** each unused scratch buffer.
+*/
+typedef struct ScratchFreeslot {
+  struct ScratchFreeslot *pNext;   /* Next unused scratch buffer */
+} ScratchFreeslot;
+
+/*
+** State information local to the memory allocation subsystem.
+*/
+static SQLITE_WSD struct Mem0Global {
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;         /* Mutex to serialize access */
+
+  /*
+  ** The alarm callback and its arguments.  The mem0.mutex lock will
+  ** be held while the callback is running.  Recursive calls into
+  ** the memory subsystem are allowed, but no new callbacks will be
+  ** issued.
+  */
+  sqlite3_int64 alarmThreshold;
+  void (*alarmCallback)(void*, sqlite3_int64,int);
+  void *alarmArg;
+
+  /*
+  ** Pointers to the end of sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch memory
+  ** (so that a range test can be used to determine if an allocation
+  ** being freed came from pScratch) and a pointer to the list of
+  ** unused scratch allocations.
+  */
+  void *pScratchEnd;
+  ScratchFreeslot *pScratchFree;
+  u32 nScratchFree;
+
+  /*
+  ** True if heap is nearly "full" where "full" is defined by the
+  ** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit() setting.
+  */
+  int nearlyFull;
+} mem0 = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+
+#define mem0 GLOBAL(struct Mem0Global, mem0)
+
+/*
+** This routine runs when the memory allocator sees that the
+** total memory allocation is about to exceed the soft heap
+** limit.
+*/
+static void softHeapLimitEnforcer(
+  void *NotUsed, 
+  sqlite3_int64 NotUsed2,
+  int allocSize
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  sqlite3_release_memory(allocSize);
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the alarm callback
+*/
+static int sqlite3MemoryAlarm(
+  void(*xCallback)(void *pArg, sqlite3_int64 used,int N),
+  void *pArg,
+  sqlite3_int64 iThreshold
+){
+  int nUsed;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+  mem0.alarmCallback = xCallback;
+  mem0.alarmArg = pArg;
+  mem0.alarmThreshold = iThreshold;
+  nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
+  mem0.nearlyFull = (iThreshold>0 && iThreshold<=nUsed);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+/*
+** Deprecated external interface.  Internal/core SQLite code
+** should call sqlite3MemoryAlarm.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_memory_alarm(
+  void(*xCallback)(void *pArg, sqlite3_int64 used,int N),
+  void *pArg,
+  sqlite3_int64 iThreshold
+){
+  return sqlite3MemoryAlarm(xCallback, pArg, iThreshold);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Set the soft heap-size limit for the library. Passing a zero or 
+** negative value indicates no limit.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(sqlite3_int64 n){
+  sqlite3_int64 priorLimit;
+  sqlite3_int64 excess;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  sqlite3_initialize();
+#endif
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+  priorLimit = mem0.alarmThreshold;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+  if( n<0 ) return priorLimit;
+  if( n>0 ){
+    sqlite3MemoryAlarm(softHeapLimitEnforcer, 0, n);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3MemoryAlarm(0, 0, 0);
+  }
+  excess = sqlite3_memory_used() - n;
+  if( excess>0 ) sqlite3_release_memory((int)(excess & 0x7fffffff));
+  return priorLimit;
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int n){
+  if( n<0 ) n = 0;
+  sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(n);
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize the memory allocation subsystem.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MallocInit(void){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc==0 ){
+    sqlite3MemSetDefault();
+  }
+  memset(&mem0, 0, sizeof(mem0));
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex ){
+    mem0.mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM);
+  }
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch && sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch>=100
+      && sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch>0 ){
+    int i, n, sz;
+    ScratchFreeslot *pSlot;
+    sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch);
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch = sz;
+    pSlot = (ScratchFreeslot*)sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch;
+    n = sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch;
+    mem0.pScratchFree = pSlot;
+    mem0.nScratchFree = n;
+    for(i=0; i<n-1; i++){
+      pSlot->pNext = (ScratchFreeslot*)(sz+(char*)pSlot);
+      pSlot = pSlot->pNext;
+    }
+    pSlot->pNext = 0;
+    mem0.pScratchEnd = (void*)&pSlot[1];
+  }else{
+    mem0.pScratchEnd = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch = 0;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage==0 || sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage<512
+      || sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage<1 ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage = 0;
+  }
+  return sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xInit(sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.pAppData);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the heap is currently under memory pressure - in other
+** words if the amount of heap used is close to the limit set by
+** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3HeapNearlyFull(void){
+  return mem0.nearlyFull;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deinitialize the memory allocation subsystem.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MallocEnd(void){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xShutdown ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xShutdown(sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.pAppData);
+  }
+  memset(&mem0, 0, sizeof(mem0));
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the amount of memory currently checked out.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_used(void){
+  int n, mx;
+  sqlite3_int64 res;
+  sqlite3_status(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, &n, &mx, 0);
+  res = (sqlite3_int64)n;  /* Work around bug in Borland C. Ticket #3216 */
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the maximum amount of memory that has ever been
+** checked out since either the beginning of this process
+** or since the most recent reset.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_highwater(int resetFlag){
+  int n, mx;
+  sqlite3_int64 res;
+  sqlite3_status(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, &n, &mx, resetFlag);
+  res = (sqlite3_int64)mx;  /* Work around bug in Borland C. Ticket #3216 */
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Trigger the alarm 
+*/
+static void sqlite3MallocAlarm(int nByte){
+  void (*xCallback)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int);
+  sqlite3_int64 nowUsed;
+  void *pArg;
+  if( mem0.alarmCallback==0 ) return;
+  xCallback = mem0.alarmCallback;
+  nowUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
+  pArg = mem0.alarmArg;
+  mem0.alarmCallback = 0;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+  xCallback(pArg, nowUsed, nByte);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+  mem0.alarmCallback = xCallback;
+  mem0.alarmArg = pArg;
+}
+
+/*
+** Do a memory allocation with statistics and alarms.  Assume the
+** lock is already held.
+*/
+static int mallocWithAlarm(int n, void **pp){
+  int nFull;
+  void *p;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem0.mutex) );
+  nFull = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRoundup(n);
+  sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, n);
+  if( mem0.alarmCallback!=0 ){
+    int nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
+    if( nUsed >= mem0.alarmThreshold - nFull ){
+      mem0.nearlyFull = 1;
+      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
+    }else{
+      mem0.nearlyFull = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(nFull);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
+  if( p==0 && mem0.alarmCallback ){
+    sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
+    p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(nFull);
+  }
+#endif
+  if( p ){
+    nFull = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
+    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, nFull);
+    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT, 1);
+  }
+  *pp = p;
+  return nFull;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate memory.  This routine is like sqlite3_malloc() except that it
+** assumes the memory subsystem has already been initialized.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Malloc(int n){
+  void *p;
+  if( n<=0               /* IMP: R-65312-04917 */ 
+   || n>=0x7fffff00
+  ){
+    /* A memory allocation of a number of bytes which is near the maximum
+    ** signed integer value might cause an integer overflow inside of the
+    ** xMalloc().  Hence we limit the maximum size to 0x7fffff00, giving
+    ** 255 bytes of overhead.  SQLite itself will never use anything near
+    ** this amount.  The only way to reach the limit is with sqlite3_malloc() */
+    p = 0;
+  }else if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+    mallocWithAlarm(n, &p);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+  }else{
+    p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(n);
+  }
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(p) );  /* IMP: R-04675-44850 */
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** This version of the memory allocation is for use by the application.
+** First make sure the memory subsystem is initialized, then do the
+** allocation.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_malloc(int n){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  if( sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
+#endif
+  return sqlite3Malloc(n);
+}
+
+/*
+** Each thread may only have a single outstanding allocation from
+** xScratchMalloc().  We verify this constraint in the single-threaded
+** case by setting scratchAllocOut to 1 when an allocation
+** is outstanding clearing it when the allocation is freed.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
+static int scratchAllocOut = 0;
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Allocate memory that is to be used and released right away.
+** This routine is similar to alloca() in that it is not intended
+** for situations where the memory might be held long-term.  This
+** routine is intended to get memory to old large transient data
+** structures that would not normally fit on the stack of an
+** embedded processor.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ScratchMalloc(int n){
+  void *p;
+  assert( n>0 );
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+  if( mem0.nScratchFree && sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch>=n ){
+    p = mem0.pScratchFree;
+    mem0.pScratchFree = mem0.pScratchFree->pNext;
+    mem0.nScratchFree--;
+    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED, 1);
+    sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE, n);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+  }else{
+    if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
+      sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE, n);
+      n = mallocWithAlarm(n, &p);
+      if( p ) sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW, n);
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+      p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(n);
+    }
+    sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_SCRATCH);
+  }
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(mem0.mutex) );
+
+
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
+  /* Verify that no more than two scratch allocations per thread
+  ** are outstanding at one time.  (This is only checked in the
+  ** single-threaded case since checking in the multi-threaded case
+  ** would be much more complicated.) */
+  assert( scratchAllocOut<=1 );
+  if( p ) scratchAllocOut++;
+#endif
+
+  return p;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ScratchFree(void *p){
+  if( p ){
+
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
+    /* Verify that no more than two scratch allocation per thread
+    ** is outstanding at one time.  (This is only checked in the
+    ** single-threaded case since checking in the multi-threaded case
+    ** would be much more complicated.) */
+    assert( scratchAllocOut>=1 && scratchAllocOut<=2 );
+    scratchAllocOut--;
+#endif
+
+    if( p>=sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch && p<mem0.pScratchEnd ){
+      /* Release memory from the SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH allocation */
+      ScratchFreeslot *pSlot;
+      pSlot = (ScratchFreeslot*)p;
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+      pSlot->pNext = mem0.pScratchFree;
+      mem0.pScratchFree = pSlot;
+      mem0.nScratchFree++;
+      assert( mem0.nScratchFree <= (u32)sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch );
+      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED, -1);
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+    }else{
+      /* Release memory back to the heap */
+      assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_SCRATCH) );
+      assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, ~MEMTYPE_SCRATCH) );
+      sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
+        int iSize = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
+        sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+        sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW, -iSize);
+        sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, -iSize);
+        sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT, -1);
+        sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xFree(p);
+        sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xFree(p);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** TRUE if p is a lookaside memory allocation from db
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOOKASIDE
+static int isLookaside(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
+  return p && p>=db->lookaside.pStart && p<db->lookaside.pEnd;
+}
+#else
+#define isLookaside(A,B) 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return the size of a memory allocation previously obtained from
+** sqlite3Malloc() or sqlite3_malloc().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MallocSize(void *p){
+  assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
+  assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
+  return sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xSize(p);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbMallocSize(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
+  assert( db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( db && isLookaside(db, p) ){
+    return db->lookaside.sz;
+  }else{
+    assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
+    assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE|MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
+    assert( db!=0 || sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE) );
+    return sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xSize(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Free memory previously obtained from sqlite3Malloc().
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free(void *p){
+  if( p==0 ) return;  /* IMP: R-49053-54554 */
+  assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
+  assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, -sqlite3MallocSize(p));
+    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT, -1);
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xFree(p);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xFree(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Free memory that might be associated with a particular database
+** connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DbFree(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
+  assert( db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( db ){
+    if( db->pnBytesFreed ){
+      *db->pnBytesFreed += sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, p);
+      return;
+    }
+    if( isLookaside(db, p) ){
+      LookasideSlot *pBuf = (LookasideSlot*)p;
+      pBuf->pNext = db->lookaside.pFree;
+      db->lookaside.pFree = pBuf;
+      db->lookaside.nOut--;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
+  assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE|MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
+  assert( db!=0 || sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE) );
+  sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the size of an existing memory allocation
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Realloc(void *pOld, int nBytes){
+  int nOld, nNew, nDiff;
+  void *pNew;
+  if( pOld==0 ){
+    return sqlite3Malloc(nBytes); /* IMP: R-28354-25769 */
+  }
+  if( nBytes<=0 ){
+    sqlite3_free(pOld); /* IMP: R-31593-10574 */
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( nBytes>=0x7fffff00 ){
+    /* The 0x7ffff00 limit term is explained in comments on sqlite3Malloc() */
+    return 0;
+  }
+  nOld = sqlite3MallocSize(pOld);
+  /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-46199-30249 SQLite guarantees that the second
+  ** argument to xRealloc is always a value returned by a prior call to
+  ** xRoundup. */
+  nNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRoundup(nBytes);
+  if( nOld==nNew ){
+    pNew = pOld;
+  }else if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+    sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, nBytes);
+    nDiff = nNew - nOld;
+    if( sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED) >= 
+          mem0.alarmThreshold-nDiff ){
+      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nDiff);
+    }
+    assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(pOld, MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
+    assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(pOld, ~MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
+    pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
+    if( pNew==0 && mem0.alarmCallback ){
+      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nBytes);
+      pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
+    }
+    if( pNew ){
+      nNew = sqlite3MallocSize(pNew);
+      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, nNew-nOld);
+    }
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+  }else{
+    pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
+  }
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pNew) ); /* IMP: R-04675-44850 */
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** The public interface to sqlite3Realloc.  Make sure that the memory
+** subsystem is initialized prior to invoking sqliteRealloc.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_realloc(void *pOld, int n){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  if( sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
+#endif
+  return sqlite3Realloc(pOld, n);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Allocate and zero memory.
+*/ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3MallocZero(int n){
+  void *p = sqlite3Malloc(n);
+  if( p ){
+    memset(p, 0, n);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate and zero memory.  If the allocation fails, make
+** the mallocFailed flag in the connection pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbMallocZero(sqlite3 *db, int n){
+  void *p = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
+  if( p ){
+    memset(p, 0, n);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate and zero memory.  If the allocation fails, make
+** the mallocFailed flag in the connection pointer.
+**
+** If db!=0 and db->mallocFailed is true (indicating a prior malloc
+** failure on the same database connection) then always return 0.
+** Hence for a particular database connection, once malloc starts
+** failing, it fails consistently until mallocFailed is reset.
+** This is an important assumption.  There are many places in the
+** code that do things like this:
+**
+**         int *a = (int*)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, 100);
+**         int *b = (int*)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, 200);
+**         if( b ) a[10] = 9;
+**
+** In other words, if a subsequent malloc (ex: "b") worked, it is assumed
+** that all prior mallocs (ex: "a") worked too.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbMallocRaw(sqlite3 *db, int n){
+  void *p;
+  assert( db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  assert( db==0 || db->pnBytesFreed==0 );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOOKASIDE
+  if( db ){
+    LookasideSlot *pBuf;
+    if( db->mallocFailed ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if( db->lookaside.bEnabled ){
+      if( n>db->lookaside.sz ){
+        db->lookaside.anStat[1]++;
+      }else if( (pBuf = db->lookaside.pFree)==0 ){
+        db->lookaside.anStat[2]++;
+      }else{
+        db->lookaside.pFree = pBuf->pNext;
+        db->lookaside.nOut++;
+        db->lookaside.anStat[0]++;
+        if( db->lookaside.nOut>db->lookaside.mxOut ){
+          db->lookaside.mxOut = db->lookaside.nOut;
+        }
+        return (void*)pBuf;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#else
+  if( db && db->mallocFailed ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+#endif
+  p = sqlite3Malloc(n);
+  if( !p && db ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+  sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_DB |
+         ((db && db->lookaside.bEnabled) ? MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE : MEMTYPE_HEAP));
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Resize the block of memory pointed to by p to n bytes. If the
+** resize fails, set the mallocFailed flag in the connection object.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbRealloc(sqlite3 *db, void *p, int n){
+  void *pNew = 0;
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( db->mallocFailed==0 ){
+    if( p==0 ){
+      return sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
+    }
+    if( isLookaside(db, p) ){
+      if( n<=db->lookaside.sz ){
+        return p;
+      }
+      pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
+      if( pNew ){
+        memcpy(pNew, p, db->lookaside.sz);
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+      }
+    }else{
+      assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
+      assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE|MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
+      sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
+      pNew = sqlite3_realloc(p, n);
+      if( !pNew ){
+        sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_DB|MEMTYPE_HEAP);
+        db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      }
+      sqlite3MemdebugSetType(pNew, MEMTYPE_DB | 
+            (db->lookaside.bEnabled ? MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE : MEMTYPE_HEAP));
+    }
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to reallocate p.  If the reallocation fails, then free p
+** and set the mallocFailed flag in the database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(sqlite3 *db, void *p, int n){
+  void *pNew;
+  pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, p, n);
+  if( !pNew ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Make a copy of a string in memory obtained from sqliteMalloc(). These 
+** functions call sqlite3MallocRaw() directly instead of sqliteMalloc(). This
+** is because when memory debugging is turned on, these two functions are 
+** called via macros that record the current file and line number in the
+** ThreadData structure.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3DbStrDup(sqlite3 *db, const char *z){
+  char *zNew;
+  size_t n;
+  if( z==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  n = sqlite3Strlen30(z) + 1;
+  assert( (n&0x7fffffff)==n );
+  zNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, (int)n);
+  if( zNew ){
+    memcpy(zNew, z, n);
+  }
+  return zNew;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3DbStrNDup(sqlite3 *db, const char *z, int n){
+  char *zNew;
+  if( z==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  assert( (n&0x7fffffff)==n );
+  zNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n+1);
+  if( zNew ){
+    memcpy(zNew, z, n);
+    zNew[n] = 0;
+  }
+  return zNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a string from the zFromat argument and the va_list that follows.
+** Store the string in memory obtained from sqliteMalloc() and make *pz
+** point to that string.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SetString(char **pz, sqlite3 *db, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  char *z;
+
+  va_start(ap, zFormat);
+  z = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, *pz);
+  *pz = z;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This function must be called before exiting any API function (i.e. 
+** returning control to the user) that has called sqlite3_malloc or
+** sqlite3_realloc.
+**
+** The returned value is normally a copy of the second argument to this
+** function. However, if a malloc() failure has occurred since the previous
+** invocation SQLITE_NOMEM is returned instead. 
+**
+** If the first argument, db, is not NULL and a malloc() error has occurred,
+** then the connection error-code (the value returned by sqlite3_errcode())
+** is set to SQLITE_NOMEM.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ApiExit(sqlite3* db, int rc){
+  /* If the db handle is not NULL, then we must hold the connection handle
+  ** mutex here. Otherwise the read (and possible write) of db->mallocFailed 
+  ** is unsafe, as is the call to sqlite3Error().
+  */
+  assert( !db || sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( db && (db->mallocFailed || rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM) ){
+    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_NOMEM, 0);
+    db->mallocFailed = 0;
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  return rc & (db ? db->errMask : 0xff);
+}
+
+/************** End of malloc.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file printf.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** The "printf" code that follows dates from the 1980's.  It is in
+** the public domain.  The original comments are included here for
+** completeness.  They are very out-of-date but might be useful as
+** an historical reference.  Most of the "enhancements" have been backed
+** out so that the functionality is now the same as standard printf().
+**
+**************************************************************************
+**
+** The following modules is an enhanced replacement for the "printf" subroutines
+** found in the standard C library.  The following enhancements are
+** supported:
+**
+**      +  Additional functions.  The standard set of "printf" functions
+**         includes printf, fprintf, sprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, and
+**         vsprintf.  This module adds the following:
+**
+**           *  snprintf -- Works like sprintf, but has an extra argument
+**                          which is the size of the buffer written to.
+**
+**           *  mprintf --  Similar to sprintf.  Writes output to memory
+**                          obtained from malloc.
+**
+**           *  xprintf --  Calls a function to dispose of output.
+**
+**           *  nprintf --  No output, but returns the number of characters
+**                          that would have been output by printf.
+**
+**           *  A v- version (ex: vsnprintf) of every function is also
+**              supplied.
+**
+**      +  A few extensions to the formatting notation are supported:
+**
+**           *  The "=" flag (similar to "-") causes the output to be
+**              be centered in the appropriately sized field.
+**
+**           *  The %b field outputs an integer in binary notation.
+**
+**           *  The %c field now accepts a precision.  The character output
+**              is repeated by the number of times the precision specifies.
+**
+**           *  The %' field works like %c, but takes as its character the
+**              next character of the format string, instead of the next
+**              argument.  For example,  printf("%.78'-")  prints 78 minus
+**              signs, the same as  printf("%.78c",'-').
+**
+**      +  When compiled using GCC on a SPARC, this version of printf is
+**         faster than the library printf for SUN OS 4.1.
+**
+**      +  All functions are fully reentrant.
+**
+*/
+
+/*
+** Conversion types fall into various categories as defined by the
+** following enumeration.
+*/
+#define etRADIX       1 /* Integer types.  %d, %x, %o, and so forth */
+#define etFLOAT       2 /* Floating point.  %f */
+#define etEXP         3 /* Exponentional notation. %e and %E */
+#define etGENERIC     4 /* Floating or exponential, depending on exponent. %g */
+#define etSIZE        5 /* Return number of characters processed so far. %n */
+#define etSTRING      6 /* Strings. %s */
+#define etDYNSTRING   7 /* Dynamically allocated strings. %z */
+#define etPERCENT     8 /* Percent symbol. %% */
+#define etCHARX       9 /* Characters. %c */
+/* The rest are extensions, not normally found in printf() */
+#define etSQLESCAPE  10 /* Strings with '\'' doubled.  %q */
+#define etSQLESCAPE2 11 /* Strings with '\'' doubled and enclosed in '',
+                          NULL pointers replaced by SQL NULL.  %Q */
+#define etTOKEN      12 /* a pointer to a Token structure */
+#define etSRCLIST    13 /* a pointer to a SrcList */
+#define etPOINTER    14 /* The %p conversion */
+#define etSQLESCAPE3 15 /* %w -> Strings with '\"' doubled */
+#define etORDINAL    16 /* %r -> 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.  English only */
+
+#define etINVALID     0 /* Any unrecognized conversion type */
+
+
+/*
+** An "etByte" is an 8-bit unsigned value.
+*/
+typedef unsigned char etByte;
+
+/*
+** Each builtin conversion character (ex: the 'd' in "%d") is described
+** by an instance of the following structure
+*/
+typedef struct et_info {   /* Information about each format field */
+  char fmttype;            /* The format field code letter */
+  etByte base;             /* The base for radix conversion */
+  etByte flags;            /* One or more of FLAG_ constants below */
+  etByte type;             /* Conversion paradigm */
+  etByte charset;          /* Offset into aDigits[] of the digits string */
+  etByte prefix;           /* Offset into aPrefix[] of the prefix string */
+} et_info;
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for et_info.flags
+*/
+#define FLAG_SIGNED  1     /* True if the value to convert is signed */
+#define FLAG_INTERN  2     /* True if for internal use only */
+#define FLAG_STRING  4     /* Allow infinity precision */
+
+
+/*
+** The following table is searched linearly, so it is good to put the
+** most frequently used conversion types first.
+*/
+static const char aDigits[] = "0123456789ABCDEF0123456789abcdef";
+static const char aPrefix[] = "-x0\000X0";
+static const et_info fmtinfo[] = {
+  {  'd', 10, 1, etRADIX,      0,  0 },
+  {  's',  0, 4, etSTRING,     0,  0 },
+  {  'g',  0, 1, etGENERIC,    30, 0 },
+  {  'z',  0, 4, etDYNSTRING,  0,  0 },
+  {  'q',  0, 4, etSQLESCAPE,  0,  0 },
+  {  'Q',  0, 4, etSQLESCAPE2, 0,  0 },
+  {  'w',  0, 4, etSQLESCAPE3, 0,  0 },
+  {  'c',  0, 0, etCHARX,      0,  0 },
+  {  'o',  8, 0, etRADIX,      0,  2 },
+  {  'u', 10, 0, etRADIX,      0,  0 },
+  {  'x', 16, 0, etRADIX,      16, 1 },
+  {  'X', 16, 0, etRADIX,      0,  4 },
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+  {  'f',  0, 1, etFLOAT,      0,  0 },
+  {  'e',  0, 1, etEXP,        30, 0 },
+  {  'E',  0, 1, etEXP,        14, 0 },
+  {  'G',  0, 1, etGENERIC,    14, 0 },
+#endif
+  {  'i', 10, 1, etRADIX,      0,  0 },
+  {  'n',  0, 0, etSIZE,       0,  0 },
+  {  '%',  0, 0, etPERCENT,    0,  0 },
+  {  'p', 16, 0, etPOINTER,    0,  1 },
+
+/* All the rest have the FLAG_INTERN bit set and are thus for internal
+** use only */
+  {  'T',  0, 2, etTOKEN,      0,  0 },
+  {  'S',  0, 2, etSRCLIST,    0,  0 },
+  {  'r', 10, 3, etORDINAL,    0,  0 },
+};
+
+/*
+** If SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT is defined, then none of the floating point
+** conversions will work.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+/*
+** "*val" is a double such that 0.1 <= *val < 10.0
+** Return the ascii code for the leading digit of *val, then
+** multiply "*val" by 10.0 to renormalize.
+**
+** Example:
+**     input:     *val = 3.14159
+**     output:    *val = 1.4159    function return = '3'
+**
+** The counter *cnt is incremented each time.  After counter exceeds
+** 16 (the number of significant digits in a 64-bit float) '0' is
+** always returned.
+*/
+static char et_getdigit(LONGDOUBLE_TYPE *val, int *cnt){
+  int digit;
+  LONGDOUBLE_TYPE d;
+  if( (*cnt)++ >= 16 ) return '0';
+  digit = (int)*val;
+  d = digit;
+  digit += '0';
+  *val = (*val - d)*10.0;
+  return (char)digit;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT */
+
+/*
+** Append N space characters to the given string buffer.
+*/
+static void appendSpace(StrAccum *pAccum, int N){
+  static const char zSpaces[] = "                             ";
+  while( N>=(int)sizeof(zSpaces)-1 ){
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSpaces, sizeof(zSpaces)-1);
+    N -= sizeof(zSpaces)-1;
+  }
+  if( N>0 ){
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSpaces, N);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** On machines with a small stack size, you can redefine the
+** SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE to be less than 350.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE
+# if defined(SQLITE_SMALL_STACK)
+#   define SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE 50
+# else
+#   define SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE 350
+# endif
+#endif
+#define etBUFSIZE SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE  /* Size of the output buffer */
+
+/*
+** The root program.  All variations call this core.
+**
+** INPUTS:
+**   func   This is a pointer to a function taking three arguments
+**            1. A pointer to anything.  Same as the "arg" parameter.
+**            2. A pointer to the list of characters to be output
+**               (Note, this list is NOT null terminated.)
+**            3. An integer number of characters to be output.
+**               (Note: This number might be zero.)
+**
+**   arg    This is the pointer to anything which will be passed as the
+**          first argument to "func".  Use it for whatever you like.
+**
+**   fmt    This is the format string, as in the usual print.
+**
+**   ap     This is a pointer to a list of arguments.  Same as in
+**          vfprint.
+**
+** OUTPUTS:
+**          The return value is the total number of characters sent to
+**          the function "func".  Returns -1 on a error.
+**
+** Note that the order in which automatic variables are declared below
+** seems to make a big difference in determining how fast this beast
+** will run.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
+  StrAccum *pAccum,                  /* Accumulate results here */
+  int useExtended,                   /* Allow extended %-conversions */
+  const char *fmt,                   /* Format string */
+  va_list ap                         /* arguments */
+){
+  int c;                     /* Next character in the format string */
+  char *bufpt;               /* Pointer to the conversion buffer */
+  int precision;             /* Precision of the current field */
+  int length;                /* Length of the field */
+  int idx;                   /* A general purpose loop counter */
+  int width;                 /* Width of the current field */
+  etByte flag_leftjustify;   /* True if "-" flag is present */
+  etByte flag_plussign;      /* True if "+" flag is present */
+  etByte flag_blanksign;     /* True if " " flag is present */
+  etByte flag_alternateform; /* True if "#" flag is present */
+  etByte flag_altform2;      /* True if "!" flag is present */
+  etByte flag_zeropad;       /* True if field width constant starts with zero */
+  etByte flag_long;          /* True if "l" flag is present */
+  etByte flag_longlong;      /* True if the "ll" flag is present */
+  etByte done;               /* Loop termination flag */
+  sqlite_uint64 longvalue;   /* Value for integer types */
+  LONGDOUBLE_TYPE realvalue; /* Value for real types */
+  const et_info *infop;      /* Pointer to the appropriate info structure */
+  char buf[etBUFSIZE];       /* Conversion buffer */
+  char prefix;               /* Prefix character.  "+" or "-" or " " or '\0'. */
+  etByte xtype = 0;          /* Conversion paradigm */
+  char *zExtra;              /* Extra memory used for etTCLESCAPE conversions */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+  int  exp, e2;              /* exponent of real numbers */
+  double rounder;            /* Used for rounding floating point values */
+  etByte flag_dp;            /* True if decimal point should be shown */
+  etByte flag_rtz;           /* True if trailing zeros should be removed */
+  etByte flag_exp;           /* True to force display of the exponent */
+  int nsd;                   /* Number of significant digits returned */
+#endif
+
+  length = 0;
+  bufpt = 0;
+  for(; (c=(*fmt))!=0; ++fmt){
+    if( c!='%' ){
+      int amt;
+      bufpt = (char *)fmt;
+      amt = 1;
+      while( (c=(*++fmt))!='%' && c!=0 ) amt++;
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, amt);
+      if( c==0 ) break;
+    }
+    if( (c=(*++fmt))==0 ){
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, "%", 1);
+      break;
+    }
+    /* Find out what flags are present */
+    flag_leftjustify = flag_plussign = flag_blanksign = 
+     flag_alternateform = flag_altform2 = flag_zeropad = 0;
+    done = 0;
+    do{
+      switch( c ){
+        case '-':   flag_leftjustify = 1;     break;
+        case '+':   flag_plussign = 1;        break;
+        case ' ':   flag_blanksign = 1;       break;
+        case '#':   flag_alternateform = 1;   break;
+        case '!':   flag_altform2 = 1;        break;
+        case '0':   flag_zeropad = 1;         break;
+        default:    done = 1;                 break;
+      }
+    }while( !done && (c=(*++fmt))!=0 );
+    /* Get the field width */
+    width = 0;
+    if( c=='*' ){
+      width = va_arg(ap,int);
+      if( width<0 ){
+        flag_leftjustify = 1;
+        width = -width;
+      }
+      c = *++fmt;
+    }else{
+      while( c>='0' && c<='9' ){
+        width = width*10 + c - '0';
+        c = *++fmt;
+      }
+    }
+    if( width > etBUFSIZE-10 ){
+      width = etBUFSIZE-10;
+    }
+    /* Get the precision */
+    if( c=='.' ){
+      precision = 0;
+      c = *++fmt;
+      if( c=='*' ){
+        precision = va_arg(ap,int);
+        if( precision<0 ) precision = -precision;
+        c = *++fmt;
+      }else{
+        while( c>='0' && c<='9' ){
+          precision = precision*10 + c - '0';
+          c = *++fmt;
+        }
+      }
+    }else{
+      precision = -1;
+    }
+    /* Get the conversion type modifier */
+    if( c=='l' ){
+      flag_long = 1;
+      c = *++fmt;
+      if( c=='l' ){
+        flag_longlong = 1;
+        c = *++fmt;
+      }else{
+        flag_longlong = 0;
+      }
+    }else{
+      flag_long = flag_longlong = 0;
+    }
+    /* Fetch the info entry for the field */
+    infop = &fmtinfo[0];
+    xtype = etINVALID;
+    for(idx=0; idx<ArraySize(fmtinfo); idx++){
+      if( c==fmtinfo[idx].fmttype ){
+        infop = &fmtinfo[idx];
+        if( useExtended || (infop->flags & FLAG_INTERN)==0 ){
+          xtype = infop->type;
+        }else{
+          return;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    zExtra = 0;
+
+
+    /* Limit the precision to prevent overflowing buf[] during conversion */
+    if( precision>etBUFSIZE-40 && (infop->flags & FLAG_STRING)==0 ){
+      precision = etBUFSIZE-40;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    ** At this point, variables are initialized as follows:
+    **
+    **   flag_alternateform          TRUE if a '#' is present.
+    **   flag_altform2               TRUE if a '!' is present.
+    **   flag_plussign               TRUE if a '+' is present.
+    **   flag_leftjustify            TRUE if a '-' is present or if the
+    **                               field width was negative.
+    **   flag_zeropad                TRUE if the width began with 0.
+    **   flag_long                   TRUE if the letter 'l' (ell) prefixed
+    **                               the conversion character.
+    **   flag_longlong               TRUE if the letter 'll' (ell ell) prefixed
+    **                               the conversion character.
+    **   flag_blanksign              TRUE if a ' ' is present.
+    **   width                       The specified field width.  This is
+    **                               always non-negative.  Zero is the default.
+    **   precision                   The specified precision.  The default
+    **                               is -1.
+    **   xtype                       The class of the conversion.
+    **   infop                       Pointer to the appropriate info struct.
+    */
+    switch( xtype ){
+      case etPOINTER:
+        flag_longlong = sizeof(char*)==sizeof(i64);
+        flag_long = sizeof(char*)==sizeof(long int);
+        /* Fall through into the next case */
+      case etORDINAL:
+      case etRADIX:
+        if( infop->flags & FLAG_SIGNED ){
+          i64 v;
+          if( flag_longlong ){
+            v = va_arg(ap,i64);
+          }else if( flag_long ){
+            v = va_arg(ap,long int);
+          }else{
+            v = va_arg(ap,int);
+          }
+          if( v<0 ){
+            if( v==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+              longvalue = ((u64)1)<<63;
+            }else{
+              longvalue = -v;
+            }
+            prefix = '-';
+          }else{
+            longvalue = v;
+            if( flag_plussign )        prefix = '+';
+            else if( flag_blanksign )  prefix = ' ';
+            else                       prefix = 0;
+          }
+        }else{
+          if( flag_longlong ){
+            longvalue = va_arg(ap,u64);
+          }else if( flag_long ){
+            longvalue = va_arg(ap,unsigned long int);
+          }else{
+            longvalue = va_arg(ap,unsigned int);
+          }
+          prefix = 0;
+        }
+        if( longvalue==0 ) flag_alternateform = 0;
+        if( flag_zeropad && precision<width-(prefix!=0) ){
+          precision = width-(prefix!=0);
+        }
+        bufpt = &buf[etBUFSIZE-1];
+        if( xtype==etORDINAL ){
+          static const char zOrd[] = "thstndrd";
+          int x = (int)(longvalue % 10);
+          if( x>=4 || (longvalue/10)%10==1 ){
+            x = 0;
+          }
+          buf[etBUFSIZE-3] = zOrd[x*2];
+          buf[etBUFSIZE-2] = zOrd[x*2+1];
+          bufpt -= 2;
+        }
+        {
+          register const char *cset;      /* Use registers for speed */
+          register int base;
+          cset = &aDigits[infop->charset];
+          base = infop->base;
+          do{                                           /* Convert to ascii */
+            *(--bufpt) = cset[longvalue%base];
+            longvalue = longvalue/base;
+          }while( longvalue>0 );
+        }
+        length = (int)(&buf[etBUFSIZE-1]-bufpt);
+        for(idx=precision-length; idx>0; idx--){
+          *(--bufpt) = '0';                             /* Zero pad */
+        }
+        if( prefix ) *(--bufpt) = prefix;               /* Add sign */
+        if( flag_alternateform && infop->prefix ){      /* Add "0" or "0x" */
+          const char *pre;
+          char x;
+          pre = &aPrefix[infop->prefix];
+          for(; (x=(*pre))!=0; pre++) *(--bufpt) = x;
+        }
+        length = (int)(&buf[etBUFSIZE-1]-bufpt);
+        break;
+      case etFLOAT:
+      case etEXP:
+      case etGENERIC:
+        realvalue = va_arg(ap,double);
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+        length = 0;
+#else
+        if( precision<0 ) precision = 6;         /* Set default precision */
+        if( precision>etBUFSIZE/2-10 ) precision = etBUFSIZE/2-10;
+        if( realvalue<0.0 ){
+          realvalue = -realvalue;
+          prefix = '-';
+        }else{
+          if( flag_plussign )          prefix = '+';
+          else if( flag_blanksign )    prefix = ' ';
+          else                         prefix = 0;
+        }
+        if( xtype==etGENERIC && precision>0 ) precision--;
+#if 0
+        /* Rounding works like BSD when the constant 0.4999 is used.  Wierd! */
+        for(idx=precision, rounder=0.4999; idx>0; idx--, rounder*=0.1);
+#else
+        /* It makes more sense to use 0.5 */
+        for(idx=precision, rounder=0.5; idx>0; idx--, rounder*=0.1){}
+#endif
+        if( xtype==etFLOAT ) realvalue += rounder;
+        /* Normalize realvalue to within 10.0 > realvalue >= 1.0 */
+        exp = 0;
+        if( sqlite3IsNaN((double)realvalue) ){
+          bufpt = "NaN";
+          length = 3;
+          break;
+        }
+        if( realvalue>0.0 ){
+          while( realvalue>=1e32 && exp<=350 ){ realvalue *= 1e-32; exp+=32; }
+          while( realvalue>=1e8 && exp<=350 ){ realvalue *= 1e-8; exp+=8; }
+          while( realvalue>=10.0 && exp<=350 ){ realvalue *= 0.1; exp++; }
+          while( realvalue<1e-8 ){ realvalue *= 1e8; exp-=8; }
+          while( realvalue<1.0 ){ realvalue *= 10.0; exp--; }
+          if( exp>350 ){
+            if( prefix=='-' ){
+              bufpt = "-Inf";
+            }else if( prefix=='+' ){
+              bufpt = "+Inf";
+            }else{
+              bufpt = "Inf";
+            }
+            length = sqlite3Strlen30(bufpt);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        bufpt = buf;
+        /*
+        ** If the field type is etGENERIC, then convert to either etEXP
+        ** or etFLOAT, as appropriate.
+        */
+        flag_exp = xtype==etEXP;
+        if( xtype!=etFLOAT ){
+          realvalue += rounder;
+          if( realvalue>=10.0 ){ realvalue *= 0.1; exp++; }
+        }
+        if( xtype==etGENERIC ){
+          flag_rtz = !flag_alternateform;
+          if( exp<-4 || exp>precision ){
+            xtype = etEXP;
+          }else{
+            precision = precision - exp;
+            xtype = etFLOAT;
+          }
+        }else{
+          flag_rtz = 0;
+        }
+        if( xtype==etEXP ){
+          e2 = 0;
+        }else{
+          e2 = exp;
+        }
+        nsd = 0;
+        flag_dp = (precision>0 ?1:0) | flag_alternateform | flag_altform2;
+        /* The sign in front of the number */
+        if( prefix ){
+          *(bufpt++) = prefix;
+        }
+        /* Digits prior to the decimal point */
+        if( e2<0 ){
+          *(bufpt++) = '0';
+        }else{
+          for(; e2>=0; e2--){
+            *(bufpt++) = et_getdigit(&realvalue,&nsd);
+          }
+        }
+        /* The decimal point */
+        if( flag_dp ){
+          *(bufpt++) = '.';
+        }
+        /* "0" digits after the decimal point but before the first
+        ** significant digit of the number */
+        for(e2++; e2<0; precision--, e2++){
+          assert( precision>0 );
+          *(bufpt++) = '0';
+        }
+        /* Significant digits after the decimal point */
+        while( (precision--)>0 ){
+          *(bufpt++) = et_getdigit(&realvalue,&nsd);
+        }
+        /* Remove trailing zeros and the "." if no digits follow the "." */
+        if( flag_rtz && flag_dp ){
+          while( bufpt[-1]=='0' ) *(--bufpt) = 0;
+          assert( bufpt>buf );
+          if( bufpt[-1]=='.' ){
+            if( flag_altform2 ){
+              *(bufpt++) = '0';
+            }else{
+              *(--bufpt) = 0;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        /* Add the "eNNN" suffix */
+        if( flag_exp || xtype==etEXP ){
+          *(bufpt++) = aDigits[infop->charset];
+          if( exp<0 ){
+            *(bufpt++) = '-'; exp = -exp;
+          }else{
+            *(bufpt++) = '+';
+          }
+          if( exp>=100 ){
+            *(bufpt++) = (char)((exp/100)+'0');        /* 100's digit */
+            exp %= 100;
+          }
+          *(bufpt++) = (char)(exp/10+'0');             /* 10's digit */
+          *(bufpt++) = (char)(exp%10+'0');             /* 1's digit */
+        }
+        *bufpt = 0;
+
+        /* The converted number is in buf[] and zero terminated. Output it.
+        ** Note that the number is in the usual order, not reversed as with
+        ** integer conversions. */
+        length = (int)(bufpt-buf);
+        bufpt = buf;
+
+        /* Special case:  Add leading zeros if the flag_zeropad flag is
+        ** set and we are not left justified */
+        if( flag_zeropad && !flag_leftjustify && length < width){
+          int i;
+          int nPad = width - length;
+          for(i=width; i>=nPad; i--){
+            bufpt[i] = bufpt[i-nPad];
+          }
+          i = prefix!=0;
+          while( nPad-- ) bufpt[i++] = '0';
+          length = width;
+        }
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT) */
+        break;
+      case etSIZE:
+        *(va_arg(ap,int*)) = pAccum->nChar;
+        length = width = 0;
+        break;
+      case etPERCENT:
+        buf[0] = '%';
+        bufpt = buf;
+        length = 1;
+        break;
+      case etCHARX:
+        c = va_arg(ap,int);
+        buf[0] = (char)c;
+        if( precision>=0 ){
+          for(idx=1; idx<precision; idx++) buf[idx] = (char)c;
+          length = precision;
+        }else{
+          length =1;
+        }
+        bufpt = buf;
+        break;
+      case etSTRING:
+      case etDYNSTRING:
+        bufpt = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        if( bufpt==0 ){
+          bufpt = "";
+        }else if( xtype==etDYNSTRING ){
+          zExtra = bufpt;
+        }
+        if( precision>=0 ){
+          for(length=0; length<precision && bufpt[length]; length++){}
+        }else{
+          length = sqlite3Strlen30(bufpt);
+        }
+        break;
+      case etSQLESCAPE:
+      case etSQLESCAPE2:
+      case etSQLESCAPE3: {
+        int i, j, k, n, isnull;
+        int needQuote;
+        char ch;
+        char q = ((xtype==etSQLESCAPE3)?'"':'\'');   /* Quote character */
+        char *escarg = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        isnull = escarg==0;
+        if( isnull ) escarg = (xtype==etSQLESCAPE2 ? "NULL" : "(NULL)");
+        k = precision;
+        for(i=n=0; k!=0 && (ch=escarg[i])!=0; i++, k--){
+          if( ch==q )  n++;
+        }
+        needQuote = !isnull && xtype==etSQLESCAPE2;
+        n += i + 1 + needQuote*2;
+        if( n>etBUFSIZE ){
+          bufpt = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( n );
+          if( bufpt==0 ){
+            pAccum->mallocFailed = 1;
+            return;
+          }
+        }else{
+          bufpt = buf;
+        }
+        j = 0;
+        if( needQuote ) bufpt[j++] = q;
+        k = i;
+        for(i=0; i<k; i++){
+          bufpt[j++] = ch = escarg[i];
+          if( ch==q ) bufpt[j++] = ch;
+        }
+        if( needQuote ) bufpt[j++] = q;
+        bufpt[j] = 0;
+        length = j;
+        /* The precision in %q and %Q means how many input characters to
+        ** consume, not the length of the output...
+        ** if( precision>=0 && precision<length ) length = precision; */
+        break;
+      }
+      case etTOKEN: {
+        Token *pToken = va_arg(ap, Token*);
+        if( pToken ){
+          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, (const char*)pToken->z, pToken->n);
+        }
+        length = width = 0;
+        break;
+      }
+      case etSRCLIST: {
+        SrcList *pSrc = va_arg(ap, SrcList*);
+        int k = va_arg(ap, int);
+        struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pSrc->a[k];
+        assert( k>=0 && k<pSrc->nSrc );
+        if( pItem->zDatabase ){
+          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, pItem->zDatabase, -1);
+          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, ".", 1);
+        }
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, pItem->zName, -1);
+        length = width = 0;
+        break;
+      }
+      default: {
+        assert( xtype==etINVALID );
+        return;
+      }
+    }/* End switch over the format type */
+    /*
+    ** The text of the conversion is pointed to by "bufpt" and is
+    ** "length" characters long.  The field width is "width".  Do
+    ** the output.
+    */
+    if( !flag_leftjustify ){
+      register int nspace;
+      nspace = width-length;
+      if( nspace>0 ){
+        appendSpace(pAccum, nspace);
+      }
+    }
+    if( length>0 ){
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, length);
+    }
+    if( flag_leftjustify ){
+      register int nspace;
+      nspace = width-length;
+      if( nspace>0 ){
+        appendSpace(pAccum, nspace);
+      }
+    }
+    if( zExtra ){
+      sqlite3_free(zExtra);
+    }
+  }/* End for loop over the format string */
+} /* End of function */
+
+/*
+** Append N bytes of text from z to the StrAccum object.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum *p, const char *z, int N){
+  assert( z!=0 || N==0 );
+  if( p->tooBig | p->mallocFailed ){
+    testcase(p->tooBig);
+    testcase(p->mallocFailed);
+    return;
+  }
+  if( N<0 ){
+    N = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+  }
+  if( N==0 || NEVER(z==0) ){
+    return;
+  }
+  if( p->nChar+N >= p->nAlloc ){
+    char *zNew;
+    if( !p->useMalloc ){
+      p->tooBig = 1;
+      N = p->nAlloc - p->nChar - 1;
+      if( N<=0 ){
+        return;
+      }
+    }else{
+      char *zOld = (p->zText==p->zBase ? 0 : p->zText);
+      i64 szNew = p->nChar;
+      szNew += N + 1;
+      if( szNew > p->mxAlloc ){
+        sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
+        p->tooBig = 1;
+        return;
+      }else{
+        p->nAlloc = (int)szNew;
+      }
+      if( p->useMalloc==1 ){
+        zNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, zOld, p->nAlloc);
+      }else{
+        zNew = sqlite3_realloc(zOld, p->nAlloc);
+      }
+      if( zNew ){
+        if( zOld==0 ) memcpy(zNew, p->zText, p->nChar);
+        p->zText = zNew;
+      }else{
+        p->mallocFailed = 1;
+        sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  memcpy(&p->zText[p->nChar], z, N);
+  p->nChar += N;
+}
+
+/*
+** Finish off a string by making sure it is zero-terminated.
+** Return a pointer to the resulting string.  Return a NULL
+** pointer if any kind of error was encountered.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3StrAccumFinish(StrAccum *p){
+  if( p->zText ){
+    p->zText[p->nChar] = 0;
+    if( p->useMalloc && p->zText==p->zBase ){
+      if( p->useMalloc==1 ){
+        p->zText = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(p->db, p->nChar+1 );
+      }else{
+        p->zText = sqlite3_malloc(p->nChar+1);
+      }
+      if( p->zText ){
+        memcpy(p->zText, p->zBase, p->nChar+1);
+      }else{
+        p->mallocFailed = 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return p->zText;
+}
+
+/*
+** Reset an StrAccum string.  Reclaim all malloced memory.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumReset(StrAccum *p){
+  if( p->zText!=p->zBase ){
+    if( p->useMalloc==1 ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->zText);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_free(p->zText);
+    }
+  }
+  p->zText = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize a string accumulator
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumInit(StrAccum *p, char *zBase, int n, int mx){
+  p->zText = p->zBase = zBase;
+  p->db = 0;
+  p->nChar = 0;
+  p->nAlloc = n;
+  p->mxAlloc = mx;
+  p->useMalloc = 1;
+  p->tooBig = 0;
+  p->mallocFailed = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Print into memory obtained from sqliteMalloc().  Use the internal
+** %-conversion extensions.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VMPrintf(sqlite3 *db, const char *zFormat, va_list ap){
+  char *z;
+  char zBase[SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE];
+  StrAccum acc;
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, zBase, sizeof(zBase),
+                      db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]);
+  acc.db = db;
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, 1, zFormat, ap);
+  z = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
+  if( acc.mallocFailed ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+  return z;
+}
+
+/*
+** Print into memory obtained from sqliteMalloc().  Use the internal
+** %-conversion extensions.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3MPrintf(sqlite3 *db, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  char *z;
+  va_start(ap, zFormat);
+  z = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  return z;
+}
+
+/*
+** Like sqlite3MPrintf(), but call sqlite3DbFree() on zStr after formatting
+** the string and before returnning.  This routine is intended to be used
+** to modify an existing string.  For example:
+**
+**       x = sqlite3MPrintf(db, x, "prefix %s suffix", x);
+**
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3MAppendf(sqlite3 *db, char *zStr, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  char *z;
+  va_start(ap, zFormat);
+  z = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zStr);
+  return z;
+}
+
+/*
+** Print into memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc().  Omit the internal
+** %-conversion extensions.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vmprintf(const char *zFormat, va_list ap){
+  char *z;
+  char zBase[SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE];
+  StrAccum acc;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  if( sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
+#endif
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, zBase, sizeof(zBase), SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
+  acc.useMalloc = 2;
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, 0, zFormat, ap);
+  z = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
+  return z;
+}
+
+/*
+** Print into memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc()().  Omit the internal
+** %-conversion extensions.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_mprintf(const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  char *z;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  if( sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
+#endif
+  va_start(ap, zFormat);
+  z = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  return z;
+}
+
+/*
+** sqlite3_snprintf() works like snprintf() except that it ignores the
+** current locale settings.  This is important for SQLite because we
+** are not able to use a "," as the decimal point in place of "." as
+** specified by some locales.
+**
+** Oops:  The first two arguments of sqlite3_snprintf() are backwards
+** from the snprintf() standard.  Unfortunately, it is too late to change
+** this without breaking compatibility, so we just have to live with the
+** mistake.
+**
+** sqlite3_vsnprintf() is the varargs version.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vsnprintf(int n, char *zBuf, const char *zFormat, va_list ap){
+  StrAccum acc;
+  if( n<=0 ) return zBuf;
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, zBuf, n, 0);
+  acc.useMalloc = 0;
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, 0, zFormat, ap);
+  return sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
+}
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_snprintf(int n, char *zBuf, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  char *z;
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap,zFormat);
+  z = sqlite3_vsnprintf(n, zBuf, zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  return z;
+}
+
+/*
+** This is the routine that actually formats the sqlite3_log() message.
+** We house it in a separate routine from sqlite3_log() to avoid using
+** stack space on small-stack systems when logging is disabled.
+**
+** sqlite3_log() must render into a static buffer.  It cannot dynamically
+** allocate memory because it might be called while the memory allocator
+** mutex is held.
+*/
+static void renderLogMsg(int iErrCode, const char *zFormat, va_list ap){
+  StrAccum acc;                          /* String accumulator */
+  char zMsg[SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE*3];    /* Complete log message */
+
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, zMsg, sizeof(zMsg), 0);
+  acc.useMalloc = 0;
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, 0, zFormat, ap);
+  sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pLogArg, iErrCode,
+                           sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc));
+}
+
+/*
+** Format and write a message to the log if logging is enabled.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_log(int iErrCode, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;                             /* Vararg list */
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog ){
+    va_start(ap, zFormat);
+    renderLogMsg(iErrCode, zFormat, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+  }
+}
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/*
+** A version of printf() that understands %lld.  Used for debugging.
+** The printf() built into some versions of windows does not understand %lld
+** and segfaults if you give it a long long int.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DebugPrintf(const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  StrAccum acc;
+  char zBuf[500];
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, zBuf, sizeof(zBuf), 0);
+  acc.useMalloc = 0;
+  va_start(ap,zFormat);
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, 0, zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
+  fprintf(stdout,"%s", zBuf);
+  fflush(stdout);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+/*
+** variable-argument wrapper around sqlite3VXPrintf().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap,zFormat);
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(p, 1, zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+}
+#endif
+
+/************** End of printf.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file random.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code to implement a pseudo-random number
+** generator (PRNG) for SQLite.
+**
+** Random numbers are used by some of the database backends in order
+** to generate random integer keys for tables or random filenames.
+*/
+
+
+/* All threads share a single random number generator.
+** This structure is the current state of the generator.
+*/
+static SQLITE_WSD struct sqlite3PrngType {
+  unsigned char isInit;          /* True if initialized */
+  unsigned char i, j;            /* State variables */
+  unsigned char s[256];          /* State variables */
+} sqlite3Prng;
+
+/*
+** Get a single 8-bit random value from the RC4 PRNG.  The Mutex
+** must be held while executing this routine.
+**
+** Why not just use a library random generator like lrand48() for this?
+** Because the OP_NewRowid opcode in the VDBE depends on having a very
+** good source of random numbers.  The lrand48() library function may
+** well be good enough.  But maybe not.  Or maybe lrand48() has some
+** subtle problems on some systems that could cause problems.  It is hard
+** to know.  To minimize the risk of problems due to bad lrand48()
+** implementations, SQLite uses this random number generator based
+** on RC4, which we know works very well.
+**
+** (Later):  Actually, OP_NewRowid does not depend on a good source of
+** randomness any more.  But we will leave this code in all the same.
+*/
+static u8 randomByte(void){
+  unsigned char t;
+
+
+  /* The "wsdPrng" macro will resolve to the pseudo-random number generator
+  ** state vector.  If writable static data is unsupported on the target,
+  ** we have to locate the state vector at run-time.  In the more common
+  ** case where writable static data is supported, wsdPrng can refer directly
+  ** to the "sqlite3Prng" state vector declared above.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+  struct sqlite3PrngType *p = &GLOBAL(struct sqlite3PrngType, sqlite3Prng);
+# define wsdPrng p[0]
+#else
+# define wsdPrng sqlite3Prng
+#endif
+
+
+  /* Initialize the state of the random number generator once,
+  ** the first time this routine is called.  The seed value does
+  ** not need to contain a lot of randomness since we are not
+  ** trying to do secure encryption or anything like that...
+  **
+  ** Nothing in this file or anywhere else in SQLite does any kind of
+  ** encryption.  The RC4 algorithm is being used as a PRNG (pseudo-random
+  ** number generator) not as an encryption device.
+  */
+  if( !wsdPrng.isInit ){
+    int i;
+    char k[256];
+    wsdPrng.j = 0;
+    wsdPrng.i = 0;
+    sqlite3OsRandomness(sqlite3_vfs_find(0), 256, k);
+    for(i=0; i<256; i++){
+      wsdPrng.s[i] = (u8)i;
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<256; i++){
+      wsdPrng.j += wsdPrng.s[i] + k[i];
+      t = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j];
+      wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j] = wsdPrng.s[i];
+      wsdPrng.s[i] = t;
+    }
+    wsdPrng.isInit = 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Generate and return single random byte
+  */
+  wsdPrng.i++;
+  t = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
+  wsdPrng.j += t;
+  wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i] = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j];
+  wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j] = t;
+  t += wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
+  return wsdPrng.s[t];
+}
+
+/*
+** Return N random bytes.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *pBuf){
+  unsigned char *zBuf = pBuf;
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG);
+#endif
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+  while( N-- ){
+    *(zBuf++) = randomByte();
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+/*
+** For testing purposes, we sometimes want to preserve the state of
+** PRNG and restore the PRNG to its saved state at a later time, or
+** to reset the PRNG to its initial state.  These routines accomplish
+** those tasks.
+**
+** The sqlite3_test_control() interface calls these routines to
+** control the PRNG.
+*/
+static SQLITE_WSD struct sqlite3PrngType sqlite3SavedPrng;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngSaveState(void){
+  memcpy(
+    &GLOBAL(struct sqlite3PrngType, sqlite3SavedPrng),
+    &GLOBAL(struct sqlite3PrngType, sqlite3Prng),
+    sizeof(sqlite3Prng)
+  );
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngRestoreState(void){
+  memcpy(
+    &GLOBAL(struct sqlite3PrngType, sqlite3Prng),
+    &GLOBAL(struct sqlite3PrngType, sqlite3SavedPrng),
+    sizeof(sqlite3Prng)
+  );
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngResetState(void){
+  GLOBAL(struct sqlite3PrngType, sqlite3Prng).isInit = 0;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST */
+
+/************** End of random.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file utf.c *********************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 April 13
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains routines used to translate between UTF-8, 
+** UTF-16, UTF-16BE, and UTF-16LE.
+**
+** Notes on UTF-8:
+**
+**   Byte-0    Byte-1    Byte-2    Byte-3    Value
+**  0xxxxxxx                                 00000000 00000000 0xxxxxxx
+**  110yyyyy  10xxxxxx                       00000000 00000yyy yyxxxxxx
+**  1110zzzz  10yyyyyy  10xxxxxx             00000000 zzzzyyyy yyxxxxxx
+**  11110uuu  10uuzzzz  10yyyyyy  10xxxxxx   000uuuuu zzzzyyyy yyxxxxxx
+**
+**
+** Notes on UTF-16:  (with wwww+1==uuuuu)
+**
+**      Word-0               Word-1          Value
+**  110110ww wwzzzzyy   110111yy yyxxxxxx    000uuuuu zzzzyyyy yyxxxxxx
+**  zzzzyyyy yyxxxxxx                        00000000 zzzzyyyy yyxxxxxx
+**
+**
+** BOM or Byte Order Mark:
+**     0xff 0xfe   little-endian utf-16 follows
+**     0xfe 0xff   big-endian utf-16 follows
+**
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+/*
+** The following constant value is used by the SQLITE_BIGENDIAN and
+** SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN macros.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const int sqlite3one = 1;
+#endif /* SQLITE_AMALGAMATION */
+
+/*
+** This lookup table is used to help decode the first byte of
+** a multi-byte UTF8 character.
+*/
+static const unsigned char sqlite3Utf8Trans1[] = {
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+  0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
+  0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+  0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+  0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
+};
+
+
+#define WRITE_UTF8(zOut, c) {                          \
+  if( c<0x00080 ){                                     \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0xFF);                            \
+  }                                                    \
+  else if( c<0x00800 ){                                \
+    *zOut++ = 0xC0 + (u8)((c>>6)&0x1F);                \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);                   \
+  }                                                    \
+  else if( c<0x10000 ){                                \
+    *zOut++ = 0xE0 + (u8)((c>>12)&0x0F);               \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);              \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);                   \
+  }else{                                               \
+    *zOut++ = 0xF0 + (u8)((c>>18) & 0x07);             \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>12) & 0x3F);             \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);              \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);                   \
+  }                                                    \
+}
+
+#define WRITE_UTF16LE(zOut, c) {                                    \
+  if( c<=0xFFFF ){                                                  \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0x00FF);                                       \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)((c>>8)&0x00FF);                                  \
+  }else{                                                            \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(((c>>10)&0x003F) + (((c-0x10000)>>10)&0x00C0));  \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(0x00D8 + (((c-0x10000)>>18)&0x03));              \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0x00FF);                                       \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(0x00DC + ((c>>8)&0x03));                         \
+  }                                                                 \
+}
+
+#define WRITE_UTF16BE(zOut, c) {                                    \
+  if( c<=0xFFFF ){                                                  \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)((c>>8)&0x00FF);                                  \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0x00FF);                                       \
+  }else{                                                            \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(0x00D8 + (((c-0x10000)>>18)&0x03));              \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(((c>>10)&0x003F) + (((c-0x10000)>>10)&0x00C0));  \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(0x00DC + ((c>>8)&0x03));                         \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0x00FF);                                       \
+  }                                                                 \
+}
+
+#define READ_UTF16LE(zIn, TERM, c){                                   \
+  c = (*zIn++);                                                       \
+  c += ((*zIn++)<<8);                                                 \
+  if( c>=0xD800 && c<0xE000 && TERM ){                                \
+    int c2 = (*zIn++);                                                \
+    c2 += ((*zIn++)<<8);                                              \
+    c = (c2&0x03FF) + ((c&0x003F)<<10) + (((c&0x03C0)+0x0040)<<10);   \
+  }                                                                   \
+}
+
+#define READ_UTF16BE(zIn, TERM, c){                                   \
+  c = ((*zIn++)<<8);                                                  \
+  c += (*zIn++);                                                      \
+  if( c>=0xD800 && c<0xE000 && TERM ){                                \
+    int c2 = ((*zIn++)<<8);                                           \
+    c2 += (*zIn++);                                                   \
+    c = (c2&0x03FF) + ((c&0x003F)<<10) + (((c&0x03C0)+0x0040)<<10);   \
+  }                                                                   \
+}
+
+/*
+** Translate a single UTF-8 character.  Return the unicode value.
+**
+** During translation, assume that the byte that zTerm points
+** is a 0x00.
+**
+** Write a pointer to the next unread byte back into *pzNext.
+**
+** Notes On Invalid UTF-8:
+**
+**  *  This routine never allows a 7-bit character (0x00 through 0x7f) to
+**     be encoded as a multi-byte character.  Any multi-byte character that
+**     attempts to encode a value between 0x00 and 0x7f is rendered as 0xfffd.
+**
+**  *  This routine never allows a UTF16 surrogate value to be encoded.
+**     If a multi-byte character attempts to encode a value between
+**     0xd800 and 0xe000 then it is rendered as 0xfffd.
+**
+**  *  Bytes in the range of 0x80 through 0xbf which occur as the first
+**     byte of a character are interpreted as single-byte characters
+**     and rendered as themselves even though they are technically
+**     invalid characters.
+**
+**  *  This routine accepts an infinite number of different UTF8 encodings
+**     for unicode values 0x80 and greater.  It do not change over-length
+**     encodings to 0xfffd as some systems recommend.
+*/
+#define READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c)                           \
+  c = *(zIn++);                                            \
+  if( c>=0xc0 ){                                           \
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Trans1[c-0xc0];                         \
+    while( zIn!=zTerm && (*zIn & 0xc0)==0x80 ){            \
+      c = (c<<6) + (0x3f & *(zIn++));                      \
+    }                                                      \
+    if( c<0x80                                             \
+        || (c&0xFFFFF800)==0xD800                          \
+        || (c&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ){  c = 0xFFFD; }        \
+  }
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(
+  const unsigned char *zIn,       /* First byte of UTF-8 character */
+  const unsigned char **pzNext    /* Write first byte past UTF-8 char here */
+){
+  unsigned int c;
+
+  /* Same as READ_UTF8() above but without the zTerm parameter.
+  ** For this routine, we assume the UTF8 string is always zero-terminated.
+  */
+  c = *(zIn++);
+  if( c>=0xc0 ){
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Trans1[c-0xc0];
+    while( (*zIn & 0xc0)==0x80 ){
+      c = (c<<6) + (0x3f & *(zIn++));
+    }
+    if( c<0x80
+        || (c&0xFFFFF800)==0xD800
+        || (c&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ){  c = 0xFFFD; }
+  }
+  *pzNext = zIn;
+  return c;
+}
+
+
+
+
+/*
+** If the TRANSLATE_TRACE macro is defined, the value of each Mem is
+** printed on stderr on the way into and out of sqlite3VdbeMemTranslate().
+*/ 
+/* #define TRANSLATE_TRACE 1 */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+/*
+** This routine transforms the internal text encoding used by pMem to
+** desiredEnc. It is an error if the string is already of the desired
+** encoding, or if *pMem does not contain a string value.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemTranslate(Mem *pMem, u8 desiredEnc){
+  int len;                    /* Maximum length of output string in bytes */
+  unsigned char *zOut;                  /* Output buffer */
+  unsigned char *zIn;                   /* Input iterator */
+  unsigned char *zTerm;                 /* End of input */
+  unsigned char *z;                     /* Output iterator */
+  unsigned int c;
+
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  assert( pMem->flags&MEM_Str );
+  assert( pMem->enc!=desiredEnc );
+  assert( pMem->enc!=0 );
+  assert( pMem->n>=0 );
+
+#if defined(TRANSLATE_TRACE) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  {
+    char zBuf[100];
+    sqlite3VdbeMemPrettyPrint(pMem, zBuf);
+    fprintf(stderr, "INPUT:  %s\n", zBuf);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If the translation is between UTF-16 little and big endian, then 
+  ** all that is required is to swap the byte order. This case is handled
+  ** differently from the others.
+  */
+  if( pMem->enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 && desiredEnc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+    u8 temp;
+    int rc;
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(pMem);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    zIn = (u8*)pMem->z;
+    zTerm = &zIn[pMem->n&~1];
+    while( zIn<zTerm ){
+      temp = *zIn;
+      *zIn = *(zIn+1);
+      zIn++;
+      *zIn++ = temp;
+    }
+    pMem->enc = desiredEnc;
+    goto translate_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Set len to the maximum number of bytes required in the output buffer. */
+  if( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+    /* When converting from UTF-16, the maximum growth results from
+    ** translating a 2-byte character to a 4-byte UTF-8 character.
+    ** A single byte is required for the output string
+    ** nul-terminator.
+    */
+    pMem->n &= ~1;
+    len = pMem->n * 2 + 1;
+  }else{
+    /* When converting from UTF-8 to UTF-16 the maximum growth is caused
+    ** when a 1-byte UTF-8 character is translated into a 2-byte UTF-16
+    ** character. Two bytes are required in the output buffer for the
+    ** nul-terminator.
+    */
+    len = pMem->n * 2 + 2;
+  }
+
+  /* Set zIn to point at the start of the input buffer and zTerm to point 1
+  ** byte past the end.
+  **
+  ** Variable zOut is set to point at the output buffer, space obtained
+  ** from sqlite3_malloc().
+  */
+  zIn = (u8*)pMem->z;
+  zTerm = &zIn[pMem->n];
+  zOut = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pMem->db, len);
+  if( !zOut ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  z = zOut;
+
+  if( pMem->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+    if( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16LE ){
+      /* UTF-8 -> UTF-16 Little-endian */
+      while( zIn<zTerm ){
+        /* c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, zTerm, (const u8**)&zIn); */
+        READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c);
+        WRITE_UTF16LE(z, c);
+      }
+    }else{
+      assert( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+      /* UTF-8 -> UTF-16 Big-endian */
+      while( zIn<zTerm ){
+        /* c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, zTerm, (const u8**)&zIn); */
+        READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c);
+        WRITE_UTF16BE(z, c);
+      }
+    }
+    pMem->n = (int)(z - zOut);
+    *z++ = 0;
+  }else{
+    assert( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
+    if( pMem->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE ){
+      /* UTF-16 Little-endian -> UTF-8 */
+      while( zIn<zTerm ){
+        READ_UTF16LE(zIn, zIn<zTerm, c); 
+        WRITE_UTF8(z, c);
+      }
+    }else{
+      /* UTF-16 Big-endian -> UTF-8 */
+      while( zIn<zTerm ){
+        READ_UTF16BE(zIn, zIn<zTerm, c); 
+        WRITE_UTF8(z, c);
+      }
+    }
+    pMem->n = (int)(z - zOut);
+  }
+  *z = 0;
+  assert( (pMem->n+(desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2))<=len );
+
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+  pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Static|MEM_Dyn|MEM_Ephem);
+  pMem->enc = desiredEnc;
+  pMem->flags |= (MEM_Term|MEM_Dyn);
+  pMem->z = (char*)zOut;
+  pMem->zMalloc = pMem->z;
+
+translate_out:
+#if defined(TRANSLATE_TRACE) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  {
+    char zBuf[100];
+    sqlite3VdbeMemPrettyPrint(pMem, zBuf);
+    fprintf(stderr, "OUTPUT: %s\n", zBuf);
+  }
+#endif
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine checks for a byte-order mark at the beginning of the 
+** UTF-16 string stored in *pMem. If one is present, it is removed and
+** the encoding of the Mem adjusted. This routine does not do any
+** byte-swapping, it just sets Mem.enc appropriately.
+**
+** The allocation (static, dynamic etc.) and encoding of the Mem may be
+** changed by this function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemHandleBom(Mem *pMem){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  u8 bom = 0;
+
+  assert( pMem->n>=0 );
+  if( pMem->n>1 ){
+    u8 b1 = *(u8 *)pMem->z;
+    u8 b2 = *(((u8 *)pMem->z) + 1);
+    if( b1==0xFE && b2==0xFF ){
+      bom = SQLITE_UTF16BE;
+    }
+    if( b1==0xFF && b2==0xFE ){
+      bom = SQLITE_UTF16LE;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  if( bom ){
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(pMem);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pMem->n -= 2;
+      memmove(pMem->z, &pMem->z[2], pMem->n);
+      pMem->z[pMem->n] = '\0';
+      pMem->z[pMem->n+1] = '\0';
+      pMem->flags |= MEM_Term;
+      pMem->enc = bom;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+/*
+** pZ is a UTF-8 encoded unicode string. If nByte is less than zero,
+** return the number of unicode characters in pZ up to (but not including)
+** the first 0x00 byte. If nByte is not less than zero, return the
+** number of unicode characters in the first nByte of pZ (or up to 
+** the first 0x00, whichever comes first).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8CharLen(const char *zIn, int nByte){
+  int r = 0;
+  const u8 *z = (const u8*)zIn;
+  const u8 *zTerm;
+  if( nByte>=0 ){
+    zTerm = &z[nByte];
+  }else{
+    zTerm = (const u8*)(-1);
+  }
+  assert( z<=zTerm );
+  while( *z!=0 && z<zTerm ){
+    SQLITE_SKIP_UTF8(z);
+    r++;
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* This test function is not currently used by the automated test-suite. 
+** Hence it is only available in debug builds.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/*
+** Translate UTF-8 to UTF-8.
+**
+** This has the effect of making sure that the string is well-formed
+** UTF-8.  Miscoded characters are removed.
+**
+** The translation is done in-place and aborted if the output
+** overruns the input.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8To8(unsigned char *zIn){
+  unsigned char *zOut = zIn;
+  unsigned char *zStart = zIn;
+  u32 c;
+
+  while( zIn[0] && zOut<=zIn ){
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, (const u8**)&zIn);
+    if( c!=0xfffd ){
+      WRITE_UTF8(zOut, c);
+    }
+  }
+  *zOut = 0;
+  return (int)(zOut - zStart);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+/*
+** Convert a UTF-16 string in the native encoding into a UTF-8 string.
+** Memory to hold the UTF-8 string is obtained from sqlite3_malloc and must
+** be freed by the calling function.
+**
+** NULL is returned if there is an allocation error.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf16to8(sqlite3 *db, const void *z, int nByte, u8 enc){
+  Mem m;
+  memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
+  m.db = db;
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&m, z, nByte, enc, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&m, SQLITE_UTF8);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&m);
+    m.z = 0;
+  }
+  assert( (m.flags & MEM_Term)!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
+  assert( (m.flags & MEM_Str)!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
+  assert( (m.flags & MEM_Dyn)!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
+  assert( m.z || db->mallocFailed );
+  return m.z;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert a UTF-8 string to the UTF-16 encoding specified by parameter
+** enc. A pointer to the new string is returned, and the value of *pnOut
+** is set to the length of the returned string in bytes. The call should
+** arrange to call sqlite3DbFree() on the returned pointer when it is
+** no longer required.
+** 
+** If a malloc failure occurs, NULL is returned and the db.mallocFailed
+** flag set.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf8to16(sqlite3 *db, u8 enc, char *z, int n, int *pnOut){
+  Mem m;
+  memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
+  m.db = db;
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&m, z, n, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTranslate(&m, enc) ){
+    assert( db->mallocFailed );
+    return 0;
+  }
+  assert( m.z==m.zMalloc );
+  *pnOut = m.n;
+  return m.z;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** zIn is a UTF-16 encoded unicode string at least nChar characters long.
+** Return the number of bytes in the first nChar unicode characters
+** in pZ.  nChar must be non-negative.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf16ByteLen(const void *zIn, int nChar){
+  int c;
+  unsigned char const *z = zIn;
+  int n = 0;
+  
+  if( SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE==SQLITE_UTF16BE ){
+    while( n<nChar ){
+      READ_UTF16BE(z, 1, c);
+      n++;
+    }
+  }else{
+    while( n<nChar ){
+      READ_UTF16LE(z, 1, c);
+      n++;
+    }
+  }
+  return (int)(z-(unsigned char const *)zIn);
+}
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+/*
+** This routine is called from the TCL test function "translate_selftest".
+** It checks that the primitives for serializing and deserializing
+** characters in each encoding are inverses of each other.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UtfSelfTest(void){
+  unsigned int i, t;
+  unsigned char zBuf[20];
+  unsigned char *z;
+  int n;
+  unsigned int c;
+
+  for(i=0; i<0x00110000; i++){
+    z = zBuf;
+    WRITE_UTF8(z, i);
+    n = (int)(z-zBuf);
+    assert( n>0 && n<=4 );
+    z[0] = 0;
+    z = zBuf;
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Read(z, (const u8**)&z);
+    t = i;
+    if( i>=0xD800 && i<=0xDFFF ) t = 0xFFFD;
+    if( (i&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ) t = 0xFFFD;
+    assert( c==t );
+    assert( (z-zBuf)==n );
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<0x00110000; i++){
+    if( i>=0xD800 && i<0xE000 ) continue;
+    z = zBuf;
+    WRITE_UTF16LE(z, i);
+    n = (int)(z-zBuf);
+    assert( n>0 && n<=4 );
+    z[0] = 0;
+    z = zBuf;
+    READ_UTF16LE(z, 1, c);
+    assert( c==i );
+    assert( (z-zBuf)==n );
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<0x00110000; i++){
+    if( i>=0xD800 && i<0xE000 ) continue;
+    z = zBuf;
+    WRITE_UTF16BE(z, i);
+    n = (int)(z-zBuf);
+    assert( n>0 && n<=4 );
+    z[0] = 0;
+    z = zBuf;
+    READ_UTF16BE(z, 1, c);
+    assert( c==i );
+    assert( (z-zBuf)==n );
+  }
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_TEST */
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+/************** End of utf.c *************************************************/
+/************** Begin file util.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** Utility functions used throughout sqlite.
+**
+** This file contains functions for allocating memory, comparing
+** strings, and stuff like that.
+**
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN
+# include <math.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Routine needed to support the testcase() macro.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Coverage(int x){
+  static unsigned dummy = 0;
+  dummy += (unsigned)x;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+/*
+** Return true if the floating point value is Not a Number (NaN).
+**
+** Use the math library isnan() function if compiled with SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN.
+** Otherwise, we have our own implementation that works on most systems.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsNaN(double x){
+  int rc;   /* The value return */
+#if !defined(SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN)
+  /*
+  ** Systems that support the isnan() library function should probably
+  ** make use of it by compiling with -DSQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN.  But we have
+  ** found that many systems do not have a working isnan() function so
+  ** this implementation is provided as an alternative.
+  **
+  ** This NaN test sometimes fails if compiled on GCC with -ffast-math.
+  ** On the other hand, the use of -ffast-math comes with the following
+  ** warning:
+  **
+  **      This option [-ffast-math] should never be turned on by any
+  **      -O option since it can result in incorrect output for programs
+  **      which depend on an exact implementation of IEEE or ISO 
+  **      rules/specifications for math functions.
+  **
+  ** Under MSVC, this NaN test may fail if compiled with a floating-
+  ** point precision mode other than /fp:precise.  From the MSDN 
+  ** documentation:
+  **
+  **      The compiler [with /fp:precise] will properly handle comparisons 
+  **      involving NaN. For example, x != x evaluates to true if x is NaN 
+  **      ...
+  */
+#ifdef __FAST_MATH__
+# error SQLite will not work correctly with the -ffast-math option of GCC.
+#endif
+  volatile double y = x;
+  volatile double z = y;
+  rc = (y!=z);
+#else  /* if defined(SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN) */
+  rc = isnan(x);
+#endif /* SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN */
+  testcase( rc );
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT */
+
+/*
+** Compute a string length that is limited to what can be stored in
+** lower 30 bits of a 32-bit signed integer.
+**
+** The value returned will never be negative.  Nor will it ever be greater
+** than the actual length of the string.  For very long strings (greater
+** than 1GiB) the value returned might be less than the true string length.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Strlen30(const char *z){
+  const char *z2 = z;
+  if( z==0 ) return 0;
+  while( *z2 ){ z2++; }
+  return 0x3fffffff & (int)(z2 - z);
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the most recent error code and error string for the sqlite
+** handle "db". The error code is set to "err_code".
+**
+** If it is not NULL, string zFormat specifies the format of the
+** error string in the style of the printf functions: The following
+** format characters are allowed:
+**
+**      %s      Insert a string
+**      %z      A string that should be freed after use
+**      %d      Insert an integer
+**      %T      Insert a token
+**      %S      Insert the first element of a SrcList
+**
+** zFormat and any string tokens that follow it are assumed to be
+** encoded in UTF-8.
+**
+** To clear the most recent error for sqlite handle "db", sqlite3Error
+** should be called with err_code set to SQLITE_OK and zFormat set
+** to NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Error(sqlite3 *db, int err_code, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  if( db && (db->pErr || (db->pErr = sqlite3ValueNew(db))!=0) ){
+    db->errCode = err_code;
+    if( zFormat ){
+      char *z;
+      va_list ap;
+      va_start(ap, zFormat);
+      z = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
+      va_end(ap);
+      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, z, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, 0, 0, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Add an error message to pParse->zErrMsg and increment pParse->nErr.
+** The following formatting characters are allowed:
+**
+**      %s      Insert a string
+**      %z      A string that should be freed after use
+**      %d      Insert an integer
+**      %T      Insert a token
+**      %S      Insert the first element of a SrcList
+**
+** This function should be used to report any error that occurs whilst
+** compiling an SQL statement (i.e. within sqlite3_prepare()). The
+** last thing the sqlite3_prepare() function does is copy the error
+** stored by this function into the database handle using sqlite3Error().
+** Function sqlite3Error() should be used during statement execution
+** (sqlite3_step() etc.).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ErrorMsg(Parse *pParse, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  char *zMsg;
+  va_list ap;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  va_start(ap, zFormat);
+  zMsg = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  if( db->suppressErr ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zMsg);
+  }else{
+    pParse->nErr++;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->zErrMsg);
+    pParse->zErrMsg = zMsg;
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert an SQL-style quoted string into a normal string by removing
+** the quote characters.  The conversion is done in-place.  If the
+** input does not begin with a quote character, then this routine
+** is a no-op.
+**
+** The input string must be zero-terminated.  A new zero-terminator
+** is added to the dequoted string.
+**
+** The return value is -1 if no dequoting occurs or the length of the
+** dequoted string, exclusive of the zero terminator, if dequoting does
+** occur.
+**
+** 2002-Feb-14: This routine is extended to remove MS-Access style
+** brackets from around identifers.  For example:  "[a-b-c]" becomes
+** "a-b-c".
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Dequote(char *z){
+  char quote;
+  int i, j;
+  if( z==0 ) return -1;
+  quote = z[0];
+  switch( quote ){
+    case '\'':  break;
+    case '"':   break;
+    case '`':   break;                /* For MySQL compatibility */
+    case '[':   quote = ']';  break;  /* For MS SqlServer compatibility */
+    default:    return -1;
+  }
+  for(i=1, j=0; ALWAYS(z[i]); i++){
+    if( z[i]==quote ){
+      if( z[i+1]==quote ){
+        z[j++] = quote;
+        i++;
+      }else{
+        break;
+      }
+    }else{
+      z[j++] = z[i];
+    }
+  }
+  z[j] = 0;
+  return j;
+}
+
+/* Convenient short-hand */
+#define UpperToLower sqlite3UpperToLower
+
+/*
+** Some systems have stricmp().  Others have strcasecmp().  Because
+** there is no consistency, we will define our own.
+**
+** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-20522-24639 The sqlite3_strnicmp() API allows
+** applications and extensions to compare the contents of two buffers
+** containing UTF-8 strings in a case-independent fashion, using the same
+** definition of case independence that SQLite uses internally when
+** comparing identifiers.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3StrICmp(const char *zLeft, const char *zRight){
+  register unsigned char *a, *b;
+  a = (unsigned char *)zLeft;
+  b = (unsigned char *)zRight;
+  while( *a!=0 && UpperToLower[*a]==UpperToLower[*b]){ a++; b++; }
+  return UpperToLower[*a] - UpperToLower[*b];
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *zLeft, const char *zRight, int N){
+  register unsigned char *a, *b;
+  a = (unsigned char *)zLeft;
+  b = (unsigned char *)zRight;
+  while( N-- > 0 && *a!=0 && UpperToLower[*a]==UpperToLower[*b]){ a++; b++; }
+  return N<0 ? 0 : UpperToLower[*a] - UpperToLower[*b];
+}
+
+/*
+** The string z[] is an text representation of a real number.
+** Convert this string to a double and write it into *pResult.
+**
+** The string z[] is length bytes in length (bytes, not characters) and
+** uses the encoding enc.  The string is not necessarily zero-terminated.
+**
+** Return TRUE if the result is a valid real number (or integer) and FALSE
+** if the string is empty or contains extraneous text.  Valid numbers
+** are in one of these formats:
+**
+**    [+-]digits[E[+-]digits]
+**    [+-]digits.[digits][E[+-]digits]
+**    [+-].digits[E[+-]digits]
+**
+** Leading and trailing whitespace is ignored for the purpose of determining
+** validity.
+**
+** If some prefix of the input string is a valid number, this routine
+** returns FALSE but it still converts the prefix and writes the result
+** into *pResult.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double *pResult, int length, u8 enc){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+  int incr = (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
+  const char *zEnd = z + length;
+  /* sign * significand * (10 ^ (esign * exponent)) */
+  int sign = 1;    /* sign of significand */
+  i64 s = 0;       /* significand */
+  int d = 0;       /* adjust exponent for shifting decimal point */
+  int esign = 1;   /* sign of exponent */
+  int e = 0;       /* exponent */
+  int eValid = 1;  /* True exponent is either not used or is well-formed */
+  double result;
+  int nDigits = 0;
+
+  *pResult = 0.0;   /* Default return value, in case of an error */
+
+  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE ) z++;
+
+  /* skip leading spaces */
+  while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z+=incr;
+  if( z>=zEnd ) return 0;
+
+  /* get sign of significand */
+  if( *z=='-' ){
+    sign = -1;
+    z+=incr;
+  }else if( *z=='+' ){
+    z+=incr;
+  }
+
+  /* skip leading zeroes */
+  while( z<zEnd && z[0]=='0' ) z+=incr, nDigits++;
+
+  /* copy max significant digits to significand */
+  while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) && s<((LARGEST_INT64-9)/10) ){
+    s = s*10 + (*z - '0');
+    z+=incr, nDigits++;
+  }
+
+  /* skip non-significant significand digits
+  ** (increase exponent by d to shift decimal left) */
+  while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ) z+=incr, nDigits++, d++;
+  if( z>=zEnd ) goto do_atof_calc;
+
+  /* if decimal point is present */
+  if( *z=='.' ){
+    z+=incr;
+    /* copy digits from after decimal to significand
+    ** (decrease exponent by d to shift decimal right) */
+    while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) && s<((LARGEST_INT64-9)/10) ){
+      s = s*10 + (*z - '0');
+      z+=incr, nDigits++, d--;
+    }
+    /* skip non-significant digits */
+    while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ) z+=incr, nDigits++;
+  }
+  if( z>=zEnd ) goto do_atof_calc;
+
+  /* if exponent is present */
+  if( *z=='e' || *z=='E' ){
+    z+=incr;
+    eValid = 0;
+    if( z>=zEnd ) goto do_atof_calc;
+    /* get sign of exponent */
+    if( *z=='-' ){
+      esign = -1;
+      z+=incr;
+    }else if( *z=='+' ){
+      z+=incr;
+    }
+    /* copy digits to exponent */
+    while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ){
+      e = e*10 + (*z - '0');
+      z+=incr;
+      eValid = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* skip trailing spaces */
+  if( nDigits && eValid ){
+    while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z+=incr;
+  }
+
+do_atof_calc:
+  /* adjust exponent by d, and update sign */
+  e = (e*esign) + d;
+  if( e<0 ) {
+    esign = -1;
+    e *= -1;
+  } else {
+    esign = 1;
+  }
+
+  /* if 0 significand */
+  if( !s ) {
+    /* In the IEEE 754 standard, zero is signed.
+    ** Add the sign if we've seen at least one digit */
+    result = (sign<0 && nDigits) ? -(double)0 : (double)0;
+  } else {
+    /* attempt to reduce exponent */
+    if( esign>0 ){
+      while( s<(LARGEST_INT64/10) && e>0 ) e--,s*=10;
+    }else{
+      while( !(s%10) && e>0 ) e--,s/=10;
+    }
+
+    /* adjust the sign of significand */
+    s = sign<0 ? -s : s;
+
+    /* if exponent, scale significand as appropriate
+    ** and store in result. */
+    if( e ){
+      double scale = 1.0;
+      /* attempt to handle extremely small/large numbers better */
+      if( e>307 && e<342 ){
+        while( e%308 ) { scale *= 1.0e+1; e -= 1; }
+        if( esign<0 ){
+          result = s / scale;
+          result /= 1.0e+308;
+        }else{
+          result = s * scale;
+          result *= 1.0e+308;
+        }
+      }else{
+        /* 1.0e+22 is the largest power of 10 than can be 
+        ** represented exactly. */
+        while( e%22 ) { scale *= 1.0e+1; e -= 1; }
+        while( e>0 ) { scale *= 1.0e+22; e -= 22; }
+        if( esign<0 ){
+          result = s / scale;
+        }else{
+          result = s * scale;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      result = (double)s;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* store the result */
+  *pResult = result;
+
+  /* return true if number and no extra non-whitespace chracters after */
+  return z>=zEnd && nDigits>0 && eValid;
+#else
+  return !sqlite3Atoi64(z, pResult, length, enc);
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT */
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the 19-character string zNum against the text representation
+** value 2^63:  9223372036854775808.  Return negative, zero, or positive
+** if zNum is less than, equal to, or greater than the string.
+** Note that zNum must contain exactly 19 characters.
+**
+** Unlike memcmp() this routine is guaranteed to return the difference
+** in the values of the last digit if the only difference is in the
+** last digit.  So, for example,
+**
+**      compare2pow63("9223372036854775800", 1)
+**
+** will return -8.
+*/
+static int compare2pow63(const char *zNum, int incr){
+  int c = 0;
+  int i;
+                    /* 012345678901234567 */
+  const char *pow63 = "922337203685477580";
+  for(i=0; c==0 && i<18; i++){
+    c = (zNum[i*incr]-pow63[i])*10;
+  }
+  if( c==0 ){
+    c = zNum[18*incr] - '8';
+    testcase( c==(-1) );
+    testcase( c==0 );
+    testcase( c==(+1) );
+  }
+  return c;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Convert zNum to a 64-bit signed integer.
+**
+** If the zNum value is representable as a 64-bit twos-complement 
+** integer, then write that value into *pNum and return 0.
+**
+** If zNum is exactly 9223372036854665808, return 2.  This special
+** case is broken out because while 9223372036854665808 cannot be a 
+** signed 64-bit integer, its negative -9223372036854665808 can be.
+**
+** If zNum is too big for a 64-bit integer and is not
+** 9223372036854665808 then return 1.
+**
+** length is the number of bytes in the string (bytes, not characters).
+** The string is not necessarily zero-terminated.  The encoding is
+** given by enc.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char *zNum, i64 *pNum, int length, u8 enc){
+  int incr = (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
+  u64 u = 0;
+  int neg = 0; /* assume positive */
+  int i;
+  int c = 0;
+  const char *zStart;
+  const char *zEnd = zNum + length;
+  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE ) zNum++;
+  while( zNum<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*zNum) ) zNum+=incr;
+  if( zNum<zEnd ){
+    if( *zNum=='-' ){
+      neg = 1;
+      zNum+=incr;
+    }else if( *zNum=='+' ){
+      zNum+=incr;
+    }
+  }
+  zStart = zNum;
+  while( zNum<zEnd && zNum[0]=='0' ){ zNum+=incr; } /* Skip leading zeros. */
+  for(i=0; &zNum[i]<zEnd && (c=zNum[i])>='0' && c<='9'; i+=incr){
+    u = u*10 + c - '0';
+  }
+  if( u>LARGEST_INT64 ){
+    *pNum = SMALLEST_INT64;
+  }else if( neg ){
+    *pNum = -(i64)u;
+  }else{
+    *pNum = (i64)u;
+  }
+  testcase( i==18 );
+  testcase( i==19 );
+  testcase( i==20 );
+  if( (c!=0 && &zNum[i]<zEnd) || (i==0 && zStart==zNum) || i>19*incr ){
+    /* zNum is empty or contains non-numeric text or is longer
+    ** than 19 digits (thus guaranteeing that it is too large) */
+    return 1;
+  }else if( i<19*incr ){
+    /* Less than 19 digits, so we know that it fits in 64 bits */
+    assert( u<=LARGEST_INT64 );
+    return 0;
+  }else{
+    /* zNum is a 19-digit numbers.  Compare it against 9223372036854775808. */
+    c = compare2pow63(zNum, incr);
+    if( c<0 ){
+      /* zNum is less than 9223372036854775808 so it fits */
+      assert( u<=LARGEST_INT64 );
+      return 0;
+    }else if( c>0 ){
+      /* zNum is greater than 9223372036854775808 so it overflows */
+      return 1;
+    }else{
+      /* zNum is exactly 9223372036854775808.  Fits if negative.  The
+      ** special case 2 overflow if positive */
+      assert( u-1==LARGEST_INT64 );
+      assert( (*pNum)==SMALLEST_INT64 );
+      return neg ? 0 : 2;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If zNum represents an integer that will fit in 32-bits, then set
+** *pValue to that integer and return true.  Otherwise return false.
+**
+** Any non-numeric characters that following zNum are ignored.
+** This is different from sqlite3Atoi64() which requires the
+** input number to be zero-terminated.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetInt32(const char *zNum, int *pValue){
+  sqlite_int64 v = 0;
+  int i, c;
+  int neg = 0;
+  if( zNum[0]=='-' ){
+    neg = 1;
+    zNum++;
+  }else if( zNum[0]=='+' ){
+    zNum++;
+  }
+  while( zNum[0]=='0' ) zNum++;
+  for(i=0; i<11 && (c = zNum[i] - '0')>=0 && c<=9; i++){
+    v = v*10 + c;
+  }
+
+  /* The longest decimal representation of a 32 bit integer is 10 digits:
+  **
+  **             1234567890
+  **     2^31 -> 2147483648
+  */
+  testcase( i==10 );
+  if( i>10 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  testcase( v-neg==2147483647 );
+  if( v-neg>2147483647 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( neg ){
+    v = -v;
+  }
+  *pValue = (int)v;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a 32-bit integer value extracted from a string.  If the
+** string is not an integer, just return 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi(const char *z){
+  int x = 0;
+  if( z ) sqlite3GetInt32(z, &x);
+  return x;
+}
+
+/*
+** The variable-length integer encoding is as follows:
+**
+** KEY:
+**         A = 0xxxxxxx    7 bits of data and one flag bit
+**         B = 1xxxxxxx    7 bits of data and one flag bit
+**         C = xxxxxxxx    8 bits of data
+**
+**  7 bits - A
+** 14 bits - BA
+** 21 bits - BBA
+** 28 bits - BBBA
+** 35 bits - BBBBA
+** 42 bits - BBBBBA
+** 49 bits - BBBBBBA
+** 56 bits - BBBBBBBA
+** 64 bits - BBBBBBBBC
+*/
+
+/*
+** Write a 64-bit variable-length integer to memory starting at p[0].
+** The length of data write will be between 1 and 9 bytes.  The number
+** of bytes written is returned.
+**
+** A variable-length integer consists of the lower 7 bits of each byte
+** for all bytes that have the 8th bit set and one byte with the 8th
+** bit clear.  Except, if we get to the 9th byte, it stores the full
+** 8 bits and is the last byte.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PutVarint(unsigned char *p, u64 v){
+  int i, j, n;
+  u8 buf[10];
+  if( v & (((u64)0xff000000)<<32) ){
+    p[8] = (u8)v;
+    v >>= 8;
+    for(i=7; i>=0; i--){
+      p[i] = (u8)((v & 0x7f) | 0x80);
+      v >>= 7;
+    }
+    return 9;
+  }    
+  n = 0;
+  do{
+    buf[n++] = (u8)((v & 0x7f) | 0x80);
+    v >>= 7;
+  }while( v!=0 );
+  buf[0] &= 0x7f;
+  assert( n<=9 );
+  for(i=0, j=n-1; j>=0; j--, i++){
+    p[i] = buf[j];
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is a faster version of sqlite3PutVarint() that only
+** works for 32-bit positive integers and which is optimized for
+** the common case of small integers.  A MACRO version, putVarint32,
+** is provided which inlines the single-byte case.  All code should use
+** the MACRO version as this function assumes the single-byte case has
+** already been handled.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PutVarint32(unsigned char *p, u32 v){
+#ifndef putVarint32
+  if( (v & ~0x7f)==0 ){
+    p[0] = v;
+    return 1;
+  }
+#endif
+  if( (v & ~0x3fff)==0 ){
+    p[0] = (u8)((v>>7) | 0x80);
+    p[1] = (u8)(v & 0x7f);
+    return 2;
+  }
+  return sqlite3PutVarint(p, v);
+}
+
+/*
+** Bitmasks used by sqlite3GetVarint().  These precomputed constants
+** are defined here rather than simply putting the constant expressions
+** inline in order to work around bugs in the RVT compiler.
+**
+** SLOT_2_0     A mask for  (0x7f<<14) | 0x7f
+**
+** SLOT_4_2_0   A mask for  (0x7f<<28) | SLOT_2_0
+*/
+#define SLOT_2_0     0x001fc07f
+#define SLOT_4_2_0   0xf01fc07f
+
+
+/*
+** Read a 64-bit variable-length integer from memory starting at p[0].
+** Return the number of bytes read.  The value is stored in *v.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetVarint(const unsigned char *p, u64 *v){
+  u32 a,b,s;
+
+  a = *p;
+  /* a: p0 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(a&0x80))
+  {
+    *v = a;
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  p++;
+  b = *p;
+  /* b: p1 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(b&0x80))
+  {
+    a &= 0x7f;
+    a = a<<7;
+    a |= b;
+    *v = a;
+    return 2;
+  }
+
+  /* Verify that constants are precomputed correctly */
+  assert( SLOT_2_0 == ((0x7f<<14) | (0x7f)) );
+  assert( SLOT_4_2_0 == ((0xfU<<28) | (0x7f<<14) | (0x7f)) );
+
+  p++;
+  a = a<<14;
+  a |= *p;
+  /* a: p0<<14 | p2 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(a&0x80))
+  {
+    a &= SLOT_2_0;
+    b &= 0x7f;
+    b = b<<7;
+    a |= b;
+    *v = a;
+    return 3;
+  }
+
+  /* CSE1 from below */
+  a &= SLOT_2_0;
+  p++;
+  b = b<<14;
+  b |= *p;
+  /* b: p1<<14 | p3 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(b&0x80))
+  {
+    b &= SLOT_2_0;
+    /* moved CSE1 up */
+    /* a &= (0x7f<<14)|(0x7f); */
+    a = a<<7;
+    a |= b;
+    *v = a;
+    return 4;
+  }
+
+  /* a: p0<<14 | p2 (masked) */
+  /* b: p1<<14 | p3 (unmasked) */
+  /* 1:save off p0<<21 | p1<<14 | p2<<7 | p3 (masked) */
+  /* moved CSE1 up */
+  /* a &= (0x7f<<14)|(0x7f); */
+  b &= SLOT_2_0;
+  s = a;
+  /* s: p0<<14 | p2 (masked) */
+
+  p++;
+  a = a<<14;
+  a |= *p;
+  /* a: p0<<28 | p2<<14 | p4 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(a&0x80))
+  {
+    /* we can skip these cause they were (effectively) done above in calc'ing s */
+    /* a &= (0x7f<<28)|(0x7f<<14)|(0x7f); */
+    /* b &= (0x7f<<14)|(0x7f); */
+    b = b<<7;
+    a |= b;
+    s = s>>18;
+    *v = ((u64)s)<<32 | a;
+    return 5;
+  }
+
+  /* 2:save off p0<<21 | p1<<14 | p2<<7 | p3 (masked) */
+  s = s<<7;
+  s |= b;
+  /* s: p0<<21 | p1<<14 | p2<<7 | p3 (masked) */
+
+  p++;
+  b = b<<14;
+  b |= *p;
+  /* b: p1<<28 | p3<<14 | p5 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(b&0x80))
+  {
+    /* we can skip this cause it was (effectively) done above in calc'ing s */
+    /* b &= (0x7f<<28)|(0x7f<<14)|(0x7f); */
+    a &= SLOT_2_0;
+    a = a<<7;
+    a |= b;
+    s = s>>18;
+    *v = ((u64)s)<<32 | a;
+    return 6;
+  }
+
+  p++;
+  a = a<<14;
+  a |= *p;
+  /* a: p2<<28 | p4<<14 | p6 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(a&0x80))
+  {
+    a &= SLOT_4_2_0;
+    b &= SLOT_2_0;
+    b = b<<7;
+    a |= b;
+    s = s>>11;
+    *v = ((u64)s)<<32 | a;
+    return 7;
+  }
+
+  /* CSE2 from below */
+  a &= SLOT_2_0;
+  p++;
+  b = b<<14;
+  b |= *p;
+  /* b: p3<<28 | p5<<14 | p7 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(b&0x80))
+  {
+    b &= SLOT_4_2_0;
+    /* moved CSE2 up */
+    /* a &= (0x7f<<14)|(0x7f); */
+    a = a<<7;
+    a |= b;
+    s = s>>4;
+    *v = ((u64)s)<<32 | a;
+    return 8;
+  }
+
+  p++;
+  a = a<<15;
+  a |= *p;
+  /* a: p4<<29 | p6<<15 | p8 (unmasked) */
+
+  /* moved CSE2 up */
+  /* a &= (0x7f<<29)|(0x7f<<15)|(0xff); */
+  b &= SLOT_2_0;
+  b = b<<8;
+  a |= b;
+
+  s = s<<4;
+  b = p[-4];
+  b &= 0x7f;
+  b = b>>3;
+  s |= b;
+
+  *v = ((u64)s)<<32 | a;
+
+  return 9;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read a 32-bit variable-length integer from memory starting at p[0].
+** Return the number of bytes read.  The value is stored in *v.
+**
+** If the varint stored in p[0] is larger than can fit in a 32-bit unsigned
+** integer, then set *v to 0xffffffff.
+**
+** A MACRO version, getVarint32, is provided which inlines the 
+** single-byte case.  All code should use the MACRO version as 
+** this function assumes the single-byte case has already been handled.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetVarint32(const unsigned char *p, u32 *v){
+  u32 a,b;
+
+  /* The 1-byte case.  Overwhelmingly the most common.  Handled inline
+  ** by the getVarin32() macro */
+  a = *p;
+  /* a: p0 (unmasked) */
+#ifndef getVarint32
+  if (!(a&0x80))
+  {
+    /* Values between 0 and 127 */
+    *v = a;
+    return 1;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* The 2-byte case */
+  p++;
+  b = *p;
+  /* b: p1 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(b&0x80))
+  {
+    /* Values between 128 and 16383 */
+    a &= 0x7f;
+    a = a<<7;
+    *v = a | b;
+    return 2;
+  }
+
+  /* The 3-byte case */
+  p++;
+  a = a<<14;
+  a |= *p;
+  /* a: p0<<14 | p2 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(a&0x80))
+  {
+    /* Values between 16384 and 2097151 */
+    a &= (0x7f<<14)|(0x7f);
+    b &= 0x7f;
+    b = b<<7;
+    *v = a | b;
+    return 3;
+  }
+
+  /* A 32-bit varint is used to store size information in btrees.
+  ** Objects are rarely larger than 2MiB limit of a 3-byte varint.
+  ** A 3-byte varint is sufficient, for example, to record the size
+  ** of a 1048569-byte BLOB or string.
+  **
+  ** We only unroll the first 1-, 2-, and 3- byte cases.  The very
+  ** rare larger cases can be handled by the slower 64-bit varint
+  ** routine.
+  */
+#if 1
+  {
+    u64 v64;
+    u8 n;
+
+    p -= 2;
+    n = sqlite3GetVarint(p, &v64);
+    assert( n>3 && n<=9 );
+    if( (v64 & SQLITE_MAX_U32)!=v64 ){
+      *v = 0xffffffff;
+    }else{
+      *v = (u32)v64;
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+#else
+  /* For following code (kept for historical record only) shows an
+  ** unrolling for the 3- and 4-byte varint cases.  This code is
+  ** slightly faster, but it is also larger and much harder to test.
+  */
+  p++;
+  b = b<<14;
+  b |= *p;
+  /* b: p1<<14 | p3 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(b&0x80))
+  {
+    /* Values between 2097152 and 268435455 */
+    b &= (0x7f<<14)|(0x7f);
+    a &= (0x7f<<14)|(0x7f);
+    a = a<<7;
+    *v = a | b;
+    return 4;
+  }
+
+  p++;
+  a = a<<14;
+  a |= *p;
+  /* a: p0<<28 | p2<<14 | p4 (unmasked) */
+  if (!(a&0x80))
+  {
+    /* Values  between 268435456 and 34359738367 */
+    a &= SLOT_4_2_0;
+    b &= SLOT_4_2_0;
+    b = b<<7;
+    *v = a | b;
+    return 5;
+  }
+
+  /* We can only reach this point when reading a corrupt database
+  ** file.  In that case we are not in any hurry.  Use the (relatively
+  ** slow) general-purpose sqlite3GetVarint() routine to extract the
+  ** value. */
+  {
+    u64 v64;
+    u8 n;
+
+    p -= 4;
+    n = sqlite3GetVarint(p, &v64);
+    assert( n>5 && n<=9 );
+    *v = (u32)v64;
+    return n;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of bytes that will be needed to store the given
+** 64-bit integer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VarintLen(u64 v){
+  int i = 0;
+  do{
+    i++;
+    v >>= 7;
+  }while( v!=0 && ALWAYS(i<9) );
+  return i;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Read or write a four-byte big-endian integer value.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Get4byte(const u8 *p){
+  return (p[0]<<24) | (p[1]<<16) | (p[2]<<8) | p[3];
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Put4byte(unsigned char *p, u32 v){
+  p[0] = (u8)(v>>24);
+  p[1] = (u8)(v>>16);
+  p[2] = (u8)(v>>8);
+  p[3] = (u8)v;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** Translate a single byte of Hex into an integer.
+** This routine only works if h really is a valid hexadecimal
+** character:  0..9a..fA..F
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3HexToInt(int h){
+  assert( (h>='0' && h<='9') ||  (h>='a' && h<='f') ||  (h>='A' && h<='F') );
+#ifdef SQLITE_ASCII
+  h += 9*(1&(h>>6));
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
+  h += 9*(1&~(h>>4));
+#endif
+  return (u8)(h & 0xf);
+}
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL) || defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
+/*
+** Convert a BLOB literal of the form "x'hhhhhh'" into its binary
+** value.  Return a pointer to its binary value.  Space to hold the
+** binary value has been obtained from malloc and must be freed by
+** the calling routine.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3 *db, const char *z, int n){
+  char *zBlob;
+  int i;
+
+  zBlob = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n/2 + 1);
+  n--;
+  if( zBlob ){
+    for(i=0; i<n; i+=2){
+      zBlob[i/2] = (sqlite3HexToInt(z[i])<<4) | sqlite3HexToInt(z[i+1]);
+    }
+    zBlob[i/2] = 0;
+  }
+  return zBlob;
+}
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL || SQLITE_HAS_CODEC */
+
+/*
+** Log an error that is an API call on a connection pointer that should
+** not have been used.  The "type" of connection pointer is given as the
+** argument.  The zType is a word like "NULL" or "closed" or "invalid".
+*/
+static void logBadConnection(const char *zType){
+  sqlite3_log(SQLITE_MISUSE, 
+     "API call with %s database connection pointer",
+     zType
+  );
+}
+
+/*
+** Check to make sure we have a valid db pointer.  This test is not
+** foolproof but it does provide some measure of protection against
+** misuse of the interface such as passing in db pointers that are
+** NULL or which have been previously closed.  If this routine returns
+** 1 it means that the db pointer is valid and 0 if it should not be
+** dereferenced for any reason.  The calling function should invoke
+** SQLITE_MISUSE immediately.
+**
+** sqlite3SafetyCheckOk() requires that the db pointer be valid for
+** use.  sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk() allows a db pointer that failed to
+** open properly and is not fit for general use but which can be
+** used as an argument to sqlite3_errmsg() or sqlite3_close().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(sqlite3 *db){
+  u32 magic;
+  if( db==0 ){
+    logBadConnection("NULL");
+    return 0;
+  }
+  magic = db->magic;
+  if( magic!=SQLITE_MAGIC_OPEN ){
+    if( sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) ){
+      testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+      logBadConnection("unopened");
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }else{
+    return 1;
+  }
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(sqlite3 *db){
+  u32 magic;
+  magic = db->magic;
+  if( magic!=SQLITE_MAGIC_SICK &&
+      magic!=SQLITE_MAGIC_OPEN &&
+      magic!=SQLITE_MAGIC_BUSY ){
+    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+    logBadConnection("invalid");
+    return 0;
+  }else{
+    return 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to add, substract, or multiply the 64-bit signed value iB against
+** the other 64-bit signed integer at *pA and store the result in *pA.
+** Return 0 on success.  Or if the operation would have resulted in an
+** overflow, leave *pA unchanged and return 1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AddInt64(i64 *pA, i64 iB){
+  i64 iA = *pA;
+  testcase( iA==0 ); testcase( iA==1 );
+  testcase( iB==-1 ); testcase( iB==0 );
+  if( iB>=0 ){
+    testcase( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA == iB );
+    testcase( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA == iB - 1 );
+    if( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA < iB ) return 1;
+    *pA += iB;
+  }else{
+    testcase( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) == iB + 1 );
+    testcase( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) == iB + 2 );
+    if( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) > iB + 1 ) return 1;
+    *pA += iB;
+  }
+  return 0; 
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SubInt64(i64 *pA, i64 iB){
+  testcase( iB==SMALLEST_INT64+1 );
+  if( iB==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+    testcase( (*pA)==(-1) ); testcase( (*pA)==0 );
+    if( (*pA)>=0 ) return 1;
+    *pA -= iB;
+    return 0;
+  }else{
+    return sqlite3AddInt64(pA, -iB);
+  }
+}
+#define TWOPOWER32 (((i64)1)<<32)
+#define TWOPOWER31 (((i64)1)<<31)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MulInt64(i64 *pA, i64 iB){
+  i64 iA = *pA;
+  i64 iA1, iA0, iB1, iB0, r;
+
+  iA1 = iA/TWOPOWER32;
+  iA0 = iA % TWOPOWER32;
+  iB1 = iB/TWOPOWER32;
+  iB0 = iB % TWOPOWER32;
+  if( iA1*iB1 != 0 ) return 1;
+  assert( iA1*iB0==0 || iA0*iB1==0 );
+  r = iA1*iB0 + iA0*iB1;
+  testcase( r==(-TWOPOWER31)-1 );
+  testcase( r==(-TWOPOWER31) );
+  testcase( r==TWOPOWER31 );
+  testcase( r==TWOPOWER31-1 );
+  if( r<(-TWOPOWER31) || r>=TWOPOWER31 ) return 1;
+  r *= TWOPOWER32;
+  if( sqlite3AddInt64(&r, iA0*iB0) ) return 1;
+  *pA = r;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute the absolute value of a 32-bit signed integer, of possible.  Or 
+** if the integer has a value of -2147483648, return +2147483647
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AbsInt32(int x){
+  if( x>=0 ) return x;
+  if( x==(int)0x80000000 ) return 0x7fffffff;
+  return -x;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES
+/*
+** If SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAME is set at compile-time and if the database
+** filename in zBaseFilename is a URI with the "8_3_names=1" parameter and
+** if filename in z[] has a suffix (a.k.a. "extension") that is longer than
+** three characters, then shorten the suffix on z[] to be the last three
+** characters of the original suffix.
+**
+** Examples:
+**
+**     test.db-journal    =>   test.nal
+**     test.db-wal        =>   test.wal
+**     test.db-shm        =>   test.shm
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FileSuffix3(const char *zBaseFilename, char *z){
+  const char *zOk;
+  zOk = sqlite3_uri_parameter(zBaseFilename, "8_3_names");
+  if( zOk && sqlite3GetBoolean(zOk) ){
+    int i, sz;
+    sz = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+    for(i=sz-1; i>0 && z[i]!='/' && z[i]!='.'; i--){}
+    if( z[i]=='.' && ALWAYS(sz>i+4) ) memcpy(&z[i+1], &z[sz-3], 4);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/************** End of util.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file hash.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This is the implementation of generic hash-tables
+** used in SQLite.
+*/
+
+/* Turn bulk memory into a hash table object by initializing the
+** fields of the Hash structure.
+**
+** "pNew" is a pointer to the hash table that is to be initialized.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HashInit(Hash *pNew){
+  assert( pNew!=0 );
+  pNew->first = 0;
+  pNew->count = 0;
+  pNew->htsize = 0;
+  pNew->ht = 0;
+}
+
+/* Remove all entries from a hash table.  Reclaim all memory.
+** Call this routine to delete a hash table or to reset a hash table
+** to the empty state.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HashClear(Hash *pH){
+  HashElem *elem;         /* For looping over all elements of the table */
+
+  assert( pH!=0 );
+  elem = pH->first;
+  pH->first = 0;
+  sqlite3_free(pH->ht);
+  pH->ht = 0;
+  pH->htsize = 0;
+  while( elem ){
+    HashElem *next_elem = elem->next;
+    sqlite3_free(elem);
+    elem = next_elem;
+  }
+  pH->count = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** The hashing function.
+*/
+static unsigned int strHash(const char *z, int nKey){
+  int h = 0;
+  assert( nKey>=0 );
+  while( nKey > 0  ){
+    h = (h<<3) ^ h ^ sqlite3UpperToLower[(unsigned char)*z++];
+    nKey--;
+  }
+  return h;
+}
+
+
+/* Link pNew element into the hash table pH.  If pEntry!=0 then also
+** insert pNew into the pEntry hash bucket.
+*/
+static void insertElement(
+  Hash *pH,              /* The complete hash table */
+  struct _ht *pEntry,    /* The entry into which pNew is inserted */
+  HashElem *pNew         /* The element to be inserted */
+){
+  HashElem *pHead;       /* First element already in pEntry */
+  if( pEntry ){
+    pHead = pEntry->count ? pEntry->chain : 0;
+    pEntry->count++;
+    pEntry->chain = pNew;
+  }else{
+    pHead = 0;
+  }
+  if( pHead ){
+    pNew->next = pHead;
+    pNew->prev = pHead->prev;
+    if( pHead->prev ){ pHead->prev->next = pNew; }
+    else             { pH->first = pNew; }
+    pHead->prev = pNew;
+  }else{
+    pNew->next = pH->first;
+    if( pH->first ){ pH->first->prev = pNew; }
+    pNew->prev = 0;
+    pH->first = pNew;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/* Resize the hash table so that it cantains "new_size" buckets.
+**
+** The hash table might fail to resize if sqlite3_malloc() fails or
+** if the new size is the same as the prior size.
+** Return TRUE if the resize occurs and false if not.
+*/
+static int rehash(Hash *pH, unsigned int new_size){
+  struct _ht *new_ht;            /* The new hash table */
+  HashElem *elem, *next_elem;    /* For looping over existing elements */
+
+#if SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT>0
+  if( new_size*sizeof(struct _ht)>SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT ){
+    new_size = SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT/sizeof(struct _ht);
+  }
+  if( new_size==pH->htsize ) return 0;
+#endif
+
+  /* The inability to allocates space for a larger hash table is
+  ** a performance hit but it is not a fatal error.  So mark the
+  ** allocation as a benign.
+  */
+  sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+  new_ht = (struct _ht *)sqlite3Malloc( new_size*sizeof(struct _ht) );
+  sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+
+  if( new_ht==0 ) return 0;
+  sqlite3_free(pH->ht);
+  pH->ht = new_ht;
+  pH->htsize = new_size = sqlite3MallocSize(new_ht)/sizeof(struct _ht);
+  memset(new_ht, 0, new_size*sizeof(struct _ht));
+  for(elem=pH->first, pH->first=0; elem; elem = next_elem){
+    unsigned int h = strHash(elem->pKey, elem->nKey) % new_size;
+    next_elem = elem->next;
+    insertElement(pH, &new_ht[h], elem);
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/* This function (for internal use only) locates an element in an
+** hash table that matches the given key.  The hash for this key has
+** already been computed and is passed as the 4th parameter.
+*/
+static HashElem *findElementGivenHash(
+  const Hash *pH,     /* The pH to be searched */
+  const char *pKey,   /* The key we are searching for */
+  int nKey,           /* Bytes in key (not counting zero terminator) */
+  unsigned int h      /* The hash for this key. */
+){
+  HashElem *elem;                /* Used to loop thru the element list */
+  int count;                     /* Number of elements left to test */
+
+  if( pH->ht ){
+    struct _ht *pEntry = &pH->ht[h];
+    elem = pEntry->chain;
+    count = pEntry->count;
+  }else{
+    elem = pH->first;
+    count = pH->count;
+  }
+  while( count-- && ALWAYS(elem) ){
+    if( elem->nKey==nKey && sqlite3StrNICmp(elem->pKey,pKey,nKey)==0 ){ 
+      return elem;
+    }
+    elem = elem->next;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Remove a single entry from the hash table given a pointer to that
+** element and a hash on the element's key.
+*/
+static void removeElementGivenHash(
+  Hash *pH,         /* The pH containing "elem" */
+  HashElem* elem,   /* The element to be removed from the pH */
+  unsigned int h    /* Hash value for the element */
+){
+  struct _ht *pEntry;
+  if( elem->prev ){
+    elem->prev->next = elem->next; 
+  }else{
+    pH->first = elem->next;
+  }
+  if( elem->next ){
+    elem->next->prev = elem->prev;
+  }
+  if( pH->ht ){
+    pEntry = &pH->ht[h];
+    if( pEntry->chain==elem ){
+      pEntry->chain = elem->next;
+    }
+    pEntry->count--;
+    assert( pEntry->count>=0 );
+  }
+  sqlite3_free( elem );
+  pH->count--;
+  if( pH->count<=0 ){
+    assert( pH->first==0 );
+    assert( pH->count==0 );
+    sqlite3HashClear(pH);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Attempt to locate an element of the hash table pH with a key
+** that matches pKey,nKey.  Return the data for this element if it is
+** found, or NULL if there is no match.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HashFind(const Hash *pH, const char *pKey, int nKey){
+  HashElem *elem;    /* The element that matches key */
+  unsigned int h;    /* A hash on key */
+
+  assert( pH!=0 );
+  assert( pKey!=0 );
+  assert( nKey>=0 );
+  if( pH->ht ){
+    h = strHash(pKey, nKey) % pH->htsize;
+  }else{
+    h = 0;
+  }
+  elem = findElementGivenHash(pH, pKey, nKey, h);
+  return elem ? elem->data : 0;
+}
+
+/* Insert an element into the hash table pH.  The key is pKey,nKey
+** and the data is "data".
+**
+** If no element exists with a matching key, then a new
+** element is created and NULL is returned.
+**
+** If another element already exists with the same key, then the
+** new data replaces the old data and the old data is returned.
+** The key is not copied in this instance.  If a malloc fails, then
+** the new data is returned and the hash table is unchanged.
+**
+** If the "data" parameter to this function is NULL, then the
+** element corresponding to "key" is removed from the hash table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HashInsert(Hash *pH, const char *pKey, int nKey, void *data){
+  unsigned int h;       /* the hash of the key modulo hash table size */
+  HashElem *elem;       /* Used to loop thru the element list */
+  HashElem *new_elem;   /* New element added to the pH */
+
+  assert( pH!=0 );
+  assert( pKey!=0 );
+  assert( nKey>=0 );
+  if( pH->htsize ){
+    h = strHash(pKey, nKey) % pH->htsize;
+  }else{
+    h = 0;
+  }
+  elem = findElementGivenHash(pH,pKey,nKey,h);
+  if( elem ){
+    void *old_data = elem->data;
+    if( data==0 ){
+      removeElementGivenHash(pH,elem,h);
+    }else{
+      elem->data = data;
+      elem->pKey = pKey;
+      assert(nKey==elem->nKey);
+    }
+    return old_data;
+  }
+  if( data==0 ) return 0;
+  new_elem = (HashElem*)sqlite3Malloc( sizeof(HashElem) );
+  if( new_elem==0 ) return data;
+  new_elem->pKey = pKey;
+  new_elem->nKey = nKey;
+  new_elem->data = data;
+  pH->count++;
+  if( pH->count>=10 && pH->count > 2*pH->htsize ){
+    if( rehash(pH, pH->count*2) ){
+      assert( pH->htsize>0 );
+      h = strHash(pKey, nKey) % pH->htsize;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pH->ht ){
+    insertElement(pH, &pH->ht[h], new_elem);
+  }else{
+    insertElement(pH, 0, new_elem);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/************** End of hash.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file opcodes.c *****************************************/
+/* Automatically generated.  Do not edit */
+/* See the mkopcodec.awk script for details. */
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int i){
+ static const char *const azName[] = { "?",
+     /*   1 */ "Goto",
+     /*   2 */ "Gosub",
+     /*   3 */ "Return",
+     /*   4 */ "Yield",
+     /*   5 */ "HaltIfNull",
+     /*   6 */ "Halt",
+     /*   7 */ "Integer",
+     /*   8 */ "Int64",
+     /*   9 */ "String",
+     /*  10 */ "Null",
+     /*  11 */ "Blob",
+     /*  12 */ "Variable",
+     /*  13 */ "Move",
+     /*  14 */ "Copy",
+     /*  15 */ "SCopy",
+     /*  16 */ "ResultRow",
+     /*  17 */ "CollSeq",
+     /*  18 */ "Function",
+     /*  19 */ "Not",
+     /*  20 */ "AddImm",
+     /*  21 */ "MustBeInt",
+     /*  22 */ "RealAffinity",
+     /*  23 */ "Permutation",
+     /*  24 */ "Compare",
+     /*  25 */ "Jump",
+     /*  26 */ "If",
+     /*  27 */ "IfNot",
+     /*  28 */ "Column",
+     /*  29 */ "Affinity",
+     /*  30 */ "MakeRecord",
+     /*  31 */ "Count",
+     /*  32 */ "Savepoint",
+     /*  33 */ "AutoCommit",
+     /*  34 */ "Transaction",
+     /*  35 */ "ReadCookie",
+     /*  36 */ "SetCookie",
+     /*  37 */ "VerifyCookie",
+     /*  38 */ "OpenRead",
+     /*  39 */ "OpenWrite",
+     /*  40 */ "OpenAutoindex",
+     /*  41 */ "OpenEphemeral",
+     /*  42 */ "OpenPseudo",
+     /*  43 */ "Close",
+     /*  44 */ "SeekLt",
+     /*  45 */ "SeekLe",
+     /*  46 */ "SeekGe",
+     /*  47 */ "SeekGt",
+     /*  48 */ "Seek",
+     /*  49 */ "NotFound",
+     /*  50 */ "Found",
+     /*  51 */ "IsUnique",
+     /*  52 */ "NotExists",
+     /*  53 */ "Sequence",
+     /*  54 */ "NewRowid",
+     /*  55 */ "Insert",
+     /*  56 */ "InsertInt",
+     /*  57 */ "Delete",
+     /*  58 */ "ResetCount",
+     /*  59 */ "RowKey",
+     /*  60 */ "RowData",
+     /*  61 */ "Rowid",
+     /*  62 */ "NullRow",
+     /*  63 */ "Last",
+     /*  64 */ "Sort",
+     /*  65 */ "Rewind",
+     /*  66 */ "Prev",
+     /*  67 */ "Next",
+     /*  68 */ "Or",
+     /*  69 */ "And",
+     /*  70 */ "IdxInsert",
+     /*  71 */ "IdxDelete",
+     /*  72 */ "IdxRowid",
+     /*  73 */ "IsNull",
+     /*  74 */ "NotNull",
+     /*  75 */ "Ne",
+     /*  76 */ "Eq",
+     /*  77 */ "Gt",
+     /*  78 */ "Le",
+     /*  79 */ "Lt",
+     /*  80 */ "Ge",
+     /*  81 */ "IdxLT",
+     /*  82 */ "BitAnd",
+     /*  83 */ "BitOr",
+     /*  84 */ "ShiftLeft",
+     /*  85 */ "ShiftRight",
+     /*  86 */ "Add",
+     /*  87 */ "Subtract",
+     /*  88 */ "Multiply",
+     /*  89 */ "Divide",
+     /*  90 */ "Remainder",
+     /*  91 */ "Concat",
+     /*  92 */ "IdxGE",
+     /*  93 */ "BitNot",
+     /*  94 */ "String8",
+     /*  95 */ "Destroy",
+     /*  96 */ "Clear",
+     /*  97 */ "CreateIndex",
+     /*  98 */ "CreateTable",
+     /*  99 */ "ParseSchema",
+     /* 100 */ "LoadAnalysis",
+     /* 101 */ "DropTable",
+     /* 102 */ "DropIndex",
+     /* 103 */ "DropTrigger",
+     /* 104 */ "IntegrityCk",
+     /* 105 */ "RowSetAdd",
+     /* 106 */ "RowSetRead",
+     /* 107 */ "RowSetTest",
+     /* 108 */ "Program",
+     /* 109 */ "Param",
+     /* 110 */ "FkCounter",
+     /* 111 */ "FkIfZero",
+     /* 112 */ "MemMax",
+     /* 113 */ "IfPos",
+     /* 114 */ "IfNeg",
+     /* 115 */ "IfZero",
+     /* 116 */ "AggStep",
+     /* 117 */ "AggFinal",
+     /* 118 */ "Checkpoint",
+     /* 119 */ "JournalMode",
+     /* 120 */ "Vacuum",
+     /* 121 */ "IncrVacuum",
+     /* 122 */ "Expire",
+     /* 123 */ "TableLock",
+     /* 124 */ "VBegin",
+     /* 125 */ "VCreate",
+     /* 126 */ "VDestroy",
+     /* 127 */ "VOpen",
+     /* 128 */ "VFilter",
+     /* 129 */ "VColumn",
+     /* 130 */ "Real",
+     /* 131 */ "VNext",
+     /* 132 */ "VRename",
+     /* 133 */ "VUpdate",
+     /* 134 */ "Pagecount",
+     /* 135 */ "MaxPgcnt",
+     /* 136 */ "Trace",
+     /* 137 */ "Noop",
+     /* 138 */ "Explain",
+     /* 139 */ "NotUsed_139",
+     /* 140 */ "NotUsed_140",
+     /* 141 */ "ToText",
+     /* 142 */ "ToBlob",
+     /* 143 */ "ToNumeric",
+     /* 144 */ "ToInt",
+     /* 145 */ "ToReal",
+  };
+  return azName[i];
+}
+#endif
+
+/************** End of opcodes.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file os_os2.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2006 Feb 14
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code that is specific to OS/2.
+*/
+
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_OS2
+
+/*
+** A Note About Memory Allocation:
+**
+** This driver uses malloc()/free() directly rather than going through
+** the SQLite-wrappers sqlite3_malloc()/sqlite3_free().  Those wrappers
+** are designed for use on embedded systems where memory is scarce and
+** malloc failures happen frequently.  OS/2 does not typically run on
+** embedded systems, and when it does the developers normally have bigger
+** problems to worry about than running out of memory.  So there is not
+** a compelling need to use the wrappers.
+**
+** But there is a good reason to not use the wrappers.  If we use the
+** wrappers then we will get simulated malloc() failures within this
+** driver.  And that causes all kinds of problems for our tests.  We
+** could enhance SQLite to deal with simulated malloc failures within
+** the OS driver, but the code to deal with those failure would not
+** be exercised on Linux (which does not need to malloc() in the driver)
+** and so we would have difficulty writing coverage tests for that
+** code.  Better to leave the code out, we think.
+**
+** The point of this discussion is as follows:  When creating a new
+** OS layer for an embedded system, if you use this file as an example,
+** avoid the use of malloc()/free().  Those routines work ok on OS/2
+** desktops but not so well in embedded systems.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Macros used to determine whether or not to use threads.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+# define SQLITE_OS2_THREADS 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
+*/
+/************** Include os_common.h in the middle of os_os2.c ****************/
+/************** Begin file os_common.h ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 May 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains macros and a little bit of code that is common to
+** all of the platform-specific files (os_*.c) and is #included into those
+** files.
+**
+** This file should be #included by the os_*.c files only.  It is not a
+** general purpose header file.
+*/
+#ifndef _OS_COMMON_H_
+#define _OS_COMMON_H_
+
+/*
+** At least two bugs have slipped in because we changed the MEMORY_DEBUG
+** macro to SQLITE_DEBUG and some older makefiles have not yet made the
+** switch.  The following code should catch this problem at compile-time.
+*/
+#ifdef MEMORY_DEBUG
+# error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OSTrace = 0;
+#define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#else
+#define OSTRACE(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Macros for performance tracing.  Normally turned off.  Only works
+** on i486 hardware.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_PERFORMANCE_TRACE
+
+/* 
+** hwtime.h contains inline assembler code for implementing 
+** high-performance timing routines.
+*/
+/************** Include hwtime.h in the middle of os_common.h ****************/
+/************** Begin file hwtime.h ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 May 27
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains inline asm code for retrieving "high-performance"
+** counters for x86 class CPUs.
+*/
+#ifndef _HWTIME_H_
+#define _HWTIME_H_
+
+/*
+** The following routine only works on pentium-class (or newer) processors.
+** It uses the RDTSC opcode to read the cycle count value out of the
+** processor and returns that value.  This can be used for high-res
+** profiling.
+*/
+#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
+      (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86))
+
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     unsigned int lo, hi;
+     __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi));
+     return (sqlite_uint64)hi << 32 | lo;
+  }
+
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+  __declspec(naked) __inline sqlite_uint64 __cdecl sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     __asm {
+        rdtsc
+        ret       ; return value at EDX:EAX
+     }
+  }
+
+  #endif
+
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long val;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=A" (val));
+      return val;
+  }
+ 
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__ppc__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long long retval;
+      unsigned long junk;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("\n\
+          1:      mftbu   %1\n\
+                  mftb    %L0\n\
+                  mftbu   %0\n\
+                  cmpw    %0,%1\n\
+                  bne     1b"
+                  : "=r" (retval), "=r" (junk));
+      return retval;
+  }
+
+#else
+
+  #error Need implementation of sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform.
+
+  /*
+  ** To compile without implementing sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform,
+  ** you can remove the above #error and use the following
+  ** stub function.  You will lose timing support for many
+  ** of the debugging and testing utilities, but it should at
+  ** least compile and run.
+  */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){ return ((sqlite_uint64)0); }
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_HWTIME_H_) */
+
+/************** End of hwtime.h **********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os_common.h ******************/
+
+static sqlite_uint64 g_start;
+static sqlite_uint64 g_elapsed;
+#define TIMER_START       g_start=sqlite3Hwtime()
+#define TIMER_END         g_elapsed=sqlite3Hwtime()-g_start
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     g_elapsed
+#else
+#define TIMER_START
+#define TIMER_END
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     ((sqlite_uint64)0)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If we compile with the SQLITE_TEST macro set, then the following block
+** of code will give us the ability to simulate a disk I/O error.  This
+** is used for testing the I/O recovery logic.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hit = 0;            /* Total number of I/O Errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hardhit = 0;        /* Number of non-benign errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_pending = 0;        /* Count down to first I/O error */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_persist = 0;        /* True if I/O errors persist */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_benign = 0;         /* True if errors are benign */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull_pending = 0;
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull = 0;
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X) sqlite3_io_error_benign=(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(CODE)  \
+  if( (sqlite3_io_error_persist && sqlite3_io_error_hit) \
+       || sqlite3_io_error_pending-- == 1 )  \
+              { local_ioerr(); CODE; }
+static void local_ioerr(){
+  IOTRACE(("IOERR\n"));
+  sqlite3_io_error_hit++;
+  if( !sqlite3_io_error_benign ) sqlite3_io_error_hardhit++;
+}
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(CODE) \
+   if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending ){ \
+     if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending == 1 ){ \
+       local_ioerr(); \
+       sqlite3_diskfull = 1; \
+       sqlite3_io_error_hit = 1; \
+       CODE; \
+     }else{ \
+       sqlite3_diskfull_pending--; \
+     } \
+   }
+#else
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(A)
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(A)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** When testing, keep a count of the number of open files.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
+#define OpenCounter(X)  sqlite3_open_file_count+=(X)
+#else
+#define OpenCounter(X)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_OS_COMMON_H_) */
+
+/************** End of os_common.h *******************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os_os2.c *********************/
+
+/* Forward references */
+typedef struct os2File os2File;         /* The file structure */
+typedef struct os2ShmNode os2ShmNode;   /* A shared descritive memory node */
+typedef struct os2ShmLink os2ShmLink;   /* A connection to shared-memory */
+
+/*
+** The os2File structure is subclass of sqlite3_file specific for the OS/2
+** protability layer.
+*/
+struct os2File {
+  const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethod;  /* Always the first entry */
+  HFILE h;                  /* Handle for accessing the file */
+  int flags;                /* Flags provided to os2Open() */
+  int locktype;             /* Type of lock currently held on this file */
+  int szChunk;              /* Chunk size configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
+  char *zFullPathCp;        /* Full path name of this file */
+  os2ShmLink *pShmLink;     /* Instance of shared memory on this file */
+};
+
+#define LOCK_TIMEOUT 10L /* the default locking timeout */
+
+/*
+** Missing from some versions of the OS/2 toolkit -
+** used to allocate from high memory if possible
+*/
+#ifndef OBJ_ANY
+# define OBJ_ANY 0x00000400
+#endif
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+** The next group of routines implement the I/O methods specified
+** by the sqlite3_io_methods object.
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+** Close a file.
+*/
+static int os2Close( sqlite3_file *id ){
+  APIRET rc;
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  OSTRACE(( "CLOSE %d (%s)\n", pFile->h, pFile->zFullPathCp ));
+
+  rc = DosClose( pFile->h );
+
+  if( pFile->flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE )
+    DosForceDelete( (PSZ)pFile->zFullPathCp );
+
+  free( pFile->zFullPathCp );
+  pFile->zFullPathCp = NULL;
+  pFile->locktype = NO_LOCK;
+  pFile->h = (HFILE)-1;
+  pFile->flags = 0;
+
+  OpenCounter( -1 );
+  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read data from a file into a buffer.  Return SQLITE_OK if all
+** bytes were read successfully and SQLITE_IOERR if anything goes
+** wrong.
+*/
+static int os2Read(
+  sqlite3_file *id,               /* File to read from */
+  void *pBuf,                     /* Write content into this buffer */
+  int amt,                        /* Number of bytes to read */
+  sqlite3_int64 offset            /* Begin reading at this offset */
+){
+  ULONG fileLocation = 0L;
+  ULONG got;
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_READ );
+  OSTRACE(( "READ %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
+  if( DosSetFilePtr(pFile->h, offset, FILE_BEGIN, &fileLocation) != NO_ERROR ){
+    return SQLITE_IOERR;
+  }
+  if( DosRead( pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &got ) != NO_ERROR ){
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_READ;
+  }
+  if( got == (ULONG)amt )
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  else {
+    /* Unread portions of the input buffer must be zero-filled */
+    memset(&((char*)pBuf)[got], 0, amt-got);
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Write data from a buffer into a file.  Return SQLITE_OK on success
+** or some other error code on failure.
+*/
+static int os2Write(
+  sqlite3_file *id,               /* File to write into */
+  const void *pBuf,               /* The bytes to be written */
+  int amt,                        /* Number of bytes to write */
+  sqlite3_int64 offset            /* Offset into the file to begin writing at */
+){
+  ULONG fileLocation = 0L;
+  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
+  ULONG wrote;
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE );
+  SimulateDiskfullError( return SQLITE_FULL );
+  OSTRACE(( "WRITE %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
+  if( DosSetFilePtr(pFile->h, offset, FILE_BEGIN, &fileLocation) != NO_ERROR ){
+    return SQLITE_IOERR;
+  }
+  assert( amt>0 );
+  while( amt > 0 &&
+         ( rc = DosWrite( pFile->h, (PVOID)pBuf, amt, &wrote ) ) == NO_ERROR &&
+         wrote > 0
+  ){
+    amt -= wrote;
+    pBuf = &((char*)pBuf)[wrote];
+  }
+
+  return ( rc != NO_ERROR || amt > (int)wrote ) ? SQLITE_FULL : SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Truncate an open file to a specified size
+*/
+static int os2Truncate( sqlite3_file *id, i64 nByte ){
+  APIRET rc;
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  OSTRACE(( "TRUNCATE %d %lld\n", pFile->h, nByte ));
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE );
+
+  /* If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, truncate the
+  ** file so that it consists of an integer number of chunks (i.e. the
+  ** actual file size after the operation may be larger than the requested
+  ** size).
+  */
+  if( pFile->szChunk ){
+    nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
+  }
+  
+  rc = DosSetFileSize( pFile->h, nByte );
+  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+/*
+** Count the number of fullsyncs and normal syncs.  This is used to test
+** that syncs and fullsyncs are occuring at the right times.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sync_count = 0;
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fullsync_count = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Make sure all writes to a particular file are committed to disk.
+*/
+static int os2Sync( sqlite3_file *id, int flags ){
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  OSTRACE(( "SYNC %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  if( flags & SQLITE_SYNC_FULL){
+    sqlite3_fullsync_count++;
+  }
+  sqlite3_sync_count++;
+#endif
+  /* If we compiled with the SQLITE_NO_SYNC flag, then syncing is a
+  ** no-op
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pFile);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+#else
+  return DosResetBuffer( pFile->h ) == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Determine the current size of a file in bytes
+*/
+static int os2FileSize( sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 *pSize ){
+  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
+  FILESTATUS3 fsts3FileInfo;
+  memset(&fsts3FileInfo, 0, sizeof(fsts3FileInfo));
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT );
+  rc = DosQueryFileInfo( ((os2File*)id)->h, FIL_STANDARD, &fsts3FileInfo, sizeof(FILESTATUS3) );
+  if( rc == NO_ERROR ){
+    *pSize = fsts3FileInfo.cbFile;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Acquire a reader lock.
+*/
+static int getReadLock( os2File *pFile ){
+  FILELOCK  LockArea,
+            UnlockArea;
+  APIRET res;
+  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
+  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
+  LockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
+  LockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
+  UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+  UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
+  res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 1L );
+  OSTRACE(( "GETREADLOCK %d res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Undo a readlock
+*/
+static int unlockReadLock( os2File *id ){
+  FILELOCK  LockArea,
+            UnlockArea;
+  APIRET res;
+  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
+  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
+  LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+  LockArea.lRange = 0L;
+  UnlockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
+  UnlockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
+  res = DosSetFileLocks( id->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 1L );
+  OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK-READLOCK file handle=%d res=%d?\n", id->h, res ));
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter locktype - one
+** of the following:
+**
+**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
+**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
+**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
+**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+**
+** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
+** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
+** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
+** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
+** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
+**
+**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
+**    SHARED -> RESERVED
+**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
+**
+** This routine will only increase a lock.  The os2Unlock() routine
+** erases all locks at once and returns us immediately to locking level 0.
+** It is not possible to lower the locking level one step at a time.  You
+** must go straight to locking level 0.
+*/
+static int os2Lock( sqlite3_file *id, int locktype ){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;       /* Return code from subroutines */
+  APIRET res = NO_ERROR;    /* Result of an OS/2 lock call */
+  int newLocktype;       /* Set pFile->locktype to this value before exiting */
+  int gotPendingLock = 0;/* True if we acquired a PENDING lock this time */
+  FILELOCK  LockArea,
+            UnlockArea;
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
+  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
+  assert( pFile!=0 );
+  OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d %d was %d\n", pFile->h, locktype, pFile->locktype ));
+
+  /* If there is already a lock of this type or more restrictive on the
+  ** os2File, do nothing. Don't use the end_lock: exit path, as
+  ** sqlite3_mutex_enter() hasn't been called yet.
+  */
+  if( pFile->locktype>=locktype ){
+    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d %d ok (already held)\n", pFile->h, locktype ));
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure the locking sequence is correct
+  */
+  assert( pFile->locktype!=NO_LOCK || locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
+  assert( locktype!=PENDING_LOCK );
+  assert( locktype!=RESERVED_LOCK || pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
+
+  /* Lock the PENDING_LOCK byte if we need to acquire a PENDING lock or
+  ** a SHARED lock.  If we are acquiring a SHARED lock, the acquisition of
+  ** the PENDING_LOCK byte is temporary.
+  */
+  newLocktype = pFile->locktype;
+  if( pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK
+      || (locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && pFile->locktype==RESERVED_LOCK)
+  ){
+    LockArea.lOffset = PENDING_BYTE;
+    LockArea.lRange = 1L;
+    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
+
+    /* wait longer than LOCK_TIMEOUT here not to have to try multiple times */
+    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, 100L, 0L );
+    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
+      gotPendingLock = 1;
+      OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d pending lock boolean set.  res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Acquire a shared lock
+  */
+  if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
+    assert( pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK );
+    res = getReadLock(pFile);
+    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
+      newLocktype = SHARED_LOCK;
+    }
+    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire shared lock. res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
+  }
+
+  /* Acquire a RESERVED lock
+  */
+  if( locktype==RESERVED_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
+    assert( pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
+    LockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
+    LockArea.lRange = 1L;
+    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
+    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
+    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
+      newLocktype = RESERVED_LOCK;
+    }
+    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire reserved lock. res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
+  }
+
+  /* Acquire a PENDING lock
+  */
+  if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
+    newLocktype = PENDING_LOCK;
+    gotPendingLock = 0;
+    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire pending lock. pending lock boolean unset.\n",
+               pFile->h ));
+  }
+
+  /* Acquire an EXCLUSIVE lock
+  */
+  if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
+    assert( pFile->locktype>=SHARED_LOCK );
+    res = unlockReadLock(pFile);
+    OSTRACE(( "unreadlock = %d\n", res ));
+    LockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
+    LockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
+    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
+    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
+    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
+      newLocktype = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
+    }else{
+      OSTRACE(( "OS/2 error-code = %d\n", res ));
+      getReadLock(pFile);
+    }
+    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire exclusive lock.  res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
+  }
+
+  /* If we are holding a PENDING lock that ought to be released, then
+  ** release it now.
+  */
+  if( gotPendingLock && locktype==SHARED_LOCK ){
+    int r;
+    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
+    UnlockArea.lOffset = PENDING_BYTE;
+    UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
+    r = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
+    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d unlocking pending/is shared. r=%d\n", pFile->h, r ));
+  }
+
+  /* Update the state of the lock has held in the file descriptor then
+  ** return the appropriate result code.
+  */
+  if( res == NO_ERROR ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    OSTRACE(( "LOCK FAILED %d trying for %d but got %d\n", pFile->h,
+              locktype, newLocktype ));
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+  pFile->locktype = newLocktype;
+  OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d now %d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
+** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, return
+** non-zero, otherwise zero.
+*/
+static int os2CheckReservedLock( sqlite3_file *id, int *pOut ){
+  int r = 0;
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  assert( pFile!=0 );
+  if( pFile->locktype>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
+    r = 1;
+    OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (local)\n", pFile->h, r ));
+  }else{
+    FILELOCK  LockArea,
+              UnlockArea;
+    APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
+    memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
+    memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
+    LockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
+    LockArea.lRange = 1L;
+    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
+    rc = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
+    OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d lock reserved byte rc=%d\n", pFile->h, rc ));
+    if( rc == NO_ERROR ){
+      APIRET rcu = NO_ERROR; /* return code for unlocking */
+      LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+      LockArea.lRange = 0L;
+      UnlockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
+      UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
+      rcu = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
+      OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d unlock reserved byte r=%d\n", pFile->h, rcu ));
+    }
+    r = !(rc == NO_ERROR);
+    OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (remote)\n", pFile->h, r ));
+  }
+  *pOut = r;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lower the locking level on file descriptor id to locktype.  locktype
+** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+**
+** It is not possible for this routine to fail if the second argument
+** is NO_LOCK.  If the second argument is SHARED_LOCK then this routine
+** might return SQLITE_IOERR;
+*/
+static int os2Unlock( sqlite3_file *id, int locktype ){
+  int type;
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  APIRET rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  APIRET res = NO_ERROR;
+  FILELOCK  LockArea,
+            UnlockArea;
+  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
+  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
+  assert( pFile!=0 );
+  assert( locktype<=SHARED_LOCK );
+  OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d to %d was %d\n", pFile->h, locktype, pFile->locktype ));
+  type = pFile->locktype;
+  if( type>=EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
+    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
+    UnlockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
+    UnlockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
+    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
+    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d exclusive lock res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
+    if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && getReadLock(pFile) != NO_ERROR ){
+      /* This should never happen.  We should always be able to
+      ** reacquire the read lock */
+      OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d to %d getReadLock() failed\n", pFile->h, locktype ));
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+    }
+  }
+  if( type>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
+    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
+    UnlockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
+    UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
+    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
+    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d reserved res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
+  }
+  if( locktype==NO_LOCK && type>=SHARED_LOCK ){
+    res = unlockReadLock(pFile);
+    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d is %d want %d res=%d\n",
+              pFile->h, type, locktype, res ));
+  }
+  if( type>=PENDING_LOCK ){
+    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
+    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
+    UnlockArea.lOffset = PENDING_BYTE;
+    UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
+    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
+    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d pending res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
+  }
+  pFile->locktype = locktype;
+  OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d now %d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Control and query of the open file handle.
+*/
+static int os2FileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
+  switch( op ){
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE: {
+      *(int*)pArg = ((os2File*)id)->locktype;
+      OSTRACE(( "FCNTL_LOCKSTATE %d lock=%d\n",
+                ((os2File*)id)->h, ((os2File*)id)->locktype ));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
+      ((os2File*)id)->szChunk = *(int*)pArg;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
+      sqlite3_int64 sz = *(sqlite3_int64*)pArg;
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+      os2Truncate(id, sz);
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED: {
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the sector size in bytes of the underlying block device for
+** the specified file. This is almost always 512 bytes, but may be
+** larger for some devices.
+**
+** SQLite code assumes this function cannot fail. It also assumes that
+** if two files are created in the same file-system directory (i.e.
+** a database and its journal file) that the sector size will be the
+** same for both.
+*/
+static int os2SectorSize(sqlite3_file *id){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
+  return SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a vector of device characteristics.
+*/
+static int os2DeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
+  return SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Character set conversion objects used by conversion routines.
+*/
+static UconvObject ucUtf8 = NULL; /* convert between UTF-8 and UCS-2 */
+static UconvObject uclCp = NULL;  /* convert between local codepage and UCS-2 */
+
+/*
+** Helper function to initialize the conversion objects from and to UTF-8.
+*/
+static void initUconvObjects( void ){
+  if( UniCreateUconvObject( UTF_8, &ucUtf8 ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
+    ucUtf8 = NULL;
+  if ( UniCreateUconvObject( (UniChar *)L"@path=yes", &uclCp ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
+    uclCp = NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper function to free the conversion objects from and to UTF-8.
+*/
+static void freeUconvObjects( void ){
+  if ( ucUtf8 )
+    UniFreeUconvObject( ucUtf8 );
+  if ( uclCp )
+    UniFreeUconvObject( uclCp );
+  ucUtf8 = NULL;
+  uclCp = NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper function to convert UTF-8 filenames to local OS/2 codepage.
+** The two-step process: first convert the incoming UTF-8 string
+** into UCS-2 and then from UCS-2 to the current codepage.
+** The returned char pointer has to be freed.
+*/
+static char *convertUtf8PathToCp( const char *in ){
+  UniChar tempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
+  char *out = (char *)calloc( CCHMAXPATH, 1 );
+
+  if( !out )
+    return NULL;
+
+  if( !ucUtf8 || !uclCp )
+    initUconvObjects();
+
+  /* determine string for the conversion of UTF-8 which is CP1208 */
+  if( UniStrToUcs( ucUtf8, tempPath, (char *)in, CCHMAXPATH ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
+    return out; /* if conversion fails, return the empty string */
+
+  /* conversion for current codepage which can be used for paths */
+  UniStrFromUcs( uclCp, out, tempPath, CCHMAXPATH );
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper function to convert filenames from local codepage to UTF-8.
+** The two-step process: first convert the incoming codepage-specific
+** string into UCS-2 and then from UCS-2 to the codepage of UTF-8.
+** The returned char pointer has to be freed.
+**
+** This function is non-static to be able to use this in shell.c and
+** similar applications that take command line arguments.
+*/
+char *convertCpPathToUtf8( const char *in ){
+  UniChar tempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
+  char *out = (char *)calloc( CCHMAXPATH, 1 );
+
+  if( !out )
+    return NULL;
+
+  if( !ucUtf8 || !uclCp )
+    initUconvObjects();
+
+  /* conversion for current codepage which can be used for paths */
+  if( UniStrToUcs( uclCp, tempPath, (char *)in, CCHMAXPATH ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
+    return out; /* if conversion fails, return the empty string */
+
+  /* determine string for the conversion of UTF-8 which is CP1208 */
+  UniStrFromUcs( ucUtf8, out, tempPath, CCHMAXPATH );
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+
+/*
+** Use main database file for interprocess locking. If un-defined
+** a separate file is created for this purpose. The file will be
+** used only to set file locks. There will be no data written to it.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE     
+
+#if 0
+static void _ERR_TRACE( const char *fmt, ... ) {
+  va_list  ap;
+  va_start(ap, fmt);
+  vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
+  fflush(stderr);
+}
+#define ERR_TRACE(rc, msg)        \
+        if( (rc) != SQLITE_OK ) _ERR_TRACE msg;
+#else
+#define ERR_TRACE(rc, msg)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
+** global mutex is used to protect os2ShmNodeList.
+**
+** Function os2ShmMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex 
+** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert() 
+** statements. e.g.
+**
+**   os2ShmEnterMutex()
+**     assert( os2ShmMutexHeld() );
+**   os2ShmLeaveMutex()
+*/
+static void os2ShmEnterMutex(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+static void os2ShmLeaveMutex(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+static int os2ShmMutexHeld(void) {
+  return sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+int GetCurrentProcessId(void) {
+  PPIB pib;
+  DosGetInfoBlocks(NULL, &pib);
+  return (int)pib->pib_ulpid;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Object used to represent a the shared memory area for a single log file.
+** When multiple threads all reference the same log-summary, each thread has
+** its own os2File object, but they all point to a single instance of this 
+** object.  In other words, each log-summary is opened only once per process.
+**
+** os2ShmMutexHeld() must be true when creating or destroying
+** this object or while reading or writing the following fields:
+**
+**      nRef
+**      pNext 
+**
+** The following fields are read-only after the object is created:
+** 
+**      szRegion
+**      hLockFile
+**      shmBaseName
+**
+** Either os2ShmNode.mutex must be held or os2ShmNode.nRef==0 and
+** os2ShmMutexHeld() is true when reading or writing any other field
+** in this structure.
+**
+*/
+struct os2ShmNode {
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;      /* Mutex to access this object */
+  os2ShmNode *pNext;         /* Next in list of all os2ShmNode objects */
+
+  int szRegion;              /* Size of shared-memory regions */
+
+  int nRegion;               /* Size of array apRegion */
+  void **apRegion;           /* Array of pointers to shared-memory regions */
+
+  int nRef;                  /* Number of os2ShmLink objects pointing to this */
+  os2ShmLink *pFirst;        /* First os2ShmLink object pointing to this */
+
+  HFILE hLockFile;           /* File used for inter-process memory locking */
+  char shmBaseName[1];       /* Name of the memory object !!! must last !!! */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Structure used internally by this VFS to record the state of an
+** open shared memory connection.
+**
+** The following fields are initialized when this object is created and
+** are read-only thereafter:
+**
+**    os2Shm.pShmNode
+**    os2Shm.id
+**
+** All other fields are read/write.  The os2Shm.pShmNode->mutex must be held
+** while accessing any read/write fields.
+*/
+struct os2ShmLink {
+  os2ShmNode *pShmNode;      /* The underlying os2ShmNode object */
+  os2ShmLink *pNext;         /* Next os2Shm with the same os2ShmNode */
+  u32 sharedMask;            /* Mask of shared locks held */
+  u32 exclMask;              /* Mask of exclusive locks held */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  u8 id;                     /* Id of this connection with its os2ShmNode */
+#endif
+};
+
+
+/*
+** A global list of all os2ShmNode objects.
+**
+** The os2ShmMutexHeld() must be true while reading or writing this list.
+*/
+static os2ShmNode *os2ShmNodeList = NULL;
+
+/*
+** Constants used for locking
+*/
+#ifdef  SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
+#define OS2_SHM_BASE   (PENDING_BYTE + 0x10000)         /* first lock byte */
+#else
+#define OS2_SHM_BASE   ((22+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)*4)        /* first lock byte */
+#endif
+
+#define OS2_SHM_DMS    (OS2_SHM_BASE+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)  /* deadman switch */
+
+/*
+** Apply advisory locks for all n bytes beginning at ofst.
+*/
+#define _SHM_UNLCK  1   /* no lock */
+#define _SHM_RDLCK  2   /* shared lock, no wait */
+#define _SHM_WRLCK  3   /* exlusive lock, no wait */
+#define _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT 4 /* exclusive lock, wait */
+static int os2ShmSystemLock(
+  os2ShmNode *pNode,    /* Apply locks to this open shared-memory segment */
+  int lockType,         /* _SHM_UNLCK, _SHM_RDLCK, _SHM_WRLCK or _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT */
+  int ofst,             /* Offset to first byte to be locked/unlocked */
+  int nByte             /* Number of bytes to lock or unlock */
+){
+  APIRET rc;
+  FILELOCK area;
+  ULONG mode, timeout;
+
+  /* Access to the os2ShmNode object is serialized by the caller */
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pNode->mutex) || pNode->nRef==0 );
+
+  mode = 1;     /* shared lock */
+  timeout = 0;  /* no wait */
+  area.lOffset = ofst;
+  area.lRange = nByte;
+
+  switch( lockType ) {
+    case _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT:
+      timeout = (ULONG)-1;      /* wait forever */
+    case _SHM_WRLCK:
+      mode = 0;                 /* exclusive lock */
+    case _SHM_RDLCK:
+      rc = DosSetFileLocks(pNode->hLockFile, 
+                           NULL, &area, timeout, mode);
+      break;
+    /* case _SHM_UNLCK: */
+    default:
+      rc = DosSetFileLocks(pNode->hLockFile, 
+                           &area, NULL, 0, 0);
+      break;
+  }
+                          
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK %d %s %s 0x%08lx\n", 
+           pNode->hLockFile,
+           rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed",
+           lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ? "Unlock" : "Lock",
+           rc));
+
+  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmSystemLock: %d %s\n", rc, pNode->shmBaseName))
+
+  return ( rc == 0 ) ?  SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_BUSY;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find an os2ShmNode in global list or allocate a new one, if not found.
+**
+** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
+** by VFS shared-memory methods.
+*/
+static int os2OpenSharedMemory( os2File *fd, int szRegion ) {
+  os2ShmLink *pLink;
+  os2ShmNode *pNode;
+  int cbShmName, rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  char shmName[CCHMAXPATH + 30];
+#ifndef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
+  ULONG action;
+#endif
+  
+  /* We need some additional space at the end to append the region number */
+  cbShmName = sprintf(shmName, "\\SHAREMEM\\%s", fd->zFullPathCp );
+  if( cbShmName >= CCHMAXPATH-8 )
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN; 
+
+  /* Replace colon in file name to form a valid shared memory name */
+  shmName[10+1] = '!';
+
+  /* Allocate link object (we free it later in case of failure) */
+  pLink = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pLink) );
+  if( !pLink )
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  /* Access node list */
+  os2ShmEnterMutex();
+
+  /* Find node by it's shared memory base name */
+  for( pNode = os2ShmNodeList; 
+       pNode && stricmp(shmName, pNode->shmBaseName) != 0; 
+       pNode = pNode->pNext )   ;
+
+  /* Not found: allocate a new node */
+  if( !pNode ) {
+    pNode = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pNode) + cbShmName );
+    if( pNode ) {
+      memset(pNode, 0, sizeof(*pNode) );
+      pNode->szRegion = szRegion;
+      pNode->hLockFile = (HFILE)-1;      
+      strcpy(pNode->shmBaseName, shmName);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
+      if( DosDupHandle(fd->h, &pNode->hLockFile) != 0 ) {
+#else
+      sprintf(shmName, "%s-lck", fd->zFullPathCp);
+      if( DosOpen((PSZ)shmName, &pNode->hLockFile, &action, 0, FILE_NORMAL, 
+                  OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS | OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW,
+                  OPEN_ACCESS_READWRITE | OPEN_SHARE_DENYNONE | 
+                  OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT | OPEN_FLAGS_FAIL_ON_ERROR,
+                  NULL) != 0 ) {
+#endif
+        sqlite3_free(pNode);  
+        rc = SQLITE_IOERR;
+      } else {
+        pNode->mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST);
+        if( !pNode->mutex ) {
+          sqlite3_free(pNode);  
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        }
+      }   
+    } else {
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    
+    if( rc == SQLITE_OK ) {
+      pNode->pNext = os2ShmNodeList;
+      os2ShmNodeList = pNode;
+    } else {
+      pNode = NULL;
+    }
+  } else if( pNode->szRegion != szRegion ) {
+    rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE;
+    pNode = NULL;
+  }
+
+  if( pNode ) {
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
+
+    memset(pLink, 0, sizeof(*pLink));
+
+    pLink->pShmNode = pNode;
+    pLink->pNext = pNode->pFirst;
+    pNode->pFirst = pLink;
+    pNode->nRef++;
+
+    fd->pShmLink = pLink;
+
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
+    
+  } else {
+    /* Error occured. Free our link object. */
+    sqlite3_free(pLink);  
+  }
+
+  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
+
+  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2OpenSharedMemory: %d  %s\n", rc, fd->zFullPathCp))  
+  
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Purge the os2ShmNodeList list of all entries with nRef==0.
+**
+** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
+** by VFS shared-memory methods.
+*/
+static void os2PurgeShmNodes( int deleteFlag ) {
+  os2ShmNode *pNode;
+  os2ShmNode **ppNode;
+
+  os2ShmEnterMutex();
+  
+  ppNode = &os2ShmNodeList;
+
+  while( *ppNode ) {
+    pNode = *ppNode;
+
+    if( pNode->nRef == 0 ) {
+      *ppNode = pNode->pNext;   
+     
+      if( pNode->apRegion ) {
+        /* Prevent other processes from resizing the shared memory */
+        os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
+
+        while( pNode->nRegion-- ) {
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+          int rc = 
+#endif          
+          DosFreeMem(pNode->apRegion[pNode->nRegion]);
+
+          OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d unmap region=%d %s\n",
+                  (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), pNode->nRegion,
+                  rc == 0 ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        }
+
+        /* Allow other processes to resize the shared memory */
+        os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_UNLCK, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
+
+        sqlite3_free(pNode->apRegion);
+      }  
+
+      DosClose(pNode->hLockFile);
+      
+#ifndef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
+      if( deleteFlag ) {
+         char fileName[CCHMAXPATH];
+         /* Skip "\\SHAREMEM\\" */
+         sprintf(fileName, "%s-lck", pNode->shmBaseName + 10);
+         /* restore colon */
+         fileName[1] = ':';
+         
+         DosForceDelete(fileName); 
+      }
+#endif
+
+      sqlite3_mutex_free(pNode->mutex);
+
+      sqlite3_free(pNode);
+      
+    } else {
+      ppNode = &pNode->pNext;
+    }
+  } 
+
+  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the
+** shared-memory associated with the database file id. Shared-memory regions
+** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion
+** bytes in size.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an error code is returned and *pp is set to NULL.
+**
+** Otherwise, if the bExtend parameter is 0 and the requested shared-memory
+** region has not been allocated (by any client, including one running in a
+** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If
+** bExtend is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet
+** been allocated, it is allocated by this function.
+**
+** If the shared-memory region has already been allocated or is allocated by
+** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes
+** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped
+** memory and SQLITE_OK returned.
+*/
+static int os2ShmMap(
+  sqlite3_file *id,               /* Handle open on database file */
+  int iRegion,                    /* Region to retrieve */
+  int szRegion,                   /* Size of regions */
+  int bExtend,                    /* True to extend block if necessary */
+  void volatile **pp              /* OUT: Mapped memory */
+){
+  PVOID pvTemp;
+  void **apRegion;
+  os2ShmNode *pNode;
+  int n, rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  char shmName[CCHMAXPATH];
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  
+  *pp = NULL;
+
+  if( !pFile->pShmLink )
+    rc = os2OpenSharedMemory( pFile, szRegion );
+  
+  if( rc == SQLITE_OK ) {
+    pNode = pFile->pShmLink->pShmNode ;
+    
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
+    
+    assert( szRegion==pNode->szRegion );
+
+    /* Unmapped region ? */
+    if( iRegion >= pNode->nRegion ) {
+      /* Prevent other processes from resizing the shared memory */
+      os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
+
+      apRegion = sqlite3_realloc(
+        pNode->apRegion, (iRegion + 1) * sizeof(apRegion[0]));
+
+      if( apRegion ) {
+        pNode->apRegion = apRegion;
+
+        while( pNode->nRegion <= iRegion ) {
+          sprintf(shmName, "%s-%u", 
+                  pNode->shmBaseName, pNode->nRegion);
+
+          if( DosGetNamedSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, 
+                PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE) != NO_ERROR ) {
+            if( !bExtend )
+              break;
+
+            if( DosAllocSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, szRegion,
+                  PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE | PAG_COMMIT | OBJ_ANY) != NO_ERROR && 
+                DosAllocSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, szRegion,
+                  PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE | PAG_COMMIT) != NO_ERROR ) { 
+              rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+
+          apRegion[pNode->nRegion++] = pvTemp;
+        }
+
+        /* zero out remaining entries */ 
+        for( n = pNode->nRegion; n <= iRegion; n++ )
+          pNode->apRegion[n] = NULL;
+
+        /* Return this region (maybe zero) */
+        *pp = pNode->apRegion[iRegion];
+      } else {
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+
+      /* Allow other processes to resize the shared memory */
+      os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_UNLCK, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
+      
+    } else {
+      /* Region has been mapped previously */
+      *pp = pNode->apRegion[iRegion];
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
+  } 
+
+  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmMap: %s iRgn = %d, szRgn = %d, bExt = %d : %d\n", 
+                 pFile->zFullPathCp, iRegion, szRegion, bExtend, rc))
+          
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying
+** storage if deleteFlag is true.
+**
+** If there is no shared memory associated with the connection then this
+** routine is a harmless no-op.
+*/
+static int os2ShmUnmap(
+  sqlite3_file *id,               /* The underlying database file */
+  int deleteFlag                  /* Delete shared-memory if true */
+){
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  os2ShmLink *pLink = pFile->pShmLink;
+  
+  if( pLink ) {
+    int nRef = -1;
+    os2ShmLink **ppLink;
+    os2ShmNode *pNode = pLink->pShmNode;
+
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
+    
+    for( ppLink = &pNode->pFirst;
+         *ppLink && *ppLink != pLink;
+         ppLink = &(*ppLink)->pNext )   ;
+         
+    assert(*ppLink);
+
+    if( *ppLink ) {
+      *ppLink = pLink->pNext;
+      nRef = --pNode->nRef;
+    } else {
+      ERR_TRACE(1, ("os2ShmUnmap: link not found ! %s\n", 
+                    pNode->shmBaseName))
+    }
+    
+    pFile->pShmLink = NULL;
+    sqlite3_free(pLink);
+
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
+    
+    if( nRef == 0 )
+      os2PurgeShmNodes( deleteFlag );
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the lock state for a shared-memory segment.
+**
+** Note that the relationship between SHAREd and EXCLUSIVE locks is a little
+** different here than in posix.  In xShmLock(), one can go from unlocked
+** to shared and back or from unlocked to exclusive and back.  But one may
+** not go from shared to exclusive or from exclusive to shared.
+*/
+static int os2ShmLock(
+  sqlite3_file *id,          /* Database file holding the shared memory */
+  int ofst,                  /* First lock to acquire or release */
+  int n,                     /* Number of locks to acquire or release */
+  int flags                  /* What to do with the lock */
+){
+  u32 mask;                             /* Mask of locks to take or release */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                   /* Result code */
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  os2ShmLink *p = pFile->pShmLink;      /* The shared memory being locked */
+  os2ShmLink *pX;                       /* For looping over all siblings */
+  os2ShmNode *pShmNode = p->pShmNode;   /* Our node */
+  
+  assert( ofst>=0 && ofst+n<=SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );
+  assert( n>=1 );
+  assert( flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE) );
+  assert( n==1 || (flags & SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)!=0 );
+
+  mask = (u32)((1U<<(ofst+n)) - (1U<<ofst));
+  assert( n>1 || mask==(1<<ofst) );
+
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+
+  if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK ){
+    u32 allMask = 0; /* Mask of locks held by siblings */
+
+    /* See if any siblings hold this same lock */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( pX==p ) continue;
+      assert( (pX->exclMask & (p->exclMask|p->sharedMask))==0 );
+      allMask |= pX->sharedMask;
+    }
+
+    /* Unlock the system-level locks */
+    if( (mask & allMask)==0 ){
+      rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_UNLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    /* Undo the local locks */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->exclMask &= ~mask;
+      p->sharedMask &= ~mask;
+    } 
+  }else if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_SHARED ){
+    u32 allShared = 0;  /* Union of locks held by connections other than "p" */
+
+    /* Find out which shared locks are already held by sibling connections.
+    ** If any sibling already holds an exclusive lock, go ahead and return
+    ** SQLITE_BUSY.
+    */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        break;
+      }
+      allShared |= pX->sharedMask;
+    }
+
+    /* Get shared locks at the system level, if necessary */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( (allShared & mask)==0 ){
+        rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_RDLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
+      }else{
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Get the local shared locks */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->sharedMask |= mask;
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* Make sure no sibling connections hold locks that will block this
+    ** lock.  If any do, return SQLITE_BUSY right away.
+    */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 || (pX->sharedMask & mask)!=0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* Get the exclusive locks at the system level.  Then if successful
+    ** also mark the local connection as being locked.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_WRLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        assert( (p->sharedMask & mask)==0 );
+        p->exclMask |= mask;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+  
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK shmid-%d, pid-%d got %03x,%03x %s\n",
+           p->id, (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), p->sharedMask, p->exclMask,
+           rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+
+  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmLock: ofst = %d, n = %d, flags = 0x%x -> %d \n", 
+                 ofst, n, flags, rc))
+                  
+  return rc; 
+}
+
+/*
+** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.
+**
+** All loads and stores begun before the barrier must complete before
+** any load or store begun after the barrier.
+*/
+static void os2ShmBarrier(
+  sqlite3_file *id                /* Database file holding the shared memory */
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
+  os2ShmEnterMutex();
+  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
+}
+
+#else
+# define os2ShmMap     0
+# define os2ShmLock    0
+# define os2ShmBarrier 0
+# define os2ShmUnmap   0
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
+
+/*
+** This vector defines all the methods that can operate on an
+** sqlite3_file for os2.
+*/
+static const sqlite3_io_methods os2IoMethod = {
+  2,                              /* iVersion */
+  os2Close,                       /* xClose */
+  os2Read,                        /* xRead */
+  os2Write,                       /* xWrite */
+  os2Truncate,                    /* xTruncate */
+  os2Sync,                        /* xSync */
+  os2FileSize,                    /* xFileSize */
+  os2Lock,                        /* xLock */
+  os2Unlock,                      /* xUnlock */
+  os2CheckReservedLock,           /* xCheckReservedLock */
+  os2FileControl,                 /* xFileControl */
+  os2SectorSize,                  /* xSectorSize */
+  os2DeviceCharacteristics,       /* xDeviceCharacteristics */
+  os2ShmMap,                      /* xShmMap */
+  os2ShmLock,                     /* xShmLock */
+  os2ShmBarrier,                  /* xShmBarrier */
+  os2ShmUnmap                     /* xShmUnmap */
+};
+
+
+/***************************************************************************
+** Here ends the I/O methods that form the sqlite3_io_methods object.
+**
+** The next block of code implements the VFS methods.
+****************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+** Create a temporary file name in zBuf.  zBuf must be big enough to
+** hold at pVfs->mxPathname characters.
+*/
+static int getTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf ){
+  static const char zChars[] =
+    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+    "0123456789";
+  int i, j;
+  PSZ zTempPathCp;      
+  char zTempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
+  ULONG ulDriveNum, ulDriveMap;
+  
+  /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
+  ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
+  ** function failing. 
+  */
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR );
+
+  if( sqlite3_temp_directory ) {
+    sqlite3_snprintf(CCHMAXPATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", sqlite3_temp_directory);
+  } else if( DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TEMP",   &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ||
+             DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMP",    &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ||
+             DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMPDIR", &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ) {
+    char *zTempPathUTF = convertCpPathToUtf8( (char *)zTempPathCp );
+    sqlite3_snprintf(CCHMAXPATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zTempPathUTF);
+    free( zTempPathUTF );
+  } else if( DosQueryCurrentDisk( &ulDriveNum, &ulDriveMap ) == NO_ERROR ) {
+    zTempPath[0] = (char)('A' + ulDriveNum - 1);
+    zTempPath[1] = ':'; 
+    zTempPath[2] = '\0'; 
+  } else {
+    zTempPath[0] = '\0'; 
+  }
+  
+  /* Strip off a trailing slashes or backslashes, otherwise we would get *
+   * multiple (back)slashes which causes DosOpen() to fail.              *
+   * Trailing spaces are not allowed, either.                            */
+  j = sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath);
+  while( j > 0 && ( zTempPath[j-1] == '\\' || zTempPath[j-1] == '/' || 
+                    zTempPath[j-1] == ' ' ) ){
+    j--;
+  }
+  zTempPath[j] = '\0';
+  
+  /* We use 20 bytes to randomize the name */
+  sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-22, zBuf,
+                   "%s\\"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zTempPath);
+  j = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
+  sqlite3_randomness( 20, &zBuf[j] );
+  for( i = 0; i < 20; i++, j++ ){
+    zBuf[j] = zChars[ ((unsigned char)zBuf[j])%(sizeof(zChars)-1) ];
+  }
+  zBuf[j] = 0;
+
+  OSTRACE(( "TEMP FILENAME: %s\n", zBuf ));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Turn a relative pathname into a full pathname.  Write the full
+** pathname into zFull[].  zFull[] will be at least pVfs->mxPathname
+** bytes in size.
+*/
+static int os2FullPathname(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,          /* Pointer to vfs object */
+  const char *zRelative,      /* Possibly relative input path */
+  int nFull,                  /* Size of output buffer in bytes */
+  char *zFull                 /* Output buffer */
+){
+  char *zRelativeCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zRelative );
+  char zFullCp[CCHMAXPATH] = "\0";
+  char *zFullUTF;
+  APIRET rc = DosQueryPathInfo( (PSZ)zRelativeCp, FIL_QUERYFULLNAME, 
+                                zFullCp, CCHMAXPATH );
+  free( zRelativeCp );
+  zFullUTF = convertCpPathToUtf8( zFullCp );
+  sqlite3_snprintf( nFull, zFull, zFullUTF );
+  free( zFullUTF );
+  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Open a file.
+*/
+static int os2Open(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,            /* Not used */
+  const char *zName,            /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
+  sqlite3_file *id,             /* Write the SQLite file handle here */
+  int flags,                    /* Open mode flags */
+  int *pOutFlags                /* Status return flags */
+){
+  HFILE h;
+  ULONG ulOpenFlags = 0;
+  ULONG ulOpenMode = 0;
+  ULONG ulAction = 0;
+  ULONG rc;
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  const char *zUtf8Name = zName;
+  char *zNameCp;
+  char  zTmpname[CCHMAXPATH];
+
+  int isExclusive  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE);
+  int isCreate     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
+  int isReadWrite  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  int isDelete     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE);
+  int isReadonly   = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
+  int eType        = (flags & 0xFFFFFF00);
+  int isOpenJournal = (isCreate && (
+        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  ));
+#endif
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  assert( id!=0 );
+
+  /* Check the following statements are true: 
+  **
+  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and 
+  **   (b) if CREATE is set, then READWRITE must also be set, and
+  **   (c) if EXCLUSIVE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  **   (d) if DELETEONCLOSE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  */
+  assert((isReadonly==0 || isReadWrite==0) && (isReadWrite || isReadonly));
+  assert(isCreate==0 || isReadWrite);
+  assert(isExclusive==0 || isCreate);
+  assert(isDelete==0 || isCreate);
+
+  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never 
+  ** automatically deleted. Nor are they ever temporary files.  */
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_WAL );
+
+  /* Assert that the upper layer has set one of the "file-type" flags. */
+  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  );
+
+  memset( pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile) );
+  pFile->h = (HFILE)-1;
+
+  /* If the second argument to this function is NULL, generate a 
+  ** temporary file name to use 
+  */
+  if( !zUtf8Name ){
+    assert(isDelete && !isOpenJournal);
+    rc = getTempname(CCHMAXPATH, zTmpname);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    zUtf8Name = zTmpname;
+  }
+
+  if( isReadWrite ){
+    ulOpenMode |= OPEN_ACCESS_READWRITE;
+  }else{
+    ulOpenMode |= OPEN_ACCESS_READONLY;
+  }
+
+  /* Open in random access mode for possibly better speed.  Allow full
+  ** sharing because file locks will provide exclusive access when needed.
+  ** The handle should not be inherited by child processes and we don't 
+  ** want popups from the critical error handler.
+  */
+  ulOpenMode |= OPEN_FLAGS_RANDOM | OPEN_SHARE_DENYNONE | 
+                OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT | OPEN_FLAGS_FAIL_ON_ERROR;
+
+  /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is 
+  ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access" 
+  ** as it is usually understood.
+  */
+  if( isExclusive ){
+    /* Creates a new file, only if it does not already exist. */
+    /* If the file exists, it fails. */
+    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_FAIL_IF_EXISTS;
+  }else if( isCreate ){
+    /* Open existing file, or create if it doesn't exist */
+    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS;
+  }else{
+    /* Opens a file, only if it exists. */
+    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_FAIL_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS;
+  }
+
+  zNameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zUtf8Name );
+  rc = DosOpen( (PSZ)zNameCp,
+                &h,
+                &ulAction,
+                0L,
+                FILE_NORMAL,
+                ulOpenFlags,
+                ulOpenMode,
+                (PEAOP2)NULL );
+  free( zNameCp );
+
+  if( rc != NO_ERROR ){
+    OSTRACE(( "OPEN Invalid handle rc=%d: zName=%s, ulAction=%#lx, ulFlags=%#lx, ulMode=%#lx\n",
+              rc, zUtf8Name, ulAction, ulOpenFlags, ulOpenMode ));
+
+    if( isReadWrite ){
+      return os2Open( pVfs, zName, id,
+                      ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)&~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)),
+                      pOutFlags );
+    }else{
+      return SQLITE_CANTOPEN;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( pOutFlags ){
+    *pOutFlags = isReadWrite ? SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE : SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
+  }
+
+  os2FullPathname( pVfs, zUtf8Name, sizeof( zTmpname ), zTmpname );
+  pFile->zFullPathCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zTmpname );
+  pFile->pMethod = &os2IoMethod;
+  pFile->flags = flags;
+  pFile->h = h;
+
+  OpenCounter(+1);
+  OSTRACE(( "OPEN %d pOutFlags=%d\n", pFile->h, pOutFlags ));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete the named file.
+*/
+static int os2Delete(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,                     /* Not used on os2 */
+  const char *zFilename,                 /* Name of file to delete */
+  int syncDir                            /* Not used on os2 */
+){
+  APIRET rc;
+  char *zFilenameCp;
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE );
+  zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
+  rc = DosDelete( (PSZ)zFilenameCp );
+  free( zFilenameCp );
+  OSTRACE(( "DELETE \"%s\"\n", zFilename ));
+  return (rc == NO_ERROR ||
+          rc == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND ||
+          rc == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ) ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check the existance and status of a file.
+*/
+static int os2Access(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,        /* Not used on os2 */
+  const char *zFilename,    /* Name of file to check */
+  int flags,                /* Type of test to make on this file */
+  int *pOut                 /* Write results here */
+){
+  APIRET rc;
+  FILESTATUS3 fsts3ConfigInfo;
+  char *zFilenameCp;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS; );
+  
+  zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
+  rc = DosQueryPathInfo( (PSZ)zFilenameCp, FIL_STANDARD,
+                         &fsts3ConfigInfo, sizeof(FILESTATUS3) );
+  free( zFilenameCp );
+  OSTRACE(( "ACCESS fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile=%d flags=%d rc=%d\n",
+            fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile, flags, rc ));
+
+  switch( flags ){
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS:
+      /* For an SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS query, treat a zero-length file
+      ** as if it does not exist.
+      */
+      if( fsts3ConfigInfo.cbFile == 0 ) 
+        rc = ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND;
+      break;
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READ:
+      break;
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE:
+      if( fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile & FILE_READONLY )
+        rc = ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED;
+      break;
+    default:
+      rc = ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND;
+      assert( !"Invalid flags argument" );
+  }
+
+  *pOut = (rc == NO_ERROR);
+  OSTRACE(( "ACCESS %s flags %d: rc=%d\n", zFilename, flags, *pOut ));
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+/*
+** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
+** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
+*/
+/*
+** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
+** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
+*/
+static void *os2DlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zFilename){
+  HMODULE hmod;
+  APIRET rc;
+  char *zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp(zFilename);
+  rc = DosLoadModule(NULL, 0, (PSZ)zFilenameCp, &hmod);
+  free(zFilenameCp);
+  return rc != NO_ERROR ? 0 : (void*)hmod;
+}
+/*
+** A no-op since the error code is returned on the DosLoadModule call.
+** os2Dlopen returns zero if DosLoadModule is not successful.
+*/
+static void os2DlError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
+/* no-op */
+}
+static void (*os2DlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
+  PFN pfn;
+  APIRET rc;
+  rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, (PSZ)zSymbol, &pfn);
+  if( rc != NO_ERROR ){
+    /* if the symbol itself was not found, search again for the same
+     * symbol with an extra underscore, that might be needed depending
+     * on the calling convention */
+    char _zSymbol[256] = "_";
+    strncat(_zSymbol, zSymbol, 254);
+    rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, (PSZ)_zSymbol, &pfn);
+  }
+  return rc != NO_ERROR ? 0 : (void(*)(void))pfn;
+}
+static void os2DlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
+  DosFreeModule((HMODULE)pHandle);
+}
+#else /* if SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION is defined: */
+  #define os2DlOpen 0
+  #define os2DlError 0
+  #define os2DlSym 0
+  #define os2DlClose 0
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Write up to nBuf bytes of randomness into zBuf.
+*/
+static int os2Randomness(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf ){
+  int n = 0;
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  n = nBuf;
+  memset(zBuf, 0, nBuf);
+#else
+  int i;                           
+  PPIB ppib;
+  PTIB ptib;
+  DATETIME dt; 
+  static unsigned c = 0;
+  /* Ordered by variation probability */
+  static ULONG svIdx[6] = { QSV_MS_COUNT, QSV_TIME_LOW,
+                            QSV_MAXPRMEM, QSV_MAXSHMEM,
+                            QSV_TOTAVAILMEM, QSV_TOTRESMEM };
+
+  /* 8 bytes; timezone and weekday don't increase the randomness much */
+  if( (int)sizeof(dt)-3 <= nBuf - n ){
+    c += 0x0100;
+    DosGetDateTime(&dt);
+    dt.year = (USHORT)((dt.year - 1900) | c);
+    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &dt, sizeof(dt)-3);
+    n += sizeof(dt)-3;
+  }
+
+  /* 4 bytes; PIDs and TIDs are 16 bit internally, so combine them */
+  if( (int)sizeof(ULONG) <= nBuf - n ){
+    DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, &ppib);
+    *(PULONG)&zBuf[n] = MAKELONG(ppib->pib_ulpid,
+                                 ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid);
+    n += sizeof(ULONG);
+  }
+
+  /* Up to 6 * 4 bytes; variables depend on the system state */
+  for( i = 0; i < 6 && (int)sizeof(ULONG) <= nBuf - n; i++ ){
+    DosQuerySysInfo(svIdx[i], svIdx[i], 
+                    (PULONG)&zBuf[n], sizeof(ULONG));
+    n += sizeof(ULONG);
+  } 
+#endif
+
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
+** Sleep for a little while.  Return the amount of time slept.
+** The argument is the number of microseconds we want to sleep.
+** The return value is the number of microseconds of sleep actually
+** requested from the underlying operating system, a number which
+** might be greater than or equal to the argument, but not less
+** than the argument.
+*/
+static int os2Sleep( sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int microsec ){
+  DosSleep( (microsec/1000) );
+  return microsec;
+}
+
+/*
+** The following variable, if set to a non-zero value, becomes the result
+** returned from sqlite3OsCurrentTime().  This is used for testing.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_current_time = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write into *piNow
+** the current time and date as a Julian Day number times 86_400_000.  In
+** other words, write into *piNow the number of milliseconds since the Julian
+** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
+** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
+**
+** On success, return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+*/
+static int os2CurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  static const sqlite3_int64 unixEpoch = 24405875*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
+#endif
+  int year, month, datepart, timepart;
+ 
+  DATETIME dt;
+  DosGetDateTime( &dt );
+
+  year = dt.year;
+  month = dt.month;
+
+  /* Calculations from http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~rno/Astronomy/hjd.html
+  ** http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~rno/Astronomy/hjd-0.1.c
+  ** Calculate the Julian days
+  */
+  datepart = (int)dt.day - 32076 +
+    1461*(year + 4800 + (month - 14)/12)/4 +
+    367*(month - 2 - (month - 14)/12*12)/12 -
+    3*((year + 4900 + (month - 14)/12)/100)/4;
+
+  /* Time in milliseconds, hours to noon added */
+  timepart = 12*3600*1000 + dt.hundredths*10 + dt.seconds*1000 +
+    ((int)dt.minutes + dt.timezone)*60*1000 + dt.hours*3600*1000;
+
+  *piNow = (sqlite3_int64)datepart*86400*1000 + timepart;
+   
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  if( sqlite3_current_time ){
+    *piNow = 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sqlite3_current_time + unixEpoch;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write the
+** current time and date as a Julian Day number into *prNow and
+** return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+*/
+static int os2CurrentTime( sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, double *prNow ){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_int64 i;
+  rc = os2CurrentTimeInt64(pVfs, &i);
+  if( !rc ){
+    *prNow = i/86400000.0;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The idea is that this function works like a combination of
+** GetLastError() and FormatMessage() on windows (or errno and
+** strerror_r() on unix). After an error is returned by an OS
+** function, SQLite calls this function with zBuf pointing to
+** a buffer of nBuf bytes. The OS layer should populate the
+** buffer with a nul-terminated UTF-8 encoded error message
+** describing the last IO error to have occurred within the calling
+** thread.
+**
+** If the error message is too large for the supplied buffer,
+** it should be truncated. The return value of xGetLastError
+** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
+** otherwise (if the message was truncated). If non-zero is returned,
+** then it is not necessary to include the nul-terminator character
+** in the output buffer.
+**
+** Not supplying an error message will have no adverse effect
+** on SQLite. It is fine to have an implementation that never
+** returns an error message:
+**
+**   int xGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+**     assert(zBuf[0]=='\0');
+**     return 0;
+**   }
+**
+** However if an error message is supplied, it will be incorporated
+** by sqlite into the error message available to the user using
+** sqlite3_errmsg(), possibly making IO errors easier to debug.
+*/
+static int os2GetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  assert(zBuf[0]=='\0');
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize and deinitialize the operating system interface.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
+  static sqlite3_vfs os2Vfs = {
+    3,                 /* iVersion */
+    sizeof(os2File),   /* szOsFile */
+    CCHMAXPATH,        /* mxPathname */
+    0,                 /* pNext */
+    "os2",             /* zName */
+    0,                 /* pAppData */
+
+    os2Open,           /* xOpen */
+    os2Delete,         /* xDelete */
+    os2Access,         /* xAccess */
+    os2FullPathname,   /* xFullPathname */
+    os2DlOpen,         /* xDlOpen */
+    os2DlError,        /* xDlError */
+    os2DlSym,          /* xDlSym */
+    os2DlClose,        /* xDlClose */
+    os2Randomness,     /* xRandomness */
+    os2Sleep,          /* xSleep */
+    os2CurrentTime,    /* xCurrentTime */
+    os2GetLastError,   /* xGetLastError */
+    os2CurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */
+    0,                 /* xSetSystemCall */
+    0,                 /* xGetSystemCall */
+    0                  /* xNextSystemCall */
+  };
+  sqlite3_vfs_register(&os2Vfs, 1);
+  initUconvObjects();
+/*  sqlite3OSTrace = 1; */
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
+  freeUconvObjects();
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OS_OS2 */
+
+/************** End of os_os2.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file os_unix.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 May 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains the VFS implementation for unix-like operating systems
+** include Linux, MacOSX, *BSD, QNX, VxWorks, AIX, HPUX, and others.
+**
+** There are actually several different VFS implementations in this file.
+** The differences are in the way that file locking is done.  The default
+** implementation uses Posix Advisory Locks.  Alternative implementations
+** use flock(), dot-files, various proprietary locking schemas, or simply
+** skip locking all together.
+**
+** This source file is organized into divisions where the logic for various
+** subfunctions is contained within the appropriate division.  PLEASE
+** KEEP THE STRUCTURE OF THIS FILE INTACT.  New code should be placed
+** in the correct division and should be clearly labeled.
+**
+** The layout of divisions is as follows:
+**
+**   *  General-purpose declarations and utility functions.
+**   *  Unique file ID logic used by VxWorks.
+**   *  Various locking primitive implementations (all except proxy locking):
+**      + for Posix Advisory Locks
+**      + for no-op locks
+**      + for dot-file locks
+**      + for flock() locking
+**      + for named semaphore locks (VxWorks only)
+**      + for AFP filesystem locks (MacOSX only)
+**   *  sqlite3_file methods not associated with locking.
+**   *  Definitions of sqlite3_io_methods objects for all locking
+**      methods plus "finder" functions for each locking method.
+**   *  sqlite3_vfs method implementations.
+**   *  Locking primitives for the proxy uber-locking-method. (MacOSX only)
+**   *  Definitions of sqlite3_vfs objects for all locking methods
+**      plus implementations of sqlite3_os_init() and sqlite3_os_end().
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_UNIX              /* This file is used on unix only */
+
+/*
+** There are various methods for file locking used for concurrency
+** control:
+**
+**   1. POSIX locking (the default),
+**   2. No locking,
+**   3. Dot-file locking,
+**   4. flock() locking,
+**   5. AFP locking (OSX only),
+**   6. Named POSIX semaphores (VXWorks only),
+**   7. proxy locking. (OSX only)
+**
+** Styles 4, 5, and 7 are only available of SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+** is defined to 1.  The SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE also enables automatic
+** selection of the appropriate locking style based on the filesystem
+** where the database is located.  
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE)
+#  if defined(__APPLE__)
+#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 1
+#  else
+#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Define the OS_VXWORKS pre-processor macro to 1 if building on 
+** vxworks, or 0 otherwise.
+*/
+#ifndef OS_VXWORKS
+#  if defined(__RTP__) || defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
+#    define OS_VXWORKS 1
+#  else
+#    define OS_VXWORKS 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** These #defines should enable >2GB file support on Posix if the
+** underlying operating system supports it.  If the OS lacks
+** large file support, these should be no-ops.
+**
+** Large file support can be disabled using the -DSQLITE_DISABLE_LFS switch
+** on the compiler command line.  This is necessary if you are compiling
+** on a recent machine (ex: RedHat 7.2) but you want your code to work
+** on an older machine (ex: RedHat 6.0).  If you compile on RedHat 7.2
+** without this option, LFS is enable.  But LFS does not exist in the kernel
+** in RedHat 6.0, so the code won't work.  Hence, for maximum binary
+** portability you should omit LFS.
+**
+** The previous paragraph was written in 2005.  (This paragraph is written
+** on 2008-11-28.) These days, all Linux kernels support large files, so
+** you should probably leave LFS enabled.  But some embedded platforms might
+** lack LFS in which case the SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS macro might still be useful.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
+# define _LARGE_FILE       1
+# ifndef _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
+#   define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
+# endif
+# define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** standard include files.
+*/
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#endif
+
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+# include <sys/ioctl.h>
+# if OS_VXWORKS
+#  include <semaphore.h>
+#  include <limits.h>
+# else
+#  include <sys/file.h>
+#  include <sys/param.h>
+# endif
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) || (SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORKS)
+# include <sys/mount.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_UTIME
+# include <utime.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Allowed values of unixFile.fsFlags
+*/
+#define SQLITE_FSFLAGS_IS_MSDOS     0x1
+
+/*
+** If we are to be thread-safe, include the pthreads header and define
+** the SQLITE_UNIX_THREADS macro.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+# define SQLITE_UNIX_THREADS 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Default permissions when creating a new file
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS 0644
+#endif
+
+/*
+ ** Default permissions when creating auto proxy dir
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PROXYDIR_PERMISSIONS
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PROXYDIR_PERMISSIONS 0755
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum supported path-length.
+*/
+#define MAX_PATHNAME 512
+
+/*
+** Only set the lastErrno if the error code is a real error and not 
+** a normal expected return code of SQLITE_BUSY or SQLITE_OK
+*/
+#define IS_LOCK_ERROR(x)  ((x != SQLITE_OK) && (x != SQLITE_BUSY))
+
+/* Forward references */
+typedef struct unixShm unixShm;               /* Connection shared memory */
+typedef struct unixShmNode unixShmNode;       /* Shared memory instance */
+typedef struct unixInodeInfo unixInodeInfo;   /* An i-node */
+typedef struct UnixUnusedFd UnixUnusedFd;     /* An unused file descriptor */
+
+/*
+** Sometimes, after a file handle is closed by SQLite, the file descriptor
+** cannot be closed immediately. In these cases, instances of the following
+** structure are used to store the file descriptor while waiting for an
+** opportunity to either close or reuse it.
+*/
+struct UnixUnusedFd {
+  int fd;                   /* File descriptor to close */
+  int flags;                /* Flags this file descriptor was opened with */
+  UnixUnusedFd *pNext;      /* Next unused file descriptor on same file */
+};
+
+/*
+** The unixFile structure is subclass of sqlite3_file specific to the unix
+** VFS implementations.
+*/
+typedef struct unixFile unixFile;
+struct unixFile {
+  sqlite3_io_methods const *pMethod;  /* Always the first entry */
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode;              /* Info about locks on this inode */
+  int h;                              /* The file descriptor */
+  int dirfd;                          /* File descriptor for the directory */
+  unsigned char eFileLock;            /* The type of lock held on this fd */
+  unsigned char ctrlFlags;            /* Behavioral bits.  UNIXFILE_* flags */
+  int lastErrno;                      /* The unix errno from last I/O error */
+  void *lockingContext;               /* Locking style specific state */
+  UnixUnusedFd *pUnused;              /* Pre-allocated UnixUnusedFd */
+  const char *zPath;                  /* Name of the file */
+  unixShm *pShm;                      /* Shared memory segment information */
+  int szChunk;                        /* Configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  int openFlags;                      /* The flags specified at open() */
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE || defined(__APPLE__)
+  unsigned fsFlags;                   /* cached details from statfs() */
+#endif
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  int isDelete;                       /* Delete on close if true */
+  struct vxworksFileId *pId;          /* Unique file ID */
+#endif
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  /* The next group of variables are used to track whether or not the
+  ** transaction counter in bytes 24-27 of database files are updated
+  ** whenever any part of the database changes.  An assertion fault will
+  ** occur if a file is updated without also updating the transaction
+  ** counter.  This test is made to avoid new problems similar to the
+  ** one described by ticket #3584. 
+  */
+  unsigned char transCntrChng;   /* True if the transaction counter changed */
+  unsigned char dbUpdate;        /* True if any part of database file changed */
+  unsigned char inNormalWrite;   /* True if in a normal write operation */
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  /* In test mode, increase the size of this structure a bit so that 
+  ** it is larger than the struct CrashFile defined in test6.c.
+  */
+  char aPadding[32];
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for the unixFile.ctrlFlags bitmask:
+*/
+#define UNIXFILE_EXCL   0x01     /* Connections from one process only */
+#define UNIXFILE_RDONLY 0x02     /* Connection is read only */
+
+/*
+** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
+*/
+/************** Include os_common.h in the middle of os_unix.c ***************/
+/************** Begin file os_common.h ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 May 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains macros and a little bit of code that is common to
+** all of the platform-specific files (os_*.c) and is #included into those
+** files.
+**
+** This file should be #included by the os_*.c files only.  It is not a
+** general purpose header file.
+*/
+#ifndef _OS_COMMON_H_
+#define _OS_COMMON_H_
+
+/*
+** At least two bugs have slipped in because we changed the MEMORY_DEBUG
+** macro to SQLITE_DEBUG and some older makefiles have not yet made the
+** switch.  The following code should catch this problem at compile-time.
+*/
+#ifdef MEMORY_DEBUG
+# error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OSTrace = 0;
+#define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#else
+#define OSTRACE(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Macros for performance tracing.  Normally turned off.  Only works
+** on i486 hardware.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_PERFORMANCE_TRACE
+
+/* 
+** hwtime.h contains inline assembler code for implementing 
+** high-performance timing routines.
+*/
+/************** Include hwtime.h in the middle of os_common.h ****************/
+/************** Begin file hwtime.h ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 May 27
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains inline asm code for retrieving "high-performance"
+** counters for x86 class CPUs.
+*/
+#ifndef _HWTIME_H_
+#define _HWTIME_H_
+
+/*
+** The following routine only works on pentium-class (or newer) processors.
+** It uses the RDTSC opcode to read the cycle count value out of the
+** processor and returns that value.  This can be used for high-res
+** profiling.
+*/
+#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
+      (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86))
+
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     unsigned int lo, hi;
+     __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi));
+     return (sqlite_uint64)hi << 32 | lo;
+  }
+
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+  __declspec(naked) __inline sqlite_uint64 __cdecl sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     __asm {
+        rdtsc
+        ret       ; return value at EDX:EAX
+     }
+  }
+
+  #endif
+
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long val;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=A" (val));
+      return val;
+  }
+ 
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__ppc__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long long retval;
+      unsigned long junk;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("\n\
+          1:      mftbu   %1\n\
+                  mftb    %L0\n\
+                  mftbu   %0\n\
+                  cmpw    %0,%1\n\
+                  bne     1b"
+                  : "=r" (retval), "=r" (junk));
+      return retval;
+  }
+
+#else
+
+  #error Need implementation of sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform.
+
+  /*
+  ** To compile without implementing sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform,
+  ** you can remove the above #error and use the following
+  ** stub function.  You will lose timing support for many
+  ** of the debugging and testing utilities, but it should at
+  ** least compile and run.
+  */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){ return ((sqlite_uint64)0); }
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_HWTIME_H_) */
+
+/************** End of hwtime.h **********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os_common.h ******************/
+
+static sqlite_uint64 g_start;
+static sqlite_uint64 g_elapsed;
+#define TIMER_START       g_start=sqlite3Hwtime()
+#define TIMER_END         g_elapsed=sqlite3Hwtime()-g_start
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     g_elapsed
+#else
+#define TIMER_START
+#define TIMER_END
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     ((sqlite_uint64)0)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If we compile with the SQLITE_TEST macro set, then the following block
+** of code will give us the ability to simulate a disk I/O error.  This
+** is used for testing the I/O recovery logic.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hit = 0;            /* Total number of I/O Errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hardhit = 0;        /* Number of non-benign errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_pending = 0;        /* Count down to first I/O error */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_persist = 0;        /* True if I/O errors persist */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_benign = 0;         /* True if errors are benign */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull_pending = 0;
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull = 0;
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X) sqlite3_io_error_benign=(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(CODE)  \
+  if( (sqlite3_io_error_persist && sqlite3_io_error_hit) \
+       || sqlite3_io_error_pending-- == 1 )  \
+              { local_ioerr(); CODE; }
+static void local_ioerr(){
+  IOTRACE(("IOERR\n"));
+  sqlite3_io_error_hit++;
+  if( !sqlite3_io_error_benign ) sqlite3_io_error_hardhit++;
+}
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(CODE) \
+   if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending ){ \
+     if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending == 1 ){ \
+       local_ioerr(); \
+       sqlite3_diskfull = 1; \
+       sqlite3_io_error_hit = 1; \
+       CODE; \
+     }else{ \
+       sqlite3_diskfull_pending--; \
+     } \
+   }
+#else
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(A)
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(A)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** When testing, keep a count of the number of open files.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
+#define OpenCounter(X)  sqlite3_open_file_count+=(X)
+#else
+#define OpenCounter(X)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_OS_COMMON_H_) */
+
+/************** End of os_common.h *******************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os_unix.c ********************/
+
+/*
+** Define various macros that are missing from some systems.
+*/
+#ifndef O_LARGEFILE
+# define O_LARGEFILE 0
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
+# undef O_LARGEFILE
+# define O_LARGEFILE 0
+#endif
+#ifndef O_NOFOLLOW
+# define O_NOFOLLOW 0
+#endif
+#ifndef O_BINARY
+# define O_BINARY 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The threadid macro resolves to the thread-id or to 0.  Used for
+** testing and debugging only.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+#define threadid pthread_self()
+#else
+#define threadid 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Different Unix systems declare open() in different ways.  Same use
+** open(const char*,int,mode_t).  Others use open(const char*,int,...).
+** The difference is important when using a pointer to the function.
+**
+** The safest way to deal with the problem is to always use this wrapper
+** which always has the same well-defined interface.
+*/
+static int posixOpen(const char *zFile, int flags, int mode){
+  return open(zFile, flags, mode);
+}
+
+/*
+** Many system calls are accessed through pointer-to-functions so that
+** they may be overridden at runtime to facilitate fault injection during
+** testing and sandboxing.  The following array holds the names and pointers
+** to all overrideable system calls.
+*/
+static struct unix_syscall {
+  const char *zName;            /* Name of the sytem call */
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr pCurrent; /* Current value of the system call */
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr pDefault; /* Default value */
+} aSyscall[] = {
+  { "open",         (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)posixOpen,  0  },
+#define osOpen      ((int(*)(const char*,int,int))aSyscall[0].pCurrent)
+
+  { "close",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)close,      0  },
+#define osClose     ((int(*)(int))aSyscall[1].pCurrent)
+
+  { "access",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)access,     0  },
+#define osAccess    ((int(*)(const char*,int))aSyscall[2].pCurrent)
+
+  { "getcwd",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)getcwd,     0  },
+#define osGetcwd    ((char*(*)(char*,size_t))aSyscall[3].pCurrent)
+
+  { "stat",         (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)stat,       0  },
+#define osStat      ((int(*)(const char*,struct stat*))aSyscall[4].pCurrent)
+
+/*
+** The DJGPP compiler environment looks mostly like Unix, but it
+** lacks the fcntl() system call.  So redefine fcntl() to be something
+** that always succeeds.  This means that locking does not occur under
+** DJGPP.  But it is DOS - what did you expect?
+*/
+#ifdef __DJGPP__
+  { "fstat",        0,                 0  },
+#define osFstat(a,b,c)    0
+#else     
+  { "fstat",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fstat,      0  },
+#define osFstat     ((int(*)(int,struct stat*))aSyscall[5].pCurrent)
+#endif
+
+  { "ftruncate",    (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)ftruncate,  0  },
+#define osFtruncate ((int(*)(int,off_t))aSyscall[6].pCurrent)
+
+  { "fcntl",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fcntl,      0  },
+#define osFcntl     ((int(*)(int,int,...))aSyscall[7].pCurrent)
+
+  { "read",         (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)read,       0  },
+#define osRead      ((ssize_t(*)(int,void*,size_t))aSyscall[8].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(USE_PREAD) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  { "pread",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pread,      0  },
+#else
+  { "pread",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
+#endif
+#define osPread     ((ssize_t(*)(int,void*,size_t,off_t))aSyscall[9].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(USE_PREAD64)
+  { "pread64",      (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pread64,    0  },
+#else
+  { "pread64",      (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
+#endif
+#define osPread64   ((ssize_t(*)(int,void*,size_t,off_t))aSyscall[10].pCurrent)
+
+  { "write",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)write,      0  },
+#define osWrite     ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t))aSyscall[11].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(USE_PREAD) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  { "pwrite",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pwrite,     0  },
+#else
+  { "pwrite",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
+#endif
+#define osPwrite    ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t,off_t))\
+                    aSyscall[12].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(USE_PREAD64)
+  { "pwrite64",     (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pwrite64,   0  },
+#else
+  { "pwrite64",     (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
+#endif
+#define osPwrite64  ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t,off_t))\
+                    aSyscall[13].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  { "fchmod",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fchmod,     0  },
+#else
+  { "fchmod",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
+#endif
+#define osFchmod    ((int(*)(int,mode_t))aSyscall[14].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE) && HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE
+  { "fallocate",    (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)posix_fallocate,  0 },
+#else
+  { "fallocate",    (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,                0 },
+#endif
+#define osFallocate ((int(*)(int,off_t,off_t))aSyscall[15].pCurrent)
+
+}; /* End of the overrideable system calls */
+
+/*
+** This is the xSetSystemCall() method of sqlite3_vfs for all of the
+** "unix" VFSes.  Return SQLITE_OK opon successfully updating the
+** system call pointer, or SQLITE_NOTFOUND if there is no configurable
+** system call named zName.
+*/
+static int unixSetSystemCall(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pNotUsed,        /* The VFS pointer.  Not used */
+  const char *zName,            /* Name of system call to override */
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr pNewFunc  /* Pointer to new system call value */
+){
+  unsigned int i;
+  int rc = SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pNotUsed);
+  if( zName==0 ){
+    /* If no zName is given, restore all system calls to their default
+    ** settings and return NULL
+    */
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    for(i=0; i<sizeof(aSyscall)/sizeof(aSyscall[0]); i++){
+      if( aSyscall[i].pDefault ){
+        aSyscall[i].pCurrent = aSyscall[i].pDefault;
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* If zName is specified, operate on only the one system call
+    ** specified.
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<sizeof(aSyscall)/sizeof(aSyscall[0]); i++){
+      if( strcmp(zName, aSyscall[i].zName)==0 ){
+        if( aSyscall[i].pDefault==0 ){
+          aSyscall[i].pDefault = aSyscall[i].pCurrent;
+        }
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+        if( pNewFunc==0 ) pNewFunc = aSyscall[i].pDefault;
+        aSyscall[i].pCurrent = pNewFunc;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the value of a system call.  Return NULL if zName is not a
+** recognized system call name.  NULL is also returned if the system call
+** is currently undefined.
+*/
+static sqlite3_syscall_ptr unixGetSystemCall(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pNotUsed,
+  const char *zName
+){
+  unsigned int i;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pNotUsed);
+  for(i=0; i<sizeof(aSyscall)/sizeof(aSyscall[0]); i++){
+    if( strcmp(zName, aSyscall[i].zName)==0 ) return aSyscall[i].pCurrent;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the name of the first system call after zName.  If zName==NULL
+** then return the name of the first system call.  Return NULL if zName
+** is the last system call or if zName is not the name of a valid
+** system call.
+*/
+static const char *unixNextSystemCall(sqlite3_vfs *p, const char *zName){
+  int i = -1;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+  if( zName ){
+    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aSyscall)-1; i++){
+      if( strcmp(zName, aSyscall[i].zName)==0 ) break;
+    }
+  }
+  for(i++; i<ArraySize(aSyscall); i++){
+    if( aSyscall[i].pCurrent!=0 ) return aSyscall[i].zName;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Retry open() calls that fail due to EINTR
+*/
+static int robust_open(const char *z, int f, int m){
+  int rc;
+  do{ rc = osOpen(z,f,m); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
+** global mutex is used to protect the unixInodeInfo and
+** vxworksFileId objects used by this file, all of which may be 
+** shared by multiple threads.
+**
+** Function unixMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex 
+** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert() 
+** statements. e.g.
+**
+**   unixEnterMutex()
+**     assert( unixMutexHeld() );
+**   unixEnterLeave()
+*/
+static void unixEnterMutex(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+static void unixLeaveMutex(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+static int unixMutexHeld(void) {
+  return sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Helper function for printing out trace information from debugging
+** binaries. This returns the string represetation of the supplied
+** integer lock-type.
+*/
+static const char *azFileLock(int eFileLock){
+  switch( eFileLock ){
+    case NO_LOCK: return "NONE";
+    case SHARED_LOCK: return "SHARED";
+    case RESERVED_LOCK: return "RESERVED";
+    case PENDING_LOCK: return "PENDING";
+    case EXCLUSIVE_LOCK: return "EXCLUSIVE";
+  }
+  return "ERROR";
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_LOCK_TRACE
+/*
+** Print out information about all locking operations.
+**
+** This routine is used for troubleshooting locks on multithreaded
+** platforms.  Enable by compiling with the -DSQLITE_LOCK_TRACE
+** command-line option on the compiler.  This code is normally
+** turned off.
+*/
+static int lockTrace(int fd, int op, struct flock *p){
+  char *zOpName, *zType;
+  int s;
+  int savedErrno;
+  if( op==F_GETLK ){
+    zOpName = "GETLK";
+  }else if( op==F_SETLK ){
+    zOpName = "SETLK";
+  }else{
+    s = osFcntl(fd, op, p);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("fcntl unknown %d %d %d\n", fd, op, s);
+    return s;
+  }
+  if( p->l_type==F_RDLCK ){
+    zType = "RDLCK";
+  }else if( p->l_type==F_WRLCK ){
+    zType = "WRLCK";
+  }else if( p->l_type==F_UNLCK ){
+    zType = "UNLCK";
+  }else{
+    assert( 0 );
+  }
+  assert( p->l_whence==SEEK_SET );
+  s = osFcntl(fd, op, p);
+  savedErrno = errno;
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("fcntl %d %d %s %s %d %d %d %d\n",
+     threadid, fd, zOpName, zType, (int)p->l_start, (int)p->l_len,
+     (int)p->l_pid, s);
+  if( s==(-1) && op==F_SETLK && (p->l_type==F_RDLCK || p->l_type==F_WRLCK) ){
+    struct flock l2;
+    l2 = *p;
+    osFcntl(fd, F_GETLK, &l2);
+    if( l2.l_type==F_RDLCK ){
+      zType = "RDLCK";
+    }else if( l2.l_type==F_WRLCK ){
+      zType = "WRLCK";
+    }else if( l2.l_type==F_UNLCK ){
+      zType = "UNLCK";
+    }else{
+      assert( 0 );
+    }
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("fcntl-failure-reason: %s %d %d %d\n",
+       zType, (int)l2.l_start, (int)l2.l_len, (int)l2.l_pid);
+  }
+  errno = savedErrno;
+  return s;
+}
+#undef osFcntl
+#define osFcntl lockTrace
+#endif /* SQLITE_LOCK_TRACE */
+
+/*
+** Retry ftruncate() calls that fail due to EINTR
+*/
+static int robust_ftruncate(int h, sqlite3_int64 sz){
+  int rc;
+  do{ rc = osFtruncate(h,sz); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine translates a standard POSIX errno code into something
+** useful to the clients of the sqlite3 functions.  Specifically, it is
+** intended to translate a variety of "try again" errors into SQLITE_BUSY
+** and a variety of "please close the file descriptor NOW" errors into 
+** SQLITE_IOERR
+** 
+** Errors during initialization of locks, or file system support for locks,
+** should handle ENOLCK, ENOTSUP, EOPNOTSUPP separately.
+*/
+static int sqliteErrorFromPosixError(int posixError, int sqliteIOErr) {
+  switch (posixError) {
+#if 0
+  /* At one point this code was not commented out. In theory, this branch
+  ** should never be hit, as this function should only be called after
+  ** a locking-related function (i.e. fcntl()) has returned non-zero with
+  ** the value of errno as the first argument. Since a system call has failed,
+  ** errno should be non-zero.
+  **
+  ** Despite this, if errno really is zero, we still don't want to return
+  ** SQLITE_OK. The system call failed, and *some* SQLite error should be
+  ** propagated back to the caller. Commenting this branch out means errno==0
+  ** will be handled by the "default:" case below.
+  */
+  case 0: 
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+#endif
+
+  case EAGAIN:
+  case ETIMEDOUT:
+  case EBUSY:
+  case EINTR:
+  case ENOLCK:  
+    /* random NFS retry error, unless during file system support 
+     * introspection, in which it actually means what it says */
+    return SQLITE_BUSY;
+    
+  case EACCES: 
+    /* EACCES is like EAGAIN during locking operations, but not any other time*/
+    if( (sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK) || 
+	(sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK) || 
+	(sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK) ||
+	(sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK) ){
+      return SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }
+    /* else fall through */
+  case EPERM: 
+    return SQLITE_PERM;
+    
+  /* EDEADLK is only possible if a call to fcntl(F_SETLKW) is made. And
+  ** this module never makes such a call. And the code in SQLite itself 
+  ** asserts that SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED is never returned. For these reasons
+  ** this case is also commented out. If the system does set errno to EDEADLK,
+  ** the default SQLITE_IOERR_XXX code will be returned. */
+#if 0
+  case EDEADLK:
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED;
+#endif
+    
+#if EOPNOTSUPP!=ENOTSUP
+  case EOPNOTSUPP: 
+    /* something went terribly awry, unless during file system support 
+     * introspection, in which it actually means what it says */
+#endif
+#ifdef ENOTSUP
+  case ENOTSUP: 
+    /* invalid fd, unless during file system support introspection, in which 
+     * it actually means what it says */
+#endif
+  case EIO:
+  case EBADF:
+  case EINVAL:
+  case ENOTCONN:
+  case ENODEV:
+  case ENXIO:
+  case ENOENT:
+  case ESTALE:
+  case ENOSYS:
+    /* these should force the client to close the file and reconnect */
+    
+  default: 
+    return sqliteIOErr;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+/******************************************************************************
+****************** Begin Unique File ID Utility Used By VxWorks ***************
+**
+** On most versions of unix, we can get a unique ID for a file by concatenating
+** the device number and the inode number.  But this does not work on VxWorks.
+** On VxWorks, a unique file id must be based on the canonical filename.
+**
+** A pointer to an instance of the following structure can be used as a
+** unique file ID in VxWorks.  Each instance of this structure contains
+** a copy of the canonical filename.  There is also a reference count.  
+** The structure is reclaimed when the number of pointers to it drops to
+** zero.
+**
+** There are never very many files open at one time and lookups are not
+** a performance-critical path, so it is sufficient to put these
+** structures on a linked list.
+*/
+struct vxworksFileId {
+  struct vxworksFileId *pNext;  /* Next in a list of them all */
+  int nRef;                     /* Number of references to this one */
+  int nName;                    /* Length of the zCanonicalName[] string */
+  char *zCanonicalName;         /* Canonical filename */
+};
+
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+/* 
+** All unique filenames are held on a linked list headed by this
+** variable:
+*/
+static struct vxworksFileId *vxworksFileList = 0;
+
+/*
+** Simplify a filename into its canonical form
+** by making the following changes:
+**
+**  * removing any trailing and duplicate /
+**  * convert /./ into just /
+**  * convert /A/../ where A is any simple name into just /
+**
+** Changes are made in-place.  Return the new name length.
+**
+** The original filename is in z[0..n-1].  Return the number of
+** characters in the simplified name.
+*/
+static int vxworksSimplifyName(char *z, int n){
+  int i, j;
+  while( n>1 && z[n-1]=='/' ){ n--; }
+  for(i=j=0; i<n; i++){
+    if( z[i]=='/' ){
+      if( z[i+1]=='/' ) continue;
+      if( z[i+1]=='.' && i+2<n && z[i+2]=='/' ){
+        i += 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if( z[i+1]=='.' && i+3<n && z[i+2]=='.' && z[i+3]=='/' ){
+        while( j>0 && z[j-1]!='/' ){ j--; }
+        if( j>0 ){ j--; }
+        i += 2;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    z[j++] = z[i];
+  }
+  z[j] = 0;
+  return j;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find a unique file ID for the given absolute pathname.  Return
+** a pointer to the vxworksFileId object.  This pointer is the unique
+** file ID.
+**
+** The nRef field of the vxworksFileId object is incremented before
+** the object is returned.  A new vxworksFileId object is created
+** and added to the global list if necessary.
+**
+** If a memory allocation error occurs, return NULL.
+*/
+static struct vxworksFileId *vxworksFindFileId(const char *zAbsoluteName){
+  struct vxworksFileId *pNew;         /* search key and new file ID */
+  struct vxworksFileId *pCandidate;   /* For looping over existing file IDs */
+  int n;                              /* Length of zAbsoluteName string */
+
+  assert( zAbsoluteName[0]=='/' );
+  n = (int)strlen(zAbsoluteName);
+  pNew = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pNew) + (n+1) );
+  if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
+  pNew->zCanonicalName = (char*)&pNew[1];
+  memcpy(pNew->zCanonicalName, zAbsoluteName, n+1);
+  n = vxworksSimplifyName(pNew->zCanonicalName, n);
+
+  /* Search for an existing entry that matching the canonical name.
+  ** If found, increment the reference count and return a pointer to
+  ** the existing file ID.
+  */
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  for(pCandidate=vxworksFileList; pCandidate; pCandidate=pCandidate->pNext){
+    if( pCandidate->nName==n 
+     && memcmp(pCandidate->zCanonicalName, pNew->zCanonicalName, n)==0
+    ){
+       sqlite3_free(pNew);
+       pCandidate->nRef++;
+       unixLeaveMutex();
+       return pCandidate;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* No match was found.  We will make a new file ID */
+  pNew->nRef = 1;
+  pNew->nName = n;
+  pNew->pNext = vxworksFileList;
+  vxworksFileList = pNew;
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Decrement the reference count on a vxworksFileId object.  Free
+** the object when the reference count reaches zero.
+*/
+static void vxworksReleaseFileId(struct vxworksFileId *pId){
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  assert( pId->nRef>0 );
+  pId->nRef--;
+  if( pId->nRef==0 ){
+    struct vxworksFileId **pp;
+    for(pp=&vxworksFileList; *pp && *pp!=pId; pp = &((*pp)->pNext)){}
+    assert( *pp==pId );
+    *pp = pId->pNext;
+    sqlite3_free(pId);
+  }
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+}
+#endif /* OS_VXWORKS */
+/*************** End of Unique File ID Utility Used By VxWorks ****************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+
+/******************************************************************************
+*************************** Posix Advisory Locking ****************************
+**
+** POSIX advisory locks are broken by design.  ANSI STD 1003.1 (1996)
+** section 6.5.2.2 lines 483 through 490 specify that when a process
+** sets or clears a lock, that operation overrides any prior locks set
+** by the same process.  It does not explicitly say so, but this implies
+** that it overrides locks set by the same process using a different
+** file descriptor.  Consider this test case:
+**
+**       int fd1 = open("./file1", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0644);
+**       int fd2 = open("./file2", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0644);
+**
+** Suppose ./file1 and ./file2 are really the same file (because
+** one is a hard or symbolic link to the other) then if you set
+** an exclusive lock on fd1, then try to get an exclusive lock
+** on fd2, it works.  I would have expected the second lock to
+** fail since there was already a lock on the file due to fd1.
+** But not so.  Since both locks came from the same process, the
+** second overrides the first, even though they were on different
+** file descriptors opened on different file names.
+**
+** This means that we cannot use POSIX locks to synchronize file access
+** among competing threads of the same process.  POSIX locks will work fine
+** to synchronize access for threads in separate processes, but not
+** threads within the same process.
+**
+** To work around the problem, SQLite has to manage file locks internally
+** on its own.  Whenever a new database is opened, we have to find the
+** specific inode of the database file (the inode is determined by the
+** st_dev and st_ino fields of the stat structure that fstat() fills in)
+** and check for locks already existing on that inode.  When locks are
+** created or removed, we have to look at our own internal record of the
+** locks to see if another thread has previously set a lock on that same
+** inode.
+**
+** (Aside: The use of inode numbers as unique IDs does not work on VxWorks.
+** For VxWorks, we have to use the alternative unique ID system based on
+** canonical filename and implemented in the previous division.)
+**
+** The sqlite3_file structure for POSIX is no longer just an integer file
+** descriptor.  It is now a structure that holds the integer file
+** descriptor and a pointer to a structure that describes the internal
+** locks on the corresponding inode.  There is one locking structure
+** per inode, so if the same inode is opened twice, both unixFile structures
+** point to the same locking structure.  The locking structure keeps
+** a reference count (so we will know when to delete it) and a "cnt"
+** field that tells us its internal lock status.  cnt==0 means the
+** file is unlocked.  cnt==-1 means the file has an exclusive lock.
+** cnt>0 means there are cnt shared locks on the file.
+**
+** Any attempt to lock or unlock a file first checks the locking
+** structure.  The fcntl() system call is only invoked to set a 
+** POSIX lock if the internal lock structure transitions between
+** a locked and an unlocked state.
+**
+** But wait:  there are yet more problems with POSIX advisory locks.
+**
+** If you close a file descriptor that points to a file that has locks,
+** all locks on that file that are owned by the current process are
+** released.  To work around this problem, each unixInodeInfo object
+** maintains a count of the number of pending locks on tha inode.
+** When an attempt is made to close an unixFile, if there are
+** other unixFile open on the same inode that are holding locks, the call
+** to close() the file descriptor is deferred until all of the locks clear.
+** The unixInodeInfo structure keeps a list of file descriptors that need to
+** be closed and that list is walked (and cleared) when the last lock
+** clears.
+**
+** Yet another problem:  LinuxThreads do not play well with posix locks.
+**
+** Many older versions of linux use the LinuxThreads library which is
+** not posix compliant.  Under LinuxThreads, a lock created by thread
+** A cannot be modified or overridden by a different thread B.
+** Only thread A can modify the lock.  Locking behavior is correct
+** if the appliation uses the newer Native Posix Thread Library (NPTL)
+** on linux - with NPTL a lock created by thread A can override locks
+** in thread B.  But there is no way to know at compile-time which
+** threading library is being used.  So there is no way to know at
+** compile-time whether or not thread A can override locks on thread B.
+** One has to do a run-time check to discover the behavior of the
+** current process.
+**
+** SQLite used to support LinuxThreads.  But support for LinuxThreads
+** was dropped beginning with version 3.7.0.  SQLite will still work with
+** LinuxThreads provided that (1) there is no more than one connection 
+** per database file in the same process and (2) database connections
+** do not move across threads.
+*/
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure serves as the key used
+** to locate a particular unixInodeInfo object.
+*/
+struct unixFileId {
+  dev_t dev;                  /* Device number */
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  struct vxworksFileId *pId;  /* Unique file ID for vxworks. */
+#else
+  ino_t ino;                  /* Inode number */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is allocated for each open
+** inode.  Or, on LinuxThreads, there is one of these structures for
+** each inode opened by each thread.
+**
+** A single inode can have multiple file descriptors, so each unixFile
+** structure contains a pointer to an instance of this object and this
+** object keeps a count of the number of unixFile pointing to it.
+*/
+struct unixInodeInfo {
+  struct unixFileId fileId;       /* The lookup key */
+  int nShared;                    /* Number of SHARED locks held */
+  unsigned char eFileLock;        /* One of SHARED_LOCK, RESERVED_LOCK etc. */
+  unsigned char bProcessLock;     /* An exclusive process lock is held */
+  int nRef;                       /* Number of pointers to this structure */
+  unixShmNode *pShmNode;          /* Shared memory associated with this inode */
+  int nLock;                      /* Number of outstanding file locks */
+  UnixUnusedFd *pUnused;          /* Unused file descriptors to close */
+  unixInodeInfo *pNext;           /* List of all unixInodeInfo objects */
+  unixInodeInfo *pPrev;           /*    .... doubly linked */
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  unsigned long long sharedByte;  /* for AFP simulated shared lock */
+#endif
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  sem_t *pSem;                    /* Named POSIX semaphore */
+  char aSemName[MAX_PATHNAME+2];  /* Name of that semaphore */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** A lists of all unixInodeInfo objects.
+*/
+static unixInodeInfo *inodeList = 0;
+
+/*
+**
+** This function - unixLogError_x(), is only ever called via the macro
+** unixLogError().
+**
+** It is invoked after an error occurs in an OS function and errno has been
+** set. It logs a message using sqlite3_log() containing the current value of
+** errno and, if possible, the human-readable equivalent from strerror() or
+** strerror_r().
+**
+** The first argument passed to the macro should be the error code that
+** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN). 
+** The two subsequent arguments should be the name of the OS function that
+** failed (e.g. "unlink", "open") and the the associated file-system path,
+** if any.
+*/
+#define unixLogError(a,b,c)     unixLogErrorAtLine(a,b,c,__LINE__)
+static int unixLogErrorAtLine(
+  int errcode,                    /* SQLite error code */
+  const char *zFunc,              /* Name of OS function that failed */
+  const char *zPath,              /* File path associated with error */
+  int iLine                       /* Source line number where error occurred */
+){
+  char *zErr;                     /* Message from strerror() or equivalent */
+  int iErrno = errno;             /* Saved syscall error number */
+
+  /* If this is not a threadsafe build (SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0), then use
+  ** the strerror() function to obtain the human-readable error message
+  ** equivalent to errno. Otherwise, use strerror_r().
+  */ 
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE && defined(HAVE_STRERROR_R)
+  char aErr[80];
+  memset(aErr, 0, sizeof(aErr));
+  zErr = aErr;
+
+  /* If STRERROR_R_CHAR_P (set by autoconf scripts) or __USE_GNU is defined,
+  ** assume that the system provides the the GNU version of strerror_r() that 
+  ** returns a pointer to a buffer containing the error message. That pointer 
+  ** may point to aErr[], or it may point to some static storage somewhere. 
+  ** Otherwise, assume that the system provides the POSIX version of 
+  ** strerror_r(), which always writes an error message into aErr[].
+  **
+  ** If the code incorrectly assumes that it is the POSIX version that is
+  ** available, the error message will often be an empty string. Not a
+  ** huge problem. Incorrectly concluding that the GNU version is available 
+  ** could lead to a segfault though.
+  */
+#if defined(STRERROR_R_CHAR_P) || defined(__USE_GNU)
+  zErr = 
+# endif
+  strerror_r(iErrno, aErr, sizeof(aErr)-1);
+
+#elif SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  /* This is a threadsafe build, but strerror_r() is not available. */
+  zErr = "";
+#else
+  /* Non-threadsafe build, use strerror(). */
+  zErr = strerror(iErrno);
+#endif
+
+  assert( errcode!=SQLITE_OK );
+  if( zPath==0 ) zPath = "";
+  sqlite3_log(errcode,
+      "os_unix.c:%d: (%d) %s(%s) - %s",
+      iLine, iErrno, zFunc, zPath, zErr
+  );
+
+  return errcode;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a file descriptor.
+**
+** We assume that close() almost always works, since it is only in a
+** very sick application or on a very sick platform that it might fail.
+** If it does fail, simply leak the file descriptor, but do log the
+** error.
+**
+** Note that it is not safe to retry close() after EINTR since the
+** file descriptor might have already been reused by another thread.
+** So we don't even try to recover from an EINTR.  Just log the error
+** and move on.
+*/
+static void robust_close(unixFile *pFile, int h, int lineno){
+  if( osClose(h) ){
+    unixLogErrorAtLine(SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE, "close",
+                       pFile ? pFile->zPath : 0, lineno);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Close all file descriptors accumuated in the unixInodeInfo->pUnused list.
+*/ 
+static void closePendingFds(unixFile *pFile){
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  UnixUnusedFd *p;
+  UnixUnusedFd *pNext;
+  for(p=pInode->pUnused; p; p=pNext){
+    pNext = p->pNext;
+    robust_close(pFile, p->fd, __LINE__);
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+  }
+  pInode->pUnused = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release a unixInodeInfo structure previously allocated by findInodeInfo().
+**
+** The mutex entered using the unixEnterMutex() function must be held
+** when this function is called.
+*/
+static void releaseInodeInfo(unixFile *pFile){
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  assert( unixMutexHeld() );
+  if( ALWAYS(pInode) ){
+    pInode->nRef--;
+    if( pInode->nRef==0 ){
+      assert( pInode->pShmNode==0 );
+      closePendingFds(pFile);
+      if( pInode->pPrev ){
+        assert( pInode->pPrev->pNext==pInode );
+        pInode->pPrev->pNext = pInode->pNext;
+      }else{
+        assert( inodeList==pInode );
+        inodeList = pInode->pNext;
+      }
+      if( pInode->pNext ){
+        assert( pInode->pNext->pPrev==pInode );
+        pInode->pNext->pPrev = pInode->pPrev;
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(pInode);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a file descriptor, locate the unixInodeInfo object that
+** describes that file descriptor.  Create a new one if necessary.  The
+** return value might be uninitialized if an error occurs.
+**
+** The mutex entered using the unixEnterMutex() function must be held
+** when this function is called.
+**
+** Return an appropriate error code.
+*/
+static int findInodeInfo(
+  unixFile *pFile,               /* Unix file with file desc used in the key */
+  unixInodeInfo **ppInode        /* Return the unixInodeInfo object here */
+){
+  int rc;                        /* System call return code */
+  int fd;                        /* The file descriptor for pFile */
+  struct unixFileId fileId;      /* Lookup key for the unixInodeInfo */
+  struct stat statbuf;           /* Low-level file information */
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode = 0;     /* Candidate unixInodeInfo object */
+
+  assert( unixMutexHeld() );
+
+  /* Get low-level information about the file that we can used to
+  ** create a unique name for the file.
+  */
+  fd = pFile->h;
+  rc = osFstat(fd, &statbuf);
+  if( rc!=0 ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+#ifdef EOVERFLOW
+    if( pFile->lastErrno==EOVERFLOW ) return SQLITE_NOLFS;
+#endif
+    return SQLITE_IOERR;
+  }
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+  /* On OS X on an msdos filesystem, the inode number is reported
+  ** incorrectly for zero-size files.  See ticket #3260.  To work
+  ** around this problem (we consider it a bug in OS X, not SQLite)
+  ** we always increase the file size to 1 by writing a single byte
+  ** prior to accessing the inode number.  The one byte written is
+  ** an ASCII 'S' character which also happens to be the first byte
+  ** in the header of every SQLite database.  In this way, if there
+  ** is a race condition such that another thread has already populated
+  ** the first page of the database, no damage is done.
+  */
+  if( statbuf.st_size==0 && (pFile->fsFlags & SQLITE_FSFLAGS_IS_MSDOS)!=0 ){
+    do{ rc = osWrite(fd, "S", 1); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+    if( rc!=1 ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+      return SQLITE_IOERR;
+    }
+    rc = osFstat(fd, &statbuf);
+    if( rc!=0 ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+      return SQLITE_IOERR;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  memset(&fileId, 0, sizeof(fileId));
+  fileId.dev = statbuf.st_dev;
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  fileId.pId = pFile->pId;
+#else
+  fileId.ino = statbuf.st_ino;
+#endif
+  pInode = inodeList;
+  while( pInode && memcmp(&fileId, &pInode->fileId, sizeof(fileId)) ){
+    pInode = pInode->pNext;
+  }
+  if( pInode==0 ){
+    pInode = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pInode) );
+    if( pInode==0 ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    memset(pInode, 0, sizeof(*pInode));
+    memcpy(&pInode->fileId, &fileId, sizeof(fileId));
+    pInode->nRef = 1;
+    pInode->pNext = inodeList;
+    pInode->pPrev = 0;
+    if( inodeList ) inodeList->pPrev = pInode;
+    inodeList = pInode;
+  }else{
+    pInode->nRef++;
+  }
+  *ppInode = pInode;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
+** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, set *pResOut
+** to a non-zero value otherwise *pResOut is set to zero.  The return value
+** is set to SQLITE_OK unless an I/O error occurs during lock checking.
+*/
+static int unixCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int reserved = 0;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK; );
+
+  assert( pFile );
+  unixEnterMutex(); /* Because pFile->pInode is shared across threads */
+
+  /* Check if a thread in this process holds such a lock */
+  if( pFile->pInode->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
+    reserved = 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Otherwise see if some other process holds it.
+  */
+#ifndef __DJGPP__
+  if( !reserved && !pFile->pInode->bProcessLock ){
+    struct flock lock;
+    lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+    lock.l_start = RESERVED_BYTE;
+    lock.l_len = 1;
+    lock.l_type = F_WRLCK;
+    if( osFcntl(pFile->h, F_GETLK, &lock) ){
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK;
+      pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+    } else if( lock.l_type!=F_UNLCK ){
+      reserved = 1;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+  OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d %d (unix)\n", pFile->h, rc, reserved));
+
+  *pResOut = reserved;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to set a system-lock on the file pFile.  The lock is 
+** described by pLock.
+**
+** If the pFile was opened read/write from unix-excl, then the only lock
+** ever obtained is an exclusive lock, and it is obtained exactly once
+** the first time any lock is attempted.  All subsequent system locking
+** operations become no-ops.  Locking operations still happen internally,
+** in order to coordinate access between separate database connections
+** within this process, but all of that is handled in memory and the
+** operating system does not participate.
+**
+** This function is a pass-through to fcntl(F_SETLK) if pFile is using
+** any VFS other than "unix-excl" or if pFile is opened on "unix-excl"
+** and is read-only.
+**
+** Zero is returned if the call completes successfully, or -1 if a call
+** to fcntl() fails. In this case, errno is set appropriately (by fcntl()).
+*/
+static int unixFileLock(unixFile *pFile, struct flock *pLock){
+  int rc;
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  assert( unixMutexHeld() );
+  assert( pInode!=0 );
+  if( ((pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_EXCL)!=0 || pInode->bProcessLock)
+   && ((pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_RDONLY)==0)
+  ){
+    if( pInode->bProcessLock==0 ){
+      struct flock lock;
+      assert( pInode->nLock==0 );
+      lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+      lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
+      lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE;
+      lock.l_type = F_WRLCK;
+      rc = osFcntl(pFile->h, F_SETLK, &lock);
+      if( rc<0 ) return rc;
+      pInode->bProcessLock = 1;
+      pInode->nLock++;
+    }else{
+      rc = 0;
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = osFcntl(pFile->h, F_SETLK, pLock);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter eFileLock - one
+** of the following:
+**
+**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
+**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
+**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
+**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+**
+** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
+** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
+** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
+** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
+** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
+**
+**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
+**    SHARED -> RESERVED
+**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
+**
+** This routine will only increase a lock.  Use the sqlite3OsUnlock()
+** routine to lower a locking level.
+*/
+static int unixLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
+  /* The following describes the implementation of the various locks and
+  ** lock transitions in terms of the POSIX advisory shared and exclusive
+  ** lock primitives (called read-locks and write-locks below, to avoid
+  ** confusion with SQLite lock names). The algorithms are complicated
+  ** slightly in order to be compatible with windows systems simultaneously
+  ** accessing the same database file, in case that is ever required.
+  **
+  ** Symbols defined in os.h indentify the 'pending byte' and the 'reserved
+  ** byte', each single bytes at well known offsets, and the 'shared byte
+  ** range', a range of 510 bytes at a well known offset.
+  **
+  ** To obtain a SHARED lock, a read-lock is obtained on the 'pending
+  ** byte'.  If this is successful, a random byte from the 'shared byte
+  ** range' is read-locked and the lock on the 'pending byte' released.
+  **
+  ** A process may only obtain a RESERVED lock after it has a SHARED lock.
+  ** A RESERVED lock is implemented by grabbing a write-lock on the
+  ** 'reserved byte'. 
+  **
+  ** A process may only obtain a PENDING lock after it has obtained a
+  ** SHARED lock. A PENDING lock is implemented by obtaining a write-lock
+  ** on the 'pending byte'. This ensures that no new SHARED locks can be
+  ** obtained, but existing SHARED locks are allowed to persist. A process
+  ** does not have to obtain a RESERVED lock on the way to a PENDING lock.
+  ** This property is used by the algorithm for rolling back a journal file
+  ** after a crash.
+  **
+  ** An EXCLUSIVE lock, obtained after a PENDING lock is held, is
+  ** implemented by obtaining a write-lock on the entire 'shared byte
+  ** range'. Since all other locks require a read-lock on one of the bytes
+  ** within this range, this ensures that no other locks are held on the
+  ** database. 
+  **
+  ** The reason a single byte cannot be used instead of the 'shared byte
+  ** range' is that some versions of windows do not support read-locks. By
+  ** locking a random byte from a range, concurrent SHARED locks may exist
+  ** even if the locking primitive used is always a write-lock.
+  */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  struct flock lock;
+  int tErrno = 0;
+
+  assert( pFile );
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK    %d %s was %s(%s,%d) pid=%d (unix)\n", pFile->h,
+      azFileLock(eFileLock), azFileLock(pFile->eFileLock),
+      azFileLock(pInode->eFileLock), pInode->nShared , getpid()));
+
+  /* If there is already a lock of this type or more restrictive on the
+  ** unixFile, do nothing. Don't use the end_lock: exit path, as
+  ** unixEnterMutex() hasn't been called yet.
+  */
+  if( pFile->eFileLock>=eFileLock ){
+    OSTRACE(("LOCK    %d %s ok (already held) (unix)\n", pFile->h,
+            azFileLock(eFileLock)));
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure the locking sequence is correct.
+  **  (1) We never move from unlocked to anything higher than shared lock.
+  **  (2) SQLite never explicitly requests a pendig lock.
+  **  (3) A shared lock is always held when a reserve lock is requested.
+  */
+  assert( pFile->eFileLock!=NO_LOCK || eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK );
+  assert( eFileLock!=PENDING_LOCK );
+  assert( eFileLock!=RESERVED_LOCK || pFile->eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK );
+
+  /* This mutex is needed because pFile->pInode is shared across threads
+  */
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  pInode = pFile->pInode;
+
+  /* If some thread using this PID has a lock via a different unixFile*
+  ** handle that precludes the requested lock, return BUSY.
+  */
+  if( (pFile->eFileLock!=pInode->eFileLock && 
+          (pInode->eFileLock>=PENDING_LOCK || eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK))
+  ){
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    goto end_lock;
+  }
+
+  /* If a SHARED lock is requested, and some thread using this PID already
+  ** has a SHARED or RESERVED lock, then increment reference counts and
+  ** return SQLITE_OK.
+  */
+  if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK && 
+      (pInode->eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK || pInode->eFileLock==RESERVED_LOCK) ){
+    assert( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK );
+    assert( pFile->eFileLock==0 );
+    assert( pInode->nShared>0 );
+    pFile->eFileLock = SHARED_LOCK;
+    pInode->nShared++;
+    pInode->nLock++;
+    goto end_lock;
+  }
+
+
+  /* A PENDING lock is needed before acquiring a SHARED lock and before
+  ** acquiring an EXCLUSIVE lock.  For the SHARED lock, the PENDING will
+  ** be released.
+  */
+  lock.l_len = 1L;
+  lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+  if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK 
+      || (eFileLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && pFile->eFileLock<PENDING_LOCK)
+  ){
+    lock.l_type = (eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK?F_RDLCK:F_WRLCK);
+    lock.l_start = PENDING_BYTE;
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) ){
+      tErrno = errno;
+      rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+      }
+      goto end_lock;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /* If control gets to this point, then actually go ahead and make
+  ** operating system calls for the specified lock.
+  */
+  if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK ){
+    assert( pInode->nShared==0 );
+    assert( pInode->eFileLock==0 );
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+
+    /* Now get the read-lock */
+    lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
+    lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE;
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) ){
+      tErrno = errno;
+      rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
+    }
+
+    /* Drop the temporary PENDING lock */
+    lock.l_start = PENDING_BYTE;
+    lock.l_len = 1L;
+    lock.l_type = F_UNLCK;
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      /* This could happen with a network mount */
+      tErrno = errno;
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK; 
+    }
+
+    if( rc ){
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+      }
+      goto end_lock;
+    }else{
+      pFile->eFileLock = SHARED_LOCK;
+      pInode->nLock++;
+      pInode->nShared = 1;
+    }
+  }else if( eFileLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && pInode->nShared>1 ){
+    /* We are trying for an exclusive lock but another thread in this
+    ** same process is still holding a shared lock. */
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }else{
+    /* The request was for a RESERVED or EXCLUSIVE lock.  It is
+    ** assumed that there is a SHARED or greater lock on the file
+    ** already.
+    */
+    assert( 0!=pFile->eFileLock );
+    lock.l_type = F_WRLCK;
+
+    assert( eFileLock==RESERVED_LOCK || eFileLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+    if( eFileLock==RESERVED_LOCK ){
+      lock.l_start = RESERVED_BYTE;
+      lock.l_len = 1L;
+    }else{
+      lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
+      lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) ){
+      tErrno = errno;
+      rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  /* Set up the transaction-counter change checking flags when
+  ** transitioning from a SHARED to a RESERVED lock.  The change
+  ** from SHARED to RESERVED marks the beginning of a normal
+  ** write operation (not a hot journal rollback).
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK
+   && pFile->eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK
+   && eFileLock==RESERVED_LOCK
+  ){
+    pFile->transCntrChng = 0;
+    pFile->dbUpdate = 0;
+    pFile->inNormalWrite = 1;
+  }
+#endif
+
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+    pInode->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+  }else if( eFileLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
+    pFile->eFileLock = PENDING_LOCK;
+    pInode->eFileLock = PENDING_LOCK;
+  }
+
+end_lock:
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK    %d %s %s (unix)\n", pFile->h, azFileLock(eFileLock), 
+      rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed"));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add the file descriptor used by file handle pFile to the corresponding
+** pUnused list.
+*/
+static void setPendingFd(unixFile *pFile){
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  UnixUnusedFd *p = pFile->pUnused;
+  p->pNext = pInode->pUnused;
+  pInode->pUnused = p;
+  pFile->h = -1;
+  pFile->pUnused = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lower the locking level on file descriptor pFile to eFileLock.  eFileLock
+** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+** 
+** If handleNFSUnlock is true, then on downgrading an EXCLUSIVE_LOCK to SHARED
+** the byte range is divided into 2 parts and the first part is unlocked then
+** set to a read lock, then the other part is simply unlocked.  This works 
+** around a bug in BSD NFS lockd (also seen on MacOSX 10.3+) that fails to 
+** remove the write lock on a region when a read lock is set.
+*/
+static int posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode;
+  struct flock lock;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int h;
+
+  assert( pFile );
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d(%d,%d) pid=%d (unix)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
+      pFile->eFileLock, pFile->pInode->eFileLock, pFile->pInode->nShared,
+      getpid()));
+
+  assert( eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK );
+  if( pFile->eFileLock<=eFileLock ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  h = pFile->h;
+  pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  assert( pInode->nShared!=0 );
+  if( pFile->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
+    assert( pInode->eFileLock==pFile->eFileLock );
+    SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+    SimulateIOError( h=(-1) )
+    SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    /* When reducing a lock such that other processes can start
+    ** reading the database file again, make sure that the
+    ** transaction counter was updated if any part of the database
+    ** file changed.  If the transaction counter is not updated,
+    ** other connections to the same file might not realize that
+    ** the file has changed and hence might not know to flush their
+    ** cache.  The use of a stale cache can lead to database corruption.
+    */
+#if 0
+    assert( pFile->inNormalWrite==0
+         || pFile->dbUpdate==0
+         || pFile->transCntrChng==1 );
+#endif
+    pFile->inNormalWrite = 0;
+#endif
+
+    /* downgrading to a shared lock on NFS involves clearing the write lock
+    ** before establishing the readlock - to avoid a race condition we downgrade
+    ** the lock in 2 blocks, so that part of the range will be covered by a 
+    ** write lock until the rest is covered by a read lock:
+    **  1:   [WWWWW]
+    **  2:   [....W]
+    **  3:   [RRRRW]
+    **  4:   [RRRR.]
+    */
+    if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK ){
+
+#if !defined(__APPLE__) || !SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+      (void)handleNFSUnlock;
+      assert( handleNFSUnlock==0 );
+#endif
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+      if( handleNFSUnlock ){
+        int tErrno;               /* Error code from system call errors */
+        off_t divSize = SHARED_SIZE - 1;
+        
+        lock.l_type = F_UNLCK;
+        lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+        lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
+        lock.l_len = divSize;
+        if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==(-1) ){
+          tErrno = errno;
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+          if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+            pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+          }
+          goto end_unlock;
+        }
+        lock.l_type = F_RDLCK;
+        lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+        lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
+        lock.l_len = divSize;
+        if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==(-1) ){
+          tErrno = errno;
+          rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK);
+          if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+            pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+          }
+          goto end_unlock;
+        }
+        lock.l_type = F_UNLCK;
+        lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+        lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST+divSize;
+        lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE-divSize;
+        if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==(-1) ){
+          tErrno = errno;
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+          if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+            pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+          }
+          goto end_unlock;
+        }
+      }else
+#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */
+      {
+        lock.l_type = F_RDLCK;
+        lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+        lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
+        lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE;
+        if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) ){
+          /* In theory, the call to unixFileLock() cannot fail because another
+          ** process is holding an incompatible lock. If it does, this 
+          ** indicates that the other process is not following the locking
+          ** protocol. If this happens, return SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK. Returning
+          ** SQLITE_BUSY would confuse the upper layer (in practice it causes 
+          ** an assert to fail). */ 
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK;
+          pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+          goto end_unlock;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    lock.l_type = F_UNLCK;
+    lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+    lock.l_start = PENDING_BYTE;
+    lock.l_len = 2L;  assert( PENDING_BYTE+1==RESERVED_BYTE );
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==0 ){
+      pInode->eFileLock = SHARED_LOCK;
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+      pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+      goto end_unlock;
+    }
+  }
+  if( eFileLock==NO_LOCK ){
+    /* Decrement the shared lock counter.  Release the lock using an
+    ** OS call only when all threads in this same process have released
+    ** the lock.
+    */
+    pInode->nShared--;
+    if( pInode->nShared==0 ){
+      lock.l_type = F_UNLCK;
+      lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+      lock.l_start = lock.l_len = 0L;
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+      SimulateIOError( h=(-1) )
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==0 ){
+        pInode->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
+      }else{
+        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+	pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+        pInode->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
+        pFile->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Decrement the count of locks against this same file.  When the
+    ** count reaches zero, close any other file descriptors whose close
+    ** was deferred because of outstanding locks.
+    */
+    pInode->nLock--;
+    assert( pInode->nLock>=0 );
+    if( pInode->nLock==0 ){
+      closePendingFds(pFile);
+    }
+  }
+	
+end_unlock:
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lower the locking level on file descriptor pFile to eFileLock.  eFileLock
+** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+static int unixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
+  return posixUnlock(id, eFileLock, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function performs the parts of the "close file" operation 
+** common to all locking schemes. It closes the directory and file
+** handles, if they are valid, and sets all fields of the unixFile
+** structure to 0.
+**
+** It is *not* necessary to hold the mutex when this routine is called,
+** even on VxWorks.  A mutex will be acquired on VxWorks by the
+** vxworksReleaseFileId() routine.
+*/
+static int closeUnixFile(sqlite3_file *id){
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  if( pFile->dirfd>=0 ){
+    robust_close(pFile, pFile->dirfd, __LINE__);
+    pFile->dirfd=-1;
+  }
+  if( pFile->h>=0 ){
+    robust_close(pFile, pFile->h, __LINE__);
+    pFile->h = -1;
+  }
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  if( pFile->pId ){
+    if( pFile->isDelete ){
+      unlink(pFile->pId->zCanonicalName);
+    }
+    vxworksReleaseFileId(pFile->pId);
+    pFile->pId = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+  OSTRACE(("CLOSE   %-3d\n", pFile->h));
+  OpenCounter(-1);
+  sqlite3_free(pFile->pUnused);
+  memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(unixFile));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a file.
+*/
+static int unixClose(sqlite3_file *id){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile *)id;
+  unixUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
+  unixEnterMutex();
+
+  /* unixFile.pInode is always valid here. Otherwise, a different close
+  ** routine (e.g. nolockClose()) would be called instead.
+  */
+  assert( pFile->pInode->nLock>0 || pFile->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );
+  if( ALWAYS(pFile->pInode) && pFile->pInode->nLock ){
+    /* If there are outstanding locks, do not actually close the file just
+    ** yet because that would clear those locks.  Instead, add the file
+    ** descriptor to pInode->pUnused list.  It will be automatically closed 
+    ** when the last lock is cleared.
+    */
+    setPendingFd(pFile);
+  }
+  releaseInodeInfo(pFile);
+  rc = closeUnixFile(id);
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/************** End of the posix advisory lock implementation *****************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/******************************************************************************
+****************************** No-op Locking **********************************
+**
+** Of the various locking implementations available, this is by far the
+** simplest:  locking is ignored.  No attempt is made to lock the database
+** file for reading or writing.
+**
+** This locking mode is appropriate for use on read-only databases
+** (ex: databases that are burned into CD-ROM, for example.)  It can
+** also be used if the application employs some external mechanism to
+** prevent simultaneous access of the same database by two or more
+** database connections.  But there is a serious risk of database
+** corruption if this locking mode is used in situations where multiple
+** database connections are accessing the same database file at the same
+** time and one or more of those connections are writing.
+*/
+
+static int nolockCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *NotUsed, int *pResOut){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  *pResOut = 0;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+static int nolockLock(sqlite3_file *NotUsed, int NotUsed2){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+static int nolockUnlock(sqlite3_file *NotUsed, int NotUsed2){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close the file.
+*/
+static int nolockClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
+  return closeUnixFile(id);
+}
+
+/******************* End of the no-op lock implementation *********************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/******************************************************************************
+************************* Begin dot-file Locking ******************************
+**
+** The dotfile locking implementation uses the existance of separate lock
+** files in order to control access to the database.  This works on just
+** about every filesystem imaginable.  But there are serious downsides:
+**
+**    (1)  There is zero concurrency.  A single reader blocks all other
+**         connections from reading or writing the database.
+**
+**    (2)  An application crash or power loss can leave stale lock files
+**         sitting around that need to be cleared manually.
+**
+** Nevertheless, a dotlock is an appropriate locking mode for use if no
+** other locking strategy is available.
+**
+** Dotfile locking works by creating a file in the same directory as the
+** database and with the same name but with a ".lock" extension added.
+** The existance of a lock file implies an EXCLUSIVE lock.  All other lock
+** types (SHARED, RESERVED, PENDING) are mapped into EXCLUSIVE.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The file suffix added to the data base filename in order to create the
+** lock file.
+*/
+#define DOTLOCK_SUFFIX ".lock"
+
+/*
+** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
+** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, set *pResOut
+** to a non-zero value otherwise *pResOut is set to zero.  The return value
+** is set to SQLITE_OK unless an I/O error occurs during lock checking.
+**
+** In dotfile locking, either a lock exists or it does not.  So in this
+** variation of CheckReservedLock(), *pResOut is set to true if any lock
+** is held on the file and false if the file is unlocked.
+*/
+static int dotlockCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut) {
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int reserved = 0;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK; );
+  
+  assert( pFile );
+
+  /* Check if a thread in this process holds such a lock */
+  if( pFile->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
+    /* Either this connection or some other connection in the same process
+    ** holds a lock on the file.  No need to check further. */
+    reserved = 1;
+  }else{
+    /* The lock is held if and only if the lockfile exists */
+    const char *zLockFile = (const char*)pFile->lockingContext;
+    reserved = osAccess(zLockFile, 0)==0;
+  }
+  OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d %d (dotlock)\n", pFile->h, rc, reserved));
+  *pResOut = reserved;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter eFileLock - one
+** of the following:
+**
+**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
+**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
+**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
+**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+**
+** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
+** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
+** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
+** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
+** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
+**
+**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
+**    SHARED -> RESERVED
+**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
+**
+** This routine will only increase a lock.  Use the sqlite3OsUnlock()
+** routine to lower a locking level.
+**
+** With dotfile locking, we really only support state (4): EXCLUSIVE.
+** But we track the other locking levels internally.
+*/
+static int dotlockLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  int fd;
+  char *zLockFile = (char *)pFile->lockingContext;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+
+  /* If we have any lock, then the lock file already exists.  All we have
+  ** to do is adjust our internal record of the lock level.
+  */
+  if( pFile->eFileLock > NO_LOCK ){
+    pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+    /* Always update the timestamp on the old file */
+#ifdef HAVE_UTIME
+    utime(zLockFile, NULL);
+#else
+    utimes(zLockFile, NULL);
+#endif
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  
+  /* grab an exclusive lock */
+  fd = robust_open(zLockFile,O_RDONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL,0600);
+  if( fd<0 ){
+    /* failed to open/create the file, someone else may have stolen the lock */
+    int tErrno = errno;
+    if( EEXIST == tErrno ){
+      rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    } else {
+      rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
+      if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+      }
+    }
+    return rc;
+  } 
+  robust_close(pFile, fd, __LINE__);
+  
+  /* got it, set the type and return ok */
+  pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lower the locking level on file descriptor pFile to eFileLock.  eFileLock
+** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+**
+** When the locking level reaches NO_LOCK, delete the lock file.
+*/
+static int dotlockUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  char *zLockFile = (char *)pFile->lockingContext;
+
+  assert( pFile );
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d pid=%d (dotlock)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
+	   pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
+  assert( eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK );
+  
+  /* no-op if possible */
+  if( pFile->eFileLock==eFileLock ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* To downgrade to shared, simply update our internal notion of the
+  ** lock state.  No need to mess with the file on disk.
+  */
+  if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK ){
+    pFile->eFileLock = SHARED_LOCK;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  
+  /* To fully unlock the database, delete the lock file */
+  assert( eFileLock==NO_LOCK );
+  if( unlink(zLockFile) ){
+    int rc = 0;
+    int tErrno = errno;
+    if( ENOENT != tErrno ){
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+    }
+    if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+    }
+    return rc; 
+  }
+  pFile->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a file.  Make sure the lock has been released before closing.
+*/
+static int dotlockClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
+  int rc;
+  if( id ){
+    unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+    dotlockUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
+    sqlite3_free(pFile->lockingContext);
+  }
+  rc = closeUnixFile(id);
+  return rc;
+}
+/****************** End of the dot-file lock implementation *******************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/******************************************************************************
+************************** Begin flock Locking ********************************
+**
+** Use the flock() system call to do file locking.
+**
+** flock() locking is like dot-file locking in that the various
+** fine-grain locking levels supported by SQLite are collapsed into
+** a single exclusive lock.  In other words, SHARED, RESERVED, and
+** PENDING locks are the same thing as an EXCLUSIVE lock.  SQLite
+** still works when you do this, but concurrency is reduced since
+** only a single process can be reading the database at a time.
+**
+** Omit this section if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE is turned off or if
+** compiling for VXWORKS.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORKS
+
+/*
+** Retry flock() calls that fail with EINTR
+*/
+#ifdef EINTR
+static int robust_flock(int fd, int op){
+  int rc;
+  do{ rc = flock(fd,op); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+  return rc;
+}
+#else
+# define robust_flock(a,b) flock(a,b)
+#endif
+     
+
+/*
+** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
+** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, set *pResOut
+** to a non-zero value otherwise *pResOut is set to zero.  The return value
+** is set to SQLITE_OK unless an I/O error occurs during lock checking.
+*/
+static int flockCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int reserved = 0;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK; );
+  
+  assert( pFile );
+  
+  /* Check if a thread in this process holds such a lock */
+  if( pFile->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
+    reserved = 1;
+  }
+  
+  /* Otherwise see if some other process holds it. */
+  if( !reserved ){
+    /* attempt to get the lock */
+    int lrc = robust_flock(pFile->h, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB);
+    if( !lrc ){
+      /* got the lock, unlock it */
+      lrc = robust_flock(pFile->h, LOCK_UN);
+      if ( lrc ) {
+        int tErrno = errno;
+        /* unlock failed with an error */
+        lrc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK; 
+        if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(lrc) ){
+          pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+          rc = lrc;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      int tErrno = errno;
+      reserved = 1;
+      /* someone else might have it reserved */
+      lrc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK); 
+      if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(lrc) ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+        rc = lrc;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d %d (flock)\n", pFile->h, rc, reserved));
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS
+  if( (rc & SQLITE_IOERR) == SQLITE_IOERR ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    reserved=1;
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS */
+  *pResOut = reserved;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter eFileLock - one
+** of the following:
+**
+**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
+**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
+**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
+**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+**
+** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
+** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
+** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
+** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
+** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
+**
+**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
+**    SHARED -> RESERVED
+**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
+**
+** flock() only really support EXCLUSIVE locks.  We track intermediate
+** lock states in the sqlite3_file structure, but all locks SHARED or
+** above are really EXCLUSIVE locks and exclude all other processes from
+** access the file.
+**
+** This routine will only increase a lock.  Use the sqlite3OsUnlock()
+** routine to lower a locking level.
+*/
+static int flockLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+
+  assert( pFile );
+
+  /* if we already have a lock, it is exclusive.  
+  ** Just adjust level and punt on outta here. */
+  if (pFile->eFileLock > NO_LOCK) {
+    pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  
+  /* grab an exclusive lock */
+  
+  if (robust_flock(pFile->h, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)) {
+    int tErrno = errno;
+    /* didn't get, must be busy */
+    rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
+    if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* got it, set the type and return ok */
+    pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+  }
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK    %d %s %s (flock)\n", pFile->h, azFileLock(eFileLock), 
+           rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed"));
+#ifdef SQLITE_IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS
+  if( (rc & SQLITE_IOERR) == SQLITE_IOERR ){
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS */
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Lower the locking level on file descriptor pFile to eFileLock.  eFileLock
+** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+static int flockUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  
+  assert( pFile );
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d pid=%d (flock)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
+           pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
+  assert( eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK );
+  
+  /* no-op if possible */
+  if( pFile->eFileLock==eFileLock ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  
+  /* shared can just be set because we always have an exclusive */
+  if (eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK) {
+    pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  
+  /* no, really, unlock. */
+  if( robust_flock(pFile->h, LOCK_UN) ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+#endif /* SQLITE_IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS */
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+  }else{
+    pFile->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a file.
+*/
+static int flockClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
+  if( id ){
+    flockUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
+  }
+  return closeUnixFile(id);
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORK */
+
+/******************* End of the flock lock implementation *********************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/******************************************************************************
+************************ Begin Named Semaphore Locking ************************
+**
+** Named semaphore locking is only supported on VxWorks.
+**
+** Semaphore locking is like dot-lock and flock in that it really only
+** supports EXCLUSIVE locking.  Only a single process can read or write
+** the database file at a time.  This reduces potential concurrency, but
+** makes the lock implementation much easier.
+*/
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+
+/*
+** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
+** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, set *pResOut
+** to a non-zero value otherwise *pResOut is set to zero.  The return value
+** is set to SQLITE_OK unless an I/O error occurs during lock checking.
+*/
+static int semCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut) {
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int reserved = 0;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK; );
+  
+  assert( pFile );
+
+  /* Check if a thread in this process holds such a lock */
+  if( pFile->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
+    reserved = 1;
+  }
+  
+  /* Otherwise see if some other process holds it. */
+  if( !reserved ){
+    sem_t *pSem = pFile->pInode->pSem;
+    struct stat statBuf;
+
+    if( sem_trywait(pSem)==-1 ){
+      int tErrno = errno;
+      if( EAGAIN != tErrno ){
+        rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK);
+        pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+      } else {
+        /* someone else has the lock when we are in NO_LOCK */
+        reserved = (pFile->eFileLock < SHARED_LOCK);
+      }
+    }else{
+      /* we could have it if we want it */
+      sem_post(pSem);
+    }
+  }
+  OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d %d (sem)\n", pFile->h, rc, reserved));
+
+  *pResOut = reserved;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter eFileLock - one
+** of the following:
+**
+**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
+**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
+**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
+**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+**
+** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
+** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
+** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
+** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
+** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
+**
+**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
+**    SHARED -> RESERVED
+**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
+**
+** Semaphore locks only really support EXCLUSIVE locks.  We track intermediate
+** lock states in the sqlite3_file structure, but all locks SHARED or
+** above are really EXCLUSIVE locks and exclude all other processes from
+** access the file.
+**
+** This routine will only increase a lock.  Use the sqlite3OsUnlock()
+** routine to lower a locking level.
+*/
+static int semLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  int fd;
+  sem_t *pSem = pFile->pInode->pSem;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* if we already have a lock, it is exclusive.  
+  ** Just adjust level and punt on outta here. */
+  if (pFile->eFileLock > NO_LOCK) {
+    pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    goto sem_end_lock;
+  }
+  
+  /* lock semaphore now but bail out when already locked. */
+  if( sem_trywait(pSem)==-1 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    goto sem_end_lock;
+  }
+
+  /* got it, set the type and return ok */
+  pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+
+ sem_end_lock:
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lower the locking level on file descriptor pFile to eFileLock.  eFileLock
+** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+static int semUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  sem_t *pSem = pFile->pInode->pSem;
+
+  assert( pFile );
+  assert( pSem );
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d pid=%d (sem)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
+	   pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
+  assert( eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK );
+  
+  /* no-op if possible */
+  if( pFile->eFileLock==eFileLock ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  
+  /* shared can just be set because we always have an exclusive */
+  if (eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK) {
+    pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  
+  /* no, really unlock. */
+  if ( sem_post(pSem)==-1 ) {
+    int rc, tErrno = errno;
+    rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK);
+    if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+    }
+    return rc; 
+  }
+  pFile->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ ** Close a file.
+ */
+static int semClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
+  if( id ){
+    unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+    semUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
+    assert( pFile );
+    unixEnterMutex();
+    releaseInodeInfo(pFile);
+    unixLeaveMutex();
+    closeUnixFile(id);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* OS_VXWORKS */
+/*
+** Named semaphore locking is only available on VxWorks.
+**
+*************** End of the named semaphore lock implementation ****************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+
+/******************************************************************************
+*************************** Begin AFP Locking *********************************
+**
+** AFP is the Apple Filing Protocol.  AFP is a network filesystem found
+** on Apple Macintosh computers - both OS9 and OSX.
+**
+** Third-party implementations of AFP are available.  But this code here
+** only works on OSX.
+*/
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+/*
+** The afpLockingContext structure contains all afp lock specific state
+*/
+typedef struct afpLockingContext afpLockingContext;
+struct afpLockingContext {
+  int reserved;
+  const char *dbPath;             /* Name of the open file */
+};
+
+struct ByteRangeLockPB2
+{
+  unsigned long long offset;        /* offset to first byte to lock */
+  unsigned long long length;        /* nbr of bytes to lock */
+  unsigned long long retRangeStart; /* nbr of 1st byte locked if successful */
+  unsigned char unLockFlag;         /* 1 = unlock, 0 = lock */
+  unsigned char startEndFlag;       /* 1=rel to end of fork, 0=rel to start */
+  int fd;                           /* file desc to assoc this lock with */
+};
+
+#define afpfsByteRangeLock2FSCTL        _IOWR('z', 23, struct ByteRangeLockPB2)
+
+/*
+** This is a utility for setting or clearing a bit-range lock on an
+** AFP filesystem.
+** 
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success, SQLITE_BUSY on failure.
+*/
+static int afpSetLock(
+  const char *path,              /* Name of the file to be locked or unlocked */
+  unixFile *pFile,               /* Open file descriptor on path */
+  unsigned long long offset,     /* First byte to be locked */
+  unsigned long long length,     /* Number of bytes to lock */
+  int setLockFlag                /* True to set lock.  False to clear lock */
+){
+  struct ByteRangeLockPB2 pb;
+  int err;
+  
+  pb.unLockFlag = setLockFlag ? 0 : 1;
+  pb.startEndFlag = 0;
+  pb.offset = offset;
+  pb.length = length; 
+  pb.fd = pFile->h;
+  
+  OSTRACE(("AFPSETLOCK [%s] for %d%s in range %llx:%llx\n", 
+    (setLockFlag?"ON":"OFF"), pFile->h, (pb.fd==-1?"[testval-1]":""),
+    offset, length));
+  err = fsctl(path, afpfsByteRangeLock2FSCTL, &pb, 0);
+  if ( err==-1 ) {
+    int rc;
+    int tErrno = errno;
+    OSTRACE(("AFPSETLOCK failed to fsctl() '%s' %d %s\n",
+             path, tErrno, strerror(tErrno)));
+#ifdef SQLITE_IGNORE_AFP_LOCK_ERRORS
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+#else
+    rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno,
+                    setLockFlag ? SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK : SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK);
+#endif /* SQLITE_IGNORE_AFP_LOCK_ERRORS */
+    if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+    }
+    return rc;
+  } else {
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
+** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, set *pResOut
+** to a non-zero value otherwise *pResOut is set to zero.  The return value
+** is set to SQLITE_OK unless an I/O error occurs during lock checking.
+*/
+static int afpCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int reserved = 0;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK; );
+  
+  assert( pFile );
+  afpLockingContext *context = (afpLockingContext *) pFile->lockingContext;
+  if( context->reserved ){
+    *pResOut = 1;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  unixEnterMutex(); /* Because pFile->pInode is shared across threads */
+  
+  /* Check if a thread in this process holds such a lock */
+  if( pFile->pInode->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
+    reserved = 1;
+  }
+  
+  /* Otherwise see if some other process holds it.
+   */
+  if( !reserved ){
+    /* lock the RESERVED byte */
+    int lrc = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, RESERVED_BYTE, 1,1);  
+    if( SQLITE_OK==lrc ){
+      /* if we succeeded in taking the reserved lock, unlock it to restore
+      ** the original state */
+      lrc = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, RESERVED_BYTE, 1, 0);
+    } else {
+      /* if we failed to get the lock then someone else must have it */
+      reserved = 1;
+    }
+    if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(lrc) ){
+      rc=lrc;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+  OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d %d (afp)\n", pFile->h, rc, reserved));
+  
+  *pResOut = reserved;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter eFileLock - one
+** of the following:
+**
+**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
+**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
+**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
+**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+**
+** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
+** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
+** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
+** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
+** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
+**
+**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
+**    SHARED -> RESERVED
+**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
+**
+** This routine will only increase a lock.  Use the sqlite3OsUnlock()
+** routine to lower a locking level.
+*/
+static int afpLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  afpLockingContext *context = (afpLockingContext *) pFile->lockingContext;
+  
+  assert( pFile );
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK    %d %s was %s(%s,%d) pid=%d (afp)\n", pFile->h,
+           azFileLock(eFileLock), azFileLock(pFile->eFileLock),
+           azFileLock(pInode->eFileLock), pInode->nShared , getpid()));
+
+  /* If there is already a lock of this type or more restrictive on the
+  ** unixFile, do nothing. Don't use the afp_end_lock: exit path, as
+  ** unixEnterMutex() hasn't been called yet.
+  */
+  if( pFile->eFileLock>=eFileLock ){
+    OSTRACE(("LOCK    %d %s ok (already held) (afp)\n", pFile->h,
+           azFileLock(eFileLock)));
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure the locking sequence is correct
+  **  (1) We never move from unlocked to anything higher than shared lock.
+  **  (2) SQLite never explicitly requests a pendig lock.
+  **  (3) A shared lock is always held when a reserve lock is requested.
+  */
+  assert( pFile->eFileLock!=NO_LOCK || eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK );
+  assert( eFileLock!=PENDING_LOCK );
+  assert( eFileLock!=RESERVED_LOCK || pFile->eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK );
+  
+  /* This mutex is needed because pFile->pInode is shared across threads
+  */
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  pInode = pFile->pInode;
+
+  /* If some thread using this PID has a lock via a different unixFile*
+  ** handle that precludes the requested lock, return BUSY.
+  */
+  if( (pFile->eFileLock!=pInode->eFileLock && 
+       (pInode->eFileLock>=PENDING_LOCK || eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK))
+     ){
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    goto afp_end_lock;
+  }
+  
+  /* If a SHARED lock is requested, and some thread using this PID already
+  ** has a SHARED or RESERVED lock, then increment reference counts and
+  ** return SQLITE_OK.
+  */
+  if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK && 
+     (pInode->eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK || pInode->eFileLock==RESERVED_LOCK) ){
+    assert( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK );
+    assert( pFile->eFileLock==0 );
+    assert( pInode->nShared>0 );
+    pFile->eFileLock = SHARED_LOCK;
+    pInode->nShared++;
+    pInode->nLock++;
+    goto afp_end_lock;
+  }
+    
+  /* A PENDING lock is needed before acquiring a SHARED lock and before
+  ** acquiring an EXCLUSIVE lock.  For the SHARED lock, the PENDING will
+  ** be released.
+  */
+  if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK 
+      || (eFileLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && pFile->eFileLock<PENDING_LOCK)
+  ){
+    int failed;
+    failed = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, PENDING_BYTE, 1, 1);
+    if (failed) {
+      rc = failed;
+      goto afp_end_lock;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  /* If control gets to this point, then actually go ahead and make
+  ** operating system calls for the specified lock.
+  */
+  if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK ){
+    int lrc1, lrc2, lrc1Errno;
+    long lk, mask;
+    
+    assert( pInode->nShared==0 );
+    assert( pInode->eFileLock==0 );
+        
+    mask = (sizeof(long)==8) ? LARGEST_INT64 : 0x7fffffff;
+    /* Now get the read-lock SHARED_LOCK */
+    /* note that the quality of the randomness doesn't matter that much */
+    lk = random(); 
+    pInode->sharedByte = (lk & mask)%(SHARED_SIZE - 1);
+    lrc1 = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, 
+          SHARED_FIRST+pInode->sharedByte, 1, 1);
+    if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(lrc1) ){
+      lrc1Errno = pFile->lastErrno;
+    }
+    /* Drop the temporary PENDING lock */
+    lrc2 = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, PENDING_BYTE, 1, 0);
+    
+    if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(lrc1) ) {
+      pFile->lastErrno = lrc1Errno;
+      rc = lrc1;
+      goto afp_end_lock;
+    } else if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(lrc2) ){
+      rc = lrc2;
+      goto afp_end_lock;
+    } else if( lrc1 != SQLITE_OK ) {
+      rc = lrc1;
+    } else {
+      pFile->eFileLock = SHARED_LOCK;
+      pInode->nLock++;
+      pInode->nShared = 1;
+    }
+  }else if( eFileLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && pInode->nShared>1 ){
+    /* We are trying for an exclusive lock but another thread in this
+     ** same process is still holding a shared lock. */
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }else{
+    /* The request was for a RESERVED or EXCLUSIVE lock.  It is
+    ** assumed that there is a SHARED or greater lock on the file
+    ** already.
+    */
+    int failed = 0;
+    assert( 0!=pFile->eFileLock );
+    if (eFileLock >= RESERVED_LOCK && pFile->eFileLock < RESERVED_LOCK) {
+        /* Acquire a RESERVED lock */
+        failed = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, RESERVED_BYTE, 1,1);
+      if( !failed ){
+        context->reserved = 1;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!failed && eFileLock == EXCLUSIVE_LOCK) {
+      /* Acquire an EXCLUSIVE lock */
+        
+      /* Remove the shared lock before trying the range.  we'll need to 
+      ** reestablish the shared lock if we can't get the  afpUnlock
+      */
+      if( !(failed = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, SHARED_FIRST +
+                         pInode->sharedByte, 1, 0)) ){
+        int failed2 = SQLITE_OK;
+        /* now attemmpt to get the exclusive lock range */
+        failed = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, SHARED_FIRST, 
+                               SHARED_SIZE, 1);
+        if( failed && (failed2 = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, 
+                       SHARED_FIRST + pInode->sharedByte, 1, 1)) ){
+          /* Can't reestablish the shared lock.  Sqlite can't deal, this is
+          ** a critical I/O error
+          */
+          rc = ((failed & SQLITE_IOERR) == SQLITE_IOERR) ? failed2 : 
+               SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK;
+          goto afp_end_lock;
+        } 
+      }else{
+        rc = failed; 
+      }
+    }
+    if( failed ){
+      rc = failed;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+    pInode->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+  }else if( eFileLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
+    pFile->eFileLock = PENDING_LOCK;
+    pInode->eFileLock = PENDING_LOCK;
+  }
+  
+afp_end_lock:
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK    %d %s %s (afp)\n", pFile->h, azFileLock(eFileLock), 
+         rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed"));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lower the locking level on file descriptor pFile to eFileLock.  eFileLock
+** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+static int afpUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode;
+  afpLockingContext *context = (afpLockingContext *) pFile->lockingContext;
+  int skipShared = 0;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  int h = pFile->h;
+#endif
+
+  assert( pFile );
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d(%d,%d) pid=%d (afp)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
+           pFile->eFileLock, pFile->pInode->eFileLock, pFile->pInode->nShared,
+           getpid()));
+
+  assert( eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK );
+  if( pFile->eFileLock<=eFileLock ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  assert( pInode->nShared!=0 );
+  if( pFile->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
+    assert( pInode->eFileLock==pFile->eFileLock );
+    SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+    SimulateIOError( h=(-1) )
+    SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+    
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    /* When reducing a lock such that other processes can start
+    ** reading the database file again, make sure that the
+    ** transaction counter was updated if any part of the database
+    ** file changed.  If the transaction counter is not updated,
+    ** other connections to the same file might not realize that
+    ** the file has changed and hence might not know to flush their
+    ** cache.  The use of a stale cache can lead to database corruption.
+    */
+    assert( pFile->inNormalWrite==0
+           || pFile->dbUpdate==0
+           || pFile->transCntrChng==1 );
+    pFile->inNormalWrite = 0;
+#endif
+    
+    if( pFile->eFileLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
+      rc = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, SHARED_FIRST, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK || pInode->nShared>1) ){
+        /* only re-establish the shared lock if necessary */
+        int sharedLockByte = SHARED_FIRST+pInode->sharedByte;
+        rc = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, sharedLockByte, 1, 1);
+      } else {
+        skipShared = 1;
+      }
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pFile->eFileLock>=PENDING_LOCK ){
+      rc = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, PENDING_BYTE, 1, 0);
+    } 
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pFile->eFileLock>=RESERVED_LOCK && context->reserved ){
+      rc = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, RESERVED_BYTE, 1, 0);
+      if( !rc ){ 
+        context->reserved = 0; 
+      }
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK || pInode->nShared>1)){
+      pInode->eFileLock = SHARED_LOCK;
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && eFileLock==NO_LOCK ){
+
+    /* Decrement the shared lock counter.  Release the lock using an
+    ** OS call only when all threads in this same process have released
+    ** the lock.
+    */
+    unsigned long long sharedLockByte = SHARED_FIRST+pInode->sharedByte;
+    pInode->nShared--;
+    if( pInode->nShared==0 ){
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+      SimulateIOError( h=(-1) )
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      if( !skipShared ){
+        rc = afpSetLock(context->dbPath, pFile, sharedLockByte, 1, 0);
+      }
+      if( !rc ){
+        pInode->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
+        pFile->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
+      }
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pInode->nLock--;
+      assert( pInode->nLock>=0 );
+      if( pInode->nLock==0 ){
+        closePendingFds(pFile);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a file & cleanup AFP specific locking context 
+*/
+static int afpClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( id ){
+    unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+    afpUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
+    unixEnterMutex();
+    if( pFile->pInode && pFile->pInode->nLock ){
+      /* If there are outstanding locks, do not actually close the file just
+      ** yet because that would clear those locks.  Instead, add the file
+      ** descriptor to pInode->aPending.  It will be automatically closed when
+      ** the last lock is cleared.
+      */
+      setPendingFd(pFile);
+    }
+    releaseInodeInfo(pFile);
+    sqlite3_free(pFile->lockingContext);
+    rc = closeUnixFile(id);
+    unixLeaveMutex();
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */
+/*
+** The code above is the AFP lock implementation.  The code is specific
+** to MacOSX and does not work on other unix platforms.  No alternative
+** is available.  If you don't compile for a mac, then the "unix-afp"
+** VFS is not available.
+**
+********************* End of the AFP lock implementation **********************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/******************************************************************************
+*************************** Begin NFS Locking ********************************/
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+/*
+ ** Lower the locking level on file descriptor pFile to eFileLock.  eFileLock
+ ** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+ **
+ ** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+ ** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+ */
+static int nfsUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
+  return posixUnlock(id, eFileLock, 1);
+}
+
+#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */
+/*
+** The code above is the NFS lock implementation.  The code is specific
+** to MacOSX and does not work on other unix platforms.  No alternative
+** is available.  
+**
+********************* End of the NFS lock implementation **********************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/******************************************************************************
+**************** Non-locking sqlite3_file methods *****************************
+**
+** The next division contains implementations for all methods of the 
+** sqlite3_file object other than the locking methods.  The locking
+** methods were defined in divisions above (one locking method per
+** division).  Those methods that are common to all locking modes
+** are gather together into this division.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Seek to the offset passed as the second argument, then read cnt 
+** bytes into pBuf. Return the number of bytes actually read.
+**
+** NB:  If you define USE_PREAD or USE_PREAD64, then it might also
+** be necessary to define _XOPEN_SOURCE to be 500.  This varies from
+** one system to another.  Since SQLite does not define USE_PREAD
+** any any form by default, we will not attempt to define _XOPEN_SOURCE.
+** See tickets #2741 and #2681.
+**
+** To avoid stomping the errno value on a failed read the lastErrno value
+** is set before returning.
+*/
+static int seekAndRead(unixFile *id, sqlite3_int64 offset, void *pBuf, int cnt){
+  int got;
+#if (!defined(USE_PREAD) && !defined(USE_PREAD64))
+  i64 newOffset;
+#endif
+  TIMER_START;
+#if defined(USE_PREAD)
+  do{ got = osPread(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
+  SimulateIOError( got = -1 );
+#elif defined(USE_PREAD64)
+  do{ got = osPread64(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR);
+  SimulateIOError( got = -1 );
+#else
+  newOffset = lseek(id->h, offset, SEEK_SET);
+  SimulateIOError( newOffset-- );
+  if( newOffset!=offset ){
+    if( newOffset == -1 ){
+      ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
+    }else{
+      ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;			
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  do{ got = osRead(id->h, pBuf, cnt); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
+#endif
+  TIMER_END;
+  if( got<0 ){
+    ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
+  }
+  OSTRACE(("READ    %-3d %5d %7lld %llu\n", id->h, got, offset, TIMER_ELAPSED));
+  return got;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read data from a file into a buffer.  Return SQLITE_OK if all
+** bytes were read successfully and SQLITE_IOERR if anything goes
+** wrong.
+*/
+static int unixRead(
+  sqlite3_file *id, 
+  void *pBuf, 
+  int amt,
+  sqlite3_int64 offset
+){
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile *)id;
+  int got;
+  assert( id );
+
+  /* If this is a database file (not a journal, master-journal or temp
+  ** file), the bytes in the locking range should never be read or written. */
+#if 0
+  assert( pFile->pUnused==0
+       || offset>=PENDING_BYTE+512
+       || offset+amt<=PENDING_BYTE 
+  );
+#endif
+
+  got = seekAndRead(pFile, offset, pBuf, amt);
+  if( got==amt ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }else if( got<0 ){
+    /* lastErrno set by seekAndRead */
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_READ;
+  }else{
+    pFile->lastErrno = 0; /* not a system error */
+    /* Unread parts of the buffer must be zero-filled */
+    memset(&((char*)pBuf)[got], 0, amt-got);
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Seek to the offset in id->offset then read cnt bytes into pBuf.
+** Return the number of bytes actually read.  Update the offset.
+**
+** To avoid stomping the errno value on a failed write the lastErrno value
+** is set before returning.
+*/
+static int seekAndWrite(unixFile *id, i64 offset, const void *pBuf, int cnt){
+  int got;
+#if (!defined(USE_PREAD) && !defined(USE_PREAD64))
+  i64 newOffset;
+#endif
+  TIMER_START;
+#if defined(USE_PREAD)
+  do{ got = osPwrite(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
+#elif defined(USE_PREAD64)
+  do{ got = osPwrite64(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);}while( got<0 && errno==EINTR);
+#else
+  newOffset = lseek(id->h, offset, SEEK_SET);
+  SimulateIOError( newOffset-- );
+  if( newOffset!=offset ){
+    if( newOffset == -1 ){
+      ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
+    }else{
+      ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;			
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  do{ got = osWrite(id->h, pBuf, cnt); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
+#endif
+  TIMER_END;
+  if( got<0 ){
+    ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
+  }
+
+  OSTRACE(("WRITE   %-3d %5d %7lld %llu\n", id->h, got, offset, TIMER_ELAPSED));
+  return got;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Write data from a buffer into a file.  Return SQLITE_OK on success
+** or some other error code on failure.
+*/
+static int unixWrite(
+  sqlite3_file *id, 
+  const void *pBuf, 
+  int amt,
+  sqlite3_int64 offset 
+){
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  int wrote = 0;
+  assert( id );
+  assert( amt>0 );
+
+  /* If this is a database file (not a journal, master-journal or temp
+  ** file), the bytes in the locking range should never be read or written. */
+#if 0
+  assert( pFile->pUnused==0
+       || offset>=PENDING_BYTE+512
+       || offset+amt<=PENDING_BYTE 
+  );
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  /* If we are doing a normal write to a database file (as opposed to
+  ** doing a hot-journal rollback or a write to some file other than a
+  ** normal database file) then record the fact that the database
+  ** has changed.  If the transaction counter is modified, record that
+  ** fact too.
+  */
+  if( pFile->inNormalWrite ){
+    pFile->dbUpdate = 1;  /* The database has been modified */
+    if( offset<=24 && offset+amt>=27 ){
+      int rc;
+      char oldCntr[4];
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+      rc = seekAndRead(pFile, 24, oldCntr, 4);
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      if( rc!=4 || memcmp(oldCntr, &((char*)pBuf)[24-offset], 4)!=0 ){
+        pFile->transCntrChng = 1;  /* The transaction counter has changed */
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  while( amt>0 && (wrote = seekAndWrite(pFile, offset, pBuf, amt))>0 ){
+    amt -= wrote;
+    offset += wrote;
+    pBuf = &((char*)pBuf)[wrote];
+  }
+  SimulateIOError(( wrote=(-1), amt=1 ));
+  SimulateDiskfullError(( wrote=0, amt=1 ));
+
+  if( amt>0 ){
+    if( wrote<0 && pFile->lastErrno!=ENOSPC ){
+      /* lastErrno set by seekAndWrite */
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE;
+    }else{
+      pFile->lastErrno = 0; /* not a system error */
+      return SQLITE_FULL;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+/*
+** Count the number of fullsyncs and normal syncs.  This is used to test
+** that syncs and fullsyncs are occurring at the right times.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sync_count = 0;
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fullsync_count = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** We do not trust systems to provide a working fdatasync().  Some do.
+** Others do no.  To be safe, we will stick with the (slower) fsync().
+** If you know that your system does support fdatasync() correctly,
+** then simply compile with -Dfdatasync=fdatasync
+*/
+#if !defined(fdatasync) && !defined(__linux__)
+# define fdatasync fsync
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Define HAVE_FULLFSYNC to 0 or 1 depending on whether or not
+** the F_FULLFSYNC macro is defined.  F_FULLFSYNC is currently
+** only available on Mac OS X.  But that could change.
+*/
+#ifdef F_FULLFSYNC
+# define HAVE_FULLFSYNC 1
+#else
+# define HAVE_FULLFSYNC 0
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** The fsync() system call does not work as advertised on many
+** unix systems.  The following procedure is an attempt to make
+** it work better.
+**
+** The SQLITE_NO_SYNC macro disables all fsync()s.  This is useful
+** for testing when we want to run through the test suite quickly.
+** You are strongly advised *not* to deploy with SQLITE_NO_SYNC
+** enabled, however, since with SQLITE_NO_SYNC enabled, an OS crash
+** or power failure will likely corrupt the database file.
+**
+** SQLite sets the dataOnly flag if the size of the file is unchanged.
+** The idea behind dataOnly is that it should only write the file content
+** to disk, not the inode.  We only set dataOnly if the file size is 
+** unchanged since the file size is part of the inode.  However, 
+** Ted Ts'o tells us that fdatasync() will also write the inode if the
+** file size has changed.  The only real difference between fdatasync()
+** and fsync(), Ted tells us, is that fdatasync() will not flush the
+** inode if the mtime or owner or other inode attributes have changed.
+** We only care about the file size, not the other file attributes, so
+** as far as SQLite is concerned, an fdatasync() is always adequate.
+** So, we always use fdatasync() if it is available, regardless of
+** the value of the dataOnly flag.
+*/
+static int full_fsync(int fd, int fullSync, int dataOnly){
+  int rc;
+
+  /* The following "ifdef/elif/else/" block has the same structure as
+  ** the one below. It is replicated here solely to avoid cluttering 
+  ** up the real code with the UNUSED_PARAMETER() macros.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(fd);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(fullSync);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(dataOnly);
+#elif HAVE_FULLFSYNC
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(dataOnly);
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(fullSync);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(dataOnly);
+#endif
+
+  /* Record the number of times that we do a normal fsync() and 
+  ** FULLSYNC.  This is used during testing to verify that this procedure
+  ** gets called with the correct arguments.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  if( fullSync ) sqlite3_fullsync_count++;
+  sqlite3_sync_count++;
+#endif
+
+  /* If we compiled with the SQLITE_NO_SYNC flag, then syncing is a
+  ** no-op
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
+  rc = SQLITE_OK;
+#elif HAVE_FULLFSYNC
+  if( fullSync ){
+    rc = osFcntl(fd, F_FULLFSYNC, 0);
+  }else{
+    rc = 1;
+  }
+  /* If the FULLFSYNC failed, fall back to attempting an fsync().
+  ** It shouldn't be possible for fullfsync to fail on the local 
+  ** file system (on OSX), so failure indicates that FULLFSYNC
+  ** isn't supported for this file system. So, attempt an fsync 
+  ** and (for now) ignore the overhead of a superfluous fcntl call.  
+  ** It'd be better to detect fullfsync support once and avoid 
+  ** the fcntl call every time sync is called.
+  */
+  if( rc ) rc = fsync(fd);
+
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+  /* fdatasync() on HFS+ doesn't yet flush the file size if it changed correctly
+  ** so currently we default to the macro that redefines fdatasync to fsync
+  */
+  rc = fsync(fd);
+#else 
+  rc = fdatasync(fd);
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  if( rc==-1 && errno==ENOTSUP ){
+    rc = fsync(fd);
+  }
+#endif /* OS_VXWORKS */
+#endif /* ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC elif HAVE_FULLFSYNC */
+
+  if( OS_VXWORKS && rc!= -1 ){
+    rc = 0;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Make sure all writes to a particular file are committed to disk.
+**
+** If dataOnly==0 then both the file itself and its metadata (file
+** size, access time, etc) are synced.  If dataOnly!=0 then only the
+** file data is synced.
+**
+** Under Unix, also make sure that the directory entry for the file
+** has been created by fsync-ing the directory that contains the file.
+** If we do not do this and we encounter a power failure, the directory
+** entry for the journal might not exist after we reboot.  The next
+** SQLite to access the file will not know that the journal exists (because
+** the directory entry for the journal was never created) and the transaction
+** will not roll back - possibly leading to database corruption.
+*/
+static int unixSync(sqlite3_file *id, int flags){
+  int rc;
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+
+  int isDataOnly = (flags&SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY);
+  int isFullsync = (flags&0x0F)==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
+
+  /* Check that one of SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL or FULL was passed */
+  assert((flags&0x0F)==SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL
+      || (flags&0x0F)==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL
+  );
+
+  /* Unix cannot, but some systems may return SQLITE_FULL from here. This
+  ** line is to test that doing so does not cause any problems.
+  */
+  SimulateDiskfullError( return SQLITE_FULL );
+
+  assert( pFile );
+  OSTRACE(("SYNC    %-3d\n", pFile->h));
+  rc = full_fsync(pFile->h, isFullsync, isDataOnly);
+  SimulateIOError( rc=1 );
+  if( rc ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+    return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC, "full_fsync", pFile->zPath);
+  }
+  if( pFile->dirfd>=0 ){
+    OSTRACE(("DIRSYNC %-3d (have_fullfsync=%d fullsync=%d)\n", pFile->dirfd,
+            HAVE_FULLFSYNC, isFullsync));
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
+    /* The directory sync is only attempted if full_fsync is
+    ** turned off or unavailable.  If a full_fsync occurred above,
+    ** then the directory sync is superfluous.
+    */
+    if( (!HAVE_FULLFSYNC || !isFullsync) && full_fsync(pFile->dirfd,0,0) ){
+       /*
+       ** We have received multiple reports of fsync() returning
+       ** errors when applied to directories on certain file systems.
+       ** A failed directory sync is not a big deal.  So it seems
+       ** better to ignore the error.  Ticket #1657
+       */
+       /* pFile->lastErrno = errno; */
+       /* return SQLITE_IOERR; */
+    }
+#endif
+    /* Only need to sync once, so close the  directory when we are done */
+    robust_close(pFile, pFile->dirfd, __LINE__);
+    pFile->dirfd = -1;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Truncate an open file to a specified size
+*/
+static int unixTruncate(sqlite3_file *id, i64 nByte){
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile *)id;
+  int rc;
+  assert( pFile );
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE );
+
+  /* If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, truncate the
+  ** file so that it consists of an integer number of chunks (i.e. the
+  ** actual file size after the operation may be larger than the requested
+  ** size).
+  */
+  if( pFile->szChunk ){
+    nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
+  }
+
+  rc = robust_ftruncate(pFile->h, (off_t)nByte);
+  if( rc ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+    return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "ftruncate", pFile->zPath);
+  }else{
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    /* If we are doing a normal write to a database file (as opposed to
+    ** doing a hot-journal rollback or a write to some file other than a
+    ** normal database file) and we truncate the file to zero length,
+    ** that effectively updates the change counter.  This might happen
+    ** when restoring a database using the backup API from a zero-length
+    ** source.
+    */
+    if( pFile->inNormalWrite && nByte==0 ){
+      pFile->transCntrChng = 1;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Determine the current size of a file in bytes
+*/
+static int unixFileSize(sqlite3_file *id, i64 *pSize){
+  int rc;
+  struct stat buf;
+  assert( id );
+  rc = osFstat(((unixFile*)id)->h, &buf);
+  SimulateIOError( rc=1 );
+  if( rc!=0 ){
+    ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+  }
+  *pSize = buf.st_size;
+
+  /* When opening a zero-size database, the findInodeInfo() procedure
+  ** writes a single byte into that file in order to work around a bug
+  ** in the OS-X msdos filesystem.  In order to avoid problems with upper
+  ** layers, we need to report this file size as zero even though it is
+  ** really 1.   Ticket #3260.
+  */
+  if( *pSize==1 ) *pSize = 0;
+
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && defined(__APPLE__)
+/*
+** Handler for proxy-locking file-control verbs.  Defined below in the
+** proxying locking division.
+*/
+static int proxyFileControl(sqlite3_file*,int,void*);
+#endif
+
+/* 
+** This function is called to handle the SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT 
+** file-control operation.
+**
+** If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, it could be
+** that the file needs to be extended at this point. Otherwise, the
+** SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT operation is a no-op for Unix.
+*/
+static int fcntlSizeHint(unixFile *pFile, i64 nByte){
+  if( pFile->szChunk ){
+    i64 nSize;                    /* Required file size */
+    struct stat buf;              /* Used to hold return values of fstat() */
+   
+    if( osFstat(pFile->h, &buf) ) return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+
+    nSize = ((nByte+pFile->szChunk-1) / pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
+    if( nSize>(i64)buf.st_size ){
+
+#if defined(HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE) && HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE
+      /* The code below is handling the return value of osFallocate() 
+      ** correctly. posix_fallocate() is defined to "returns zero on success, 
+      ** or an error number on  failure". See the manpage for details. */
+      int err;
+      do{
+        err = osFallocate(pFile->h, buf.st_size, nSize-buf.st_size);
+      }while( err==EINTR );
+      if( err ) return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE;
+#else
+      /* If the OS does not have posix_fallocate(), fake it. First use
+      ** ftruncate() to set the file size, then write a single byte to
+      ** the last byte in each block within the extended region. This
+      ** is the same technique used by glibc to implement posix_fallocate()
+      ** on systems that do not have a real fallocate() system call.
+      */
+      int nBlk = buf.st_blksize;  /* File-system block size */
+      i64 iWrite;                 /* Next offset to write to */
+
+      if( robust_ftruncate(pFile->h, nSize) ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+        return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "ftruncate", pFile->zPath);
+      }
+      iWrite = ((buf.st_size + 2*nBlk - 1)/nBlk)*nBlk-1;
+      while( iWrite<nSize ){
+        int nWrite = seekAndWrite(pFile, iWrite, "", 1);
+        if( nWrite!=1 ) return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE;
+        iWrite += nBlk;
+      }
+#endif
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Information and control of an open file handle.
+*/
+static int unixFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
+  switch( op ){
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE: {
+      *(int*)pArg = ((unixFile*)id)->eFileLock;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO: {
+      *(int*)pArg = ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
+      ((unixFile*)id)->szChunk = *(int *)pArg;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
+      return fcntlSizeHint((unixFile *)id, *(i64 *)pArg);
+    }
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    /* The pager calls this method to signal that it has done
+    ** a rollback and that the database is therefore unchanged and
+    ** it hence it is OK for the transaction change counter to be
+    ** unchanged.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_DB_UNCHANGED: {
+      ((unixFile*)id)->dbUpdate = 0;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && defined(__APPLE__)
+    case SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE:
+    case SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE: {
+      return proxyFileControl(id,op,pArg);
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && defined(__APPLE__) */
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED: {
+      return SQLITE_OK;  /* A no-op */
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the sector size in bytes of the underlying block device for
+** the specified file. This is almost always 512 bytes, but may be
+** larger for some devices.
+**
+** SQLite code assumes this function cannot fail. It also assumes that
+** if two files are created in the same file-system directory (i.e.
+** a database and its journal file) that the sector size will be the
+** same for both.
+*/
+static int unixSectorSize(sqlite3_file *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  return SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the device characteristics for the file. This is always 0 for unix.
+*/
+static int unixDeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+
+
+/*
+** Object used to represent an shared memory buffer.  
+**
+** When multiple threads all reference the same wal-index, each thread
+** has its own unixShm object, but they all point to a single instance
+** of this unixShmNode object.  In other words, each wal-index is opened
+** only once per process.
+**
+** Each unixShmNode object is connected to a single unixInodeInfo object.
+** We could coalesce this object into unixInodeInfo, but that would mean
+** every open file that does not use shared memory (in other words, most
+** open files) would have to carry around this extra information.  So
+** the unixInodeInfo object contains a pointer to this unixShmNode object
+** and the unixShmNode object is created only when needed.
+**
+** unixMutexHeld() must be true when creating or destroying
+** this object or while reading or writing the following fields:
+**
+**      nRef
+**
+** The following fields are read-only after the object is created:
+** 
+**      fid
+**      zFilename
+**
+** Either unixShmNode.mutex must be held or unixShmNode.nRef==0 and
+** unixMutexHeld() is true when reading or writing any other field
+** in this structure.
+*/
+struct unixShmNode {
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode;     /* unixInodeInfo that owns this SHM node */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;      /* Mutex to access this object */
+  char *zFilename;           /* Name of the mmapped file */
+  int h;                     /* Open file descriptor */
+  int szRegion;              /* Size of shared-memory regions */
+  u16 nRegion;               /* Size of array apRegion */
+  u8 isReadonly;             /* True if read-only */
+  char **apRegion;           /* Array of mapped shared-memory regions */
+  int nRef;                  /* Number of unixShm objects pointing to this */
+  unixShm *pFirst;           /* All unixShm objects pointing to this */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  u8 exclMask;               /* Mask of exclusive locks held */
+  u8 sharedMask;             /* Mask of shared locks held */
+  u8 nextShmId;              /* Next available unixShm.id value */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** Structure used internally by this VFS to record the state of an
+** open shared memory connection.
+**
+** The following fields are initialized when this object is created and
+** are read-only thereafter:
+**
+**    unixShm.pFile
+**    unixShm.id
+**
+** All other fields are read/write.  The unixShm.pFile->mutex must be held
+** while accessing any read/write fields.
+*/
+struct unixShm {
+  unixShmNode *pShmNode;     /* The underlying unixShmNode object */
+  unixShm *pNext;            /* Next unixShm with the same unixShmNode */
+  u8 hasMutex;               /* True if holding the unixShmNode mutex */
+  u16 sharedMask;            /* Mask of shared locks held */
+  u16 exclMask;              /* Mask of exclusive locks held */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  u8 id;                     /* Id of this connection within its unixShmNode */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** Constants used for locking
+*/
+#define UNIX_SHM_BASE   ((22+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)*4)         /* first lock byte */
+#define UNIX_SHM_DMS    (UNIX_SHM_BASE+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)  /* deadman switch */
+
+/*
+** Apply posix advisory locks for all bytes from ofst through ofst+n-1.
+**
+** Locks block if the mask is exactly UNIX_SHM_C and are non-blocking
+** otherwise.
+*/
+static int unixShmSystemLock(
+  unixShmNode *pShmNode, /* Apply locks to this open shared-memory segment */
+  int lockType,          /* F_UNLCK, F_RDLCK, or F_WRLCK */
+  int ofst,              /* First byte of the locking range */
+  int n                  /* Number of bytes to lock */
+){
+  struct flock f;       /* The posix advisory locking structure */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;   /* Result code form fcntl() */
+
+  /* Access to the unixShmNode object is serialized by the caller */
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pShmNode->mutex) || pShmNode->nRef==0 );
+
+  /* Shared locks never span more than one byte */
+  assert( n==1 || lockType!=F_RDLCK );
+
+  /* Locks are within range */
+  assert( n>=1 && n<SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );
+
+  if( pShmNode->h>=0 ){
+    /* Initialize the locking parameters */
+    memset(&f, 0, sizeof(f));
+    f.l_type = lockType;
+    f.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+    f.l_start = ofst;
+    f.l_len = n;
+
+    rc = osFcntl(pShmNode->h, F_SETLK, &f);
+    rc = (rc!=(-1)) ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+
+  /* Update the global lock state and do debug tracing */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  { u16 mask;
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK "));
+  mask = (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( lockType==F_UNLCK ){
+      OSTRACE(("unlock %d ok", ofst));
+      pShmNode->exclMask &= ~mask;
+      pShmNode->sharedMask &= ~mask;
+    }else if( lockType==F_RDLCK ){
+      OSTRACE(("read-lock %d ok", ofst));
+      pShmNode->exclMask &= ~mask;
+      pShmNode->sharedMask |= mask;
+    }else{
+      assert( lockType==F_WRLCK );
+      OSTRACE(("write-lock %d ok", ofst));
+      pShmNode->exclMask |= mask;
+      pShmNode->sharedMask &= ~mask;
+    }
+  }else{
+    if( lockType==F_UNLCK ){
+      OSTRACE(("unlock %d failed", ofst));
+    }else if( lockType==F_RDLCK ){
+      OSTRACE(("read-lock failed"));
+    }else{
+      assert( lockType==F_WRLCK );
+      OSTRACE(("write-lock %d failed", ofst));
+    }
+  }
+  OSTRACE((" - afterwards %03x,%03x\n",
+           pShmNode->sharedMask, pShmNode->exclMask));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return rc;        
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Purge the unixShmNodeList list of all entries with unixShmNode.nRef==0.
+**
+** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
+** by VFS shared-memory methods.
+*/
+static void unixShmPurge(unixFile *pFd){
+  unixShmNode *p = pFd->pInode->pShmNode;
+  assert( unixMutexHeld() );
+  if( p && p->nRef==0 ){
+    int i;
+    assert( p->pInode==pFd->pInode );
+    if( p->mutex ) sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex);
+    for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i++){
+      if( p->h>=0 ){
+        munmap(p->apRegion[i], p->szRegion);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_free(p->apRegion[i]);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(p->apRegion);
+    if( p->h>=0 ){
+      robust_close(pFd, p->h, __LINE__);
+      p->h = -1;
+    }
+    p->pInode->pShmNode = 0;
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Open a shared-memory area associated with open database file pDbFd.  
+** This particular implementation uses mmapped files.
+**
+** The file used to implement shared-memory is in the same directory
+** as the open database file and has the same name as the open database
+** file with the "-shm" suffix added.  For example, if the database file
+** is "/home/user1/config.db" then the file that is created and mmapped
+** for shared memory will be called "/home/user1/config.db-shm".  
+**
+** Another approach to is to use files in /dev/shm or /dev/tmp or an
+** some other tmpfs mount. But if a file in a different directory
+** from the database file is used, then differing access permissions
+** or a chroot() might cause two different processes on the same
+** database to end up using different files for shared memory - 
+** meaning that their memory would not really be shared - resulting
+** in database corruption.  Nevertheless, this tmpfs file usage
+** can be enabled at compile-time using -DSQLITE_SHM_DIRECTORY="/dev/shm"
+** or the equivalent.  The use of the SQLITE_SHM_DIRECTORY compile-time
+** option results in an incompatible build of SQLite;  builds of SQLite
+** that with differing SQLITE_SHM_DIRECTORY settings attempt to use the
+** same database file at the same time, database corruption will likely
+** result. The SQLITE_SHM_DIRECTORY compile-time option is considered
+** "unsupported" and may go away in a future SQLite release.
+**
+** When opening a new shared-memory file, if no other instances of that
+** file are currently open, in this process or in other processes, then
+** the file must be truncated to zero length or have its header cleared.
+**
+** If the original database file (pDbFd) is using the "unix-excl" VFS
+** that means that an exclusive lock is held on the database file and
+** that no other processes are able to read or write the database.  In
+** that case, we do not really need shared memory.  No shared memory
+** file is created.  The shared memory will be simulated with heap memory.
+*/
+static int unixOpenSharedMemory(unixFile *pDbFd){
+  struct unixShm *p = 0;          /* The connection to be opened */
+  struct unixShmNode *pShmNode;   /* The underlying mmapped file */
+  int rc;                         /* Result code */
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode;          /* The inode of fd */
+  char *zShmFilename;             /* Name of the file used for SHM */
+  int nShmFilename;               /* Size of the SHM filename in bytes */
+
+  /* Allocate space for the new unixShm object. */
+  p = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*p) );
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
+  assert( pDbFd->pShm==0 );
+
+  /* Check to see if a unixShmNode object already exists. Reuse an existing
+  ** one if present. Create a new one if necessary.
+  */
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  pInode = pDbFd->pInode;
+  pShmNode = pInode->pShmNode;
+  if( pShmNode==0 ){
+    struct stat sStat;                 /* fstat() info for database file */
+
+    /* Call fstat() to figure out the permissions on the database file. If
+    ** a new *-shm file is created, an attempt will be made to create it
+    ** with the same permissions. The actual permissions the file is created
+    ** with are subject to the current umask setting.
+    */
+    if( osFstat(pDbFd->h, &sStat) && pInode->bProcessLock==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+      goto shm_open_err;
+    }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_SHM_DIRECTORY
+    nShmFilename = sizeof(SQLITE_SHM_DIRECTORY) + 30;
+#else
+    nShmFilename = 5 + (int)strlen(pDbFd->zPath);
+#endif
+    pShmNode = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pShmNode) + nShmFilename );
+    if( pShmNode==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      goto shm_open_err;
+    }
+    memset(pShmNode, 0, sizeof(*pShmNode));
+    zShmFilename = pShmNode->zFilename = (char*)&pShmNode[1];
+#ifdef SQLITE_SHM_DIRECTORY
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nShmFilename, zShmFilename, 
+                     SQLITE_SHM_DIRECTORY "/sqlite-shm-%x-%x",
+                     (u32)sStat.st_ino, (u32)sStat.st_dev);
+#else
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nShmFilename, zShmFilename, "%s-shm", pDbFd->zPath);
+    sqlite3FileSuffix3(pDbFd->zPath, zShmFilename);
+#endif
+    pShmNode->h = -1;
+    pDbFd->pInode->pShmNode = pShmNode;
+    pShmNode->pInode = pDbFd->pInode;
+    pShmNode->mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST);
+    if( pShmNode->mutex==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      goto shm_open_err;
+    }
+
+    if( pInode->bProcessLock==0 ){
+      pShmNode->h = robust_open(zShmFilename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT,
+                               (sStat.st_mode & 0777));
+      if( pShmNode->h<0 ){
+        const char *zRO;
+        zRO = sqlite3_uri_parameter(pDbFd->zPath, "readonly_shm");
+        if( zRO && sqlite3GetBoolean(zRO) ){
+          pShmNode->h = robust_open(zShmFilename, O_RDONLY,
+                                    (sStat.st_mode & 0777));
+          pShmNode->isReadonly = 1;
+        }
+        if( pShmNode->h<0 ){
+          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "open", zShmFilename);
+          goto shm_open_err;
+        }
+      }
+  
+      /* Check to see if another process is holding the dead-man switch.
+      ** If not, truncate the file to zero length. 
+      */
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      if( unixShmSystemLock(pShmNode, F_WRLCK, UNIX_SHM_DMS, 1)==SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( robust_ftruncate(pShmNode->h, 0) ){
+          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN, "ftruncate", zShmFilename);
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = unixShmSystemLock(pShmNode, F_RDLCK, UNIX_SHM_DMS, 1);
+      }
+      if( rc ) goto shm_open_err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Make the new connection a child of the unixShmNode */
+  p->pShmNode = pShmNode;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  p->id = pShmNode->nextShmId++;
+#endif
+  pShmNode->nRef++;
+  pDbFd->pShm = p;
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+
+  /* The reference count on pShmNode has already been incremented under
+  ** the cover of the unixEnterMutex() mutex and the pointer from the
+  ** new (struct unixShm) object to the pShmNode has been set. All that is
+  ** left to do is to link the new object into the linked list starting
+  ** at pShmNode->pFirst. This must be done while holding the pShmNode->mutex 
+  ** mutex.
+  */
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+  p->pNext = pShmNode->pFirst;
+  pShmNode->pFirst = p;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* Jump here on any error */
+shm_open_err:
+  unixShmPurge(pDbFd);       /* This call frees pShmNode if required */
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the 
+** shared-memory associated with the database file fd. Shared-memory regions 
+** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion 
+** bytes in size.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an error code is returned and *pp is set to NULL.
+**
+** Otherwise, if the bExtend parameter is 0 and the requested shared-memory
+** region has not been allocated (by any client, including one running in a
+** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If 
+** bExtend is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet 
+** been allocated, it is allocated by this function.
+**
+** If the shared-memory region has already been allocated or is allocated by
+** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes 
+** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped 
+** memory and SQLITE_OK returned.
+*/
+static int unixShmMap(
+  sqlite3_file *fd,               /* Handle open on database file */
+  int iRegion,                    /* Region to retrieve */
+  int szRegion,                   /* Size of regions */
+  int bExtend,                    /* True to extend file if necessary */
+  void volatile **pp              /* OUT: Mapped memory */
+){
+  unixFile *pDbFd = (unixFile*)fd;
+  unixShm *p;
+  unixShmNode *pShmNode;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* If the shared-memory file has not yet been opened, open it now. */
+  if( pDbFd->pShm==0 ){
+    rc = unixOpenSharedMemory(pDbFd);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+
+  p = pDbFd->pShm;
+  pShmNode = p->pShmNode;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+  assert( szRegion==pShmNode->szRegion || pShmNode->nRegion==0 );
+  assert( pShmNode->pInode==pDbFd->pInode );
+  assert( pShmNode->h>=0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==1 );
+  assert( pShmNode->h<0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );
+
+  if( pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion ){
+    char **apNew;                      /* New apRegion[] array */
+    int nByte = (iRegion+1)*szRegion;  /* Minimum required file size */
+    struct stat sStat;                 /* Used by fstat() */
+
+    pShmNode->szRegion = szRegion;
+
+    if( pShmNode->h>=0 ){
+      /* The requested region is not mapped into this processes address space.
+      ** Check to see if it has been allocated (i.e. if the wal-index file is
+      ** large enough to contain the requested region).
+      */
+      if( osFstat(pShmNode->h, &sStat) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE;
+        goto shmpage_out;
+      }
+  
+      if( sStat.st_size<nByte ){
+        /* The requested memory region does not exist. If bExtend is set to
+        ** false, exit early. *pp will be set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned.
+        **
+        ** Alternatively, if bExtend is true, use ftruncate() to allocate
+        ** the requested memory region.
+        */
+        if( !bExtend ) goto shmpage_out;
+        if( robust_ftruncate(pShmNode->h, nByte) ){
+          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "ftruncate",
+                            pShmNode->zFilename);
+          goto shmpage_out;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Map the requested memory region into this processes address space. */
+    apNew = (char **)sqlite3_realloc(
+        pShmNode->apRegion, (iRegion+1)*sizeof(char *)
+    );
+    if( !apNew ){
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+      goto shmpage_out;
+    }
+    pShmNode->apRegion = apNew;
+    while(pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion){
+      void *pMem;
+      if( pShmNode->h>=0 ){
+        pMem = mmap(0, szRegion,
+            pShmNode->isReadonly ? PROT_READ : PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, 
+            MAP_SHARED, pShmNode->h, pShmNode->nRegion*szRegion
+        );
+        if( pMem==MAP_FAILED ){
+          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP, "mmap", pShmNode->zFilename);
+          goto shmpage_out;
+        }
+      }else{
+        pMem = sqlite3_malloc(szRegion);
+        if( pMem==0 ){
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          goto shmpage_out;
+        }
+        memset(pMem, 0, szRegion);
+      }
+      pShmNode->apRegion[pShmNode->nRegion] = pMem;
+      pShmNode->nRegion++;
+    }
+  }
+
+shmpage_out:
+  if( pShmNode->nRegion>iRegion ){
+    *pp = pShmNode->apRegion[iRegion];
+  }else{
+    *pp = 0;
+  }
+  if( pShmNode->isReadonly && rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the lock state for a shared-memory segment.
+**
+** Note that the relationship between SHAREd and EXCLUSIVE locks is a little
+** different here than in posix.  In xShmLock(), one can go from unlocked
+** to shared and back or from unlocked to exclusive and back.  But one may
+** not go from shared to exclusive or from exclusive to shared.
+*/
+static int unixShmLock(
+  sqlite3_file *fd,          /* Database file holding the shared memory */
+  int ofst,                  /* First lock to acquire or release */
+  int n,                     /* Number of locks to acquire or release */
+  int flags                  /* What to do with the lock */
+){
+  unixFile *pDbFd = (unixFile*)fd;      /* Connection holding shared memory */
+  unixShm *p = pDbFd->pShm;             /* The shared memory being locked */
+  unixShm *pX;                          /* For looping over all siblings */
+  unixShmNode *pShmNode = p->pShmNode;  /* The underlying file iNode */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                   /* Result code */
+  u16 mask;                             /* Mask of locks to take or release */
+
+  assert( pShmNode==pDbFd->pInode->pShmNode );
+  assert( pShmNode->pInode==pDbFd->pInode );
+  assert( ofst>=0 && ofst+n<=SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );
+  assert( n>=1 );
+  assert( flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE) );
+  assert( n==1 || (flags & SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)!=0 );
+  assert( pShmNode->h>=0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==1 );
+  assert( pShmNode->h<0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );
+
+  mask = (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
+  assert( n>1 || mask==(1<<ofst) );
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+  if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK ){
+    u16 allMask = 0; /* Mask of locks held by siblings */
+
+    /* See if any siblings hold this same lock */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( pX==p ) continue;
+      assert( (pX->exclMask & (p->exclMask|p->sharedMask))==0 );
+      allMask |= pX->sharedMask;
+    }
+
+    /* Unlock the system-level locks */
+    if( (mask & allMask)==0 ){
+      rc = unixShmSystemLock(pShmNode, F_UNLCK, ofst+UNIX_SHM_BASE, n);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    /* Undo the local locks */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->exclMask &= ~mask;
+      p->sharedMask &= ~mask;
+    } 
+  }else if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_SHARED ){
+    u16 allShared = 0;  /* Union of locks held by connections other than "p" */
+
+    /* Find out which shared locks are already held by sibling connections.
+    ** If any sibling already holds an exclusive lock, go ahead and return
+    ** SQLITE_BUSY.
+    */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        break;
+      }
+      allShared |= pX->sharedMask;
+    }
+
+    /* Get shared locks at the system level, if necessary */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( (allShared & mask)==0 ){
+        rc = unixShmSystemLock(pShmNode, F_RDLCK, ofst+UNIX_SHM_BASE, n);
+      }else{
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Get the local shared locks */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->sharedMask |= mask;
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* Make sure no sibling connections hold locks that will block this
+    ** lock.  If any do, return SQLITE_BUSY right away.
+    */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 || (pX->sharedMask & mask)!=0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* Get the exclusive locks at the system level.  Then if successful
+    ** also mark the local connection as being locked.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = unixShmSystemLock(pShmNode, F_WRLCK, ofst+UNIX_SHM_BASE, n);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        assert( (p->sharedMask & mask)==0 );
+        p->exclMask |= mask;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK shmid-%d, pid-%d got %03x,%03x\n",
+           p->id, getpid(), p->sharedMask, p->exclMask));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.  
+**
+** All loads and stores begun before the barrier must complete before
+** any load or store begun after the barrier.
+*/
+static void unixShmBarrier(
+  sqlite3_file *fd                /* Database file holding the shared memory */
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(fd);
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying 
+** storage if deleteFlag is true.
+**
+** If there is no shared memory associated with the connection then this
+** routine is a harmless no-op.
+*/
+static int unixShmUnmap(
+  sqlite3_file *fd,               /* The underlying database file */
+  int deleteFlag                  /* Delete shared-memory if true */
+){
+  unixShm *p;                     /* The connection to be closed */
+  unixShmNode *pShmNode;          /* The underlying shared-memory file */
+  unixShm **pp;                   /* For looping over sibling connections */
+  unixFile *pDbFd;                /* The underlying database file */
+
+  pDbFd = (unixFile*)fd;
+  p = pDbFd->pShm;
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  pShmNode = p->pShmNode;
+
+  assert( pShmNode==pDbFd->pInode->pShmNode );
+  assert( pShmNode->pInode==pDbFd->pInode );
+
+  /* Remove connection p from the set of connections associated
+  ** with pShmNode */
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+  for(pp=&pShmNode->pFirst; (*pp)!=p; pp = &(*pp)->pNext){}
+  *pp = p->pNext;
+
+  /* Free the connection p */
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  pDbFd->pShm = 0;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+
+  /* If pShmNode->nRef has reached 0, then close the underlying
+  ** shared-memory file, too */
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  assert( pShmNode->nRef>0 );
+  pShmNode->nRef--;
+  if( pShmNode->nRef==0 ){
+    if( deleteFlag && pShmNode->h>=0 ) unlink(pShmNode->zFilename);
+    unixShmPurge(pDbFd);
+  }
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+#else
+# define unixShmMap     0
+# define unixShmLock    0
+# define unixShmBarrier 0
+# define unixShmUnmap   0
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
+/*
+** Here ends the implementation of all sqlite3_file methods.
+**
+********************** End sqlite3_file Methods *******************************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+** This division contains definitions of sqlite3_io_methods objects that
+** implement various file locking strategies.  It also contains definitions
+** of "finder" functions.  A finder-function is used to locate the appropriate
+** sqlite3_io_methods object for a particular database file.  The pAppData
+** field of the sqlite3_vfs VFS objects are initialized to be pointers to
+** the correct finder-function for that VFS.
+**
+** Most finder functions return a pointer to a fixed sqlite3_io_methods
+** object.  The only interesting finder-function is autolockIoFinder, which
+** looks at the filesystem type and tries to guess the best locking
+** strategy from that.
+**
+** For finder-funtion F, two objects are created:
+**
+**    (1) The real finder-function named "FImpt()".
+**
+**    (2) A constant pointer to this function named just "F".
+**
+**
+** A pointer to the F pointer is used as the pAppData value for VFS
+** objects.  We have to do this instead of letting pAppData point
+** directly at the finder-function since C90 rules prevent a void*
+** from be cast into a function pointer.
+**
+**
+** Each instance of this macro generates two objects:
+**
+**   *  A constant sqlite3_io_methods object call METHOD that has locking
+**      methods CLOSE, LOCK, UNLOCK, CKRESLOCK.
+**
+**   *  An I/O method finder function called FINDER that returns a pointer
+**      to the METHOD object in the previous bullet.
+*/
+#define IOMETHODS(FINDER, METHOD, VERSION, CLOSE, LOCK, UNLOCK, CKLOCK)      \
+static const sqlite3_io_methods METHOD = {                                   \
+   VERSION,                    /* iVersion */                                \
+   CLOSE,                      /* xClose */                                  \
+   unixRead,                   /* xRead */                                   \
+   unixWrite,                  /* xWrite */                                  \
+   unixTruncate,               /* xTruncate */                               \
+   unixSync,                   /* xSync */                                   \
+   unixFileSize,               /* xFileSize */                               \
+   LOCK,                       /* xLock */                                   \
+   UNLOCK,                     /* xUnlock */                                 \
+   CKLOCK,                     /* xCheckReservedLock */                      \
+   unixFileControl,            /* xFileControl */                            \
+   unixSectorSize,             /* xSectorSize */                             \
+   unixDeviceCharacteristics,  /* xDeviceCapabilities */                     \
+   unixShmMap,                 /* xShmMap */                                 \
+   unixShmLock,                /* xShmLock */                                \
+   unixShmBarrier,             /* xShmBarrier */                             \
+   unixShmUnmap                /* xShmUnmap */                               \
+};                                                                           \
+static const sqlite3_io_methods *FINDER##Impl(const char *z, unixFile *p){   \
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(z); UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);                                  \
+  return &METHOD;                                                            \
+}                                                                            \
+static const sqlite3_io_methods *(*const FINDER)(const char*,unixFile *p)    \
+    = FINDER##Impl;
+
+/*
+** Here are all of the sqlite3_io_methods objects for each of the
+** locking strategies.  Functions that return pointers to these methods
+** are also created.
+*/
+IOMETHODS(
+  posixIoFinder,            /* Finder function name */
+  posixIoMethods,           /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
+  2,                        /* shared memory is enabled */
+  unixClose,                /* xClose method */
+  unixLock,                 /* xLock method */
+  unixUnlock,               /* xUnlock method */
+  unixCheckReservedLock     /* xCheckReservedLock method */
+)
+IOMETHODS(
+  nolockIoFinder,           /* Finder function name */
+  nolockIoMethods,          /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
+  1,                        /* shared memory is disabled */
+  nolockClose,              /* xClose method */
+  nolockLock,               /* xLock method */
+  nolockUnlock,             /* xUnlock method */
+  nolockCheckReservedLock   /* xCheckReservedLock method */
+)
+IOMETHODS(
+  dotlockIoFinder,          /* Finder function name */
+  dotlockIoMethods,         /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
+  1,                        /* shared memory is disabled */
+  dotlockClose,             /* xClose method */
+  dotlockLock,              /* xLock method */
+  dotlockUnlock,            /* xUnlock method */
+  dotlockCheckReservedLock  /* xCheckReservedLock method */
+)
+
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORKS
+IOMETHODS(
+  flockIoFinder,            /* Finder function name */
+  flockIoMethods,           /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
+  1,                        /* shared memory is disabled */
+  flockClose,               /* xClose method */
+  flockLock,                /* xLock method */
+  flockUnlock,              /* xUnlock method */
+  flockCheckReservedLock    /* xCheckReservedLock method */
+)
+#endif
+
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+IOMETHODS(
+  semIoFinder,              /* Finder function name */
+  semIoMethods,             /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
+  1,                        /* shared memory is disabled */
+  semClose,                 /* xClose method */
+  semLock,                  /* xLock method */
+  semUnlock,                /* xUnlock method */
+  semCheckReservedLock      /* xCheckReservedLock method */
+)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+IOMETHODS(
+  afpIoFinder,              /* Finder function name */
+  afpIoMethods,             /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
+  1,                        /* shared memory is disabled */
+  afpClose,                 /* xClose method */
+  afpLock,                  /* xLock method */
+  afpUnlock,                /* xUnlock method */
+  afpCheckReservedLock      /* xCheckReservedLock method */
+)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The proxy locking method is a "super-method" in the sense that it
+** opens secondary file descriptors for the conch and lock files and
+** it uses proxy, dot-file, AFP, and flock() locking methods on those
+** secondary files.  For this reason, the division that implements
+** proxy locking is located much further down in the file.  But we need
+** to go ahead and define the sqlite3_io_methods and finder function
+** for proxy locking here.  So we forward declare the I/O methods.
+*/
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+static int proxyClose(sqlite3_file*);
+static int proxyLock(sqlite3_file*, int);
+static int proxyUnlock(sqlite3_file*, int);
+static int proxyCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file*, int*);
+IOMETHODS(
+  proxyIoFinder,            /* Finder function name */
+  proxyIoMethods,           /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
+  1,                        /* shared memory is disabled */
+  proxyClose,               /* xClose method */
+  proxyLock,                /* xLock method */
+  proxyUnlock,              /* xUnlock method */
+  proxyCheckReservedLock    /* xCheckReservedLock method */
+)
+#endif
+
+/* nfs lockd on OSX 10.3+ doesn't clear write locks when a read lock is set */
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+IOMETHODS(
+  nfsIoFinder,               /* Finder function name */
+  nfsIoMethods,              /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
+  1,                         /* shared memory is disabled */
+  unixClose,                 /* xClose method */
+  unixLock,                  /* xLock method */
+  nfsUnlock,                 /* xUnlock method */
+  unixCheckReservedLock      /* xCheckReservedLock method */
+)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+/* 
+** This "finder" function attempts to determine the best locking strategy 
+** for the database file "filePath".  It then returns the sqlite3_io_methods
+** object that implements that strategy.
+**
+** This is for MacOSX only.
+*/
+static const sqlite3_io_methods *autolockIoFinderImpl(
+  const char *filePath,    /* name of the database file */
+  unixFile *pNew           /* open file object for the database file */
+){
+  static const struct Mapping {
+    const char *zFilesystem;              /* Filesystem type name */
+    const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethods;   /* Appropriate locking method */
+  } aMap[] = {
+    { "hfs",    &posixIoMethods },
+    { "ufs",    &posixIoMethods },
+    { "afpfs",  &afpIoMethods },
+    { "smbfs",  &afpIoMethods },
+    { "webdav", &nolockIoMethods },
+    { 0, 0 }
+  };
+  int i;
+  struct statfs fsInfo;
+  struct flock lockInfo;
+
+  if( !filePath ){
+    /* If filePath==NULL that means we are dealing with a transient file
+    ** that does not need to be locked. */
+    return &nolockIoMethods;
+  }
+  if( statfs(filePath, &fsInfo) != -1 ){
+    if( fsInfo.f_flags & MNT_RDONLY ){
+      return &nolockIoMethods;
+    }
+    for(i=0; aMap[i].zFilesystem; i++){
+      if( strcmp(fsInfo.f_fstypename, aMap[i].zFilesystem)==0 ){
+        return aMap[i].pMethods;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Default case. Handles, amongst others, "nfs".
+  ** Test byte-range lock using fcntl(). If the call succeeds, 
+  ** assume that the file-system supports POSIX style locks. 
+  */
+  lockInfo.l_len = 1;
+  lockInfo.l_start = 0;
+  lockInfo.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+  lockInfo.l_type = F_RDLCK;
+  if( osFcntl(pNew->h, F_GETLK, &lockInfo)!=-1 ) {
+    if( strcmp(fsInfo.f_fstypename, "nfs")==0 ){
+      return &nfsIoMethods;
+    } else {
+      return &posixIoMethods;
+    }
+  }else{
+    return &dotlockIoMethods;
+  }
+}
+static const sqlite3_io_methods 
+  *(*const autolockIoFinder)(const char*,unixFile*) = autolockIoFinderImpl;
+
+#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */
+
+#if OS_VXWORKS && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+/* 
+** This "finder" function attempts to determine the best locking strategy 
+** for the database file "filePath".  It then returns the sqlite3_io_methods
+** object that implements that strategy.
+**
+** This is for VXWorks only.
+*/
+static const sqlite3_io_methods *autolockIoFinderImpl(
+  const char *filePath,    /* name of the database file */
+  unixFile *pNew           /* the open file object */
+){
+  struct flock lockInfo;
+
+  if( !filePath ){
+    /* If filePath==NULL that means we are dealing with a transient file
+    ** that does not need to be locked. */
+    return &nolockIoMethods;
+  }
+
+  /* Test if fcntl() is supported and use POSIX style locks.
+  ** Otherwise fall back to the named semaphore method.
+  */
+  lockInfo.l_len = 1;
+  lockInfo.l_start = 0;
+  lockInfo.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+  lockInfo.l_type = F_RDLCK;
+  if( osFcntl(pNew->h, F_GETLK, &lockInfo)!=-1 ) {
+    return &posixIoMethods;
+  }else{
+    return &semIoMethods;
+  }
+}
+static const sqlite3_io_methods 
+  *(*const autolockIoFinder)(const char*,unixFile*) = autolockIoFinderImpl;
+
+#endif /* OS_VXWORKS && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */
+
+/*
+** An abstract type for a pointer to a IO method finder function:
+*/
+typedef const sqlite3_io_methods *(*finder_type)(const char*,unixFile*);
+
+
+/****************************************************************************
+**************************** sqlite3_vfs methods ****************************
+**
+** This division contains the implementation of methods on the
+** sqlite3_vfs object.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Initialize the contents of the unixFile structure pointed to by pId.
+*/
+static int fillInUnixFile(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,      /* Pointer to vfs object */
+  int h,                  /* Open file descriptor of file being opened */
+  int dirfd,              /* Directory file descriptor */
+  sqlite3_file *pId,      /* Write to the unixFile structure here */
+  const char *zFilename,  /* Name of the file being opened */
+  int noLock,             /* Omit locking if true */
+  int isDelete,           /* Delete on close if true */
+  int isReadOnly          /* True if the file is opened read-only */
+){
+  const sqlite3_io_methods *pLockingStyle;
+  unixFile *pNew = (unixFile *)pId;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( pNew->pInode==NULL );
+
+  /* Parameter isDelete is only used on vxworks. Express this explicitly 
+  ** here to prevent compiler warnings about unused parameters.
+  */
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(isDelete);
+
+  /* Usually the path zFilename should not be a relative pathname. The
+  ** exception is when opening the proxy "conch" file in builds that
+  ** include the special Apple locking styles.
+  */
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  assert( zFilename==0 || zFilename[0]=='/' 
+    || pVfs->pAppData==(void*)&autolockIoFinder );
+#else
+  assert( zFilename==0 || zFilename[0]=='/' );
+#endif
+
+  OSTRACE(("OPEN    %-3d %s\n", h, zFilename));
+  pNew->h = h;
+  pNew->dirfd = dirfd;
+  pNew->zPath = zFilename;
+  if( memcmp(pVfs->zName,"unix-excl",10)==0 ){
+    pNew->ctrlFlags = UNIXFILE_EXCL;
+  }else{
+    pNew->ctrlFlags = 0;
+  }
+  if( isReadOnly ){
+    pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_RDONLY;
+  }
+
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  pNew->pId = vxworksFindFileId(zFilename);
+  if( pNew->pId==0 ){
+    noLock = 1;
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( noLock ){
+    pLockingStyle = &nolockIoMethods;
+  }else{
+    pLockingStyle = (**(finder_type*)pVfs->pAppData)(zFilename, pNew);
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+    /* Cache zFilename in the locking context (AFP and dotlock override) for
+    ** proxyLock activation is possible (remote proxy is based on db name)
+    ** zFilename remains valid until file is closed, to support */
+    pNew->lockingContext = (void*)zFilename;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  if( pLockingStyle == &posixIoMethods
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+    || pLockingStyle == &nfsIoMethods
+#endif
+  ){
+    unixEnterMutex();
+    rc = findInodeInfo(pNew, &pNew->pInode);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      /* If an error occured in findInodeInfo(), close the file descriptor
+      ** immediately, before releasing the mutex. findInodeInfo() may fail
+      ** in two scenarios:
+      **
+      **   (a) A call to fstat() failed.
+      **   (b) A malloc failed.
+      **
+      ** Scenario (b) may only occur if the process is holding no other
+      ** file descriptors open on the same file. If there were other file
+      ** descriptors on this file, then no malloc would be required by
+      ** findInodeInfo(). If this is the case, it is quite safe to close
+      ** handle h - as it is guaranteed that no posix locks will be released
+      ** by doing so.
+      **
+      ** If scenario (a) caused the error then things are not so safe. The
+      ** implicit assumption here is that if fstat() fails, things are in
+      ** such bad shape that dropping a lock or two doesn't matter much.
+      */
+      robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
+      h = -1;
+    }
+    unixLeaveMutex();
+  }
+
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && defined(__APPLE__)
+  else if( pLockingStyle == &afpIoMethods ){
+    /* AFP locking uses the file path so it needs to be included in
+    ** the afpLockingContext.
+    */
+    afpLockingContext *pCtx;
+    pNew->lockingContext = pCtx = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pCtx) );
+    if( pCtx==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      /* NB: zFilename exists and remains valid until the file is closed
+      ** according to requirement F11141.  So we do not need to make a
+      ** copy of the filename. */
+      pCtx->dbPath = zFilename;
+      pCtx->reserved = 0;
+      srandomdev();
+      unixEnterMutex();
+      rc = findInodeInfo(pNew, &pNew->pInode);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3_free(pNew->lockingContext);
+        robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
+        h = -1;
+      }
+      unixLeaveMutex();        
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  else if( pLockingStyle == &dotlockIoMethods ){
+    /* Dotfile locking uses the file path so it needs to be included in
+    ** the dotlockLockingContext 
+    */
+    char *zLockFile;
+    int nFilename;
+    nFilename = (int)strlen(zFilename) + 6;
+    zLockFile = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(nFilename);
+    if( zLockFile==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nFilename, zLockFile, "%s" DOTLOCK_SUFFIX, zFilename);
+    }
+    pNew->lockingContext = zLockFile;
+  }
+
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  else if( pLockingStyle == &semIoMethods ){
+    /* Named semaphore locking uses the file path so it needs to be
+    ** included in the semLockingContext
+    */
+    unixEnterMutex();
+    rc = findInodeInfo(pNew, &pNew->pInode);
+    if( (rc==SQLITE_OK) && (pNew->pInode->pSem==NULL) ){
+      char *zSemName = pNew->pInode->aSemName;
+      int n;
+      sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATHNAME, zSemName, "/%s.sem",
+                       pNew->pId->zCanonicalName);
+      for( n=1; zSemName[n]; n++ )
+        if( zSemName[n]=='/' ) zSemName[n] = '_';
+      pNew->pInode->pSem = sem_open(zSemName, O_CREAT, 0666, 1);
+      if( pNew->pInode->pSem == SEM_FAILED ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        pNew->pInode->aSemName[0] = '\0';
+      }
+    }
+    unixLeaveMutex();
+  }
+#endif
+  
+  pNew->lastErrno = 0;
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( h>=0 ) robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
+    h = -1;
+    unlink(zFilename);
+    isDelete = 0;
+  }
+  pNew->isDelete = isDelete;
+#endif
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( dirfd>=0 ) robust_close(pNew, dirfd, __LINE__);
+    if( h>=0 ) robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
+  }else{
+    pNew->pMethod = pLockingStyle;
+    OpenCounter(+1);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Open a file descriptor to the directory containing file zFilename.
+** If successful, *pFd is set to the opened file descriptor and
+** SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error occurs, either SQLITE_NOMEM
+** or SQLITE_CANTOPEN is returned and *pFd is set to an undefined
+** value.
+**
+** If SQLITE_OK is returned, the caller is responsible for closing
+** the file descriptor *pFd using close().
+*/
+static int openDirectory(const char *zFilename, int *pFd){
+  int ii;
+  int fd = -1;
+  char zDirname[MAX_PATHNAME+1];
+
+  sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATHNAME, zDirname, "%s", zFilename);
+  for(ii=(int)strlen(zDirname); ii>1 && zDirname[ii]!='/'; ii--);
+  if( ii>0 ){
+    zDirname[ii] = '\0';
+    fd = robust_open(zDirname, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY, 0);
+    if( fd>=0 ){
+#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
+      osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
+#endif
+      OSTRACE(("OPENDIR %-3d %s\n", fd, zDirname));
+    }
+  }
+  *pFd = fd;
+  return (fd>=0?SQLITE_OK:unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "open", zDirname));
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the name of a directory in which to put temporary files.
+** If no suitable temporary file directory can be found, return NULL.
+*/
+static const char *unixTempFileDir(void){
+  static const char *azDirs[] = {
+     0,
+     0,
+     "/var/tmp",
+     "/usr/tmp",
+     "/tmp",
+     0        /* List terminator */
+  };
+  unsigned int i;
+  struct stat buf;
+  const char *zDir = 0;
+
+  azDirs[0] = sqlite3_temp_directory;
+  if( !azDirs[1] ) azDirs[1] = getenv("TMPDIR");
+  for(i=0; i<sizeof(azDirs)/sizeof(azDirs[0]); zDir=azDirs[i++]){
+    if( zDir==0 ) continue;
+    if( osStat(zDir, &buf) ) continue;
+    if( !S_ISDIR(buf.st_mode) ) continue;
+    if( osAccess(zDir, 07) ) continue;
+    break;
+  }
+  return zDir;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a temporary file name in zBuf.  zBuf must be allocated
+** by the calling process and must be big enough to hold at least
+** pVfs->mxPathname bytes.
+*/
+static int unixGetTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  static const unsigned char zChars[] =
+    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+    "0123456789";
+  unsigned int i, j;
+  const char *zDir;
+
+  /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
+  ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
+  ** function failing. 
+  */
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR );
+
+  zDir = unixTempFileDir();
+  if( zDir==0 ) zDir = ".";
+
+  /* Check that the output buffer is large enough for the temporary file 
+  ** name. If it is not, return SQLITE_ERROR.
+  */
+  if( (strlen(zDir) + strlen(SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX) + 17) >= (size_t)nBuf ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  do{
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-17, zBuf, "%s/"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zDir);
+    j = (int)strlen(zBuf);
+    sqlite3_randomness(15, &zBuf[j]);
+    for(i=0; i<15; i++, j++){
+      zBuf[j] = (char)zChars[ ((unsigned char)zBuf[j])%(sizeof(zChars)-1) ];
+    }
+    zBuf[j] = 0;
+  }while( osAccess(zBuf,0)==0 );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && defined(__APPLE__)
+/*
+** Routine to transform a unixFile into a proxy-locking unixFile.
+** Implementation in the proxy-lock division, but used by unixOpen()
+** if SQLITE_PREFER_PROXY_LOCKING is defined.
+*/
+static int proxyTransformUnixFile(unixFile*, const char*);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Search for an unused file descriptor that was opened on the database 
+** file (not a journal or master-journal file) identified by pathname
+** zPath with SQLITE_OPEN_XXX flags matching those passed as the second
+** argument to this function.
+**
+** Such a file descriptor may exist if a database connection was closed
+** but the associated file descriptor could not be closed because some
+** other file descriptor open on the same file is holding a file-lock.
+** Refer to comments in the unixClose() function and the lengthy comment
+** describing "Posix Advisory Locking" at the start of this file for 
+** further details. Also, ticket #4018.
+**
+** If a suitable file descriptor is found, then it is returned. If no
+** such file descriptor is located, -1 is returned.
+*/
+static UnixUnusedFd *findReusableFd(const char *zPath, int flags){
+  UnixUnusedFd *pUnused = 0;
+
+  /* Do not search for an unused file descriptor on vxworks. Not because
+  ** vxworks would not benefit from the change (it might, we're not sure),
+  ** but because no way to test it is currently available. It is better 
+  ** not to risk breaking vxworks support for the sake of such an obscure 
+  ** feature.  */
+#if !OS_VXWORKS
+  struct stat sStat;                   /* Results of stat() call */
+
+  /* A stat() call may fail for various reasons. If this happens, it is
+  ** almost certain that an open() call on the same path will also fail.
+  ** For this reason, if an error occurs in the stat() call here, it is
+  ** ignored and -1 is returned. The caller will try to open a new file
+  ** descriptor on the same path, fail, and return an error to SQLite.
+  **
+  ** Even if a subsequent open() call does succeed, the consequences of
+  ** not searching for a resusable file descriptor are not dire.  */
+  if( 0==stat(zPath, &sStat) ){
+    unixInodeInfo *pInode;
+
+    unixEnterMutex();
+    pInode = inodeList;
+    while( pInode && (pInode->fileId.dev!=sStat.st_dev
+                     || pInode->fileId.ino!=sStat.st_ino) ){
+       pInode = pInode->pNext;
+    }
+    if( pInode ){
+      UnixUnusedFd **pp;
+      for(pp=&pInode->pUnused; *pp && (*pp)->flags!=flags; pp=&((*pp)->pNext));
+      pUnused = *pp;
+      if( pUnused ){
+        *pp = pUnused->pNext;
+      }
+    }
+    unixLeaveMutex();
+  }
+#endif    /* if !OS_VXWORKS */
+  return pUnused;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called by unixOpen() to determine the unix permissions
+** to create new files with. If no error occurs, then SQLITE_OK is returned
+** and a value suitable for passing as the third argument to open(2) is
+** written to *pMode. If an IO error occurs, an SQLite error code is 
+** returned and the value of *pMode is not modified.
+**
+** If the file being opened is a temporary file, it is always created with
+** the octal permissions 0600 (read/writable by owner only). If the file
+** is a database or master journal file, it is created with the permissions 
+** mask SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS.
+**
+** Finally, if the file being opened is a WAL or regular journal file, then 
+** this function queries the file-system for the permissions on the 
+** corresponding database file and sets *pMode to this value. Whenever 
+** possible, WAL and journal files are created using the same permissions 
+** as the associated database file.
+**
+** If the SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES option is enabled, then the
+** original filename is unavailable.  But 8_3_NAMES is only used for
+** FAT filesystems and permissions do not matter there, so just use
+** the default permissions.
+*/
+static int findCreateFileMode(
+  const char *zPath,              /* Path of file (possibly) being created */
+  int flags,                      /* Flags passed as 4th argument to xOpen() */
+  mode_t *pMode                   /* OUT: Permissions to open file with */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+  *pMode = SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+  if( flags & (SQLITE_OPEN_WAL|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL) ){
+    char zDb[MAX_PATHNAME+1];     /* Database file path */
+    int nDb;                      /* Number of valid bytes in zDb */
+    struct stat sStat;            /* Output of stat() on database file */
+
+    /* zPath is a path to a WAL or journal file. The following block derives
+    ** the path to the associated database file from zPath. This block handles
+    ** the following naming conventions:
+    **
+    **   "<path to db>-journal"
+    **   "<path to db>-wal"
+    **   "<path to db>-journalNN"
+    **   "<path to db>-walNN"
+    **
+    ** where NN is a 4 digit decimal number. The NN naming schemes are 
+    ** used by the test_multiplex.c module.
+    */
+    nDb = sqlite3Strlen30(zPath) - 1; 
+    while( nDb>0 && zPath[nDb]!='-' ) nDb--;
+    if( nDb==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+    memcpy(zDb, zPath, nDb);
+    zDb[nDb] = '\0';
+
+    if( 0==stat(zDb, &sStat) ){
+      *pMode = sStat.st_mode & 0777;
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+    }
+  }else if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE ){
+    *pMode = 0600;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Open the file zPath.
+** 
+** Previously, the SQLite OS layer used three functions in place of this
+** one:
+**
+**     sqlite3OsOpenReadWrite();
+**     sqlite3OsOpenReadOnly();
+**     sqlite3OsOpenExclusive();
+**
+** These calls correspond to the following combinations of flags:
+**
+**     ReadWrite() ->     (READWRITE | CREATE)
+**     ReadOnly()  ->     (READONLY) 
+**     OpenExclusive() -> (READWRITE | CREATE | EXCLUSIVE)
+**
+** The old OpenExclusive() accepted a boolean argument - "delFlag". If
+** true, the file was configured to be automatically deleted when the
+** file handle closed. To achieve the same effect using this new 
+** interface, add the DELETEONCLOSE flag to those specified above for 
+** OpenExclusive().
+*/
+static int unixOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,           /* The VFS for which this is the xOpen method */
+  const char *zPath,           /* Pathname of file to be opened */
+  sqlite3_file *pFile,         /* The file descriptor to be filled in */
+  int flags,                   /* Input flags to control the opening */
+  int *pOutFlags               /* Output flags returned to SQLite core */
+){
+  unixFile *p = (unixFile *)pFile;
+  int fd = -1;                   /* File descriptor returned by open() */
+  int dirfd = -1;                /* Directory file descriptor */
+  int openFlags = 0;             /* Flags to pass to open() */
+  int eType = flags&0xFFFFFF00;  /* Type of file to open */
+  int noLock;                    /* True to omit locking primitives */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;            /* Function Return Code */
+
+  int isExclusive  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE);
+  int isDelete     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE);
+  int isCreate     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
+  int isReadonly   = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
+  int isReadWrite  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE);
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  int isAutoProxy  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY);
+#endif
+
+  /* If creating a master or main-file journal, this function will open
+  ** a file-descriptor on the directory too. The first time unixSync()
+  ** is called the directory file descriptor will be fsync()ed and close()d.
+  */
+  int isOpenDirectory = (isCreate && (
+        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  ));
+
+  /* If argument zPath is a NULL pointer, this function is required to open
+  ** a temporary file. Use this buffer to store the file name in.
+  */
+  char zTmpname[MAX_PATHNAME+1];
+  const char *zName = zPath;
+
+  /* Check the following statements are true: 
+  **
+  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and 
+  **   (b) if CREATE is set, then READWRITE must also be set, and
+  **   (c) if EXCLUSIVE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  **   (d) if DELETEONCLOSE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  */
+  assert((isReadonly==0 || isReadWrite==0) && (isReadWrite || isReadonly));
+  assert(isCreate==0 || isReadWrite);
+  assert(isExclusive==0 || isCreate);
+  assert(isDelete==0 || isCreate);
+
+  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never 
+  ** automatically deleted. Nor are they ever temporary files.  */
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_WAL );
+
+  /* Assert that the upper layer has set one of the "file-type" flags. */
+  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  );
+
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(unixFile));
+
+  if( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB ){
+    UnixUnusedFd *pUnused;
+    pUnused = findReusableFd(zName, flags);
+    if( pUnused ){
+      fd = pUnused->fd;
+    }else{
+      pUnused = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*pUnused));
+      if( !pUnused ){
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+    }
+    p->pUnused = pUnused;
+  }else if( !zName ){
+    /* If zName is NULL, the upper layer is requesting a temp file. */
+    assert(isDelete && !isOpenDirectory);
+    rc = unixGetTempname(MAX_PATHNAME+1, zTmpname);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    zName = zTmpname;
+  }
+
+  /* Determine the value of the flags parameter passed to POSIX function
+  ** open(). These must be calculated even if open() is not called, as
+  ** they may be stored as part of the file handle and used by the 
+  ** 'conch file' locking functions later on.  */
+  if( isReadonly )  openFlags |= O_RDONLY;
+  if( isReadWrite ) openFlags |= O_RDWR;
+  if( isCreate )    openFlags |= O_CREAT;
+  if( isExclusive ) openFlags |= (O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW);
+  openFlags |= (O_LARGEFILE|O_BINARY);
+
+  if( fd<0 ){
+    mode_t openMode;              /* Permissions to create file with */
+    rc = findCreateFileMode(zName, flags, &openMode);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      assert( !p->pUnused );
+      assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
+      return rc;
+    }
+    fd = robust_open(zName, openFlags, openMode);
+    OSTRACE(("OPENX   %-3d %s 0%o\n", fd, zName, openFlags));
+    if( fd<0 && errno!=EISDIR && isReadWrite && !isExclusive ){
+      /* Failed to open the file for read/write access. Try read-only. */
+      flags &= ~(SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
+      openFlags &= ~(O_RDWR|O_CREAT);
+      flags |= SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
+      openFlags |= O_RDONLY;
+      isReadonly = 1;
+      fd = robust_open(zName, openFlags, openMode);
+    }
+    if( fd<0 ){
+      rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "open", zName);
+      goto open_finished;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( fd>=0 );
+  if( pOutFlags ){
+    *pOutFlags = flags;
+  }
+
+  if( p->pUnused ){
+    p->pUnused->fd = fd;
+    p->pUnused->flags = flags;
+  }
+
+  if( isDelete ){
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+    zPath = zName;
+#else
+    unlink(zName);
+#endif
+  }
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  else{
+    p->openFlags = openFlags;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( isOpenDirectory ){
+    rc = openDirectory(zPath, &dirfd);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      /* It is safe to close fd at this point, because it is guaranteed not
+      ** to be open on a database file. If it were open on a database file,
+      ** it would not be safe to close as this would release any locks held
+      ** on the file by this process.  */
+      assert( eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
+      robust_close(p, fd, __LINE__);
+      goto open_finished;
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
+  osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
+#endif
+
+  noLock = eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB;
+
+  
+#if defined(__APPLE__) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  struct statfs fsInfo;
+  if( fstatfs(fd, &fsInfo) == -1 ){
+    ((unixFile*)pFile)->lastErrno = errno;
+    if( dirfd>=0 ) robust_close(p, dirfd, __LINE__);
+    robust_close(p, fd, __LINE__);
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS;
+  }
+  if (0 == strncmp("msdos", fsInfo.f_fstypename, 5)) {
+    ((unixFile*)pFile)->fsFlags |= SQLITE_FSFLAGS_IS_MSDOS;
+  }
+#endif
+  
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+#if SQLITE_PREFER_PROXY_LOCKING
+  isAutoProxy = 1;
+#endif
+  if( isAutoProxy && (zPath!=NULL) && (!noLock) && pVfs->xOpen ){
+    char *envforce = getenv("SQLITE_FORCE_PROXY_LOCKING");
+    int useProxy = 0;
+
+    /* SQLITE_FORCE_PROXY_LOCKING==1 means force always use proxy, 0 means 
+    ** never use proxy, NULL means use proxy for non-local files only.  */
+    if( envforce!=NULL ){
+      useProxy = atoi(envforce)>0;
+    }else{
+      struct statfs fsInfo;
+      if( statfs(zPath, &fsInfo) == -1 ){
+        /* In theory, the close(fd) call is sub-optimal. If the file opened
+        ** with fd is a database file, and there are other connections open
+        ** on that file that are currently holding advisory locks on it,
+        ** then the call to close() will cancel those locks. In practice,
+        ** we're assuming that statfs() doesn't fail very often. At least
+        ** not while other file descriptors opened by the same process on
+        ** the same file are working.  */
+        p->lastErrno = errno;
+        if( dirfd>=0 ){
+          robust_close(p, dirfd, __LINE__);
+        }
+        robust_close(p, fd, __LINE__);
+        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS;
+        goto open_finished;
+      }
+      useProxy = !(fsInfo.f_flags&MNT_LOCAL);
+    }
+    if( useProxy ){
+      rc = fillInUnixFile(pVfs, fd, dirfd, pFile, zPath, noLock,
+                          isDelete, isReadonly);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = proxyTransformUnixFile((unixFile*)pFile, ":auto:");
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          /* Use unixClose to clean up the resources added in fillInUnixFile 
+          ** and clear all the structure's references.  Specifically, 
+          ** pFile->pMethods will be NULL so sqlite3OsClose will be a no-op 
+          */
+          unixClose(pFile);
+          return rc;
+        }
+      }
+      goto open_finished;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  
+  rc = fillInUnixFile(pVfs, fd, dirfd, pFile, zPath, noLock,
+                      isDelete, isReadonly);
+open_finished:
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_free(p->pUnused);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Delete the file at zPath. If the dirSync argument is true, fsync()
+** the directory after deleting the file.
+*/
+static int unixDelete(
+  sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed,     /* VFS containing this as the xDelete method */
+  const char *zPath,        /* Name of file to be deleted */
+  int dirSync               /* If true, fsync() directory after deleting file */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE);
+  if( unlink(zPath)==(-1) && errno!=ENOENT ){
+    return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, "unlink", zPath);
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
+  if( dirSync ){
+    int fd;
+    rc = openDirectory(zPath, &fd);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+      if( fsync(fd)==-1 )
+#else
+      if( fsync(fd) )
+#endif
+      {
+        rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC, "fsync", zPath);
+      }
+      robust_close(0, fd, __LINE__);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Test the existance of or access permissions of file zPath. The
+** test performed depends on the value of flags:
+**
+**     SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS: Return 1 if the file exists
+**     SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE: Return 1 if the file is read and writable.
+**     SQLITE_ACCESS_READONLY: Return 1 if the file is readable.
+**
+** Otherwise return 0.
+*/
+static int unixAccess(
+  sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed,   /* The VFS containing this xAccess method */
+  const char *zPath,      /* Path of the file to examine */
+  int flags,              /* What do we want to learn about the zPath file? */
+  int *pResOut            /* Write result boolean here */
+){
+  int amode = 0;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS; );
+  switch( flags ){
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS:
+      amode = F_OK;
+      break;
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE:
+      amode = W_OK|R_OK;
+      break;
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READ:
+      amode = R_OK;
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      assert(!"Invalid flags argument");
+  }
+  *pResOut = (osAccess(zPath, amode)==0);
+  if( flags==SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS && *pResOut ){
+    struct stat buf;
+    if( 0==stat(zPath, &buf) && buf.st_size==0 ){
+      *pResOut = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Turn a relative pathname into a full pathname. The relative path
+** is stored as a nul-terminated string in the buffer pointed to by
+** zPath. 
+**
+** zOut points to a buffer of at least sqlite3_vfs.mxPathname bytes 
+** (in this case, MAX_PATHNAME bytes). The full-path is written to
+** this buffer before returning.
+*/
+static int unixFullPathname(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,            /* Pointer to vfs object */
+  const char *zPath,            /* Possibly relative input path */
+  int nOut,                     /* Size of output buffer in bytes */
+  char *zOut                    /* Output buffer */
+){
+
+  /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
+  ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
+  ** function failing. This function could fail if, for example, the
+  ** current working directory has been unlinked.
+  */
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
+
+  assert( pVfs->mxPathname==MAX_PATHNAME );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+
+  zOut[nOut-1] = '\0';
+  if( zPath[0]=='/' ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nOut, zOut, "%s", zPath);
+  }else{
+    int nCwd;
+    if( osGetcwd(zOut, nOut-1)==0 ){
+      return unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "getcwd", zPath);
+    }
+    nCwd = (int)strlen(zOut);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nOut-nCwd, &zOut[nCwd], "/%s", zPath);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+/*
+** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
+** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
+*/
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+static void *unixDlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, const char *zFilename){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  return dlopen(zFilename, RTLD_NOW | RTLD_GLOBAL);
+}
+
+/*
+** SQLite calls this function immediately after a call to unixDlSym() or
+** unixDlOpen() fails (returns a null pointer). If a more detailed error
+** message is available, it is written to zBufOut. If no error message
+** is available, zBufOut is left unmodified and SQLite uses a default
+** error message.
+*/
+static void unixDlError(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
+  const char *zErr;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  unixEnterMutex();
+  zErr = dlerror();
+  if( zErr ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBufOut, "%s", zErr);
+  }
+  unixLeaveMutex();
+}
+static void (*unixDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, void *p, const char*zSym))(void){
+  /* 
+  ** GCC with -pedantic-errors says that C90 does not allow a void* to be
+  ** cast into a pointer to a function.  And yet the library dlsym() routine
+  ** returns a void* which is really a pointer to a function.  So how do we
+  ** use dlsym() with -pedantic-errors?
+  **
+  ** Variable x below is defined to be a pointer to a function taking
+  ** parameters void* and const char* and returning a pointer to a function.
+  ** We initialize x by assigning it a pointer to the dlsym() function.
+  ** (That assignment requires a cast.)  Then we call the function that
+  ** x points to.  
+  **
+  ** This work-around is unlikely to work correctly on any system where
+  ** you really cannot cast a function pointer into void*.  But then, on the
+  ** other hand, dlsym() will not work on such a system either, so we have
+  ** not really lost anything.
+  */
+  void (*(*x)(void*,const char*))(void);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  x = (void(*(*)(void*,const char*))(void))dlsym;
+  return (*x)(p, zSym);
+}
+static void unixDlClose(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, void *pHandle){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  dlclose(pHandle);
+}
+#else /* if SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION is defined: */
+  #define unixDlOpen  0
+  #define unixDlError 0
+  #define unixDlSym   0
+  #define unixDlClose 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Write nBuf bytes of random data to the supplied buffer zBuf.
+*/
+static int unixRandomness(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  assert((size_t)nBuf>=(sizeof(time_t)+sizeof(int)));
+
+  /* We have to initialize zBuf to prevent valgrind from reporting
+  ** errors.  The reports issued by valgrind are incorrect - we would
+  ** prefer that the randomness be increased by making use of the
+  ** uninitialized space in zBuf - but valgrind errors tend to worry
+  ** some users.  Rather than argue, it seems easier just to initialize
+  ** the whole array and silence valgrind, even if that means less randomness
+  ** in the random seed.
+  **
+  ** When testing, initializing zBuf[] to zero is all we do.  That means
+  ** that we always use the same random number sequence.  This makes the
+  ** tests repeatable.
+  */
+  memset(zBuf, 0, nBuf);
+#if 0 // XXX EMSCRIPTEN keep it all 0 for simplicity        !defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  {
+    int pid, fd;
+    fd = robust_open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY, 0);
+    if( fd<0 ){
+      time_t t;
+      time(&t);
+      memcpy(zBuf, &t, sizeof(t));
+      pid = getpid();
+      memcpy(&zBuf[sizeof(t)], &pid, sizeof(pid));
+      assert( sizeof(t)+sizeof(pid)<=(size_t)nBuf );
+      nBuf = sizeof(t) + sizeof(pid);
+    }else{
+      do{ nBuf = osRead(fd, zBuf, nBuf); }while( nBuf<0 && errno==EINTR );
+      robust_close(0, fd, __LINE__);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  return nBuf;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Sleep for a little while.  Return the amount of time slept.
+** The argument is the number of microseconds we want to sleep.
+** The return value is the number of microseconds of sleep actually
+** requested from the underlying operating system, a number which
+** might be greater than or equal to the argument, but not less
+** than the argument.
+*/
+static int unixSleep(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, int microseconds){
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  struct timespec sp;
+
+  sp.tv_sec = microseconds / 1000000;
+  sp.tv_nsec = (microseconds % 1000000) * 1000;
+  nanosleep(&sp, NULL);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  return microseconds;
+#elif defined(HAVE_USLEEP) && HAVE_USLEEP
+  usleep(microseconds);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  return microseconds;
+#else
+  int seconds = (microseconds+999999)/1000000;
+  sleep(seconds);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  return seconds*1000000;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** The following variable, if set to a non-zero value, is interpreted as
+** the number of seconds since 1970 and is used to set the result of
+** sqlite3OsCurrentTime() during testing.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_current_time = 0;  /* Fake system time in seconds since 1970. */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write into *piNow
+** the current time and date as a Julian Day number times 86_400_000.  In
+** other words, write into *piNow the number of milliseconds since the Julian
+** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
+** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
+**
+** On success, return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+*/
+static int unixCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
+  static const sqlite3_int64 unixEpoch = 24405875*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
+#if defined(NO_GETTOD)
+  time_t t;
+  time(&t);
+  *piNow = ((sqlite3_int64)t)*1000 + unixEpoch;
+#elif OS_VXWORKS
+  struct timespec sNow;
+  clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &sNow);
+  *piNow = unixEpoch + 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sNow.tv_sec + sNow.tv_nsec/1000000;
+#else
+  struct timeval sNow;
+  gettimeofday(&sNow, 0);
+  *piNow = unixEpoch + 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sNow.tv_sec + sNow.tv_usec/1000;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  if( sqlite3_current_time ){
+    *piNow = 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sqlite3_current_time + unixEpoch;
+  }
+#endif
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write the
+** current time and date as a Julian Day number into *prNow and
+** return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+*/
+static int unixCurrentTime(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, double *prNow){
+  sqlite3_int64 i;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  unixCurrentTimeInt64(0, &i);
+  *prNow = i/86400000.0;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** We added the xGetLastError() method with the intention of providing
+** better low-level error messages when operating-system problems come up
+** during SQLite operation.  But so far, none of that has been implemented
+** in the core.  So this routine is never called.  For now, it is merely
+** a place-holder.
+*/
+static int unixGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, int NotUsed2, char *NotUsed3){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed2);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed3);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+************************ End of sqlite3_vfs methods ***************************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/******************************************************************************
+************************** Begin Proxy Locking ********************************
+**
+** Proxy locking is a "uber-locking-method" in this sense:  It uses the
+** other locking methods on secondary lock files.  Proxy locking is a
+** meta-layer over top of the primitive locking implemented above.  For
+** this reason, the division that implements of proxy locking is deferred
+** until late in the file (here) after all of the other I/O methods have
+** been defined - so that the primitive locking methods are available
+** as services to help with the implementation of proxy locking.
+**
+****
+**
+** The default locking schemes in SQLite use byte-range locks on the
+** database file to coordinate safe, concurrent access by multiple readers
+** and writers [http://sqlite.org/lockingv3.html].  The five file locking
+** states (UNLOCKED, PENDING, SHARED, RESERVED, EXCLUSIVE) are implemented
+** as POSIX read & write locks over fixed set of locations (via fsctl),
+** on AFP and SMB only exclusive byte-range locks are available via fsctl
+** with _IOWR('z', 23, struct ByteRangeLockPB2) to track the same 5 states.
+** To simulate a F_RDLCK on the shared range, on AFP a randomly selected
+** address in the shared range is taken for a SHARED lock, the entire
+** shared range is taken for an EXCLUSIVE lock):
+**
+**      PENDING_BYTE        0x40000000		   	
+**      RESERVED_BYTE       0x40000001
+**      SHARED_RANGE        0x40000002 -> 0x40000200
+**
+** This works well on the local file system, but shows a nearly 100x
+** slowdown in read performance on AFP because the AFP client disables
+** the read cache when byte-range locks are present.  Enabling the read
+** cache exposes a cache coherency problem that is present on all OS X
+** supported network file systems.  NFS and AFP both observe the
+** close-to-open semantics for ensuring cache coherency
+** [http://nfs.sourceforge.net/#faq_a8], which does not effectively
+** address the requirements for concurrent database access by multiple
+** readers and writers
+** [http://www.nabble.com/SQLite-on-NFS-cache-coherency-td15655701.html].
+**
+** To address the performance and cache coherency issues, proxy file locking
+** changes the way database access is controlled by limiting access to a
+** single host at a time and moving file locks off of the database file
+** and onto a proxy file on the local file system.  
+**
+**
+** Using proxy locks
+** -----------------
+**
+** C APIs
+**
+**  sqlite3_file_control(db, dbname, SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE,
+**                       <proxy_path> | ":auto:");
+**  sqlite3_file_control(db, dbname, SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE, &<proxy_path>);
+**
+**
+** SQL pragmas
+**
+**  PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file=<proxy_path> | :auto:
+**  PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file
+**
+** Specifying ":auto:" means that if there is a conch file with a matching
+** host ID in it, the proxy path in the conch file will be used, otherwise
+** a proxy path based on the user's temp dir
+** (via confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR,...)) will be used and the
+** actual proxy file name is generated from the name and path of the
+** database file.  For example:
+**
+**       For database path "/Users/me/foo.db" 
+**       The lock path will be "<tmpdir>/sqliteplocks/_Users_me_foo.db:auto:")
+**
+** Once a lock proxy is configured for a database connection, it can not
+** be removed, however it may be switched to a different proxy path via
+** the above APIs (assuming the conch file is not being held by another
+** connection or process). 
+**
+**
+** How proxy locking works
+** -----------------------
+**
+** Proxy file locking relies primarily on two new supporting files: 
+**
+**   *  conch file to limit access to the database file to a single host
+**      at a time
+**
+**   *  proxy file to act as a proxy for the advisory locks normally
+**      taken on the database
+**
+** The conch file - to use a proxy file, sqlite must first "hold the conch"
+** by taking an sqlite-style shared lock on the conch file, reading the
+** contents and comparing the host's unique host ID (see below) and lock
+** proxy path against the values stored in the conch.  The conch file is
+** stored in the same directory as the database file and the file name
+** is patterned after the database file name as ".<databasename>-conch".
+** If the conch file does not exist, or it's contents do not match the
+** host ID and/or proxy path, then the lock is escalated to an exclusive
+** lock and the conch file contents is updated with the host ID and proxy
+** path and the lock is downgraded to a shared lock again.  If the conch
+** is held by another process (with a shared lock), the exclusive lock
+** will fail and SQLITE_BUSY is returned.
+**
+** The proxy file - a single-byte file used for all advisory file locks
+** normally taken on the database file.   This allows for safe sharing
+** of the database file for multiple readers and writers on the same
+** host (the conch ensures that they all use the same local lock file).
+**
+** Requesting the lock proxy does not immediately take the conch, it is
+** only taken when the first request to lock database file is made.  
+** This matches the semantics of the traditional locking behavior, where
+** opening a connection to a database file does not take a lock on it.
+** The shared lock and an open file descriptor are maintained until 
+** the connection to the database is closed. 
+**
+** The proxy file and the lock file are never deleted so they only need
+** to be created the first time they are used.
+**
+** Configuration options
+** ---------------------
+**
+**  SQLITE_PREFER_PROXY_LOCKING
+**
+**       Database files accessed on non-local file systems are
+**       automatically configured for proxy locking, lock files are
+**       named automatically using the same logic as
+**       PRAGMA lock_proxy_file=":auto:"
+**    
+**  SQLITE_PROXY_DEBUG
+**
+**       Enables the logging of error messages during host id file
+**       retrieval and creation
+**
+**  LOCKPROXYDIR
+**
+**       Overrides the default directory used for lock proxy files that
+**       are named automatically via the ":auto:" setting
+**
+**  SQLITE_DEFAULT_PROXYDIR_PERMISSIONS
+**
+**       Permissions to use when creating a directory for storing the
+**       lock proxy files, only used when LOCKPROXYDIR is not set.
+**    
+**    
+** As mentioned above, when compiled with SQLITE_PREFER_PROXY_LOCKING,
+** setting the environment variable SQLITE_FORCE_PROXY_LOCKING to 1 will
+** force proxy locking to be used for every database file opened, and 0
+** will force automatic proxy locking to be disabled for all database
+** files (explicity calling the SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE pragma or
+** sqlite_file_control API is not affected by SQLITE_FORCE_PROXY_LOCKING).
+*/
+
+/*
+** Proxy locking is only available on MacOSX 
+*/
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+
+/*
+** The proxyLockingContext has the path and file structures for the remote 
+** and local proxy files in it
+*/
+typedef struct proxyLockingContext proxyLockingContext;
+struct proxyLockingContext {
+  unixFile *conchFile;         /* Open conch file */
+  char *conchFilePath;         /* Name of the conch file */
+  unixFile *lockProxy;         /* Open proxy lock file */
+  char *lockProxyPath;         /* Name of the proxy lock file */
+  char *dbPath;                /* Name of the open file */
+  int conchHeld;               /* 1 if the conch is held, -1 if lockless */
+  void *oldLockingContext;     /* Original lockingcontext to restore on close */
+  sqlite3_io_methods const *pOldMethod;     /* Original I/O methods for close */
+};
+
+/* 
+** The proxy lock file path for the database at dbPath is written into lPath, 
+** which must point to valid, writable memory large enough for a maxLen length
+** file path. 
+*/
+static int proxyGetLockPath(const char *dbPath, char *lPath, size_t maxLen){
+  int len;
+  int dbLen;
+  int i;
+
+#ifdef LOCKPROXYDIR
+  len = strlcpy(lPath, LOCKPROXYDIR, maxLen);
+#else
+# ifdef _CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR
+  {
+    if( !confstr(_CS_DARWIN_USER_TEMP_DIR, lPath, maxLen) ){
+      OSTRACE(("GETLOCKPATH  failed %s errno=%d pid=%d\n",
+               lPath, errno, getpid()));
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK;
+    }
+    len = strlcat(lPath, "sqliteplocks", maxLen);    
+  }
+# else
+  len = strlcpy(lPath, "/tmp/", maxLen);
+# endif
+#endif
+
+  if( lPath[len-1]!='/' ){
+    len = strlcat(lPath, "/", maxLen);
+  }
+  
+  /* transform the db path to a unique cache name */
+  dbLen = (int)strlen(dbPath);
+  for( i=0; i<dbLen && (i+len+7)<(int)maxLen; i++){
+    char c = dbPath[i];
+    lPath[i+len] = (c=='/')?'_':c;
+  }
+  lPath[i+len]='\0';
+  strlcat(lPath, ":auto:", maxLen);
+  OSTRACE(("GETLOCKPATH  proxy lock path=%s pid=%d\n", lPath, getpid()));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/* 
+ ** Creates the lock file and any missing directories in lockPath
+ */
+static int proxyCreateLockPath(const char *lockPath){
+  int i, len;
+  char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
+  int start = 0;
+  
+  assert(lockPath!=NULL);
+  /* try to create all the intermediate directories */
+  len = (int)strlen(lockPath);
+  buf[0] = lockPath[0];
+  for( i=1; i<len; i++ ){
+    if( lockPath[i] == '/' && (i - start > 0) ){
+      /* only mkdir if leaf dir != "." or "/" or ".." */
+      if( i-start>2 || (i-start==1 && buf[start] != '.' && buf[start] != '/') 
+         || (i-start==2 && buf[start] != '.' && buf[start+1] != '.') ){
+        buf[i]='\0';
+        if( mkdir(buf, SQLITE_DEFAULT_PROXYDIR_PERMISSIONS) ){
+          int err=errno;
+          if( err!=EEXIST ) {
+            OSTRACE(("CREATELOCKPATH  FAILED creating %s, "
+                     "'%s' proxy lock path=%s pid=%d\n",
+                     buf, strerror(err), lockPath, getpid()));
+            return err;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      start=i+1;
+    }
+    buf[i] = lockPath[i];
+  }
+  OSTRACE(("CREATELOCKPATH  proxy lock path=%s pid=%d\n", lockPath, getpid()));
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new VFS file descriptor (stored in memory obtained from
+** sqlite3_malloc) and open the file named "path" in the file descriptor.
+**
+** The caller is responsible not only for closing the file descriptor
+** but also for freeing the memory associated with the file descriptor.
+*/
+static int proxyCreateUnixFile(
+    const char *path,        /* path for the new unixFile */
+    unixFile **ppFile,       /* unixFile created and returned by ref */
+    int islockfile           /* if non zero missing dirs will be created */
+) {
+  int fd = -1;
+  int dirfd = -1;
+  unixFile *pNew;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int openFlags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
+  sqlite3_vfs dummyVfs;
+  int terrno = 0;
+  UnixUnusedFd *pUnused = NULL;
+
+  /* 1. first try to open/create the file
+  ** 2. if that fails, and this is a lock file (not-conch), try creating
+  ** the parent directories and then try again.
+  ** 3. if that fails, try to open the file read-only
+  ** otherwise return BUSY (if lock file) or CANTOPEN for the conch file
+  */
+  pUnused = findReusableFd(path, openFlags);
+  if( pUnused ){
+    fd = pUnused->fd;
+  }else{
+    pUnused = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*pUnused));
+    if( !pUnused ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  if( fd<0 ){
+    fd = robust_open(path, openFlags, SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+    terrno = errno;
+    if( fd<0 && errno==ENOENT && islockfile ){
+      if( proxyCreateLockPath(path) == SQLITE_OK ){
+        fd = robust_open(path, openFlags, SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( fd<0 ){
+    openFlags = O_RDONLY;
+    fd = robust_open(path, openFlags, SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+    terrno = errno;
+  }
+  if( fd<0 ){
+    if( islockfile ){
+      return SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }
+    switch (terrno) {
+      case EACCES:
+        return SQLITE_PERM;
+      case EIO: 
+        return SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK; /* even though it is the conch */
+      default:
+        return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  pNew = (unixFile *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*pNew));
+  if( pNew==NULL ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto end_create_proxy;
+  }
+  memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(unixFile));
+  pNew->openFlags = openFlags;
+  memset(&dummyVfs, 0, sizeof(dummyVfs));
+  dummyVfs.pAppData = (void*)&autolockIoFinder;
+  dummyVfs.zName = "dummy";
+  pUnused->fd = fd;
+  pUnused->flags = openFlags;
+  pNew->pUnused = pUnused;
+  
+  rc = fillInUnixFile(&dummyVfs, fd, dirfd, (sqlite3_file*)pNew, path, 0, 0, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    *ppFile = pNew;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+end_create_proxy:    
+  robust_close(pNew, fd, __LINE__);
+  sqlite3_free(pNew);
+  sqlite3_free(pUnused);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+/* simulate multiple hosts by creating unique hostid file paths */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_hostid_num = 0;
+#endif
+
+#define PROXY_HOSTIDLEN    16  /* conch file host id length */
+
+/* Not always defined in the headers as it ought to be */
+extern int gethostuuid(uuid_t id, const struct timespec *wait);
+
+/* get the host ID via gethostuuid(), pHostID must point to PROXY_HOSTIDLEN 
+** bytes of writable memory.
+*/
+static int proxyGetHostID(unsigned char *pHostID, int *pError){
+  assert(PROXY_HOSTIDLEN == sizeof(uuid_t));
+  memset(pHostID, 0, PROXY_HOSTIDLEN);
+#if defined(__MAX_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED)\
+               && __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED<1050
+  {
+    static const struct timespec timeout = {1, 0}; /* 1 sec timeout */
+    if( gethostuuid(pHostID, &timeout) ){
+      int err = errno;
+      if( pError ){
+        *pError = err;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_IOERR;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  /* simulate multiple hosts by creating unique hostid file paths */
+  if( sqlite3_hostid_num != 0){
+    pHostID[0] = (char)(pHostID[0] + (char)(sqlite3_hostid_num & 0xFF));
+  }
+#endif
+  
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/* The conch file contains the header, host id and lock file path
+ */
+#define PROXY_CONCHVERSION 2   /* 1-byte header, 16-byte host id, path */
+#define PROXY_HEADERLEN    1   /* conch file header length */
+#define PROXY_PATHINDEX    (PROXY_HEADERLEN+PROXY_HOSTIDLEN)
+#define PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN  (PROXY_HEADERLEN+PROXY_HOSTIDLEN+MAXPATHLEN)
+
+/* 
+** Takes an open conch file, copies the contents to a new path and then moves 
+** it back.  The newly created file's file descriptor is assigned to the
+** conch file structure and finally the original conch file descriptor is 
+** closed.  Returns zero if successful.
+*/
+static int proxyBreakConchLock(unixFile *pFile, uuid_t myHostID){
+  proxyLockingContext *pCtx = (proxyLockingContext *)pFile->lockingContext; 
+  unixFile *conchFile = pCtx->conchFile;
+  char tPath[MAXPATHLEN];
+  char buf[PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN];
+  char *cPath = pCtx->conchFilePath;
+  size_t readLen = 0;
+  size_t pathLen = 0;
+  char errmsg[64] = "";
+  int fd = -1;
+  int rc = -1;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(myHostID);
+
+  /* create a new path by replace the trailing '-conch' with '-break' */
+  pathLen = strlcpy(tPath, cPath, MAXPATHLEN);
+  if( pathLen>MAXPATHLEN || pathLen<6 || 
+     (strlcpy(&tPath[pathLen-5], "break", 6) != 5) ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg),errmsg,"path error (len %d)",(int)pathLen);
+    goto end_breaklock;
+  }
+  /* read the conch content */
+  readLen = osPread(conchFile->h, buf, PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN, 0);
+  if( readLen<PROXY_PATHINDEX ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg),errmsg,"read error (len %d)",(int)readLen);
+    goto end_breaklock;
+  }
+  /* write it out to the temporary break file */
+  fd = robust_open(tPath, (O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL),
+                   SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+  if( fd<0 ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg), errmsg, "create failed (%d)", errno);
+    goto end_breaklock;
+  }
+  if( osPwrite(fd, buf, readLen, 0) != (ssize_t)readLen ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg), errmsg, "write failed (%d)", errno);
+    goto end_breaklock;
+  }
+  if( rename(tPath, cPath) ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg), errmsg, "rename failed (%d)", errno);
+    goto end_breaklock;
+  }
+  rc = 0;
+  fprintf(stderr, "broke stale lock on %s\n", cPath);
+  robust_close(pFile, conchFile->h, __LINE__);
+  conchFile->h = fd;
+  conchFile->openFlags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
+
+end_breaklock:
+  if( rc ){
+    if( fd>=0 ){
+      unlink(tPath);
+      robust_close(pFile, fd, __LINE__);
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "failed to break stale lock on %s, %s\n", cPath, errmsg);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* Take the requested lock on the conch file and break a stale lock if the 
+** host id matches.
+*/
+static int proxyConchLock(unixFile *pFile, uuid_t myHostID, int lockType){
+  proxyLockingContext *pCtx = (proxyLockingContext *)pFile->lockingContext; 
+  unixFile *conchFile = pCtx->conchFile;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nTries = 0;
+  struct timespec conchModTime;
+  
+  do {
+    rc = conchFile->pMethod->xLock((sqlite3_file*)conchFile, lockType);
+    nTries ++;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+      /* If the lock failed (busy):
+       * 1st try: get the mod time of the conch, wait 0.5s and try again. 
+       * 2nd try: fail if the mod time changed or host id is different, wait 
+       *           10 sec and try again
+       * 3rd try: break the lock unless the mod time has changed.
+       */
+      struct stat buf;
+      if( osFstat(conchFile->h, &buf) ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+        return SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK;
+      }
+      
+      if( nTries==1 ){
+        conchModTime = buf.st_mtimespec;
+        usleep(500000); /* wait 0.5 sec and try the lock again*/
+        continue;  
+      }
+
+      assert( nTries>1 );
+      if( conchModTime.tv_sec != buf.st_mtimespec.tv_sec || 
+         conchModTime.tv_nsec != buf.st_mtimespec.tv_nsec ){
+        return SQLITE_BUSY;
+      }
+      
+      if( nTries==2 ){  
+        char tBuf[PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN];
+        int len = osPread(conchFile->h, tBuf, PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN, 0);
+        if( len<0 ){
+          pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+          return SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK;
+        }
+        if( len>PROXY_PATHINDEX && tBuf[0]==(char)PROXY_CONCHVERSION){
+          /* don't break the lock if the host id doesn't match */
+          if( 0!=memcmp(&tBuf[PROXY_HEADERLEN], myHostID, PROXY_HOSTIDLEN) ){
+            return SQLITE_BUSY;
+          }
+        }else{
+          /* don't break the lock on short read or a version mismatch */
+          return SQLITE_BUSY;
+        }
+        usleep(10000000); /* wait 10 sec and try the lock again */
+        continue; 
+      }
+      
+      assert( nTries==3 );
+      if( 0==proxyBreakConchLock(pFile, myHostID) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+        if( lockType==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
+          rc = conchFile->pMethod->xLock((sqlite3_file*)conchFile, SHARED_LOCK);          
+        }
+        if( !rc ){
+          rc = conchFile->pMethod->xLock((sqlite3_file*)conchFile, lockType);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } while( rc==SQLITE_BUSY && nTries<3 );
+  
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* Takes the conch by taking a shared lock and read the contents conch, if 
+** lockPath is non-NULL, the host ID and lock file path must match.  A NULL 
+** lockPath means that the lockPath in the conch file will be used if the 
+** host IDs match, or a new lock path will be generated automatically 
+** and written to the conch file.
+*/
+static int proxyTakeConch(unixFile *pFile){
+  proxyLockingContext *pCtx = (proxyLockingContext *)pFile->lockingContext; 
+  
+  if( pCtx->conchHeld!=0 ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    unixFile *conchFile = pCtx->conchFile;
+    uuid_t myHostID;
+    int pError = 0;
+    char readBuf[PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN];
+    char lockPath[MAXPATHLEN];
+    char *tempLockPath = NULL;
+    int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    int createConch = 0;
+    int hostIdMatch = 0;
+    int readLen = 0;
+    int tryOldLockPath = 0;
+    int forceNewLockPath = 0;
+    
+    OSTRACE(("TAKECONCH  %d for %s pid=%d\n", conchFile->h,
+             (pCtx->lockProxyPath ? pCtx->lockProxyPath : ":auto:"), getpid()));
+
+    rc = proxyGetHostID(myHostID, &pError);
+    if( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_IOERR ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = pError;
+      goto end_takeconch;
+    }
+    rc = proxyConchLock(pFile, myHostID, SHARED_LOCK);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto end_takeconch;
+    }
+    /* read the existing conch file */
+    readLen = seekAndRead((unixFile*)conchFile, 0, readBuf, PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN);
+    if( readLen<0 ){
+      /* I/O error: lastErrno set by seekAndRead */
+      pFile->lastErrno = conchFile->lastErrno;
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_READ;
+      goto end_takeconch;
+    }else if( readLen<=(PROXY_HEADERLEN+PROXY_HOSTIDLEN) || 
+             readBuf[0]!=(char)PROXY_CONCHVERSION ){
+      /* a short read or version format mismatch means we need to create a new 
+      ** conch file. 
+      */
+      createConch = 1;
+    }
+    /* if the host id matches and the lock path already exists in the conch
+    ** we'll try to use the path there, if we can't open that path, we'll 
+    ** retry with a new auto-generated path 
+    */
+    do { /* in case we need to try again for an :auto: named lock file */
+
+      if( !createConch && !forceNewLockPath ){
+        hostIdMatch = !memcmp(&readBuf[PROXY_HEADERLEN], myHostID, 
+                                  PROXY_HOSTIDLEN);
+        /* if the conch has data compare the contents */
+        if( !pCtx->lockProxyPath ){
+          /* for auto-named local lock file, just check the host ID and we'll
+           ** use the local lock file path that's already in there
+           */
+          if( hostIdMatch ){
+            size_t pathLen = (readLen - PROXY_PATHINDEX);
+            
+            if( pathLen>=MAXPATHLEN ){
+              pathLen=MAXPATHLEN-1;
+            }
+            memcpy(lockPath, &readBuf[PROXY_PATHINDEX], pathLen);
+            lockPath[pathLen] = 0;
+            tempLockPath = lockPath;
+            tryOldLockPath = 1;
+            /* create a copy of the lock path if the conch is taken */
+            goto end_takeconch;
+          }
+        }else if( hostIdMatch
+               && !strncmp(pCtx->lockProxyPath, &readBuf[PROXY_PATHINDEX],
+                           readLen-PROXY_PATHINDEX)
+        ){
+          /* conch host and lock path match */
+          goto end_takeconch; 
+        }
+      }
+      
+      /* if the conch isn't writable and doesn't match, we can't take it */
+      if( (conchFile->openFlags&O_RDWR) == 0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        goto end_takeconch;
+      }
+      
+      /* either the conch didn't match or we need to create a new one */
+      if( !pCtx->lockProxyPath ){
+        proxyGetLockPath(pCtx->dbPath, lockPath, MAXPATHLEN);
+        tempLockPath = lockPath;
+        /* create a copy of the lock path _only_ if the conch is taken */
+      }
+      
+      /* update conch with host and path (this will fail if other process
+      ** has a shared lock already), if the host id matches, use the big
+      ** stick.
+      */
+      futimes(conchFile->h, NULL);
+      if( hostIdMatch && !createConch ){
+        if( conchFile->pInode && conchFile->pInode->nShared>1 ){
+          /* We are trying for an exclusive lock but another thread in this
+           ** same process is still holding a shared lock. */
+          rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        } else {          
+          rc = proxyConchLock(pFile, myHostID, EXCLUSIVE_LOCK);
+        }
+      }else{
+        rc = conchFile->pMethod->xLock((sqlite3_file*)conchFile, EXCLUSIVE_LOCK);
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        char writeBuffer[PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN];
+        int writeSize = 0;
+        
+        writeBuffer[0] = (char)PROXY_CONCHVERSION;
+        memcpy(&writeBuffer[PROXY_HEADERLEN], myHostID, PROXY_HOSTIDLEN);
+        if( pCtx->lockProxyPath!=NULL ){
+          strlcpy(&writeBuffer[PROXY_PATHINDEX], pCtx->lockProxyPath, MAXPATHLEN);
+        }else{
+          strlcpy(&writeBuffer[PROXY_PATHINDEX], tempLockPath, MAXPATHLEN);
+        }
+        writeSize = PROXY_PATHINDEX + strlen(&writeBuffer[PROXY_PATHINDEX]);
+        robust_ftruncate(conchFile->h, writeSize);
+        rc = unixWrite((sqlite3_file *)conchFile, writeBuffer, writeSize, 0);
+        fsync(conchFile->h);
+        /* If we created a new conch file (not just updated the contents of a 
+         ** valid conch file), try to match the permissions of the database 
+         */
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && createConch ){
+          struct stat buf;
+          int err = osFstat(pFile->h, &buf);
+          if( err==0 ){
+            mode_t cmode = buf.st_mode&(S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP |
+                                        S_IROTH|S_IWOTH);
+            /* try to match the database file R/W permissions, ignore failure */
+#ifndef SQLITE_PROXY_DEBUG
+            osFchmod(conchFile->h, cmode);
+#else
+            do{
+              rc = osFchmod(conchFile->h, cmode);
+            }while( rc==(-1) && errno==EINTR );
+            if( rc!=0 ){
+              int code = errno;
+              fprintf(stderr, "fchmod %o FAILED with %d %s\n",
+                      cmode, code, strerror(code));
+            } else {
+              fprintf(stderr, "fchmod %o SUCCEDED\n",cmode);
+            }
+          }else{
+            int code = errno;
+            fprintf(stderr, "STAT FAILED[%d] with %d %s\n", 
+                    err, code, strerror(code));
+#endif
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      conchFile->pMethod->xUnlock((sqlite3_file*)conchFile, SHARED_LOCK);
+      
+    end_takeconch:
+      OSTRACE(("TRANSPROXY: CLOSE  %d\n", pFile->h));
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pFile->openFlags ){
+        if( pFile->h>=0 ){
+          robust_close(pFile, pFile->h, __LINE__);
+        }
+        pFile->h = -1;
+        int fd = robust_open(pCtx->dbPath, pFile->openFlags,
+                      SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+        OSTRACE(("TRANSPROXY: OPEN  %d\n", fd));
+        if( fd>=0 ){
+          pFile->h = fd;
+        }else{
+          rc=SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT; /* SQLITE_BUSY? proxyTakeConch called
+           during locking */
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pCtx->lockProxy ){
+        char *path = tempLockPath ? tempLockPath : pCtx->lockProxyPath;
+        rc = proxyCreateUnixFile(path, &pCtx->lockProxy, 1);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_NOMEM && tryOldLockPath ){
+          /* we couldn't create the proxy lock file with the old lock file path
+           ** so try again via auto-naming 
+           */
+          forceNewLockPath = 1;
+          tryOldLockPath = 0;
+          continue; /* go back to the do {} while start point, try again */
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        /* Need to make a copy of path if we extracted the value
+         ** from the conch file or the path was allocated on the stack
+         */
+        if( tempLockPath ){
+          pCtx->lockProxyPath = sqlite3DbStrDup(0, tempLockPath);
+          if( !pCtx->lockProxyPath ){
+            rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pCtx->conchHeld = 1;
+        
+        if( pCtx->lockProxy->pMethod == &afpIoMethods ){
+          afpLockingContext *afpCtx;
+          afpCtx = (afpLockingContext *)pCtx->lockProxy->lockingContext;
+          afpCtx->dbPath = pCtx->lockProxyPath;
+        }
+      } else {
+        conchFile->pMethod->xUnlock((sqlite3_file*)conchFile, NO_LOCK);
+      }
+      OSTRACE(("TAKECONCH  %d %s\n", conchFile->h,
+               rc==SQLITE_OK?"ok":"failed"));
+      return rc;
+    } while (1); /* in case we need to retry the :auto: lock file - 
+                 ** we should never get here except via the 'continue' call. */
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If pFile holds a lock on a conch file, then release that lock.
+*/
+static int proxyReleaseConch(unixFile *pFile){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;         /* Subroutine return code */
+  proxyLockingContext *pCtx;  /* The locking context for the proxy lock */
+  unixFile *conchFile;        /* Name of the conch file */
+
+  pCtx = (proxyLockingContext *)pFile->lockingContext;
+  conchFile = pCtx->conchFile;
+  OSTRACE(("RELEASECONCH  %d for %s pid=%d\n", conchFile->h,
+           (pCtx->lockProxyPath ? pCtx->lockProxyPath : ":auto:"), 
+           getpid()));
+  if( pCtx->conchHeld>0 ){
+    rc = conchFile->pMethod->xUnlock((sqlite3_file*)conchFile, NO_LOCK);
+  }
+  pCtx->conchHeld = 0;
+  OSTRACE(("RELEASECONCH  %d %s\n", conchFile->h,
+           (rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed")));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given the name of a database file, compute the name of its conch file.
+** Store the conch filename in memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
+** Make *pConchPath point to the new name.  Return SQLITE_OK on success
+** or SQLITE_NOMEM if unable to obtain memory.
+**
+** The caller is responsible for ensuring that the allocated memory
+** space is eventually freed.
+**
+** *pConchPath is set to NULL if a memory allocation error occurs.
+*/
+static int proxyCreateConchPathname(char *dbPath, char **pConchPath){
+  int i;                        /* Loop counter */
+  int len = (int)strlen(dbPath); /* Length of database filename - dbPath */
+  char *conchPath;              /* buffer in which to construct conch name */
+
+  /* Allocate space for the conch filename and initialize the name to
+  ** the name of the original database file. */  
+  *pConchPath = conchPath = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(len + 8);
+  if( conchPath==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memcpy(conchPath, dbPath, len+1);
+  
+  /* now insert a "." before the last / character */
+  for( i=(len-1); i>=0; i-- ){
+    if( conchPath[i]=='/' ){
+      i++;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  conchPath[i]='.';
+  while ( i<len ){
+    conchPath[i+1]=dbPath[i];
+    i++;
+  }
+
+  /* append the "-conch" suffix to the file */
+  memcpy(&conchPath[i+1], "-conch", 7);
+  assert( (int)strlen(conchPath) == len+7 );
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/* Takes a fully configured proxy locking-style unix file and switches
+** the local lock file path 
+*/
+static int switchLockProxyPath(unixFile *pFile, const char *path) {
+  proxyLockingContext *pCtx = (proxyLockingContext*)pFile->lockingContext;
+  char *oldPath = pCtx->lockProxyPath;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( pFile->eFileLock!=NO_LOCK ){
+    return SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }  
+
+  /* nothing to do if the path is NULL, :auto: or matches the existing path */
+  if( !path || path[0]=='\0' || !strcmp(path, ":auto:") ||
+    (oldPath && !strncmp(oldPath, path, MAXPATHLEN)) ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    unixFile *lockProxy = pCtx->lockProxy;
+    pCtx->lockProxy=NULL;
+    pCtx->conchHeld = 0;
+    if( lockProxy!=NULL ){
+      rc=lockProxy->pMethod->xClose((sqlite3_file *)lockProxy);
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+      sqlite3_free(lockProxy);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(oldPath);
+    pCtx->lockProxyPath = sqlite3DbStrDup(0, path);
+  }
+  
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** pFile is a file that has been opened by a prior xOpen call.  dbPath
+** is a string buffer at least MAXPATHLEN+1 characters in size.
+**
+** This routine find the filename associated with pFile and writes it
+** int dbPath.
+*/
+static int proxyGetDbPathForUnixFile(unixFile *pFile, char *dbPath){
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+  if( pFile->pMethod == &afpIoMethods ){
+    /* afp style keeps a reference to the db path in the filePath field 
+    ** of the struct */
+    assert( (int)strlen((char*)pFile->lockingContext)<=MAXPATHLEN );
+    strlcpy(dbPath, ((afpLockingContext *)pFile->lockingContext)->dbPath, MAXPATHLEN);
+  } else
+#endif
+  if( pFile->pMethod == &dotlockIoMethods ){
+    /* dot lock style uses the locking context to store the dot lock
+    ** file path */
+    int len = strlen((char *)pFile->lockingContext) - strlen(DOTLOCK_SUFFIX);
+    memcpy(dbPath, (char *)pFile->lockingContext, len + 1);
+  }else{
+    /* all other styles use the locking context to store the db file path */
+    assert( strlen((char*)pFile->lockingContext)<=MAXPATHLEN );
+    strlcpy(dbPath, (char *)pFile->lockingContext, MAXPATHLEN);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Takes an already filled in unix file and alters it so all file locking 
+** will be performed on the local proxy lock file.  The following fields
+** are preserved in the locking context so that they can be restored and 
+** the unix structure properly cleaned up at close time:
+**  ->lockingContext
+**  ->pMethod
+*/
+static int proxyTransformUnixFile(unixFile *pFile, const char *path) {
+  proxyLockingContext *pCtx;
+  char dbPath[MAXPATHLEN+1];       /* Name of the database file */
+  char *lockPath=NULL;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  
+  if( pFile->eFileLock!=NO_LOCK ){
+    return SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+  proxyGetDbPathForUnixFile(pFile, dbPath);
+  if( !path || path[0]=='\0' || !strcmp(path, ":auto:") ){
+    lockPath=NULL;
+  }else{
+    lockPath=(char *)path;
+  }
+  
+  OSTRACE(("TRANSPROXY  %d for %s pid=%d\n", pFile->h,
+           (lockPath ? lockPath : ":auto:"), getpid()));
+
+  pCtx = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pCtx) );
+  if( pCtx==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pCtx, 0, sizeof(*pCtx));
+
+  rc = proxyCreateConchPathname(dbPath, &pCtx->conchFilePath);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = proxyCreateUnixFile(pCtx->conchFilePath, &pCtx->conchFile, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_CANTOPEN && ((pFile->openFlags&O_RDWR) == 0) ){
+      /* if (a) the open flags are not O_RDWR, (b) the conch isn't there, and
+      ** (c) the file system is read-only, then enable no-locking access.
+      ** Ugh, since O_RDONLY==0x0000 we test for !O_RDWR since unixOpen asserts
+      ** that openFlags will have only one of O_RDONLY or O_RDWR.
+      */
+      struct statfs fsInfo;
+      struct stat conchInfo;
+      int goLockless = 0;
+
+      if( osStat(pCtx->conchFilePath, &conchInfo) == -1 ) {
+        int err = errno;
+        if( (err==ENOENT) && (statfs(dbPath, &fsInfo) != -1) ){
+          goLockless = (fsInfo.f_flags&MNT_RDONLY) == MNT_RDONLY;
+        }
+      }
+      if( goLockless ){
+        pCtx->conchHeld = -1; /* read only FS/ lockless */
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+  }  
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && lockPath ){
+    pCtx->lockProxyPath = sqlite3DbStrDup(0, lockPath);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pCtx->dbPath = sqlite3DbStrDup(0, dbPath);
+    if( pCtx->dbPath==NULL ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    /* all memory is allocated, proxys are created and assigned, 
+    ** switch the locking context and pMethod then return.
+    */
+    pCtx->oldLockingContext = pFile->lockingContext;
+    pFile->lockingContext = pCtx;
+    pCtx->pOldMethod = pFile->pMethod;
+    pFile->pMethod = &proxyIoMethods;
+  }else{
+    if( pCtx->conchFile ){ 
+      pCtx->conchFile->pMethod->xClose((sqlite3_file *)pCtx->conchFile);
+      sqlite3_free(pCtx->conchFile);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(0, pCtx->lockProxyPath);
+    sqlite3_free(pCtx->conchFilePath); 
+    sqlite3_free(pCtx);
+  }
+  OSTRACE(("TRANSPROXY  %d %s\n", pFile->h,
+           (rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed")));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This routine handles sqlite3_file_control() calls that are specific
+** to proxy locking.
+*/
+static int proxyFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
+  switch( op ){
+    case SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE: {
+      unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+      if( pFile->pMethod == &proxyIoMethods ){
+        proxyLockingContext *pCtx = (proxyLockingContext*)pFile->lockingContext;
+        proxyTakeConch(pFile);
+        if( pCtx->lockProxyPath ){
+          *(const char **)pArg = pCtx->lockProxyPath;
+        }else{
+          *(const char **)pArg = ":auto: (not held)";
+        }
+      } else {
+        *(const char **)pArg = NULL;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE: {
+      unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      int isProxyStyle = (pFile->pMethod == &proxyIoMethods);
+      if( pArg==NULL || (const char *)pArg==0 ){
+        if( isProxyStyle ){
+          /* turn off proxy locking - not supported */
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR /*SQLITE_PROTOCOL? SQLITE_MISUSE?*/;
+        }else{
+          /* turn off proxy locking - already off - NOOP */
+          rc = SQLITE_OK;
+        }
+      }else{
+        const char *proxyPath = (const char *)pArg;
+        if( isProxyStyle ){
+          proxyLockingContext *pCtx = 
+            (proxyLockingContext*)pFile->lockingContext;
+          if( !strcmp(pArg, ":auto:") 
+           || (pCtx->lockProxyPath &&
+               !strncmp(pCtx->lockProxyPath, proxyPath, MAXPATHLEN))
+          ){
+            rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          }else{
+            rc = switchLockProxyPath(pFile, proxyPath);
+          }
+        }else{
+          /* turn on proxy file locking */
+          rc = proxyTransformUnixFile(pFile, proxyPath);
+        }
+      }
+      return rc;
+    }
+    default: {
+      assert( 0 );  /* The call assures that only valid opcodes are sent */
+    }
+  }
+  /*NOTREACHED*/
+  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+}
+
+/*
+** Within this division (the proxying locking implementation) the procedures
+** above this point are all utilities.  The lock-related methods of the
+** proxy-locking sqlite3_io_method object follow.
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
+** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, set *pResOut
+** to a non-zero value otherwise *pResOut is set to zero.  The return value
+** is set to SQLITE_OK unless an I/O error occurs during lock checking.
+*/
+static int proxyCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut) {
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  int rc = proxyTakeConch(pFile);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    proxyLockingContext *pCtx = (proxyLockingContext *)pFile->lockingContext;
+    if( pCtx->conchHeld>0 ){
+      unixFile *proxy = pCtx->lockProxy;
+      return proxy->pMethod->xCheckReservedLock((sqlite3_file*)proxy, pResOut);
+    }else{ /* conchHeld < 0 is lockless */
+      pResOut=0;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter eFileLock - one
+** of the following:
+**
+**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
+**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
+**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
+**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+**
+** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
+** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
+** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
+** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
+** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
+**
+**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
+**    SHARED -> RESERVED
+**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
+**
+** This routine will only increase a lock.  Use the sqlite3OsUnlock()
+** routine to lower a locking level.
+*/
+static int proxyLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  int rc = proxyTakeConch(pFile);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    proxyLockingContext *pCtx = (proxyLockingContext *)pFile->lockingContext;
+    if( pCtx->conchHeld>0 ){
+      unixFile *proxy = pCtx->lockProxy;
+      rc = proxy->pMethod->xLock((sqlite3_file*)proxy, eFileLock);
+      pFile->eFileLock = proxy->eFileLock;
+    }else{
+      /* conchHeld < 0 is lockless */
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Lower the locking level on file descriptor pFile to eFileLock.  eFileLock
+** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+static int proxyUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  int rc = proxyTakeConch(pFile);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    proxyLockingContext *pCtx = (proxyLockingContext *)pFile->lockingContext;
+    if( pCtx->conchHeld>0 ){
+      unixFile *proxy = pCtx->lockProxy;
+      rc = proxy->pMethod->xUnlock((sqlite3_file*)proxy, eFileLock);
+      pFile->eFileLock = proxy->eFileLock;
+    }else{
+      /* conchHeld < 0 is lockless */
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a file that uses proxy locks.
+*/
+static int proxyClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
+  if( id ){
+    unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+    proxyLockingContext *pCtx = (proxyLockingContext *)pFile->lockingContext;
+    unixFile *lockProxy = pCtx->lockProxy;
+    unixFile *conchFile = pCtx->conchFile;
+    int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    
+    if( lockProxy ){
+      rc = lockProxy->pMethod->xUnlock((sqlite3_file*)lockProxy, NO_LOCK);
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+      rc = lockProxy->pMethod->xClose((sqlite3_file*)lockProxy);
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+      sqlite3_free(lockProxy);
+      pCtx->lockProxy = 0;
+    }
+    if( conchFile ){
+      if( pCtx->conchHeld ){
+        rc = proxyReleaseConch(pFile);
+        if( rc ) return rc;
+      }
+      rc = conchFile->pMethod->xClose((sqlite3_file*)conchFile);
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+      sqlite3_free(conchFile);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(0, pCtx->lockProxyPath);
+    sqlite3_free(pCtx->conchFilePath);
+    sqlite3DbFree(0, pCtx->dbPath);
+    /* restore the original locking context and pMethod then close it */
+    pFile->lockingContext = pCtx->oldLockingContext;
+    pFile->pMethod = pCtx->pOldMethod;
+    sqlite3_free(pCtx);
+    return pFile->pMethod->xClose(id);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+
+#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */
+/*
+** The proxy locking style is intended for use with AFP filesystems.
+** And since AFP is only supported on MacOSX, the proxy locking is also
+** restricted to MacOSX.
+** 
+**
+******************* End of the proxy lock implementation **********************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+** Initialize the operating system interface.
+**
+** This routine registers all VFS implementations for unix-like operating
+** systems.  This routine, and the sqlite3_os_end() routine that follows,
+** should be the only routines in this file that are visible from other
+** files.
+**
+** This routine is called once during SQLite initialization and by a
+** single thread.  The memory allocation and mutex subsystems have not
+** necessarily been initialized when this routine is called, and so they
+** should not be used.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){ 
+  /* 
+  ** The following macro defines an initializer for an sqlite3_vfs object.
+  ** The name of the VFS is NAME.  The pAppData is a pointer to a pointer
+  ** to the "finder" function.  (pAppData is a pointer to a pointer because
+  ** silly C90 rules prohibit a void* from being cast to a function pointer
+  ** and so we have to go through the intermediate pointer to avoid problems
+  ** when compiling with -pedantic-errors on GCC.)
+  **
+  ** The FINDER parameter to this macro is the name of the pointer to the
+  ** finder-function.  The finder-function returns a pointer to the
+  ** sqlite_io_methods object that implements the desired locking
+  ** behaviors.  See the division above that contains the IOMETHODS
+  ** macro for addition information on finder-functions.
+  **
+  ** Most finders simply return a pointer to a fixed sqlite3_io_methods
+  ** object.  But the "autolockIoFinder" available on MacOSX does a little
+  ** more than that; it looks at the filesystem type that hosts the 
+  ** database file and tries to choose an locking method appropriate for
+  ** that filesystem time.
+  */
+  #define UNIXVFS(VFSNAME, FINDER) {                        \
+    3,                    /* iVersion */                    \
+    sizeof(unixFile),     /* szOsFile */                    \
+    MAX_PATHNAME,         /* mxPathname */                  \
+    0,                    /* pNext */                       \
+    VFSNAME,              /* zName */                       \
+    (void*)&FINDER,       /* pAppData */                    \
+    unixOpen,             /* xOpen */                       \
+    unixDelete,           /* xDelete */                     \
+    unixAccess,           /* xAccess */                     \
+    unixFullPathname,     /* xFullPathname */               \
+    unixDlOpen,           /* xDlOpen */                     \
+    unixDlError,          /* xDlError */                    \
+    unixDlSym,            /* xDlSym */                      \
+    unixDlClose,          /* xDlClose */                    \
+    unixRandomness,       /* xRandomness */                 \
+    unixSleep,            /* xSleep */                      \
+    unixCurrentTime,      /* xCurrentTime */                \
+    unixGetLastError,     /* xGetLastError */               \
+    unixCurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */           \
+    unixSetSystemCall,    /* xSetSystemCall */              \
+    unixGetSystemCall,    /* xGetSystemCall */              \
+    unixNextSystemCall,   /* xNextSystemCall */             \
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** All default VFSes for unix are contained in the following array.
+  **
+  ** Note that the sqlite3_vfs.pNext field of the VFS object is modified
+  ** by the SQLite core when the VFS is registered.  So the following
+  ** array cannot be const.
+  */
+  static sqlite3_vfs aVfs[] = {
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && (OS_VXWORKS || defined(__APPLE__))
+    UNIXVFS("unix",          autolockIoFinder ),
+#else
+    UNIXVFS("unix",          posixIoFinder ),
+#endif
+    UNIXVFS("unix-none",     nolockIoFinder ),
+    UNIXVFS("unix-dotfile",  dotlockIoFinder ),
+    UNIXVFS("unix-excl",     posixIoFinder ),
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+    UNIXVFS("unix-namedsem", semIoFinder ),
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+    UNIXVFS("unix-posix",    posixIoFinder ),
+#if !OS_VXWORKS
+    UNIXVFS("unix-flock",    flockIoFinder ),
+#endif
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && defined(__APPLE__)
+    UNIXVFS("unix-afp",      afpIoFinder ),
+    UNIXVFS("unix-nfs",      nfsIoFinder ),
+    UNIXVFS("unix-proxy",    proxyIoFinder ),
+#endif
+  };
+  unsigned int i;          /* Loop counter */
+
+  /* Double-check that the aSyscall[] array has been constructed
+  ** correctly.  See ticket [bb3a86e890c8e96ab] */
+  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==16 );
+
+  /* Register all VFSes defined in the aVfs[] array */
+  for(i=0; i<(sizeof(aVfs)/sizeof(sqlite3_vfs)); i++){
+    sqlite3_vfs_register(&aVfs[i], i==0);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK; 
+}
+
+/*
+** Shutdown the operating system interface.
+**
+** Some operating systems might need to do some cleanup in this routine,
+** to release dynamically allocated objects.  But not on unix.
+** This routine is a no-op for unix.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){ 
+  return SQLITE_OK; 
+}
+ 
+#endif /* SQLITE_OS_UNIX */
+
+/************** End of os_unix.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file os_win.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 May 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code that is specific to windows.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN               /* This file is used for windows only */
+
+
+/*
+** A Note About Memory Allocation:
+**
+** This driver uses malloc()/free() directly rather than going through
+** the SQLite-wrappers sqlite3_malloc()/sqlite3_free().  Those wrappers
+** are designed for use on embedded systems where memory is scarce and
+** malloc failures happen frequently.  Win32 does not typically run on
+** embedded systems, and when it does the developers normally have bigger
+** problems to worry about than running out of memory.  So there is not
+** a compelling need to use the wrappers.
+**
+** But there is a good reason to not use the wrappers.  If we use the
+** wrappers then we will get simulated malloc() failures within this
+** driver.  And that causes all kinds of problems for our tests.  We
+** could enhance SQLite to deal with simulated malloc failures within
+** the OS driver, but the code to deal with those failure would not
+** be exercised on Linux (which does not need to malloc() in the driver)
+** and so we would have difficulty writing coverage tests for that
+** code.  Better to leave the code out, we think.
+**
+** The point of this discussion is as follows:  When creating a new
+** OS layer for an embedded system, if you use this file as an example,
+** avoid the use of malloc()/free().  Those routines work ok on windows
+** desktops but not so well in embedded systems.
+*/
+
+#include <winbase.h>
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+# include <sys/cygwin.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Macros used to determine whether or not to use threads.
+*/
+#if defined(THREADSAFE) && THREADSAFE
+# define SQLITE_W32_THREADS 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
+*/
+/************** Include os_common.h in the middle of os_win.c ****************/
+/************** Begin file os_common.h ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 May 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains macros and a little bit of code that is common to
+** all of the platform-specific files (os_*.c) and is #included into those
+** files.
+**
+** This file should be #included by the os_*.c files only.  It is not a
+** general purpose header file.
+*/
+#ifndef _OS_COMMON_H_
+#define _OS_COMMON_H_
+
+/*
+** At least two bugs have slipped in because we changed the MEMORY_DEBUG
+** macro to SQLITE_DEBUG and some older makefiles have not yet made the
+** switch.  The following code should catch this problem at compile-time.
+*/
+#ifdef MEMORY_DEBUG
+# error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OSTrace = 0;
+#define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#else
+#define OSTRACE(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Macros for performance tracing.  Normally turned off.  Only works
+** on i486 hardware.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_PERFORMANCE_TRACE
+
+/* 
+** hwtime.h contains inline assembler code for implementing 
+** high-performance timing routines.
+*/
+/************** Include hwtime.h in the middle of os_common.h ****************/
+/************** Begin file hwtime.h ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 May 27
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains inline asm code for retrieving "high-performance"
+** counters for x86 class CPUs.
+*/
+#ifndef _HWTIME_H_
+#define _HWTIME_H_
+
+/*
+** The following routine only works on pentium-class (or newer) processors.
+** It uses the RDTSC opcode to read the cycle count value out of the
+** processor and returns that value.  This can be used for high-res
+** profiling.
+*/
+#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
+      (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86))
+
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     unsigned int lo, hi;
+     __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi));
+     return (sqlite_uint64)hi << 32 | lo;
+  }
+
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+  __declspec(naked) __inline sqlite_uint64 __cdecl sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     __asm {
+        rdtsc
+        ret       ; return value at EDX:EAX
+     }
+  }
+
+  #endif
+
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long val;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=A" (val));
+      return val;
+  }
+ 
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__ppc__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long long retval;
+      unsigned long junk;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("\n\
+          1:      mftbu   %1\n\
+                  mftb    %L0\n\
+                  mftbu   %0\n\
+                  cmpw    %0,%1\n\
+                  bne     1b"
+                  : "=r" (retval), "=r" (junk));
+      return retval;
+  }
+
+#else
+
+  #error Need implementation of sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform.
+
+  /*
+  ** To compile without implementing sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform,
+  ** you can remove the above #error and use the following
+  ** stub function.  You will lose timing support for many
+  ** of the debugging and testing utilities, but it should at
+  ** least compile and run.
+  */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){ return ((sqlite_uint64)0); }
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_HWTIME_H_) */
+
+/************** End of hwtime.h **********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os_common.h ******************/
+
+static sqlite_uint64 g_start;
+static sqlite_uint64 g_elapsed;
+#define TIMER_START       g_start=sqlite3Hwtime()
+#define TIMER_END         g_elapsed=sqlite3Hwtime()-g_start
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     g_elapsed
+#else
+#define TIMER_START
+#define TIMER_END
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     ((sqlite_uint64)0)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If we compile with the SQLITE_TEST macro set, then the following block
+** of code will give us the ability to simulate a disk I/O error.  This
+** is used for testing the I/O recovery logic.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hit = 0;            /* Total number of I/O Errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hardhit = 0;        /* Number of non-benign errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_pending = 0;        /* Count down to first I/O error */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_persist = 0;        /* True if I/O errors persist */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_benign = 0;         /* True if errors are benign */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull_pending = 0;
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull = 0;
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X) sqlite3_io_error_benign=(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(CODE)  \
+  if( (sqlite3_io_error_persist && sqlite3_io_error_hit) \
+       || sqlite3_io_error_pending-- == 1 )  \
+              { local_ioerr(); CODE; }
+static void local_ioerr(){
+  IOTRACE(("IOERR\n"));
+  sqlite3_io_error_hit++;
+  if( !sqlite3_io_error_benign ) sqlite3_io_error_hardhit++;
+}
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(CODE) \
+   if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending ){ \
+     if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending == 1 ){ \
+       local_ioerr(); \
+       sqlite3_diskfull = 1; \
+       sqlite3_io_error_hit = 1; \
+       CODE; \
+     }else{ \
+       sqlite3_diskfull_pending--; \
+     } \
+   }
+#else
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(A)
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(A)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** When testing, keep a count of the number of open files.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
+#define OpenCounter(X)  sqlite3_open_file_count+=(X)
+#else
+#define OpenCounter(X)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_OS_COMMON_H_) */
+
+/************** End of os_common.h *******************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os_win.c *********************/
+
+/*
+** Some microsoft compilers lack this definition.
+*/
+#ifndef INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES
+# define INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES ((DWORD)-1) 
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Determine if we are dealing with WindowsCE - which has a much
+** reduced API.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+# define AreFileApisANSI() 1
+# define FormatMessageW(a,b,c,d,e,f,g) 0
+#endif
+
+/* Forward references */
+typedef struct winShm winShm;           /* A connection to shared-memory */
+typedef struct winShmNode winShmNode;   /* A region of shared-memory */
+
+/*
+** WinCE lacks native support for file locking so we have to fake it
+** with some code of our own.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+typedef struct winceLock {
+  int nReaders;       /* Number of reader locks obtained */
+  BOOL bPending;      /* Indicates a pending lock has been obtained */
+  BOOL bReserved;     /* Indicates a reserved lock has been obtained */
+  BOOL bExclusive;    /* Indicates an exclusive lock has been obtained */
+} winceLock;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The winFile structure is a subclass of sqlite3_file* specific to the win32
+** portability layer.
+*/
+typedef struct winFile winFile;
+struct winFile {
+  const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethod; /*** Must be first ***/
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;      /* The VFS used to open this file */
+  HANDLE h;               /* Handle for accessing the file */
+  unsigned char locktype; /* Type of lock currently held on this file */
+  short sharedLockByte;   /* Randomly chosen byte used as a shared lock */
+  DWORD lastErrno;        /* The Windows errno from the last I/O error */
+  DWORD sectorSize;       /* Sector size of the device file is on */
+  winShm *pShm;           /* Instance of shared memory on this file */
+  const char *zPath;      /* Full pathname of this file */
+  int szChunk;            /* Chunk size configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  WCHAR *zDeleteOnClose;  /* Name of file to delete when closing */
+  HANDLE hMutex;          /* Mutex used to control access to shared lock */  
+  HANDLE hShared;         /* Shared memory segment used for locking */
+  winceLock local;        /* Locks obtained by this instance of winFile */
+  winceLock *shared;      /* Global shared lock memory for the file  */
+#endif
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Forward prototypes.
+*/
+static int getSectorSize(
+    sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,
+    const char *zRelative     /* UTF-8 file name */
+);
+
+/*
+** The following variable is (normally) set once and never changes
+** thereafter.  It records whether the operating system is Win95
+** or WinNT.
+**
+** 0:   Operating system unknown.
+** 1:   Operating system is Win95.
+** 2:   Operating system is WinNT.
+**
+** In order to facilitate testing on a WinNT system, the test fixture
+** can manually set this value to 1 to emulate Win98 behavior.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_type = 0;
+#else
+static int sqlite3_os_type = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return true (non-zero) if we are running under WinNT, Win2K, WinXP,
+** or WinCE.  Return false (zero) for Win95, Win98, or WinME.
+**
+** Here is an interesting observation:  Win95, Win98, and WinME lack
+** the LockFileEx() API.  But we can still statically link against that
+** API as long as we don't call it when running Win95/98/ME.  A call to
+** this routine is used to determine if the host is Win95/98/ME or
+** WinNT/2K/XP so that we will know whether or not we can safely call
+** the LockFileEx() API.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+# define isNT()  (1)
+#else
+  static int isNT(void){
+    if( sqlite3_os_type==0 ){
+      OSVERSIONINFO sInfo;
+      sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
+      GetVersionEx(&sInfo);
+      sqlite3_os_type = sInfo.dwPlatformId==VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT ? 2 : 1;
+    }
+    return sqlite3_os_type==2;
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
+
+/*
+** Convert a UTF-8 string to microsoft unicode (UTF-16?). 
+**
+** Space to hold the returned string is obtained from malloc.
+*/
+static WCHAR *utf8ToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
+  int nChar;
+  WCHAR *zWideFilename;
+
+  nChar = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, zFilename, -1, NULL, 0);
+  zWideFilename = malloc( nChar*sizeof(zWideFilename[0]) );
+  if( zWideFilename==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  nChar = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, zFilename, -1, zWideFilename, nChar);
+  if( nChar==0 ){
+    free(zWideFilename);
+    zWideFilename = 0;
+  }
+  return zWideFilename;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert microsoft unicode to UTF-8.  Space to hold the returned string is
+** obtained from malloc().
+*/
+static char *unicodeToUtf8(const WCHAR *zWideFilename){
+  int nByte;
+  char *zFilename;
+
+  nByte = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, zWideFilename, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+  zFilename = malloc( nByte );
+  if( zFilename==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  nByte = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, zWideFilename, -1, zFilename, nByte,
+                              0, 0);
+  if( nByte == 0 ){
+    free(zFilename);
+    zFilename = 0;
+  }
+  return zFilename;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert an ansi string to microsoft unicode, based on the
+** current codepage settings for file apis.
+** 
+** Space to hold the returned string is obtained
+** from malloc.
+*/
+static WCHAR *mbcsToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
+  int nByte;
+  WCHAR *zMbcsFilename;
+  int codepage = AreFileApisANSI() ? CP_ACP : CP_OEMCP;
+
+  nByte = MultiByteToWideChar(codepage, 0, zFilename, -1, NULL,0)*sizeof(WCHAR);
+  zMbcsFilename = malloc( nByte*sizeof(zMbcsFilename[0]) );
+  if( zMbcsFilename==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  nByte = MultiByteToWideChar(codepage, 0, zFilename, -1, zMbcsFilename, nByte);
+  if( nByte==0 ){
+    free(zMbcsFilename);
+    zMbcsFilename = 0;
+  }
+  return zMbcsFilename;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert microsoft unicode to multibyte character string, based on the
+** user's Ansi codepage.
+**
+** Space to hold the returned string is obtained from
+** malloc().
+*/
+static char *unicodeToMbcs(const WCHAR *zWideFilename){
+  int nByte;
+  char *zFilename;
+  int codepage = AreFileApisANSI() ? CP_ACP : CP_OEMCP;
+
+  nByte = WideCharToMultiByte(codepage, 0, zWideFilename, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+  zFilename = malloc( nByte );
+  if( zFilename==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  nByte = WideCharToMultiByte(codepage, 0, zWideFilename, -1, zFilename, nByte,
+                              0, 0);
+  if( nByte == 0 ){
+    free(zFilename);
+    zFilename = 0;
+  }
+  return zFilename;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert multibyte character string to UTF-8.  Space to hold the
+** returned string is obtained from malloc().
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(const char *zFilename){
+  char *zFilenameUtf8;
+  WCHAR *zTmpWide;
+
+  zTmpWide = mbcsToUnicode(zFilename);
+  if( zTmpWide==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  zFilenameUtf8 = unicodeToUtf8(zTmpWide);
+  free(zTmpWide);
+  return zFilenameUtf8;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert UTF-8 to multibyte character string.  Space to hold the 
+** returned string is obtained from malloc().
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(const char *zFilename){
+  char *zFilenameMbcs;
+  WCHAR *zTmpWide;
+
+  zTmpWide = utf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
+  if( zTmpWide==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  zFilenameMbcs = unicodeToMbcs(zTmpWide);
+  free(zTmpWide);
+  return zFilenameMbcs;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** The return value of getLastErrorMsg
+** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
+** otherwise (if the message was truncated).
+*/
+static int getLastErrorMsg(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  /* FormatMessage returns 0 on failure.  Otherwise it
+  ** returns the number of TCHARs written to the output
+  ** buffer, excluding the terminating null char.
+  */
+  DWORD error = GetLastError();
+  DWORD dwLen = 0;
+  char *zOut = 0;
+
+  if( isNT() ){
+    WCHAR *zTempWide = NULL;
+    dwLen = FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+                           NULL,
+                           error,
+                           0,
+                           (LPWSTR) &zTempWide,
+                           0,
+                           0);
+    if( dwLen > 0 ){
+      /* allocate a buffer and convert to UTF8 */
+      zOut = unicodeToUtf8(zTempWide);
+      /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
+      LocalFree(zTempWide);
+    }
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
+** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    char *zTemp = NULL;
+    dwLen = FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+                           NULL,
+                           error,
+                           0,
+                           (LPSTR) &zTemp,
+                           0,
+                           0);
+    if( dwLen > 0 ){
+      /* allocate a buffer and convert to UTF8 */
+      zOut = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zTemp);
+      /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
+      LocalFree(zTemp);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  if( 0 == dwLen ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "OsError 0x%x (%u)", error, error);
+  }else{
+    /* copy a maximum of nBuf chars to output buffer */
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "%s", zOut);
+    /* free the UTF8 buffer */
+    free(zOut);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+**
+** This function - winLogErrorAtLine() - is only ever called via the macro
+** winLogError().
+**
+** This routine is invoked after an error occurs in an OS function.
+** It logs a message using sqlite3_log() containing the current value of
+** error code and, if possible, the human-readable equivalent from 
+** FormatMessage.
+**
+** The first argument passed to the macro should be the error code that
+** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN). 
+** The two subsequent arguments should be the name of the OS function that
+** failed and the the associated file-system path, if any.
+*/
+#define winLogError(a,b,c)     winLogErrorAtLine(a,b,c,__LINE__)
+static int winLogErrorAtLine(
+  int errcode,                    /* SQLite error code */
+  const char *zFunc,              /* Name of OS function that failed */
+  const char *zPath,              /* File path associated with error */
+  int iLine                       /* Source line number where error occurred */
+){
+  char zMsg[500];                 /* Human readable error text */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+  DWORD iErrno = GetLastError();  /* Error code */
+
+  zMsg[0] = 0;
+  getLastErrorMsg(sizeof(zMsg), zMsg);
+  assert( errcode!=SQLITE_OK );
+  if( zPath==0 ) zPath = "";
+  for(i=0; zMsg[i] && zMsg[i]!='\r' && zMsg[i]!='\n'; i++){}
+  zMsg[i] = 0;
+  sqlite3_log(errcode,
+      "os_win.c:%d: (%d) %s(%s) - %s",
+      iLine, iErrno, zFunc, zPath, zMsg
+  );
+
+  return errcode;
+}
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+/*************************************************************************
+** This section contains code for WinCE only.
+*/
+/*
+** WindowsCE does not have a localtime() function.  So create a
+** substitute.
+*/
+struct tm *__cdecl localtime(const time_t *t)
+{
+  static struct tm y;
+  FILETIME uTm, lTm;
+  SYSTEMTIME pTm;
+  sqlite3_int64 t64;
+  t64 = *t;
+  t64 = (t64 + 11644473600)*10000000;
+  uTm.dwLowDateTime = (DWORD)(t64 & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+  uTm.dwHighDateTime= (DWORD)(t64 >> 32);
+  FileTimeToLocalFileTime(&uTm,&lTm);
+  FileTimeToSystemTime(&lTm,&pTm);
+  y.tm_year = pTm.wYear - 1900;
+  y.tm_mon = pTm.wMonth - 1;
+  y.tm_wday = pTm.wDayOfWeek;
+  y.tm_mday = pTm.wDay;
+  y.tm_hour = pTm.wHour;
+  y.tm_min = pTm.wMinute;
+  y.tm_sec = pTm.wSecond;
+  return &y;
+}
+
+/* This will never be called, but defined to make the code compile */
+#define GetTempPathA(a,b)
+
+#define LockFile(a,b,c,d,e)       winceLockFile(&a, b, c, d, e)
+#define UnlockFile(a,b,c,d,e)     winceUnlockFile(&a, b, c, d, e)
+#define LockFileEx(a,b,c,d,e,f)   winceLockFileEx(&a, b, c, d, e, f)
+
+#define HANDLE_TO_WINFILE(a) (winFile*)&((char*)a)[-(int)offsetof(winFile,h)]
+
+/*
+** Acquire a lock on the handle h
+*/
+static void winceMutexAcquire(HANDLE h){
+   DWORD dwErr;
+   do {
+     dwErr = WaitForSingleObject(h, INFINITE);
+   } while (dwErr != WAIT_OBJECT_0 && dwErr != WAIT_ABANDONED);
+}
+/*
+** Release a lock acquired by winceMutexAcquire()
+*/
+#define winceMutexRelease(h) ReleaseMutex(h)
+
+/*
+** Create the mutex and shared memory used for locking in the file
+** descriptor pFile
+*/
+static BOOL winceCreateLock(const char *zFilename, winFile *pFile){
+  WCHAR *zTok;
+  WCHAR *zName = utf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
+  BOOL bInit = TRUE;
+
+  /* Initialize the local lockdata */
+  ZeroMemory(&pFile->local, sizeof(pFile->local));
+
+  /* Replace the backslashes from the filename and lowercase it
+  ** to derive a mutex name. */
+  zTok = CharLowerW(zName);
+  for (;*zTok;zTok++){
+    if (*zTok == '\\') *zTok = '_';
+  }
+
+  /* Create/open the named mutex */
+  pFile->hMutex = CreateMutexW(NULL, FALSE, zName);
+  if (!pFile->hMutex){
+    pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, "winceCreateLock1", zFilename);
+    free(zName);
+    return FALSE;
+  }
+
+  /* Acquire the mutex before continuing */
+  winceMutexAcquire(pFile->hMutex);
+  
+  /* Since the names of named mutexes, semaphores, file mappings etc are 
+  ** case-sensitive, take advantage of that by uppercasing the mutex name
+  ** and using that as the shared filemapping name.
+  */
+  CharUpperW(zName);
+  pFile->hShared = CreateFileMappingW(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL,
+                                       PAGE_READWRITE, 0, sizeof(winceLock),
+                                       zName);  
+
+  /* Set a flag that indicates we're the first to create the memory so it 
+  ** must be zero-initialized */
+  if (GetLastError() == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS){
+    bInit = FALSE;
+  }
+
+  free(zName);
+
+  /* If we succeeded in making the shared memory handle, map it. */
+  if (pFile->hShared){
+    pFile->shared = (winceLock*)MapViewOfFile(pFile->hShared, 
+             FILE_MAP_READ|FILE_MAP_WRITE, 0, 0, sizeof(winceLock));
+    /* If mapping failed, close the shared memory handle and erase it */
+    if (!pFile->shared){
+      pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+      winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, "winceCreateLock2", zFilename);
+      CloseHandle(pFile->hShared);
+      pFile->hShared = NULL;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If shared memory could not be created, then close the mutex and fail */
+  if (pFile->hShared == NULL){
+    winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
+    CloseHandle(pFile->hMutex);
+    pFile->hMutex = NULL;
+    return FALSE;
+  }
+  
+  /* Initialize the shared memory if we're supposed to */
+  if (bInit) {
+    ZeroMemory(pFile->shared, sizeof(winceLock));
+  }
+
+  winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
+  return TRUE;
+}
+
+/*
+** Destroy the part of winFile that deals with wince locks
+*/
+static void winceDestroyLock(winFile *pFile){
+  if (pFile->hMutex){
+    /* Acquire the mutex */
+    winceMutexAcquire(pFile->hMutex);
+
+    /* The following blocks should probably assert in debug mode, but they
+       are to cleanup in case any locks remained open */
+    if (pFile->local.nReaders){
+      pFile->shared->nReaders --;
+    }
+    if (pFile->local.bReserved){
+      pFile->shared->bReserved = FALSE;
+    }
+    if (pFile->local.bPending){
+      pFile->shared->bPending = FALSE;
+    }
+    if (pFile->local.bExclusive){
+      pFile->shared->bExclusive = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* De-reference and close our copy of the shared memory handle */
+    UnmapViewOfFile(pFile->shared);
+    CloseHandle(pFile->hShared);
+
+    /* Done with the mutex */
+    winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);    
+    CloseHandle(pFile->hMutex);
+    pFile->hMutex = NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+/* 
+** An implementation of the LockFile() API of windows for wince
+*/
+static BOOL winceLockFile(
+  HANDLE *phFile,
+  DWORD dwFileOffsetLow,
+  DWORD dwFileOffsetHigh,
+  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockLow,
+  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh
+){
+  winFile *pFile = HANDLE_TO_WINFILE(phFile);
+  BOOL bReturn = FALSE;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(dwFileOffsetHigh);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh);
+
+  if (!pFile->hMutex) return TRUE;
+  winceMutexAcquire(pFile->hMutex);
+
+  /* Wanting an exclusive lock? */
+  if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)SHARED_FIRST
+       && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE){
+    if (pFile->shared->nReaders == 0 && pFile->shared->bExclusive == 0){
+       pFile->shared->bExclusive = TRUE;
+       pFile->local.bExclusive = TRUE;
+       bReturn = TRUE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Want a read-only lock? */
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)SHARED_FIRST &&
+           nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
+    if (pFile->shared->bExclusive == 0){
+      pFile->local.nReaders ++;
+      if (pFile->local.nReaders == 1){
+        pFile->shared->nReaders ++;
+      }
+      bReturn = TRUE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Want a pending lock? */
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
+    /* If no pending lock has been acquired, then acquire it */
+    if (pFile->shared->bPending == 0) {
+      pFile->shared->bPending = TRUE;
+      pFile->local.bPending = TRUE;
+      bReturn = TRUE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Want a reserved lock? */
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
+    if (pFile->shared->bReserved == 0) {
+      pFile->shared->bReserved = TRUE;
+      pFile->local.bReserved = TRUE;
+      bReturn = TRUE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
+  return bReturn;
+}
+
+/*
+** An implementation of the UnlockFile API of windows for wince
+*/
+static BOOL winceUnlockFile(
+  HANDLE *phFile,
+  DWORD dwFileOffsetLow,
+  DWORD dwFileOffsetHigh,
+  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow,
+  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToUnlockHigh
+){
+  winFile *pFile = HANDLE_TO_WINFILE(phFile);
+  BOOL bReturn = FALSE;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(dwFileOffsetHigh);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nNumberOfBytesToUnlockHigh);
+
+  if (!pFile->hMutex) return TRUE;
+  winceMutexAcquire(pFile->hMutex);
+
+  /* Releasing a reader lock or an exclusive lock */
+  if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)SHARED_FIRST){
+    /* Did we have an exclusive lock? */
+    if (pFile->local.bExclusive){
+      assert(nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE);
+      pFile->local.bExclusive = FALSE;
+      pFile->shared->bExclusive = FALSE;
+      bReturn = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Did we just have a reader lock? */
+    else if (pFile->local.nReaders){
+      assert(nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE || nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1);
+      pFile->local.nReaders --;
+      if (pFile->local.nReaders == 0)
+      {
+        pFile->shared->nReaders --;
+      }
+      bReturn = TRUE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Releasing a pending lock */
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
+    if (pFile->local.bPending){
+      pFile->local.bPending = FALSE;
+      pFile->shared->bPending = FALSE;
+      bReturn = TRUE;
+    }
+  }
+  /* Releasing a reserved lock */
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
+    if (pFile->local.bReserved) {
+      pFile->local.bReserved = FALSE;
+      pFile->shared->bReserved = FALSE;
+      bReturn = TRUE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
+  return bReturn;
+}
+
+/*
+** An implementation of the LockFileEx() API of windows for wince
+*/
+static BOOL winceLockFileEx(
+  HANDLE *phFile,
+  DWORD dwFlags,
+  DWORD dwReserved,
+  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockLow,
+  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh,
+  LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(dwReserved);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh);
+
+  /* If the caller wants a shared read lock, forward this call
+  ** to winceLockFile */
+  if (lpOverlapped->Offset == (DWORD)SHARED_FIRST &&
+      dwFlags == 1 &&
+      nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE){
+    return winceLockFile(phFile, SHARED_FIRST, 0, 1, 0);
+  }
+  return FALSE;
+}
+/*
+** End of the special code for wince
+*****************************************************************************/
+#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+** The next group of routines implement the I/O methods specified
+** by the sqlite3_io_methods object.
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+** Some microsoft compilers lack this definition.
+*/
+#ifndef INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER
+# define INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER ((DWORD)-1)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Move the current position of the file handle passed as the first 
+** argument to offset iOffset within the file. If successful, return 0. 
+** Otherwise, set pFile->lastErrno and return non-zero.
+*/
+static int seekWinFile(winFile *pFile, sqlite3_int64 iOffset){
+  LONG upperBits;                 /* Most sig. 32 bits of new offset */
+  LONG lowerBits;                 /* Least sig. 32 bits of new offset */
+  DWORD dwRet;                    /* Value returned by SetFilePointer() */
+
+  upperBits = (LONG)((iOffset>>32) & 0x7fffffff);
+  lowerBits = (LONG)(iOffset & 0xffffffff);
+
+  /* API oddity: If successful, SetFilePointer() returns a dword 
+  ** containing the lower 32-bits of the new file-offset. Or, if it fails,
+  ** it returns INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER. However according to MSDN, 
+  ** INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER may also be a valid new offset. So to determine 
+  ** whether an error has actually occured, it is also necessary to call 
+  ** GetLastError().
+  */
+  dwRet = SetFilePointer(pFile->h, lowerBits, &upperBits, FILE_BEGIN);
+  if( (dwRet==INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER && GetLastError()!=NO_ERROR) ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK, "seekWinFile", pFile->zPath);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a file.
+**
+** It is reported that an attempt to close a handle might sometimes
+** fail.  This is a very unreasonable result, but windows is notorious
+** for being unreasonable so I do not doubt that it might happen.  If
+** the close fails, we pause for 100 milliseconds and try again.  As
+** many as MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT attempts to close the handle are made before
+** giving up and returning an error.
+*/
+#define MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT 3
+static int winClose(sqlite3_file *id){
+  int rc, cnt = 0;
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
+
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  assert( pFile->pShm==0 );
+  OSTRACE(("CLOSE %d\n", pFile->h));
+  do{
+    rc = CloseHandle(pFile->h);
+    /* SimulateIOError( rc=0; cnt=MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT; ); */
+  }while( rc==0 && ++cnt < MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT && (Sleep(100), 1) );
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+#define WINCE_DELETION_ATTEMPTS 3
+  winceDestroyLock(pFile);
+  if( pFile->zDeleteOnClose ){
+    int cnt = 0;
+    while(
+           DeleteFileW(pFile->zDeleteOnClose)==0
+        && GetFileAttributesW(pFile->zDeleteOnClose)!=0xffffffff 
+        && cnt++ < WINCE_DELETION_ATTEMPTS
+    ){
+       Sleep(100);  /* Wait a little before trying again */
+    }
+    free(pFile->zDeleteOnClose);
+  }
+#endif
+  OSTRACE(("CLOSE %d %s\n", pFile->h, rc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+  OpenCounter(-1);
+  return rc ? SQLITE_OK
+            : winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE, "winClose", pFile->zPath);
+}
+
+/*
+** Read data from a file into a buffer.  Return SQLITE_OK if all
+** bytes were read successfully and SQLITE_IOERR if anything goes
+** wrong.
+*/
+static int winRead(
+  sqlite3_file *id,          /* File to read from */
+  void *pBuf,                /* Write content into this buffer */
+  int amt,                   /* Number of bytes to read */
+  sqlite3_int64 offset       /* Begin reading at this offset */
+){
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* file handle */
+  DWORD nRead;                    /* Number of bytes actually read from file */
+
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_READ);
+  OSTRACE(("READ %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+
+  if( seekWinFile(pFile, offset) ){
+    return SQLITE_FULL;
+  }
+  if( !ReadFile(pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &nRead, 0) ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_READ, "winRead", pFile->zPath);
+  }
+  if( nRead<(DWORD)amt ){
+    /* Unread parts of the buffer must be zero-filled */
+    memset(&((char*)pBuf)[nRead], 0, amt-nRead);
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write data from a buffer into a file.  Return SQLITE_OK on success
+** or some other error code on failure.
+*/
+static int winWrite(
+  sqlite3_file *id,               /* File to write into */
+  const void *pBuf,               /* The bytes to be written */
+  int amt,                        /* Number of bytes to write */
+  sqlite3_int64 offset            /* Offset into the file to begin writing at */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* True if error has occured, else false */
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* File handle */
+
+  assert( amt>0 );
+  assert( pFile );
+  SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE);
+  SimulateDiskfullError(return SQLITE_FULL);
+
+  OSTRACE(("WRITE %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+
+  rc = seekWinFile(pFile, offset);
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    u8 *aRem = (u8 *)pBuf;        /* Data yet to be written */
+    int nRem = amt;               /* Number of bytes yet to be written */
+    DWORD nWrite;                 /* Bytes written by each WriteFile() call */
+
+    while( nRem>0 && WriteFile(pFile->h, aRem, nRem, &nWrite, 0) && nWrite>0 ){
+      aRem += nWrite;
+      nRem -= nWrite;
+    }
+    if( nRem>0 ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+      rc = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc ){
+    if(   ( pFile->lastErrno==ERROR_HANDLE_DISK_FULL )
+       || ( pFile->lastErrno==ERROR_DISK_FULL )){
+      return SQLITE_FULL;
+    }
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE, "winWrite", pFile->zPath);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Truncate an open file to a specified size
+*/
+static int winTruncate(sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 nByte){
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* File handle object */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code for this function */
+
+  assert( pFile );
+
+  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE %d %lld\n", pFile->h, nByte));
+  SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE);
+
+  /* If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, truncate the
+  ** file so that it consists of an integer number of chunks (i.e. the
+  ** actual file size after the operation may be larger than the requested
+  ** size).
+  */
+  if( pFile->szChunk ){
+    nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
+  }
+
+  /* SetEndOfFile() returns non-zero when successful, or zero when it fails. */
+  if( seekWinFile(pFile, nByte) ){
+    rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "winTruncate1", pFile->zPath);
+  }else if( 0==SetEndOfFile(pFile->h) ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "winTruncate2", pFile->zPath);
+  }
+
+  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE %d %lld %s\n", pFile->h, nByte, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+/*
+** Count the number of fullsyncs and normal syncs.  This is used to test
+** that syncs and fullsyncs are occuring at the right times.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sync_count = 0;
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fullsync_count = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Make sure all writes to a particular file are committed to disk.
+*/
+static int winSync(sqlite3_file *id, int flags){
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || !defined(SQLITE_NO_SYNC) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
+  BOOL rc;
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
+#endif
+
+  assert( pFile );
+  /* Check that one of SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL or FULL was passed */
+  assert((flags&0x0F)==SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL
+      || (flags&0x0F)==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL
+  );
+
+  OSTRACE(("SYNC %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+
+  /* Unix cannot, but some systems may return SQLITE_FULL from here. This
+  ** line is to test that doing so does not cause any problems.
+  */
+  SimulateDiskfullError( return SQLITE_FULL );
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_TEST
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(flags);
+#else
+  if( (flags&0x0F)==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL ){
+    sqlite3_fullsync_count++;
+  }
+  sqlite3_sync_count++;
+#endif
+
+  /* If we compiled with the SQLITE_NO_SYNC flag, then syncing is a
+  ** no-op
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+#else
+  rc = FlushFileBuffers(pFile->h);
+  SimulateIOError( rc=FALSE );
+  if( rc ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC, "winSync", pFile->zPath);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Determine the current size of a file in bytes
+*/
+static int winFileSize(sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 *pSize){
+  DWORD upperBits;
+  DWORD lowerBits;
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
+  DWORD error;
+
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT);
+  lowerBits = GetFileSize(pFile->h, &upperBits);
+  if(   (lowerBits == INVALID_FILE_SIZE)
+     && ((error = GetLastError()) != NO_ERROR) )
+  {
+    pFile->lastErrno = error;
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, "winFileSize", pFile->zPath);
+  }
+  *pSize = (((sqlite3_int64)upperBits)<<32) + lowerBits;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY is undefined on some Windows systems.
+*/
+#ifndef LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY
+# define LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Acquire a reader lock.
+** Different API routines are called depending on whether or not this
+** is Win95 or WinNT.
+*/
+static int getReadLock(winFile *pFile){
+  int res;
+  if( isNT() ){
+    OVERLAPPED ovlp;
+    ovlp.Offset = SHARED_FIRST;
+    ovlp.OffsetHigh = 0;
+    ovlp.hEvent = 0;
+    res = LockFileEx(pFile->h, LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY,
+                     0, SHARED_SIZE, 0, &ovlp);
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    int lk;
+    sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(lk), &lk);
+    pFile->sharedLockByte = (short)((lk & 0x7fffffff)%(SHARED_SIZE - 1));
+    res = LockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST+pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
+#endif
+  }
+  if( res == 0 ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    /* No need to log a failure to lock */
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Undo a readlock
+*/
+static int unlockReadLock(winFile *pFile){
+  int res;
+  if( isNT() ){
+    res = UnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    res = UnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST + pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
+#endif
+  }
+  if( res==0 && GetLastError()!=ERROR_NOT_LOCKED ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK, "unlockReadLock", pFile->zPath);
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter locktype - one
+** of the following:
+**
+**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
+**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
+**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
+**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+**
+** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
+** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
+** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
+** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
+** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
+**
+**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
+**    SHARED -> RESERVED
+**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
+**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
+**
+** This routine will only increase a lock.  The winUnlock() routine
+** erases all locks at once and returns us immediately to locking level 0.
+** It is not possible to lower the locking level one step at a time.  You
+** must go straight to locking level 0.
+*/
+static int winLock(sqlite3_file *id, int locktype){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;    /* Return code from subroutines */
+  int res = 1;           /* Result of a windows lock call */
+  int newLocktype;       /* Set pFile->locktype to this value before exiting */
+  int gotPendingLock = 0;/* True if we acquired a PENDING lock this time */
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
+  DWORD error = NO_ERROR;
+
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK %d %d was %d(%d)\n",
+           pFile->h, locktype, pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte));
+
+  /* If there is already a lock of this type or more restrictive on the
+  ** OsFile, do nothing. Don't use the end_lock: exit path, as
+  ** sqlite3OsEnterMutex() hasn't been called yet.
+  */
+  if( pFile->locktype>=locktype ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure the locking sequence is correct
+  */
+  assert( pFile->locktype!=NO_LOCK || locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
+  assert( locktype!=PENDING_LOCK );
+  assert( locktype!=RESERVED_LOCK || pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
+
+  /* Lock the PENDING_LOCK byte if we need to acquire a PENDING lock or
+  ** a SHARED lock.  If we are acquiring a SHARED lock, the acquisition of
+  ** the PENDING_LOCK byte is temporary.
+  */
+  newLocktype = pFile->locktype;
+  if(   (pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK)
+     || (   (locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK)
+         && (pFile->locktype==RESERVED_LOCK))
+  ){
+    int cnt = 3;
+    while( cnt-->0 && (res = LockFile(pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0))==0 ){
+      /* Try 3 times to get the pending lock.  The pending lock might be
+      ** held by another reader process who will release it momentarily.
+      */
+      OSTRACE(("could not get a PENDING lock. cnt=%d\n", cnt));
+      Sleep(1);
+    }
+    gotPendingLock = res;
+    if( !res ){
+      error = GetLastError();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Acquire a shared lock
+  */
+  if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && res ){
+    assert( pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK );
+    res = getReadLock(pFile);
+    if( res ){
+      newLocktype = SHARED_LOCK;
+    }else{
+      error = GetLastError();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Acquire a RESERVED lock
+  */
+  if( locktype==RESERVED_LOCK && res ){
+    assert( pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
+    res = LockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    if( res ){
+      newLocktype = RESERVED_LOCK;
+    }else{
+      error = GetLastError();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Acquire a PENDING lock
+  */
+  if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res ){
+    newLocktype = PENDING_LOCK;
+    gotPendingLock = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Acquire an EXCLUSIVE lock
+  */
+  if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res ){
+    assert( pFile->locktype>=SHARED_LOCK );
+    res = unlockReadLock(pFile);
+    OSTRACE(("unreadlock = %d\n", res));
+    res = LockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+    if( res ){
+      newLocktype = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
+    }else{
+      error = GetLastError();
+      OSTRACE(("error-code = %d\n", error));
+      getReadLock(pFile);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If we are holding a PENDING lock that ought to be released, then
+  ** release it now.
+  */
+  if( gotPendingLock && locktype==SHARED_LOCK ){
+    UnlockFile(pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+  }
+
+  /* Update the state of the lock has held in the file descriptor then
+  ** return the appropriate result code.
+  */
+  if( res ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    OSTRACE(("LOCK FAILED %d trying for %d but got %d\n", pFile->h,
+           locktype, newLocktype));
+    pFile->lastErrno = error;
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+  pFile->locktype = (u8)newLocktype;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
+** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, return
+** non-zero, otherwise zero.
+*/
+static int winCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
+  int rc;
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
+
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK; );
+
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  if( pFile->locktype>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
+    rc = 1;
+    OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (local)\n", pFile->h, rc));
+  }else{
+    rc = LockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    if( rc ){
+      UnlockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    }
+    rc = !rc;
+    OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (remote)\n", pFile->h, rc));
+  }
+  *pResOut = rc;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lower the locking level on file descriptor id to locktype.  locktype
+** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
+** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
+**
+** It is not possible for this routine to fail if the second argument
+** is NO_LOCK.  If the second argument is SHARED_LOCK then this routine
+** might return SQLITE_IOERR;
+*/
+static int winUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int locktype){
+  int type;
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pFile!=0 );
+  assert( locktype<=SHARED_LOCK );
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK %d to %d was %d(%d)\n", pFile->h, locktype,
+          pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte));
+  type = pFile->locktype;
+  if( type>=EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
+    UnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+    if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && !getReadLock(pFile) ){
+      /* This should never happen.  We should always be able to
+      ** reacquire the read lock */
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK, "winUnlock", pFile->zPath);
+    }
+  }
+  if( type>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
+    UnlockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+  }
+  if( locktype==NO_LOCK && type>=SHARED_LOCK ){
+    unlockReadLock(pFile);
+  }
+  if( type>=PENDING_LOCK ){
+    UnlockFile(pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+  }
+  pFile->locktype = (u8)locktype;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Control and query of the open file handle.
+*/
+static int winFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
+  switch( op ){
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE: {
+      *(int*)pArg = ((winFile*)id)->locktype;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO: {
+      *(int*)pArg = (int)((winFile*)id)->lastErrno;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
+      ((winFile*)id)->szChunk = *(int *)pArg;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
+      sqlite3_int64 sz = *(sqlite3_int64*)pArg;
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+      winTruncate(id, sz);
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED: {
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the sector size in bytes of the underlying block device for
+** the specified file. This is almost always 512 bytes, but may be
+** larger for some devices.
+**
+** SQLite code assumes this function cannot fail. It also assumes that
+** if two files are created in the same file-system directory (i.e.
+** a database and its journal file) that the sector size will be the
+** same for both.
+*/
+static int winSectorSize(sqlite3_file *id){
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  return (int)(((winFile*)id)->sectorSize);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a vector of device characteristics.
+*/
+static int winDeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
+  return SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+
+/* 
+** Windows will only let you create file view mappings
+** on allocation size granularity boundaries.
+** During sqlite3_os_init() we do a GetSystemInfo()
+** to get the granularity size.
+*/
+SYSTEM_INFO winSysInfo;
+
+/*
+** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
+** global mutex is used to protect the winLockInfo objects used by 
+** this file, all of which may be shared by multiple threads.
+**
+** Function winShmMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex 
+** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert() 
+** statements. e.g.
+**
+**   winShmEnterMutex()
+**     assert( winShmMutexHeld() );
+**   winShmLeaveMutex()
+*/
+static void winShmEnterMutex(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+static void winShmLeaveMutex(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+static int winShmMutexHeld(void) {
+  return sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Object used to represent a single file opened and mmapped to provide
+** shared memory.  When multiple threads all reference the same
+** log-summary, each thread has its own winFile object, but they all
+** point to a single instance of this object.  In other words, each
+** log-summary is opened only once per process.
+**
+** winShmMutexHeld() must be true when creating or destroying
+** this object or while reading or writing the following fields:
+**
+**      nRef
+**      pNext 
+**
+** The following fields are read-only after the object is created:
+** 
+**      fid
+**      zFilename
+**
+** Either winShmNode.mutex must be held or winShmNode.nRef==0 and
+** winShmMutexHeld() is true when reading or writing any other field
+** in this structure.
+**
+*/
+struct winShmNode {
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;      /* Mutex to access this object */
+  char *zFilename;           /* Name of the file */
+  winFile hFile;             /* File handle from winOpen */
+
+  int szRegion;              /* Size of shared-memory regions */
+  int nRegion;               /* Size of array apRegion */
+  struct ShmRegion {
+    HANDLE hMap;             /* File handle from CreateFileMapping */
+    void *pMap;
+  } *aRegion;
+  DWORD lastErrno;           /* The Windows errno from the last I/O error */
+
+  int nRef;                  /* Number of winShm objects pointing to this */
+  winShm *pFirst;            /* All winShm objects pointing to this */
+  winShmNode *pNext;         /* Next in list of all winShmNode objects */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  u8 nextShmId;              /* Next available winShm.id value */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** A global array of all winShmNode objects.
+**
+** The winShmMutexHeld() must be true while reading or writing this list.
+*/
+static winShmNode *winShmNodeList = 0;
+
+/*
+** Structure used internally by this VFS to record the state of an
+** open shared memory connection.
+**
+** The following fields are initialized when this object is created and
+** are read-only thereafter:
+**
+**    winShm.pShmNode
+**    winShm.id
+**
+** All other fields are read/write.  The winShm.pShmNode->mutex must be held
+** while accessing any read/write fields.
+*/
+struct winShm {
+  winShmNode *pShmNode;      /* The underlying winShmNode object */
+  winShm *pNext;             /* Next winShm with the same winShmNode */
+  u8 hasMutex;               /* True if holding the winShmNode mutex */
+  u16 sharedMask;            /* Mask of shared locks held */
+  u16 exclMask;              /* Mask of exclusive locks held */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  u8 id;                     /* Id of this connection with its winShmNode */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** Constants used for locking
+*/
+#define WIN_SHM_BASE   ((22+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)*4)        /* first lock byte */
+#define WIN_SHM_DMS    (WIN_SHM_BASE+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)  /* deadman switch */
+
+/*
+** Apply advisory locks for all n bytes beginning at ofst.
+*/
+#define _SHM_UNLCK  1
+#define _SHM_RDLCK  2
+#define _SHM_WRLCK  3
+static int winShmSystemLock(
+  winShmNode *pFile,    /* Apply locks to this open shared-memory segment */
+  int lockType,         /* _SHM_UNLCK, _SHM_RDLCK, or _SHM_WRLCK */
+  int ofst,             /* Offset to first byte to be locked/unlocked */
+  int nByte             /* Number of bytes to lock or unlock */
+){
+  OVERLAPPED ovlp;
+  DWORD dwFlags;
+  int rc = 0;           /* Result code form Lock/UnlockFileEx() */
+
+  /* Access to the winShmNode object is serialized by the caller */
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pFile->mutex) || pFile->nRef==0 );
+
+  /* Initialize the locking parameters */
+  dwFlags = LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY;
+  if( lockType == _SHM_WRLCK ) dwFlags |= LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
+
+  memset(&ovlp, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+  ovlp.Offset = ofst;
+
+  /* Release/Acquire the system-level lock */
+  if( lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ){
+    rc = UnlockFileEx(pFile->hFile.h, 0, nByte, 0, &ovlp);
+  }else{
+    rc = LockFileEx(pFile->hFile.h, dwFlags, 0, nByte, 0, &ovlp);
+  }
+  
+  if( rc!= 0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    pFile->lastErrno =  GetLastError();
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK %d %s %s 0x%08lx\n", 
+           pFile->hFile.h,
+           rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed",
+           lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ? "UnlockFileEx" : "LockFileEx",
+           pFile->lastErrno));
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* Forward references to VFS methods */
+static int winOpen(sqlite3_vfs*,const char*,sqlite3_file*,int,int*);
+static int winDelete(sqlite3_vfs *,const char*,int);
+
+/*
+** Purge the winShmNodeList list of all entries with winShmNode.nRef==0.
+**
+** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
+** by VFS shared-memory methods.
+*/
+static void winShmPurge(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int deleteFlag){
+  winShmNode **pp;
+  winShmNode *p;
+  BOOL bRc;
+  assert( winShmMutexHeld() );
+  pp = &winShmNodeList;
+  while( (p = *pp)!=0 ){
+    if( p->nRef==0 ){
+      int i;
+      if( p->mutex ) sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex);
+      for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i++){
+        bRc = UnmapViewOfFile(p->aRegion[i].pMap);
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d unmap region=%d %s\n",
+                 (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), i,
+                 bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        bRc = CloseHandle(p->aRegion[i].hMap);
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d close region=%d %s\n",
+                 (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), i,
+                 bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+      }
+      if( p->hFile.h != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
+        SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+        winClose((sqlite3_file *)&p->hFile);
+        SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      }
+      if( deleteFlag ){
+        SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+        winDelete(pVfs, p->zFilename, 0);
+        SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      }
+      *pp = p->pNext;
+      sqlite3_free(p->aRegion);
+      sqlite3_free(p);
+    }else{
+      pp = &p->pNext;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Open the shared-memory area associated with database file pDbFd.
+**
+** When opening a new shared-memory file, if no other instances of that
+** file are currently open, in this process or in other processes, then
+** the file must be truncated to zero length or have its header cleared.
+*/
+static int winOpenSharedMemory(winFile *pDbFd){
+  struct winShm *p;                  /* The connection to be opened */
+  struct winShmNode *pShmNode = 0;   /* The underlying mmapped file */
+  int rc;                            /* Result code */
+  struct winShmNode *pNew;           /* Newly allocated winShmNode */
+  int nName;                         /* Size of zName in bytes */
+
+  assert( pDbFd->pShm==0 );    /* Not previously opened */
+
+  /* Allocate space for the new sqlite3_shm object.  Also speculatively
+  ** allocate space for a new winShmNode and filename.
+  */
+  p = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*p) );
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
+  nName = sqlite3Strlen30(pDbFd->zPath);
+  pNew = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pShmNode) + nName + 15 );
+  if( pNew==0 ){
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(*pNew));
+  pNew->zFilename = (char*)&pNew[1];
+  sqlite3_snprintf(nName+15, pNew->zFilename, "%s-shm", pDbFd->zPath);
+  sqlite3FileSuffix3(pDbFd->zPath, pNew->zFilename); 
+
+  /* Look to see if there is an existing winShmNode that can be used.
+  ** If no matching winShmNode currently exists, create a new one.
+  */
+  winShmEnterMutex();
+  for(pShmNode = winShmNodeList; pShmNode; pShmNode=pShmNode->pNext){
+    /* TBD need to come up with better match here.  Perhaps
+    ** use FILE_ID_BOTH_DIR_INFO Structure.
+    */
+    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pShmNode->zFilename, pNew->zFilename)==0 ) break;
+  }
+  if( pShmNode ){
+    sqlite3_free(pNew);
+  }else{
+    pShmNode = pNew;
+    pNew = 0;
+    ((winFile*)(&pShmNode->hFile))->h = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+    pShmNode->pNext = winShmNodeList;
+    winShmNodeList = pShmNode;
+
+    pShmNode->mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST);
+    if( pShmNode->mutex==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      goto shm_open_err;
+    }
+
+    rc = winOpen(pDbFd->pVfs,
+                 pShmNode->zFilename,             /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
+                 (sqlite3_file*)&pShmNode->hFile,  /* File handle here */
+                 SQLITE_OPEN_WAL | SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, /* Mode flags */
+                 0);
+    if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+      goto shm_open_err;
+    }
+
+    /* Check to see if another process is holding the dead-man switch.
+    ** If not, truncate the file to zero length. 
+    */
+    if( winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_WRLCK, WIN_SHM_DMS, 1)==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = winTruncate((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN, "winOpenShm", pDbFd->zPath);
+      }
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_UNLCK, WIN_SHM_DMS, 1);
+      rc = winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_RDLCK, WIN_SHM_DMS, 1);
+    }
+    if( rc ) goto shm_open_err;
+  }
+
+  /* Make the new connection a child of the winShmNode */
+  p->pShmNode = pShmNode;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  p->id = pShmNode->nextShmId++;
+#endif
+  pShmNode->nRef++;
+  pDbFd->pShm = p;
+  winShmLeaveMutex();
+
+  /* The reference count on pShmNode has already been incremented under
+  ** the cover of the winShmEnterMutex() mutex and the pointer from the
+  ** new (struct winShm) object to the pShmNode has been set. All that is
+  ** left to do is to link the new object into the linked list starting
+  ** at pShmNode->pFirst. This must be done while holding the pShmNode->mutex 
+  ** mutex.
+  */
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+  p->pNext = pShmNode->pFirst;
+  pShmNode->pFirst = p;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* Jump here on any error */
+shm_open_err:
+  winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_UNLCK, WIN_SHM_DMS, 1);
+  winShmPurge(pDbFd->pVfs, 0);      /* This call frees pShmNode if required */
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  sqlite3_free(pNew);
+  winShmLeaveMutex();
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying 
+** storage if deleteFlag is true.
+*/
+static int winShmUnmap(
+  sqlite3_file *fd,          /* Database holding shared memory */
+  int deleteFlag             /* Delete after closing if true */
+){
+  winFile *pDbFd;       /* Database holding shared-memory */
+  winShm *p;            /* The connection to be closed */
+  winShmNode *pShmNode; /* The underlying shared-memory file */
+  winShm **pp;          /* For looping over sibling connections */
+
+  pDbFd = (winFile*)fd;
+  p = pDbFd->pShm;
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  pShmNode = p->pShmNode;
+
+  /* Remove connection p from the set of connections associated
+  ** with pShmNode */
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+  for(pp=&pShmNode->pFirst; (*pp)!=p; pp = &(*pp)->pNext){}
+  *pp = p->pNext;
+
+  /* Free the connection p */
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  pDbFd->pShm = 0;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+
+  /* If pShmNode->nRef has reached 0, then close the underlying
+  ** shared-memory file, too */
+  winShmEnterMutex();
+  assert( pShmNode->nRef>0 );
+  pShmNode->nRef--;
+  if( pShmNode->nRef==0 ){
+    winShmPurge(pDbFd->pVfs, deleteFlag);
+  }
+  winShmLeaveMutex();
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the lock state for a shared-memory segment.
+*/
+static int winShmLock(
+  sqlite3_file *fd,          /* Database file holding the shared memory */
+  int ofst,                  /* First lock to acquire or release */
+  int n,                     /* Number of locks to acquire or release */
+  int flags                  /* What to do with the lock */
+){
+  winFile *pDbFd = (winFile*)fd;        /* Connection holding shared memory */
+  winShm *p = pDbFd->pShm;              /* The shared memory being locked */
+  winShm *pX;                           /* For looping over all siblings */
+  winShmNode *pShmNode = p->pShmNode;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                   /* Result code */
+  u16 mask;                             /* Mask of locks to take or release */
+
+  assert( ofst>=0 && ofst+n<=SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );
+  assert( n>=1 );
+  assert( flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE) );
+  assert( n==1 || (flags & SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)!=0 );
+
+  mask = (u16)((1U<<(ofst+n)) - (1U<<ofst));
+  assert( n>1 || mask==(1<<ofst) );
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+  if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK ){
+    u16 allMask = 0; /* Mask of locks held by siblings */
+
+    /* See if any siblings hold this same lock */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( pX==p ) continue;
+      assert( (pX->exclMask & (p->exclMask|p->sharedMask))==0 );
+      allMask |= pX->sharedMask;
+    }
+
+    /* Unlock the system-level locks */
+    if( (mask & allMask)==0 ){
+      rc = winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_UNLCK, ofst+WIN_SHM_BASE, n);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    /* Undo the local locks */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->exclMask &= ~mask;
+      p->sharedMask &= ~mask;
+    } 
+  }else if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_SHARED ){
+    u16 allShared = 0;  /* Union of locks held by connections other than "p" */
+
+    /* Find out which shared locks are already held by sibling connections.
+    ** If any sibling already holds an exclusive lock, go ahead and return
+    ** SQLITE_BUSY.
+    */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        break;
+      }
+      allShared |= pX->sharedMask;
+    }
+
+    /* Get shared locks at the system level, if necessary */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( (allShared & mask)==0 ){
+        rc = winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_RDLCK, ofst+WIN_SHM_BASE, n);
+      }else{
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Get the local shared locks */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->sharedMask |= mask;
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* Make sure no sibling connections hold locks that will block this
+    ** lock.  If any do, return SQLITE_BUSY right away.
+    */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 || (pX->sharedMask & mask)!=0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* Get the exclusive locks at the system level.  Then if successful
+    ** also mark the local connection as being locked.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_WRLCK, ofst+WIN_SHM_BASE, n);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        assert( (p->sharedMask & mask)==0 );
+        p->exclMask |= mask;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK shmid-%d, pid-%d got %03x,%03x %s\n",
+           p->id, (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), p->sharedMask, p->exclMask,
+           rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.  
+**
+** All loads and stores begun before the barrier must complete before
+** any load or store begun after the barrier.
+*/
+static void winShmBarrier(
+  sqlite3_file *fd          /* Database holding the shared memory */
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(fd);
+  /* MemoryBarrier(); // does not work -- do not know why not */
+  winShmEnterMutex();
+  winShmLeaveMutex();
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the 
+** shared-memory associated with the database file fd. Shared-memory regions 
+** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion 
+** bytes in size.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an error code is returned and *pp is set to NULL.
+**
+** Otherwise, if the isWrite parameter is 0 and the requested shared-memory
+** region has not been allocated (by any client, including one running in a
+** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If 
+** isWrite is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet 
+** been allocated, it is allocated by this function.
+**
+** If the shared-memory region has already been allocated or is allocated by
+** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes 
+** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped 
+** memory and SQLITE_OK returned.
+*/
+static int winShmMap(
+  sqlite3_file *fd,               /* Handle open on database file */
+  int iRegion,                    /* Region to retrieve */
+  int szRegion,                   /* Size of regions */
+  int isWrite,                    /* True to extend file if necessary */
+  void volatile **pp              /* OUT: Mapped memory */
+){
+  winFile *pDbFd = (winFile*)fd;
+  winShm *p = pDbFd->pShm;
+  winShmNode *pShmNode;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( !p ){
+    rc = winOpenSharedMemory(pDbFd);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    p = pDbFd->pShm;
+  }
+  pShmNode = p->pShmNode;
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+  assert( szRegion==pShmNode->szRegion || pShmNode->nRegion==0 );
+
+  if( pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion ){
+    struct ShmRegion *apNew;           /* New aRegion[] array */
+    int nByte = (iRegion+1)*szRegion;  /* Minimum required file size */
+    sqlite3_int64 sz;                  /* Current size of wal-index file */
+
+    pShmNode->szRegion = szRegion;
+
+    /* The requested region is not mapped into this processes address space.
+    ** Check to see if it has been allocated (i.e. if the wal-index file is
+    ** large enough to contain the requested region).
+    */
+    rc = winFileSize((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, &sz);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "winShmMap1", pDbFd->zPath);
+      goto shmpage_out;
+    }
+
+    if( sz<nByte ){
+      /* The requested memory region does not exist. If isWrite is set to
+      ** zero, exit early. *pp will be set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned.
+      **
+      ** Alternatively, if isWrite is non-zero, use ftruncate() to allocate
+      ** the requested memory region.
+      */
+      if( !isWrite ) goto shmpage_out;
+      rc = winTruncate((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, nByte);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "winShmMap2", pDbFd->zPath);
+        goto shmpage_out;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Map the requested memory region into this processes address space. */
+    apNew = (struct ShmRegion *)sqlite3_realloc(
+        pShmNode->aRegion, (iRegion+1)*sizeof(apNew[0])
+    );
+    if( !apNew ){
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+      goto shmpage_out;
+    }
+    pShmNode->aRegion = apNew;
+
+    while( pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion ){
+      HANDLE hMap;                /* file-mapping handle */
+      void *pMap = 0;             /* Mapped memory region */
+     
+      hMap = CreateFileMapping(pShmNode->hFile.h, 
+          NULL, PAGE_READWRITE, 0, nByte, NULL
+      );
+      OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP pid-%d create region=%d nbyte=%d %s\n",
+               (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, nByte,
+               hMap ? "ok" : "failed"));
+      if( hMap ){
+        int iOffset = pShmNode->nRegion*szRegion;
+        int iOffsetShift = iOffset % winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity;
+        pMap = MapViewOfFile(hMap, FILE_MAP_WRITE | FILE_MAP_READ,
+            0, iOffset - iOffsetShift, szRegion + iOffsetShift
+        );
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP pid-%d map region=%d offset=%d size=%d %s\n",
+                 (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, iOffset, szRegion,
+                 pMap ? "ok" : "failed"));
+      }
+      if( !pMap ){
+        pShmNode->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+        rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP, "winShmMap3", pDbFd->zPath);
+        if( hMap ) CloseHandle(hMap);
+        goto shmpage_out;
+      }
+
+      pShmNode->aRegion[pShmNode->nRegion].pMap = pMap;
+      pShmNode->aRegion[pShmNode->nRegion].hMap = hMap;
+      pShmNode->nRegion++;
+    }
+  }
+
+shmpage_out:
+  if( pShmNode->nRegion>iRegion ){
+    int iOffset = iRegion*szRegion;
+    int iOffsetShift = iOffset % winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity;
+    char *p = (char *)pShmNode->aRegion[iRegion].pMap;
+    *pp = (void *)&p[iOffsetShift];
+  }else{
+    *pp = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#else
+# define winShmMap     0
+# define winShmLock    0
+# define winShmBarrier 0
+# define winShmUnmap   0
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
+/*
+** Here ends the implementation of all sqlite3_file methods.
+**
+********************** End sqlite3_file Methods *******************************
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+** This vector defines all the methods that can operate on an
+** sqlite3_file for win32.
+*/
+static const sqlite3_io_methods winIoMethod = {
+  2,                              /* iVersion */
+  winClose,                       /* xClose */
+  winRead,                        /* xRead */
+  winWrite,                       /* xWrite */
+  winTruncate,                    /* xTruncate */
+  winSync,                        /* xSync */
+  winFileSize,                    /* xFileSize */
+  winLock,                        /* xLock */
+  winUnlock,                      /* xUnlock */
+  winCheckReservedLock,           /* xCheckReservedLock */
+  winFileControl,                 /* xFileControl */
+  winSectorSize,                  /* xSectorSize */
+  winDeviceCharacteristics,       /* xDeviceCharacteristics */
+  winShmMap,                      /* xShmMap */
+  winShmLock,                     /* xShmLock */
+  winShmBarrier,                  /* xShmBarrier */
+  winShmUnmap                     /* xShmUnmap */
+};
+
+/****************************************************************************
+**************************** sqlite3_vfs methods ****************************
+**
+** This division contains the implementation of methods on the
+** sqlite3_vfs object.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Convert a UTF-8 filename into whatever form the underlying
+** operating system wants filenames in.  Space to hold the result
+** is obtained from malloc and must be freed by the calling
+** function.
+*/
+static void *convertUtf8Filename(const char *zFilename){
+  void *zConverted = 0;
+  if( isNT() ){
+    zConverted = utf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    zConverted = sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(zFilename);
+#endif
+  }
+  /* caller will handle out of memory */
+  return zConverted;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a temporary file name in zBuf.  zBuf must be big enough to
+** hold at pVfs->mxPathname characters.
+*/
+static int getTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  static char zChars[] =
+    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+    "0123456789";
+  size_t i, j;
+  char zTempPath[MAX_PATH+1];
+
+  /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
+  ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
+  ** function failing. 
+  */
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR );
+
+  if( sqlite3_temp_directory ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", sqlite3_temp_directory);
+  }else if( isNT() ){
+    char *zMulti;
+    WCHAR zWidePath[MAX_PATH];
+    GetTempPathW(MAX_PATH-30, zWidePath);
+    zMulti = unicodeToUtf8(zWidePath);
+    if( zMulti ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zMulti);
+      free(zMulti);
+    }else{
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
+** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    char *zUtf8;
+    char zMbcsPath[MAX_PATH];
+    GetTempPathA(MAX_PATH-30, zMbcsPath);
+    zUtf8 = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zMbcsPath);
+    if( zUtf8 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zUtf8);
+      free(zUtf8);
+    }else{
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+
+  /* Check that the output buffer is large enough for the temporary file 
+  ** name. If it is not, return SQLITE_ERROR.
+  */
+  if( (sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath) + sqlite3Strlen30(SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX) + 17) >= nBuf ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  for(i=sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath); i>0 && zTempPath[i-1]=='\\'; i--){}
+  zTempPath[i] = 0;
+
+  sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-17, zBuf,
+                   "%s\\"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zTempPath);
+  j = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
+  sqlite3_randomness(15, &zBuf[j]);
+  for(i=0; i<15; i++, j++){
+    zBuf[j] = (char)zChars[ ((unsigned char)zBuf[j])%(sizeof(zChars)-1) ];
+  }
+  zBuf[j] = 0;
+
+  OSTRACE(("TEMP FILENAME: %s\n", zBuf));
+  return SQLITE_OK; 
+}
+
+/*
+** Open a file.
+*/
+static int winOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,        /* Not used */
+  const char *zName,        /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
+  sqlite3_file *id,         /* Write the SQLite file handle here */
+  int flags,                /* Open mode flags */
+  int *pOutFlags            /* Status return flags */
+){
+  HANDLE h;
+  DWORD dwDesiredAccess;
+  DWORD dwShareMode;
+  DWORD dwCreationDisposition;
+  DWORD dwFlagsAndAttributes = 0;
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  int isTemp = 0;
+#endif
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
+  void *zConverted;              /* Filename in OS encoding */
+  const char *zUtf8Name = zName; /* Filename in UTF-8 encoding */
+
+  /* If argument zPath is a NULL pointer, this function is required to open
+  ** a temporary file. Use this buffer to store the file name in.
+  */
+  char zTmpname[MAX_PATH+1];     /* Buffer used to create temp filename */
+
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;            /* Function Return Code */
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  int eType = flags&0xFFFFFF00;  /* Type of file to open */
+#endif
+
+  int isExclusive  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE);
+  int isDelete     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE);
+  int isCreate     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  int isReadonly   = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
+#endif
+  int isReadWrite  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE);
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  int isOpenJournal = (isCreate && (
+        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  ));
+#endif
+
+  /* Check the following statements are true: 
+  **
+  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and 
+  **   (b) if CREATE is set, then READWRITE must also be set, and
+  **   (c) if EXCLUSIVE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  **   (d) if DELETEONCLOSE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  */
+  assert((isReadonly==0 || isReadWrite==0) && (isReadWrite || isReadonly));
+  assert(isCreate==0 || isReadWrite);
+  assert(isExclusive==0 || isCreate);
+  assert(isDelete==0 || isCreate);
+
+  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never 
+  ** automatically deleted. Nor are they ever temporary files.  */
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_WAL );
+
+  /* Assert that the upper layer has set one of the "file-type" flags. */
+  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  );
+
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+
+  pFile->h = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+
+  /* If the second argument to this function is NULL, generate a 
+  ** temporary file name to use 
+  */
+  if( !zUtf8Name ){
+    assert(isDelete && !isOpenJournal);
+    rc = getTempname(MAX_PATH+1, zTmpname);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    zUtf8Name = zTmpname;
+  }
+
+  /* Convert the filename to the system encoding. */
+  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zUtf8Name);
+  if( zConverted==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  if( isReadWrite ){
+    dwDesiredAccess = GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE;
+  }else{
+    dwDesiredAccess = GENERIC_READ;
+  }
+
+  /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is 
+  ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access" 
+  ** as it is usually understood.
+  */
+  if( isExclusive ){
+    /* Creates a new file, only if it does not already exist. */
+    /* If the file exists, it fails. */
+    dwCreationDisposition = CREATE_NEW;
+  }else if( isCreate ){
+    /* Open existing file, or create if it doesn't exist */
+    dwCreationDisposition = OPEN_ALWAYS;
+  }else{
+    /* Opens a file, only if it exists. */
+    dwCreationDisposition = OPEN_EXISTING;
+  }
+
+  dwShareMode = FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE;
+
+  if( isDelete ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+    dwFlagsAndAttributes = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN;
+    isTemp = 1;
+#else
+    dwFlagsAndAttributes = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY
+                               | FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN
+                               | FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE;
+#endif
+  }else{
+    dwFlagsAndAttributes = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL;
+  }
+  /* Reports from the internet are that performance is always
+  ** better if FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS is used.  Ticket #2699. */
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  dwFlagsAndAttributes |= FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS;
+#endif
+
+  if( isNT() ){
+    h = CreateFileW((WCHAR*)zConverted,
+       dwDesiredAccess,
+       dwShareMode,
+       NULL,
+       dwCreationDisposition,
+       dwFlagsAndAttributes,
+       NULL
+    );
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
+** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    h = CreateFileA((char*)zConverted,
+       dwDesiredAccess,
+       dwShareMode,
+       NULL,
+       dwCreationDisposition,
+       dwFlagsAndAttributes,
+       NULL
+    );
+#endif
+  }
+
+  OSTRACE(("OPEN %d %s 0x%lx %s\n", 
+           h, zName, dwDesiredAccess, 
+           h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ? "failed" : "ok"));
+
+  if( h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN, "winOpen", zUtf8Name);
+    free(zConverted);
+    if( isReadWrite ){
+      return winOpen(pVfs, zName, id, 
+             ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)&~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)), pOutFlags);
+    }else{
+      return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( pOutFlags ){
+    if( isReadWrite ){
+      *pOutFlags = SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE;
+    }else{
+      *pOutFlags = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
+    }
+  }
+
+  memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile));
+  pFile->pMethod = &winIoMethod;
+  pFile->h = h;
+  pFile->lastErrno = NO_ERROR;
+  pFile->pVfs = pVfs;
+  pFile->pShm = 0;
+  pFile->zPath = zName;
+  pFile->sectorSize = getSectorSize(pVfs, zUtf8Name);
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  if( isReadWrite && eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB
+       && !winceCreateLock(zName, pFile)
+  ){
+    CloseHandle(h);
+    free(zConverted);
+    return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+  }
+  if( isTemp ){
+    pFile->zDeleteOnClose = zConverted;
+  }else
+#endif
+  {
+    free(zConverted);
+  }
+
+  OpenCounter(+1);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete the named file.
+**
+** Note that windows does not allow a file to be deleted if some other
+** process has it open.  Sometimes a virus scanner or indexing program
+** will open a journal file shortly after it is created in order to do
+** whatever it does.  While this other process is holding the
+** file open, we will be unable to delete it.  To work around this
+** problem, we delay 100 milliseconds and try to delete again.  Up
+** to MX_DELETION_ATTEMPTs deletion attempts are run before giving
+** up and returning an error.
+*/
+#define MX_DELETION_ATTEMPTS 5
+static int winDelete(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,          /* Not used on win32 */
+  const char *zFilename,      /* Name of file to delete */
+  int syncDir                 /* Not used on win32 */
+){
+  int cnt = 0;
+  DWORD rc;
+  DWORD error = 0;
+  void *zConverted;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(syncDir);
+
+  SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE);
+  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFilename);
+  if( zConverted==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  if( isNT() ){
+    do{
+      DeleteFileW(zConverted);
+    }while(   (   ((rc = GetFileAttributesW(zConverted)) != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES)
+               || ((error = GetLastError()) == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED))
+           && (++cnt < MX_DELETION_ATTEMPTS)
+           && (Sleep(100), 1) );
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
+** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    do{
+      DeleteFileA(zConverted);
+    }while(   (   ((rc = GetFileAttributesA(zConverted)) != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES)
+               || ((error = GetLastError()) == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED))
+           && (++cnt < MX_DELETION_ATTEMPTS)
+           && (Sleep(100), 1) );
+#endif
+  }
+  free(zConverted);
+  OSTRACE(("DELETE \"%s\" %s\n", zFilename,
+       ( (rc==INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) && (error==ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND)) ?
+         "ok" : "failed" ));
+ 
+  return (   (rc == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) 
+          && (error == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND)) ? SQLITE_OK :
+                 winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, "winDelete", zFilename);
+}
+
+/*
+** Check the existance and status of a file.
+*/
+static int winAccess(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,         /* Not used on win32 */
+  const char *zFilename,     /* Name of file to check */
+  int flags,                 /* Type of test to make on this file */
+  int *pResOut               /* OUT: Result */
+){
+  DWORD attr;
+  int rc = 0;
+  void *zConverted;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS; );
+  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFilename);
+  if( zConverted==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  if( isNT() ){
+    WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA sAttrData;
+    memset(&sAttrData, 0, sizeof(sAttrData));
+    if( GetFileAttributesExW((WCHAR*)zConverted,
+                             GetFileExInfoStandard, 
+                             &sAttrData) ){
+      /* For an SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS query, treat a zero-length file
+      ** as if it does not exist.
+      */
+      if(    flags==SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS
+          && sAttrData.nFileSizeHigh==0 
+          && sAttrData.nFileSizeLow==0 ){
+        attr = INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
+      }else{
+        attr = sAttrData.dwFileAttributes;
+      }
+    }else{
+      if( GetLastError()!=ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND ){
+        winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS, "winAccess", zFilename);
+        free(zConverted);
+        return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS;
+      }else{
+        attr = INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
+      }
+    }
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
+** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    attr = GetFileAttributesA((char*)zConverted);
+#endif
+  }
+  free(zConverted);
+  switch( flags ){
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READ:
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS:
+      rc = attr!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
+      break;
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE:
+      rc = (attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY)==0;
+      break;
+    default:
+      assert(!"Invalid flags argument");
+  }
+  *pResOut = rc;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Turn a relative pathname into a full pathname.  Write the full
+** pathname into zOut[].  zOut[] will be at least pVfs->mxPathname
+** bytes in size.
+*/
+static int winFullPathname(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,            /* Pointer to vfs object */
+  const char *zRelative,        /* Possibly relative input path */
+  int nFull,                    /* Size of output buffer in bytes */
+  char *zFull                   /* Output buffer */
+){
+  
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
+  cygwin_conv_to_full_win32_path(zRelative, zFull);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+#endif
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
+  /* WinCE has no concept of a relative pathname, or so I am told. */
+  sqlite3_snprintf(pVfs->mxPathname, zFull, "%s", zRelative);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+#endif
+
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  int nByte;
+  void *zConverted;
+  char *zOut;
+
+  /* If this path name begins with "/X:", where "X" is any alphabetic
+  ** character, discard the initial "/" from the pathname.
+  */
+  if( zRelative[0]=='/' && sqlite3Isalpha(zRelative[1]) && zRelative[2]==':' ){
+    zRelative++;
+  }
+
+  /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
+  ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
+  ** function failing. This function could fail if, for example, the
+  ** current working directory has been unlinked.
+  */
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
+  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zRelative);
+  if( isNT() ){
+    WCHAR *zTemp;
+    nByte = GetFullPathNameW((WCHAR*)zConverted, 0, 0, 0) + 3;
+    zTemp = malloc( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
+    if( zTemp==0 ){
+      free(zConverted);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    GetFullPathNameW((WCHAR*)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    free(zConverted);
+    zOut = unicodeToUtf8(zTemp);
+    free(zTemp);
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
+** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    char *zTemp;
+    nByte = GetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, 0, 0, 0) + 3;
+    zTemp = malloc( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
+    if( zTemp==0 ){
+      free(zConverted);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    GetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    free(zConverted);
+    zOut = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zTemp);
+    free(zTemp);
+#endif
+  }
+  if( zOut ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(pVfs->mxPathname, zFull, "%s", zOut);
+    free(zOut);
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Get the sector size of the device used to store
+** file.
+*/
+static int getSectorSize(
+    sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,
+    const char *zRelative     /* UTF-8 file name */
+){
+  DWORD bytesPerSector = SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
+  /* GetDiskFreeSpace is not supported under WINCE */
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(zRelative);
+#else
+  char zFullpath[MAX_PATH+1];
+  int rc;
+  DWORD dwRet = 0;
+  DWORD dwDummy;
+
+  /*
+  ** We need to get the full path name of the file
+  ** to get the drive letter to look up the sector
+  ** size.
+  */
+  SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+  rc = winFullPathname(pVfs, zRelative, MAX_PATH, zFullpath);
+  SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+  if( rc == SQLITE_OK )
+  {
+    void *zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFullpath);
+    if( zConverted ){
+      if( isNT() ){
+        /* trim path to just drive reference */
+        WCHAR *p = zConverted;
+        for(;*p;p++){
+          if( *p == '\\' ){
+            *p = '\0';
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        dwRet = GetDiskFreeSpaceW((WCHAR*)zConverted,
+                                  &dwDummy,
+                                  &bytesPerSector,
+                                  &dwDummy,
+                                  &dwDummy);
+      }else{
+        /* trim path to just drive reference */
+        char *p = (char *)zConverted;
+        for(;*p;p++){
+          if( *p == '\\' ){
+            *p = '\0';
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        dwRet = GetDiskFreeSpaceA((char*)zConverted,
+                                  &dwDummy,
+                                  &bytesPerSector,
+                                  &dwDummy,
+                                  &dwDummy);
+      }
+      free(zConverted);
+    }
+    if( !dwRet ){
+      bytesPerSector = SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  return (int) bytesPerSector; 
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+/*
+** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
+** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
+*/
+/*
+** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
+** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
+*/
+static void *winDlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zFilename){
+  HANDLE h;
+  void *zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFilename);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  if( zConverted==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( isNT() ){
+    h = LoadLibraryW((WCHAR*)zConverted);
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
+** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    h = LoadLibraryA((char*)zConverted);
+#endif
+  }
+  free(zConverted);
+  return (void*)h;
+}
+static void winDlError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  getLastErrorMsg(nBuf, zBufOut);
+}
+void (*winDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  /* The GetProcAddressA() routine is only available on wince. */
+  return (void(*)(void))GetProcAddressA((HANDLE)pHandle, zSymbol);
+#else
+  /* All other windows platforms expect GetProcAddress() to take
+  ** an Ansi string regardless of the _UNICODE setting */
+  return (void(*)(void))GetProcAddress((HANDLE)pHandle, zSymbol);
+#endif
+}
+void winDlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  FreeLibrary((HANDLE)pHandle);
+}
+#else /* if SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION is defined: */
+  #define winDlOpen  0
+  #define winDlError 0
+  #define winDlSym   0
+  #define winDlClose 0
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Write up to nBuf bytes of randomness into zBuf.
+*/
+static int winRandomness(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  int n = 0;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  n = nBuf;
+  memset(zBuf, 0, nBuf);
+#else
+  if( sizeof(SYSTEMTIME)<=nBuf-n ){
+    SYSTEMTIME x;
+    GetSystemTime(&x);
+    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &x, sizeof(x));
+    n += sizeof(x);
+  }
+  if( sizeof(DWORD)<=nBuf-n ){
+    DWORD pid = GetCurrentProcessId();
+    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &pid, sizeof(pid));
+    n += sizeof(pid);
+  }
+  if( sizeof(DWORD)<=nBuf-n ){
+    DWORD cnt = GetTickCount();
+    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &cnt, sizeof(cnt));
+    n += sizeof(cnt);
+  }
+  if( sizeof(LARGE_INTEGER)<=nBuf-n ){
+    LARGE_INTEGER i;
+    QueryPerformanceCounter(&i);
+    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &i, sizeof(i));
+    n += sizeof(i);
+  }
+#endif
+  return n;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Sleep for a little while.  Return the amount of time slept.
+*/
+static int winSleep(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int microsec){
+  Sleep((microsec+999)/1000);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  return ((microsec+999)/1000)*1000;
+}
+
+/*
+** The following variable, if set to a non-zero value, is interpreted as
+** the number of seconds since 1970 and is used to set the result of
+** sqlite3OsCurrentTime() during testing.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_current_time = 0;  /* Fake system time in seconds since 1970. */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write into *piNow
+** the current time and date as a Julian Day number times 86_400_000.  In
+** other words, write into *piNow the number of milliseconds since the Julian
+** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
+** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
+**
+** On success, return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+*/
+static int winCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
+  /* FILETIME structure is a 64-bit value representing the number of 
+     100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601 (= JD 2305813.5). 
+  */
+  FILETIME ft;
+  static const sqlite3_int64 winFiletimeEpoch = 23058135*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  static const sqlite3_int64 unixEpoch = 24405875*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
+#endif
+  /* 2^32 - to avoid use of LL and warnings in gcc */
+  static const sqlite3_int64 max32BitValue = 
+      (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 + (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 + (sqlite3_int64)294967296;
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  SYSTEMTIME time;
+  GetSystemTime(&time);
+  /* if SystemTimeToFileTime() fails, it returns zero. */
+  if (!SystemTimeToFileTime(&time,&ft)){
+    return 1;
+  }
+#else
+  GetSystemTimeAsFileTime( &ft );
+#endif
+
+  *piNow = winFiletimeEpoch +
+            ((((sqlite3_int64)ft.dwHighDateTime)*max32BitValue) + 
+               (sqlite3_int64)ft.dwLowDateTime)/(sqlite3_int64)10000;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  if( sqlite3_current_time ){
+    *piNow = 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sqlite3_current_time + unixEpoch;
+  }
+#endif
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write the
+** current time and date as a Julian Day number into *prNow and
+** return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+*/
+int winCurrentTime(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, double *prNow){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_int64 i;
+  rc = winCurrentTimeInt64(pVfs, &i);
+  if( !rc ){
+    *prNow = i/86400000.0;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The idea is that this function works like a combination of
+** GetLastError() and FormatMessage() on windows (or errno and
+** strerror_r() on unix). After an error is returned by an OS
+** function, SQLite calls this function with zBuf pointing to
+** a buffer of nBuf bytes. The OS layer should populate the
+** buffer with a nul-terminated UTF-8 encoded error message
+** describing the last IO error to have occurred within the calling
+** thread.
+**
+** If the error message is too large for the supplied buffer,
+** it should be truncated. The return value of xGetLastError
+** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
+** otherwise (if the message was truncated). If non-zero is returned,
+** then it is not necessary to include the nul-terminator character
+** in the output buffer.
+**
+** Not supplying an error message will have no adverse effect
+** on SQLite. It is fine to have an implementation that never
+** returns an error message:
+**
+**   int xGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+**     assert(zBuf[0]=='\0');
+**     return 0;
+**   }
+**
+** However if an error message is supplied, it will be incorporated
+** by sqlite into the error message available to the user using
+** sqlite3_errmsg(), possibly making IO errors easier to debug.
+*/
+static int winGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  return getLastErrorMsg(nBuf, zBuf);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** Initialize and deinitialize the operating system interface.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
+  static sqlite3_vfs winVfs = {
+    3,                   /* iVersion */
+    sizeof(winFile),     /* szOsFile */
+    MAX_PATH,            /* mxPathname */
+    0,                   /* pNext */
+    "win32",             /* zName */
+    0,                   /* pAppData */
+    winOpen,             /* xOpen */
+    winDelete,           /* xDelete */
+    winAccess,           /* xAccess */
+    winFullPathname,     /* xFullPathname */
+    winDlOpen,           /* xDlOpen */
+    winDlError,          /* xDlError */
+    winDlSym,            /* xDlSym */
+    winDlClose,          /* xDlClose */
+    winRandomness,       /* xRandomness */
+    winSleep,            /* xSleep */
+    winCurrentTime,      /* xCurrentTime */
+    winGetLastError,     /* xGetLastError */
+    winCurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */
+    0,                   /* xSetSystemCall */
+    0,                   /* xGetSystemCall */
+    0,                   /* xNextSystemCall */
+  };
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  /* get memory map allocation granularity */
+  memset(&winSysInfo, 0, sizeof(SYSTEM_INFO));
+  GetSystemInfo(&winSysInfo);
+  assert(winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity > 0);
+#endif
+
+  sqlite3_vfs_register(&winVfs, 1);
+  return SQLITE_OK; 
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){ 
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WIN */
+
+/************** End of os_win.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file bitvec.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 February 16
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file implements an object that represents a fixed-length
+** bitmap.  Bits are numbered starting with 1.
+**
+** A bitmap is used to record which pages of a database file have been
+** journalled during a transaction, or which pages have the "dont-write"
+** property.  Usually only a few pages are meet either condition.
+** So the bitmap is usually sparse and has low cardinality.
+** But sometimes (for example when during a DROP of a large table) most
+** or all of the pages in a database can get journalled.  In those cases, 
+** the bitmap becomes dense with high cardinality.  The algorithm needs 
+** to handle both cases well.
+**
+** The size of the bitmap is fixed when the object is created.
+**
+** All bits are clear when the bitmap is created.  Individual bits
+** may be set or cleared one at a time.
+**
+** Test operations are about 100 times more common that set operations.
+** Clear operations are exceedingly rare.  There are usually between
+** 5 and 500 set operations per Bitvec object, though the number of sets can
+** sometimes grow into tens of thousands or larger.  The size of the
+** Bitvec object is the number of pages in the database file at the
+** start of a transaction, and is thus usually less than a few thousand,
+** but can be as large as 2 billion for a really big database.
+*/
+
+/* Size of the Bitvec structure in bytes. */
+#define BITVEC_SZ        512
+
+/* Round the union size down to the nearest pointer boundary, since that's how 
+** it will be aligned within the Bitvec struct. */
+#define BITVEC_USIZE     (((BITVEC_SZ-(3*sizeof(u32)))/sizeof(Bitvec*))*sizeof(Bitvec*))
+
+/* Type of the array "element" for the bitmap representation. 
+** Should be a power of 2, and ideally, evenly divide into BITVEC_USIZE. 
+** Setting this to the "natural word" size of your CPU may improve
+** performance. */
+#define BITVEC_TELEM     u8
+/* Size, in bits, of the bitmap element. */
+#define BITVEC_SZELEM    8
+/* Number of elements in a bitmap array. */
+#define BITVEC_NELEM     (BITVEC_USIZE/sizeof(BITVEC_TELEM))
+/* Number of bits in the bitmap array. */
+#define BITVEC_NBIT      (BITVEC_NELEM*BITVEC_SZELEM)
+
+/* Number of u32 values in hash table. */
+#define BITVEC_NINT      (BITVEC_USIZE/sizeof(u32))
+/* Maximum number of entries in hash table before 
+** sub-dividing and re-hashing. */
+#define BITVEC_MXHASH    (BITVEC_NINT/2)
+/* Hashing function for the aHash representation.
+** Empirical testing showed that the *37 multiplier 
+** (an arbitrary prime)in the hash function provided 
+** no fewer collisions than the no-op *1. */
+#define BITVEC_HASH(X)   (((X)*1)%BITVEC_NINT)
+
+#define BITVEC_NPTR      (BITVEC_USIZE/sizeof(Bitvec *))
+
+
+/*
+** A bitmap is an instance of the following structure.
+**
+** This bitmap records the existance of zero or more bits
+** with values between 1 and iSize, inclusive.
+**
+** There are three possible representations of the bitmap.
+** If iSize<=BITVEC_NBIT, then Bitvec.u.aBitmap[] is a straight
+** bitmap.  The least significant bit is bit 1.
+**
+** If iSize>BITVEC_NBIT and iDivisor==0 then Bitvec.u.aHash[] is
+** a hash table that will hold up to BITVEC_MXHASH distinct values.
+**
+** Otherwise, the value i is redirected into one of BITVEC_NPTR
+** sub-bitmaps pointed to by Bitvec.u.apSub[].  Each subbitmap
+** handles up to iDivisor separate values of i.  apSub[0] holds
+** values between 1 and iDivisor.  apSub[1] holds values between
+** iDivisor+1 and 2*iDivisor.  apSub[N] holds values between
+** N*iDivisor+1 and (N+1)*iDivisor.  Each subbitmap is normalized
+** to hold deal with values between 1 and iDivisor.
+*/
+struct Bitvec {
+  u32 iSize;      /* Maximum bit index.  Max iSize is 4,294,967,296. */
+  u32 nSet;       /* Number of bits that are set - only valid for aHash
+                  ** element.  Max is BITVEC_NINT.  For BITVEC_SZ of 512,
+                  ** this would be 125. */
+  u32 iDivisor;   /* Number of bits handled by each apSub[] entry. */
+                  /* Should >=0 for apSub element. */
+                  /* Max iDivisor is max(u32) / BITVEC_NPTR + 1.  */
+                  /* For a BITVEC_SZ of 512, this would be 34,359,739. */
+  union {
+    BITVEC_TELEM aBitmap[BITVEC_NELEM];    /* Bitmap representation */
+    u32 aHash[BITVEC_NINT];      /* Hash table representation */
+    Bitvec *apSub[BITVEC_NPTR];  /* Recursive representation */
+  } u;
+};
+
+/*
+** Create a new bitmap object able to handle bits between 0 and iSize,
+** inclusive.  Return a pointer to the new object.  Return NULL if 
+** malloc fails.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Bitvec *sqlite3BitvecCreate(u32 iSize){
+  Bitvec *p;
+  assert( sizeof(*p)==BITVEC_SZ );
+  p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
+  if( p ){
+    p->iSize = iSize;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check to see if the i-th bit is set.  Return true or false.
+** If p is NULL (if the bitmap has not been created) or if
+** i is out of range, then return false.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecTest(Bitvec *p, u32 i){
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;
+  if( i>p->iSize || i==0 ) return 0;
+  i--;
+  while( p->iDivisor ){
+    u32 bin = i/p->iDivisor;
+    i = i%p->iDivisor;
+    p = p->u.apSub[bin];
+    if (!p) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  if( p->iSize<=BITVEC_NBIT ){
+    return (p->u.aBitmap[i/BITVEC_SZELEM] & (1<<(i&(BITVEC_SZELEM-1))))!=0;
+  } else{
+    u32 h = BITVEC_HASH(i++);
+    while( p->u.aHash[h] ){
+      if( p->u.aHash[h]==i ) return 1;
+      h = (h+1) % BITVEC_NINT;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the i-th bit.  Return 0 on success and an error code if
+** anything goes wrong.
+**
+** This routine might cause sub-bitmaps to be allocated.  Failing
+** to get the memory needed to hold the sub-bitmap is the only
+** that can go wrong with an insert, assuming p and i are valid.
+**
+** The calling function must ensure that p is a valid Bitvec object
+** and that the value for "i" is within range of the Bitvec object.
+** Otherwise the behavior is undefined.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecSet(Bitvec *p, u32 i){
+  u32 h;
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( i>0 );
+  assert( i<=p->iSize );
+  i--;
+  while((p->iSize > BITVEC_NBIT) && p->iDivisor) {
+    u32 bin = i/p->iDivisor;
+    i = i%p->iDivisor;
+    if( p->u.apSub[bin]==0 ){
+      p->u.apSub[bin] = sqlite3BitvecCreate( p->iDivisor );
+      if( p->u.apSub[bin]==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    p = p->u.apSub[bin];
+  }
+  if( p->iSize<=BITVEC_NBIT ){
+    p->u.aBitmap[i/BITVEC_SZELEM] |= 1 << (i&(BITVEC_SZELEM-1));
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  h = BITVEC_HASH(i++);
+  /* if there wasn't a hash collision, and this doesn't */
+  /* completely fill the hash, then just add it without */
+  /* worring about sub-dividing and re-hashing. */
+  if( !p->u.aHash[h] ){
+    if (p->nSet<(BITVEC_NINT-1)) {
+      goto bitvec_set_end;
+    } else {
+      goto bitvec_set_rehash;
+    }
+  }
+  /* there was a collision, check to see if it's already */
+  /* in hash, if not, try to find a spot for it */
+  do {
+    if( p->u.aHash[h]==i ) return SQLITE_OK;
+    h++;
+    if( h>=BITVEC_NINT ) h = 0;
+  } while( p->u.aHash[h] );
+  /* we didn't find it in the hash.  h points to the first */
+  /* available free spot. check to see if this is going to */
+  /* make our hash too "full".  */
+bitvec_set_rehash:
+  if( p->nSet>=BITVEC_MXHASH ){
+    unsigned int j;
+    int rc;
+    u32 *aiValues = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(0, sizeof(p->u.aHash));
+    if( aiValues==0 ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      memcpy(aiValues, p->u.aHash, sizeof(p->u.aHash));
+      memset(p->u.apSub, 0, sizeof(p->u.apSub));
+      p->iDivisor = (p->iSize + BITVEC_NPTR - 1)/BITVEC_NPTR;
+      rc = sqlite3BitvecSet(p, i);
+      for(j=0; j<BITVEC_NINT; j++){
+        if( aiValues[j] ) rc |= sqlite3BitvecSet(p, aiValues[j]);
+      }
+      sqlite3StackFree(0, aiValues);
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }
+bitvec_set_end:
+  p->nSet++;
+  p->u.aHash[h] = i;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear the i-th bit.
+**
+** pBuf must be a pointer to at least BITVEC_SZ bytes of temporary storage
+** that BitvecClear can use to rebuilt its hash table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BitvecClear(Bitvec *p, u32 i, void *pBuf){
+  if( p==0 ) return;
+  assert( i>0 );
+  i--;
+  while( p->iDivisor ){
+    u32 bin = i/p->iDivisor;
+    i = i%p->iDivisor;
+    p = p->u.apSub[bin];
+    if (!p) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  if( p->iSize<=BITVEC_NBIT ){
+    p->u.aBitmap[i/BITVEC_SZELEM] &= ~(1 << (i&(BITVEC_SZELEM-1)));
+  }else{
+    unsigned int j;
+    u32 *aiValues = pBuf;
+    memcpy(aiValues, p->u.aHash, sizeof(p->u.aHash));
+    memset(p->u.aHash, 0, sizeof(p->u.aHash));
+    p->nSet = 0;
+    for(j=0; j<BITVEC_NINT; j++){
+      if( aiValues[j] && aiValues[j]!=(i+1) ){
+        u32 h = BITVEC_HASH(aiValues[j]-1);
+        p->nSet++;
+        while( p->u.aHash[h] ){
+          h++;
+          if( h>=BITVEC_NINT ) h = 0;
+        }
+        p->u.aHash[h] = aiValues[j];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Destroy a bitmap object.  Reclaim all memory used.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BitvecDestroy(Bitvec *p){
+  if( p==0 ) return;
+  if( p->iDivisor ){
+    unsigned int i;
+    for(i=0; i<BITVEC_NPTR; i++){
+      sqlite3BitvecDestroy(p->u.apSub[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the value of the iSize parameter specified when Bitvec *p
+** was created.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BitvecSize(Bitvec *p){
+  return p->iSize;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+/*
+** Let V[] be an array of unsigned characters sufficient to hold
+** up to N bits.  Let I be an integer between 0 and N.  0<=I<N.
+** Then the following macros can be used to set, clear, or test
+** individual bits within V.
+*/
+#define SETBIT(V,I)      V[I>>3] |= (1<<(I&7))
+#define CLEARBIT(V,I)    V[I>>3] &= ~(1<<(I&7))
+#define TESTBIT(V,I)     (V[I>>3]&(1<<(I&7)))!=0
+
+/*
+** This routine runs an extensive test of the Bitvec code.
+**
+** The input is an array of integers that acts as a program
+** to test the Bitvec.  The integers are opcodes followed
+** by 0, 1, or 3 operands, depending on the opcode.  Another
+** opcode follows immediately after the last operand.
+**
+** There are 6 opcodes numbered from 0 through 5.  0 is the
+** "halt" opcode and causes the test to end.
+**
+**    0          Halt and return the number of errors
+**    1 N S X    Set N bits beginning with S and incrementing by X
+**    2 N S X    Clear N bits beginning with S and incrementing by X
+**    3 N        Set N randomly chosen bits
+**    4 N        Clear N randomly chosen bits
+**    5 N S X    Set N bits from S increment X in array only, not in bitvec
+**
+** The opcodes 1 through 4 perform set and clear operations are performed
+** on both a Bitvec object and on a linear array of bits obtained from malloc.
+** Opcode 5 works on the linear array only, not on the Bitvec.
+** Opcode 5 is used to deliberately induce a fault in order to
+** confirm that error detection works.
+**
+** At the conclusion of the test the linear array is compared
+** against the Bitvec object.  If there are any differences,
+** an error is returned.  If they are the same, zero is returned.
+**
+** If a memory allocation error occurs, return -1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecBuiltinTest(int sz, int *aOp){
+  Bitvec *pBitvec = 0;
+  unsigned char *pV = 0;
+  int rc = -1;
+  int i, nx, pc, op;
+  void *pTmpSpace;
+
+  /* Allocate the Bitvec to be tested and a linear array of
+  ** bits to act as the reference */
+  pBitvec = sqlite3BitvecCreate( sz );
+  pV = sqlite3_malloc( (sz+7)/8 + 1 );
+  pTmpSpace = sqlite3_malloc(BITVEC_SZ);
+  if( pBitvec==0 || pV==0 || pTmpSpace==0  ) goto bitvec_end;
+  memset(pV, 0, (sz+7)/8 + 1);
+
+  /* NULL pBitvec tests */
+  sqlite3BitvecSet(0, 1);
+  sqlite3BitvecClear(0, 1, pTmpSpace);
+
+  /* Run the program */
+  pc = 0;
+  while( (op = aOp[pc])!=0 ){
+    switch( op ){
+      case 1:
+      case 2:
+      case 5: {
+        nx = 4;
+        i = aOp[pc+2] - 1;
+        aOp[pc+2] += aOp[pc+3];
+        break;
+      }
+      case 3:
+      case 4: 
+      default: {
+        nx = 2;
+        sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(i), &i);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if( (--aOp[pc+1]) > 0 ) nx = 0;
+    pc += nx;
+    i = (i & 0x7fffffff)%sz;
+    if( (op & 1)!=0 ){
+      SETBIT(pV, (i+1));
+      if( op!=5 ){
+        if( sqlite3BitvecSet(pBitvec, i+1) ) goto bitvec_end;
+      }
+    }else{
+      CLEARBIT(pV, (i+1));
+      sqlite3BitvecClear(pBitvec, i+1, pTmpSpace);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Test to make sure the linear array exactly matches the
+  ** Bitvec object.  Start with the assumption that they do
+  ** match (rc==0).  Change rc to non-zero if a discrepancy
+  ** is found.
+  */
+  rc = sqlite3BitvecTest(0,0) + sqlite3BitvecTest(pBitvec, sz+1)
+          + sqlite3BitvecTest(pBitvec, 0)
+          + (sqlite3BitvecSize(pBitvec) - sz);
+  for(i=1; i<=sz; i++){
+    if(  (TESTBIT(pV,i))!=sqlite3BitvecTest(pBitvec,i) ){
+      rc = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Free allocated structure */
+bitvec_end:
+  sqlite3_free(pTmpSpace);
+  sqlite3_free(pV);
+  sqlite3BitvecDestroy(pBitvec);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST */
+
+/************** End of bitvec.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file pcache.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 August 05
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file implements that page cache.
+*/
+
+/*
+** A complete page cache is an instance of this structure.
+*/
+struct PCache {
+  PgHdr *pDirty, *pDirtyTail;         /* List of dirty pages in LRU order */
+  PgHdr *pSynced;                     /* Last synced page in dirty page list */
+  int nRef;                           /* Number of referenced pages */
+  int nMax;                           /* Configured cache size */
+  int szPage;                         /* Size of every page in this cache */
+  int szExtra;                        /* Size of extra space for each page */
+  int bPurgeable;                     /* True if pages are on backing store */
+  int (*xStress)(void*,PgHdr*);       /* Call to try make a page clean */
+  void *pStress;                      /* Argument to xStress */
+  sqlite3_pcache *pCache;             /* Pluggable cache module */
+  PgHdr *pPage1;                      /* Reference to page 1 */
+};
+
+/*
+** Some of the assert() macros in this code are too expensive to run
+** even during normal debugging.  Use them only rarely on long-running
+** tests.  Enable the expensive asserts using the
+** -DSQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT=1 compile-time option.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT
+# define expensive_assert(X)  assert(X)
+#else
+# define expensive_assert(X)
+#endif
+
+/********************************** Linked List Management ********************/
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT)
+/*
+** Check that the pCache->pSynced variable is set correctly. If it
+** is not, either fail an assert or return zero. Otherwise, return
+** non-zero. This is only used in debugging builds, as follows:
+**
+**   expensive_assert( pcacheCheckSynced(pCache) );
+*/
+static int pcacheCheckSynced(PCache *pCache){
+  PgHdr *p;
+  for(p=pCache->pDirtyTail; p!=pCache->pSynced; p=p->pDirtyPrev){
+    assert( p->nRef || (p->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC) );
+  }
+  return (p==0 || p->nRef || (p->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)==0);
+}
+#endif /* !NDEBUG && SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT */
+
+/*
+** Remove page pPage from the list of dirty pages.
+*/
+static void pcacheRemoveFromDirtyList(PgHdr *pPage){
+  PCache *p = pPage->pCache;
+
+  assert( pPage->pDirtyNext || pPage==p->pDirtyTail );
+  assert( pPage->pDirtyPrev || pPage==p->pDirty );
+
+  /* Update the PCache1.pSynced variable if necessary. */
+  if( p->pSynced==pPage ){
+    PgHdr *pSynced = pPage->pDirtyPrev;
+    while( pSynced && (pSynced->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC) ){
+      pSynced = pSynced->pDirtyPrev;
+    }
+    p->pSynced = pSynced;
+  }
+
+  if( pPage->pDirtyNext ){
+    pPage->pDirtyNext->pDirtyPrev = pPage->pDirtyPrev;
+  }else{
+    assert( pPage==p->pDirtyTail );
+    p->pDirtyTail = pPage->pDirtyPrev;
+  }
+  if( pPage->pDirtyPrev ){
+    pPage->pDirtyPrev->pDirtyNext = pPage->pDirtyNext;
+  }else{
+    assert( pPage==p->pDirty );
+    p->pDirty = pPage->pDirtyNext;
+  }
+  pPage->pDirtyNext = 0;
+  pPage->pDirtyPrev = 0;
+
+  expensive_assert( pcacheCheckSynced(p) );
+}
+
+/*
+** Add page pPage to the head of the dirty list (PCache1.pDirty is set to
+** pPage).
+*/
+static void pcacheAddToDirtyList(PgHdr *pPage){
+  PCache *p = pPage->pCache;
+
+  assert( pPage->pDirtyNext==0 && pPage->pDirtyPrev==0 && p->pDirty!=pPage );
+
+  pPage->pDirtyNext = p->pDirty;
+  if( pPage->pDirtyNext ){
+    assert( pPage->pDirtyNext->pDirtyPrev==0 );
+    pPage->pDirtyNext->pDirtyPrev = pPage;
+  }
+  p->pDirty = pPage;
+  if( !p->pDirtyTail ){
+    p->pDirtyTail = pPage;
+  }
+  if( !p->pSynced && 0==(pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC) ){
+    p->pSynced = pPage;
+  }
+  expensive_assert( pcacheCheckSynced(p) );
+}
+
+/*
+** Wrapper around the pluggable caches xUnpin method. If the cache is
+** being used for an in-memory database, this function is a no-op.
+*/
+static void pcacheUnpin(PgHdr *p){
+  PCache *pCache = p->pCache;
+  if( pCache->bPurgeable ){
+    if( p->pgno==1 ){
+      pCache->pPage1 = 0;
+    }
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xUnpin(pCache->pCache, p, 0);
+  }
+}
+
+/*************************************************** General Interfaces ******
+**
+** Initialize and shutdown the page cache subsystem. Neither of these 
+** functions are threadsafe.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheInitialize(void){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xInit==0 ){
+    /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-26801-64137 If the xInit() method is NULL, then the
+    ** built-in default page cache is used instead of the application defined
+    ** page cache. */
+    sqlite3PCacheSetDefault();
+  }
+  return sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xInit(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.pArg);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheShutdown(void){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xShutdown ){
+    /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-26000-56589 The xShutdown() method may be NULL. */
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xShutdown(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.pArg);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the size in bytes of a PCache object.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheSize(void){ return sizeof(PCache); }
+
+/*
+** Create a new PCache object. Storage space to hold the object
+** has already been allocated and is passed in as the p pointer. 
+** The caller discovers how much space needs to be allocated by 
+** calling sqlite3PcacheSize().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheOpen(
+  int szPage,                  /* Size of every page */
+  int szExtra,                 /* Extra space associated with each page */
+  int bPurgeable,              /* True if pages are on backing store */
+  int (*xStress)(void*,PgHdr*),/* Call to try to make pages clean */
+  void *pStress,               /* Argument to xStress */
+  PCache *p                    /* Preallocated space for the PCache */
+){
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(PCache));
+  p->szPage = szPage;
+  p->szExtra = szExtra;
+  p->bPurgeable = bPurgeable;
+  p->xStress = xStress;
+  p->pStress = pStress;
+  p->nMax = 100;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the page size for PCache object. The caller must ensure that there
+** are no outstanding page references when this function is called.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheSetPageSize(PCache *pCache, int szPage){
+  assert( pCache->nRef==0 && pCache->pDirty==0 );
+  if( pCache->pCache ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xDestroy(pCache->pCache);
+    pCache->pCache = 0;
+    pCache->pPage1 = 0;
+  }
+  pCache->szPage = szPage;
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to obtain a page from the cache.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheFetch(
+  PCache *pCache,       /* Obtain the page from this cache */
+  Pgno pgno,            /* Page number to obtain */
+  int createFlag,       /* If true, create page if it does not exist already */
+  PgHdr **ppPage        /* Write the page here */
+){
+  PgHdr *pPage = 0;
+  int eCreate;
+
+  assert( pCache!=0 );
+  assert( createFlag==1 || createFlag==0 );
+  assert( pgno>0 );
+
+  /* If the pluggable cache (sqlite3_pcache*) has not been allocated,
+  ** allocate it now.
+  */
+  if( !pCache->pCache && createFlag ){
+    sqlite3_pcache *p;
+    int nByte;
+    nByte = pCache->szPage + pCache->szExtra + sizeof(PgHdr);
+    p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xCreate(nByte, pCache->bPurgeable);
+    if( !p ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xCachesize(p, pCache->nMax);
+    pCache->pCache = p;
+  }
+
+  eCreate = createFlag * (1 + (!pCache->bPurgeable || !pCache->pDirty));
+  if( pCache->pCache ){
+    pPage = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xFetch(pCache->pCache, pgno, eCreate);
+  }
+
+  if( !pPage && eCreate==1 ){
+    PgHdr *pPg;
+
+    /* Find a dirty page to write-out and recycle. First try to find a 
+    ** page that does not require a journal-sync (one with PGHDR_NEED_SYNC
+    ** cleared), but if that is not possible settle for any other 
+    ** unreferenced dirty page.
+    */
+    expensive_assert( pcacheCheckSynced(pCache) );
+    for(pPg=pCache->pSynced; 
+        pPg && (pPg->nRef || (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)); 
+        pPg=pPg->pDirtyPrev
+    );
+    pCache->pSynced = pPg;
+    if( !pPg ){
+      for(pPg=pCache->pDirtyTail; pPg && pPg->nRef; pPg=pPg->pDirtyPrev);
+    }
+    if( pPg ){
+      int rc;
+#ifdef SQLITE_LOG_CACHE_SPILL
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_FULL, 
+                  "spill page %d making room for %d - cache used: %d/%d",
+                  pPg->pgno, pgno,
+                  sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xPagecount(pCache->pCache),
+                  pCache->nMax);
+#endif
+      rc = pCache->xStress(pCache->pStress, pPg);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+
+    pPage = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xFetch(pCache->pCache, pgno, 2);
+  }
+
+  if( pPage ){
+    if( !pPage->pData ){
+      memset(pPage, 0, sizeof(PgHdr));
+      pPage->pData = (void *)&pPage[1];
+      pPage->pExtra = (void*)&((char *)pPage->pData)[pCache->szPage];
+      memset(pPage->pExtra, 0, pCache->szExtra);
+      pPage->pCache = pCache;
+      pPage->pgno = pgno;
+    }
+    assert( pPage->pCache==pCache );
+    assert( pPage->pgno==pgno );
+    assert( pPage->pData==(void *)&pPage[1] );
+    assert( pPage->pExtra==(void *)&((char *)&pPage[1])[pCache->szPage] );
+
+    if( 0==pPage->nRef ){
+      pCache->nRef++;
+    }
+    pPage->nRef++;
+    if( pgno==1 ){
+      pCache->pPage1 = pPage;
+    }
+  }
+  *ppPage = pPage;
+  return (pPage==0 && eCreate) ? SQLITE_NOMEM : SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Decrement the reference count on a page. If the page is clean and the
+** reference count drops to 0, then it is made elible for recycling.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheRelease(PgHdr *p){
+  assert( p->nRef>0 );
+  p->nRef--;
+  if( p->nRef==0 ){
+    PCache *pCache = p->pCache;
+    pCache->nRef--;
+    if( (p->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY)==0 ){
+      pcacheUnpin(p);
+    }else{
+      /* Move the page to the head of the dirty list. */
+      pcacheRemoveFromDirtyList(p);
+      pcacheAddToDirtyList(p);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Increase the reference count of a supplied page by 1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheRef(PgHdr *p){
+  assert(p->nRef>0);
+  p->nRef++;
+}
+
+/*
+** Drop a page from the cache. There must be exactly one reference to the
+** page. This function deletes that reference, so after it returns the
+** page pointed to by p is invalid.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheDrop(PgHdr *p){
+  PCache *pCache;
+  assert( p->nRef==1 );
+  if( p->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY ){
+    pcacheRemoveFromDirtyList(p);
+  }
+  pCache = p->pCache;
+  pCache->nRef--;
+  if( p->pgno==1 ){
+    pCache->pPage1 = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xUnpin(pCache->pCache, p, 1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Make sure the page is marked as dirty. If it isn't dirty already,
+** make it so.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(PgHdr *p){
+  p->flags &= ~PGHDR_DONT_WRITE;
+  assert( p->nRef>0 );
+  if( 0==(p->flags & PGHDR_DIRTY) ){
+    p->flags |= PGHDR_DIRTY;
+    pcacheAddToDirtyList( p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Make sure the page is marked as clean. If it isn't clean already,
+** make it so.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheMakeClean(PgHdr *p){
+  if( (p->flags & PGHDR_DIRTY) ){
+    pcacheRemoveFromDirtyList(p);
+    p->flags &= ~(PGHDR_DIRTY|PGHDR_NEED_SYNC);
+    if( p->nRef==0 ){
+      pcacheUnpin(p);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Make every page in the cache clean.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(PCache *pCache){
+  PgHdr *p;
+  while( (p = pCache->pDirty)!=0 ){
+    sqlite3PcacheMakeClean(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag from all dirty pages.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheClearSyncFlags(PCache *pCache){
+  PgHdr *p;
+  for(p=pCache->pDirty; p; p=p->pDirtyNext){
+    p->flags &= ~PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
+  }
+  pCache->pSynced = pCache->pDirtyTail;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the page number of page p to newPgno. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheMove(PgHdr *p, Pgno newPgno){
+  PCache *pCache = p->pCache;
+  assert( p->nRef>0 );
+  assert( newPgno>0 );
+  sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xRekey(pCache->pCache, p, p->pgno, newPgno);
+  p->pgno = newPgno;
+  if( (p->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY) && (p->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC) ){
+    pcacheRemoveFromDirtyList(p);
+    pcacheAddToDirtyList(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Drop every cache entry whose page number is greater than "pgno". The
+** caller must ensure that there are no outstanding references to any pages
+** other than page 1 with a page number greater than pgno.
+**
+** If there is a reference to page 1 and the pgno parameter passed to this
+** function is 0, then the data area associated with page 1 is zeroed, but
+** the page object is not dropped.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheTruncate(PCache *pCache, Pgno pgno){
+  if( pCache->pCache ){
+    PgHdr *p;
+    PgHdr *pNext;
+    for(p=pCache->pDirty; p; p=pNext){
+      pNext = p->pDirtyNext;
+      /* This routine never gets call with a positive pgno except right
+      ** after sqlite3PcacheCleanAll().  So if there are dirty pages,
+      ** it must be that pgno==0.
+      */
+      assert( p->pgno>0 );
+      if( ALWAYS(p->pgno>pgno) ){
+        assert( p->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );
+        sqlite3PcacheMakeClean(p);
+      }
+    }
+    if( pgno==0 && pCache->pPage1 ){
+      memset(pCache->pPage1->pData, 0, pCache->szPage);
+      pgno = 1;
+    }
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xTruncate(pCache->pCache, pgno+1);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a cache.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheClose(PCache *pCache){
+  if( pCache->pCache ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xDestroy(pCache->pCache);
+  }
+}
+
+/* 
+** Discard the contents of the cache.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheClear(PCache *pCache){
+  sqlite3PcacheTruncate(pCache, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Merge two lists of pages connected by pDirty and in pgno order.
+** Do not both fixing the pDirtyPrev pointers.
+*/
+static PgHdr *pcacheMergeDirtyList(PgHdr *pA, PgHdr *pB){
+  PgHdr result, *pTail;
+  pTail = &result;
+  while( pA && pB ){
+    if( pA->pgno<pB->pgno ){
+      pTail->pDirty = pA;
+      pTail = pA;
+      pA = pA->pDirty;
+    }else{
+      pTail->pDirty = pB;
+      pTail = pB;
+      pB = pB->pDirty;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pA ){
+    pTail->pDirty = pA;
+  }else if( pB ){
+    pTail->pDirty = pB;
+  }else{
+    pTail->pDirty = 0;
+  }
+  return result.pDirty;
+}
+
+/*
+** Sort the list of pages in accending order by pgno.  Pages are
+** connected by pDirty pointers.  The pDirtyPrev pointers are
+** corrupted by this sort.
+**
+** Since there cannot be more than 2^31 distinct pages in a database,
+** there cannot be more than 31 buckets required by the merge sorter.
+** One extra bucket is added to catch overflow in case something
+** ever changes to make the previous sentence incorrect.
+*/
+#define N_SORT_BUCKET  32
+static PgHdr *pcacheSortDirtyList(PgHdr *pIn){
+  PgHdr *a[N_SORT_BUCKET], *p;
+  int i;
+  memset(a, 0, sizeof(a));
+  while( pIn ){
+    p = pIn;
+    pIn = p->pDirty;
+    p->pDirty = 0;
+    for(i=0; ALWAYS(i<N_SORT_BUCKET-1); i++){
+      if( a[i]==0 ){
+        a[i] = p;
+        break;
+      }else{
+        p = pcacheMergeDirtyList(a[i], p);
+        a[i] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    if( NEVER(i==N_SORT_BUCKET-1) ){
+      /* To get here, there need to be 2^(N_SORT_BUCKET) elements in
+      ** the input list.  But that is impossible.
+      */
+      a[i] = pcacheMergeDirtyList(a[i], p);
+    }
+  }
+  p = a[0];
+  for(i=1; i<N_SORT_BUCKET; i++){
+    p = pcacheMergeDirtyList(p, a[i]);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a list of all dirty pages in the cache, sorted by page number.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE PgHdr *sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(PCache *pCache){
+  PgHdr *p;
+  for(p=pCache->pDirty; p; p=p->pDirtyNext){
+    p->pDirty = p->pDirtyNext;
+  }
+  return pcacheSortDirtyList(pCache->pDirty);
+}
+
+/* 
+** Return the total number of referenced pages held by the cache.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheRefCount(PCache *pCache){
+  return pCache->nRef;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of references to the page supplied as an argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcachePageRefcount(PgHdr *p){
+  return p->nRef;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Return the total number of pages in the cache.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcachePagecount(PCache *pCache){
+  int nPage = 0;
+  if( pCache->pCache ){
+    nPage = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xPagecount(pCache->pCache);
+  }
+  return nPage;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+/*
+** Get the suggested cache-size value.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheGetCachesize(PCache *pCache){
+  return pCache->nMax;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Set the suggested cache-size value.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheSetCachesize(PCache *pCache, int mxPage){
+  pCache->nMax = mxPage;
+  if( pCache->pCache ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xCachesize(pCache->pCache, mxPage);
+  }
+}
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/*
+** For all dirty pages currently in the cache, invoke the specified
+** callback. This is only used if the SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES macro is
+** defined.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheIterateDirty(PCache *pCache, void (*xIter)(PgHdr *)){
+  PgHdr *pDirty;
+  for(pDirty=pCache->pDirty; pDirty; pDirty=pDirty->pDirtyNext){
+    xIter(pDirty);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/************** End of pcache.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file pcache1.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 November 05
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file implements the default page cache implementation (the
+** sqlite3_pcache interface). It also contains part of the implementation
+** of the SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE and sqlite3_release_memory() features.
+** If the default page cache implementation is overriden, then neither of
+** these two features are available.
+*/
+
+
+typedef struct PCache1 PCache1;
+typedef struct PgHdr1 PgHdr1;
+typedef struct PgFreeslot PgFreeslot;
+typedef struct PGroup PGroup;
+
+/* Each page cache (or PCache) belongs to a PGroup.  A PGroup is a set 
+** of one or more PCaches that are able to recycle each others unpinned
+** pages when they are under memory pressure.  A PGroup is an instance of
+** the following object.
+**
+** This page cache implementation works in one of two modes:
+**
+**   (1)  Every PCache is the sole member of its own PGroup.  There is
+**        one PGroup per PCache.
+**
+**   (2)  There is a single global PGroup that all PCaches are a member
+**        of.
+**
+** Mode 1 uses more memory (since PCache instances are not able to rob
+** unused pages from other PCaches) but it also operates without a mutex,
+** and is therefore often faster.  Mode 2 requires a mutex in order to be
+** threadsafe, but is able recycle pages more efficient.
+**
+** For mode (1), PGroup.mutex is NULL.  For mode (2) there is only a single
+** PGroup which is the pcache1.grp global variable and its mutex is
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU.
+*/
+struct PGroup {
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;          /* MUTEX_STATIC_LRU or NULL */
+  int nMaxPage;                  /* Sum of nMax for purgeable caches */
+  int nMinPage;                  /* Sum of nMin for purgeable caches */
+  int mxPinned;                  /* nMaxpage + 10 - nMinPage */
+  int nCurrentPage;              /* Number of purgeable pages allocated */
+  PgHdr1 *pLruHead, *pLruTail;   /* LRU list of unpinned pages */
+};
+
+/* Each page cache is an instance of the following object.  Every
+** open database file (including each in-memory database and each
+** temporary or transient database) has a single page cache which
+** is an instance of this object.
+**
+** Pointers to structures of this type are cast and returned as 
+** opaque sqlite3_pcache* handles.
+*/
+struct PCache1 {
+  /* Cache configuration parameters. Page size (szPage) and the purgeable
+  ** flag (bPurgeable) are set when the cache is created. nMax may be 
+  ** modified at any time by a call to the pcache1CacheSize() method.
+  ** The PGroup mutex must be held when accessing nMax.
+  */
+  PGroup *pGroup;                     /* PGroup this cache belongs to */
+  int szPage;                         /* Size of allocated pages in bytes */
+  int bPurgeable;                     /* True if cache is purgeable */
+  unsigned int nMin;                  /* Minimum number of pages reserved */
+  unsigned int nMax;                  /* Configured "cache_size" value */
+  unsigned int n90pct;                /* nMax*9/10 */
+
+  /* Hash table of all pages. The following variables may only be accessed
+  ** when the accessor is holding the PGroup mutex.
+  */
+  unsigned int nRecyclable;           /* Number of pages in the LRU list */
+  unsigned int nPage;                 /* Total number of pages in apHash */
+  unsigned int nHash;                 /* Number of slots in apHash[] */
+  PgHdr1 **apHash;                    /* Hash table for fast lookup by key */
+
+  unsigned int iMaxKey;               /* Largest key seen since xTruncate() */
+};
+
+/*
+** Each cache entry is represented by an instance of the following 
+** structure. A buffer of PgHdr1.pCache->szPage bytes is allocated 
+** directly before this structure in memory (see the PGHDR1_TO_PAGE() 
+** macro below).
+*/
+struct PgHdr1 {
+  unsigned int iKey;             /* Key value (page number) */
+  PgHdr1 *pNext;                 /* Next in hash table chain */
+  PCache1 *pCache;               /* Cache that currently owns this page */
+  PgHdr1 *pLruNext;              /* Next in LRU list of unpinned pages */
+  PgHdr1 *pLruPrev;              /* Previous in LRU list of unpinned pages */
+};
+
+/*
+** Free slots in the allocator used to divide up the buffer provided using
+** the SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE mechanism.
+*/
+struct PgFreeslot {
+  PgFreeslot *pNext;  /* Next free slot */
+};
+
+/*
+** Global data used by this cache.
+*/
+static SQLITE_WSD struct PCacheGlobal {
+  PGroup grp;                    /* The global PGroup for mode (2) */
+
+  /* Variables related to SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE settings.  The
+  ** szSlot, nSlot, pStart, pEnd, nReserve, and isInit values are all
+  ** fixed at sqlite3_initialize() time and do not require mutex protection.
+  ** The nFreeSlot and pFree values do require mutex protection.
+  */
+  int isInit;                    /* True if initialized */
+  int szSlot;                    /* Size of each free slot */
+  int nSlot;                     /* The number of pcache slots */
+  int nReserve;                  /* Try to keep nFreeSlot above this */
+  void *pStart, *pEnd;           /* Bounds of pagecache malloc range */
+  /* Above requires no mutex.  Use mutex below for variable that follow. */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;          /* Mutex for accessing the following: */
+  int nFreeSlot;                 /* Number of unused pcache slots */
+  PgFreeslot *pFree;             /* Free page blocks */
+  /* The following value requires a mutex to change.  We skip the mutex on
+  ** reading because (1) most platforms read a 32-bit integer atomically and
+  ** (2) even if an incorrect value is read, no great harm is done since this
+  ** is really just an optimization. */
+  int bUnderPressure;            /* True if low on PAGECACHE memory */
+} pcache1_g;
+
+/*
+** All code in this file should access the global structure above via the
+** alias "pcache1". This ensures that the WSD emulation is used when
+** compiling for systems that do not support real WSD.
+*/
+#define pcache1 (GLOBAL(struct PCacheGlobal, pcache1_g))
+
+/*
+** When a PgHdr1 structure is allocated, the associated PCache1.szPage
+** bytes of data are located directly before it in memory (i.e. the total
+** size of the allocation is sizeof(PgHdr1)+PCache1.szPage byte). The
+** PGHDR1_TO_PAGE() macro takes a pointer to a PgHdr1 structure as
+** an argument and returns a pointer to the associated block of szPage
+** bytes. The PAGE_TO_PGHDR1() macro does the opposite: its argument is
+** a pointer to a block of szPage bytes of data and the return value is
+** a pointer to the associated PgHdr1 structure.
+**
+**   assert( PGHDR1_TO_PAGE(PAGE_TO_PGHDR1(pCache, X))==X );
+*/
+#define PGHDR1_TO_PAGE(p)    (void*)(((char*)p) - p->pCache->szPage)
+#define PAGE_TO_PGHDR1(c, p) (PgHdr1*)(((char*)p) + c->szPage)
+
+/*
+** Macros to enter and leave the PCache LRU mutex.
+*/
+#define pcache1EnterMutex(X) sqlite3_mutex_enter((X)->mutex)
+#define pcache1LeaveMutex(X) sqlite3_mutex_leave((X)->mutex)
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/******** Page Allocation/SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE Related Functions **************/
+
+/*
+** This function is called during initialization if a static buffer is 
+** supplied to use for the page-cache by passing the SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE
+** verb to sqlite3_config(). Parameter pBuf points to an allocation large
+** enough to contain 'n' buffers of 'sz' bytes each.
+**
+** This routine is called from sqlite3_initialize() and so it is guaranteed
+** to be serialized already.  There is no need for further mutexing.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PCacheBufferSetup(void *pBuf, int sz, int n){
+  if( pcache1.isInit ){
+    PgFreeslot *p;
+    sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sz);
+    pcache1.szSlot = sz;
+    pcache1.nSlot = pcache1.nFreeSlot = n;
+    pcache1.nReserve = n>90 ? 10 : (n/10 + 1);
+    pcache1.pStart = pBuf;
+    pcache1.pFree = 0;
+    pcache1.bUnderPressure = 0;
+    while( n-- ){
+      p = (PgFreeslot*)pBuf;
+      p->pNext = pcache1.pFree;
+      pcache1.pFree = p;
+      pBuf = (void*)&((char*)pBuf)[sz];
+    }
+    pcache1.pEnd = pBuf;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Malloc function used within this file to allocate space from the buffer
+** configured using sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE) option. If no 
+** such buffer exists or there is no space left in it, this function falls 
+** back to sqlite3Malloc().
+**
+** Multiple threads can run this routine at the same time.  Global variables
+** in pcache1 need to be protected via mutex.
+*/
+static void *pcache1Alloc(int nByte){
+  void *p = 0;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(pcache1.grp.mutex) );
+  sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE, nByte);
+  if( nByte<=pcache1.szSlot ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
+    p = (PgHdr1 *)pcache1.pFree;
+    if( p ){
+      pcache1.pFree = pcache1.pFree->pNext;
+      pcache1.nFreeSlot--;
+      pcache1.bUnderPressure = pcache1.nFreeSlot<pcache1.nReserve;
+      assert( pcache1.nFreeSlot>=0 );
+      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED, 1);
+    }
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
+  }
+  if( p==0 ){
+    /* Memory is not available in the SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE pool.  Get
+    ** it from sqlite3Malloc instead.
+    */
+    p = sqlite3Malloc(nByte);
+    if( p ){
+      int sz = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
+      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, sz);
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
+    }
+    sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free an allocated buffer obtained from pcache1Alloc().
+*/
+static void pcache1Free(void *p){
+  if( p==0 ) return;
+  if( p>=pcache1.pStart && p<pcache1.pEnd ){
+    PgFreeslot *pSlot;
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
+    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED, -1);
+    pSlot = (PgFreeslot*)p;
+    pSlot->pNext = pcache1.pFree;
+    pcache1.pFree = pSlot;
+    pcache1.nFreeSlot++;
+    pcache1.bUnderPressure = pcache1.nFreeSlot<pcache1.nReserve;
+    assert( pcache1.nFreeSlot<=pcache1.nSlot );
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
+  }else{
+    int iSize;
+    assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE) );
+    sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
+    iSize = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
+    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, -iSize);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
+/*
+** Return the size of a pcache allocation
+*/
+static int pcache1MemSize(void *p){
+  if( p>=pcache1.pStart && p<pcache1.pEnd ){
+    return pcache1.szSlot;
+  }else{
+    int iSize;
+    assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE) );
+    sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
+    iSize = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
+    sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE);
+    return iSize;
+  }
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT */
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new page object initially associated with cache pCache.
+*/
+static PgHdr1 *pcache1AllocPage(PCache1 *pCache){
+  int nByte = sizeof(PgHdr1) + pCache->szPage;
+  void *pPg = pcache1Alloc(nByte);
+  PgHdr1 *p;
+  if( pPg ){
+    p = PAGE_TO_PGHDR1(pCache, pPg);
+    if( pCache->bPurgeable ){
+      pCache->pGroup->nCurrentPage++;
+    }
+  }else{
+    p = 0;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free a page object allocated by pcache1AllocPage().
+**
+** The pointer is allowed to be NULL, which is prudent.  But it turns out
+** that the current implementation happens to never call this routine
+** with a NULL pointer, so we mark the NULL test with ALWAYS().
+*/
+static void pcache1FreePage(PgHdr1 *p){
+  if( ALWAYS(p) ){
+    PCache1 *pCache = p->pCache;
+    if( pCache->bPurgeable ){
+      pCache->pGroup->nCurrentPage--;
+    }
+    pcache1Free(PGHDR1_TO_PAGE(p));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Malloc function used by SQLite to obtain space from the buffer configured
+** using sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE) option. If no such buffer
+** exists, this function falls back to sqlite3Malloc().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PageMalloc(int sz){
+  return pcache1Alloc(sz);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free an allocated buffer obtained from sqlite3PageMalloc().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PageFree(void *p){
+  pcache1Free(p);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Return true if it desirable to avoid allocating a new page cache
+** entry.
+**
+** If memory was allocated specifically to the page cache using
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE but that memory has all been used, then
+** it is desirable to avoid allocating a new page cache entry because
+** presumably SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE was suppose to be sufficient
+** for all page cache needs and we should not need to spill the
+** allocation onto the heap.
+**
+** Or, the heap is used for all page cache memory put the heap is
+** under memory pressure, then again it is desirable to avoid
+** allocating a new page cache entry in order to avoid stressing
+** the heap even further.
+*/
+static int pcache1UnderMemoryPressure(PCache1 *pCache){
+  if( pcache1.nSlot && pCache->szPage<=pcache1.szSlot ){
+    return pcache1.bUnderPressure;
+  }else{
+    return sqlite3HeapNearlyFull();
+  }
+}
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/******** General Implementation Functions ************************************/
+
+/*
+** This function is used to resize the hash table used by the cache passed
+** as the first argument.
+**
+** The PCache mutex must be held when this function is called.
+*/
+static int pcache1ResizeHash(PCache1 *p){
+  PgHdr1 **apNew;
+  unsigned int nNew;
+  unsigned int i;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pGroup->mutex) );
+
+  nNew = p->nHash*2;
+  if( nNew<256 ){
+    nNew = 256;
+  }
+
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(p->pGroup);
+  if( p->nHash ){ sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc(); }
+  apNew = (PgHdr1 **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
+  if( p->nHash ){ sqlite3EndBenignMalloc(); }
+  pcache1EnterMutex(p->pGroup);
+  if( apNew ){
+    memset(apNew, 0, sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
+    for(i=0; i<p->nHash; i++){
+      PgHdr1 *pPage;
+      PgHdr1 *pNext = p->apHash[i];
+      while( (pPage = pNext)!=0 ){
+        unsigned int h = pPage->iKey % nNew;
+        pNext = pPage->pNext;
+        pPage->pNext = apNew[h];
+        apNew[h] = pPage;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(p->apHash);
+    p->apHash = apNew;
+    p->nHash = nNew;
+  }
+
+  return (p->apHash ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_NOMEM);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used internally to remove the page pPage from the 
+** PGroup LRU list, if is part of it. If pPage is not part of the PGroup
+** LRU list, then this function is a no-op.
+**
+** The PGroup mutex must be held when this function is called.
+**
+** If pPage is NULL then this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+static void pcache1PinPage(PgHdr1 *pPage){
+  PCache1 *pCache;
+  PGroup *pGroup;
+
+  if( pPage==0 ) return;
+  pCache = pPage->pCache;
+  pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pGroup->mutex) );
+  if( pPage->pLruNext || pPage==pGroup->pLruTail ){
+    if( pPage->pLruPrev ){
+      pPage->pLruPrev->pLruNext = pPage->pLruNext;
+    }
+    if( pPage->pLruNext ){
+      pPage->pLruNext->pLruPrev = pPage->pLruPrev;
+    }
+    if( pGroup->pLruHead==pPage ){
+      pGroup->pLruHead = pPage->pLruNext;
+    }
+    if( pGroup->pLruTail==pPage ){
+      pGroup->pLruTail = pPage->pLruPrev;
+    }
+    pPage->pLruNext = 0;
+    pPage->pLruPrev = 0;
+    pPage->pCache->nRecyclable--;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Remove the page supplied as an argument from the hash table 
+** (PCache1.apHash structure) that it is currently stored in.
+**
+** The PGroup mutex must be held when this function is called.
+*/
+static void pcache1RemoveFromHash(PgHdr1 *pPage){
+  unsigned int h;
+  PCache1 *pCache = pPage->pCache;
+  PgHdr1 **pp;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCache->pGroup->mutex) );
+  h = pPage->iKey % pCache->nHash;
+  for(pp=&pCache->apHash[h]; (*pp)!=pPage; pp=&(*pp)->pNext);
+  *pp = (*pp)->pNext;
+
+  pCache->nPage--;
+}
+
+/*
+** If there are currently more than nMaxPage pages allocated, try
+** to recycle pages to reduce the number allocated to nMaxPage.
+*/
+static void pcache1EnforceMaxPage(PGroup *pGroup){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pGroup->mutex) );
+  while( pGroup->nCurrentPage>pGroup->nMaxPage && pGroup->pLruTail ){
+    PgHdr1 *p = pGroup->pLruTail;
+    assert( p->pCache->pGroup==pGroup );
+    pcache1PinPage(p);
+    pcache1RemoveFromHash(p);
+    pcache1FreePage(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Discard all pages from cache pCache with a page number (key value) 
+** greater than or equal to iLimit. Any pinned pages that meet this 
+** criteria are unpinned before they are discarded.
+**
+** The PCache mutex must be held when this function is called.
+*/
+static void pcache1TruncateUnsafe(
+  PCache1 *pCache,             /* The cache to truncate */
+  unsigned int iLimit          /* Drop pages with this pgno or larger */
+){
+  TESTONLY( unsigned int nPage = 0; )  /* To assert pCache->nPage is correct */
+  unsigned int h;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCache->pGroup->mutex) );
+  for(h=0; h<pCache->nHash; h++){
+    PgHdr1 **pp = &pCache->apHash[h]; 
+    PgHdr1 *pPage;
+    while( (pPage = *pp)!=0 ){
+      if( pPage->iKey>=iLimit ){
+        pCache->nPage--;
+        *pp = pPage->pNext;
+        pcache1PinPage(pPage);
+        pcache1FreePage(pPage);
+      }else{
+        pp = &pPage->pNext;
+        TESTONLY( nPage++; )
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  assert( pCache->nPage==nPage );
+}
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/******** sqlite3_pcache Methods **********************************************/
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xInit method.
+*/
+static int pcache1Init(void *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  assert( pcache1.isInit==0 );
+  memset(&pcache1, 0, sizeof(pcache1));
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex ){
+    pcache1.grp.mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU);
+    pcache1.mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM);
+  }
+  pcache1.grp.mxPinned = 10;
+  pcache1.isInit = 1;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xShutdown method.
+** Note that the static mutex allocated in xInit does 
+** not need to be freed.
+*/
+static void pcache1Shutdown(void *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  assert( pcache1.isInit!=0 );
+  memset(&pcache1, 0, sizeof(pcache1));
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xCreate method.
+**
+** Allocate a new cache.
+*/
+static sqlite3_pcache *pcache1Create(int szPage, int bPurgeable){
+  PCache1 *pCache;      /* The newly created page cache */
+  PGroup *pGroup;       /* The group the new page cache will belong to */
+  int sz;               /* Bytes of memory required to allocate the new cache */
+
+  /*
+  ** The seperateCache variable is true if each PCache has its own private
+  ** PGroup.  In other words, separateCache is true for mode (1) where no
+  ** mutexing is required.
+  **
+  **   *  Always use a unified cache (mode-2) if ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
+  **
+  **   *  Always use a unified cache in single-threaded applications
+  **
+  **   *  Otherwise (if multi-threaded and ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT is off)
+  **      use separate caches (mode-1)
+  */
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT) || SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0
+  const int separateCache = 0;
+#else
+  int separateCache = sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex>0;
+#endif
+
+  sz = sizeof(PCache1) + sizeof(PGroup)*separateCache;
+  pCache = (PCache1 *)sqlite3_malloc(sz);
+  if( pCache ){
+    memset(pCache, 0, sz);
+    if( separateCache ){
+      pGroup = (PGroup*)&pCache[1];
+      pGroup->mxPinned = 10;
+    }else{
+      pGroup = &pcache1.grp;
+    }
+    pCache->pGroup = pGroup;
+    pCache->szPage = szPage;
+    pCache->bPurgeable = (bPurgeable ? 1 : 0);
+    if( bPurgeable ){
+      pCache->nMin = 10;
+      pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup);
+      pGroup->nMinPage += pCache->nMin;
+      pGroup->mxPinned = pGroup->nMaxPage + 10 - pGroup->nMinPage;
+      pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
+    }
+  }
+  return (sqlite3_pcache *)pCache;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xCachesize method. 
+**
+** Configure the cache_size limit for a cache.
+*/
+static void pcache1Cachesize(sqlite3_pcache *p, int nMax){
+  PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
+  if( pCache->bPurgeable ){
+    PGroup *pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+    pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup);
+    pGroup->nMaxPage += (nMax - pCache->nMax);
+    pGroup->mxPinned = pGroup->nMaxPage + 10 - pGroup->nMinPage;
+    pCache->nMax = nMax;
+    pCache->n90pct = pCache->nMax*9/10;
+    pcache1EnforceMaxPage(pGroup);
+    pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xPagecount method. 
+*/
+static int pcache1Pagecount(sqlite3_pcache *p){
+  int n;
+  PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1*)p;
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+  n = pCache->nPage;
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xFetch method. 
+**
+** Fetch a page by key value.
+**
+** Whether or not a new page may be allocated by this function depends on
+** the value of the createFlag argument.  0 means do not allocate a new
+** page.  1 means allocate a new page if space is easily available.  2 
+** means to try really hard to allocate a new page.
+**
+** For a non-purgeable cache (a cache used as the storage for an in-memory
+** database) there is really no difference between createFlag 1 and 2.  So
+** the calling function (pcache.c) will never have a createFlag of 1 on
+** a non-purgable cache.
+**
+** There are three different approaches to obtaining space for a page,
+** depending on the value of parameter createFlag (which may be 0, 1 or 2).
+**
+**   1. Regardless of the value of createFlag, the cache is searched for a 
+**      copy of the requested page. If one is found, it is returned.
+**
+**   2. If createFlag==0 and the page is not already in the cache, NULL is
+**      returned.
+**
+**   3. If createFlag is 1, and the page is not already in the cache, then
+**      return NULL (do not allocate a new page) if any of the following
+**      conditions are true:
+**
+**       (a) the number of pages pinned by the cache is greater than
+**           PCache1.nMax, or
+**
+**       (b) the number of pages pinned by the cache is greater than
+**           the sum of nMax for all purgeable caches, less the sum of 
+**           nMin for all other purgeable caches, or
+**
+**   4. If none of the first three conditions apply and the cache is marked
+**      as purgeable, and if one of the following is true:
+**
+**       (a) The number of pages allocated for the cache is already 
+**           PCache1.nMax, or
+**
+**       (b) The number of pages allocated for all purgeable caches is
+**           already equal to or greater than the sum of nMax for all
+**           purgeable caches,
+**
+**       (c) The system is under memory pressure and wants to avoid
+**           unnecessary pages cache entry allocations
+**
+**      then attempt to recycle a page from the LRU list. If it is the right
+**      size, return the recycled buffer. Otherwise, free the buffer and
+**      proceed to step 5. 
+**
+**   5. Otherwise, allocate and return a new page buffer.
+*/
+static void *pcache1Fetch(sqlite3_pcache *p, unsigned int iKey, int createFlag){
+  int nPinned;
+  PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
+  PGroup *pGroup;
+  PgHdr1 *pPage = 0;
+
+  assert( pCache->bPurgeable || createFlag!=1 );
+  assert( pCache->bPurgeable || pCache->nMin==0 );
+  assert( pCache->bPurgeable==0 || pCache->nMin==10 );
+  assert( pCache->nMin==0 || pCache->bPurgeable );
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup = pCache->pGroup);
+
+  /* Step 1: Search the hash table for an existing entry. */
+  if( pCache->nHash>0 ){
+    unsigned int h = iKey % pCache->nHash;
+    for(pPage=pCache->apHash[h]; pPage&&pPage->iKey!=iKey; pPage=pPage->pNext);
+  }
+
+  /* Step 2: Abort if no existing page is found and createFlag is 0 */
+  if( pPage || createFlag==0 ){
+    pcache1PinPage(pPage);
+    goto fetch_out;
+  }
+
+  /* The pGroup local variable will normally be initialized by the
+  ** pcache1EnterMutex() macro above.  But if SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT is defined,
+  ** then pcache1EnterMutex() is a no-op, so we have to initialize the
+  ** local variable here.  Delaying the initialization of pGroup is an
+  ** optimization:  The common case is to exit the module before reaching
+  ** this point.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
+  pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+#endif
+
+
+  /* Step 3: Abort if createFlag is 1 but the cache is nearly full */
+  nPinned = pCache->nPage - pCache->nRecyclable;
+  assert( nPinned>=0 );
+  assert( pGroup->mxPinned == pGroup->nMaxPage + 10 - pGroup->nMinPage );
+  assert( pCache->n90pct == pCache->nMax*9/10 );
+  if( createFlag==1 && (
+        nPinned>=pGroup->mxPinned
+     || nPinned>=(int)pCache->n90pct
+     || pcache1UnderMemoryPressure(pCache)
+  )){
+    goto fetch_out;
+  }
+
+  if( pCache->nPage>=pCache->nHash && pcache1ResizeHash(pCache) ){
+    goto fetch_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Step 4. Try to recycle a page. */
+  if( pCache->bPurgeable && pGroup->pLruTail && (
+         (pCache->nPage+1>=pCache->nMax)
+      || pGroup->nCurrentPage>=pGroup->nMaxPage
+      || pcache1UnderMemoryPressure(pCache)
+  )){
+    PCache1 *pOtherCache;
+    pPage = pGroup->pLruTail;
+    pcache1RemoveFromHash(pPage);
+    pcache1PinPage(pPage);
+    if( (pOtherCache = pPage->pCache)->szPage!=pCache->szPage ){
+      pcache1FreePage(pPage);
+      pPage = 0;
+    }else{
+      pGroup->nCurrentPage -= 
+               (pOtherCache->bPurgeable - pCache->bPurgeable);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Step 5. If a usable page buffer has still not been found, 
+  ** attempt to allocate a new one. 
+  */
+  if( !pPage ){
+    if( createFlag==1 ) sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+    pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
+    pPage = pcache1AllocPage(pCache);
+    pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup);
+    if( createFlag==1 ) sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+  }
+
+  if( pPage ){
+    unsigned int h = iKey % pCache->nHash;
+    pCache->nPage++;
+    pPage->iKey = iKey;
+    pPage->pNext = pCache->apHash[h];
+    pPage->pCache = pCache;
+    pPage->pLruPrev = 0;
+    pPage->pLruNext = 0;
+    *(void **)(PGHDR1_TO_PAGE(pPage)) = 0;
+    pCache->apHash[h] = pPage;
+  }
+
+fetch_out:
+  if( pPage && iKey>pCache->iMaxKey ){
+    pCache->iMaxKey = iKey;
+  }
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
+  return (pPage ? PGHDR1_TO_PAGE(pPage) : 0);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xUnpin method.
+**
+** Mark a page as unpinned (eligible for asynchronous recycling).
+*/
+static void pcache1Unpin(sqlite3_pcache *p, void *pPg, int reuseUnlikely){
+  PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
+  PgHdr1 *pPage = PAGE_TO_PGHDR1(pCache, pPg);
+  PGroup *pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+ 
+  assert( pPage->pCache==pCache );
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup);
+
+  /* It is an error to call this function if the page is already 
+  ** part of the PGroup LRU list.
+  */
+  assert( pPage->pLruPrev==0 && pPage->pLruNext==0 );
+  assert( pGroup->pLruHead!=pPage && pGroup->pLruTail!=pPage );
+
+  if( reuseUnlikely || pGroup->nCurrentPage>pGroup->nMaxPage ){
+    pcache1RemoveFromHash(pPage);
+    pcache1FreePage(pPage);
+  }else{
+    /* Add the page to the PGroup LRU list. */
+    if( pGroup->pLruHead ){
+      pGroup->pLruHead->pLruPrev = pPage;
+      pPage->pLruNext = pGroup->pLruHead;
+      pGroup->pLruHead = pPage;
+    }else{
+      pGroup->pLruTail = pPage;
+      pGroup->pLruHead = pPage;
+    }
+    pCache->nRecyclable++;
+  }
+
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xRekey method. 
+*/
+static void pcache1Rekey(
+  sqlite3_pcache *p,
+  void *pPg,
+  unsigned int iOld,
+  unsigned int iNew
+){
+  PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
+  PgHdr1 *pPage = PAGE_TO_PGHDR1(pCache, pPg);
+  PgHdr1 **pp;
+  unsigned int h; 
+  assert( pPage->iKey==iOld );
+  assert( pPage->pCache==pCache );
+
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+
+  h = iOld%pCache->nHash;
+  pp = &pCache->apHash[h];
+  while( (*pp)!=pPage ){
+    pp = &(*pp)->pNext;
+  }
+  *pp = pPage->pNext;
+
+  h = iNew%pCache->nHash;
+  pPage->iKey = iNew;
+  pPage->pNext = pCache->apHash[h];
+  pCache->apHash[h] = pPage;
+  if( iNew>pCache->iMaxKey ){
+    pCache->iMaxKey = iNew;
+  }
+
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xTruncate method. 
+**
+** Discard all unpinned pages in the cache with a page number equal to
+** or greater than parameter iLimit. Any pinned pages with a page number
+** equal to or greater than iLimit are implicitly unpinned.
+*/
+static void pcache1Truncate(sqlite3_pcache *p, unsigned int iLimit){
+  PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+  if( iLimit<=pCache->iMaxKey ){
+    pcache1TruncateUnsafe(pCache, iLimit);
+    pCache->iMaxKey = iLimit-1;
+  }
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite3_pcache.xDestroy method. 
+**
+** Destroy a cache allocated using pcache1Create().
+*/
+static void pcache1Destroy(sqlite3_pcache *p){
+  PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
+  PGroup *pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+  assert( pCache->bPurgeable || (pCache->nMax==0 && pCache->nMin==0) );
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup);
+  pcache1TruncateUnsafe(pCache, 0);
+  pGroup->nMaxPage -= pCache->nMax;
+  pGroup->nMinPage -= pCache->nMin;
+  pGroup->mxPinned = pGroup->nMaxPage + 10 - pGroup->nMinPage;
+  pcache1EnforceMaxPage(pGroup);
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
+  sqlite3_free(pCache->apHash);
+  sqlite3_free(pCache);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called during initialization (sqlite3_initialize()) to
+** install the default pluggable cache module, assuming the user has not
+** already provided an alternative.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PCacheSetDefault(void){
+  static const sqlite3_pcache_methods defaultMethods = {
+    0,                       /* pArg */
+    pcache1Init,             /* xInit */
+    pcache1Shutdown,         /* xShutdown */
+    pcache1Create,           /* xCreate */
+    pcache1Cachesize,        /* xCachesize */
+    pcache1Pagecount,        /* xPagecount */
+    pcache1Fetch,            /* xFetch */
+    pcache1Unpin,            /* xUnpin */
+    pcache1Rekey,            /* xRekey */
+    pcache1Truncate,         /* xTruncate */
+    pcache1Destroy           /* xDestroy */
+  };
+  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE, &defaultMethods);
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
+/*
+** This function is called to free superfluous dynamically allocated memory
+** held by the pager system. Memory in use by any SQLite pager allocated
+** by the current thread may be sqlite3_free()ed.
+**
+** nReq is the number of bytes of memory required. Once this much has
+** been released, the function returns. The return value is the total number 
+** of bytes of memory released.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheReleaseMemory(int nReq){
+  int nFree = 0;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(pcache1.grp.mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(pcache1.mutex) );
+  if( pcache1.pStart==0 ){
+    PgHdr1 *p;
+    pcache1EnterMutex(&pcache1.grp);
+    while( (nReq<0 || nFree<nReq) && ((p=pcache1.grp.pLruTail)!=0) ){
+      nFree += pcache1MemSize(PGHDR1_TO_PAGE(p));
+      pcache1PinPage(p);
+      pcache1RemoveFromHash(p);
+      pcache1FreePage(p);
+    }
+    pcache1LeaveMutex(&pcache1.grp);
+  }
+  return nFree;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+/*
+** This function is used by test procedures to inspect the internal state
+** of the global cache.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheStats(
+  int *pnCurrent,      /* OUT: Total number of pages cached */
+  int *pnMax,          /* OUT: Global maximum cache size */
+  int *pnMin,          /* OUT: Sum of PCache1.nMin for purgeable caches */
+  int *pnRecyclable    /* OUT: Total number of pages available for recycling */
+){
+  PgHdr1 *p;
+  int nRecyclable = 0;
+  for(p=pcache1.grp.pLruHead; p; p=p->pLruNext){
+    nRecyclable++;
+  }
+  *pnCurrent = pcache1.grp.nCurrentPage;
+  *pnMax = pcache1.grp.nMaxPage;
+  *pnMin = pcache1.grp.nMinPage;
+  *pnRecyclable = nRecyclable;
+}
+#endif
+
+/************** End of pcache1.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file rowset.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 December 3
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This module implements an object we call a "RowSet".
+**
+** The RowSet object is a collection of rowids.  Rowids
+** are inserted into the RowSet in an arbitrary order.  Inserts
+** can be intermixed with tests to see if a given rowid has been
+** previously inserted into the RowSet.
+**
+** After all inserts are finished, it is possible to extract the
+** elements of the RowSet in sorted order.  Once this extraction
+** process has started, no new elements may be inserted.
+**
+** Hence, the primitive operations for a RowSet are:
+**
+**    CREATE
+**    INSERT
+**    TEST
+**    SMALLEST
+**    DESTROY
+**
+** The CREATE and DESTROY primitives are the constructor and destructor,
+** obviously.  The INSERT primitive adds a new element to the RowSet.
+** TEST checks to see if an element is already in the RowSet.  SMALLEST
+** extracts the least value from the RowSet.
+**
+** The INSERT primitive might allocate additional memory.  Memory is
+** allocated in chunks so most INSERTs do no allocation.  There is an 
+** upper bound on the size of allocated memory.  No memory is freed
+** until DESTROY.
+**
+** The TEST primitive includes a "batch" number.  The TEST primitive
+** will only see elements that were inserted before the last change
+** in the batch number.  In other words, if an INSERT occurs between
+** two TESTs where the TESTs have the same batch nubmer, then the
+** value added by the INSERT will not be visible to the second TEST.
+** The initial batch number is zero, so if the very first TEST contains
+** a non-zero batch number, it will see all prior INSERTs.
+**
+** No INSERTs may occurs after a SMALLEST.  An assertion will fail if
+** that is attempted.
+**
+** The cost of an INSERT is roughly constant.  (Sometime new memory
+** has to be allocated on an INSERT.)  The cost of a TEST with a new
+** batch number is O(NlogN) where N is the number of elements in the RowSet.
+** The cost of a TEST using the same batch number is O(logN).  The cost
+** of the first SMALLEST is O(NlogN).  Second and subsequent SMALLEST
+** primitives are constant time.  The cost of DESTROY is O(N).
+**
+** There is an added cost of O(N) when switching between TEST and
+** SMALLEST primitives.
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** Target size for allocation chunks.
+*/
+#define ROWSET_ALLOCATION_SIZE 1024
+
+/*
+** The number of rowset entries per allocation chunk.
+*/
+#define ROWSET_ENTRY_PER_CHUNK  \
+                       ((ROWSET_ALLOCATION_SIZE-8)/sizeof(struct RowSetEntry))
+
+/*
+** Each entry in a RowSet is an instance of the following object.
+*/
+struct RowSetEntry {            
+  i64 v;                        /* ROWID value for this entry */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pRight;   /* Right subtree (larger entries) or list */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pLeft;    /* Left subtree (smaller entries) */
+};
+
+/*
+** RowSetEntry objects are allocated in large chunks (instances of the
+** following structure) to reduce memory allocation overhead.  The
+** chunks are kept on a linked list so that they can be deallocated
+** when the RowSet is destroyed.
+*/
+struct RowSetChunk {
+  struct RowSetChunk *pNextChunk;        /* Next chunk on list of them all */
+  struct RowSetEntry aEntry[ROWSET_ENTRY_PER_CHUNK]; /* Allocated entries */
+};
+
+/*
+** A RowSet in an instance of the following structure.
+**
+** A typedef of this structure if found in sqliteInt.h.
+*/
+struct RowSet {
+  struct RowSetChunk *pChunk;    /* List of all chunk allocations */
+  sqlite3 *db;                   /* The database connection */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pEntry;    /* List of entries using pRight */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pLast;     /* Last entry on the pEntry list */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pFresh;    /* Source of new entry objects */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pTree;     /* Binary tree of entries */
+  u16 nFresh;                    /* Number of objects on pFresh */
+  u8 isSorted;                   /* True if pEntry is sorted */
+  u8 iBatch;                     /* Current insert batch */
+};
+
+/*
+** Turn bulk memory into a RowSet object.  N bytes of memory
+** are available at pSpace.  The db pointer is used as a memory context
+** for any subsequent allocations that need to occur.
+** Return a pointer to the new RowSet object.
+**
+** It must be the case that N is sufficient to make a Rowset.  If not
+** an assertion fault occurs.
+** 
+** If N is larger than the minimum, use the surplus as an initial
+** allocation of entries available to be filled.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE RowSet *sqlite3RowSetInit(sqlite3 *db, void *pSpace, unsigned int N){
+  RowSet *p;
+  assert( N >= ROUND8(sizeof(*p)) );
+  p = pSpace;
+  p->pChunk = 0;
+  p->db = db;
+  p->pEntry = 0;
+  p->pLast = 0;
+  p->pTree = 0;
+  p->pFresh = (struct RowSetEntry*)(ROUND8(sizeof(*p)) + (char*)p);
+  p->nFresh = (u16)((N - ROUND8(sizeof(*p)))/sizeof(struct RowSetEntry));
+  p->isSorted = 1;
+  p->iBatch = 0;
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deallocate all chunks from a RowSet.  This frees all memory that
+** the RowSet has allocated over its lifetime.  This routine is
+** the destructor for the RowSet.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetClear(RowSet *p){
+  struct RowSetChunk *pChunk, *pNextChunk;
+  for(pChunk=p->pChunk; pChunk; pChunk = pNextChunk){
+    pNextChunk = pChunk->pNextChunk;
+    sqlite3DbFree(p->db, pChunk);
+  }
+  p->pChunk = 0;
+  p->nFresh = 0;
+  p->pEntry = 0;
+  p->pLast = 0;
+  p->pTree = 0;
+  p->isSorted = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Insert a new value into a RowSet.
+**
+** The mallocFailed flag of the database connection is set if a
+** memory allocation fails.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetInsert(RowSet *p, i64 rowid){
+  struct RowSetEntry *pEntry;  /* The new entry */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pLast;   /* The last prior entry */
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  if( p->nFresh==0 ){
+    struct RowSetChunk *pNew;
+    pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(p->db, sizeof(*pNew));
+    if( pNew==0 ){
+      return;
+    }
+    pNew->pNextChunk = p->pChunk;
+    p->pChunk = pNew;
+    p->pFresh = pNew->aEntry;
+    p->nFresh = ROWSET_ENTRY_PER_CHUNK;
+  }
+  pEntry = p->pFresh++;
+  p->nFresh--;
+  pEntry->v = rowid;
+  pEntry->pRight = 0;
+  pLast = p->pLast;
+  if( pLast ){
+    if( p->isSorted && rowid<=pLast->v ){
+      p->isSorted = 0;
+    }
+    pLast->pRight = pEntry;
+  }else{
+    assert( p->pEntry==0 ); /* Fires if INSERT after SMALLEST */
+    p->pEntry = pEntry;
+  }
+  p->pLast = pEntry;
+}
+
+/*
+** Merge two lists of RowSetEntry objects.  Remove duplicates.
+**
+** The input lists are connected via pRight pointers and are 
+** assumed to each already be in sorted order.
+*/
+static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetMerge(
+  struct RowSetEntry *pA,    /* First sorted list to be merged */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pB     /* Second sorted list to be merged */
+){
+  struct RowSetEntry head;
+  struct RowSetEntry *pTail;
+
+  pTail = &head;
+  while( pA && pB ){
+    assert( pA->pRight==0 || pA->v<=pA->pRight->v );
+    assert( pB->pRight==0 || pB->v<=pB->pRight->v );
+    if( pA->v<pB->v ){
+      pTail->pRight = pA;
+      pA = pA->pRight;
+      pTail = pTail->pRight;
+    }else if( pB->v<pA->v ){
+      pTail->pRight = pB;
+      pB = pB->pRight;
+      pTail = pTail->pRight;
+    }else{
+      pA = pA->pRight;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pA ){
+    assert( pA->pRight==0 || pA->v<=pA->pRight->v );
+    pTail->pRight = pA;
+  }else{
+    assert( pB==0 || pB->pRight==0 || pB->v<=pB->pRight->v );
+    pTail->pRight = pB;
+  }
+  return head.pRight;
+}
+
+/*
+** Sort all elements on the pEntry list of the RowSet into ascending order.
+*/ 
+static void rowSetSort(RowSet *p){
+  unsigned int i;
+  struct RowSetEntry *pEntry;
+  struct RowSetEntry *aBucket[40];
+
+  assert( p->isSorted==0 );
+  memset(aBucket, 0, sizeof(aBucket));
+  while( p->pEntry ){
+    pEntry = p->pEntry;
+    p->pEntry = pEntry->pRight;
+    pEntry->pRight = 0;
+    for(i=0; aBucket[i]; i++){
+      pEntry = rowSetMerge(aBucket[i], pEntry);
+      aBucket[i] = 0;
+    }
+    aBucket[i] = pEntry;
+  }
+  pEntry = 0;
+  for(i=0; i<sizeof(aBucket)/sizeof(aBucket[0]); i++){
+    pEntry = rowSetMerge(pEntry, aBucket[i]);
+  }
+  p->pEntry = pEntry;
+  p->pLast = 0;
+  p->isSorted = 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** The input, pIn, is a binary tree (or subtree) of RowSetEntry objects.
+** Convert this tree into a linked list connected by the pRight pointers
+** and return pointers to the first and last elements of the new list.
+*/
+static void rowSetTreeToList(
+  struct RowSetEntry *pIn,         /* Root of the input tree */
+  struct RowSetEntry **ppFirst,    /* Write head of the output list here */
+  struct RowSetEntry **ppLast      /* Write tail of the output list here */
+){
+  assert( pIn!=0 );
+  if( pIn->pLeft ){
+    struct RowSetEntry *p;
+    rowSetTreeToList(pIn->pLeft, ppFirst, &p);
+    p->pRight = pIn;
+  }else{
+    *ppFirst = pIn;
+  }
+  if( pIn->pRight ){
+    rowSetTreeToList(pIn->pRight, &pIn->pRight, ppLast);
+  }else{
+    *ppLast = pIn;
+  }
+  assert( (*ppLast)->pRight==0 );
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Convert a sorted list of elements (connected by pRight) into a binary
+** tree with depth of iDepth.  A depth of 1 means the tree contains a single
+** node taken from the head of *ppList.  A depth of 2 means a tree with
+** three nodes.  And so forth.
+**
+** Use as many entries from the input list as required and update the
+** *ppList to point to the unused elements of the list.  If the input
+** list contains too few elements, then construct an incomplete tree
+** and leave *ppList set to NULL.
+**
+** Return a pointer to the root of the constructed binary tree.
+*/
+static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetNDeepTree(
+  struct RowSetEntry **ppList,
+  int iDepth
+){
+  struct RowSetEntry *p;         /* Root of the new tree */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pLeft;     /* Left subtree */
+  if( *ppList==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( iDepth==1 ){
+    p = *ppList;
+    *ppList = p->pRight;
+    p->pLeft = p->pRight = 0;
+    return p;
+  }
+  pLeft = rowSetNDeepTree(ppList, iDepth-1);
+  p = *ppList;
+  if( p==0 ){
+    return pLeft;
+  }
+  p->pLeft = pLeft;
+  *ppList = p->pRight;
+  p->pRight = rowSetNDeepTree(ppList, iDepth-1);
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert a sorted list of elements into a binary tree. Make the tree
+** as deep as it needs to be in order to contain the entire list.
+*/
+static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetListToTree(struct RowSetEntry *pList){
+  int iDepth;           /* Depth of the tree so far */
+  struct RowSetEntry *p;       /* Current tree root */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pLeft;   /* Left subtree */
+
+  assert( pList!=0 );
+  p = pList;
+  pList = p->pRight;
+  p->pLeft = p->pRight = 0;
+  for(iDepth=1; pList; iDepth++){
+    pLeft = p;
+    p = pList;
+    pList = p->pRight;
+    p->pLeft = pLeft;
+    p->pRight = rowSetNDeepTree(&pList, iDepth);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert the list in p->pEntry into a sorted list if it is not
+** sorted already.  If there is a binary tree on p->pTree, then
+** convert it into a list too and merge it into the p->pEntry list.
+*/
+static void rowSetToList(RowSet *p){
+  if( !p->isSorted ){
+    rowSetSort(p);
+  }
+  if( p->pTree ){
+    struct RowSetEntry *pHead, *pTail;
+    rowSetTreeToList(p->pTree, &pHead, &pTail);
+    p->pTree = 0;
+    p->pEntry = rowSetMerge(p->pEntry, pHead);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the smallest element from the RowSet.
+** Write the element into *pRowid.  Return 1 on success.  Return
+** 0 if the RowSet is already empty.
+**
+** After this routine has been called, the sqlite3RowSetInsert()
+** routine may not be called again.  
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetNext(RowSet *p, i64 *pRowid){
+  rowSetToList(p);
+  if( p->pEntry ){
+    *pRowid = p->pEntry->v;
+    p->pEntry = p->pEntry->pRight;
+    if( p->pEntry==0 ){
+      sqlite3RowSetClear(p);
+    }
+    return 1;
+  }else{
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Check to see if element iRowid was inserted into the the rowset as
+** part of any insert batch prior to iBatch.  Return 1 or 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet *pRowSet, u8 iBatch, sqlite3_int64 iRowid){
+  struct RowSetEntry *p;
+  if( iBatch!=pRowSet->iBatch ){
+    if( pRowSet->pEntry ){
+      rowSetToList(pRowSet);
+      pRowSet->pTree = rowSetListToTree(pRowSet->pEntry);
+      pRowSet->pEntry = 0;
+      pRowSet->pLast = 0;
+    }
+    pRowSet->iBatch = iBatch;
+  }
+  p = pRowSet->pTree;
+  while( p ){
+    if( p->v<iRowid ){
+      p = p->pRight;
+    }else if( p->v>iRowid ){
+      p = p->pLeft;
+    }else{
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/************** End of rowset.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file pager.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This is the implementation of the page cache subsystem or "pager".
+** 
+** The pager is used to access a database disk file.  It implements
+** atomic commit and rollback through the use of a journal file that
+** is separate from the database file.  The pager also implements file
+** locking to prevent two processes from writing the same database
+** file simultaneously, or one process from reading the database while
+** another is writing.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DISKIO
+/************** Include wal.h in the middle of pager.c ***********************/
+/************** Begin file wal.h *********************************************/
+/*
+** 2010 February 1
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This header file defines the interface to the write-ahead logging 
+** system. Refer to the comments below and the header comment attached to 
+** the implementation of each function in log.c for further details.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _WAL_H_
+#define _WAL_H_
+
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+# define sqlite3WalOpen(x,y,z)                   0
+# define sqlite3WalLimit(x,y)
+# define sqlite3WalClose(w,x,y,z)                0
+# define sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(y,z)     0
+# define sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(z)
+# define sqlite3WalRead(v,w,x,y,z)               0
+# define sqlite3WalDbsize(y)                     0
+# define sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(y)      0
+# define sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(x)        0
+# define sqlite3WalUndo(x,y,z)                   0
+# define sqlite3WalSavepoint(y,z)
+# define sqlite3WalSavepointUndo(y,z)            0
+# define sqlite3WalFrames(u,v,w,x,y,z)           0
+# define sqlite3WalCheckpoint(r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z) 0
+# define sqlite3WalCallback(z)                   0
+# define sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(y,z)            0
+# define sqlite3WalHeapMemory(z)                 0
+#else
+
+#define WAL_SAVEPOINT_NDATA 4
+
+/* Connection to a write-ahead log (WAL) file. 
+** There is one object of this type for each pager. 
+*/
+typedef struct Wal Wal;
+
+/* Open and close a connection to a write-ahead log. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalOpen(sqlite3_vfs*, sqlite3_file*, const char *, int, i64, Wal**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalClose(Wal *pWal, int sync_flags, int, u8 *);
+
+/* Set the limiting size of a WAL file. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalLimit(Wal*, i64);
+
+/* Used by readers to open (lock) and close (unlock) a snapshot.  A 
+** snapshot is like a read-transaction.  It is the state of the database
+** at an instant in time.  sqlite3WalOpenSnapshot gets a read lock and
+** preserves the current state even if the other threads or processes
+** write to or checkpoint the WAL.  sqlite3WalCloseSnapshot() closes the
+** transaction and releases the lock.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(Wal *pWal, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(Wal *pWal);
+
+/* Read a page from the write-ahead log, if it is present. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalRead(Wal *pWal, Pgno pgno, int *pInWal, int nOut, u8 *pOut);
+
+/* If the WAL is not empty, return the size of the database. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Pgno sqlite3WalDbsize(Wal *pWal);
+
+/* Obtain or release the WRITER lock. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(Wal *pWal);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(Wal *pWal);
+
+/* Undo any frames written (but not committed) to the log */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalUndo(Wal *pWal, int (*xUndo)(void *, Pgno), void *pUndoCtx);
+
+/* Return an integer that records the current (uncommitted) write
+** position in the WAL */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalSavepoint(Wal *pWal, u32 *aWalData);
+
+/* Move the write position of the WAL back to iFrame.  Called in
+** response to a ROLLBACK TO command. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalSavepointUndo(Wal *pWal, u32 *aWalData);
+
+/* Write a frame or frames to the log. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFrames(Wal *pWal, int, PgHdr *, Pgno, int, int);
+
+/* Copy pages from the log to the database file */ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCheckpoint(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* Write-ahead log connection */
+  int eMode,                      /* One of PASSIVE, FULL and RESTART */
+  int (*xBusy)(void*),            /* Function to call when busy */
+  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
+  int sync_flags,                 /* Flags to sync db file with (or 0) */
+  int nBuf,                       /* Size of buffer nBuf */
+  u8 *zBuf,                       /* Temporary buffer to use */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Number of frames in WAL */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Number of backfilled frames in WAL */
+);
+
+/* Return the value to pass to a sqlite3_wal_hook callback, the
+** number of frames in the WAL at the point of the last commit since
+** sqlite3WalCallback() was called.  If no commits have occurred since
+** the last call, then return 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCallback(Wal *pWal);
+
+/* Tell the wal layer that an EXCLUSIVE lock has been obtained (or released)
+** by the pager layer on the database file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(Wal *pWal, int op);
+
+/* Return true if the argument is non-NULL and the WAL module is using
+** heap-memory for the wal-index. Otherwise, if the argument is NULL or the
+** WAL module is using shared-memory, return false. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalHeapMemory(Wal *pWal);
+
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+#endif /* _WAL_H_ */
+
+/************** End of wal.h *************************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in pager.c **********************/
+
+
+/******************* NOTES ON THE DESIGN OF THE PAGER ************************
+**
+** This comment block describes invariants that hold when using a rollback
+** journal.  These invariants do not apply for journal_mode=WAL,
+** journal_mode=MEMORY, or journal_mode=OFF.
+**
+** Within this comment block, a page is deemed to have been synced
+** automatically as soon as it is written when PRAGMA synchronous=OFF.
+** Otherwise, the page is not synced until the xSync method of the VFS
+** is called successfully on the file containing the page.
+**
+** Definition:  A page of the database file is said to be "overwriteable" if
+** one or more of the following are true about the page:
+** 
+**     (a)  The original content of the page as it was at the beginning of
+**          the transaction has been written into the rollback journal and
+**          synced.
+** 
+**     (b)  The page was a freelist leaf page at the start of the transaction.
+** 
+**     (c)  The page number is greater than the largest page that existed in
+**          the database file at the start of the transaction.
+** 
+** (1) A page of the database file is never overwritten unless one of the
+**     following are true:
+** 
+**     (a) The page and all other pages on the same sector are overwriteable.
+** 
+**     (b) The atomic page write optimization is enabled, and the entire
+**         transaction other than the update of the transaction sequence
+**         number consists of a single page change.
+** 
+** (2) The content of a page written into the rollback journal exactly matches
+**     both the content in the database when the rollback journal was written
+**     and the content in the database at the beginning of the current
+**     transaction.
+** 
+** (3) Writes to the database file are an integer multiple of the page size
+**     in length and are aligned on a page boundary.
+** 
+** (4) Reads from the database file are either aligned on a page boundary and
+**     an integer multiple of the page size in length or are taken from the
+**     first 100 bytes of the database file.
+** 
+** (5) All writes to the database file are synced prior to the rollback journal
+**     being deleted, truncated, or zeroed.
+** 
+** (6) If a master journal file is used, then all writes to the database file
+**     are synced prior to the master journal being deleted.
+** 
+** Definition: Two databases (or the same database at two points it time)
+** are said to be "logically equivalent" if they give the same answer to
+** all queries.  Note in particular the the content of freelist leaf
+** pages can be changed arbitarily without effecting the logical equivalence
+** of the database.
+** 
+** (7) At any time, if any subset, including the empty set and the total set,
+**     of the unsynced changes to a rollback journal are removed and the 
+**     journal is rolled back, the resulting database file will be logical
+**     equivalent to the database file at the beginning of the transaction.
+** 
+** (8) When a transaction is rolled back, the xTruncate method of the VFS
+**     is called to restore the database file to the same size it was at
+**     the beginning of the transaction.  (In some VFSes, the xTruncate
+**     method is a no-op, but that does not change the fact the SQLite will
+**     invoke it.)
+** 
+** (9) Whenever the database file is modified, at least one bit in the range
+**     of bytes from 24 through 39 inclusive will be changed prior to releasing
+**     the EXCLUSIVE lock, thus signaling other connections on the same
+**     database to flush their caches.
+**
+** (10) The pattern of bits in bytes 24 through 39 shall not repeat in less
+**      than one billion transactions.
+**
+** (11) A database file is well-formed at the beginning and at the conclusion
+**      of every transaction.
+**
+** (12) An EXCLUSIVE lock is held on the database file when writing to
+**      the database file.
+**
+** (13) A SHARED lock is held on the database file while reading any
+**      content out of the database file.
+**
+******************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+** Macros for troubleshooting.  Normally turned off
+*/
+#if 0
+int sqlite3PagerTrace=1;  /* True to enable tracing */
+#define sqlite3DebugPrintf printf
+#define PAGERTRACE(X)     if( sqlite3PagerTrace ){ sqlite3DebugPrintf X; }
+#else
+#define PAGERTRACE(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following two macros are used within the PAGERTRACE() macros above
+** to print out file-descriptors. 
+**
+** PAGERID() takes a pointer to a Pager struct as its argument. The
+** associated file-descriptor is returned. FILEHANDLEID() takes an sqlite3_file
+** struct as its argument.
+*/
+#define PAGERID(p) ((int)(p->fd))
+#define FILEHANDLEID(fd) ((int)fd)
+
+/*
+** The Pager.eState variable stores the current 'state' of a pager. A
+** pager may be in any one of the seven states shown in the following
+** state diagram.
+**
+**                            OPEN <------+------+
+**                              |         |      |
+**                              V         |      |
+**               +---------> READER-------+      |
+**               |              |                |
+**               |              V                |
+**               |<-------WRITER_LOCKED------> ERROR
+**               |              |                ^  
+**               |              V                |
+**               |<------WRITER_CACHEMOD-------->|
+**               |              |                |
+**               |              V                |
+**               |<-------WRITER_DBMOD---------->|
+**               |              |                |
+**               |              V                |
+**               +<------WRITER_FINISHED-------->+
+**
+**
+** List of state transitions and the C [function] that performs each:
+** 
+**   OPEN              -> READER              [sqlite3PagerSharedLock]
+**   READER            -> OPEN                [pager_unlock]
+**
+**   READER            -> WRITER_LOCKED       [sqlite3PagerBegin]
+**   WRITER_LOCKED     -> WRITER_CACHEMOD     [pager_open_journal]
+**   WRITER_CACHEMOD   -> WRITER_DBMOD        [syncJournal]
+**   WRITER_DBMOD      -> WRITER_FINISHED     [sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne]
+**   WRITER_***        -> READER              [pager_end_transaction]
+**
+**   WRITER_***        -> ERROR               [pager_error]
+**   ERROR             -> OPEN                [pager_unlock]
+** 
+**
+**  OPEN:
+**
+**    The pager starts up in this state. Nothing is guaranteed in this
+**    state - the file may or may not be locked and the database size is
+**    unknown. The database may not be read or written.
+**
+**    * No read or write transaction is active.
+**    * Any lock, or no lock at all, may be held on the database file.
+**    * The dbSize, dbOrigSize and dbFileSize variables may not be trusted.
+**
+**  READER:
+**
+**    In this state all the requirements for reading the database in 
+**    rollback (non-WAL) mode are met. Unless the pager is (or recently
+**    was) in exclusive-locking mode, a user-level read transaction is 
+**    open. The database size is known in this state.
+**
+**    A connection running with locking_mode=normal enters this state when
+**    it opens a read-transaction on the database and returns to state
+**    OPEN after the read-transaction is completed. However a connection
+**    running in locking_mode=exclusive (including temp databases) remains in
+**    this state even after the read-transaction is closed. The only way
+**    a locking_mode=exclusive connection can transition from READER to OPEN
+**    is via the ERROR state (see below).
+** 
+**    * A read transaction may be active (but a write-transaction cannot).
+**    * A SHARED or greater lock is held on the database file.
+**    * The dbSize variable may be trusted (even if a user-level read 
+**      transaction is not active). The dbOrigSize and dbFileSize variables
+**      may not be trusted at this point.
+**    * If the database is a WAL database, then the WAL connection is open.
+**    * Even if a read-transaction is not open, it is guaranteed that 
+**      there is no hot-journal in the file-system.
+**
+**  WRITER_LOCKED:
+**
+**    The pager moves to this state from READER when a write-transaction
+**    is first opened on the database. In WRITER_LOCKED state, all locks 
+**    required to start a write-transaction are held, but no actual 
+**    modifications to the cache or database have taken place.
+**
+**    In rollback mode, a RESERVED or (if the transaction was opened with 
+**    BEGIN EXCLUSIVE) EXCLUSIVE lock is obtained on the database file when
+**    moving to this state, but the journal file is not written to or opened 
+**    to in this state. If the transaction is committed or rolled back while 
+**    in WRITER_LOCKED state, all that is required is to unlock the database 
+**    file.
+**
+**    IN WAL mode, WalBeginWriteTransaction() is called to lock the log file.
+**    If the connection is running with locking_mode=exclusive, an attempt
+**    is made to obtain an EXCLUSIVE lock on the database file.
+**
+**    * A write transaction is active.
+**    * If the connection is open in rollback-mode, a RESERVED or greater 
+**      lock is held on the database file.
+**    * If the connection is open in WAL-mode, a WAL write transaction
+**      is open (i.e. sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction() has been successfully
+**      called).
+**    * The dbSize, dbOrigSize and dbFileSize variables are all valid.
+**    * The contents of the pager cache have not been modified.
+**    * The journal file may or may not be open.
+**    * Nothing (not even the first header) has been written to the journal.
+**
+**  WRITER_CACHEMOD:
+**
+**    A pager moves from WRITER_LOCKED state to this state when a page is
+**    first modified by the upper layer. In rollback mode the journal file
+**    is opened (if it is not already open) and a header written to the
+**    start of it. The database file on disk has not been modified.
+**
+**    * A write transaction is active.
+**    * A RESERVED or greater lock is held on the database file.
+**    * The journal file is open and the first header has been written 
+**      to it, but the header has not been synced to disk.
+**    * The contents of the page cache have been modified.
+**
+**  WRITER_DBMOD:
+**
+**    The pager transitions from WRITER_CACHEMOD into WRITER_DBMOD state
+**    when it modifies the contents of the database file. WAL connections
+**    never enter this state (since they do not modify the database file,
+**    just the log file).
+**
+**    * A write transaction is active.
+**    * An EXCLUSIVE or greater lock is held on the database file.
+**    * The journal file is open and the first header has been written 
+**      and synced to disk.
+**    * The contents of the page cache have been modified (and possibly
+**      written to disk).
+**
+**  WRITER_FINISHED:
+**
+**    It is not possible for a WAL connection to enter this state.
+**
+**    A rollback-mode pager changes to WRITER_FINISHED state from WRITER_DBMOD
+**    state after the entire transaction has been successfully written into the
+**    database file. In this state the transaction may be committed simply
+**    by finalizing the journal file. Once in WRITER_FINISHED state, it is 
+**    not possible to modify the database further. At this point, the upper 
+**    layer must either commit or rollback the transaction.
+**
+**    * A write transaction is active.
+**    * An EXCLUSIVE or greater lock is held on the database file.
+**    * All writing and syncing of journal and database data has finished.
+**      If no error occured, all that remains is to finalize the journal to
+**      commit the transaction. If an error did occur, the caller will need
+**      to rollback the transaction. 
+**
+**  ERROR:
+**
+**    The ERROR state is entered when an IO or disk-full error (including
+**    SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM) occurs at a point in the code that makes it 
+**    difficult to be sure that the in-memory pager state (cache contents, 
+**    db size etc.) are consistent with the contents of the file-system.
+**
+**    Temporary pager files may enter the ERROR state, but in-memory pagers
+**    cannot.
+**
+**    For example, if an IO error occurs while performing a rollback, 
+**    the contents of the page-cache may be left in an inconsistent state.
+**    At this point it would be dangerous to change back to READER state
+**    (as usually happens after a rollback). Any subsequent readers might
+**    report database corruption (due to the inconsistent cache), and if
+**    they upgrade to writers, they may inadvertently corrupt the database
+**    file. To avoid this hazard, the pager switches into the ERROR state
+**    instead of READER following such an error.
+**
+**    Once it has entered the ERROR state, any attempt to use the pager
+**    to read or write data returns an error. Eventually, once all 
+**    outstanding transactions have been abandoned, the pager is able to
+**    transition back to OPEN state, discarding the contents of the 
+**    page-cache and any other in-memory state at the same time. Everything
+**    is reloaded from disk (and, if necessary, hot-journal rollback peformed)
+**    when a read-transaction is next opened on the pager (transitioning
+**    the pager into READER state). At that point the system has recovered 
+**    from the error.
+**
+**    Specifically, the pager jumps into the ERROR state if:
+**
+**      1. An error occurs while attempting a rollback. This happens in
+**         function sqlite3PagerRollback().
+**
+**      2. An error occurs while attempting to finalize a journal file
+**         following a commit in function sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseTwo().
+**
+**      3. An error occurs while attempting to write to the journal or
+**         database file in function pagerStress() in order to free up
+**         memory.
+**
+**    In other cases, the error is returned to the b-tree layer. The b-tree
+**    layer then attempts a rollback operation. If the error condition 
+**    persists, the pager enters the ERROR state via condition (1) above.
+**
+**    Condition (3) is necessary because it can be triggered by a read-only
+**    statement executed within a transaction. In this case, if the error
+**    code were simply returned to the user, the b-tree layer would not
+**    automatically attempt a rollback, as it assumes that an error in a
+**    read-only statement cannot leave the pager in an internally inconsistent 
+**    state.
+**
+**    * The Pager.errCode variable is set to something other than SQLITE_OK.
+**    * There are one or more outstanding references to pages (after the
+**      last reference is dropped the pager should move back to OPEN state).
+**    * The pager is not an in-memory pager.
+**    
+**
+** Notes:
+**
+**   * A pager is never in WRITER_DBMOD or WRITER_FINISHED state if the
+**     connection is open in WAL mode. A WAL connection is always in one
+**     of the first four states.
+**
+**   * Normally, a connection open in exclusive mode is never in PAGER_OPEN
+**     state. There are two exceptions: immediately after exclusive-mode has
+**     been turned on (and before any read or write transactions are 
+**     executed), and when the pager is leaving the "error state".
+**
+**   * See also: assert_pager_state().
+*/
+#define PAGER_OPEN                  0
+#define PAGER_READER                1
+#define PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED         2
+#define PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD       3
+#define PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD          4
+#define PAGER_WRITER_FINISHED       5
+#define PAGER_ERROR                 6
+
+/*
+** The Pager.eLock variable is almost always set to one of the 
+** following locking-states, according to the lock currently held on
+** the database file: NO_LOCK, SHARED_LOCK, RESERVED_LOCK or EXCLUSIVE_LOCK.
+** This variable is kept up to date as locks are taken and released by
+** the pagerLockDb() and pagerUnlockDb() wrappers.
+**
+** If the VFS xLock() or xUnlock() returns an error other than SQLITE_BUSY
+** (i.e. one of the SQLITE_IOERR subtypes), it is not clear whether or not
+** the operation was successful. In these circumstances pagerLockDb() and
+** pagerUnlockDb() take a conservative approach - eLock is always updated
+** when unlocking the file, and only updated when locking the file if the
+** VFS call is successful. This way, the Pager.eLock variable may be set
+** to a less exclusive (lower) value than the lock that is actually held
+** at the system level, but it is never set to a more exclusive value.
+**
+** This is usually safe. If an xUnlock fails or appears to fail, there may 
+** be a few redundant xLock() calls or a lock may be held for longer than
+** required, but nothing really goes wrong.
+**
+** The exception is when the database file is unlocked as the pager moves
+** from ERROR to OPEN state. At this point there may be a hot-journal file 
+** in the file-system that needs to be rolled back (as part of a OPEN->SHARED
+** transition, by the same pager or any other). If the call to xUnlock()
+** fails at this point and the pager is left holding an EXCLUSIVE lock, this
+** can confuse the call to xCheckReservedLock() call made later as part
+** of hot-journal detection.
+**
+** xCheckReservedLock() is defined as returning true "if there is a RESERVED 
+** lock held by this process or any others". So xCheckReservedLock may 
+** return true because the caller itself is holding an EXCLUSIVE lock (but
+** doesn't know it because of a previous error in xUnlock). If this happens
+** a hot-journal may be mistaken for a journal being created by an active
+** transaction in another process, causing SQLite to read from the database
+** without rolling it back.
+**
+** To work around this, if a call to xUnlock() fails when unlocking the
+** database in the ERROR state, Pager.eLock is set to UNKNOWN_LOCK. It
+** is only changed back to a real locking state after a successful call
+** to xLock(EXCLUSIVE). Also, the code to do the OPEN->SHARED state transition
+** omits the check for a hot-journal if Pager.eLock is set to UNKNOWN_LOCK 
+** lock. Instead, it assumes a hot-journal exists and obtains an EXCLUSIVE
+** lock on the database file before attempting to roll it back. See function
+** PagerSharedLock() for more detail.
+**
+** Pager.eLock may only be set to UNKNOWN_LOCK when the pager is in 
+** PAGER_OPEN state.
+*/
+#define UNKNOWN_LOCK                (EXCLUSIVE_LOCK+1)
+
+/*
+** A macro used for invoking the codec if there is one
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+# define CODEC1(P,D,N,X,E) \
+    if( P->xCodec && P->xCodec(P->pCodec,D,N,X)==0 ){ E; }
+# define CODEC2(P,D,N,X,E,O) \
+    if( P->xCodec==0 ){ O=(char*)D; }else \
+    if( (O=(char*)(P->xCodec(P->pCodec,D,N,X)))==0 ){ E; }
+#else
+# define CODEC1(P,D,N,X,E)   /* NO-OP */
+# define CODEC2(P,D,N,X,E,O) O=(char*)D
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum allowed sector size. 64KiB. If the xSectorsize() method 
+** returns a value larger than this, then MAX_SECTOR_SIZE is used instead.
+** This could conceivably cause corruption following a power failure on
+** such a system. This is currently an undocumented limit.
+*/
+#define MAX_SECTOR_SIZE 0x10000
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is allocated for each active
+** savepoint and statement transaction in the system. All such structures
+** are stored in the Pager.aSavepoint[] array, which is allocated and
+** resized using sqlite3Realloc().
+**
+** When a savepoint is created, the PagerSavepoint.iHdrOffset field is
+** set to 0. If a journal-header is written into the main journal while
+** the savepoint is active, then iHdrOffset is set to the byte offset 
+** immediately following the last journal record written into the main
+** journal before the journal-header. This is required during savepoint
+** rollback (see pagerPlaybackSavepoint()).
+*/
+typedef struct PagerSavepoint PagerSavepoint;
+struct PagerSavepoint {
+  i64 iOffset;                 /* Starting offset in main journal */
+  i64 iHdrOffset;              /* See above */
+  Bitvec *pInSavepoint;        /* Set of pages in this savepoint */
+  Pgno nOrig;                  /* Original number of pages in file */
+  Pgno iSubRec;                /* Index of first record in sub-journal */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  u32 aWalData[WAL_SAVEPOINT_NDATA];        /* WAL savepoint context */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** A open page cache is an instance of struct Pager. A description of
+** some of the more important member variables follows:
+**
+** eState
+**
+**   The current 'state' of the pager object. See the comment and state
+**   diagram above for a description of the pager state.
+**
+** eLock
+**
+**   For a real on-disk database, the current lock held on the database file -
+**   NO_LOCK, SHARED_LOCK, RESERVED_LOCK or EXCLUSIVE_LOCK.
+**
+**   For a temporary or in-memory database (neither of which require any
+**   locks), this variable is always set to EXCLUSIVE_LOCK. Since such
+**   databases always have Pager.exclusiveMode==1, this tricks the pager
+**   logic into thinking that it already has all the locks it will ever
+**   need (and no reason to release them).
+**
+**   In some (obscure) circumstances, this variable may also be set to
+**   UNKNOWN_LOCK. See the comment above the #define of UNKNOWN_LOCK for
+**   details.
+**
+** changeCountDone
+**
+**   This boolean variable is used to make sure that the change-counter 
+**   (the 4-byte header field at byte offset 24 of the database file) is 
+**   not updated more often than necessary. 
+**
+**   It is set to true when the change-counter field is updated, which 
+**   can only happen if an exclusive lock is held on the database file.
+**   It is cleared (set to false) whenever an exclusive lock is 
+**   relinquished on the database file. Each time a transaction is committed,
+**   The changeCountDone flag is inspected. If it is true, the work of
+**   updating the change-counter is omitted for the current transaction.
+**
+**   This mechanism means that when running in exclusive mode, a connection 
+**   need only update the change-counter once, for the first transaction
+**   committed.
+**
+** setMaster
+**
+**   When PagerCommitPhaseOne() is called to commit a transaction, it may
+**   (or may not) specify a master-journal name to be written into the 
+**   journal file before it is synced to disk.
+**
+**   Whether or not a journal file contains a master-journal pointer affects 
+**   the way in which the journal file is finalized after the transaction is 
+**   committed or rolled back when running in "journal_mode=PERSIST" mode.
+**   If a journal file does not contain a master-journal pointer, it is
+**   finalized by overwriting the first journal header with zeroes. If
+**   it does contain a master-journal pointer the journal file is finalized 
+**   by truncating it to zero bytes, just as if the connection were 
+**   running in "journal_mode=truncate" mode.
+**
+**   Journal files that contain master journal pointers cannot be finalized
+**   simply by overwriting the first journal-header with zeroes, as the
+**   master journal pointer could interfere with hot-journal rollback of any
+**   subsequently interrupted transaction that reuses the journal file.
+**
+**   The flag is cleared as soon as the journal file is finalized (either
+**   by PagerCommitPhaseTwo or PagerRollback). If an IO error prevents the
+**   journal file from being successfully finalized, the setMaster flag
+**   is cleared anyway (and the pager will move to ERROR state).
+**
+** doNotSpill, doNotSyncSpill
+**
+**   These two boolean variables control the behaviour of cache-spills
+**   (calls made by the pcache module to the pagerStress() routine to
+**   write cached data to the file-system in order to free up memory).
+**
+**   When doNotSpill is non-zero, writing to the database from pagerStress()
+**   is disabled altogether. This is done in a very obscure case that
+**   comes up during savepoint rollback that requires the pcache module
+**   to allocate a new page to prevent the journal file from being written
+**   while it is being traversed by code in pager_playback().
+** 
+**   If doNotSyncSpill is non-zero, writing to the database from pagerStress()
+**   is permitted, but syncing the journal file is not. This flag is set
+**   by sqlite3PagerWrite() when the file-system sector-size is larger than
+**   the database page-size in order to prevent a journal sync from happening 
+**   in between the journalling of two pages on the same sector. 
+**
+** subjInMemory
+**
+**   This is a boolean variable. If true, then any required sub-journal
+**   is opened as an in-memory journal file. If false, then in-memory
+**   sub-journals are only used for in-memory pager files.
+**
+**   This variable is updated by the upper layer each time a new 
+**   write-transaction is opened.
+**
+** dbSize, dbOrigSize, dbFileSize
+**
+**   Variable dbSize is set to the number of pages in the database file.
+**   It is valid in PAGER_READER and higher states (all states except for
+**   OPEN and ERROR). 
+**
+**   dbSize is set based on the size of the database file, which may be 
+**   larger than the size of the database (the value stored at offset
+**   28 of the database header by the btree). If the size of the file
+**   is not an integer multiple of the page-size, the value stored in
+**   dbSize is rounded down (i.e. a 5KB file with 2K page-size has dbSize==2).
+**   Except, any file that is greater than 0 bytes in size is considered
+**   to have at least one page. (i.e. a 1KB file with 2K page-size leads
+**   to dbSize==1).
+**
+**   During a write-transaction, if pages with page-numbers greater than
+**   dbSize are modified in the cache, dbSize is updated accordingly.
+**   Similarly, if the database is truncated using PagerTruncateImage(), 
+**   dbSize is updated.
+**
+**   Variables dbOrigSize and dbFileSize are valid in states 
+**   PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED and higher. dbOrigSize is a copy of the dbSize
+**   variable at the start of the transaction. It is used during rollback,
+**   and to determine whether or not pages need to be journalled before
+**   being modified.
+**
+**   Throughout a write-transaction, dbFileSize contains the size of
+**   the file on disk in pages. It is set to a copy of dbSize when the
+**   write-transaction is first opened, and updated when VFS calls are made
+**   to write or truncate the database file on disk. 
+**
+**   The only reason the dbFileSize variable is required is to suppress 
+**   unnecessary calls to xTruncate() after committing a transaction. If, 
+**   when a transaction is committed, the dbFileSize variable indicates 
+**   that the database file is larger than the database image (Pager.dbSize), 
+**   pager_truncate() is called. The pager_truncate() call uses xFilesize()
+**   to measure the database file on disk, and then truncates it if required.
+**   dbFileSize is not used when rolling back a transaction. In this case
+**   pager_truncate() is called unconditionally (which means there may be
+**   a call to xFilesize() that is not strictly required). In either case,
+**   pager_truncate() may cause the file to become smaller or larger.
+**
+** dbHintSize
+**
+**   The dbHintSize variable is used to limit the number of calls made to
+**   the VFS xFileControl(FCNTL_SIZE_HINT) method. 
+**
+**   dbHintSize is set to a copy of the dbSize variable when a
+**   write-transaction is opened (at the same time as dbFileSize and
+**   dbOrigSize). If the xFileControl(FCNTL_SIZE_HINT) method is called,
+**   dbHintSize is increased to the number of pages that correspond to the
+**   size-hint passed to the method call. See pager_write_pagelist() for 
+**   details.
+**
+** errCode
+**
+**   The Pager.errCode variable is only ever used in PAGER_ERROR state. It
+**   is set to zero in all other states. In PAGER_ERROR state, Pager.errCode 
+**   is always set to SQLITE_FULL, SQLITE_IOERR or one of the SQLITE_IOERR_XXX 
+**   sub-codes.
+*/
+struct Pager {
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;          /* OS functions to use for IO */
+  u8 exclusiveMode;           /* Boolean. True if locking_mode==EXCLUSIVE */
+  u8 journalMode;             /* One of the PAGER_JOURNALMODE_* values */
+  u8 useJournal;              /* Use a rollback journal on this file */
+  u8 noReadlock;              /* Do not bother to obtain readlocks */
+  u8 noSync;                  /* Do not sync the journal if true */
+  u8 fullSync;                /* Do extra syncs of the journal for robustness */
+  u8 ckptSyncFlags;           /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL for checkpoint */
+  u8 syncFlags;               /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL otherwise */
+  u8 tempFile;                /* zFilename is a temporary file */
+  u8 readOnly;                /* True for a read-only database */
+  u8 memDb;                   /* True to inhibit all file I/O */
+
+  /**************************************************************************
+  ** The following block contains those class members that change during
+  ** routine opertion.  Class members not in this block are either fixed
+  ** when the pager is first created or else only change when there is a
+  ** significant mode change (such as changing the page_size, locking_mode,
+  ** or the journal_mode).  From another view, these class members describe
+  ** the "state" of the pager, while other class members describe the
+  ** "configuration" of the pager.
+  */
+  u8 eState;                  /* Pager state (OPEN, READER, WRITER_LOCKED..) */
+  u8 eLock;                   /* Current lock held on database file */
+  u8 changeCountDone;         /* Set after incrementing the change-counter */
+  u8 setMaster;               /* True if a m-j name has been written to jrnl */
+  u8 doNotSpill;              /* Do not spill the cache when non-zero */
+  u8 doNotSyncSpill;          /* Do not do a spill that requires jrnl sync */
+  u8 subjInMemory;            /* True to use in-memory sub-journals */
+  Pgno dbSize;                /* Number of pages in the database */
+  Pgno dbOrigSize;            /* dbSize before the current transaction */
+  Pgno dbFileSize;            /* Number of pages in the database file */
+  Pgno dbHintSize;            /* Value passed to FCNTL_SIZE_HINT call */
+  int errCode;                /* One of several kinds of errors */
+  int nRec;                   /* Pages journalled since last j-header written */
+  u32 cksumInit;              /* Quasi-random value added to every checksum */
+  u32 nSubRec;                /* Number of records written to sub-journal */
+  Bitvec *pInJournal;         /* One bit for each page in the database file */
+  sqlite3_file *fd;           /* File descriptor for database */
+  sqlite3_file *jfd;          /* File descriptor for main journal */
+  sqlite3_file *sjfd;         /* File descriptor for sub-journal */
+  i64 journalOff;             /* Current write offset in the journal file */
+  i64 journalHdr;             /* Byte offset to previous journal header */
+  sqlite3_backup *pBackup;    /* Pointer to list of ongoing backup processes */
+  PagerSavepoint *aSavepoint; /* Array of active savepoints */
+  int nSavepoint;             /* Number of elements in aSavepoint[] */
+  char dbFileVers[16];        /* Changes whenever database file changes */
+  /*
+  ** End of the routinely-changing class members
+  ***************************************************************************/
+
+  u16 nExtra;                 /* Add this many bytes to each in-memory page */
+  i16 nReserve;               /* Number of unused bytes at end of each page */
+  u32 vfsFlags;               /* Flags for sqlite3_vfs.xOpen() */
+  u32 sectorSize;             /* Assumed sector size during rollback */
+  int pageSize;               /* Number of bytes in a page */
+  Pgno mxPgno;                /* Maximum allowed size of the database */
+  i64 journalSizeLimit;       /* Size limit for persistent journal files */
+  char *zFilename;            /* Name of the database file */
+  char *zJournal;             /* Name of the journal file */
+  int (*xBusyHandler)(void*); /* Function to call when busy */
+  void *pBusyHandlerArg;      /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  int nHit, nMiss;            /* Cache hits and missing */
+  int nRead, nWrite;          /* Database pages read/written */
+#endif
+  void (*xReiniter)(DbPage*); /* Call this routine when reloading pages */
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+  void *(*xCodec)(void*,void*,Pgno,int); /* Routine for en/decoding data */
+  void (*xCodecSizeChng)(void*,int,int); /* Notify of page size changes */
+  void (*xCodecFree)(void*);             /* Destructor for the codec */
+  void *pCodec;               /* First argument to xCodec... methods */
+#endif
+  char *pTmpSpace;            /* Pager.pageSize bytes of space for tmp use */
+  PCache *pPCache;            /* Pointer to page cache object */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  Wal *pWal;                  /* Write-ahead log used by "journal_mode=wal" */
+  char *zWal;                 /* File name for write-ahead log */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** The following global variables hold counters used for
+** testing purposes only.  These variables do not exist in
+** a non-testing build.  These variables are not thread-safe.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_pager_readdb_count = 0;    /* Number of full pages read from DB */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_pager_writedb_count = 0;   /* Number of full pages written to DB */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_pager_writej_count = 0;    /* Number of pages written to journal */
+# define PAGER_INCR(v)  v++
+#else
+# define PAGER_INCR(v)
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+** Journal files begin with the following magic string.  The data
+** was obtained from /dev/random.  It is used only as a sanity check.
+**
+** Since version 2.8.0, the journal format contains additional sanity
+** checking information.  If the power fails while the journal is being
+** written, semi-random garbage data might appear in the journal
+** file after power is restored.  If an attempt is then made
+** to roll the journal back, the database could be corrupted.  The additional
+** sanity checking data is an attempt to discover the garbage in the
+** journal and ignore it.
+**
+** The sanity checking information for the new journal format consists
+** of a 32-bit checksum on each page of data.  The checksum covers both
+** the page number and the pPager->pageSize bytes of data for the page.
+** This cksum is initialized to a 32-bit random value that appears in the
+** journal file right after the header.  The random initializer is important,
+** because garbage data that appears at the end of a journal is likely
+** data that was once in other files that have now been deleted.  If the
+** garbage data came from an obsolete journal file, the checksums might
+** be correct.  But by initializing the checksum to random value which
+** is different for every journal, we minimize that risk.
+*/
+static const unsigned char aJournalMagic[] = {
+  0xd9, 0xd5, 0x05, 0xf9, 0x20, 0xa1, 0x63, 0xd7,
+};
+
+/*
+** The size of the of each page record in the journal is given by
+** the following macro.
+*/
+#define JOURNAL_PG_SZ(pPager)  ((pPager->pageSize) + 8)
+
+/*
+** The journal header size for this pager. This is usually the same 
+** size as a single disk sector. See also setSectorSize().
+*/
+#define JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager) (pPager->sectorSize)
+
+/*
+** The macro MEMDB is true if we are dealing with an in-memory database.
+** We do this as a macro so that if the SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB macro is set,
+** the value of MEMDB will be a constant and the compiler will optimize
+** out code that would never execute.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
+# define MEMDB 0
+#else
+# define MEMDB pPager->memDb
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum legal page number is (2^31 - 1).
+*/
+#define PAGER_MAX_PGNO 2147483647
+
+/*
+** The argument to this macro is a file descriptor (type sqlite3_file*).
+** Return 0 if it is not open, or non-zero (but not 1) if it is.
+**
+** This is so that expressions can be written as:
+**
+**   if( isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){ ...
+**
+** instead of
+**
+**   if( pPager->jfd->pMethods ){ ...
+*/
+#define isOpen(pFd) ((pFd)->pMethods)
+
+/*
+** Return true if this pager uses a write-ahead log instead of the usual
+** rollback journal. Otherwise false.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+static int pagerUseWal(Pager *pPager){
+  return (pPager->pWal!=0);
+}
+#else
+# define pagerUseWal(x) 0
+# define pagerRollbackWal(x) 0
+# define pagerWalFrames(v,w,x,y,z) 0
+# define pagerOpenWalIfPresent(z) SQLITE_OK
+# define pagerBeginReadTransaction(z) SQLITE_OK
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG 
+/*
+** Usage:
+**
+**   assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+**
+** This function runs many asserts to try to find inconsistencies in
+** the internal state of the Pager object.
+*/
+static int assert_pager_state(Pager *p){
+  Pager *pPager = p;
+
+  /* State must be valid. */
+  assert( p->eState==PAGER_OPEN
+       || p->eState==PAGER_READER
+       || p->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED
+       || p->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD
+       || p->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD
+       || p->eState==PAGER_WRITER_FINISHED
+       || p->eState==PAGER_ERROR
+  );
+
+  /* Regardless of the current state, a temp-file connection always behaves
+  ** as if it has an exclusive lock on the database file. It never updates
+  ** the change-counter field, so the changeCountDone flag is always set.
+  */
+  assert( p->tempFile==0 || p->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+  assert( p->tempFile==0 || pPager->changeCountDone );
+
+  /* If the useJournal flag is clear, the journal-mode must be "OFF". 
+  ** And if the journal-mode is "OFF", the journal file must not be open.
+  */
+  assert( p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF || p->useJournal );
+  assert( p->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF || !isOpen(p->jfd) );
+
+  /* Check that MEMDB implies noSync. And an in-memory journal. Since 
+  ** this means an in-memory pager performs no IO at all, it cannot encounter 
+  ** either SQLITE_IOERR or SQLITE_FULL during rollback or while finalizing 
+  ** a journal file. (although the in-memory journal implementation may 
+  ** return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM while the journal file is being written). It 
+  ** is therefore not possible for an in-memory pager to enter the ERROR 
+  ** state.
+  */
+  if( MEMDB ){
+    assert( p->noSync );
+    assert( p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
+         || p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY 
+    );
+    assert( p->eState!=PAGER_ERROR && p->eState!=PAGER_OPEN );
+    assert( pagerUseWal(p)==0 );
+  }
+
+  /* If changeCountDone is set, a RESERVED lock or greater must be held
+  ** on the file.
+  */
+  assert( pPager->changeCountDone==0 || pPager->eLock>=RESERVED_LOCK );
+  assert( p->eLock!=PENDING_LOCK );
+
+  switch( p->eState ){
+    case PAGER_OPEN:
+      assert( !MEMDB );
+      assert( pPager->errCode==SQLITE_OK );
+      assert( sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)==0 || pPager->tempFile );
+      break;
+
+    case PAGER_READER:
+      assert( pPager->errCode==SQLITE_OK );
+      assert( p->eLock!=UNKNOWN_LOCK );
+      assert( p->eLock>=SHARED_LOCK || p->noReadlock );
+      break;
+
+    case PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED:
+      assert( p->eLock!=UNKNOWN_LOCK );
+      assert( pPager->errCode==SQLITE_OK );
+      if( !pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+        assert( p->eLock>=RESERVED_LOCK );
+      }
+      assert( pPager->dbSize==pPager->dbOrigSize );
+      assert( pPager->dbOrigSize==pPager->dbFileSize );
+      assert( pPager->dbOrigSize==pPager->dbHintSize );
+      assert( pPager->setMaster==0 );
+      break;
+
+    case PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD:
+      assert( p->eLock!=UNKNOWN_LOCK );
+      assert( pPager->errCode==SQLITE_OK );
+      if( !pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+        /* It is possible that if journal_mode=wal here that neither the
+        ** journal file nor the WAL file are open. This happens during
+        ** a rollback transaction that switches from journal_mode=off
+        ** to journal_mode=wal.
+        */
+        assert( p->eLock>=RESERVED_LOCK );
+        assert( isOpen(p->jfd) 
+             || p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
+             || p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL 
+        );
+      }
+      assert( pPager->dbOrigSize==pPager->dbFileSize );
+      assert( pPager->dbOrigSize==pPager->dbHintSize );
+      break;
+
+    case PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD:
+      assert( p->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+      assert( pPager->errCode==SQLITE_OK );
+      assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+      assert( p->eLock>=EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+      assert( isOpen(p->jfd) 
+           || p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
+           || p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL 
+      );
+      assert( pPager->dbOrigSize<=pPager->dbHintSize );
+      break;
+
+    case PAGER_WRITER_FINISHED:
+      assert( p->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+      assert( pPager->errCode==SQLITE_OK );
+      assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+      assert( isOpen(p->jfd) 
+           || p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
+           || p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL 
+      );
+      break;
+
+    case PAGER_ERROR:
+      /* There must be at least one outstanding reference to the pager if
+      ** in ERROR state. Otherwise the pager should have already dropped
+      ** back to OPEN state.
+      */
+      assert( pPager->errCode!=SQLITE_OK );
+      assert( sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)>0 );
+      break;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif /* ifndef NDEBUG */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG 
+/*
+** Return a pointer to a human readable string in a static buffer
+** containing the state of the Pager object passed as an argument. This
+** is intended to be used within debuggers. For example, as an alternative
+** to "print *pPager" in gdb:
+**
+** (gdb) printf "%s", print_pager_state(pPager)
+*/
+static char *print_pager_state(Pager *p){
+  static char zRet[1024];
+
+  sqlite3_snprintf(1024, zRet,
+      "Filename:      %s\n"
+      "State:         %s errCode=%d\n"
+      "Lock:          %s\n"
+      "Locking mode:  locking_mode=%s\n"
+      "Journal mode:  journal_mode=%s\n"
+      "Backing store: tempFile=%d memDb=%d useJournal=%d\n"
+      "Journal:       journalOff=%lld journalHdr=%lld\n"
+      "Size:          dbsize=%d dbOrigSize=%d dbFileSize=%d\n"
+      , p->zFilename
+      , p->eState==PAGER_OPEN            ? "OPEN" :
+        p->eState==PAGER_READER          ? "READER" :
+        p->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED   ? "WRITER_LOCKED" :
+        p->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD ? "WRITER_CACHEMOD" :
+        p->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD    ? "WRITER_DBMOD" :
+        p->eState==PAGER_WRITER_FINISHED ? "WRITER_FINISHED" :
+        p->eState==PAGER_ERROR           ? "ERROR" : "?error?"
+      , (int)p->errCode
+      , p->eLock==NO_LOCK         ? "NO_LOCK" :
+        p->eLock==RESERVED_LOCK   ? "RESERVED" :
+        p->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK  ? "EXCLUSIVE" :
+        p->eLock==SHARED_LOCK     ? "SHARED" :
+        p->eLock==UNKNOWN_LOCK    ? "UNKNOWN" : "?error?"
+      , p->exclusiveMode ? "exclusive" : "normal"
+      , p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY   ? "memory" :
+        p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF      ? "off" :
+        p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE   ? "delete" :
+        p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST  ? "persist" :
+        p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE ? "truncate" :
+        p->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL      ? "wal" : "?error?"
+      , (int)p->tempFile, (int)p->memDb, (int)p->useJournal
+      , p->journalOff, p->journalHdr
+      , (int)p->dbSize, (int)p->dbOrigSize, (int)p->dbFileSize
+  );
+
+  return zRet;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return true if it is necessary to write page *pPg into the sub-journal.
+** A page needs to be written into the sub-journal if there exists one
+** or more open savepoints for which:
+**
+**   * The page-number is less than or equal to PagerSavepoint.nOrig, and
+**   * The bit corresponding to the page-number is not set in
+**     PagerSavepoint.pInSavepoint.
+*/
+static int subjRequiresPage(PgHdr *pPg){
+  Pgno pgno = pPg->pgno;
+  Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<pPager->nSavepoint; i++){
+    PagerSavepoint *p = &pPager->aSavepoint[i];
+    if( p->nOrig>=pgno && 0==sqlite3BitvecTest(p->pInSavepoint, pgno) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the page is already in the journal file.
+*/
+static int pageInJournal(PgHdr *pPg){
+  return sqlite3BitvecTest(pPg->pPager->pInJournal, pPg->pgno);
+}
+
+/*
+** Read a 32-bit integer from the given file descriptor.  Store the integer
+** that is read in *pRes.  Return SQLITE_OK if everything worked, or an
+** error code is something goes wrong.
+**
+** All values are stored on disk as big-endian.
+*/
+static int read32bits(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 offset, u32 *pRes){
+  unsigned char ac[4];
+  int rc = sqlite3OsRead(fd, ac, sizeof(ac), offset);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    *pRes = sqlite3Get4byte(ac);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write a 32-bit integer into a string buffer in big-endian byte order.
+*/
+#define put32bits(A,B)  sqlite3Put4byte((u8*)A,B)
+
+
+/*
+** Write a 32-bit integer into the given file descriptor.  Return SQLITE_OK
+** on success or an error code is something goes wrong.
+*/
+static int write32bits(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 offset, u32 val){
+  char ac[4];
+  put32bits(ac, val);
+  return sqlite3OsWrite(fd, ac, 4, offset);
+}
+
+/*
+** Unlock the database file to level eLock, which must be either NO_LOCK
+** or SHARED_LOCK. Regardless of whether or not the call to xUnlock()
+** succeeds, set the Pager.eLock variable to match the (attempted) new lock.
+**
+** Except, if Pager.eLock is set to UNKNOWN_LOCK when this function is
+** called, do not modify it. See the comment above the #define of 
+** UNKNOWN_LOCK for an explanation of this.
+*/
+static int pagerUnlockDb(Pager *pPager, int eLock){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( !pPager->exclusiveMode || pPager->eLock==eLock );
+  assert( eLock==NO_LOCK || eLock==SHARED_LOCK );
+  assert( eLock!=NO_LOCK || pagerUseWal(pPager)==0 );
+  if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    assert( pPager->eLock>=eLock );
+    rc = sqlite3OsUnlock(pPager->fd, eLock);
+    if( pPager->eLock!=UNKNOWN_LOCK ){
+      pPager->eLock = (u8)eLock;
+    }
+    IOTRACE(("UNLOCK %p %d\n", pPager, eLock))
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the database file to level eLock, which must be either SHARED_LOCK,
+** RESERVED_LOCK or EXCLUSIVE_LOCK. If the caller is successful, set the
+** Pager.eLock variable to the new locking state. 
+**
+** Except, if Pager.eLock is set to UNKNOWN_LOCK when this function is 
+** called, do not modify it unless the new locking state is EXCLUSIVE_LOCK. 
+** See the comment above the #define of UNKNOWN_LOCK for an explanation 
+** of this.
+*/
+static int pagerLockDb(Pager *pPager, int eLock){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( eLock==SHARED_LOCK || eLock==RESERVED_LOCK || eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+  if( pPager->eLock<eLock || pPager->eLock==UNKNOWN_LOCK ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsLock(pPager->fd, eLock);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (pPager->eLock!=UNKNOWN_LOCK||eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK) ){
+      pPager->eLock = (u8)eLock;
+      IOTRACE(("LOCK %p %d\n", pPager, eLock))
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function determines whether or not the atomic-write optimization
+** can be used with this pager. The optimization can be used if:
+**
+**  (a) the value returned by OsDeviceCharacteristics() indicates that
+**      a database page may be written atomically, and
+**  (b) the value returned by OsSectorSize() is less than or equal
+**      to the page size.
+**
+** The optimization is also always enabled for temporary files. It is
+** an error to call this function if pPager is opened on an in-memory
+** database.
+**
+** If the optimization cannot be used, 0 is returned. If it can be used,
+** then the value returned is the size of the journal file when it
+** contains rollback data for exactly one page.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+static int jrnlBufferSize(Pager *pPager){
+  assert( !MEMDB );
+  if( !pPager->tempFile ){
+    int dc;                           /* Device characteristics */
+    int nSector;                      /* Sector size */
+    int szPage;                       /* Page size */
+
+    assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) );
+    dc = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd);
+    nSector = pPager->sectorSize;
+    szPage = pPager->pageSize;
+
+    assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512==(512>>8));
+    assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K==(65536>>8));
+    if( 0==(dc&(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC|(szPage>>8)) || nSector>szPage) ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager) + JOURNAL_PG_SZ(pPager);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES is defined then we do some sanity checking
+** on the cache using a hash function.  This is used for testing
+** and debugging only.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES
+/*
+** Return a 32-bit hash of the page data for pPage.
+*/
+static u32 pager_datahash(int nByte, unsigned char *pData){
+  u32 hash = 0;
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<nByte; i++){
+    hash = (hash*1039) + pData[i];
+  }
+  return hash;
+}
+static u32 pager_pagehash(PgHdr *pPage){
+  return pager_datahash(pPage->pPager->pageSize, (unsigned char *)pPage->pData);
+}
+static void pager_set_pagehash(PgHdr *pPage){
+  pPage->pageHash = pager_pagehash(pPage);
+}
+
+/*
+** The CHECK_PAGE macro takes a PgHdr* as an argument. If SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES
+** is defined, and NDEBUG is not defined, an assert() statement checks
+** that the page is either dirty or still matches the calculated page-hash.
+*/
+#define CHECK_PAGE(x) checkPage(x)
+static void checkPage(PgHdr *pPg){
+  Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
+  assert( (pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY) || pPg->pageHash==pager_pagehash(pPg) );
+}
+
+#else
+#define pager_datahash(X,Y)  0
+#define pager_pagehash(X)  0
+#define pager_set_pagehash(X)
+#define CHECK_PAGE(x)
+#endif  /* SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES */
+
+/*
+** When this is called the journal file for pager pPager must be open.
+** This function attempts to read a master journal file name from the 
+** end of the file and, if successful, copies it into memory supplied 
+** by the caller. See comments above writeMasterJournal() for the format
+** used to store a master journal file name at the end of a journal file.
+**
+** zMaster must point to a buffer of at least nMaster bytes allocated by
+** the caller. This should be sqlite3_vfs.mxPathname+1 (to ensure there is
+** enough space to write the master journal name). If the master journal
+** name in the journal is longer than nMaster bytes (including a
+** nul-terminator), then this is handled as if no master journal name
+** were present in the journal.
+**
+** If a master journal file name is present at the end of the journal
+** file, then it is copied into the buffer pointed to by zMaster. A
+** nul-terminator byte is appended to the buffer following the master
+** journal file name.
+**
+** If it is determined that no master journal file name is present 
+** zMaster[0] is set to 0 and SQLITE_OK returned.
+**
+** If an error occurs while reading from the journal file, an SQLite
+** error code is returned.
+*/
+static int readMasterJournal(sqlite3_file *pJrnl, char *zMaster, u32 nMaster){
+  int rc;                    /* Return code */
+  u32 len;                   /* Length in bytes of master journal name */
+  i64 szJ;                   /* Total size in bytes of journal file pJrnl */
+  u32 cksum;                 /* MJ checksum value read from journal */
+  u32 u;                     /* Unsigned loop counter */
+  unsigned char aMagic[8];   /* A buffer to hold the magic header */
+  zMaster[0] = '\0';
+
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pJrnl, &szJ))
+   || szJ<16
+   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pJrnl, szJ-16, &len))
+   || len>=nMaster 
+   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pJrnl, szJ-12, &cksum))
+   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3OsRead(pJrnl, aMagic, 8, szJ-8))
+   || memcmp(aMagic, aJournalMagic, 8)
+   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3OsRead(pJrnl, zMaster, len, szJ-16-len))
+  ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* See if the checksum matches the master journal name */
+  for(u=0; u<len; u++){
+    cksum -= zMaster[u];
+  }
+  if( cksum ){
+    /* If the checksum doesn't add up, then one or more of the disk sectors
+    ** containing the master journal filename is corrupted. This means
+    ** definitely roll back, so just return SQLITE_OK and report a (nul)
+    ** master-journal filename.
+    */
+    len = 0;
+  }
+  zMaster[len] = '\0';
+   
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the offset of the sector boundary at or immediately 
+** following the value in pPager->journalOff, assuming a sector 
+** size of pPager->sectorSize bytes.
+**
+** i.e for a sector size of 512:
+**
+**   Pager.journalOff          Return value
+**   ---------------------------------------
+**   0                         0
+**   512                       512
+**   100                       512
+**   2000                      2048
+** 
+*/
+static i64 journalHdrOffset(Pager *pPager){
+  i64 offset = 0;
+  i64 c = pPager->journalOff;
+  if( c ){
+    offset = ((c-1)/JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager) + 1) * JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager);
+  }
+  assert( offset%JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager)==0 );
+  assert( offset>=c );
+  assert( (offset-c)<JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager) );
+  return offset;
+}
+
+/*
+** The journal file must be open when this function is called.
+**
+** This function is a no-op if the journal file has not been written to
+** within the current transaction (i.e. if Pager.journalOff==0).
+**
+** If doTruncate is non-zero or the Pager.journalSizeLimit variable is
+** set to 0, then truncate the journal file to zero bytes in size. Otherwise,
+** zero the 28-byte header at the start of the journal file. In either case, 
+** if the pager is not in no-sync mode, sync the journal file immediately 
+** after writing or truncating it.
+**
+** If Pager.journalSizeLimit is set to a positive, non-zero value, and
+** following the truncation or zeroing described above the size of the 
+** journal file in bytes is larger than this value, then truncate the
+** journal file to Pager.journalSizeLimit bytes. The journal file does
+** not need to be synced following this operation.
+**
+** If an IO error occurs, abandon processing and return the IO error code.
+** Otherwise, return SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int zeroJournalHdr(Pager *pPager, int doTruncate){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                               /* Return code */
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
+  if( pPager->journalOff ){
+    const i64 iLimit = pPager->journalSizeLimit;    /* Local cache of jsl */
+
+    IOTRACE(("JZEROHDR %p\n", pPager))
+    if( doTruncate || iLimit==0 ){
+      rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pPager->jfd, 0);
+    }else{
+      static const char zeroHdr[28] = {0};
+      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->jfd, zeroHdr, sizeof(zeroHdr), 0);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pPager->noSync ){
+      rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY|pPager->syncFlags);
+    }
+
+    /* At this point the transaction is committed but the write lock 
+    ** is still held on the file. If there is a size limit configured for 
+    ** the persistent journal and the journal file currently consumes more
+    ** space than that limit allows for, truncate it now. There is no need
+    ** to sync the file following this operation.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iLimit>0 ){
+      i64 sz;
+      rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pPager->jfd, &sz);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sz>iLimit ){
+        rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pPager->jfd, iLimit);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The journal file must be open when this routine is called. A journal
+** header (JOURNAL_HDR_SZ bytes) is written into the journal file at the
+** current location.
+**
+** The format for the journal header is as follows:
+** - 8 bytes: Magic identifying journal format.
+** - 4 bytes: Number of records in journal, or -1 no-sync mode is on.
+** - 4 bytes: Random number used for page hash.
+** - 4 bytes: Initial database page count.
+** - 4 bytes: Sector size used by the process that wrote this journal.
+** - 4 bytes: Database page size.
+** 
+** Followed by (JOURNAL_HDR_SZ - 28) bytes of unused space.
+*/
+static int writeJournalHdr(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                 /* Return code */
+  char *zHeader = pPager->pTmpSpace;  /* Temporary space used to build header */
+  u32 nHeader = (u32)pPager->pageSize;/* Size of buffer pointed to by zHeader */
+  u32 nWrite;                         /* Bytes of header sector written */
+  int ii;                             /* Loop counter */
+#ifdef EMSCRIPTEN
+  u8 temp[4];
+#endif
+
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );      /* Journal file must be open. */
+
+  if( nHeader>JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager) ){
+    nHeader = JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager);
+  }
+
+  /* If there are active savepoints and any of them were created 
+  ** since the most recent journal header was written, update the 
+  ** PagerSavepoint.iHdrOffset fields now.
+  */
+  for(ii=0; ii<pPager->nSavepoint; ii++){
+    if( pPager->aSavepoint[ii].iHdrOffset==0 ){
+      pPager->aSavepoint[ii].iHdrOffset = pPager->journalOff;
+    }
+  }
+
+  pPager->journalHdr = pPager->journalOff = journalHdrOffset(pPager);
+
+  /* 
+  ** Write the nRec Field - the number of page records that follow this
+  ** journal header. Normally, zero is written to this value at this time.
+  ** After the records are added to the journal (and the journal synced, 
+  ** if in full-sync mode), the zero is overwritten with the true number
+  ** of records (see syncJournal()).
+  **
+  ** A faster alternative is to write 0xFFFFFFFF to the nRec field. When
+  ** reading the journal this value tells SQLite to assume that the
+  ** rest of the journal file contains valid page records. This assumption
+  ** is dangerous, as if a failure occurred whilst writing to the journal
+  ** file it may contain some garbage data. There are two scenarios
+  ** where this risk can be ignored:
+  **
+  **   * When the pager is in no-sync mode. Corruption can follow a
+  **     power failure in this case anyway.
+  **
+  **   * When the SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND flag is set. This guarantees
+  **     that garbage data is never appended to the journal file.
+  */
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) || pPager->noSync );
+  if( pPager->noSync || (pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY)
+   || (sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd)&SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND) 
+  ){
+    memcpy(zHeader, aJournalMagic, sizeof(aJournalMagic));
+    put32bits(&zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)], 0xffffffff);
+  }else{
+    memset(zHeader, 0, sizeof(aJournalMagic)+4);
+  }
+
+  /* The random check-hash initialiser */ 
+#ifdef EMSCRIPTEN
+  sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(pPager->cksumInit), temp);
+  pPager->cksumInit = temp[0] + (((u32)temp[1]) << 8) + (((u32)temp[2]) << 16) + (((u32)temp[3]) << 24);
+#else
+  sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(pPager->cksumInit), &pPager->cksumInit);
+#endif
+  put32bits(&zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)+4], pPager->cksumInit);
+  /* The initial database size */
+  put32bits(&zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)+8], pPager->dbOrigSize);
+  /* The assumed sector size for this process */
+  put32bits(&zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)+12], pPager->sectorSize);
+
+  /* The page size */
+  put32bits(&zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)+16], pPager->pageSize);
+
+  /* Initializing the tail of the buffer is not necessary.  Everything
+  ** works find if the following memset() is omitted.  But initializing
+  ** the memory prevents valgrind from complaining, so we are willing to
+  ** take the performance hit.
+  */
+  memset(&zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)+20], 0,
+         nHeader-(sizeof(aJournalMagic)+20));
+
+  /* In theory, it is only necessary to write the 28 bytes that the 
+  ** journal header consumes to the journal file here. Then increment the 
+  ** Pager.journalOff variable by JOURNAL_HDR_SZ so that the next 
+  ** record is written to the following sector (leaving a gap in the file
+  ** that will be implicitly filled in by the OS).
+  **
+  ** However it has been discovered that on some systems this pattern can 
+  ** be significantly slower than contiguously writing data to the file,
+  ** even if that means explicitly writing data to the block of 
+  ** (JOURNAL_HDR_SZ - 28) bytes that will not be used. So that is what
+  ** is done. 
+  **
+  ** The loop is required here in case the sector-size is larger than the 
+  ** database page size. Since the zHeader buffer is only Pager.pageSize
+  ** bytes in size, more than one call to sqlite3OsWrite() may be required
+  ** to populate the entire journal header sector.
+  */ 
+  for(nWrite=0; rc==SQLITE_OK&&nWrite<JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager); nWrite+=nHeader){
+    IOTRACE(("JHDR %p %lld %d\n", pPager, pPager->journalHdr, nHeader))
+    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->jfd, zHeader, nHeader, pPager->journalOff);
+    assert( pPager->journalHdr <= pPager->journalOff );
+    pPager->journalOff += nHeader;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The journal file must be open when this is called. A journal header file
+** (JOURNAL_HDR_SZ bytes) is read from the current location in the journal
+** file. The current location in the journal file is given by
+** pPager->journalOff. See comments above function writeJournalHdr() for
+** a description of the journal header format.
+**
+** If the header is read successfully, *pNRec is set to the number of
+** page records following this header and *pDbSize is set to the size of the
+** database before the transaction began, in pages. Also, pPager->cksumInit
+** is set to the value read from the journal header. SQLITE_OK is returned
+** in this case.
+**
+** If the journal header file appears to be corrupted, SQLITE_DONE is
+** returned and *pNRec and *PDbSize are undefined.  If JOURNAL_HDR_SZ bytes
+** cannot be read from the journal file an error code is returned.
+*/
+static int readJournalHdr(
+  Pager *pPager,               /* Pager object */
+  int isHot,
+  i64 journalSize,             /* Size of the open journal file in bytes */
+  u32 *pNRec,                  /* OUT: Value read from the nRec field */
+  u32 *pDbSize                 /* OUT: Value of original database size field */
+){
+  int rc;                      /* Return code */
+  unsigned char aMagic[8];     /* A buffer to hold the magic header */
+  i64 iHdrOff;                 /* Offset of journal header being read */
+
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );      /* Journal file must be open. */
+
+  /* Advance Pager.journalOff to the start of the next sector. If the
+  ** journal file is too small for there to be a header stored at this
+  ** point, return SQLITE_DONE.
+  */
+  pPager->journalOff = journalHdrOffset(pPager);
+  if( pPager->journalOff+JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager) > journalSize ){
+    return SQLITE_DONE;
+  }
+  iHdrOff = pPager->journalOff;
+
+  /* Read in the first 8 bytes of the journal header. If they do not match
+  ** the  magic string found at the start of each journal header, return
+  ** SQLITE_DONE. If an IO error occurs, return an error code. Otherwise,
+  ** proceed.
+  */
+  if( isHot || iHdrOff!=pPager->journalHdr ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->jfd, aMagic, sizeof(aMagic), iHdrOff);
+    if( rc ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    if( memcmp(aMagic, aJournalMagic, sizeof(aMagic))!=0 ){
+      return SQLITE_DONE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Read the first three 32-bit fields of the journal header: The nRec
+  ** field, the checksum-initializer and the database size at the start
+  ** of the transaction. Return an error code if anything goes wrong.
+  */
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+8, pNRec))
+   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+12, &pPager->cksumInit))
+   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+16, pDbSize))
+  ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  if( pPager->journalOff==0 ){
+    u32 iPageSize;               /* Page-size field of journal header */
+    u32 iSectorSize;             /* Sector-size field of journal header */
+
+    /* Read the page-size and sector-size journal header fields. */
+    if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+20, &iSectorSize))
+     || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+24, &iPageSize))
+    ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    /* Versions of SQLite prior to 3.5.8 set the page-size field of the
+    ** journal header to zero. In this case, assume that the Pager.pageSize
+    ** variable is already set to the correct page size.
+    */
+    if( iPageSize==0 ){
+      iPageSize = pPager->pageSize;
+    }
+
+    /* Check that the values read from the page-size and sector-size fields
+    ** are within range. To be 'in range', both values need to be a power
+    ** of two greater than or equal to 512 or 32, and not greater than their 
+    ** respective compile time maximum limits.
+    */
+    if( iPageSize<512                  || iSectorSize<32
+     || iPageSize>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE || iSectorSize>MAX_SECTOR_SIZE
+     || ((iPageSize-1)&iPageSize)!=0   || ((iSectorSize-1)&iSectorSize)!=0 
+    ){
+      /* If the either the page-size or sector-size in the journal-header is 
+      ** invalid, then the process that wrote the journal-header must have 
+      ** crashed before the header was synced. In this case stop reading 
+      ** the journal file here.
+      */
+      return SQLITE_DONE;
+    }
+
+    /* Update the page-size to match the value read from the journal. 
+    ** Use a testcase() macro to make sure that malloc failure within 
+    ** PagerSetPagesize() is tested.
+    */
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(pPager, &iPageSize, -1);
+    testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+
+    /* Update the assumed sector-size to match the value used by 
+    ** the process that created this journal. If this journal was
+    ** created by a process other than this one, then this routine
+    ** is being called from within pager_playback(). The local value
+    ** of Pager.sectorSize is restored at the end of that routine.
+    */
+    pPager->sectorSize = iSectorSize;
+  }
+
+  pPager->journalOff += JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Write the supplied master journal name into the journal file for pager
+** pPager at the current location. The master journal name must be the last
+** thing written to a journal file. If the pager is in full-sync mode, the
+** journal file descriptor is advanced to the next sector boundary before
+** anything is written. The format is:
+**
+**   + 4 bytes: PAGER_MJ_PGNO.
+**   + N bytes: Master journal filename in utf-8.
+**   + 4 bytes: N (length of master journal name in bytes, no nul-terminator).
+**   + 4 bytes: Master journal name checksum.
+**   + 8 bytes: aJournalMagic[].
+**
+** The master journal page checksum is the sum of the bytes in the master
+** journal name, where each byte is interpreted as a signed 8-bit integer.
+**
+** If zMaster is a NULL pointer (occurs for a single database transaction), 
+** this call is a no-op.
+*/
+static int writeMasterJournal(Pager *pPager, const char *zMaster){
+  int rc;                          /* Return code */
+  int nMaster;                     /* Length of string zMaster */
+  i64 iHdrOff;                     /* Offset of header in journal file */
+  i64 jrnlSize;                    /* Size of journal file on disk */
+  u32 cksum = 0;                   /* Checksum of string zMaster */
+
+  assert( pPager->setMaster==0 );
+  assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+
+  if( !zMaster 
+   || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY 
+   || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
+  ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  pPager->setMaster = 1;
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
+  assert( pPager->journalHdr <= pPager->journalOff );
+
+  /* Calculate the length in bytes and the checksum of zMaster */
+  for(nMaster=0; zMaster[nMaster]; nMaster++){
+    cksum += zMaster[nMaster];
+  }
+
+  /* If in full-sync mode, advance to the next disk sector before writing
+  ** the master journal name. This is in case the previous page written to
+  ** the journal has already been synced.
+  */
+  if( pPager->fullSync ){
+    pPager->journalOff = journalHdrOffset(pPager);
+  }
+  iHdrOff = pPager->journalOff;
+
+  /* Write the master journal data to the end of the journal file. If
+  ** an error occurs, return the error code to the caller.
+  */
+  if( (0 != (rc = write32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff, PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager))))
+   || (0 != (rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->jfd, zMaster, nMaster, iHdrOff+4)))
+   || (0 != (rc = write32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+4+nMaster, nMaster)))
+   || (0 != (rc = write32bits(pPager->jfd, iHdrOff+4+nMaster+4, cksum)))
+   || (0 != (rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->jfd, aJournalMagic, 8, iHdrOff+4+nMaster+8)))
+  ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  pPager->journalOff += (nMaster+20);
+
+  /* If the pager is in peristent-journal mode, then the physical 
+  ** journal-file may extend past the end of the master-journal name
+  ** and 8 bytes of magic data just written to the file. This is 
+  ** dangerous because the code to rollback a hot-journal file
+  ** will not be able to find the master-journal name to determine 
+  ** whether or not the journal is hot. 
+  **
+  ** Easiest thing to do in this scenario is to truncate the journal 
+  ** file to the required size.
+  */ 
+  if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pPager->jfd, &jrnlSize))
+   && jrnlSize>pPager->journalOff
+  ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pPager->jfd, pPager->journalOff);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find a page in the hash table given its page number. Return
+** a pointer to the page or NULL if the requested page is not 
+** already in memory.
+*/
+static PgHdr *pager_lookup(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno){
+  PgHdr *p;                         /* Return value */
+
+  /* It is not possible for a call to PcacheFetch() with createFlag==0 to
+  ** fail, since no attempt to allocate dynamic memory will be made.
+  */
+  (void)sqlite3PcacheFetch(pPager->pPCache, pgno, 0, &p);
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Discard the entire contents of the in-memory page-cache.
+*/
+static void pager_reset(Pager *pPager){
+  sqlite3BackupRestart(pPager->pBackup);
+  sqlite3PcacheClear(pPager->pPCache);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all structures in the Pager.aSavepoint[] array and set both
+** Pager.aSavepoint and Pager.nSavepoint to zero. Close the sub-journal
+** if it is open and the pager is not in exclusive mode.
+*/
+static void releaseAllSavepoints(Pager *pPager){
+  int ii;               /* Iterator for looping through Pager.aSavepoint */
+  for(ii=0; ii<pPager->nSavepoint; ii++){
+    sqlite3BitvecDestroy(pPager->aSavepoint[ii].pInSavepoint);
+  }
+  if( !pPager->exclusiveMode || sqlite3IsMemJournal(pPager->sjfd) ){
+    sqlite3OsClose(pPager->sjfd);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(pPager->aSavepoint);
+  pPager->aSavepoint = 0;
+  pPager->nSavepoint = 0;
+  pPager->nSubRec = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the bit number pgno in the PagerSavepoint.pInSavepoint 
+** bitvecs of all open savepoints. Return SQLITE_OK if successful
+** or SQLITE_NOMEM if a malloc failure occurs.
+*/
+static int addToSavepointBitvecs(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno){
+  int ii;                   /* Loop counter */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;       /* Result code */
+
+  for(ii=0; ii<pPager->nSavepoint; ii++){
+    PagerSavepoint *p = &pPager->aSavepoint[ii];
+    if( pgno<=p->nOrig ){
+      rc |= sqlite3BitvecSet(p->pInSavepoint, pgno);
+      testcase( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is a no-op if the pager is in exclusive mode and not
+** in the ERROR state. Otherwise, it switches the pager to PAGER_OPEN
+** state.
+**
+** If the pager is not in exclusive-access mode, the database file is
+** completely unlocked. If the file is unlocked and the file-system does
+** not exhibit the UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN property, the journal file is
+** closed (if it is open).
+**
+** If the pager is in ERROR state when this function is called, the 
+** contents of the pager cache are discarded before switching back to 
+** the OPEN state. Regardless of whether the pager is in exclusive-mode
+** or not, any journal file left in the file-system will be treated
+** as a hot-journal and rolled back the next time a read-transaction
+** is opened (by this or by any other connection).
+*/
+static void pager_unlock(Pager *pPager){
+
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_READER 
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN 
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_ERROR 
+  );
+
+  sqlite3BitvecDestroy(pPager->pInJournal);
+  pPager->pInJournal = 0;
+  releaseAllSavepoints(pPager);
+
+  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    assert( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
+    sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(pPager->pWal);
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_OPEN;
+  }else if( !pPager->exclusiveMode ){
+    int rc;                       /* Error code returned by pagerUnlockDb() */
+    int iDc = isOpen(pPager->fd)?sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd):0;
+
+    /* If the operating system support deletion of open files, then
+    ** close the journal file when dropping the database lock.  Otherwise
+    ** another connection with journal_mode=delete might delete the file
+    ** out from under us.
+    */
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY   & 5)!=1 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF      & 5)!=1 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL      & 5)!=1 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE   & 5)!=1 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE & 5)==1 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST  & 5)==1 );
+    if( 0==(iDc & SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN)
+     || 1!=(pPager->journalMode & 5)
+    ){
+      sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
+    }
+
+    /* If the pager is in the ERROR state and the call to unlock the database
+    ** file fails, set the current lock to UNKNOWN_LOCK. See the comment
+    ** above the #define for UNKNOWN_LOCK for an explanation of why this
+    ** is necessary.
+    */
+    rc = pagerUnlockDb(pPager, NO_LOCK);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && pPager->eState==PAGER_ERROR ){
+      pPager->eLock = UNKNOWN_LOCK;
+    }
+
+    /* The pager state may be changed from PAGER_ERROR to PAGER_OPEN here
+    ** without clearing the error code. This is intentional - the error
+    ** code is cleared and the cache reset in the block below.
+    */
+    assert( pPager->errCode || pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
+    pPager->changeCountDone = 0;
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_OPEN;
+  }
+
+  /* If Pager.errCode is set, the contents of the pager cache cannot be
+  ** trusted. Now that there are no outstanding references to the pager,
+  ** it can safely move back to PAGER_OPEN state. This happens in both
+  ** normal and exclusive-locking mode.
+  */
+  if( pPager->errCode ){
+    assert( !MEMDB );
+    pager_reset(pPager);
+    pPager->changeCountDone = pPager->tempFile;
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_OPEN;
+    pPager->errCode = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  pPager->journalOff = 0;
+  pPager->journalHdr = 0;
+  pPager->setMaster = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called whenever an IOERR or FULL error that requires
+** the pager to transition into the ERROR state may ahve occurred.
+** The first argument is a pointer to the pager structure, the second 
+** the error-code about to be returned by a pager API function. The 
+** value returned is a copy of the second argument to this function. 
+**
+** If the second argument is SQLITE_FULL, SQLITE_IOERR or one of the
+** IOERR sub-codes, the pager enters the ERROR state and the error code
+** is stored in Pager.errCode. While the pager remains in the ERROR state,
+** all major API calls on the Pager will immediately return Pager.errCode.
+**
+** The ERROR state indicates that the contents of the pager-cache 
+** cannot be trusted. This state can be cleared by completely discarding 
+** the contents of the pager-cache. If a transaction was active when
+** the persistent error occurred, then the rollback journal may need
+** to be replayed to restore the contents of the database file (as if
+** it were a hot-journal).
+*/
+static int pager_error(Pager *pPager, int rc){
+  int rc2 = rc & 0xff;
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || !MEMDB );
+  assert(
+       pPager->errCode==SQLITE_FULL ||
+       pPager->errCode==SQLITE_OK ||
+       (pPager->errCode & 0xff)==SQLITE_IOERR
+  );
+  if( rc2==SQLITE_FULL || rc2==SQLITE_IOERR ){
+    pPager->errCode = rc;
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_ERROR;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine ends a transaction. A transaction is usually ended by 
+** either a COMMIT or a ROLLBACK operation. This routine may be called 
+** after rollback of a hot-journal, or if an error occurs while opening
+** the journal file or writing the very first journal-header of a
+** database transaction.
+** 
+** This routine is never called in PAGER_ERROR state. If it is called
+** in PAGER_NONE or PAGER_SHARED state and the lock held is less
+** exclusive than a RESERVED lock, it is a no-op.
+**
+** Otherwise, any active savepoints are released.
+**
+** If the journal file is open, then it is "finalized". Once a journal 
+** file has been finalized it is not possible to use it to roll back a 
+** transaction. Nor will it be considered to be a hot-journal by this
+** or any other database connection. Exactly how a journal is finalized
+** depends on whether or not the pager is running in exclusive mode and
+** the current journal-mode (Pager.journalMode value), as follows:
+**
+**   journalMode==MEMORY
+**     Journal file descriptor is simply closed. This destroys an 
+**     in-memory journal.
+**
+**   journalMode==TRUNCATE
+**     Journal file is truncated to zero bytes in size.
+**
+**   journalMode==PERSIST
+**     The first 28 bytes of the journal file are zeroed. This invalidates
+**     the first journal header in the file, and hence the entire journal
+**     file. An invalid journal file cannot be rolled back.
+**
+**   journalMode==DELETE
+**     The journal file is closed and deleted using sqlite3OsDelete().
+**
+**     If the pager is running in exclusive mode, this method of finalizing
+**     the journal file is never used. Instead, if the journalMode is
+**     DELETE and the pager is in exclusive mode, the method described under
+**     journalMode==PERSIST is used instead.
+**
+** After the journal is finalized, the pager moves to PAGER_READER state.
+** If running in non-exclusive rollback mode, the lock on the file is 
+** downgraded to a SHARED_LOCK.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs. If an error occurs during
+** any of the IO operations to finalize the journal file or unlock the
+** database then the IO error code is returned to the user. If the 
+** operation to finalize the journal file fails, then the code still
+** tries to unlock the database file if not in exclusive mode. If the
+** unlock operation fails as well, then the first error code related
+** to the first error encountered (the journal finalization one) is
+** returned.
+*/
+static int pager_end_transaction(Pager *pPager, int hasMaster){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;      /* Error code from journal finalization operation */
+  int rc2 = SQLITE_OK;     /* Error code from db file unlock operation */
+
+  /* Do nothing if the pager does not have an open write transaction
+  ** or at least a RESERVED lock. This function may be called when there
+  ** is no write-transaction active but a RESERVED or greater lock is
+  ** held under two circumstances:
+  **
+  **   1. After a successful hot-journal rollback, it is called with
+  **      eState==PAGER_NONE and eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK.
+  **
+  **   2. If a connection with locking_mode=exclusive holding an EXCLUSIVE 
+  **      lock switches back to locking_mode=normal and then executes a
+  **      read-transaction, this function is called with eState==PAGER_READER 
+  **      and eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK when the read-transaction is closed.
+  */
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
+  if( pPager->eState<PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED && pPager->eLock<RESERVED_LOCK ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  releaseAllSavepoints(pPager);
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) || pPager->pInJournal==0 );
+  if( isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){
+    assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+
+    /* Finalize the journal file. */
+    if( sqlite3IsMemJournal(pPager->jfd) ){
+      assert( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY );
+      sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
+    }else if( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE ){
+      if( pPager->journalOff==0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }else{
+        rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pPager->jfd, 0);
+      }
+      pPager->journalOff = 0;
+    }else if( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST
+      || (pPager->exclusiveMode && pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL)
+    ){
+      rc = zeroJournalHdr(pPager, hasMaster);
+      pPager->journalOff = 0;
+    }else{
+      /* This branch may be executed with Pager.journalMode==MEMORY if
+      ** a hot-journal was just rolled back. In this case the journal
+      ** file should be closed and deleted. If this connection writes to
+      ** the database file, it will do so using an in-memory journal. 
+      */
+      assert( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE 
+           || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY 
+           || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL 
+      );
+      sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
+      if( !pPager->tempFile ){
+        rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pPager->pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES
+  sqlite3PcacheIterateDirty(pPager->pPCache, pager_set_pagehash);
+  if( pPager->dbSize==0 && sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)>0 ){
+    PgHdr *p = pager_lookup(pPager, 1);
+    if( p ){
+      p->pageHash = 0;
+      sqlite3PagerUnref(p);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  sqlite3BitvecDestroy(pPager->pInJournal);
+  pPager->pInJournal = 0;
+  pPager->nRec = 0;
+  sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(pPager->pPCache);
+  sqlite3PcacheTruncate(pPager->pPCache, pPager->dbSize);
+
+  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    /* Drop the WAL write-lock, if any. Also, if the connection was in 
+    ** locking_mode=exclusive mode but is no longer, drop the EXCLUSIVE 
+    ** lock held on the database file.
+    */
+    rc2 = sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(pPager->pWal);
+    assert( rc2==SQLITE_OK );
+  }
+  if( !pPager->exclusiveMode 
+   && (!pagerUseWal(pPager) || sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(pPager->pWal, 0))
+  ){
+    rc2 = pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
+    pPager->changeCountDone = 0;
+  }
+  pPager->eState = PAGER_READER;
+  pPager->setMaster = 0;
+
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK?rc2:rc);
+}
+
+/*
+** Execute a rollback if a transaction is active and unlock the 
+** database file. 
+**
+** If the pager has already entered the ERROR state, do not attempt 
+** the rollback at this time. Instead, pager_unlock() is called. The
+** call to pager_unlock() will discard all in-memory pages, unlock
+** the database file and move the pager back to OPEN state. If this 
+** means that there is a hot-journal left in the file-system, the next 
+** connection to obtain a shared lock on the pager (which may be this one) 
+** will roll it back.
+**
+** If the pager has not already entered the ERROR state, but an IO or
+** malloc error occurs during a rollback, then this will itself cause 
+** the pager to enter the ERROR state. Which will be cleared by the
+** call to pager_unlock(), as described above.
+*/
+static void pagerUnlockAndRollback(Pager *pPager){
+  if( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR && pPager->eState!=PAGER_OPEN ){
+    assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+    if( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
+      sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+      sqlite3PagerRollback(pPager);
+      sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+    }else if( !pPager->exclusiveMode ){
+      assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_READER );
+      pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0);
+    }
+  }
+  pager_unlock(pPager);
+}
+
+/*
+** Parameter aData must point to a buffer of pPager->pageSize bytes
+** of data. Compute and return a checksum based ont the contents of the 
+** page of data and the current value of pPager->cksumInit.
+**
+** This is not a real checksum. It is really just the sum of the 
+** random initial value (pPager->cksumInit) and every 200th byte
+** of the page data, starting with byte offset (pPager->pageSize%200).
+** Each byte is interpreted as an 8-bit unsigned integer.
+**
+** Changing the formula used to compute this checksum results in an
+** incompatible journal file format.
+**
+** If journal corruption occurs due to a power failure, the most likely 
+** scenario is that one end or the other of the record will be changed. 
+** It is much less likely that the two ends of the journal record will be
+** correct and the middle be corrupt.  Thus, this "checksum" scheme,
+** though fast and simple, catches the mostly likely kind of corruption.
+*/
+static u32 pager_cksum(Pager *pPager, const u8 *aData){
+  u32 cksum = pPager->cksumInit;         /* Checksum value to return */
+  int i = pPager->pageSize-200;          /* Loop counter */
+  while( i>0 ){
+    cksum += aData[i];
+    i -= 200;
+  }
+  return cksum;
+}
+
+/*
+** Report the current page size and number of reserved bytes back
+** to the codec.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+static void pagerReportSize(Pager *pPager){
+  if( pPager->xCodecSizeChng ){
+    pPager->xCodecSizeChng(pPager->pCodec, pPager->pageSize,
+                           (int)pPager->nReserve);
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define pagerReportSize(X)     /* No-op if we do not support a codec */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Read a single page from either the journal file (if isMainJrnl==1) or
+** from the sub-journal (if isMainJrnl==0) and playback that page.
+** The page begins at offset *pOffset into the file. The *pOffset
+** value is increased to the start of the next page in the journal.
+**
+** The main rollback journal uses checksums - the statement journal does 
+** not.
+**
+** If the page number of the page record read from the (sub-)journal file
+** is greater than the current value of Pager.dbSize, then playback is
+** skipped and SQLITE_OK is returned.
+**
+** If pDone is not NULL, then it is a record of pages that have already
+** been played back.  If the page at *pOffset has already been played back
+** (if the corresponding pDone bit is set) then skip the playback.
+** Make sure the pDone bit corresponding to the *pOffset page is set
+** prior to returning.
+**
+** If the page record is successfully read from the (sub-)journal file
+** and played back, then SQLITE_OK is returned. If an IO error occurs
+** while reading the record from the (sub-)journal file or while writing
+** to the database file, then the IO error code is returned. If data
+** is successfully read from the (sub-)journal file but appears to be
+** corrupted, SQLITE_DONE is returned. Data is considered corrupted in
+** two circumstances:
+** 
+**   * If the record page-number is illegal (0 or PAGER_MJ_PGNO), or
+**   * If the record is being rolled back from the main journal file
+**     and the checksum field does not match the record content.
+**
+** Neither of these two scenarios are possible during a savepoint rollback.
+**
+** If this is a savepoint rollback, then memory may have to be dynamically
+** allocated by this function. If this is the case and an allocation fails,
+** SQLITE_NOMEM is returned.
+*/
+static int pager_playback_one_page(
+  Pager *pPager,                /* The pager being played back */
+  i64 *pOffset,                 /* Offset of record to playback */
+  Bitvec *pDone,                /* Bitvec of pages already played back */
+  int isMainJrnl,               /* 1 -> main journal. 0 -> sub-journal. */
+  int isSavepnt                 /* True for a savepoint rollback */
+){
+  int rc;
+  PgHdr *pPg;                   /* An existing page in the cache */
+  Pgno pgno;                    /* The page number of a page in journal */
+  u32 cksum;                    /* Checksum used for sanity checking */
+  char *aData;                  /* Temporary storage for the page */
+  sqlite3_file *jfd;            /* The file descriptor for the journal file */
+  int isSynced;                 /* True if journal page is synced */
+
+  assert( (isMainJrnl&~1)==0 );      /* isMainJrnl is 0 or 1 */
+  assert( (isSavepnt&~1)==0 );       /* isSavepnt is 0 or 1 */
+  assert( isMainJrnl || pDone );     /* pDone always used on sub-journals */
+  assert( isSavepnt || pDone==0 );   /* pDone never used on non-savepoint */
+
+  aData = pPager->pTmpSpace;
+  assert( aData );         /* Temp storage must have already been allocated */
+  assert( pagerUseWal(pPager)==0 || (!isMainJrnl && isSavepnt) );
+
+  /* Either the state is greater than PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD (a transaction 
+  ** or savepoint rollback done at the request of the caller) or this is
+  ** a hot-journal rollback. If it is a hot-journal rollback, the pager
+  ** is in state OPEN and holds an EXCLUSIVE lock. Hot-journal rollback
+  ** only reads from the main journal, not the sub-journal.
+  */
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD
+       || (pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN && pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK)
+  );
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD || isMainJrnl );
+
+  /* Read the page number and page data from the journal or sub-journal
+  ** file. Return an error code to the caller if an IO error occurs.
+  */
+  jfd = isMainJrnl ? pPager->jfd : pPager->sjfd;
+  rc = read32bits(jfd, *pOffset, &pgno);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  rc = sqlite3OsRead(jfd, (u8*)aData, pPager->pageSize, (*pOffset)+4);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  *pOffset += pPager->pageSize + 4 + isMainJrnl*4;
+
+  /* Sanity checking on the page.  This is more important that I originally
+  ** thought.  If a power failure occurs while the journal is being written,
+  ** it could cause invalid data to be written into the journal.  We need to
+  ** detect this invalid data (with high probability) and ignore it.
+  */
+  if( pgno==0 || pgno==PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) ){
+    assert( !isSavepnt );
+    return SQLITE_DONE;
+  }
+  if( pgno>(Pgno)pPager->dbSize || sqlite3BitvecTest(pDone, pgno) ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  if( isMainJrnl ){
+    rc = read32bits(jfd, (*pOffset)-4, &cksum);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    if( !isSavepnt && pager_cksum(pPager, (u8*)aData)!=cksum ){
+      return SQLITE_DONE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If this page has already been played by before during the current
+  ** rollback, then don't bother to play it back again.
+  */
+  if( pDone && (rc = sqlite3BitvecSet(pDone, pgno))!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* When playing back page 1, restore the nReserve setting
+  */
+  if( pgno==1 && pPager->nReserve!=((u8*)aData)[20] ){
+    pPager->nReserve = ((u8*)aData)[20];
+    pagerReportSize(pPager);
+  }
+
+  /* If the pager is in CACHEMOD state, then there must be a copy of this
+  ** page in the pager cache. In this case just update the pager cache,
+  ** not the database file. The page is left marked dirty in this case.
+  **
+  ** An exception to the above rule: If the database is in no-sync mode
+  ** and a page is moved during an incremental vacuum then the page may
+  ** not be in the pager cache. Later: if a malloc() or IO error occurs
+  ** during a Movepage() call, then the page may not be in the cache
+  ** either. So the condition described in the above paragraph is not
+  ** assert()able.
+  **
+  ** If in WRITER_DBMOD, WRITER_FINISHED or OPEN state, then we update the
+  ** pager cache if it exists and the main file. The page is then marked 
+  ** not dirty. Since this code is only executed in PAGER_OPEN state for
+  ** a hot-journal rollback, it is guaranteed that the page-cache is empty
+  ** if the pager is in OPEN state.
+  **
+  ** Ticket #1171:  The statement journal might contain page content that is
+  ** different from the page content at the start of the transaction.
+  ** This occurs when a page is changed prior to the start of a statement
+  ** then changed again within the statement.  When rolling back such a
+  ** statement we must not write to the original database unless we know
+  ** for certain that original page contents are synced into the main rollback
+  ** journal.  Otherwise, a power loss might leave modified data in the
+  ** database file without an entry in the rollback journal that can
+  ** restore the database to its original form.  Two conditions must be
+  ** met before writing to the database files. (1) the database must be
+  ** locked.  (2) we know that the original page content is fully synced
+  ** in the main journal either because the page is not in cache or else
+  ** the page is marked as needSync==0.
+  **
+  ** 2008-04-14:  When attempting to vacuum a corrupt database file, it
+  ** is possible to fail a statement on a database that does not yet exist.
+  ** Do not attempt to write if database file has never been opened.
+  */
+  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    pPg = 0;
+  }else{
+    pPg = pager_lookup(pPager, pgno);
+  }
+  assert( pPg || !MEMDB );
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_OPEN || pPg==0 );
+  PAGERTRACE(("PLAYBACK %d page %d hash(%08x) %s\n",
+           PAGERID(pPager), pgno, pager_datahash(pPager->pageSize, (u8*)aData),
+           (isMainJrnl?"main-journal":"sub-journal")
+  ));
+  if( isMainJrnl ){
+    isSynced = pPager->noSync || (*pOffset <= pPager->journalHdr);
+  }else{
+    isSynced = (pPg==0 || 0==(pPg->flags & PGHDR_NEED_SYNC));
+  }
+  if( isOpen(pPager->fd)
+   && (pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD || pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN)
+   && isSynced
+  ){
+    i64 ofst = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;
+    testcase( !isSavepnt && pPg!=0 && (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)!=0 );
+    assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, (u8*)aData, pPager->pageSize, ofst);
+    if( pgno>pPager->dbFileSize ){
+      pPager->dbFileSize = pgno;
+    }
+    if( pPager->pBackup ){
+      CODEC1(pPager, aData, pgno, 3, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM);
+      sqlite3BackupUpdate(pPager->pBackup, pgno, (u8*)aData);
+      CODEC2(pPager, aData, pgno, 7, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM, aData);
+    }
+  }else if( !isMainJrnl && pPg==0 ){
+    /* If this is a rollback of a savepoint and data was not written to
+    ** the database and the page is not in-memory, there is a potential
+    ** problem. When the page is next fetched by the b-tree layer, it 
+    ** will be read from the database file, which may or may not be 
+    ** current. 
+    **
+    ** There are a couple of different ways this can happen. All are quite
+    ** obscure. When running in synchronous mode, this can only happen 
+    ** if the page is on the free-list at the start of the transaction, then
+    ** populated, then moved using sqlite3PagerMovepage().
+    **
+    ** The solution is to add an in-memory page to the cache containing
+    ** the data just read from the sub-journal. Mark the page as dirty 
+    ** and if the pager requires a journal-sync, then mark the page as 
+    ** requiring a journal-sync before it is written.
+    */
+    assert( isSavepnt );
+    assert( pPager->doNotSpill==0 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill++;
+    rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pPager, pgno, &pPg, 1);
+    assert( pPager->doNotSpill==1 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill--;
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    pPg->flags &= ~PGHDR_NEED_READ;
+    sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPg);
+  }
+  if( pPg ){
+    /* No page should ever be explicitly rolled back that is in use, except
+    ** for page 1 which is held in use in order to keep the lock on the
+    ** database active. However such a page may be rolled back as a result
+    ** of an internal error resulting in an automatic call to
+    ** sqlite3PagerRollback().
+    */
+    void *pData;
+    pData = pPg->pData;
+    memcpy(pData, (u8*)aData, pPager->pageSize);
+    pPager->xReiniter(pPg);
+    if( isMainJrnl && (!isSavepnt || *pOffset<=pPager->journalHdr) ){
+      /* If the contents of this page were just restored from the main 
+      ** journal file, then its content must be as they were when the 
+      ** transaction was first opened. In this case we can mark the page
+      ** as clean, since there will be no need to write it out to the
+      ** database.
+      **
+      ** There is one exception to this rule. If the page is being rolled
+      ** back as part of a savepoint (or statement) rollback from an 
+      ** unsynced portion of the main journal file, then it is not safe
+      ** to mark the page as clean. This is because marking the page as
+      ** clean will clear the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag. Since the page is
+      ** already in the journal file (recorded in Pager.pInJournal) and
+      ** the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag is cleared, if the page is written to
+      ** again within this transaction, it will be marked as dirty but
+      ** the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag will not be set. It could then potentially
+      ** be written out into the database file before its journal file
+      ** segment is synced. If a crash occurs during or following this,
+      ** database corruption may ensue.
+      */
+      assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+      sqlite3PcacheMakeClean(pPg);
+    }
+    pager_set_pagehash(pPg);
+
+    /* If this was page 1, then restore the value of Pager.dbFileVers.
+    ** Do this before any decoding. */
+    if( pgno==1 ){
+      memcpy(&pPager->dbFileVers, &((u8*)pData)[24],sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
+    }
+
+    /* Decode the page just read from disk */
+    CODEC1(pPager, pData, pPg->pgno, 3, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM);
+    sqlite3PcacheRelease(pPg);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Parameter zMaster is the name of a master journal file. A single journal
+** file that referred to the master journal file has just been rolled back.
+** This routine checks if it is possible to delete the master journal file,
+** and does so if it is.
+**
+** Argument zMaster may point to Pager.pTmpSpace. So that buffer is not 
+** available for use within this function.
+**
+** When a master journal file is created, it is populated with the names 
+** of all of its child journals, one after another, formatted as utf-8 
+** encoded text. The end of each child journal file is marked with a 
+** nul-terminator byte (0x00). i.e. the entire contents of a master journal
+** file for a transaction involving two databases might be:
+**
+**   "/home/bill/a.db-journal\x00/home/bill/b.db-journal\x00"
+**
+** A master journal file may only be deleted once all of its child 
+** journals have been rolled back.
+**
+** This function reads the contents of the master-journal file into 
+** memory and loops through each of the child journal names. For
+** each child journal, it checks if:
+**
+**   * if the child journal exists, and if so
+**   * if the child journal contains a reference to master journal 
+**     file zMaster
+**
+** If a child journal can be found that matches both of the criteria
+** above, this function returns without doing anything. Otherwise, if
+** no such child journal can be found, file zMaster is deleted from
+** the file-system using sqlite3OsDelete().
+**
+** If an IO error within this function, an error code is returned. This
+** function allocates memory by calling sqlite3Malloc(). If an allocation
+** fails, SQLITE_NOMEM is returned. Otherwise, if no IO or malloc errors 
+** occur, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+**
+** TODO: This function allocates a single block of memory to load
+** the entire contents of the master journal file. This could be
+** a couple of kilobytes or so - potentially larger than the page 
+** size.
+*/
+static int pager_delmaster(Pager *pPager, const char *zMaster){
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = pPager->pVfs;
+  int rc;                   /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_file *pMaster;    /* Malloc'd master-journal file descriptor */
+  sqlite3_file *pJournal;   /* Malloc'd child-journal file descriptor */
+  char *zMasterJournal = 0; /* Contents of master journal file */
+  i64 nMasterJournal;       /* Size of master journal file */
+  char *zJournal;           /* Pointer to one journal within MJ file */
+  char *zMasterPtr;         /* Space to hold MJ filename from a journal file */
+  int nMasterPtr;           /* Amount of space allocated to zMasterPtr[] */
+
+  /* Allocate space for both the pJournal and pMaster file descriptors.
+  ** If successful, open the master journal file for reading.
+  */
+  pMaster = (sqlite3_file *)sqlite3MallocZero(pVfs->szOsFile * 2);
+  pJournal = (sqlite3_file *)(((u8 *)pMaster) + pVfs->szOsFile);
+  if( !pMaster ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    const int flags = (SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL);
+    rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, zMaster, pMaster, flags, 0);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto delmaster_out;
+
+  /* Load the entire master journal file into space obtained from
+  ** sqlite3_malloc() and pointed to by zMasterJournal.   Also obtain
+  ** sufficient space (in zMasterPtr) to hold the names of master
+  ** journal files extracted from regular rollback-journals.
+  */
+  rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pMaster, &nMasterJournal);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto delmaster_out;
+  nMasterPtr = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
+  zMasterJournal = sqlite3Malloc((int)nMasterJournal + nMasterPtr + 1);
+  if( !zMasterJournal ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto delmaster_out;
+  }
+  zMasterPtr = &zMasterJournal[nMasterJournal+1];
+  rc = sqlite3OsRead(pMaster, zMasterJournal, (int)nMasterJournal, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto delmaster_out;
+  zMasterJournal[nMasterJournal] = 0;
+
+  zJournal = zMasterJournal;
+  while( (zJournal-zMasterJournal)<nMasterJournal ){
+    int exists;
+    rc = sqlite3OsAccess(pVfs, zJournal, SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, &exists);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto delmaster_out;
+    }
+    if( exists ){
+      /* One of the journals pointed to by the master journal exists.
+      ** Open it and check if it points at the master journal. If
+      ** so, return without deleting the master journal file.
+      */
+      int c;
+      int flags = (SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL);
+      rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, zJournal, pJournal, flags, 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto delmaster_out;
+      }
+
+      rc = readMasterJournal(pJournal, zMasterPtr, nMasterPtr);
+      sqlite3OsClose(pJournal);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto delmaster_out;
+      }
+
+      c = zMasterPtr[0]!=0 && strcmp(zMasterPtr, zMaster)==0;
+      if( c ){
+        /* We have a match. Do not delete the master journal file. */
+        goto delmaster_out;
+      }
+    }
+    zJournal += (sqlite3Strlen30(zJournal)+1);
+  }
+ 
+  sqlite3OsClose(pMaster);
+  rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 0);
+
+delmaster_out:
+  sqlite3_free(zMasterJournal);
+  if( pMaster ){
+    sqlite3OsClose(pMaster);
+    assert( !isOpen(pJournal) );
+    sqlite3_free(pMaster);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This function is used to change the actual size of the database 
+** file in the file-system. This only happens when committing a transaction,
+** or rolling back a transaction (including rolling back a hot-journal).
+**
+** If the main database file is not open, or the pager is not in either
+** DBMOD or OPEN state, this function is a no-op. Otherwise, the size 
+** of the file is changed to nPage pages (nPage*pPager->pageSize bytes). 
+** If the file on disk is currently larger than nPage pages, then use the VFS
+** xTruncate() method to truncate it.
+**
+** Or, it might might be the case that the file on disk is smaller than 
+** nPage pages. Some operating system implementations can get confused if 
+** you try to truncate a file to some size that is larger than it 
+** currently is, so detect this case and write a single zero byte to 
+** the end of the new file instead.
+**
+** If successful, return SQLITE_OK. If an IO error occurs while modifying
+** the database file, return the error code to the caller.
+*/
+static int pager_truncate(Pager *pPager, Pgno nPage){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_READER );
+  
+  if( isOpen(pPager->fd) 
+   && (pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD || pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN) 
+  ){
+    i64 currentSize, newSize;
+    int szPage = pPager->pageSize;
+    assert( pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+    /* TODO: Is it safe to use Pager.dbFileSize here? */
+    rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pPager->fd, &currentSize);
+    newSize = szPage*(i64)nPage;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && currentSize!=newSize ){
+      if( currentSize>newSize ){
+        rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pPager->fd, newSize);
+      }else{
+        char *pTmp = pPager->pTmpSpace;
+        memset(pTmp, 0, szPage);
+        testcase( (newSize-szPage) <  currentSize );
+        testcase( (newSize-szPage) == currentSize );
+        testcase( (newSize-szPage) >  currentSize );
+        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, pTmp, szPage, newSize-szPage);
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pPager->dbFileSize = nPage;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the value of the Pager.sectorSize variable for the given
+** pager based on the value returned by the xSectorSize method
+** of the open database file. The sector size will be used used 
+** to determine the size and alignment of journal header and 
+** master journal pointers within created journal files.
+**
+** For temporary files the effective sector size is always 512 bytes.
+**
+** Otherwise, for non-temporary files, the effective sector size is
+** the value returned by the xSectorSize() method rounded up to 32 if
+** it is less than 32, or rounded down to MAX_SECTOR_SIZE if it
+** is greater than MAX_SECTOR_SIZE.
+*/
+static void setSectorSize(Pager *pPager){
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) || pPager->tempFile );
+
+  if( !pPager->tempFile ){
+    /* Sector size doesn't matter for temporary files. Also, the file
+    ** may not have been opened yet, in which case the OsSectorSize()
+    ** call will segfault.
+    */
+    pPager->sectorSize = sqlite3OsSectorSize(pPager->fd);
+  }
+  if( pPager->sectorSize<32 ){
+    pPager->sectorSize = 512;
+  }
+  if( pPager->sectorSize>MAX_SECTOR_SIZE ){
+    assert( MAX_SECTOR_SIZE>=512 );
+    pPager->sectorSize = MAX_SECTOR_SIZE;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Playback the journal and thus restore the database file to
+** the state it was in before we started making changes.  
+**
+** The journal file format is as follows: 
+**
+**  (1)  8 byte prefix.  A copy of aJournalMagic[].
+**  (2)  4 byte big-endian integer which is the number of valid page records
+**       in the journal.  If this value is 0xffffffff, then compute the
+**       number of page records from the journal size.
+**  (3)  4 byte big-endian integer which is the initial value for the 
+**       sanity checksum.
+**  (4)  4 byte integer which is the number of pages to truncate the
+**       database to during a rollback.
+**  (5)  4 byte big-endian integer which is the sector size.  The header
+**       is this many bytes in size.
+**  (6)  4 byte big-endian integer which is the page size.
+**  (7)  zero padding out to the next sector size.
+**  (8)  Zero or more pages instances, each as follows:
+**        +  4 byte page number.
+**        +  pPager->pageSize bytes of data.
+**        +  4 byte checksum
+**
+** When we speak of the journal header, we mean the first 7 items above.
+** Each entry in the journal is an instance of the 8th item.
+**
+** Call the value from the second bullet "nRec".  nRec is the number of
+** valid page entries in the journal.  In most cases, you can compute the
+** value of nRec from the size of the journal file.  But if a power
+** failure occurred while the journal was being written, it could be the
+** case that the size of the journal file had already been increased but
+** the extra entries had not yet made it safely to disk.  In such a case,
+** the value of nRec computed from the file size would be too large.  For
+** that reason, we always use the nRec value in the header.
+**
+** If the nRec value is 0xffffffff it means that nRec should be computed
+** from the file size.  This value is used when the user selects the
+** no-sync option for the journal.  A power failure could lead to corruption
+** in this case.  But for things like temporary table (which will be
+** deleted when the power is restored) we don't care.  
+**
+** If the file opened as the journal file is not a well-formed
+** journal file then all pages up to the first corrupted page are rolled
+** back (or no pages if the journal header is corrupted). The journal file
+** is then deleted and SQLITE_OK returned, just as if no corruption had
+** been encountered.
+**
+** If an I/O or malloc() error occurs, the journal-file is not deleted
+** and an error code is returned.
+**
+** The isHot parameter indicates that we are trying to rollback a journal
+** that might be a hot journal.  Or, it could be that the journal is 
+** preserved because of JOURNALMODE_PERSIST or JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE.
+** If the journal really is hot, reset the pager cache prior rolling
+** back any content.  If the journal is merely persistent, no reset is
+** needed.
+*/
+static int pager_playback(Pager *pPager, int isHot){
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = pPager->pVfs;
+  i64 szJ;                 /* Size of the journal file in bytes */
+  u32 nRec;                /* Number of Records in the journal */
+  u32 u;                   /* Unsigned loop counter */
+  Pgno mxPg = 0;           /* Size of the original file in pages */
+  int rc;                  /* Result code of a subroutine */
+  int res = 1;             /* Value returned by sqlite3OsAccess() */
+  char *zMaster = 0;       /* Name of master journal file if any */
+  int needPagerReset;      /* True to reset page prior to first page rollback */
+
+  /* Figure out how many records are in the journal.  Abort early if
+  ** the journal is empty.
+  */
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
+  rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pPager->jfd, &szJ);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto end_playback;
+  }
+
+  /* Read the master journal name from the journal, if it is present.
+  ** If a master journal file name is specified, but the file is not
+  ** present on disk, then the journal is not hot and does not need to be
+  ** played back.
+  **
+  ** TODO: Technically the following is an error because it assumes that
+  ** buffer Pager.pTmpSpace is (mxPathname+1) bytes or larger. i.e. that
+  ** (pPager->pageSize >= pPager->pVfs->mxPathname+1). Using os_unix.c,
+  **  mxPathname is 512, which is the same as the minimum allowable value
+  ** for pageSize.
+  */
+  zMaster = pPager->pTmpSpace;
+  rc = readMasterJournal(pPager->jfd, zMaster, pPager->pVfs->mxPathname+1);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && zMaster[0] ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsAccess(pVfs, zMaster, SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, &res);
+  }
+  zMaster = 0;
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !res ){
+    goto end_playback;
+  }
+  pPager->journalOff = 0;
+  needPagerReset = isHot;
+
+  /* This loop terminates either when a readJournalHdr() or 
+  ** pager_playback_one_page() call returns SQLITE_DONE or an IO error 
+  ** occurs. 
+  */
+  while( 1 ){
+    /* Read the next journal header from the journal file.  If there are
+    ** not enough bytes left in the journal file for a complete header, or
+    ** it is corrupted, then a process must have failed while writing it.
+    ** This indicates nothing more needs to be rolled back.
+    */
+    rc = readJournalHdr(pPager, isHot, szJ, &nRec, &mxPg);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){ 
+      if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      goto end_playback;
+    }
+
+    /* If nRec is 0xffffffff, then this journal was created by a process
+    ** working in no-sync mode. This means that the rest of the journal
+    ** file consists of pages, there are no more journal headers. Compute
+    ** the value of nRec based on this assumption.
+    */
+    if( nRec==0xffffffff ){
+      assert( pPager->journalOff==JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager) );
+      nRec = (int)((szJ - JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager))/JOURNAL_PG_SZ(pPager));
+    }
+
+    /* If nRec is 0 and this rollback is of a transaction created by this
+    ** process and if this is the final header in the journal, then it means
+    ** that this part of the journal was being filled but has not yet been
+    ** synced to disk.  Compute the number of pages based on the remaining
+    ** size of the file.
+    **
+    ** The third term of the test was added to fix ticket #2565.
+    ** When rolling back a hot journal, nRec==0 always means that the next
+    ** chunk of the journal contains zero pages to be rolled back.  But
+    ** when doing a ROLLBACK and the nRec==0 chunk is the last chunk in
+    ** the journal, it means that the journal might contain additional
+    ** pages that need to be rolled back and that the number of pages 
+    ** should be computed based on the journal file size.
+    */
+    if( nRec==0 && !isHot &&
+        pPager->journalHdr+JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager)==pPager->journalOff ){
+      nRec = (int)((szJ - pPager->journalOff) / JOURNAL_PG_SZ(pPager));
+    }
+
+    /* If this is the first header read from the journal, truncate the
+    ** database file back to its original size.
+    */
+    if( pPager->journalOff==JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager) ){
+      rc = pager_truncate(pPager, mxPg);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto end_playback;
+      }
+      pPager->dbSize = mxPg;
+    }
+
+    /* Copy original pages out of the journal and back into the 
+    ** database file and/or page cache.
+    */
+    for(u=0; u<nRec; u++){
+      if( needPagerReset ){
+        pager_reset(pPager);
+        needPagerReset = 0;
+      }
+      rc = pager_playback_one_page(pPager,&pPager->journalOff,0,1,0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+          rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          pPager->journalOff = szJ;
+          break;
+        }else if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
+          /* If the journal has been truncated, simply stop reading and
+          ** processing the journal. This might happen if the journal was
+          ** not completely written and synced prior to a crash.  In that
+          ** case, the database should have never been written in the
+          ** first place so it is OK to simply abandon the rollback. */
+          rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          goto end_playback;
+        }else{
+          /* If we are unable to rollback, quit and return the error
+          ** code.  This will cause the pager to enter the error state
+          ** so that no further harm will be done.  Perhaps the next
+          ** process to come along will be able to rollback the database.
+          */
+          goto end_playback;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  /*NOTREACHED*/
+  assert( 0 );
+
+end_playback:
+  /* Following a rollback, the database file should be back in its original
+  ** state prior to the start of the transaction, so invoke the
+  ** SQLITE_FCNTL_DB_UNCHANGED file-control method to disable the
+  ** assertion that the transaction counter was modified.
+  */
+  assert(
+    pPager->fd->pMethods==0 ||
+    sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd,SQLITE_FCNTL_DB_UNCHANGED,0)>=SQLITE_OK
+  );
+
+  /* If this playback is happening automatically as a result of an IO or 
+  ** malloc error that occurred after the change-counter was updated but 
+  ** before the transaction was committed, then the change-counter 
+  ** modification may just have been reverted. If this happens in exclusive 
+  ** mode, then subsequent transactions performed by the connection will not
+  ** update the change-counter at all. This may lead to cache inconsistency
+  ** problems for other processes at some point in the future. So, just
+  ** in case this has happened, clear the changeCountDone flag now.
+  */
+  pPager->changeCountDone = pPager->tempFile;
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    zMaster = pPager->pTmpSpace;
+    rc = readMasterJournal(pPager->jfd, zMaster, pPager->pVfs->mxPathname+1);
+    testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK
+   && (pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD || pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN)
+  ){
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, zMaster[0]!='\0');
+    testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && zMaster[0] && res ){
+    /* If there was a master journal and this routine will return success,
+    ** see if it is possible to delete the master journal.
+    */
+    rc = pager_delmaster(pPager, zMaster);
+    testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+  }
+
+  /* The Pager.sectorSize variable may have been updated while rolling
+  ** back a journal created by a process with a different sector size
+  ** value. Reset it to the correct value for this process.
+  */
+  setSectorSize(pPager);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Read the content for page pPg out of the database file and into 
+** pPg->pData. A shared lock or greater must be held on the database
+** file before this function is called.
+**
+** If page 1 is read, then the value of Pager.dbFileVers[] is set to
+** the value read from the database file.
+**
+** If an IO error occurs, then the IO error is returned to the caller.
+** Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+*/
+static int readDbPage(PgHdr *pPg){
+  Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager; /* Pager object associated with page pPg */
+  Pgno pgno = pPg->pgno;       /* Page number to read */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;          /* Return code */
+  int isInWal = 0;             /* True if page is in log file */
+  int pgsz = pPager->pageSize; /* Number of bytes to read */
+
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_READER && !MEMDB );
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) );
+
+  if( NEVER(!isOpen(pPager->fd)) ){
+    assert( pPager->tempFile );
+    memset(pPg->pData, 0, pPager->pageSize);
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    /* Try to pull the page from the write-ahead log. */
+    rc = sqlite3WalRead(pPager->pWal, pgno, &isInWal, pgsz, pPg->pData);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !isInWal ){
+    i64 iOffset = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;
+    rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->fd, pPg->pData, pgsz, iOffset);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( pgno==1 ){
+    if( rc ){
+      /* If the read is unsuccessful, set the dbFileVers[] to something
+      ** that will never be a valid file version.  dbFileVers[] is a copy
+      ** of bytes 24..39 of the database.  Bytes 28..31 should always be
+      ** zero or the size of the database in page. Bytes 32..35 and 35..39
+      ** should be page numbers which are never 0xffffffff.  So filling
+      ** pPager->dbFileVers[] with all 0xff bytes should suffice.
+      **
+      ** For an encrypted database, the situation is more complex:  bytes
+      ** 24..39 of the database are white noise.  But the probability of
+      ** white noising equaling 16 bytes of 0xff is vanishingly small so
+      ** we should still be ok.
+      */
+      memset(pPager->dbFileVers, 0xff, sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
+    }else{
+      u8 *dbFileVers = &((u8*)pPg->pData)[24];
+      memcpy(&pPager->dbFileVers, dbFileVers, sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
+    }
+  }
+  CODEC1(pPager, pPg->pData, pgno, 3, rc = SQLITE_NOMEM);
+
+  PAGER_INCR(sqlite3_pager_readdb_count);
+  PAGER_INCR(pPager->nRead);
+  IOTRACE(("PGIN %p %d\n", pPager, pgno));
+  PAGERTRACE(("FETCH %d page %d hash(%08x)\n",
+               PAGERID(pPager), pgno, pager_pagehash(pPg)));
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Update the value of the change-counter at offsets 24 and 92 in
+** the header and the sqlite version number at offset 96.
+**
+** This is an unconditional update.  See also the pager_incr_changecounter()
+** routine which only updates the change-counter if the update is actually
+** needed, as determined by the pPager->changeCountDone state variable.
+*/
+static void pager_write_changecounter(PgHdr *pPg){
+  u32 change_counter;
+
+  /* Increment the value just read and write it back to byte 24. */
+  change_counter = sqlite3Get4byte((u8*)pPg->pPager->dbFileVers)+1;
+  put32bits(((char*)pPg->pData)+24, change_counter);
+
+  /* Also store the SQLite version number in bytes 96..99 and in
+  ** bytes 92..95 store the change counter for which the version number
+  ** is valid. */
+  put32bits(((char*)pPg->pData)+92, change_counter);
+  put32bits(((char*)pPg->pData)+96, SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER);
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+/*
+** This function is invoked once for each page that has already been 
+** written into the log file when a WAL transaction is rolled back.
+** Parameter iPg is the page number of said page. The pCtx argument 
+** is actually a pointer to the Pager structure.
+**
+** If page iPg is present in the cache, and has no outstanding references,
+** it is discarded. Otherwise, if there are one or more outstanding
+** references, the page content is reloaded from the database. If the
+** attempt to reload content from the database is required and fails, 
+** return an SQLite error code. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int pagerUndoCallback(void *pCtx, Pgno iPg){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Pager *pPager = (Pager *)pCtx;
+  PgHdr *pPg;
+
+  pPg = sqlite3PagerLookup(pPager, iPg);
+  if( pPg ){
+    if( sqlite3PcachePageRefcount(pPg)==1 ){
+      sqlite3PcacheDrop(pPg);
+    }else{
+      rc = readDbPage(pPg);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pPager->xReiniter(pPg);
+      }
+      sqlite3PagerUnref(pPg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Normally, if a transaction is rolled back, any backup processes are
+  ** updated as data is copied out of the rollback journal and into the
+  ** database. This is not generally possible with a WAL database, as
+  ** rollback involves simply truncating the log file. Therefore, if one
+  ** or more frames have already been written to the log (and therefore 
+  ** also copied into the backup databases) as part of this transaction,
+  ** the backups must be restarted.
+  */
+  sqlite3BackupRestart(pPager->pBackup);
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to rollback a transaction on a WAL database.
+*/
+static int pagerRollbackWal(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  PgHdr *pList;                   /* List of dirty pages to revert */
+
+  /* For all pages in the cache that are currently dirty or have already
+  ** been written (but not committed) to the log file, do one of the 
+  ** following:
+  **
+  **   + Discard the cached page (if refcount==0), or
+  **   + Reload page content from the database (if refcount>0).
+  */
+  pPager->dbSize = pPager->dbOrigSize;
+  rc = sqlite3WalUndo(pPager->pWal, pagerUndoCallback, (void *)pPager);
+  pList = sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(pPager->pPCache);
+  while( pList && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    PgHdr *pNext = pList->pDirty;
+    rc = pagerUndoCallback((void *)pPager, pList->pgno);
+    pList = pNext;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is a wrapper around sqlite3WalFrames(). As well as logging
+** the contents of the list of pages headed by pList (connected by pDirty),
+** this function notifies any active backup processes that the pages have
+** changed. 
+**
+** The list of pages passed into this routine is always sorted by page number.
+** Hence, if page 1 appears anywhere on the list, it will be the first page.
+*/ 
+static int pagerWalFrames(
+  Pager *pPager,                  /* Pager object */
+  PgHdr *pList,                   /* List of frames to log */
+  Pgno nTruncate,                 /* Database size after this commit */
+  int isCommit,                   /* True if this is a commit */
+  int syncFlags                   /* Flags to pass to OsSync() (or 0) */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES)
+  PgHdr *p;                       /* For looping over pages */
+#endif
+
+  assert( pPager->pWal );
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Verify that the page list is in accending order */
+  for(p=pList; p && p->pDirty; p=p->pDirty){
+    assert( p->pgno < p->pDirty->pgno );
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( isCommit ){
+    /* If a WAL transaction is being committed, there is no point in writing
+    ** any pages with page numbers greater than nTruncate into the WAL file.
+    ** They will never be read by any client. So remove them from the pDirty
+    ** list here. */
+    PgHdr *p;
+    PgHdr **ppNext = &pList;
+    for(p=pList; (*ppNext = p); p=p->pDirty){
+      if( p->pgno<=nTruncate ) ppNext = &p->pDirty;
+    }
+    assert( pList );
+  }
+
+  if( pList->pgno==1 ) pager_write_changecounter(pList);
+  rc = sqlite3WalFrames(pPager->pWal, 
+      pPager->pageSize, pList, nTruncate, isCommit, syncFlags
+  );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPager->pBackup ){
+    PgHdr *p;
+    for(p=pList; p; p=p->pDirty){
+      sqlite3BackupUpdate(pPager->pBackup, p->pgno, (u8 *)p->pData);
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES
+  pList = sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(pPager->pPCache);
+  for(p=pList; p; p=p->pDirty){
+    pager_set_pagehash(p);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Begin a read transaction on the WAL.
+**
+** This routine used to be called "pagerOpenSnapshot()" because it essentially
+** makes a snapshot of the database at the current point in time and preserves
+** that snapshot for use by the reader in spite of concurrently changes by
+** other writers or checkpointers.
+*/
+static int pagerBeginReadTransaction(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int changed = 0;                /* True if cache must be reset */
+
+  assert( pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN || pPager->eState==PAGER_READER );
+
+  /* sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction() was not called for the previous
+  ** transaction in locking_mode=EXCLUSIVE.  So call it now.  If we
+  ** are in locking_mode=NORMAL and EndRead() was previously called,
+  ** the duplicate call is harmless.
+  */
+  sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(pPager->pWal);
+
+  rc = sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(pPager->pWal, &changed);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || changed ){
+    pager_reset(pPager);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This function is called as part of the transition from PAGER_OPEN
+** to PAGER_READER state to determine the size of the database file
+** in pages (assuming the page size currently stored in Pager.pageSize).
+**
+** If no error occurs, SQLITE_OK is returned and the size of the database
+** in pages is stored in *pnPage. Otherwise, an error code (perhaps
+** SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT) is returned and *pnPage is left unmodified.
+*/
+static int pagerPagecount(Pager *pPager, Pgno *pnPage){
+  Pgno nPage;                     /* Value to return via *pnPage */
+
+  /* Query the WAL sub-system for the database size. The WalDbsize()
+  ** function returns zero if the WAL is not open (i.e. Pager.pWal==0), or
+  ** if the database size is not available. The database size is not
+  ** available from the WAL sub-system if the log file is empty or
+  ** contains no valid committed transactions.
+  */
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN );
+  assert( pPager->eLock>=SHARED_LOCK || pPager->noReadlock );
+  nPage = sqlite3WalDbsize(pPager->pWal);
+
+  /* If the database size was not available from the WAL sub-system,
+  ** determine it based on the size of the database file. If the size
+  ** of the database file is not an integer multiple of the page-size,
+  ** round down to the nearest page. Except, any file larger than 0
+  ** bytes in size is considered to contain at least one page.
+  */
+  if( nPage==0 ){
+    i64 n = 0;                    /* Size of db file in bytes */
+    assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) || pPager->tempFile );
+    if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+      int rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pPager->fd, &n);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+    nPage = (Pgno)(n / pPager->pageSize);
+    if( nPage==0 && n>0 ){
+      nPage = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If the current number of pages in the file is greater than the
+  ** configured maximum pager number, increase the allowed limit so
+  ** that the file can be read.
+  */
+  if( nPage>pPager->mxPgno ){
+    pPager->mxPgno = (Pgno)nPage;
+  }
+
+  *pnPage = nPage;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+/*
+** Check if the *-wal file that corresponds to the database opened by pPager
+** exists if the database is not empy, or verify that the *-wal file does
+** not exist (by deleting it) if the database file is empty.
+**
+** If the database is not empty and the *-wal file exists, open the pager
+** in WAL mode.  If the database is empty or if no *-wal file exists and
+** if no error occurs, make sure Pager.journalMode is not set to
+** PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK or an error code.
+**
+** The caller must hold a SHARED lock on the database file to call this
+** function. Because an EXCLUSIVE lock on the db file is required to delete 
+** a WAL on a none-empty database, this ensures there is no race condition 
+** between the xAccess() below and an xDelete() being executed by some 
+** other connection.
+*/
+static int pagerOpenWalIfPresent(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN );
+  assert( pPager->eLock>=SHARED_LOCK || pPager->noReadlock );
+
+  if( !pPager->tempFile ){
+    int isWal;                    /* True if WAL file exists */
+    Pgno nPage;                   /* Size of the database file */
+
+    rc = pagerPagecount(pPager, &nPage);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    if( nPage==0 ){
+      rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pPager->pVfs, pPager->zWal, 0);
+      isWal = 0;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3OsAccess(
+          pPager->pVfs, pPager->zWal, SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, &isWal
+      );
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( isWal ){
+        testcase( sqlite3PcachePagecount(pPager->pPCache)==0 );
+        rc = sqlite3PagerOpenWal(pPager, 0);
+      }else if( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
+        pPager->journalMode = PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Playback savepoint pSavepoint. Or, if pSavepoint==NULL, then playback
+** the entire master journal file. The case pSavepoint==NULL occurs when 
+** a ROLLBACK TO command is invoked on a SAVEPOINT that is a transaction 
+** savepoint.
+**
+** When pSavepoint is not NULL (meaning a non-transaction savepoint is 
+** being rolled back), then the rollback consists of up to three stages,
+** performed in the order specified:
+**
+**   * Pages are played back from the main journal starting at byte
+**     offset PagerSavepoint.iOffset and continuing to 
+**     PagerSavepoint.iHdrOffset, or to the end of the main journal
+**     file if PagerSavepoint.iHdrOffset is zero.
+**
+**   * If PagerSavepoint.iHdrOffset is not zero, then pages are played
+**     back starting from the journal header immediately following 
+**     PagerSavepoint.iHdrOffset to the end of the main journal file.
+**
+**   * Pages are then played back from the sub-journal file, starting
+**     with the PagerSavepoint.iSubRec and continuing to the end of
+**     the journal file.
+**
+** Throughout the rollback process, each time a page is rolled back, the
+** corresponding bit is set in a bitvec structure (variable pDone in the
+** implementation below). This is used to ensure that a page is only
+** rolled back the first time it is encountered in either journal.
+**
+** If pSavepoint is NULL, then pages are only played back from the main
+** journal file. There is no need for a bitvec in this case.
+**
+** In either case, before playback commences the Pager.dbSize variable
+** is reset to the value that it held at the start of the savepoint 
+** (or transaction). No page with a page-number greater than this value
+** is played back. If one is encountered it is simply skipped.
+*/
+static int pagerPlaybackSavepoint(Pager *pPager, PagerSavepoint *pSavepoint){
+  i64 szJ;                 /* Effective size of the main journal */
+  i64 iHdrOff;             /* End of first segment of main-journal records */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;      /* Return code */
+  Bitvec *pDone = 0;       /* Bitvec to ensure pages played back only once */
+
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED );
+
+  /* Allocate a bitvec to use to store the set of pages rolled back */
+  if( pSavepoint ){
+    pDone = sqlite3BitvecCreate(pSavepoint->nOrig);
+    if( !pDone ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Set the database size back to the value it was before the savepoint 
+  ** being reverted was opened.
+  */
+  pPager->dbSize = pSavepoint ? pSavepoint->nOrig : pPager->dbOrigSize;
+  pPager->changeCountDone = pPager->tempFile;
+
+  if( !pSavepoint && pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    return pagerRollbackWal(pPager);
+  }
+
+  /* Use pPager->journalOff as the effective size of the main rollback
+  ** journal.  The actual file might be larger than this in
+  ** PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE or PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST.  But anything
+  ** past pPager->journalOff is off-limits to us.
+  */
+  szJ = pPager->journalOff;
+  assert( pagerUseWal(pPager)==0 || szJ==0 );
+
+  /* Begin by rolling back records from the main journal starting at
+  ** PagerSavepoint.iOffset and continuing to the next journal header.
+  ** There might be records in the main journal that have a page number
+  ** greater than the current database size (pPager->dbSize) but those
+  ** will be skipped automatically.  Pages are added to pDone as they
+  ** are played back.
+  */
+  if( pSavepoint && !pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    iHdrOff = pSavepoint->iHdrOffset ? pSavepoint->iHdrOffset : szJ;
+    pPager->journalOff = pSavepoint->iOffset;
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPager->journalOff<iHdrOff ){
+      rc = pager_playback_one_page(pPager, &pPager->journalOff, pDone, 1, 1);
+    }
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
+  }else{
+    pPager->journalOff = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Continue rolling back records out of the main journal starting at
+  ** the first journal header seen and continuing until the effective end
+  ** of the main journal file.  Continue to skip out-of-range pages and
+  ** continue adding pages rolled back to pDone.
+  */
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPager->journalOff<szJ ){
+    u32 ii;            /* Loop counter */
+    u32 nJRec = 0;     /* Number of Journal Records */
+    u32 dummy;
+    rc = readJournalHdr(pPager, 0, szJ, &nJRec, &dummy);
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
+
+    /*
+    ** The "pPager->journalHdr+JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager)==pPager->journalOff"
+    ** test is related to ticket #2565.  See the discussion in the
+    ** pager_playback() function for additional information.
+    */
+    if( nJRec==0 
+     && pPager->journalHdr+JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager)==pPager->journalOff
+    ){
+      nJRec = (u32)((szJ - pPager->journalOff)/JOURNAL_PG_SZ(pPager));
+    }
+    for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<nJRec && pPager->journalOff<szJ; ii++){
+      rc = pager_playback_one_page(pPager, &pPager->journalOff, pDone, 1, 1);
+    }
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
+  }
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pPager->journalOff>=szJ );
+
+  /* Finally,  rollback pages from the sub-journal.  Page that were
+  ** previously rolled back out of the main journal (and are hence in pDone)
+  ** will be skipped.  Out-of-range pages are also skipped.
+  */
+  if( pSavepoint ){
+    u32 ii;            /* Loop counter */
+    i64 offset = pSavepoint->iSubRec*(4+pPager->pageSize);
+
+    if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+      rc = sqlite3WalSavepointUndo(pPager->pWal, pSavepoint->aWalData);
+    }
+    for(ii=pSavepoint->iSubRec; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<pPager->nSubRec; ii++){
+      assert( offset==ii*(4+pPager->pageSize) );
+      rc = pager_playback_one_page(pPager, &offset, pDone, 0, 1);
+    }
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
+  }
+
+  sqlite3BitvecDestroy(pDone);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pPager->journalOff = szJ;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the maximum number of in-memory pages that are allowed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(Pager *pPager, int mxPage){
+  sqlite3PcacheSetCachesize(pPager->pPCache, mxPage);
+}
+
+/*
+** Adjust the robustness of the database to damage due to OS crashes
+** or power failures by changing the number of syncs()s when writing
+** the rollback journal.  There are three levels:
+**
+**    OFF       sqlite3OsSync() is never called.  This is the default
+**              for temporary and transient files.
+**
+**    NORMAL    The journal is synced once before writes begin on the
+**              database.  This is normally adequate protection, but
+**              it is theoretically possible, though very unlikely,
+**              that an inopertune power failure could leave the journal
+**              in a state which would cause damage to the database
+**              when it is rolled back.
+**
+**    FULL      The journal is synced twice before writes begin on the
+**              database (with some additional information - the nRec field
+**              of the journal header - being written in between the two
+**              syncs).  If we assume that writing a
+**              single disk sector is atomic, then this mode provides
+**              assurance that the journal will not be corrupted to the
+**              point of causing damage to the database during rollback.
+**
+** The above is for a rollback-journal mode.  For WAL mode, OFF continues
+** to mean that no syncs ever occur.  NORMAL means that the WAL is synced
+** prior to the start of checkpoint and that the database file is synced
+** at the conclusion of the checkpoint if the entire content of the WAL
+** was written back into the database.  But no sync operations occur for
+** an ordinary commit in NORMAL mode with WAL.  FULL means that the WAL
+** file is synced following each commit operation, in addition to the
+** syncs associated with NORMAL.
+**
+** Do not confuse synchronous=FULL with SQLITE_SYNC_FULL.  The
+** SQLITE_SYNC_FULL macro means to use the MacOSX-style full-fsync
+** using fcntl(F_FULLFSYNC).  SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL means to do an
+** ordinary fsync() call.  There is no difference between SQLITE_SYNC_FULL
+** and SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL on platforms other than MacOSX.  But the
+** synchronous=FULL versus synchronous=NORMAL setting determines when
+** the xSync primitive is called and is relevant to all platforms.
+**
+** Numeric values associated with these states are OFF==1, NORMAL=2,
+** and FULL=3.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(
+  Pager *pPager,        /* The pager to set safety level for */
+  int level,            /* PRAGMA synchronous.  1=OFF, 2=NORMAL, 3=FULL */  
+  int bFullFsync,       /* PRAGMA fullfsync */
+  int bCkptFullFsync    /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync */
+){
+  assert( level>=1 && level<=3 );
+  pPager->noSync =  (level==1 || pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
+  pPager->fullSync = (level==3 && !pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
+  if( pPager->noSync ){
+    pPager->syncFlags = 0;
+    pPager->ckptSyncFlags = 0;
+  }else if( bFullFsync ){
+    pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
+    pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
+  }else if( bCkptFullFsync ){
+    pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
+    pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
+  }else{
+    pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
+    pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following global variable is incremented whenever the library
+** attempts to open a temporary file.  This information is used for
+** testing and analysis only.  
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_opentemp_count = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Open a temporary file.
+**
+** Write the file descriptor into *pFile. Return SQLITE_OK on success 
+** or some other error code if we fail. The OS will automatically 
+** delete the temporary file when it is closed.
+**
+** The flags passed to the VFS layer xOpen() call are those specified
+** by parameter vfsFlags ORed with the following:
+**
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE
+*/
+static int pagerOpentemp(
+  Pager *pPager,        /* The pager object */
+  sqlite3_file *pFile,  /* Write the file descriptor here */
+  int vfsFlags          /* Flags passed through to the VFS */
+){
+  int rc;               /* Return code */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  sqlite3_opentemp_count++;  /* Used for testing and analysis only */
+#endif
+
+  vfsFlags |=  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE |
+            SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE | SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE;
+  rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pPager->pVfs, 0, pFile, vfsFlags, 0);
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isOpen(pFile) );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the busy handler function.
+**
+** The pager invokes the busy-handler if sqlite3OsLock() returns 
+** SQLITE_BUSY when trying to upgrade from no-lock to a SHARED lock,
+** or when trying to upgrade from a RESERVED lock to an EXCLUSIVE 
+** lock. It does *not* invoke the busy handler when upgrading from
+** SHARED to RESERVED, or when upgrading from SHARED to EXCLUSIVE
+** (which occurs during hot-journal rollback). Summary:
+**
+**   Transition                        | Invokes xBusyHandler
+**   --------------------------------------------------------
+**   NO_LOCK       -> SHARED_LOCK      | Yes
+**   SHARED_LOCK   -> RESERVED_LOCK    | No
+**   SHARED_LOCK   -> EXCLUSIVE_LOCK   | No
+**   RESERVED_LOCK -> EXCLUSIVE_LOCK   | Yes
+**
+** If the busy-handler callback returns non-zero, the lock is 
+** retried. If it returns zero, then the SQLITE_BUSY error is
+** returned to the caller of the pager API function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetBusyhandler(
+  Pager *pPager,                       /* Pager object */
+  int (*xBusyHandler)(void *),         /* Pointer to busy-handler function */
+  void *pBusyHandlerArg                /* Argument to pass to xBusyHandler */
+){  
+  pPager->xBusyHandler = xBusyHandler;
+  pPager->pBusyHandlerArg = pBusyHandlerArg;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the page size used by the Pager object. The new page size 
+** is passed in *pPageSize.
+**
+** If the pager is in the error state when this function is called, it
+** is a no-op. The value returned is the error state error code (i.e. 
+** one of SQLITE_IOERR, an SQLITE_IOERR_xxx sub-code or SQLITE_FULL).
+**
+** Otherwise, if all of the following are true:
+**
+**   * the new page size (value of *pPageSize) is valid (a power 
+**     of two between 512 and SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE, inclusive), and
+**
+**   * there are no outstanding page references, and
+**
+**   * the database is either not an in-memory database or it is
+**     an in-memory database that currently consists of zero pages.
+**
+** then the pager object page size is set to *pPageSize.
+**
+** If the page size is changed, then this function uses sqlite3PagerMalloc() 
+** to obtain a new Pager.pTmpSpace buffer. If this allocation attempt 
+** fails, SQLITE_NOMEM is returned and the page size remains unchanged. 
+** In all other cases, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+**
+** If the page size is not changed, either because one of the enumerated
+** conditions above is not true, the pager was in error state when this
+** function was called, or because the memory allocation attempt failed, 
+** then *pPageSize is set to the old, retained page size before returning.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(Pager *pPager, u32 *pPageSize, int nReserve){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* It is not possible to do a full assert_pager_state() here, as this
+  ** function may be called from within PagerOpen(), before the state
+  ** of the Pager object is internally consistent.
+  **
+  ** At one point this function returned an error if the pager was in 
+  ** PAGER_ERROR state. But since PAGER_ERROR state guarantees that
+  ** there is at least one outstanding page reference, this function
+  ** is a no-op for that case anyhow.
+  */
+
+  u32 pageSize = *pPageSize;
+  assert( pageSize==0 || (pageSize>=512 && pageSize<=SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE) );
+  if( (pPager->memDb==0 || pPager->dbSize==0)
+   && sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)==0 
+   && pageSize && pageSize!=(u32)pPager->pageSize 
+  ){
+    char *pNew = NULL;             /* New temp space */
+    i64 nByte = 0;
+
+    if( pPager->eState>PAGER_OPEN && isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+      rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pPager->fd, &nByte);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pNew = (char *)sqlite3PageMalloc(pageSize);
+      if( !pNew ) rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pager_reset(pPager);
+      pPager->dbSize = (Pgno)(nByte/pageSize);
+      pPager->pageSize = pageSize;
+      sqlite3PageFree(pPager->pTmpSpace);
+      pPager->pTmpSpace = pNew;
+      sqlite3PcacheSetPageSize(pPager->pPCache, pageSize);
+    }
+  }
+
+  *pPageSize = pPager->pageSize;
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( nReserve<0 ) nReserve = pPager->nReserve;
+    assert( nReserve>=0 && nReserve<1000 );
+    pPager->nReserve = (i16)nReserve;
+    pagerReportSize(pPager);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the "temporary page" buffer held internally
+** by the pager.  This is a buffer that is big enough to hold the
+** entire content of a database page.  This buffer is used internally
+** during rollback and will be overwritten whenever a rollback
+** occurs.  But other modules are free to use it too, as long as
+** no rollbacks are happening.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerTempSpace(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->pTmpSpace;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to set the maximum database page count if mxPage is positive. 
+** Make no changes if mxPage is zero or negative.  And never reduce the
+** maximum page count below the current size of the database.
+**
+** Regardless of mxPage, return the current maximum page count.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMaxPageCount(Pager *pPager, int mxPage){
+  if( mxPage>0 ){
+    pPager->mxPgno = mxPage;
+  }
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_OPEN );      /* Called only by OP_MaxPgcnt */
+  assert( pPager->mxPgno>=pPager->dbSize );  /* OP_MaxPgcnt enforces this */
+  return pPager->mxPgno;
+}
+
+/*
+** The following set of routines are used to disable the simulated
+** I/O error mechanism.  These routines are used to avoid simulated
+** errors in places where we do not care about errors.
+**
+** Unless -DSQLITE_TEST=1 is used, these routines are all no-ops
+** and generate no code.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API extern int sqlite3_io_error_pending;
+SQLITE_API extern int sqlite3_io_error_hit;
+static int saved_cnt;
+void disable_simulated_io_errors(void){
+  saved_cnt = sqlite3_io_error_pending;
+  sqlite3_io_error_pending = -1;
+}
+void enable_simulated_io_errors(void){
+  sqlite3_io_error_pending = saved_cnt;
+}
+#else
+# define disable_simulated_io_errors()
+# define enable_simulated_io_errors()
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Read the first N bytes from the beginning of the file into memory
+** that pDest points to. 
+**
+** If the pager was opened on a transient file (zFilename==""), or
+** opened on a file less than N bytes in size, the output buffer is
+** zeroed and SQLITE_OK returned. The rationale for this is that this 
+** function is used to read database headers, and a new transient or
+** zero sized database has a header than consists entirely of zeroes.
+**
+** If any IO error apart from SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ is encountered,
+** the error code is returned to the caller and the contents of the
+** output buffer undefined.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerReadFileheader(Pager *pPager, int N, unsigned char *pDest){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  memset(pDest, 0, N);
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) || pPager->tempFile );
+
+  /* This routine is only called by btree immediately after creating
+  ** the Pager object.  There has not been an opportunity to transition
+  ** to WAL mode yet.
+  */
+  assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+
+  if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    IOTRACE(("DBHDR %p 0 %d\n", pPager, N))
+    rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->fd, pDest, N, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function may only be called when a read-transaction is open on
+** the pager. It returns the total number of pages in the database.
+**
+** However, if the file is between 1 and <page-size> bytes in size, then 
+** this is considered a 1 page file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerPagecount(Pager *pPager, int *pnPage){
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_READER );
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_WRITER_FINISHED );
+  *pnPage = (int)pPager->dbSize;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Try to obtain a lock of type locktype on the database file. If
+** a similar or greater lock is already held, this function is a no-op
+** (returning SQLITE_OK immediately).
+**
+** Otherwise, attempt to obtain the lock using sqlite3OsLock(). Invoke 
+** the busy callback if the lock is currently not available. Repeat 
+** until the busy callback returns false or until the attempt to 
+** obtain the lock succeeds.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success and an error code if we cannot obtain
+** the lock. If the lock is obtained successfully, set the Pager.state 
+** variable to locktype before returning.
+*/
+static int pager_wait_on_lock(Pager *pPager, int locktype){
+  int rc;                              /* Return code */
+
+  /* Check that this is either a no-op (because the requested lock is 
+  ** already held, or one of the transistions that the busy-handler
+  ** may be invoked during, according to the comment above
+  ** sqlite3PagerSetBusyhandler().
+  */
+  assert( (pPager->eLock>=locktype)
+       || (pPager->eLock==NO_LOCK && locktype==SHARED_LOCK)
+       || (pPager->eLock==RESERVED_LOCK && locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK)
+  );
+
+  do {
+    rc = pagerLockDb(pPager, locktype);
+  }while( rc==SQLITE_BUSY && pPager->xBusyHandler(pPager->pBusyHandlerArg) );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Function assertTruncateConstraint(pPager) checks that one of the 
+** following is true for all dirty pages currently in the page-cache:
+**
+**   a) The page number is less than or equal to the size of the 
+**      current database image, in pages, OR
+**
+**   b) if the page content were written at this time, it would not
+**      be necessary to write the current content out to the sub-journal
+**      (as determined by function subjRequiresPage()).
+**
+** If the condition asserted by this function were not true, and the
+** dirty page were to be discarded from the cache via the pagerStress()
+** routine, pagerStress() would not write the current page content to
+** the database file. If a savepoint transaction were rolled back after
+** this happened, the correct behaviour would be to restore the current
+** content of the page. However, since this content is not present in either
+** the database file or the portion of the rollback journal and 
+** sub-journal rolled back the content could not be restored and the
+** database image would become corrupt. It is therefore fortunate that 
+** this circumstance cannot arise.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+static void assertTruncateConstraintCb(PgHdr *pPg){
+  assert( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );
+  assert( !subjRequiresPage(pPg) || pPg->pgno<=pPg->pPager->dbSize );
+}
+static void assertTruncateConstraint(Pager *pPager){
+  sqlite3PcacheIterateDirty(pPager->pPCache, assertTruncateConstraintCb);
+}
+#else
+# define assertTruncateConstraint(pPager)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Truncate the in-memory database file image to nPage pages. This 
+** function does not actually modify the database file on disk. It 
+** just sets the internal state of the pager object so that the 
+** truncation will be done when the current transaction is committed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(Pager *pPager, Pgno nPage){
+  assert( pPager->dbSize>=nPage );
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD );
+  pPager->dbSize = nPage;
+  assertTruncateConstraint(pPager);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This function is called before attempting a hot-journal rollback. It
+** syncs the journal file to disk, then sets pPager->journalHdr to the
+** size of the journal file so that the pager_playback() routine knows
+** that the entire journal file has been synced.
+**
+** Syncing a hot-journal to disk before attempting to roll it back ensures 
+** that if a power-failure occurs during the rollback, the process that
+** attempts rollback following system recovery sees the same journal
+** content as this process.
+**
+** If everything goes as planned, SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, 
+** an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int pagerSyncHotJournal(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( !pPager->noSync ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pPager->jfd, &pPager->journalHdr);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Shutdown the page cache.  Free all memory and close all files.
+**
+** If a transaction was in progress when this routine is called, that
+** transaction is rolled back.  All outstanding pages are invalidated
+** and their memory is freed.  Any attempt to use a page associated
+** with this page cache after this function returns will likely
+** result in a coredump.
+**
+** This function always succeeds. If a transaction is active an attempt
+** is made to roll it back. If an error occurs during the rollback 
+** a hot journal may be left in the filesystem but no error is returned
+** to the caller.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerClose(Pager *pPager){
+  u8 *pTmp = (u8 *)pPager->pTmpSpace;
+
+  disable_simulated_io_errors();
+  sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+  /* pPager->errCode = 0; */
+  pPager->exclusiveMode = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  sqlite3WalClose(pPager->pWal, pPager->ckptSyncFlags, pPager->pageSize, pTmp);
+  pPager->pWal = 0;
+#endif
+  pager_reset(pPager);
+  if( MEMDB ){
+    pager_unlock(pPager);
+  }else{
+    /* If it is open, sync the journal file before calling UnlockAndRollback.
+    ** If this is not done, then an unsynced portion of the open journal 
+    ** file may be played back into the database. If a power failure occurs 
+    ** while this is happening, the database could become corrupt.
+    **
+    ** If an error occurs while trying to sync the journal, shift the pager
+    ** into the ERROR state. This causes UnlockAndRollback to unlock the
+    ** database and close the journal file without attempting to roll it
+    ** back or finalize it. The next database user will have to do hot-journal
+    ** rollback before accessing the database file.
+    */
+    if( isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){
+      pager_error(pPager, pagerSyncHotJournal(pPager));
+    }
+    pagerUnlockAndRollback(pPager);
+  }
+  sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+  enable_simulated_io_errors();
+  PAGERTRACE(("CLOSE %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
+  IOTRACE(("CLOSE %p\n", pPager))
+  sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
+  sqlite3OsClose(pPager->fd);
+  sqlite3PageFree(pTmp);
+  sqlite3PcacheClose(pPager->pPCache);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+  if( pPager->xCodecFree ) pPager->xCodecFree(pPager->pCodec);
+#endif
+
+  assert( !pPager->aSavepoint && !pPager->pInJournal );
+  assert( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) && !isOpen(pPager->sjfd) );
+
+  sqlite3_free(pPager);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+/*
+** Return the page number for page pPg.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Pgno sqlite3PagerPagenumber(DbPage *pPg){
+  return pPg->pgno;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Increment the reference count for page pPg.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerRef(DbPage *pPg){
+  sqlite3PcacheRef(pPg);
+}
+
+/*
+** Sync the journal. In other words, make sure all the pages that have
+** been written to the journal have actually reached the surface of the
+** disk and can be restored in the event of a hot-journal rollback.
+**
+** If the Pager.noSync flag is set, then this function is a no-op.
+** Otherwise, the actions required depend on the journal-mode and the 
+** device characteristics of the the file-system, as follows:
+**
+**   * If the journal file is an in-memory journal file, no action need
+**     be taken.
+**
+**   * Otherwise, if the device does not support the SAFE_APPEND property,
+**     then the nRec field of the most recently written journal header
+**     is updated to contain the number of journal records that have
+**     been written following it. If the pager is operating in full-sync
+**     mode, then the journal file is synced before this field is updated.
+**
+**   * If the device does not support the SEQUENTIAL property, then 
+**     journal file is synced.
+**
+** Or, in pseudo-code:
+**
+**   if( NOT <in-memory journal> ){
+**     if( NOT SAFE_APPEND ){
+**       if( <full-sync mode> ) xSync(<journal file>);
+**       <update nRec field>
+**     } 
+**     if( NOT SEQUENTIAL ) xSync(<journal file>);
+**   }
+**
+** If successful, this routine clears the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag of every 
+** page currently held in memory before returning SQLITE_OK. If an IO
+** error is encountered, then the IO error code is returned to the caller.
+*/
+static int syncJournal(Pager *pPager, int newHdr){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD
+  );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+
+  rc = sqlite3PagerExclusiveLock(pPager);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  if( !pPager->noSync ){
+    assert( !pPager->tempFile );
+    if( isOpen(pPager->jfd) && pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){
+      const int iDc = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd);
+      assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
+
+      if( 0==(iDc&SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND) ){
+        /* This block deals with an obscure problem. If the last connection
+        ** that wrote to this database was operating in persistent-journal
+        ** mode, then the journal file may at this point actually be larger
+        ** than Pager.journalOff bytes. If the next thing in the journal
+        ** file happens to be a journal-header (written as part of the
+        ** previous connection's transaction), and a crash or power-failure 
+        ** occurs after nRec is updated but before this connection writes 
+        ** anything else to the journal file (or commits/rolls back its 
+        ** transaction), then SQLite may become confused when doing the 
+        ** hot-journal rollback following recovery. It may roll back all
+        ** of this connections data, then proceed to rolling back the old,
+        ** out-of-date data that follows it. Database corruption.
+        **
+        ** To work around this, if the journal file does appear to contain
+        ** a valid header following Pager.journalOff, then write a 0x00
+        ** byte to the start of it to prevent it from being recognized.
+        **
+        ** Variable iNextHdrOffset is set to the offset at which this
+        ** problematic header will occur, if it exists. aMagic is used 
+        ** as a temporary buffer to inspect the first couple of bytes of
+        ** the potential journal header.
+        */
+        i64 iNextHdrOffset;
+        u8 aMagic[8];
+        u8 zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)+4];
+
+        memcpy(zHeader, aJournalMagic, sizeof(aJournalMagic));
+        put32bits(&zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)], pPager->nRec);
+
+        iNextHdrOffset = journalHdrOffset(pPager);
+        rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->jfd, aMagic, 8, iNextHdrOffset);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && 0==memcmp(aMagic, aJournalMagic, 8) ){
+          static const u8 zerobyte = 0;
+          rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->jfd, &zerobyte, 1, iNextHdrOffset);
+        }
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+
+        /* Write the nRec value into the journal file header. If in
+        ** full-synchronous mode, sync the journal first. This ensures that
+        ** all data has really hit the disk before nRec is updated to mark
+        ** it as a candidate for rollback.
+        **
+        ** This is not required if the persistent media supports the
+        ** SAFE_APPEND property. Because in this case it is not possible 
+        ** for garbage data to be appended to the file, the nRec field
+        ** is populated with 0xFFFFFFFF when the journal header is written
+        ** and never needs to be updated.
+        */
+        if( pPager->fullSync && 0==(iDc&SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL) ){
+          PAGERTRACE(("SYNC journal of %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
+          IOTRACE(("JSYNC %p\n", pPager))
+          rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, pPager->syncFlags);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+        }
+        IOTRACE(("JHDR %p %lld\n", pPager, pPager->journalHdr));
+        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(
+            pPager->jfd, zHeader, sizeof(zHeader), pPager->journalHdr
+        );
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+      }
+      if( 0==(iDc&SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL) ){
+        PAGERTRACE(("SYNC journal of %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
+        IOTRACE(("JSYNC %p\n", pPager))
+        rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, pPager->syncFlags| 
+          (pPager->syncFlags==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL?SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY:0)
+        );
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+      }
+
+      pPager->journalHdr = pPager->journalOff;
+      if( newHdr && 0==(iDc&SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND) ){
+        pPager->nRec = 0;
+        rc = writeJournalHdr(pPager);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+      }
+    }else{
+      pPager->journalHdr = pPager->journalOff;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Unless the pager is in noSync mode, the journal file was just 
+  ** successfully synced. Either way, clear the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag on 
+  ** all pages.
+  */
+  sqlite3PcacheClearSyncFlags(pPager->pPCache);
+  pPager->eState = PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD;
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** The argument is the first in a linked list of dirty pages connected
+** by the PgHdr.pDirty pointer. This function writes each one of the
+** in-memory pages in the list to the database file. The argument may
+** be NULL, representing an empty list. In this case this function is
+** a no-op.
+**
+** The pager must hold at least a RESERVED lock when this function
+** is called. Before writing anything to the database file, this lock
+** is upgraded to an EXCLUSIVE lock. If the lock cannot be obtained,
+** SQLITE_BUSY is returned and no data is written to the database file.
+** 
+** If the pager is a temp-file pager and the actual file-system file
+** is not yet open, it is created and opened before any data is 
+** written out.
+**
+** Once the lock has been upgraded and, if necessary, the file opened,
+** the pages are written out to the database file in list order. Writing
+** a page is skipped if it meets either of the following criteria:
+**
+**   * The page number is greater than Pager.dbSize, or
+**   * The PGHDR_DONT_WRITE flag is set on the page.
+**
+** If writing out a page causes the database file to grow, Pager.dbFileSize
+** is updated accordingly. If page 1 is written out, then the value cached
+** in Pager.dbFileVers[] is updated to match the new value stored in
+** the database file.
+**
+** If everything is successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. If an IO error 
+** occurs, an IO error code is returned. Or, if the EXCLUSIVE lock cannot
+** be obtained, SQLITE_BUSY is returned.
+*/
+static int pager_write_pagelist(Pager *pPager, PgHdr *pList){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                  /* Return code */
+
+  /* This function is only called for rollback pagers in WRITER_DBMOD state. */
+  assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD );
+  assert( pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+
+  /* If the file is a temp-file has not yet been opened, open it now. It
+  ** is not possible for rc to be other than SQLITE_OK if this branch
+  ** is taken, as pager_wait_on_lock() is a no-op for temp-files.
+  */
+  if( !isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    assert( pPager->tempFile && rc==SQLITE_OK );
+    rc = pagerOpentemp(pPager, pPager->fd, pPager->vfsFlags);
+  }
+
+  /* Before the first write, give the VFS a hint of what the final
+  ** file size will be.
+  */
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isOpen(pPager->fd) );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPager->dbSize>pPager->dbHintSize ){
+    sqlite3_int64 szFile = pPager->pageSize * (sqlite3_int64)pPager->dbSize;
+    sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT, &szFile);
+    pPager->dbHintSize = pPager->dbSize;
+  }
+
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && pList ){
+    Pgno pgno = pList->pgno;
+
+    /* If there are dirty pages in the page cache with page numbers greater
+    ** than Pager.dbSize, this means sqlite3PagerTruncateImage() was called to
+    ** make the file smaller (presumably by auto-vacuum code). Do not write
+    ** any such pages to the file.
+    **
+    ** Also, do not write out any page that has the PGHDR_DONT_WRITE flag
+    ** set (set by sqlite3PagerDontWrite()).
+    */
+    if( pgno<=pPager->dbSize && 0==(pList->flags&PGHDR_DONT_WRITE) ){
+      i64 offset = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;   /* Offset to write */
+      char *pData;                                   /* Data to write */    
+
+      assert( (pList->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)==0 );
+      if( pList->pgno==1 ) pager_write_changecounter(pList);
+
+      /* Encode the database */
+      CODEC2(pPager, pList->pData, pgno, 6, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData);
+
+      /* Write out the page data. */
+      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, pData, pPager->pageSize, offset);
+
+      /* If page 1 was just written, update Pager.dbFileVers to match
+      ** the value now stored in the database file. If writing this 
+      ** page caused the database file to grow, update dbFileSize. 
+      */
+      if( pgno==1 ){
+        memcpy(&pPager->dbFileVers, &pData[24], sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
+      }
+      if( pgno>pPager->dbFileSize ){
+        pPager->dbFileSize = pgno;
+      }
+
+      /* Update any backup objects copying the contents of this pager. */
+      sqlite3BackupUpdate(pPager->pBackup, pgno, (u8*)pList->pData);
+
+      PAGERTRACE(("STORE %d page %d hash(%08x)\n",
+                   PAGERID(pPager), pgno, pager_pagehash(pList)));
+      IOTRACE(("PGOUT %p %d\n", pPager, pgno));
+      PAGER_INCR(sqlite3_pager_writedb_count);
+      PAGER_INCR(pPager->nWrite);
+    }else{
+      PAGERTRACE(("NOSTORE %d page %d\n", PAGERID(pPager), pgno));
+    }
+    pager_set_pagehash(pList);
+    pList = pList->pDirty;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Ensure that the sub-journal file is open. If it is already open, this 
+** function is a no-op.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if everything goes according to plan. An 
+** SQLITE_IOERR_XXX error code is returned if a call to sqlite3OsOpen() 
+** fails.
+*/
+static int openSubJournal(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( !isOpen(pPager->sjfd) ){
+    if( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY || pPager->subjInMemory ){
+      sqlite3MemJournalOpen(pPager->sjfd);
+    }else{
+      rc = pagerOpentemp(pPager, pPager->sjfd, SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append a record of the current state of page pPg to the sub-journal. 
+** It is the callers responsibility to use subjRequiresPage() to check 
+** that it is really required before calling this function.
+**
+** If successful, set the bit corresponding to pPg->pgno in the bitvecs
+** for all open savepoints before returning.
+**
+** This function returns SQLITE_OK if everything is successful, an IO
+** error code if the attempt to write to the sub-journal fails, or 
+** SQLITE_NOMEM if a malloc fails while setting a bit in a savepoint
+** bitvec.
+*/
+static int subjournalPage(PgHdr *pPg){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  if( pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF ){
+
+    /* Open the sub-journal, if it has not already been opened */
+    assert( pPager->useJournal );
+    assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) || pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+    assert( isOpen(pPager->sjfd) || pPager->nSubRec==0 );
+    assert( pagerUseWal(pPager) 
+         || pageInJournal(pPg) 
+         || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize 
+    );
+    rc = openSubJournal(pPager);
+
+    /* If the sub-journal was opened successfully (or was already open),
+    ** write the journal record into the file.  */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      void *pData = pPg->pData;
+      i64 offset = pPager->nSubRec*(4+pPager->pageSize);
+      char *pData2;
+  
+      CODEC2(pPager, pData, pPg->pgno, 7, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData2);
+      PAGERTRACE(("STMT-JOURNAL %d page %d\n", PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno));
+      rc = write32bits(pPager->sjfd, offset, pPg->pgno);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->sjfd, pData2, pPager->pageSize, offset+4);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pPager->nSubRec++;
+    assert( pPager->nSavepoint>0 );
+    rc = addToSavepointBitvecs(pPager, pPg->pgno);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called by the pcache layer when it has reached some
+** soft memory limit. The first argument is a pointer to a Pager object
+** (cast as a void*). The pager is always 'purgeable' (not an in-memory
+** database). The second argument is a reference to a page that is 
+** currently dirty but has no outstanding references. The page
+** is always associated with the Pager object passed as the first 
+** argument.
+**
+** The job of this function is to make pPg clean by writing its contents
+** out to the database file, if possible. This may involve syncing the
+** journal file. 
+**
+** If successful, sqlite3PcacheMakeClean() is called on the page and
+** SQLITE_OK returned. If an IO error occurs while trying to make the
+** page clean, the IO error code is returned. If the page cannot be
+** made clean for some other reason, but no error occurs, then SQLITE_OK
+** is returned by sqlite3PcacheMakeClean() is not called.
+*/
+static int pagerStress(void *p, PgHdr *pPg){
+  Pager *pPager = (Pager *)p;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( pPg->pPager==pPager );
+  assert( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );
+
+  /* The doNotSyncSpill flag is set during times when doing a sync of
+  ** journal (and adding a new header) is not allowed.  This occurs
+  ** during calls to sqlite3PagerWrite() while trying to journal multiple
+  ** pages belonging to the same sector.
+  **
+  ** The doNotSpill flag inhibits all cache spilling regardless of whether
+  ** or not a sync is required.  This is set during a rollback.
+  **
+  ** Spilling is also prohibited when in an error state since that could
+  ** lead to database corruption.   In the current implementaton it 
+  ** is impossible for sqlite3PCacheFetch() to be called with createFlag==1
+  ** while in the error state, hence it is impossible for this routine to
+  ** be called in the error state.  Nevertheless, we include a NEVER()
+  ** test for the error state as a safeguard against future changes.
+  */
+  if( NEVER(pPager->errCode) ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pPager->doNotSpill ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pPager->doNotSyncSpill && (pPg->flags & PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)!=0 ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  pPg->pDirty = 0;
+  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    /* Write a single frame for this page to the log. */
+    if( subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){ 
+      rc = subjournalPage(pPg); 
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = pagerWalFrames(pPager, pPg, 0, 0, 0);
+    }
+  }else{
+  
+    /* Sync the journal file if required. */
+    if( pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC 
+     || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD
+    ){
+      rc = syncJournal(pPager, 1);
+    }
+  
+    /* If the page number of this page is larger than the current size of
+    ** the database image, it may need to be written to the sub-journal.
+    ** This is because the call to pager_write_pagelist() below will not
+    ** actually write data to the file in this case.
+    **
+    ** Consider the following sequence of events:
+    **
+    **   BEGIN;
+    **     <journal page X>
+    **     <modify page X>
+    **     SAVEPOINT sp;
+    **       <shrink database file to Y pages>
+    **       pagerStress(page X)
+    **     ROLLBACK TO sp;
+    **
+    ** If (X>Y), then when pagerStress is called page X will not be written
+    ** out to the database file, but will be dropped from the cache. Then,
+    ** following the "ROLLBACK TO sp" statement, reading page X will read
+    ** data from the database file. This will be the copy of page X as it
+    ** was when the transaction started, not as it was when "SAVEPOINT sp"
+    ** was executed.
+    **
+    ** The solution is to write the current data for page X into the 
+    ** sub-journal file now (if it is not already there), so that it will
+    ** be restored to its current value when the "ROLLBACK TO sp" is 
+    ** executed.
+    */
+    if( NEVER(
+        rc==SQLITE_OK && pPg->pgno>pPager->dbSize && subjRequiresPage(pPg)
+    ) ){
+      rc = subjournalPage(pPg);
+    }
+  
+    /* Write the contents of the page out to the database file. */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      assert( (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)==0 );
+      rc = pager_write_pagelist(pPager, pPg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Mark the page as clean. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    PAGERTRACE(("STRESS %d page %d\n", PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno));
+    sqlite3PcacheMakeClean(pPg);
+  }
+
+  return pager_error(pPager, rc); 
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Allocate and initialize a new Pager object and put a pointer to it
+** in *ppPager. The pager should eventually be freed by passing it
+** to sqlite3PagerClose().
+**
+** The zFilename argument is the path to the database file to open.
+** If zFilename is NULL then a randomly-named temporary file is created
+** and used as the file to be cached. Temporary files are be deleted
+** automatically when they are closed. If zFilename is ":memory:" then 
+** all information is held in cache. It is never written to disk. 
+** This can be used to implement an in-memory database.
+**
+** The nExtra parameter specifies the number of bytes of space allocated
+** along with each page reference. This space is available to the user
+** via the sqlite3PagerGetExtra() API.
+**
+** The flags argument is used to specify properties that affect the
+** operation of the pager. It should be passed some bitwise combination
+** of the PAGER_OMIT_JOURNAL and PAGER_NO_READLOCK flags.
+**
+** The vfsFlags parameter is a bitmask to pass to the flags parameter
+** of the xOpen() method of the supplied VFS when opening files. 
+**
+** If the pager object is allocated and the specified file opened 
+** successfully, SQLITE_OK is returned and *ppPager set to point to
+** the new pager object. If an error occurs, *ppPager is set to NULL
+** and error code returned. This function may return SQLITE_NOMEM
+** (sqlite3Malloc() is used to allocate memory), SQLITE_CANTOPEN or 
+** various SQLITE_IO_XXX errors.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,       /* The virtual file system to use */
+  Pager **ppPager,         /* OUT: Return the Pager structure here */
+  const char *zFilename,   /* Name of the database file to open */
+  int nExtra,              /* Extra bytes append to each in-memory page */
+  int flags,               /* flags controlling this file */
+  int vfsFlags,            /* flags passed through to sqlite3_vfs.xOpen() */
+  void (*xReinit)(DbPage*) /* Function to reinitialize pages */
+){
+  u8 *pPtr;
+  Pager *pPager = 0;       /* Pager object to allocate and return */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;      /* Return code */
+  int tempFile = 0;        /* True for temp files (incl. in-memory files) */
+  int memDb = 0;           /* True if this is an in-memory file */
+  int readOnly = 0;        /* True if this is a read-only file */
+  int journalFileSize;     /* Bytes to allocate for each journal fd */
+  char *zPathname = 0;     /* Full path to database file */
+  int nPathname = 0;       /* Number of bytes in zPathname */
+  int useJournal = (flags & PAGER_OMIT_JOURNAL)==0; /* False to omit journal */
+  int noReadlock = (flags & PAGER_NO_READLOCK)!=0;  /* True to omit read-lock */
+  int pcacheSize = sqlite3PcacheSize();       /* Bytes to allocate for PCache */
+  u32 szPageDflt = SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;  /* Default page size */
+  const char *zUri = 0;    /* URI args to copy */
+  int nUri = 0;            /* Number of bytes of URI args at *zUri */
+
+  /* Figure out how much space is required for each journal file-handle
+  ** (there are two of them, the main journal and the sub-journal). This
+  ** is the maximum space required for an in-memory journal file handle 
+  ** and a regular journal file-handle. Note that a "regular journal-handle"
+  ** may be a wrapper capable of caching the first portion of the journal
+  ** file in memory to implement the atomic-write optimization (see 
+  ** source file journal.c).
+  */
+  if( sqlite3JournalSize(pVfs)>sqlite3MemJournalSize() ){
+    journalFileSize = ROUND8(sqlite3JournalSize(pVfs));
+  }else{
+    journalFileSize = ROUND8(sqlite3MemJournalSize());
+  }
+
+  /* Set the output variable to NULL in case an error occurs. */
+  *ppPager = 0;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
+  if( flags & PAGER_MEMORY ){
+    memDb = 1;
+    zFilename = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Compute and store the full pathname in an allocated buffer pointed
+  ** to by zPathname, length nPathname. Or, if this is a temporary file,
+  ** leave both nPathname and zPathname set to 0.
+  */
+  if( zFilename && zFilename[0] ){
+    const char *z;
+    nPathname = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
+    zPathname = sqlite3Malloc(nPathname*2);
+    if( zPathname==0 ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    zPathname[0] = 0; /* Make sure initialized even if FullPathname() fails */
+    rc = sqlite3OsFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename, nPathname, zPathname);
+    nPathname = sqlite3Strlen30(zPathname);
+    z = zUri = &zFilename[sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename)+1];
+    while( *z ){
+      z += sqlite3Strlen30(z)+1;
+      z += sqlite3Strlen30(z)+1;
+    }
+    nUri = &z[1] - zUri;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nPathname+8>pVfs->mxPathname ){
+      /* This branch is taken when the journal path required by
+      ** the database being opened will be more than pVfs->mxPathname
+      ** bytes in length. This means the database cannot be opened,
+      ** as it will not be possible to open the journal file or even
+      ** check for a hot-journal before reading.
+      */
+      rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_free(zPathname);
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate memory for the Pager structure, PCache object, the
+  ** three file descriptors, the database file name and the journal 
+  ** file name. The layout in memory is as follows:
+  **
+  **     Pager object                    (sizeof(Pager) bytes)
+  **     PCache object                   (sqlite3PcacheSize() bytes)
+  **     Database file handle            (pVfs->szOsFile bytes)
+  **     Sub-journal file handle         (journalFileSize bytes)
+  **     Main journal file handle        (journalFileSize bytes)
+  **     Database file name              (nPathname+1 bytes)
+  **     Journal file name               (nPathname+8+1 bytes)
+  */
+  pPtr = (u8 *)sqlite3MallocZero(
+    ROUND8(sizeof(*pPager)) +      /* Pager structure */
+    ROUND8(pcacheSize) +           /* PCache object */
+    ROUND8(pVfs->szOsFile) +       /* The main db file */
+    journalFileSize * 2 +          /* The two journal files */ 
+    nPathname + 1 + nUri +         /* zFilename */
+    nPathname + 8 + 1              /* zJournal */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+    + nPathname + 4 + 1              /* zWal */
+#endif
+  );
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(journalFileSize)) );
+  if( !pPtr ){
+    sqlite3_free(zPathname);
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  pPager =              (Pager*)(pPtr);
+  pPager->pPCache =    (PCache*)(pPtr += ROUND8(sizeof(*pPager)));
+  pPager->fd =   (sqlite3_file*)(pPtr += ROUND8(pcacheSize));
+  pPager->sjfd = (sqlite3_file*)(pPtr += ROUND8(pVfs->szOsFile));
+  pPager->jfd =  (sqlite3_file*)(pPtr += journalFileSize);
+  pPager->zFilename =    (char*)(pPtr += journalFileSize);
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pPager->jfd) );
+
+  /* Fill in the Pager.zFilename and Pager.zJournal buffers, if required. */
+  if( zPathname ){
+    assert( nPathname>0 );
+    pPager->zJournal =   (char*)(pPtr += nPathname + 1 + nUri);
+    memcpy(pPager->zFilename, zPathname, nPathname);
+    memcpy(&pPager->zFilename[nPathname+1], zUri, nUri);
+    memcpy(pPager->zJournal, zPathname, nPathname);
+    memcpy(&pPager->zJournal[nPathname], "-journal", 8);
+    sqlite3FileSuffix3(pPager->zFilename, pPager->zJournal);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+    pPager->zWal = &pPager->zJournal[nPathname+8+1];
+    memcpy(pPager->zWal, zPathname, nPathname);
+    memcpy(&pPager->zWal[nPathname], "-wal", 4);
+    sqlite3FileSuffix3(pPager->zFilename, pPager->zWal);
+#endif
+    sqlite3_free(zPathname);
+  }
+  pPager->pVfs = pVfs;
+  pPager->vfsFlags = vfsFlags;
+
+  /* Open the pager file.
+  */
+  if( zFilename && zFilename[0] ){
+    int fout = 0;                    /* VFS flags returned by xOpen() */
+    rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zFilename, pPager->fd, vfsFlags, &fout);
+    assert( !memDb );
+    readOnly = (fout&SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
+
+    /* If the file was successfully opened for read/write access,
+    ** choose a default page size in case we have to create the
+    ** database file. The default page size is the maximum of:
+    **
+    **    + SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE,
+    **    + The value returned by sqlite3OsSectorSize()
+    **    + The largest page size that can be written atomically.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !readOnly ){
+      setSectorSize(pPager);
+      assert(SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
+      if( szPageDflt<pPager->sectorSize ){
+        if( pPager->sectorSize>SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE ){
+          szPageDflt = SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;
+        }else{
+          szPageDflt = (u32)pPager->sectorSize;
+        }
+      }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+      {
+        int iDc = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd);
+        int ii;
+        assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512==(512>>8));
+        assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K==(65536>>8));
+        assert(SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=65536);
+        for(ii=szPageDflt; ii<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE; ii=ii*2){
+          if( iDc&(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC|(ii>>8)) ){
+            szPageDflt = ii;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+#endif
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* If a temporary file is requested, it is not opened immediately.
+    ** In this case we accept the default page size and delay actually
+    ** opening the file until the first call to OsWrite().
+    **
+    ** This branch is also run for an in-memory database. An in-memory
+    ** database is the same as a temp-file that is never written out to
+    ** disk and uses an in-memory rollback journal.
+    */ 
+    tempFile = 1;
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_READER;
+    pPager->eLock = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
+    readOnly = (vfsFlags&SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
+  }
+
+  /* The following call to PagerSetPagesize() serves to set the value of 
+  ** Pager.pageSize and to allocate the Pager.pTmpSpace buffer.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    assert( pPager->memDb==0 );
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(pPager, &szPageDflt, -1);
+    testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+  }
+
+  /* If an error occurred in either of the blocks above, free the 
+  ** Pager structure and close the file.
+  */
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    assert( !pPager->pTmpSpace );
+    sqlite3OsClose(pPager->fd);
+    sqlite3_free(pPager);
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* Initialize the PCache object. */
+  assert( nExtra<1000 );
+  nExtra = ROUND8(nExtra);
+  sqlite3PcacheOpen(szPageDflt, nExtra, !memDb,
+                    !memDb?pagerStress:0, (void *)pPager, pPager->pPCache);
+
+  PAGERTRACE(("OPEN %d %s\n", FILEHANDLEID(pPager->fd), pPager->zFilename));
+  IOTRACE(("OPEN %p %s\n", pPager, pPager->zFilename))
+
+  pPager->useJournal = (u8)useJournal;
+  pPager->noReadlock = (noReadlock && readOnly) ?1:0;
+  /* pPager->stmtOpen = 0; */
+  /* pPager->stmtInUse = 0; */
+  /* pPager->nRef = 0; */
+  /* pPager->stmtSize = 0; */
+  /* pPager->stmtJSize = 0; */
+  /* pPager->nPage = 0; */
+  pPager->mxPgno = SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT;
+  /* pPager->state = PAGER_UNLOCK; */
+#if 0
+  assert( pPager->state == (tempFile ? PAGER_EXCLUSIVE : PAGER_UNLOCK) );
+#endif
+  /* pPager->errMask = 0; */
+  pPager->tempFile = (u8)tempFile;
+  assert( tempFile==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL 
+          || tempFile==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE );
+  assert( PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE==1 );
+  pPager->exclusiveMode = (u8)tempFile; 
+  pPager->changeCountDone = pPager->tempFile;
+  pPager->memDb = (u8)memDb;
+  pPager->readOnly = (u8)readOnly;
+  assert( useJournal || pPager->tempFile );
+  pPager->noSync = pPager->tempFile;
+  pPager->fullSync = pPager->noSync ?0:1;
+  pPager->syncFlags = pPager->noSync ? 0 : SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
+  pPager->ckptSyncFlags = pPager->syncFlags;
+  /* pPager->pFirst = 0; */
+  /* pPager->pFirstSynced = 0; */
+  /* pPager->pLast = 0; */
+  pPager->nExtra = (u16)nExtra;
+  pPager->journalSizeLimit = SQLITE_DEFAULT_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT;
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) || tempFile );
+  setSectorSize(pPager);
+  if( !useJournal ){
+    pPager->journalMode = PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF;
+  }else if( memDb ){
+    pPager->journalMode = PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY;
+  }
+  /* pPager->xBusyHandler = 0; */
+  /* pPager->pBusyHandlerArg = 0; */
+  pPager->xReiniter = xReinit;
+  /* memset(pPager->aHash, 0, sizeof(pPager->aHash)); */
+
+  *ppPager = pPager;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** This function is called after transitioning from PAGER_UNLOCK to
+** PAGER_SHARED state. It tests if there is a hot journal present in
+** the file-system for the given pager. A hot journal is one that 
+** needs to be played back. According to this function, a hot-journal
+** file exists if the following criteria are met:
+**
+**   * The journal file exists in the file system, and
+**   * No process holds a RESERVED or greater lock on the database file, and
+**   * The database file itself is greater than 0 bytes in size, and
+**   * The first byte of the journal file exists and is not 0x00.
+**
+** If the current size of the database file is 0 but a journal file
+** exists, that is probably an old journal left over from a prior
+** database with the same name. In this case the journal file is
+** just deleted using OsDelete, *pExists is set to 0 and SQLITE_OK
+** is returned.
+**
+** This routine does not check if there is a master journal filename
+** at the end of the file. If there is, and that master journal file
+** does not exist, then the journal file is not really hot. In this
+** case this routine will return a false-positive. The pager_playback()
+** routine will discover that the journal file is not really hot and 
+** will not roll it back. 
+**
+** If a hot-journal file is found to exist, *pExists is set to 1 and 
+** SQLITE_OK returned. If no hot-journal file is present, *pExists is
+** set to 0 and SQLITE_OK returned. If an IO error occurs while trying
+** to determine whether or not a hot-journal file exists, the IO error
+** code is returned and the value of *pExists is undefined.
+*/
+static int hasHotJournal(Pager *pPager, int *pExists){
+  sqlite3_vfs * const pVfs = pPager->pVfs;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;           /* Return code */
+  int exists = 1;               /* True if a journal file is present */
+  int jrnlOpen = !!isOpen(pPager->jfd);
+
+  assert( pPager->useJournal );
+  assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) );
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN );
+
+  assert( jrnlOpen==0 || ( sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->jfd) &
+    SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN
+  ));
+
+  *pExists = 0;
+  if( !jrnlOpen ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsAccess(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, &exists);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && exists ){
+    int locked = 0;             /* True if some process holds a RESERVED lock */
+
+    /* Race condition here:  Another process might have been holding the
+    ** the RESERVED lock and have a journal open at the sqlite3OsAccess() 
+    ** call above, but then delete the journal and drop the lock before
+    ** we get to the following sqlite3OsCheckReservedLock() call.  If that
+    ** is the case, this routine might think there is a hot journal when
+    ** in fact there is none.  This results in a false-positive which will
+    ** be dealt with by the playback routine.  Ticket #3883.
+    */
+    rc = sqlite3OsCheckReservedLock(pPager->fd, &locked);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !locked ){
+      Pgno nPage;                 /* Number of pages in database file */
+
+      /* Check the size of the database file. If it consists of 0 pages,
+      ** then delete the journal file. See the header comment above for 
+      ** the reasoning here.  Delete the obsolete journal file under
+      ** a RESERVED lock to avoid race conditions and to avoid violating
+      ** [H33020].
+      */
+      rc = pagerPagecount(pPager, &nPage);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( nPage==0 ){
+          sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+          if( pagerLockDb(pPager, RESERVED_LOCK)==SQLITE_OK ){
+            sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0);
+            if( !pPager->exclusiveMode ) pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
+          }
+          sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+        }else{
+          /* The journal file exists and no other connection has a reserved
+          ** or greater lock on the database file. Now check that there is
+          ** at least one non-zero bytes at the start of the journal file.
+          ** If there is, then we consider this journal to be hot. If not, 
+          ** it can be ignored.
+          */
+          if( !jrnlOpen ){
+            int f = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL;
+            rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, f, &f);
+          }
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            u8 first = 0;
+            rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->jfd, (void *)&first, 1, 0);
+            if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
+              rc = SQLITE_OK;
+            }
+            if( !jrnlOpen ){
+              sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
+            }
+            *pExists = (first!=0);
+          }else if( rc==SQLITE_CANTOPEN ){
+            /* If we cannot open the rollback journal file in order to see if
+            ** its has a zero header, that might be due to an I/O error, or
+            ** it might be due to the race condition described above and in
+            ** ticket #3883.  Either way, assume that the journal is hot.
+            ** This might be a false positive.  But if it is, then the
+            ** automatic journal playback and recovery mechanism will deal
+            ** with it under an EXCLUSIVE lock where we do not need to
+            ** worry so much with race conditions.
+            */
+            *pExists = 1;
+            rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to obtain a shared lock on the database file.
+** It is illegal to call sqlite3PagerAcquire() until after this function
+** has been successfully called. If a shared-lock is already held when
+** this function is called, it is a no-op.
+**
+** The following operations are also performed by this function.
+**
+**   1) If the pager is currently in PAGER_OPEN state (no lock held
+**      on the database file), then an attempt is made to obtain a
+**      SHARED lock on the database file. Immediately after obtaining
+**      the SHARED lock, the file-system is checked for a hot-journal,
+**      which is played back if present. Following any hot-journal 
+**      rollback, the contents of the cache are validated by checking
+**      the 'change-counter' field of the database file header and
+**      discarded if they are found to be invalid.
+**
+**   2) If the pager is running in exclusive-mode, and there are currently
+**      no outstanding references to any pages, and is in the error state,
+**      then an attempt is made to clear the error state by discarding
+**      the contents of the page cache and rolling back any open journal
+**      file.
+**
+** If everything is successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. If an IO error 
+** occurs while locking the database, checking for a hot-journal file or 
+** rolling back a journal file, the IO error code is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSharedLock(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                /* Return code */
+
+  /* This routine is only called from b-tree and only when there are no
+  ** outstanding pages. This implies that the pager state should either
+  ** be OPEN or READER. READER is only possible if the pager is or was in 
+  ** exclusive access mode.
+  */
+  assert( sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)==0 );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN || pPager->eState==PAGER_READER );
+  if( NEVER(MEMDB && pPager->errCode) ){ return pPager->errCode; }
+
+  if( !pagerUseWal(pPager) && pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN ){
+    int bHotJournal = 1;          /* True if there exists a hot journal-file */
+
+    assert( !MEMDB );
+    assert( pPager->noReadlock==0 || pPager->readOnly );
+
+    if( pPager->noReadlock==0 ){
+      rc = pager_wait_on_lock(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        assert( pPager->eLock==NO_LOCK || pPager->eLock==UNKNOWN_LOCK );
+        goto failed;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If a journal file exists, and there is no RESERVED lock on the
+    ** database file, then it either needs to be played back or deleted.
+    */
+    if( pPager->eLock<=SHARED_LOCK ){
+      rc = hasHotJournal(pPager, &bHotJournal);
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto failed;
+    }
+    if( bHotJournal ){
+      /* Get an EXCLUSIVE lock on the database file. At this point it is
+      ** important that a RESERVED lock is not obtained on the way to the
+      ** EXCLUSIVE lock. If it were, another process might open the
+      ** database file, detect the RESERVED lock, and conclude that the
+      ** database is safe to read while this process is still rolling the 
+      ** hot-journal back.
+      ** 
+      ** Because the intermediate RESERVED lock is not requested, any
+      ** other process attempting to access the database file will get to 
+      ** this point in the code and fail to obtain its own EXCLUSIVE lock 
+      ** on the database file.
+      **
+      ** Unless the pager is in locking_mode=exclusive mode, the lock is
+      ** downgraded to SHARED_LOCK before this function returns.
+      */
+      rc = pagerLockDb(pPager, EXCLUSIVE_LOCK);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto failed;
+      }
+ 
+      /* If it is not already open and the file exists on disk, open the 
+      ** journal for read/write access. Write access is required because 
+      ** in exclusive-access mode the file descriptor will be kept open 
+      ** and possibly used for a transaction later on. Also, write-access 
+      ** is usually required to finalize the journal in journal_mode=persist 
+      ** mode (and also for journal_mode=truncate on some systems).
+      **
+      ** If the journal does not exist, it usually means that some 
+      ** other connection managed to get in and roll it back before 
+      ** this connection obtained the exclusive lock above. Or, it 
+      ** may mean that the pager was in the error-state when this
+      ** function was called and the journal file does not exist.
+      */
+      if( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){
+        sqlite3_vfs * const pVfs = pPager->pVfs;
+        int bExists;              /* True if journal file exists */
+        rc = sqlite3OsAccess(
+            pVfs, pPager->zJournal, SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, &bExists);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bExists ){
+          int fout = 0;
+          int f = SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL;
+          assert( !pPager->tempFile );
+          rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, f, &fout);
+          assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK && fout&SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY ){
+            rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+            sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+ 
+      /* Playback and delete the journal.  Drop the database write
+      ** lock and reacquire the read lock. Purge the cache before
+      ** playing back the hot-journal so that we don't end up with
+      ** an inconsistent cache.  Sync the hot journal before playing
+      ** it back since the process that crashed and left the hot journal
+      ** probably did not sync it and we are required to always sync
+      ** the journal before playing it back.
+      */
+      if( isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+        rc = pagerSyncHotJournal(pPager);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = pager_playback(pPager, 1);
+          pPager->eState = PAGER_OPEN;
+        }
+      }else if( !pPager->exclusiveMode ){
+        pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
+      }
+
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        /* This branch is taken if an error occurs while trying to open
+        ** or roll back a hot-journal while holding an EXCLUSIVE lock. The
+        ** pager_unlock() routine will be called before returning to unlock
+        ** the file. If the unlock attempt fails, then Pager.eLock must be
+        ** set to UNKNOWN_LOCK (see the comment above the #define for 
+        ** UNKNOWN_LOCK above for an explanation). 
+        **
+        ** In order to get pager_unlock() to do this, set Pager.eState to
+        ** PAGER_ERROR now. This is not actually counted as a transition
+        ** to ERROR state in the state diagram at the top of this file,
+        ** since we know that the same call to pager_unlock() will very
+        ** shortly transition the pager object to the OPEN state. Calling
+        ** assert_pager_state() would fail now, as it should not be possible
+        ** to be in ERROR state when there are zero outstanding page 
+        ** references.
+        */
+        pager_error(pPager, rc);
+        goto failed;
+      }
+
+      assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN );
+      assert( (pPager->eLock==SHARED_LOCK)
+           || (pPager->exclusiveMode && pPager->eLock>SHARED_LOCK)
+      );
+    }
+
+    if( !pPager->tempFile 
+     && (pPager->pBackup || sqlite3PcachePagecount(pPager->pPCache)>0) 
+    ){
+      /* The shared-lock has just been acquired on the database file
+      ** and there are already pages in the cache (from a previous
+      ** read or write transaction).  Check to see if the database
+      ** has been modified.  If the database has changed, flush the
+      ** cache.
+      **
+      ** Database changes is detected by looking at 15 bytes beginning
+      ** at offset 24 into the file.  The first 4 of these 16 bytes are
+      ** a 32-bit counter that is incremented with each change.  The
+      ** other bytes change randomly with each file change when
+      ** a codec is in use.
+      ** 
+      ** There is a vanishingly small chance that a change will not be 
+      ** detected.  The chance of an undetected change is so small that
+      ** it can be neglected.
+      */
+      Pgno nPage = 0;
+      char dbFileVers[sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers)];
+
+      rc = pagerPagecount(pPager, &nPage);
+      if( rc ) goto failed;
+
+      if( nPage>0 ){
+        IOTRACE(("CKVERS %p %d\n", pPager, sizeof(dbFileVers)));
+        rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->fd, &dbFileVers, sizeof(dbFileVers), 24);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          goto failed;
+        }
+      }else{
+        memset(dbFileVers, 0, sizeof(dbFileVers));
+      }
+
+      if( memcmp(pPager->dbFileVers, dbFileVers, sizeof(dbFileVers))!=0 ){
+        pager_reset(pPager);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a WAL file in the file-system, open this database in WAL
+    ** mode. Otherwise, the following function call is a no-op.
+    */
+    rc = pagerOpenWalIfPresent(pPager);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+    assert( pPager->pWal==0 || rc==SQLITE_OK );
+#endif
+  }
+
+  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+    rc = pagerBeginReadTransaction(pPager);
+  }
+
+  if( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = pagerPagecount(pPager, &pPager->dbSize);
+  }
+
+ failed:
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    assert( !MEMDB );
+    pager_unlock(pPager);
+    assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN );
+  }else{
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_READER;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the reference count has reached zero, rollback any active
+** transaction and unlock the pager.
+**
+** Except, in locking_mode=EXCLUSIVE when there is nothing to in
+** the rollback journal, the unlock is not performed and there is
+** nothing to rollback, so this routine is a no-op.
+*/ 
+static void pagerUnlockIfUnused(Pager *pPager){
+  if( (sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)==0) ){
+    pagerUnlockAndRollback(pPager);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Acquire a reference to page number pgno in pager pPager (a page
+** reference has type DbPage*). If the requested reference is 
+** successfully obtained, it is copied to *ppPage and SQLITE_OK returned.
+**
+** If the requested page is already in the cache, it is returned. 
+** Otherwise, a new page object is allocated and populated with data
+** read from the database file. In some cases, the pcache module may
+** choose not to allocate a new page object and may reuse an existing
+** object with no outstanding references.
+**
+** The extra data appended to a page is always initialized to zeros the 
+** first time a page is loaded into memory. If the page requested is 
+** already in the cache when this function is called, then the extra
+** data is left as it was when the page object was last used.
+**
+** If the database image is smaller than the requested page or if a 
+** non-zero value is passed as the noContent parameter and the 
+** requested page is not already stored in the cache, then no 
+** actual disk read occurs. In this case the memory image of the 
+** page is initialized to all zeros. 
+**
+** If noContent is true, it means that we do not care about the contents
+** of the page. This occurs in two seperate scenarios:
+**
+**   a) When reading a free-list leaf page from the database, and
+**
+**   b) When a savepoint is being rolled back and we need to load
+**      a new page into the cache to be filled with the data read
+**      from the savepoint journal.
+**
+** If noContent is true, then the data returned is zeroed instead of
+** being read from the database. Additionally, the bits corresponding
+** to pgno in Pager.pInJournal (bitvec of pages already written to the
+** journal file) and the PagerSavepoint.pInSavepoint bitvecs of any open
+** savepoints are set. This means if the page is made writable at any
+** point in the future, using a call to sqlite3PagerWrite(), its contents
+** will not be journaled. This saves IO.
+**
+** The acquisition might fail for several reasons.  In all cases,
+** an appropriate error code is returned and *ppPage is set to NULL.
+**
+** See also sqlite3PagerLookup().  Both this routine and Lookup() attempt
+** to find a page in the in-memory cache first.  If the page is not already
+** in memory, this routine goes to disk to read it in whereas Lookup()
+** just returns 0.  This routine acquires a read-lock the first time it
+** has to go to disk, and could also playback an old journal if necessary.
+** Since Lookup() never goes to disk, it never has to deal with locks
+** or journal files.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerAcquire(
+  Pager *pPager,      /* The pager open on the database file */
+  Pgno pgno,          /* Page number to fetch */
+  DbPage **ppPage,    /* Write a pointer to the page here */
+  int noContent       /* Do not bother reading content from disk if true */
+){
+  int rc;
+  PgHdr *pPg;
+
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_READER );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
+  if( pgno==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+
+  /* If the pager is in the error state, return an error immediately. 
+  ** Otherwise, request the page from the PCache layer. */
+  if( pPager->errCode!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = pPager->errCode;
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3PcacheFetch(pPager->pPCache, pgno, 1, ppPage);
+  }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    /* Either the call to sqlite3PcacheFetch() returned an error or the
+    ** pager was already in the error-state when this function was called.
+    ** Set pPg to 0 and jump to the exception handler.  */
+    pPg = 0;
+    goto pager_acquire_err;
+  }
+  assert( (*ppPage)->pgno==pgno );
+  assert( (*ppPage)->pPager==pPager || (*ppPage)->pPager==0 );
+
+  if( (*ppPage)->pPager && !noContent ){
+    /* In this case the pcache already contains an initialized copy of
+    ** the page. Return without further ado.  */
+    assert( pgno<=PAGER_MAX_PGNO && pgno!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) );
+    PAGER_INCR(pPager->nHit);
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  }else{
+    /* The pager cache has created a new page. Its content needs to 
+    ** be initialized.  */
+
+    PAGER_INCR(pPager->nMiss);
+    pPg = *ppPage;
+    pPg->pPager = pPager;
+
+    /* The maximum page number is 2^31. Return SQLITE_CORRUPT if a page
+    ** number greater than this, or the unused locking-page, is requested. */
+    if( pgno>PAGER_MAX_PGNO || pgno==PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      goto pager_acquire_err;
+    }
+
+    if( MEMDB || pPager->dbSize<pgno || noContent || !isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+      if( pgno>pPager->mxPgno ){
+        rc = SQLITE_FULL;
+        goto pager_acquire_err;
+      }
+      if( noContent ){
+        /* Failure to set the bits in the InJournal bit-vectors is benign.
+        ** It merely means that we might do some extra work to journal a 
+        ** page that does not need to be journaled.  Nevertheless, be sure 
+        ** to test the case where a malloc error occurs while trying to set 
+        ** a bit in a bit vector.
+        */
+        sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+        if( pgno<=pPager->dbOrigSize ){
+          TESTONLY( rc = ) sqlite3BitvecSet(pPager->pInJournal, pgno);
+          testcase( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+        }
+        TESTONLY( rc = ) addToSavepointBitvecs(pPager, pgno);
+        testcase( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+        sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+      }
+      memset(pPg->pData, 0, pPager->pageSize);
+      IOTRACE(("ZERO %p %d\n", pPager, pgno));
+    }else{
+      assert( pPg->pPager==pPager );
+      rc = readDbPage(pPg);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto pager_acquire_err;
+      }
+    }
+    pager_set_pagehash(pPg);
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+
+pager_acquire_err:
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+  if( pPg ){
+    sqlite3PcacheDrop(pPg);
+  }
+  pagerUnlockIfUnused(pPager);
+
+  *ppPage = 0;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Acquire a page if it is already in the in-memory cache.  Do
+** not read the page from disk.  Return a pointer to the page,
+** or 0 if the page is not in cache. 
+**
+** See also sqlite3PagerGet().  The difference between this routine
+** and sqlite3PagerGet() is that _get() will go to the disk and read
+** in the page if the page is not already in cache.  This routine
+** returns NULL if the page is not in cache or if a disk I/O error 
+** has ever happened.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE DbPage *sqlite3PagerLookup(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno){
+  PgHdr *pPg = 0;
+  assert( pPager!=0 );
+  assert( pgno!=0 );
+  assert( pPager->pPCache!=0 );
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_READER && pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
+  sqlite3PcacheFetch(pPager->pPCache, pgno, 0, &pPg);
+  return pPg;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release a page reference.
+**
+** If the number of references to the page drop to zero, then the
+** page is added to the LRU list.  When all references to all pages
+** are released, a rollback occurs and the lock on the database is
+** removed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnref(DbPage *pPg){
+  if( pPg ){
+    Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+    sqlite3PcacheRelease(pPg);
+    pagerUnlockIfUnused(pPager);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called at the start of every write transaction.
+** There must already be a RESERVED or EXCLUSIVE lock on the database 
+** file when this routine is called.
+**
+** Open the journal file for pager pPager and write a journal header
+** to the start of it. If there are active savepoints, open the sub-journal
+** as well. This function is only used when the journal file is being 
+** opened to write a rollback log for a transaction. It is not used 
+** when opening a hot journal file to roll it back.
+**
+** If the journal file is already open (as it may be in exclusive mode),
+** then this function just writes a journal header to the start of the
+** already open file. 
+**
+** Whether or not the journal file is opened by this function, the
+** Pager.pInJournal bitvec structure is allocated.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if everything is successful. Otherwise, return 
+** SQLITE_NOMEM if the attempt to allocate Pager.pInJournal fails, or 
+** an IO error code if opening or writing the journal file fails.
+*/
+static int pager_open_journal(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                        /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_vfs * const pVfs = pPager->pVfs;   /* Local cache of vfs pointer */
+
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  assert( pPager->pInJournal==0 );
+  
+  /* If already in the error state, this function is a no-op.  But on
+  ** the other hand, this routine is never called if we are already in
+  ** an error state. */
+  if( NEVER(pPager->errCode) ) return pPager->errCode;
+
+  if( !pagerUseWal(pPager) && pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF ){
+    pPager->pInJournal = sqlite3BitvecCreate(pPager->dbSize);
+    if( pPager->pInJournal==0 ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  
+    /* Open the journal file if it is not already open. */
+    if( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){
+      if( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){
+        sqlite3MemJournalOpen(pPager->jfd);
+      }else{
+        const int flags =                   /* VFS flags to open journal file */
+          SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|
+          (pPager->tempFile ? 
+            (SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE|SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL):
+            (SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL)
+          );
+  #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+        rc = sqlite3JournalOpen(
+            pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, jrnlBufferSize(pPager)
+        );
+  #else
+        rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, 0);
+  #endif
+      }
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
+    }
+  
+  
+    /* Write the first journal header to the journal file and open 
+    ** the sub-journal if necessary.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      /* TODO: Check if all of these are really required. */
+      pPager->nRec = 0;
+      pPager->journalOff = 0;
+      pPager->setMaster = 0;
+      pPager->journalHdr = 0;
+      rc = writeJournalHdr(pPager);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3BitvecDestroy(pPager->pInJournal);
+    pPager->pInJournal = 0;
+  }else{
+    assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED );
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Begin a write-transaction on the specified pager object. If a 
+** write-transaction has already been opened, this function is a no-op.
+**
+** If the exFlag argument is false, then acquire at least a RESERVED
+** lock on the database file. If exFlag is true, then acquire at least
+** an EXCLUSIVE lock. If such a lock is already held, no locking 
+** functions need be called.
+**
+** If the subjInMemory argument is non-zero, then any sub-journal opened
+** within this transaction will be opened as an in-memory file. This
+** has no effect if the sub-journal is already opened (as it may be when
+** running in exclusive mode) or if the transaction does not require a
+** sub-journal. If the subjInMemory argument is zero, then any required
+** sub-journal is implemented in-memory if pPager is an in-memory database, 
+** or using a temporary file otherwise.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerBegin(Pager *pPager, int exFlag, int subjInMemory){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( pPager->errCode ) return pPager->errCode;
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_READER && pPager->eState<PAGER_ERROR );
+  pPager->subjInMemory = (u8)subjInMemory;
+
+  if( ALWAYS(pPager->eState==PAGER_READER) ){
+    assert( pPager->pInJournal==0 );
+
+    if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+      /* If the pager is configured to use locking_mode=exclusive, and an
+      ** exclusive lock on the database is not already held, obtain it now.
+      */
+      if( pPager->exclusiveMode && sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(pPager->pWal, -1) ){
+        rc = pagerLockDb(pPager, EXCLUSIVE_LOCK);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+        sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(pPager->pWal, 1);
+      }
+
+      /* Grab the write lock on the log file. If successful, upgrade to
+      ** PAGER_RESERVED state. Otherwise, return an error code to the caller.
+      ** The busy-handler is not invoked if another connection already
+      ** holds the write-lock. If possible, the upper layer will call it.
+      */
+      rc = sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(pPager->pWal);
+    }else{
+      /* Obtain a RESERVED lock on the database file. If the exFlag parameter
+      ** is true, then immediately upgrade this to an EXCLUSIVE lock. The
+      ** busy-handler callback can be used when upgrading to the EXCLUSIVE
+      ** lock, but not when obtaining the RESERVED lock.
+      */
+      rc = pagerLockDb(pPager, RESERVED_LOCK);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && exFlag ){
+        rc = pager_wait_on_lock(pPager, EXCLUSIVE_LOCK);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      /* Change to WRITER_LOCKED state.
+      **
+      ** WAL mode sets Pager.eState to PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED or CACHEMOD
+      ** when it has an open transaction, but never to DBMOD or FINISHED.
+      ** This is because in those states the code to roll back savepoint 
+      ** transactions may copy data from the sub-journal into the database 
+      ** file as well as into the page cache. Which would be incorrect in 
+      ** WAL mode.
+      */
+      pPager->eState = PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED;
+      pPager->dbHintSize = pPager->dbSize;
+      pPager->dbFileSize = pPager->dbSize;
+      pPager->dbOrigSize = pPager->dbSize;
+      pPager->journalOff = 0;
+    }
+
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pPager->eState==PAGER_READER );
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED );
+    assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  }
+
+  PAGERTRACE(("TRANSACTION %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Mark a single data page as writeable. The page is written into the 
+** main journal or sub-journal as required. If the page is written into
+** one of the journals, the corresponding bit is set in the 
+** Pager.pInJournal bitvec and the PagerSavepoint.pInSavepoint bitvecs
+** of any open savepoints as appropriate.
+*/
+static int pager_write(PgHdr *pPg){
+  void *pData = pPg->pData;
+  Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* This routine is not called unless a write-transaction has already 
+  ** been started. The journal file may or may not be open at this point.
+  ** It is never called in the ERROR state.
+  */
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD
+  );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
+  /* If an error has been previously detected, report the same error
+  ** again. This should not happen, but the check provides robustness. */
+  if( NEVER(pPager->errCode) )  return pPager->errCode;
+
+  /* Higher-level routines never call this function if database is not
+  ** writable.  But check anyway, just for robustness. */
+  if( NEVER(pPager->readOnly) ) return SQLITE_PERM;
+
+  CHECK_PAGE(pPg);
+
+  /* The journal file needs to be opened. Higher level routines have already
+  ** obtained the necessary locks to begin the write-transaction, but the
+  ** rollback journal might not yet be open. Open it now if this is the case.
+  **
+  ** This is done before calling sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty() on the page. 
+  ** Otherwise, if it were done after calling sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(), then
+  ** an error might occur and the pager would end up in WRITER_LOCKED state
+  ** with pages marked as dirty in the cache.
+  */
+  if( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
+    rc = pager_open_journal(pPager);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
+  /* Mark the page as dirty.  If the page has already been written
+  ** to the journal then we can return right away.
+  */
+  sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPg);
+  if( pageInJournal(pPg) && !subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){
+    assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
+  }else{
+  
+    /* The transaction journal now exists and we have a RESERVED or an
+    ** EXCLUSIVE lock on the main database file.  Write the current page to
+    ** the transaction journal if it is not there already.
+    */
+    if( !pageInJournal(pPg) && !pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+      assert( pagerUseWal(pPager)==0 );
+      if( pPg->pgno<=pPager->dbOrigSize && isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){
+        u32 cksum;
+        char *pData2;
+        i64 iOff = pPager->journalOff;
+
+        /* We should never write to the journal file the page that
+        ** contains the database locks.  The following assert verifies
+        ** that we do not. */
+        assert( pPg->pgno!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) );
+
+        assert( pPager->journalHdr<=pPager->journalOff );
+        CODEC2(pPager, pData, pPg->pgno, 7, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData2);
+        cksum = pager_cksum(pPager, (u8*)pData2);
+
+        /* Even if an IO or diskfull error occurs while journalling the
+        ** page in the block above, set the need-sync flag for the page.
+        ** Otherwise, when the transaction is rolled back, the logic in
+        ** playback_one_page() will think that the page needs to be restored
+        ** in the database file. And if an IO error occurs while doing so,
+        ** then corruption may follow.
+        */
+        pPg->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
+
+        rc = write32bits(pPager->jfd, iOff, pPg->pgno);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->jfd, pData2, pPager->pageSize, iOff+4);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+        rc = write32bits(pPager->jfd, iOff+pPager->pageSize+4, cksum);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+        IOTRACE(("JOUT %p %d %lld %d\n", pPager, pPg->pgno, 
+                 pPager->journalOff, pPager->pageSize));
+        PAGER_INCR(sqlite3_pager_writej_count);
+        PAGERTRACE(("JOURNAL %d page %d needSync=%d hash(%08x)\n",
+             PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno, 
+             ((pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)?1:0), pager_pagehash(pPg)));
+
+        pPager->journalOff += 8 + pPager->pageSize;
+        pPager->nRec++;
+        assert( pPager->pInJournal!=0 );
+        rc = sqlite3BitvecSet(pPager->pInJournal, pPg->pgno);
+        testcase( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+        rc |= addToSavepointBitvecs(pPager, pPg->pgno);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          assert( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+          return rc;
+        }
+      }else{
+        if( pPager->eState!=PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD ){
+          pPg->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
+        }
+        PAGERTRACE(("APPEND %d page %d needSync=%d\n",
+                PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno,
+               ((pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)?1:0)));
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* If the statement journal is open and the page is not in it,
+    ** then write the current page to the statement journal.  Note that
+    ** the statement journal format differs from the standard journal format
+    ** in that it omits the checksums and the header.
+    */
+    if( subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){
+      rc = subjournalPage(pPg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Update the database size and return.
+  */
+  if( pPager->dbSize<pPg->pgno ){
+    pPager->dbSize = pPg->pgno;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Mark a data page as writeable. This routine must be called before 
+** making changes to a page. The caller must check the return value 
+** of this function and be careful not to change any page data unless 
+** this routine returns SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** The difference between this function and pager_write() is that this
+** function also deals with the special case where 2 or more pages
+** fit on a single disk sector. In this case all co-resident pages
+** must have been written to the journal file before returning.
+**
+** If an error occurs, SQLITE_NOMEM or an IO error code is returned
+** as appropriate. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWrite(DbPage *pDbPage){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  PgHdr *pPg = pDbPage;
+  Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  Pgno nPagePerSector = (pPager->sectorSize/pPager->pageSize);
+
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED );
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
+  if( nPagePerSector>1 ){
+    Pgno nPageCount;          /* Total number of pages in database file */
+    Pgno pg1;                 /* First page of the sector pPg is located on. */
+    int nPage = 0;            /* Number of pages starting at pg1 to journal */
+    int ii;                   /* Loop counter */
+    int needSync = 0;         /* True if any page has PGHDR_NEED_SYNC */
+
+    /* Set the doNotSyncSpill flag to 1. This is because we cannot allow
+    ** a journal header to be written between the pages journaled by
+    ** this function.
+    */
+    assert( !MEMDB );
+    assert( pPager->doNotSyncSpill==0 );
+    pPager->doNotSyncSpill++;
+
+    /* This trick assumes that both the page-size and sector-size are
+    ** an integer power of 2. It sets variable pg1 to the identifier
+    ** of the first page of the sector pPg is located on.
+    */
+    pg1 = ((pPg->pgno-1) & ~(nPagePerSector-1)) + 1;
+
+    nPageCount = pPager->dbSize;
+    if( pPg->pgno>nPageCount ){
+      nPage = (pPg->pgno - pg1)+1;
+    }else if( (pg1+nPagePerSector-1)>nPageCount ){
+      nPage = nPageCount+1-pg1;
+    }else{
+      nPage = nPagePerSector;
+    }
+    assert(nPage>0);
+    assert(pg1<=pPg->pgno);
+    assert((pg1+nPage)>pPg->pgno);
+
+    for(ii=0; ii<nPage && rc==SQLITE_OK; ii++){
+      Pgno pg = pg1+ii;
+      PgHdr *pPage;
+      if( pg==pPg->pgno || !sqlite3BitvecTest(pPager->pInJournal, pg) ){
+        if( pg!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) ){
+          rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, pg, &pPage);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            rc = pager_write(pPage);
+            if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
+              needSync = 1;
+            }
+            sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+          }
+        }
+      }else if( (pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg))!=0 ){
+        if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
+          needSync = 1;
+        }
+        sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag is set for any of the nPage pages 
+    ** starting at pg1, then it needs to be set for all of them. Because
+    ** writing to any of these nPage pages may damage the others, the
+    ** journal file must contain sync()ed copies of all of them
+    ** before any of them can be written out to the database file.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && needSync ){
+      assert( !MEMDB );
+      for(ii=0; ii<nPage; ii++){
+        PgHdr *pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg1+ii);
+        if( pPage ){
+          pPage->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
+          sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert( pPager->doNotSyncSpill==1 );
+    pPager->doNotSyncSpill--;
+  }else{
+    rc = pager_write(pDbPage);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the page given in the argument was previously passed
+** to sqlite3PagerWrite().  In other words, return TRUE if it is ok
+** to change the content of the page.
+*/
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerIswriteable(DbPage *pPg){
+  return pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** A call to this routine tells the pager that it is not necessary to
+** write the information on page pPg back to the disk, even though
+** that page might be marked as dirty.  This happens, for example, when
+** the page has been added as a leaf of the freelist and so its
+** content no longer matters.
+**
+** The overlying software layer calls this routine when all of the data
+** on the given page is unused. The pager marks the page as clean so
+** that it does not get written to disk.
+**
+** Tests show that this optimization can quadruple the speed of large 
+** DELETE operations.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerDontWrite(PgHdr *pPg){
+  Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  if( (pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY) && pPager->nSavepoint==0 ){
+    PAGERTRACE(("DONT_WRITE page %d of %d\n", pPg->pgno, PAGERID(pPager)));
+    IOTRACE(("CLEAN %p %d\n", pPager, pPg->pgno))
+    pPg->flags |= PGHDR_DONT_WRITE;
+    pager_set_pagehash(pPg);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called to increment the value of the database file 
+** change-counter, stored as a 4-byte big-endian integer starting at 
+** byte offset 24 of the pager file.  The secondary change counter at
+** 92 is also updated, as is the SQLite version number at offset 96.
+**
+** But this only happens if the pPager->changeCountDone flag is false.
+** To avoid excess churning of page 1, the update only happens once.
+** See also the pager_write_changecounter() routine that does an 
+** unconditional update of the change counters.
+**
+** If the isDirectMode flag is zero, then this is done by calling 
+** sqlite3PagerWrite() on page 1, then modifying the contents of the
+** page data. In this case the file will be updated when the current
+** transaction is committed.
+**
+** The isDirectMode flag may only be non-zero if the library was compiled
+** with the SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE macro defined. In this case,
+** if isDirect is non-zero, then the database file is updated directly
+** by writing an updated version of page 1 using a call to the 
+** sqlite3OsWrite() function.
+*/
+static int pager_incr_changecounter(Pager *pPager, int isDirectMode){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD
+  );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
+  /* Declare and initialize constant integer 'isDirect'. If the
+  ** atomic-write optimization is enabled in this build, then isDirect
+  ** is initialized to the value passed as the isDirectMode parameter
+  ** to this function. Otherwise, it is always set to zero.
+  **
+  ** The idea is that if the atomic-write optimization is not
+  ** enabled at compile time, the compiler can omit the tests of
+  ** 'isDirect' below, as well as the block enclosed in the
+  ** "if( isDirect )" condition.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+# define DIRECT_MODE 0
+  assert( isDirectMode==0 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(isDirectMode);
+#else
+# define DIRECT_MODE isDirectMode
+#endif
+
+  if( !pPager->changeCountDone && pPager->dbSize>0 ){
+    PgHdr *pPgHdr;                /* Reference to page 1 */
+
+    assert( !pPager->tempFile && isOpen(pPager->fd) );
+
+    /* Open page 1 of the file for writing. */
+    rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, 1, &pPgHdr);
+    assert( pPgHdr==0 || rc==SQLITE_OK );
+
+    /* If page one was fetched successfully, and this function is not
+    ** operating in direct-mode, make page 1 writable.  When not in 
+    ** direct mode, page 1 is always held in cache and hence the PagerGet()
+    ** above is always successful - hence the ALWAYS on rc==SQLITE_OK.
+    */
+    if( !DIRECT_MODE && ALWAYS(rc==SQLITE_OK) ){
+      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPgHdr);
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      /* Actually do the update of the change counter */
+      pager_write_changecounter(pPgHdr);
+
+      /* If running in direct mode, write the contents of page 1 to the file. */
+      if( DIRECT_MODE ){
+        const void *zBuf;
+        assert( pPager->dbFileSize>0 );
+        CODEC2(pPager, pPgHdr->pData, 1, 6, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM, zBuf);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, zBuf, pPager->pageSize, 0);
+        }
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          pPager->changeCountDone = 1;
+        }
+      }else{
+        pPager->changeCountDone = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Release the page reference. */
+    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPgHdr);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Sync the database file to disk. This is a no-op for in-memory databases
+** or pages with the Pager.noSync flag set.
+**
+** If successful, or if called on a pager for which it is a no-op, this
+** function returns SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, an IO error code is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( !pPager->noSync ){
+    assert( !MEMDB );
+    rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->fd, pPager->syncFlags);
+  }else if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    assert( !MEMDB );
+    sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED, (void *)&rc);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function may only be called while a write-transaction is active in
+** rollback. If the connection is in WAL mode, this call is a no-op. 
+** Otherwise, if the connection does not already have an EXCLUSIVE lock on 
+** the database file, an attempt is made to obtain one.
+**
+** If the EXCLUSIVE lock is already held or the attempt to obtain it is
+** successful, or the connection is in WAL mode, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+** Otherwise, either SQLITE_BUSY or an SQLITE_IOERR_XXX error code is 
+** returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerExclusiveLock(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD 
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD 
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED 
+  );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  if( 0==pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    rc = pager_wait_on_lock(pPager, EXCLUSIVE_LOCK);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Sync the database file for the pager pPager. zMaster points to the name
+** of a master journal file that should be written into the individual
+** journal file. zMaster may be NULL, which is interpreted as no master
+** journal (a single database transaction).
+**
+** This routine ensures that:
+**
+**   * The database file change-counter is updated,
+**   * the journal is synced (unless the atomic-write optimization is used),
+**   * all dirty pages are written to the database file, 
+**   * the database file is truncated (if required), and
+**   * the database file synced. 
+**
+** The only thing that remains to commit the transaction is to finalize 
+** (delete, truncate or zero the first part of) the journal file (or 
+** delete the master journal file if specified).
+**
+** Note that if zMaster==NULL, this does not overwrite a previous value
+** passed to an sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne() call.
+**
+** If the final parameter - noSync - is true, then the database file itself
+** is not synced. The caller must call sqlite3PagerSync() directly to
+** sync the database file before calling CommitPhaseTwo() to delete the
+** journal file in this case.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(
+  Pager *pPager,                  /* Pager object */
+  const char *zMaster,            /* If not NULL, the master journal name */
+  int noSync                      /* True to omit the xSync on the db file */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_ERROR
+  );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
+  /* If a prior error occurred, report that error again. */
+  if( NEVER(pPager->errCode) ) return pPager->errCode;
+
+  PAGERTRACE(("DATABASE SYNC: File=%s zMaster=%s nSize=%d\n", 
+      pPager->zFilename, zMaster, pPager->dbSize));
+
+  /* If no database changes have been made, return early. */
+  if( pPager->eState<PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( MEMDB ){
+    /* If this is an in-memory db, or no pages have been written to, or this
+    ** function has already been called, it is mostly a no-op.  However, any
+    ** backup in progress needs to be restarted.
+    */
+    sqlite3BackupRestart(pPager->pBackup);
+  }else{
+    if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+      PgHdr *pList = sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(pPager->pPCache);
+      PgHdr *pPageOne = 0;
+      if( pList==0 ){
+        /* Must have at least one page for the WAL commit flag.
+        ** Ticket [2d1a5c67dfc2363e44f29d9bbd57f] 2011-05-18 */
+        rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, 1, &pPageOne);
+        pList = pPageOne;
+        pList->pDirty = 0;
+      }
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+      if( ALWAYS(pList) ){
+        rc = pagerWalFrames(pPager, pList, pPager->dbSize, 1, 
+            (pPager->fullSync ? pPager->syncFlags : 0)
+        );
+      }
+      sqlite3PagerUnref(pPageOne);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(pPager->pPCache);
+      }
+    }else{
+      /* The following block updates the change-counter. Exactly how it
+      ** does this depends on whether or not the atomic-update optimization
+      ** was enabled at compile time, and if this transaction meets the 
+      ** runtime criteria to use the operation: 
+      **
+      **    * The file-system supports the atomic-write property for
+      **      blocks of size page-size, and 
+      **    * This commit is not part of a multi-file transaction, and
+      **    * Exactly one page has been modified and store in the journal file.
+      **
+      ** If the optimization was not enabled at compile time, then the
+      ** pager_incr_changecounter() function is called to update the change
+      ** counter in 'indirect-mode'. If the optimization is compiled in but
+      ** is not applicable to this transaction, call sqlite3JournalCreate()
+      ** to make sure the journal file has actually been created, then call
+      ** pager_incr_changecounter() to update the change-counter in indirect
+      ** mode. 
+      **
+      ** Otherwise, if the optimization is both enabled and applicable,
+      ** then call pager_incr_changecounter() to update the change-counter
+      ** in 'direct' mode. In this case the journal file will never be
+      ** created for this transaction.
+      */
+  #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+      PgHdr *pPg;
+      assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) 
+           || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
+           || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL 
+      );
+      if( !zMaster && isOpen(pPager->jfd) 
+       && pPager->journalOff==jrnlBufferSize(pPager) 
+       && pPager->dbSize>=pPager->dbOrigSize
+       && (0==(pPg = sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(pPager->pPCache)) || 0==pPg->pDirty)
+      ){
+        /* Update the db file change counter via the direct-write method. The 
+        ** following call will modify the in-memory representation of page 1 
+        ** to include the updated change counter and then write page 1 
+        ** directly to the database file. Because of the atomic-write 
+        ** property of the host file-system, this is safe.
+        */
+        rc = pager_incr_changecounter(pPager, 1);
+      }else{
+        rc = sqlite3JournalCreate(pPager->jfd);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = pager_incr_changecounter(pPager, 0);
+        }
+      }
+  #else
+      rc = pager_incr_changecounter(pPager, 0);
+  #endif
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
+  
+      /* If this transaction has made the database smaller, then all pages
+      ** being discarded by the truncation must be written to the journal
+      ** file. This can only happen in auto-vacuum mode.
+      **
+      ** Before reading the pages with page numbers larger than the 
+      ** current value of Pager.dbSize, set dbSize back to the value
+      ** that it took at the start of the transaction. Otherwise, the
+      ** calls to sqlite3PagerGet() return zeroed pages instead of 
+      ** reading data from the database file.
+      */
+  #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+      if( pPager->dbSize<pPager->dbOrigSize 
+       && pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
+      ){
+        Pgno i;                                   /* Iterator variable */
+        const Pgno iSkip = PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager); /* Pending lock page */
+        const Pgno dbSize = pPager->dbSize;       /* Database image size */ 
+        pPager->dbSize = pPager->dbOrigSize;
+        for( i=dbSize+1; i<=pPager->dbOrigSize; i++ ){
+          if( !sqlite3BitvecTest(pPager->pInJournal, i) && i!=iSkip ){
+            PgHdr *pPage;             /* Page to journal */
+            rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, i, &pPage);
+            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
+            rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage);
+            sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
+          }
+        }
+        pPager->dbSize = dbSize;
+      } 
+  #endif
+  
+      /* Write the master journal name into the journal file. If a master 
+      ** journal file name has already been written to the journal file, 
+      ** or if zMaster is NULL (no master journal), then this call is a no-op.
+      */
+      rc = writeMasterJournal(pPager, zMaster);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
+  
+      /* Sync the journal file and write all dirty pages to the database.
+      ** If the atomic-update optimization is being used, this sync will not 
+      ** create the journal file or perform any real IO.
+      **
+      ** Because the change-counter page was just modified, unless the
+      ** atomic-update optimization is used it is almost certain that the
+      ** journal requires a sync here. However, in locking_mode=exclusive
+      ** on a system under memory pressure it is just possible that this is 
+      ** not the case. In this case it is likely enough that the redundant
+      ** xSync() call will be changed to a no-op by the OS anyhow. 
+      */
+      rc = syncJournal(pPager, 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
+  
+      rc = pager_write_pagelist(pPager,sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(pPager->pPCache));
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        assert( rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED );
+        goto commit_phase_one_exit;
+      }
+      sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(pPager->pPCache);
+  
+      /* If the file on disk is not the same size as the database image,
+      ** then use pager_truncate to grow or shrink the file here.
+      */
+      if( pPager->dbSize!=pPager->dbFileSize ){
+        Pgno nNew = pPager->dbSize - (pPager->dbSize==PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager));
+        assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD );
+        rc = pager_truncate(pPager, nNew);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
+      }
+  
+      /* Finally, sync the database file. */
+      if( !noSync ){
+        rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager);
+      }
+      IOTRACE(("DBSYNC %p\n", pPager))
+    }
+  }
+
+commit_phase_one_exit:
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_WRITER_FINISHED;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** When this function is called, the database file has been completely
+** updated to reflect the changes made by the current transaction and
+** synced to disk. The journal file still exists in the file-system 
+** though, and if a failure occurs at this point it will eventually
+** be used as a hot-journal and the current transaction rolled back.
+**
+** This function finalizes the journal file, either by deleting, 
+** truncating or partially zeroing it, so that it cannot be used 
+** for hot-journal rollback. Once this is done the transaction is
+** irrevocably committed.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an IO error code is returned and the pager
+** moves into the error state. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseTwo(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                  /* Return code */
+
+  /* This routine should not be called if a prior error has occurred.
+  ** But if (due to a coding error elsewhere in the system) it does get
+  ** called, just return the same error code without doing anything. */
+  if( NEVER(pPager->errCode) ) return pPager->errCode;
+
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_FINISHED
+       || (pagerUseWal(pPager) && pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD)
+  );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
+  /* An optimization. If the database was not actually modified during
+  ** this transaction, the pager is running in exclusive-mode and is
+  ** using persistent journals, then this function is a no-op.
+  **
+  ** The start of the journal file currently contains a single journal 
+  ** header with the nRec field set to 0. If such a journal is used as
+  ** a hot-journal during hot-journal rollback, 0 changes will be made
+  ** to the database file. So there is no need to zero the journal 
+  ** header. Since the pager is in exclusive mode, there is no need
+  ** to drop any locks either.
+  */
+  if( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED 
+   && pPager->exclusiveMode 
+   && pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST
+  ){
+    assert( pPager->journalOff==JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager) || !pPager->journalOff );
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_READER;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  PAGERTRACE(("COMMIT %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
+  rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster);
+  return pager_error(pPager, rc);
+}
+
+/*
+** If a write transaction is open, then all changes made within the 
+** transaction are reverted and the current write-transaction is closed.
+** The pager falls back to PAGER_READER state if successful, or PAGER_ERROR
+** state if an error occurs.
+**
+** If the pager is already in PAGER_ERROR state when this function is called,
+** it returns Pager.errCode immediately. No work is performed in this case.
+**
+** Otherwise, in rollback mode, this function performs two functions:
+**
+**   1) It rolls back the journal file, restoring all database file and 
+**      in-memory cache pages to the state they were in when the transaction
+**      was opened, and
+**
+**   2) It finalizes the journal file, so that it is not used for hot
+**      rollback at any point in the future.
+**
+** Finalization of the journal file (task 2) is only performed if the 
+** rollback is successful.
+**
+** In WAL mode, all cache-entries containing data modified within the
+** current transaction are either expelled from the cache or reverted to
+** their pre-transaction state by re-reading data from the database or
+** WAL files. The WAL transaction is then closed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerRollback(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                  /* Return code */
+  PAGERTRACE(("ROLLBACK %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
+
+  /* PagerRollback() is a no-op if called in READER or OPEN state. If
+  ** the pager is already in the ERROR state, the rollback is not 
+  ** attempted here. Instead, the error code is returned to the caller.
+  */
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  if( pPager->eState==PAGER_ERROR ) return pPager->errCode;
+  if( pPager->eState<=PAGER_READER ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    int rc2;
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSavepoint(pPager, SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, -1);
+    rc2 = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }else if( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
+    int eState = pPager->eState;
+    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0);
+    if( !MEMDB && eState>PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
+      /* This can happen using journal_mode=off. Move the pager to the error 
+      ** state to indicate that the contents of the cache may not be trusted.
+      ** Any active readers will get SQLITE_ABORT.
+      */
+      pPager->errCode = SQLITE_ABORT;
+      pPager->eState = PAGER_ERROR;
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = pager_playback(pPager, 0);
+  }
+
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_READER || rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_FULL || (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_IOERR );
+
+  /* If an error occurs during a ROLLBACK, we can no longer trust the pager
+  ** cache. So call pager_error() on the way out to make any error persistent.
+  */
+  return pager_error(pPager, rc);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the database file is opened read-only.  Return FALSE
+** if the database is (in theory) writable.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3PagerIsreadonly(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->readOnly;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of references to the pager.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerRefcount(Pager *pPager){
+  return sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the approximate number of bytes of memory currently
+** used by the pager and its associated cache.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMemUsed(Pager *pPager){
+  int perPageSize = pPager->pageSize + pPager->nExtra + sizeof(PgHdr)
+                                     + 5*sizeof(void*);
+  return perPageSize*sqlite3PcachePagecount(pPager->pPCache)
+           + sqlite3MallocSize(pPager)
+           + pPager->pageSize;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of references to the specified page.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerPageRefcount(DbPage *pPage){
+  return sqlite3PcachePageRefcount(pPage);
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+/*
+** This routine is used for testing and analysis only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int *sqlite3PagerStats(Pager *pPager){
+  static int a[11];
+  a[0] = sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache);
+  a[1] = sqlite3PcachePagecount(pPager->pPCache);
+  a[2] = sqlite3PcacheGetCachesize(pPager->pPCache);
+  a[3] = pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN ? -1 : (int) pPager->dbSize;
+  a[4] = pPager->eState;
+  a[5] = pPager->errCode;
+  a[6] = pPager->nHit;
+  a[7] = pPager->nMiss;
+  a[8] = 0;  /* Used to be pPager->nOvfl */
+  a[9] = pPager->nRead;
+  a[10] = pPager->nWrite;
+  return a;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return true if this is an in-memory pager.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(Pager *pPager){
+  return MEMDB;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check that there are at least nSavepoint savepoints open. If there are
+** currently less than nSavepoints open, then open one or more savepoints
+** to make up the difference. If the number of savepoints is already
+** equal to nSavepoint, then this function is a no-op.
+**
+** If a memory allocation fails, SQLITE_NOMEM is returned. If an error 
+** occurs while opening the sub-journal file, then an IO error code is
+** returned. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int nSavepoint){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                       /* Return code */
+  int nCurrent = pPager->nSavepoint;        /* Current number of savepoints */
+
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
+  if( nSavepoint>nCurrent && pPager->useJournal ){
+    int ii;                                 /* Iterator variable */
+    PagerSavepoint *aNew;                   /* New Pager.aSavepoint array */
+
+    /* Grow the Pager.aSavepoint array using realloc(). Return SQLITE_NOMEM
+    ** if the allocation fails. Otherwise, zero the new portion in case a 
+    ** malloc failure occurs while populating it in the for(...) loop below.
+    */
+    aNew = (PagerSavepoint *)sqlite3Realloc(
+        pPager->aSavepoint, sizeof(PagerSavepoint)*nSavepoint
+    );
+    if( !aNew ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    memset(&aNew[nCurrent], 0, (nSavepoint-nCurrent) * sizeof(PagerSavepoint));
+    pPager->aSavepoint = aNew;
+
+    /* Populate the PagerSavepoint structures just allocated. */
+    for(ii=nCurrent; ii<nSavepoint; ii++){
+      aNew[ii].nOrig = pPager->dbSize;
+      if( isOpen(pPager->jfd) && pPager->journalOff>0 ){
+        aNew[ii].iOffset = pPager->journalOff;
+      }else{
+        aNew[ii].iOffset = JOURNAL_HDR_SZ(pPager);
+      }
+      aNew[ii].iSubRec = pPager->nSubRec;
+      aNew[ii].pInSavepoint = sqlite3BitvecCreate(pPager->dbSize);
+      if( !aNew[ii].pInSavepoint ){
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+      if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+        sqlite3WalSavepoint(pPager->pWal, aNew[ii].aWalData);
+      }
+      pPager->nSavepoint = ii+1;
+    }
+    assert( pPager->nSavepoint==nSavepoint );
+    assertTruncateConstraint(pPager);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to rollback or release (commit) a savepoint.
+** The savepoint to release or rollback need not be the most recently 
+** created savepoint.
+**
+** Parameter op is always either SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK or SAVEPOINT_RELEASE.
+** If it is SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, then release and destroy the savepoint with
+** index iSavepoint. If it is SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, then rollback all changes
+** that have occurred since the specified savepoint was created.
+**
+** The savepoint to rollback or release is identified by parameter 
+** iSavepoint. A value of 0 means to operate on the outermost savepoint
+** (the first created). A value of (Pager.nSavepoint-1) means operate
+** on the most recently created savepoint. If iSavepoint is greater than
+** (Pager.nSavepoint-1), then this function is a no-op.
+**
+** If a negative value is passed to this function, then the current
+** transaction is rolled back. This is different to calling 
+** sqlite3PagerRollback() because this function does not terminate
+** the transaction or unlock the database, it just restores the 
+** contents of the database to its original state. 
+**
+** In any case, all savepoints with an index greater than iSavepoint 
+** are destroyed. If this is a release operation (op==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE),
+** then savepoint iSavepoint is also destroyed.
+**
+** This function may return SQLITE_NOMEM if a memory allocation fails,
+** or an IO error code if an IO error occurs while rolling back a 
+** savepoint. If no errors occur, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+*/ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int op, int iSavepoint){
+  int rc = pPager->errCode;       /* Return code */
+
+  assert( op==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE || op==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK );
+  assert( iSavepoint>=0 || op==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK );
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iSavepoint<pPager->nSavepoint ){
+    int ii;            /* Iterator variable */
+    int nNew;          /* Number of remaining savepoints after this op. */
+
+    /* Figure out how many savepoints will still be active after this
+    ** operation. Store this value in nNew. Then free resources associated 
+    ** with any savepoints that are destroyed by this operation.
+    */
+    nNew = iSavepoint + (( op==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ) ? 0 : 1);
+    for(ii=nNew; ii<pPager->nSavepoint; ii++){
+      sqlite3BitvecDestroy(pPager->aSavepoint[ii].pInSavepoint);
+    }
+    pPager->nSavepoint = nNew;
+
+    /* If this is a release of the outermost savepoint, truncate 
+    ** the sub-journal to zero bytes in size. */
+    if( op==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
+      if( nNew==0 && isOpen(pPager->sjfd) ){
+        /* Only truncate if it is an in-memory sub-journal. */
+        if( sqlite3IsMemJournal(pPager->sjfd) ){
+          rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pPager->sjfd, 0);
+          assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+        }
+        pPager->nSubRec = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    /* Else this is a rollback operation, playback the specified savepoint.
+    ** If this is a temp-file, it is possible that the journal file has
+    ** not yet been opened. In this case there have been no changes to
+    ** the database file, so the playback operation can be skipped.
+    */
+    else if( pagerUseWal(pPager) || isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){
+      PagerSavepoint *pSavepoint = (nNew==0)?0:&pPager->aSavepoint[nNew-1];
+      rc = pagerPlaybackSavepoint(pPager, pSavepoint);
+      assert(rc!=SQLITE_DONE);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the full pathname of the database file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->zFilename;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the VFS structure for the pager.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3PagerVfs(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->pVfs;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the file handle for the database file associated
+** with the pager.  This might return NULL if the file has
+** not yet been opened.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerFile(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->fd;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the full pathname of the journal file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerJournalname(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->zJournal;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if fsync() calls are disabled for this pager.  Return FALSE
+** if fsync()s are executed normally.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerNosync(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->noSync;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+/*
+** Set or retrieve the codec for this pager
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCodec(
+  Pager *pPager,
+  void *(*xCodec)(void*,void*,Pgno,int),
+  void (*xCodecSizeChng)(void*,int,int),
+  void (*xCodecFree)(void*),
+  void *pCodec
+){
+  if( pPager->xCodecFree ) pPager->xCodecFree(pPager->pCodec);
+  pPager->xCodec = pPager->memDb ? 0 : xCodec;
+  pPager->xCodecSizeChng = xCodecSizeChng;
+  pPager->xCodecFree = xCodecFree;
+  pPager->pCodec = pCodec;
+  pagerReportSize(pPager);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerGetCodec(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->pCodec;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+/*
+** Move the page pPg to location pgno in the file.
+**
+** There must be no references to the page previously located at
+** pgno (which we call pPgOld) though that page is allowed to be
+** in cache.  If the page previously located at pgno is not already
+** in the rollback journal, it is not put there by by this routine.
+**
+** References to the page pPg remain valid. Updating any
+** meta-data associated with pPg (i.e. data stored in the nExtra bytes
+** allocated along with the page) is the responsibility of the caller.
+**
+** A transaction must be active when this routine is called. It used to be
+** required that a statement transaction was not active, but this restriction
+** has been removed (CREATE INDEX needs to move a page when a statement
+** transaction is active).
+**
+** If the fourth argument, isCommit, is non-zero, then this page is being
+** moved as part of a database reorganization just before the transaction 
+** is being committed. In this case, it is guaranteed that the database page 
+** pPg refers to will not be written to again within this transaction.
+**
+** This function may return SQLITE_NOMEM or an IO error code if an error
+** occurs. Otherwise, it returns SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMovepage(Pager *pPager, DbPage *pPg, Pgno pgno, int isCommit){
+  PgHdr *pPgOld;               /* The page being overwritten. */
+  Pgno needSyncPgno = 0;       /* Old value of pPg->pgno, if sync is required */
+  int rc;                      /* Return code */
+  Pgno origPgno;               /* The original page number */
+
+  assert( pPg->nRef>0 );
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD
+       || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD
+  );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
+  /* In order to be able to rollback, an in-memory database must journal
+  ** the page we are moving from.
+  */
+  if( MEMDB ){
+    rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPg);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* If the page being moved is dirty and has not been saved by the latest
+  ** savepoint, then save the current contents of the page into the 
+  ** sub-journal now. This is required to handle the following scenario:
+  **
+  **   BEGIN;
+  **     <journal page X, then modify it in memory>
+  **     SAVEPOINT one;
+  **       <Move page X to location Y>
+  **     ROLLBACK TO one;
+  **
+  ** If page X were not written to the sub-journal here, it would not
+  ** be possible to restore its contents when the "ROLLBACK TO one"
+  ** statement were is processed.
+  **
+  ** subjournalPage() may need to allocate space to store pPg->pgno into
+  ** one or more savepoint bitvecs. This is the reason this function
+  ** may return SQLITE_NOMEM.
+  */
+  if( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY
+   && subjRequiresPage(pPg)
+   && SQLITE_OK!=(rc = subjournalPage(pPg))
+  ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  PAGERTRACE(("MOVE %d page %d (needSync=%d) moves to %d\n", 
+      PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno, (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)?1:0, pgno));
+  IOTRACE(("MOVE %p %d %d\n", pPager, pPg->pgno, pgno))
+
+  /* If the journal needs to be sync()ed before page pPg->pgno can
+  ** be written to, store pPg->pgno in local variable needSyncPgno.
+  **
+  ** If the isCommit flag is set, there is no need to remember that
+  ** the journal needs to be sync()ed before database page pPg->pgno 
+  ** can be written to. The caller has already promised not to write to it.
+  */
+  if( (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC) && !isCommit ){
+    needSyncPgno = pPg->pgno;
+    assert( pageInJournal(pPg) || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize );
+    assert( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );
+  }
+
+  /* If the cache contains a page with page-number pgno, remove it
+  ** from its hash chain. Also, if the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC flag was set for 
+  ** page pgno before the 'move' operation, it needs to be retained 
+  ** for the page moved there.
+  */
+  pPg->flags &= ~PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
+  pPgOld = pager_lookup(pPager, pgno);
+  assert( !pPgOld || pPgOld->nRef==1 );
+  if( pPgOld ){
+    pPg->flags |= (pPgOld->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC);
+    if( MEMDB ){
+      /* Do not discard pages from an in-memory database since we might
+      ** need to rollback later.  Just move the page out of the way. */
+      sqlite3PcacheMove(pPgOld, pPager->dbSize+1);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3PcacheDrop(pPgOld);
+    }
+  }
+
+  origPgno = pPg->pgno;
+  sqlite3PcacheMove(pPg, pgno);
+  sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPg);
+
+  /* For an in-memory database, make sure the original page continues
+  ** to exist, in case the transaction needs to roll back.  Use pPgOld
+  ** as the original page since it has already been allocated.
+  */
+  if( MEMDB ){
+    assert( pPgOld );
+    sqlite3PcacheMove(pPgOld, origPgno);
+    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPgOld);
+  }
+
+  if( needSyncPgno ){
+    /* If needSyncPgno is non-zero, then the journal file needs to be 
+    ** sync()ed before any data is written to database file page needSyncPgno.
+    ** Currently, no such page exists in the page-cache and the 
+    ** "is journaled" bitvec flag has been set. This needs to be remedied by
+    ** loading the page into the pager-cache and setting the PGHDR_NEED_SYNC
+    ** flag.
+    **
+    ** If the attempt to load the page into the page-cache fails, (due
+    ** to a malloc() or IO failure), clear the bit in the pInJournal[]
+    ** array. Otherwise, if the page is loaded and written again in
+    ** this transaction, it may be written to the database file before
+    ** it is synced into the journal file. This way, it may end up in
+    ** the journal file twice, but that is not a problem.
+    */
+    PgHdr *pPgHdr;
+    rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, needSyncPgno, &pPgHdr);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( needSyncPgno<=pPager->dbOrigSize ){
+        assert( pPager->pTmpSpace!=0 );
+        sqlite3BitvecClear(pPager->pInJournal, needSyncPgno, pPager->pTmpSpace);
+      }
+      return rc;
+    }
+    pPgHdr->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
+    sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPgHdr);
+    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPgHdr);
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the data for the specified page.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerGetData(DbPage *pPg){
+  assert( pPg->nRef>0 || pPg->pPager->memDb );
+  return pPg->pData;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the Pager.nExtra bytes of "extra" space 
+** allocated along with the specified page.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerGetExtra(DbPage *pPg){
+  return pPg->pExtra;
+}
+
+/*
+** Get/set the locking-mode for this pager. Parameter eMode must be one
+** of PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_QUERY, PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL or 
+** PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE. If the parameter is not _QUERY, then
+** the locking-mode is set to the value specified.
+**
+** The returned value is either PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL or
+** PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE, indicating the current (possibly updated)
+** locking-mode.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerLockingMode(Pager *pPager, int eMode){
+  assert( eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_QUERY
+            || eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL
+            || eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE );
+  assert( PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_QUERY<0 );
+  assert( PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL>=0 && PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE>=0 );
+  assert( pPager->exclusiveMode || 0==sqlite3WalHeapMemory(pPager->pWal) );
+  if( eMode>=0 && !pPager->tempFile && !sqlite3WalHeapMemory(pPager->pWal) ){
+    pPager->exclusiveMode = (u8)eMode;
+  }
+  return (int)pPager->exclusiveMode;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the journal-mode for this pager. Parameter eMode must be one of:
+**
+**    PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE
+**    PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE
+**    PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST
+**    PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
+**    PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY
+**    PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
+**
+** The journalmode is set to the value specified if the change is allowed.
+** The change may be disallowed for the following reasons:
+**
+**   *  An in-memory database can only have its journal_mode set to _OFF
+**      or _MEMORY.
+**
+**   *  Temporary databases cannot have _WAL journalmode.
+**
+** The returned indicate the current (possibly updated) journal-mode.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(Pager *pPager, int eMode){
+  u8 eOld = pPager->journalMode;    /* Prior journalmode */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* The print_pager_state() routine is intended to be used by the debugger
+  ** only.  We invoke it once here to suppress a compiler warning. */
+  print_pager_state(pPager);
+#endif
+
+
+  /* The eMode parameter is always valid */
+  assert(      eMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE
+            || eMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE
+            || eMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST
+            || eMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
+            || eMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL 
+            || eMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY );
+
+  /* This routine is only called from the OP_JournalMode opcode, and
+  ** the logic there will never allow a temporary file to be changed
+  ** to WAL mode.
+  */
+  assert( pPager->tempFile==0 || eMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL );
+
+  /* Do allow the journalmode of an in-memory database to be set to
+  ** anything other than MEMORY or OFF
+  */
+  if( MEMDB ){
+    assert( eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY || eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF );
+    if( eMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY && eMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF ){
+      eMode = eOld;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( eMode!=eOld ){
+
+    /* Change the journal mode. */
+    assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
+    pPager->journalMode = (u8)eMode;
+
+    /* When transistioning from TRUNCATE or PERSIST to any other journal
+    ** mode except WAL, unless the pager is in locking_mode=exclusive mode,
+    ** delete the journal file.
+    */
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE & 5)==1 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST & 5)==1 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE & 5)==0 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY & 5)==4 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF & 5)==0 );
+    assert( (PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL & 5)==5 );
+
+    assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) || pPager->exclusiveMode );
+    if( !pPager->exclusiveMode && (eOld & 5)==1 && (eMode & 1)==0 ){
+
+      /* In this case we would like to delete the journal file. If it is
+      ** not possible, then that is not a problem. Deleting the journal file
+      ** here is an optimization only.
+      **
+      ** Before deleting the journal file, obtain a RESERVED lock on the
+      ** database file. This ensures that the journal file is not deleted
+      ** while it is in use by some other client.
+      */
+      sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
+      if( pPager->eLock>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
+        sqlite3OsDelete(pPager->pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0);
+      }else{
+        int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+        int state = pPager->eState;
+        assert( state==PAGER_OPEN || state==PAGER_READER );
+        if( state==PAGER_OPEN ){
+          rc = sqlite3PagerSharedLock(pPager);
+        }
+        if( pPager->eState==PAGER_READER ){
+          assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+          rc = pagerLockDb(pPager, RESERVED_LOCK);
+        }
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3OsDelete(pPager->pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0);
+        }
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && state==PAGER_READER ){
+          pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
+        }else if( state==PAGER_OPEN ){
+          pager_unlock(pPager);
+        }
+        assert( state==pPager->eState );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Return the new journal mode */
+  return (int)pPager->journalMode;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the current journal mode.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(Pager *pPager){
+  return (int)pPager->journalMode;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the pager is in a state where it is OK to change the
+** journalmode.  Journalmode changes can only happen when the database
+** is unmodified.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(Pager *pPager){
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  if( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD ) return 0;
+  if( NEVER(isOpen(pPager->jfd) && pPager->journalOff>0) ) return 0;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Get/set the size-limit used for persistent journal files.
+**
+** Setting the size limit to -1 means no limit is enforced.
+** An attempt to set a limit smaller than -1 is a no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE i64 sqlite3PagerJournalSizeLimit(Pager *pPager, i64 iLimit){
+  if( iLimit>=-1 ){
+    pPager->journalSizeLimit = iLimit;
+    sqlite3WalLimit(pPager->pWal, iLimit);
+  }
+  return pPager->journalSizeLimit;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the pPager->pBackup variable. The backup module
+** in backup.c maintains the content of this variable. This module
+** uses it opaquely as an argument to sqlite3BackupRestart() and
+** sqlite3BackupUpdate() only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_backup **sqlite3PagerBackupPtr(Pager *pPager){
+  return &pPager->pBackup;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+/*
+** This function is called when the user invokes "PRAGMA wal_checkpoint",
+** "PRAGMA wal_blocking_checkpoint" or calls the sqlite3_wal_checkpoint()
+** or wal_blocking_checkpoint() API functions.
+**
+** Parameter eMode is one of SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, int eMode, int *pnLog, int *pnCkpt){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pPager->pWal ){
+    rc = sqlite3WalCheckpoint(pPager->pWal, eMode,
+        pPager->xBusyHandler, pPager->pBusyHandlerArg,
+        pPager->ckptSyncFlags, pPager->pageSize, (u8 *)pPager->pTmpSpace,
+        pnLog, pnCkpt
+    );
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager){
+  return sqlite3WalCallback(pPager->pWal);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the underlying VFS for the given pager supports the
+** primitives necessary for write-ahead logging.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager){
+  const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethods = pPager->fd->pMethods;
+  return pPager->exclusiveMode || (pMethods->iVersion>=2 && pMethods->xShmMap);
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to take an exclusive lock on the database file. If a PENDING lock
+** is obtained instead, immediately release it.
+*/
+static int pagerExclusiveLock(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  assert( pPager->eLock==SHARED_LOCK || pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+  rc = pagerLockDb(pPager, EXCLUSIVE_LOCK);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    /* If the attempt to grab the exclusive lock failed, release the 
+    ** pending lock that may have been obtained instead.  */
+    pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Call sqlite3WalOpen() to open the WAL handle. If the pager is in 
+** exclusive-locking mode when this function is called, take an EXCLUSIVE
+** lock on the database file and use heap-memory to store the wal-index
+** in. Otherwise, use the normal shared-memory.
+*/
+static int pagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( pPager->pWal==0 && pPager->tempFile==0 );
+  assert( pPager->eLock==SHARED_LOCK || pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK || pPager->noReadlock);
+
+  /* If the pager is already in exclusive-mode, the WAL module will use 
+  ** heap-memory for the wal-index instead of the VFS shared-memory 
+  ** implementation. Take the exclusive lock now, before opening the WAL
+  ** file, to make sure this is safe.
+  */
+  if( pPager->exclusiveMode ){
+    rc = pagerExclusiveLock(pPager);
+  }
+
+  /* Open the connection to the log file. If this operation fails, 
+  ** (e.g. due to malloc() failure), return an error code.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3WalOpen(pPager->pVfs, 
+        pPager->fd, pPager->zWal, pPager->exclusiveMode,
+        pPager->journalSizeLimit, &pPager->pWal
+    );
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** The caller must be holding a SHARED lock on the database file to call
+** this function.
+**
+** If the pager passed as the first argument is open on a real database
+** file (not a temp file or an in-memory database), and the WAL file
+** is not already open, make an attempt to open it now. If successful,
+** return SQLITE_OK. If an error occurs or the VFS used by the pager does 
+** not support the xShmXXX() methods, return an error code. *pbOpen is
+** not modified in either case.
+**
+** If the pager is open on a temp-file (or in-memory database), or if
+** the WAL file is already open, set *pbOpen to 1 and return SQLITE_OK
+** without doing anything.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(
+  Pager *pPager,                  /* Pager object */
+  int *pbOpen                     /* OUT: Set to true if call is a no-op */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN   || pbOpen );
+  assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_READER || !pbOpen );
+  assert( pbOpen==0 || *pbOpen==0 );
+  assert( pbOpen!=0 || (!pPager->tempFile && !pPager->pWal) );
+
+  if( !pPager->tempFile && !pPager->pWal ){
+    if( !sqlite3PagerWalSupported(pPager) ) return SQLITE_CANTOPEN;
+
+    /* Close any rollback journal previously open */
+    sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
+
+    rc = pagerOpenWal(pPager);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pPager->journalMode = PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL;
+      pPager->eState = PAGER_OPEN;
+    }
+  }else{
+    *pbOpen = 1;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to close the connection to the log file prior
+** to switching from WAL to rollback mode.
+**
+** Before closing the log file, this function attempts to take an 
+** EXCLUSIVE lock on the database file. If this cannot be obtained, an
+** error (SQLITE_BUSY) is returned and the log connection is not closed.
+** If successful, the EXCLUSIVE lock is not released before returning.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL );
+
+  /* If the log file is not already open, but does exist in the file-system,
+  ** it may need to be checkpointed before the connection can switch to
+  ** rollback mode. Open it now so this can happen.
+  */
+  if( !pPager->pWal ){
+    int logexists = 0;
+    rc = pagerLockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3OsAccess(
+          pPager->pVfs, pPager->zWal, SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, &logexists
+      );
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && logexists ){
+      rc = pagerOpenWal(pPager);
+    }
+  }
+    
+  /* Checkpoint and close the log. Because an EXCLUSIVE lock is held on
+  ** the database file, the log and log-summary files will be deleted.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPager->pWal ){
+    rc = pagerExclusiveLock(pPager);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3WalClose(pPager->pWal, pPager->ckptSyncFlags,
+                           pPager->pageSize, (u8*)pPager->pTmpSpace);
+      pPager->pWal = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+/*
+** This function is called by the wal module when writing page content
+** into the log file.
+**
+** This function returns a pointer to a buffer containing the encrypted
+** page content. If a malloc fails, this function may return NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerCodec(PgHdr *pPg){
+  void *aData = 0;
+  CODEC2(pPg->pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 6, return 0, aData);
+  return aData;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_HAS_CODEC */
+
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_DISKIO */
+
+/************** End of pager.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file wal.c *********************************************/
+/*
+** 2010 February 1
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains the implementation of a write-ahead log (WAL) used in 
+** "journal_mode=WAL" mode.
+**
+** WRITE-AHEAD LOG (WAL) FILE FORMAT
+**
+** A WAL file consists of a header followed by zero or more "frames".
+** Each frame records the revised content of a single page from the
+** database file.  All changes to the database are recorded by writing
+** frames into the WAL.  Transactions commit when a frame is written that
+** contains a commit marker.  A single WAL can and usually does record 
+** multiple transactions.  Periodically, the content of the WAL is
+** transferred back into the database file in an operation called a
+** "checkpoint".
+**
+** A single WAL file can be used multiple times.  In other words, the
+** WAL can fill up with frames and then be checkpointed and then new
+** frames can overwrite the old ones.  A WAL always grows from beginning
+** toward the end.  Checksums and counters attached to each frame are
+** used to determine which frames within the WAL are valid and which
+** are leftovers from prior checkpoints.
+**
+** The WAL header is 32 bytes in size and consists of the following eight
+** big-endian 32-bit unsigned integer values:
+**
+**     0: Magic number.  0x377f0682 or 0x377f0683
+**     4: File format version.  Currently 3007000
+**     8: Database page size.  Example: 1024
+**    12: Checkpoint sequence number
+**    16: Salt-1, random integer incremented with each checkpoint
+**    20: Salt-2, a different random integer changing with each ckpt
+**    24: Checksum-1 (first part of checksum for first 24 bytes of header).
+**    28: Checksum-2 (second part of checksum for first 24 bytes of header).
+**
+** Immediately following the wal-header are zero or more frames. Each
+** frame consists of a 24-byte frame-header followed by a <page-size> bytes
+** of page data. The frame-header is six big-endian 32-bit unsigned 
+** integer values, as follows:
+**
+**     0: Page number.
+**     4: For commit records, the size of the database image in pages 
+**        after the commit. For all other records, zero.
+**     8: Salt-1 (copied from the header)
+**    12: Salt-2 (copied from the header)
+**    16: Checksum-1.
+**    20: Checksum-2.
+**
+** A frame is considered valid if and only if the following conditions are
+** true:
+**
+**    (1) The salt-1 and salt-2 values in the frame-header match
+**        salt values in the wal-header
+**
+**    (2) The checksum values in the final 8 bytes of the frame-header
+**        exactly match the checksum computed consecutively on the
+**        WAL header and the first 8 bytes and the content of all frames
+**        up to and including the current frame.
+**
+** The checksum is computed using 32-bit big-endian integers if the
+** magic number in the first 4 bytes of the WAL is 0x377f0683 and it
+** is computed using little-endian if the magic number is 0x377f0682.
+** The checksum values are always stored in the frame header in a
+** big-endian format regardless of which byte order is used to compute
+** the checksum.  The checksum is computed by interpreting the input as
+** an even number of unsigned 32-bit integers: x[0] through x[N].  The
+** algorithm used for the checksum is as follows:
+** 
+**   for i from 0 to n-1 step 2:
+**     s0 += x[i] + s1;
+**     s1 += x[i+1] + s0;
+**   endfor
+**
+** Note that s0 and s1 are both weighted checksums using fibonacci weights
+** in reverse order (the largest fibonacci weight occurs on the first element
+** of the sequence being summed.)  The s1 value spans all 32-bit 
+** terms of the sequence whereas s0 omits the final term.
+**
+** On a checkpoint, the WAL is first VFS.xSync-ed, then valid content of the
+** WAL is transferred into the database, then the database is VFS.xSync-ed.
+** The VFS.xSync operations serve as write barriers - all writes launched
+** before the xSync must complete before any write that launches after the
+** xSync begins.
+**
+** After each checkpoint, the salt-1 value is incremented and the salt-2
+** value is randomized.  This prevents old and new frames in the WAL from
+** being considered valid at the same time and being checkpointing together
+** following a crash.
+**
+** READER ALGORITHM
+**
+** To read a page from the database (call it page number P), a reader
+** first checks the WAL to see if it contains page P.  If so, then the
+** last valid instance of page P that is a followed by a commit frame
+** or is a commit frame itself becomes the value read.  If the WAL
+** contains no copies of page P that are valid and which are a commit
+** frame or are followed by a commit frame, then page P is read from
+** the database file.
+**
+** To start a read transaction, the reader records the index of the last
+** valid frame in the WAL.  The reader uses this recorded "mxFrame" value
+** for all subsequent read operations.  New transactions can be appended
+** to the WAL, but as long as the reader uses its original mxFrame value
+** and ignores the newly appended content, it will see a consistent snapshot
+** of the database from a single point in time.  This technique allows
+** multiple concurrent readers to view different versions of the database
+** content simultaneously.
+**
+** The reader algorithm in the previous paragraphs works correctly, but 
+** because frames for page P can appear anywhere within the WAL, the
+** reader has to scan the entire WAL looking for page P frames.  If the
+** WAL is large (multiple megabytes is typical) that scan can be slow,
+** and read performance suffers.  To overcome this problem, a separate
+** data structure called the wal-index is maintained to expedite the
+** search for frames of a particular page.
+** 
+** WAL-INDEX FORMAT
+**
+** Conceptually, the wal-index is shared memory, though VFS implementations
+** might choose to implement the wal-index using a mmapped file.  Because
+** the wal-index is shared memory, SQLite does not support journal_mode=WAL 
+** on a network filesystem.  All users of the database must be able to
+** share memory.
+**
+** The wal-index is transient.  After a crash, the wal-index can (and should
+** be) reconstructed from the original WAL file.  In fact, the VFS is required
+** to either truncate or zero the header of the wal-index when the last
+** connection to it closes.  Because the wal-index is transient, it can
+** use an architecture-specific format; it does not have to be cross-platform.
+** Hence, unlike the database and WAL file formats which store all values
+** as big endian, the wal-index can store multi-byte values in the native
+** byte order of the host computer.
+**
+** The purpose of the wal-index is to answer this question quickly:  Given
+** a page number P, return the index of the last frame for page P in the WAL,
+** or return NULL if there are no frames for page P in the WAL.
+**
+** The wal-index consists of a header region, followed by an one or
+** more index blocks.  
+**
+** The wal-index header contains the total number of frames within the WAL
+** in the the mxFrame field.  
+**
+** Each index block except for the first contains information on 
+** HASHTABLE_NPAGE frames. The first index block contains information on
+** HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE frames. The values of HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE and 
+** HASHTABLE_NPAGE are selected so that together the wal-index header and
+** first index block are the same size as all other index blocks in the
+** wal-index.
+**
+** Each index block contains two sections, a page-mapping that contains the
+** database page number associated with each wal frame, and a hash-table 
+** that allows readers to query an index block for a specific page number.
+** The page-mapping is an array of HASHTABLE_NPAGE (or HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE
+** for the first index block) 32-bit page numbers. The first entry in the 
+** first index-block contains the database page number corresponding to the
+** first frame in the WAL file. The first entry in the second index block
+** in the WAL file corresponds to the (HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE+1)th frame in
+** the log, and so on.
+**
+** The last index block in a wal-index usually contains less than the full
+** complement of HASHTABLE_NPAGE (or HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE) page-numbers,
+** depending on the contents of the WAL file. This does not change the
+** allocated size of the page-mapping array - the page-mapping array merely
+** contains unused entries.
+**
+** Even without using the hash table, the last frame for page P
+** can be found by scanning the page-mapping sections of each index block
+** starting with the last index block and moving toward the first, and
+** within each index block, starting at the end and moving toward the
+** beginning.  The first entry that equals P corresponds to the frame
+** holding the content for that page.
+**
+** The hash table consists of HASHTABLE_NSLOT 16-bit unsigned integers.
+** HASHTABLE_NSLOT = 2*HASHTABLE_NPAGE, and there is one entry in the
+** hash table for each page number in the mapping section, so the hash 
+** table is never more than half full.  The expected number of collisions 
+** prior to finding a match is 1.  Each entry of the hash table is an
+** 1-based index of an entry in the mapping section of the same
+** index block.   Let K be the 1-based index of the largest entry in
+** the mapping section.  (For index blocks other than the last, K will
+** always be exactly HASHTABLE_NPAGE (4096) and for the last index block
+** K will be (mxFrame%HASHTABLE_NPAGE).)  Unused slots of the hash table
+** contain a value of 0.
+**
+** To look for page P in the hash table, first compute a hash iKey on
+** P as follows:
+**
+**      iKey = (P * 383) % HASHTABLE_NSLOT
+**
+** Then start scanning entries of the hash table, starting with iKey
+** (wrapping around to the beginning when the end of the hash table is
+** reached) until an unused hash slot is found. Let the first unused slot
+** be at index iUnused.  (iUnused might be less than iKey if there was
+** wrap-around.) Because the hash table is never more than half full,
+** the search is guaranteed to eventually hit an unused entry.  Let 
+** iMax be the value between iKey and iUnused, closest to iUnused,
+** where aHash[iMax]==P.  If there is no iMax entry (if there exists
+** no hash slot such that aHash[i]==p) then page P is not in the
+** current index block.  Otherwise the iMax-th mapping entry of the
+** current index block corresponds to the last entry that references 
+** page P.
+**
+** A hash search begins with the last index block and moves toward the
+** first index block, looking for entries corresponding to page P.  On
+** average, only two or three slots in each index block need to be
+** examined in order to either find the last entry for page P, or to
+** establish that no such entry exists in the block.  Each index block
+** holds over 4000 entries.  So two or three index blocks are sufficient
+** to cover a typical 10 megabyte WAL file, assuming 1K pages.  8 or 10
+** comparisons (on average) suffice to either locate a frame in the
+** WAL or to establish that the frame does not exist in the WAL.  This
+** is much faster than scanning the entire 10MB WAL.
+**
+** Note that entries are added in order of increasing K.  Hence, one
+** reader might be using some value K0 and a second reader that started
+** at a later time (after additional transactions were added to the WAL
+** and to the wal-index) might be using a different value K1, where K1>K0.
+** Both readers can use the same hash table and mapping section to get
+** the correct result.  There may be entries in the hash table with
+** K>K0 but to the first reader, those entries will appear to be unused
+** slots in the hash table and so the first reader will get an answer as
+** if no values greater than K0 had ever been inserted into the hash table
+** in the first place - which is what reader one wants.  Meanwhile, the
+** second reader using K1 will see additional values that were inserted
+** later, which is exactly what reader two wants.  
+**
+** When a rollback occurs, the value of K is decreased. Hash table entries
+** that correspond to frames greater than the new K value are removed
+** from the hash table at this point.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+
+
+/*
+** Trace output macros
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalTrace = 0;
+# define WALTRACE(X)  if(sqlite3WalTrace) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#else
+# define WALTRACE(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum (and only) versions of the wal and wal-index formats
+** that may be interpreted by this version of SQLite.
+**
+** If a client begins recovering a WAL file and finds that (a) the checksum
+** values in the wal-header are correct and (b) the version field is not
+** WAL_MAX_VERSION, recovery fails and SQLite returns SQLITE_CANTOPEN.
+**
+** Similarly, if a client successfully reads a wal-index header (i.e. the 
+** checksum test is successful) and finds that the version field is not
+** WALINDEX_MAX_VERSION, then no read-transaction is opened and SQLite
+** returns SQLITE_CANTOPEN.
+*/
+#define WAL_MAX_VERSION      3007000
+#define WALINDEX_MAX_VERSION 3007000
+
+/*
+** Indices of various locking bytes.   WAL_NREADER is the number
+** of available reader locks and should be at least 3.
+*/
+#define WAL_WRITE_LOCK         0
+#define WAL_ALL_BUT_WRITE      1
+#define WAL_CKPT_LOCK          1
+#define WAL_RECOVER_LOCK       2
+#define WAL_READ_LOCK(I)       (3+(I))
+#define WAL_NREADER            (SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK-3)
+
+
+/* Object declarations */
+typedef struct WalIndexHdr WalIndexHdr;
+typedef struct WalIterator WalIterator;
+typedef struct WalCkptInfo WalCkptInfo;
+
+
+/*
+** The following object holds a copy of the wal-index header content.
+**
+** The actual header in the wal-index consists of two copies of this
+** object.
+**
+** The szPage value can be any power of 2 between 512 and 32768, inclusive.
+** Or it can be 1 to represent a 65536-byte page.  The latter case was
+** added in 3.7.1 when support for 64K pages was added.  
+*/
+struct WalIndexHdr {
+  u32 iVersion;                   /* Wal-index version */
+  u32 unused;                     /* Unused (padding) field */
+  u32 iChange;                    /* Counter incremented each transaction */
+  u8 isInit;                      /* 1 when initialized */
+  u8 bigEndCksum;                 /* True if checksums in WAL are big-endian */
+  u16 szPage;                     /* Database page size in bytes. 1==64K */
+  u32 mxFrame;                    /* Index of last valid frame in the WAL */
+  u32 nPage;                      /* Size of database in pages */
+  u32 aFrameCksum[2];             /* Checksum of last frame in log */
+  u32 aSalt[2];                   /* Two salt values copied from WAL header */
+  u32 aCksum[2];                  /* Checksum over all prior fields */
+};
+
+/*
+** A copy of the following object occurs in the wal-index immediately
+** following the second copy of the WalIndexHdr.  This object stores
+** information used by checkpoint.
+**
+** nBackfill is the number of frames in the WAL that have been written
+** back into the database. (We call the act of moving content from WAL to
+** database "backfilling".)  The nBackfill number is never greater than
+** WalIndexHdr.mxFrame.  nBackfill can only be increased by threads
+** holding the WAL_CKPT_LOCK lock (which includes a recovery thread).
+** However, a WAL_WRITE_LOCK thread can move the value of nBackfill from
+** mxFrame back to zero when the WAL is reset.
+**
+** There is one entry in aReadMark[] for each reader lock.  If a reader
+** holds read-lock K, then the value in aReadMark[K] is no greater than
+** the mxFrame for that reader.  The value READMARK_NOT_USED (0xffffffff)
+** for any aReadMark[] means that entry is unused.  aReadMark[0] is 
+** a special case; its value is never used and it exists as a place-holder
+** to avoid having to offset aReadMark[] indexs by one.  Readers holding
+** WAL_READ_LOCK(0) always ignore the entire WAL and read all content
+** directly from the database.
+**
+** The value of aReadMark[K] may only be changed by a thread that
+** is holding an exclusive lock on WAL_READ_LOCK(K).  Thus, the value of
+** aReadMark[K] cannot changed while there is a reader is using that mark
+** since the reader will be holding a shared lock on WAL_READ_LOCK(K).
+**
+** The checkpointer may only transfer frames from WAL to database where
+** the frame numbers are less than or equal to every aReadMark[] that is
+** in use (that is, every aReadMark[j] for which there is a corresponding
+** WAL_READ_LOCK(j)).  New readers (usually) pick the aReadMark[] with the
+** largest value and will increase an unused aReadMark[] to mxFrame if there
+** is not already an aReadMark[] equal to mxFrame.  The exception to the
+** previous sentence is when nBackfill equals mxFrame (meaning that everything
+** in the WAL has been backfilled into the database) then new readers
+** will choose aReadMark[0] which has value 0 and hence such reader will
+** get all their all content directly from the database file and ignore 
+** the WAL.
+**
+** Writers normally append new frames to the end of the WAL.  However,
+** if nBackfill equals mxFrame (meaning that all WAL content has been
+** written back into the database) and if no readers are using the WAL
+** (in other words, if there are no WAL_READ_LOCK(i) where i>0) then
+** the writer will first "reset" the WAL back to the beginning and start
+** writing new content beginning at frame 1.
+**
+** We assume that 32-bit loads are atomic and so no locks are needed in
+** order to read from any aReadMark[] entries.
+*/
+struct WalCkptInfo {
+  u32 nBackfill;                  /* Number of WAL frames backfilled into DB */
+  u32 aReadMark[WAL_NREADER];     /* Reader marks */
+};
+#define READMARK_NOT_USED  0xffffffff
+
+
+/* A block of WALINDEX_LOCK_RESERVED bytes beginning at
+** WALINDEX_LOCK_OFFSET is reserved for locks. Since some systems
+** only support mandatory file-locks, we do not read or write data
+** from the region of the file on which locks are applied.
+*/
+#define WALINDEX_LOCK_OFFSET   (sizeof(WalIndexHdr)*2 + sizeof(WalCkptInfo))
+#define WALINDEX_LOCK_RESERVED 16
+#define WALINDEX_HDR_SIZE      (WALINDEX_LOCK_OFFSET+WALINDEX_LOCK_RESERVED)
+
+/* Size of header before each frame in wal */
+#define WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE 24
+
+/* Size of write ahead log header, including checksum. */
+/* #define WAL_HDRSIZE 24 */
+#define WAL_HDRSIZE 32
+
+/* WAL magic value. Either this value, or the same value with the least
+** significant bit also set (WAL_MAGIC | 0x00000001) is stored in 32-bit
+** big-endian format in the first 4 bytes of a WAL file.
+**
+** If the LSB is set, then the checksums for each frame within the WAL
+** file are calculated by treating all data as an array of 32-bit 
+** big-endian words. Otherwise, they are calculated by interpreting 
+** all data as 32-bit little-endian words.
+*/
+#define WAL_MAGIC 0x377f0682
+
+/*
+** Return the offset of frame iFrame in the write-ahead log file, 
+** assuming a database page size of szPage bytes. The offset returned
+** is to the start of the write-ahead log frame-header.
+*/
+#define walFrameOffset(iFrame, szPage) (                               \
+  WAL_HDRSIZE + ((iFrame)-1)*(i64)((szPage)+WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE)         \
+)
+
+/*
+** An open write-ahead log file is represented by an instance of the
+** following object.
+*/
+struct Wal {
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;         /* The VFS used to create pDbFd */
+  sqlite3_file *pDbFd;       /* File handle for the database file */
+  sqlite3_file *pWalFd;      /* File handle for WAL file */
+  u32 iCallback;             /* Value to pass to log callback (or 0) */
+  i64 mxWalSize;             /* Truncate WAL to this size upon reset */
+  int nWiData;               /* Size of array apWiData */
+  volatile u32 **apWiData;   /* Pointer to wal-index content in memory */
+  u32 szPage;                /* Database page size */
+  i16 readLock;              /* Which read lock is being held.  -1 for none */
+  u8 exclusiveMode;          /* Non-zero if connection is in exclusive mode */
+  u8 writeLock;              /* True if in a write transaction */
+  u8 ckptLock;               /* True if holding a checkpoint lock */
+  u8 readOnly;               /* WAL_RDWR, WAL_RDONLY, or WAL_SHM_RDONLY */
+  WalIndexHdr hdr;           /* Wal-index header for current transaction */
+  const char *zWalName;      /* Name of WAL file */
+  u32 nCkpt;                 /* Checkpoint sequence counter in the wal-header */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  u8 lockError;              /* True if a locking error has occurred */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** Candidate values for Wal.exclusiveMode.
+*/
+#define WAL_NORMAL_MODE     0
+#define WAL_EXCLUSIVE_MODE  1     
+#define WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE 2
+
+/*
+** Possible values for WAL.readOnly
+*/
+#define WAL_RDWR        0    /* Normal read/write connection */
+#define WAL_RDONLY      1    /* The WAL file is readonly */
+#define WAL_SHM_RDONLY  2    /* The SHM file is readonly */
+
+/*
+** Each page of the wal-index mapping contains a hash-table made up of
+** an array of HASHTABLE_NSLOT elements of the following type.
+*/
+typedef u16 ht_slot;
+
+/*
+** This structure is used to implement an iterator that loops through
+** all frames in the WAL in database page order. Where two or more frames
+** correspond to the same database page, the iterator visits only the 
+** frame most recently written to the WAL (in other words, the frame with
+** the largest index).
+**
+** The internals of this structure are only accessed by:
+**
+**   walIteratorInit() - Create a new iterator,
+**   walIteratorNext() - Step an iterator,
+**   walIteratorFree() - Free an iterator.
+**
+** This functionality is used by the checkpoint code (see walCheckpoint()).
+*/
+struct WalIterator {
+  int iPrior;                     /* Last result returned from the iterator */
+  int nSegment;                   /* Number of entries in aSegment[] */
+  struct WalSegment {
+    int iNext;                    /* Next slot in aIndex[] not yet returned */
+    ht_slot *aIndex;              /* i0, i1, i2... such that aPgno[iN] ascend */
+    u32 *aPgno;                   /* Array of page numbers. */
+    int nEntry;                   /* Nr. of entries in aPgno[] and aIndex[] */
+    int iZero;                    /* Frame number associated with aPgno[0] */
+  } aSegment[1];                  /* One for every 32KB page in the wal-index */
+};
+
+/*
+** Define the parameters of the hash tables in the wal-index file. There
+** is a hash-table following every HASHTABLE_NPAGE page numbers in the
+** wal-index.
+**
+** Changing any of these constants will alter the wal-index format and
+** create incompatibilities.
+*/
+#define HASHTABLE_NPAGE      4096                 /* Must be power of 2 */
+#define HASHTABLE_HASH_1     383                  /* Should be prime */
+#define HASHTABLE_NSLOT      (HASHTABLE_NPAGE*2)  /* Must be a power of 2 */
+
+/* 
+** The block of page numbers associated with the first hash-table in a
+** wal-index is smaller than usual. This is so that there is a complete
+** hash-table on each aligned 32KB page of the wal-index.
+*/
+#define HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE  (HASHTABLE_NPAGE - (WALINDEX_HDR_SIZE/sizeof(u32)))
+
+/* The wal-index is divided into pages of WALINDEX_PGSZ bytes each. */
+#define WALINDEX_PGSZ   (                                         \
+    sizeof(ht_slot)*HASHTABLE_NSLOT + HASHTABLE_NPAGE*sizeof(u32) \
+)
+
+/*
+** Obtain a pointer to the iPage'th page of the wal-index. The wal-index
+** is broken into pages of WALINDEX_PGSZ bytes. Wal-index pages are
+** numbered from zero.
+**
+** If this call is successful, *ppPage is set to point to the wal-index
+** page and SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error (an OOM or VFS error) occurs,
+** then an SQLite error code is returned and *ppPage is set to 0.
+*/
+static int walIndexPage(Wal *pWal, int iPage, volatile u32 **ppPage){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* Enlarge the pWal->apWiData[] array if required */
+  if( pWal->nWiData<=iPage ){
+    int nByte = sizeof(u32*)*(iPage+1);
+    volatile u32 **apNew;
+    apNew = (volatile u32 **)sqlite3_realloc((void *)pWal->apWiData, nByte);
+    if( !apNew ){
+      *ppPage = 0;
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    memset((void*)&apNew[pWal->nWiData], 0,
+           sizeof(u32*)*(iPage+1-pWal->nWiData));
+    pWal->apWiData = apNew;
+    pWal->nWiData = iPage+1;
+  }
+
+  /* Request a pointer to the required page from the VFS */
+  if( pWal->apWiData[iPage]==0 ){
+    if( pWal->exclusiveMode==WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE ){
+      pWal->apWiData[iPage] = (u32 volatile *)sqlite3MallocZero(WALINDEX_PGSZ);
+      if( !pWal->apWiData[iPage] ) rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3OsShmMap(pWal->pDbFd, iPage, WALINDEX_PGSZ, 
+          pWal->writeLock, (void volatile **)&pWal->apWiData[iPage]
+      );
+      if( rc==SQLITE_READONLY ){
+        pWal->readOnly |= WAL_SHM_RDONLY;
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  *ppPage = pWal->apWiData[iPage];
+  assert( iPage==0 || *ppPage || rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the WalCkptInfo structure in the wal-index.
+*/
+static volatile WalCkptInfo *walCkptInfo(Wal *pWal){
+  assert( pWal->nWiData>0 && pWal->apWiData[0] );
+  return (volatile WalCkptInfo*)&(pWal->apWiData[0][sizeof(WalIndexHdr)/2]);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the WalIndexHdr structure in the wal-index.
+*/
+static volatile WalIndexHdr *walIndexHdr(Wal *pWal){
+  assert( pWal->nWiData>0 && pWal->apWiData[0] );
+  return (volatile WalIndexHdr*)pWal->apWiData[0];
+}
+
+/*
+** The argument to this macro must be of type u32. On a little-endian
+** architecture, it returns the u32 value that results from interpreting
+** the 4 bytes as a big-endian value. On a big-endian architecture, it
+** returns the value that would be produced by intepreting the 4 bytes
+** of the input value as a little-endian integer.
+*/
+#define BYTESWAP32(x) ( \
+    (((x)&0x000000FF)<<24) + (((x)&0x0000FF00)<<8)  \
+  + (((x)&0x00FF0000)>>8)  + (((x)&0xFF000000)>>24) \
+)
+
+/*
+** Generate or extend an 8 byte checksum based on the data in 
+** array aByte[] and the initial values of aIn[0] and aIn[1] (or
+** initial values of 0 and 0 if aIn==NULL).
+**
+** The checksum is written back into aOut[] before returning.
+**
+** nByte must be a positive multiple of 8.
+*/
+static void walChecksumBytes(
+  int nativeCksum, /* True for native byte-order, false for non-native */
+  u8 *a,           /* Content to be checksummed */
+  int nByte,       /* Bytes of content in a[].  Must be a multiple of 8. */
+  const u32 *aIn,  /* Initial checksum value input */
+  u32 *aOut        /* OUT: Final checksum value output */
+){
+  u32 s1, s2;
+  u32 *aData = (u32 *)a;
+  u32 *aEnd = (u32 *)&a[nByte];
+
+  if( aIn ){
+    s1 = aIn[0];
+    s2 = aIn[1];
+  }else{
+    s1 = s2 = 0;
+  }
+
+  assert( nByte>=8 );
+  assert( (nByte&0x00000007)==0 );
+
+  if( nativeCksum ){
+    do {
+      s1 += *aData++ + s2;
+      s2 += *aData++ + s1;
+    }while( aData<aEnd );
+  }else{
+    do {
+      s1 += BYTESWAP32(aData[0]) + s2;
+      s2 += BYTESWAP32(aData[1]) + s1;
+      aData += 2;
+    }while( aData<aEnd );
+  }
+
+  aOut[0] = s1;
+  aOut[1] = s2;
+}
+
+static void walShmBarrier(Wal *pWal){
+  if( pWal->exclusiveMode!=WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE ){
+    sqlite3OsShmBarrier(pWal->pDbFd);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Write the header information in pWal->hdr into the wal-index.
+**
+** The checksum on pWal->hdr is updated before it is written.
+*/
+static void walIndexWriteHdr(Wal *pWal){
+  volatile WalIndexHdr *aHdr = walIndexHdr(pWal);
+  const int nCksum = offsetof(WalIndexHdr, aCksum);
+
+  assert( pWal->writeLock );
+  pWal->hdr.isInit = 1;
+  pWal->hdr.iVersion = WALINDEX_MAX_VERSION;
+  walChecksumBytes(1, (u8*)&pWal->hdr, nCksum, 0, pWal->hdr.aCksum);
+  memcpy((void *)&aHdr[1], (void *)&pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
+  walShmBarrier(pWal);
+  memcpy((void *)&aHdr[0], (void *)&pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
+}
+
+/*
+** This function encodes a single frame header and writes it to a buffer
+** supplied by the caller. A frame-header is made up of a series of 
+** 4-byte big-endian integers, as follows:
+**
+**     0: Page number.
+**     4: For commit records, the size of the database image in pages 
+**        after the commit. For all other records, zero.
+**     8: Salt-1 (copied from the wal-header)
+**    12: Salt-2 (copied from the wal-header)
+**    16: Checksum-1.
+**    20: Checksum-2.
+*/
+static void walEncodeFrame(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* The write-ahead log */
+  u32 iPage,                      /* Database page number for frame */
+  u32 nTruncate,                  /* New db size (or 0 for non-commit frames) */
+  u8 *aData,                      /* Pointer to page data */
+  u8 *aFrame                      /* OUT: Write encoded frame here */
+){
+  int nativeCksum;                /* True for native byte-order checksums */
+  u32 *aCksum = pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum;
+  assert( WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE==24 );
+  sqlite3Put4byte(&aFrame[0], iPage);
+  sqlite3Put4byte(&aFrame[4], nTruncate);
+  memcpy(&aFrame[8], pWal->hdr.aSalt, 8);
+
+  nativeCksum = (pWal->hdr.bigEndCksum==SQLITE_BIGENDIAN);
+  walChecksumBytes(nativeCksum, aFrame, 8, aCksum, aCksum);
+  walChecksumBytes(nativeCksum, aData, pWal->szPage, aCksum, aCksum);
+
+  sqlite3Put4byte(&aFrame[16], aCksum[0]);
+  sqlite3Put4byte(&aFrame[20], aCksum[1]);
+}
+
+/*
+** Check to see if the frame with header in aFrame[] and content
+** in aData[] is valid.  If it is a valid frame, fill *piPage and
+** *pnTruncate and return true.  Return if the frame is not valid.
+*/
+static int walDecodeFrame(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* The write-ahead log */
+  u32 *piPage,                    /* OUT: Database page number for frame */
+  u32 *pnTruncate,                /* OUT: New db size (or 0 if not commit) */
+  u8 *aData,                      /* Pointer to page data (for checksum) */
+  u8 *aFrame                      /* Frame data */
+){
+  int nativeCksum;                /* True for native byte-order checksums */
+  u32 *aCksum = pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum;
+  u32 pgno;                       /* Page number of the frame */
+  assert( WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE==24 );
+
+  /* A frame is only valid if the salt values in the frame-header
+  ** match the salt values in the wal-header. 
+  */
+  if( memcmp(&pWal->hdr.aSalt, &aFrame[8], 8)!=0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* A frame is only valid if the page number is creater than zero.
+  */
+  pgno = sqlite3Get4byte(&aFrame[0]);
+  if( pgno==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* A frame is only valid if a checksum of the WAL header,
+  ** all prior frams, the first 16 bytes of this frame-header, 
+  ** and the frame-data matches the checksum in the last 8 
+  ** bytes of this frame-header.
+  */
+  nativeCksum = (pWal->hdr.bigEndCksum==SQLITE_BIGENDIAN);
+  walChecksumBytes(nativeCksum, aFrame, 8, aCksum, aCksum);
+  walChecksumBytes(nativeCksum, aData, pWal->szPage, aCksum, aCksum);
+  if( aCksum[0]!=sqlite3Get4byte(&aFrame[16]) 
+   || aCksum[1]!=sqlite3Get4byte(&aFrame[20]) 
+  ){
+    /* Checksum failed. */
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* If we reach this point, the frame is valid.  Return the page number
+  ** and the new database size.
+  */
+  *piPage = pgno;
+  *pnTruncate = sqlite3Get4byte(&aFrame[4]);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/*
+** Names of locks.  This routine is used to provide debugging output and is not
+** a part of an ordinary build.
+*/
+static const char *walLockName(int lockIdx){
+  if( lockIdx==WAL_WRITE_LOCK ){
+    return "WRITE-LOCK";
+  }else if( lockIdx==WAL_CKPT_LOCK ){
+    return "CKPT-LOCK";
+  }else if( lockIdx==WAL_RECOVER_LOCK ){
+    return "RECOVER-LOCK";
+  }else{
+    static char zName[15];
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zName), zName, "READ-LOCK[%d]",
+                     lockIdx-WAL_READ_LOCK(0));
+    return zName;
+  }
+}
+#endif /*defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) */
+    
+
+/*
+** Set or release locks on the WAL.  Locks are either shared or exclusive.
+** A lock cannot be moved directly between shared and exclusive - it must go
+** through the unlocked state first.
+**
+** In locking_mode=EXCLUSIVE, all of these routines become no-ops.
+*/
+static int walLockShared(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx){
+  int rc;
+  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  rc = sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, 1,
+                        SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED);
+  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: acquire SHARED-%s %s\n", pWal,
+            walLockName(lockIdx), rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = (u8)(rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_BUSY); )
+  return rc;
+}
+static void walUnlockShared(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx){
+  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return;
+  (void)sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, 1,
+                         SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED);
+  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: release SHARED-%s\n", pWal, walLockName(lockIdx)));
+}
+static int walLockExclusive(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx, int n){
+  int rc;
+  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  rc = sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, n,
+                        SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE);
+  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: acquire EXCLUSIVE-%s cnt=%d %s\n", pWal,
+            walLockName(lockIdx), n, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = (u8)(rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_BUSY); )
+  return rc;
+}
+static void walUnlockExclusive(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx, int n){
+  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return;
+  (void)sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, n,
+                         SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE);
+  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: release EXCLUSIVE-%s cnt=%d\n", pWal,
+             walLockName(lockIdx), n));
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute a hash on a page number.  The resulting hash value must land
+** between 0 and (HASHTABLE_NSLOT-1).  The walHashNext() function advances
+** the hash to the next value in the event of a collision.
+*/
+static int walHash(u32 iPage){
+  assert( iPage>0 );
+  assert( (HASHTABLE_NSLOT & (HASHTABLE_NSLOT-1))==0 );
+  return (iPage*HASHTABLE_HASH_1) & (HASHTABLE_NSLOT-1);
+}
+static int walNextHash(int iPriorHash){
+  return (iPriorHash+1)&(HASHTABLE_NSLOT-1);
+}
+
+/* 
+** Return pointers to the hash table and page number array stored on
+** page iHash of the wal-index. The wal-index is broken into 32KB pages
+** numbered starting from 0.
+**
+** Set output variable *paHash to point to the start of the hash table
+** in the wal-index file. Set *piZero to one less than the frame 
+** number of the first frame indexed by this hash table. If a
+** slot in the hash table is set to N, it refers to frame number 
+** (*piZero+N) in the log.
+**
+** Finally, set *paPgno so that *paPgno[1] is the page number of the
+** first frame indexed by the hash table, frame (*piZero+1).
+*/
+static int walHashGet(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL handle */
+  int iHash,                      /* Find the iHash'th table */
+  volatile ht_slot **paHash,      /* OUT: Pointer to hash index */
+  volatile u32 **paPgno,          /* OUT: Pointer to page number array */
+  u32 *piZero                     /* OUT: Frame associated with *paPgno[0] */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  volatile u32 *aPgno;
+
+  rc = walIndexPage(pWal, iHash, &aPgno);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || iHash>0 );
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    u32 iZero;
+    volatile ht_slot *aHash;
+
+    aHash = (volatile ht_slot *)&aPgno[HASHTABLE_NPAGE];
+    if( iHash==0 ){
+      aPgno = &aPgno[WALINDEX_HDR_SIZE/sizeof(u32)];
+      iZero = 0;
+    }else{
+      iZero = HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE + (iHash-1)*HASHTABLE_NPAGE;
+    }
+  
+    *paPgno = &aPgno[-1];
+    *paHash = aHash;
+    *piZero = iZero;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of the wal-index page that contains the hash-table
+** and page-number array that contain entries corresponding to WAL frame
+** iFrame. The wal-index is broken up into 32KB pages. Wal-index pages 
+** are numbered starting from 0.
+*/
+static int walFramePage(u32 iFrame){
+  int iHash = (iFrame+HASHTABLE_NPAGE-HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE-1) / HASHTABLE_NPAGE;
+  assert( (iHash==0 || iFrame>HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE)
+       && (iHash>=1 || iFrame<=HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE)
+       && (iHash<=1 || iFrame>(HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE+HASHTABLE_NPAGE))
+       && (iHash>=2 || iFrame<=HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE+HASHTABLE_NPAGE)
+       && (iHash<=2 || iFrame>(HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE+2*HASHTABLE_NPAGE))
+  );
+  return iHash;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the page number associated with frame iFrame in this WAL.
+*/
+static u32 walFramePgno(Wal *pWal, u32 iFrame){
+  int iHash = walFramePage(iFrame);
+  if( iHash==0 ){
+    return pWal->apWiData[0][WALINDEX_HDR_SIZE/sizeof(u32) + iFrame - 1];
+  }
+  return pWal->apWiData[iHash][(iFrame-1-HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE)%HASHTABLE_NPAGE];
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove entries from the hash table that point to WAL slots greater
+** than pWal->hdr.mxFrame.
+**
+** This function is called whenever pWal->hdr.mxFrame is decreased due
+** to a rollback or savepoint.
+**
+** At most only the hash table containing pWal->hdr.mxFrame needs to be
+** updated.  Any later hash tables will be automatically cleared when
+** pWal->hdr.mxFrame advances to the point where those hash tables are
+** actually needed.
+*/
+static void walCleanupHash(Wal *pWal){
+  volatile ht_slot *aHash = 0;    /* Pointer to hash table to clear */
+  volatile u32 *aPgno = 0;        /* Page number array for hash table */
+  u32 iZero = 0;                  /* frame == (aHash[x]+iZero) */
+  int iLimit = 0;                 /* Zero values greater than this */
+  int nByte;                      /* Number of bytes to zero in aPgno[] */
+  int i;                          /* Used to iterate through aHash[] */
+
+  assert( pWal->writeLock );
+  testcase( pWal->hdr.mxFrame==HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE-1 );
+  testcase( pWal->hdr.mxFrame==HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE );
+  testcase( pWal->hdr.mxFrame==HASHTABLE_NPAGE_ONE+1 );
+
+  if( pWal->hdr.mxFrame==0 ) return;
+
+  /* Obtain pointers to the hash-table and page-number array containing 
+  ** the entry that corresponds to frame pWal->hdr.mxFrame. It is guaranteed
+  ** that the page said hash-table and array reside on is already mapped.
+  */
+  assert( pWal->nWiData>walFramePage(pWal->hdr.mxFrame) );
+  assert( pWal->apWiData[walFramePage(pWal->hdr.mxFrame)] );
+  walHashGet(pWal, walFramePage(pWal->hdr.mxFrame), &aHash, &aPgno, &iZero);
+
+  /* Zero all hash-table entries that correspond to frame numbers greater
+  ** than pWal->hdr.mxFrame.
+  */
+  iLimit = pWal->hdr.mxFrame - iZero;
+  assert( iLimit>0 );
+  for(i=0; i<HASHTABLE_NSLOT; i++){
+    if( aHash[i]>iLimit ){
+      aHash[i] = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  /* Zero the entries in the aPgno array that correspond to frames with
+  ** frame numbers greater than pWal->hdr.mxFrame. 
+  */
+  nByte = (int)((char *)aHash - (char *)&aPgno[iLimit+1]);
+  memset((void *)&aPgno[iLimit+1], 0, nByte);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT
+  /* Verify that the every entry in the mapping region is still reachable
+  ** via the hash table even after the cleanup.
+  */
+  if( iLimit ){
+    int i;           /* Loop counter */
+    int iKey;        /* Hash key */
+    for(i=1; i<=iLimit; i++){
+      for(iKey=walHash(aPgno[i]); aHash[iKey]; iKey=walNextHash(iKey)){
+        if( aHash[iKey]==i ) break;
+      }
+      assert( aHash[iKey]==i );
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT */
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Set an entry in the wal-index that will map database page number
+** pPage into WAL frame iFrame.
+*/
+static int walIndexAppend(Wal *pWal, u32 iFrame, u32 iPage){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  u32 iZero = 0;                  /* One less than frame number of aPgno[1] */
+  volatile u32 *aPgno = 0;        /* Page number array */
+  volatile ht_slot *aHash = 0;    /* Hash table */
+
+  rc = walHashGet(pWal, walFramePage(iFrame), &aHash, &aPgno, &iZero);
+
+  /* Assuming the wal-index file was successfully mapped, populate the
+  ** page number array and hash table entry.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int iKey;                     /* Hash table key */
+    int idx;                      /* Value to write to hash-table slot */
+    int nCollide;                 /* Number of hash collisions */
+
+    idx = iFrame - iZero;
+    assert( idx <= HASHTABLE_NSLOT/2 + 1 );
+    
+    /* If this is the first entry to be added to this hash-table, zero the
+    ** entire hash table and aPgno[] array before proceding. 
+    */
+    if( idx==1 ){
+      int nByte = (int)((u8 *)&aHash[HASHTABLE_NSLOT] - (u8 *)&aPgno[1]);
+      memset((void*)&aPgno[1], 0, nByte);
+    }
+
+    /* If the entry in aPgno[] is already set, then the previous writer
+    ** must have exited unexpectedly in the middle of a transaction (after
+    ** writing one or more dirty pages to the WAL to free up memory). 
+    ** Remove the remnants of that writers uncommitted transaction from 
+    ** the hash-table before writing any new entries.
+    */
+    if( aPgno[idx] ){
+      walCleanupHash(pWal);
+      assert( !aPgno[idx] );
+    }
+
+    /* Write the aPgno[] array entry and the hash-table slot. */
+    nCollide = idx;
+    for(iKey=walHash(iPage); aHash[iKey]; iKey=walNextHash(iKey)){
+      if( (nCollide--)==0 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+    aPgno[idx] = iPage;
+    aHash[iKey] = (ht_slot)idx;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT
+    /* Verify that the number of entries in the hash table exactly equals
+    ** the number of entries in the mapping region.
+    */
+    {
+      int i;           /* Loop counter */
+      int nEntry = 0;  /* Number of entries in the hash table */
+      for(i=0; i<HASHTABLE_NSLOT; i++){ if( aHash[i] ) nEntry++; }
+      assert( nEntry==idx );
+    }
+
+    /* Verify that the every entry in the mapping region is reachable
+    ** via the hash table.  This turns out to be a really, really expensive
+    ** thing to check, so only do this occasionally - not on every
+    ** iteration.
+    */
+    if( (idx&0x3ff)==0 ){
+      int i;           /* Loop counter */
+      for(i=1; i<=idx; i++){
+        for(iKey=walHash(aPgno[i]); aHash[iKey]; iKey=walNextHash(iKey)){
+          if( aHash[iKey]==i ) break;
+        }
+        assert( aHash[iKey]==i );
+      }
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT */
+  }
+
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Recover the wal-index by reading the write-ahead log file. 
+**
+** This routine first tries to establish an exclusive lock on the
+** wal-index to prevent other threads/processes from doing anything
+** with the WAL or wal-index while recovery is running.  The
+** WAL_RECOVER_LOCK is also held so that other threads will know
+** that this thread is running recovery.  If unable to establish
+** the necessary locks, this routine returns SQLITE_BUSY.
+*/
+static int walIndexRecover(Wal *pWal){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  i64 nSize;                      /* Size of log file */
+  u32 aFrameCksum[2] = {0, 0};
+  int iLock;                      /* Lock offset to lock for checkpoint */
+  int nLock;                      /* Number of locks to hold */
+
+  /* Obtain an exclusive lock on all byte in the locking range not already
+  ** locked by the caller. The caller is guaranteed to have locked the
+  ** WAL_WRITE_LOCK byte, and may have also locked the WAL_CKPT_LOCK byte.
+  ** If successful, the same bytes that are locked here are unlocked before
+  ** this function returns.
+  */
+  assert( pWal->ckptLock==1 || pWal->ckptLock==0 );
+  assert( WAL_ALL_BUT_WRITE==WAL_WRITE_LOCK+1 );
+  assert( WAL_CKPT_LOCK==WAL_ALL_BUT_WRITE );
+  assert( pWal->writeLock );
+  iLock = WAL_ALL_BUT_WRITE + pWal->ckptLock;
+  nLock = SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK - iLock;
+  rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, iLock, nLock);
+  if( rc ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: recovery begin...\n", pWal));
+
+  memset(&pWal->hdr, 0, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
+
+  rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pWal->pWalFd, &nSize);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto recovery_error;
+  }
+
+  if( nSize>WAL_HDRSIZE ){
+    u8 aBuf[WAL_HDRSIZE];         /* Buffer to load WAL header into */
+    u8 *aFrame = 0;               /* Malloc'd buffer to load entire frame */
+    int szFrame;                  /* Number of bytes in buffer aFrame[] */
+    u8 *aData;                    /* Pointer to data part of aFrame buffer */
+    int iFrame;                   /* Index of last frame read */
+    i64 iOffset;                  /* Next offset to read from log file */
+    int szPage;                   /* Page size according to the log */
+    u32 magic;                    /* Magic value read from WAL header */
+    u32 version;                  /* Magic value read from WAL header */
+
+    /* Read in the WAL header. */
+    rc = sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, aBuf, WAL_HDRSIZE, 0);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto recovery_error;
+    }
+
+    /* If the database page size is not a power of two, or is greater than
+    ** SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE, conclude that the WAL file contains no valid 
+    ** data. Similarly, if the 'magic' value is invalid, ignore the whole
+    ** WAL file.
+    */
+    magic = sqlite3Get4byte(&aBuf[0]);
+    szPage = sqlite3Get4byte(&aBuf[8]);
+    if( (magic&0xFFFFFFFE)!=WAL_MAGIC 
+     || szPage&(szPage-1) 
+     || szPage>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE 
+     || szPage<512 
+    ){
+      goto finished;
+    }
+    pWal->hdr.bigEndCksum = (u8)(magic&0x00000001);
+    pWal->szPage = szPage;
+    pWal->nCkpt = sqlite3Get4byte(&aBuf[12]);
+    memcpy(&pWal->hdr.aSalt, &aBuf[16], 8);
+
+    /* Verify that the WAL header checksum is correct */
+    walChecksumBytes(pWal->hdr.bigEndCksum==SQLITE_BIGENDIAN, 
+        aBuf, WAL_HDRSIZE-2*4, 0, pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum
+    );
+    if( pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[0]!=sqlite3Get4byte(&aBuf[24])
+     || pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[1]!=sqlite3Get4byte(&aBuf[28])
+    ){
+      goto finished;
+    }
+
+    /* Verify that the version number on the WAL format is one that
+    ** are able to understand */
+    version = sqlite3Get4byte(&aBuf[4]);
+    if( version!=WAL_MAX_VERSION ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+      goto finished;
+    }
+
+    /* Malloc a buffer to read frames into. */
+    szFrame = szPage + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
+    aFrame = (u8 *)sqlite3_malloc(szFrame);
+    if( !aFrame ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      goto recovery_error;
+    }
+    aData = &aFrame[WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE];
+
+    /* Read all frames from the log file. */
+    iFrame = 0;
+    for(iOffset=WAL_HDRSIZE; (iOffset+szFrame)<=nSize; iOffset+=szFrame){
+      u32 pgno;                   /* Database page number for frame */
+      u32 nTruncate;              /* dbsize field from frame header */
+      int isValid;                /* True if this frame is valid */
+
+      /* Read and decode the next log frame. */
+      rc = sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, aFrame, szFrame, iOffset);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+      isValid = walDecodeFrame(pWal, &pgno, &nTruncate, aData, aFrame);
+      if( !isValid ) break;
+      rc = walIndexAppend(pWal, ++iFrame, pgno);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+
+      /* If nTruncate is non-zero, this is a commit record. */
+      if( nTruncate ){
+        pWal->hdr.mxFrame = iFrame;
+        pWal->hdr.nPage = nTruncate;
+        pWal->hdr.szPage = (u16)((szPage&0xff00) | (szPage>>16));
+        testcase( szPage<=32768 );
+        testcase( szPage>=65536 );
+        aFrameCksum[0] = pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[0];
+        aFrameCksum[1] = pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[1];
+      }
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_free(aFrame);
+  }
+
+finished:
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    volatile WalCkptInfo *pInfo;
+    int i;
+    pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[0] = aFrameCksum[0];
+    pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[1] = aFrameCksum[1];
+    walIndexWriteHdr(pWal);
+
+    /* Reset the checkpoint-header. This is safe because this thread is 
+    ** currently holding locks that exclude all other readers, writers and
+    ** checkpointers.
+    */
+    pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);
+    pInfo->nBackfill = 0;
+    pInfo->aReadMark[0] = 0;
+    for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
+
+    /* If more than one frame was recovered from the log file, report an
+    ** event via sqlite3_log(). This is to help with identifying performance
+    ** problems caused by applications routinely shutting down without
+    ** checkpointing the log file.
+    */
+    if( pWal->hdr.nPage ){
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_OK, "Recovered %d frames from WAL file %s",
+          pWal->hdr.nPage, pWal->zWalName
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+recovery_error:
+  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: recovery %s\n", pWal, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  walUnlockExclusive(pWal, iLock, nLock);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close an open wal-index.
+*/
+static void walIndexClose(Wal *pWal, int isDelete){
+  if( pWal->exclusiveMode==WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pWal->nWiData; i++){
+      sqlite3_free((void *)pWal->apWiData[i]);
+      pWal->apWiData[i] = 0;
+    }
+  }else{
+    sqlite3OsShmUnmap(pWal->pDbFd, isDelete);
+  }
+}
+
+/* 
+** Open a connection to the WAL file zWalName. The database file must 
+** already be opened on connection pDbFd. The buffer that zWalName points
+** to must remain valid for the lifetime of the returned Wal* handle.
+**
+** A SHARED lock should be held on the database file when this function
+** is called. The purpose of this SHARED lock is to prevent any other
+** client from unlinking the WAL or wal-index file. If another process
+** were to do this just after this client opened one of these files, the
+** system would be badly broken.
+**
+** If the log file is successfully opened, SQLITE_OK is returned and 
+** *ppWal is set to point to a new WAL handle. If an error occurs,
+** an SQLite error code is returned and *ppWal is left unmodified.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,              /* vfs module to open wal and wal-index */
+  sqlite3_file *pDbFd,            /* The open database file */
+  const char *zWalName,           /* Name of the WAL file */
+  int bNoShm,                     /* True to run in heap-memory mode */
+  i64 mxWalSize,                  /* Truncate WAL to this size on reset */
+  Wal **ppWal                     /* OUT: Allocated Wal handle */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  Wal *pRet;                      /* Object to allocate and return */
+  int flags;                      /* Flags passed to OsOpen() */
+
+  assert( zWalName && zWalName[0] );
+  assert( pDbFd );
+
+  /* In the amalgamation, the os_unix.c and os_win.c source files come before
+  ** this source file.  Verify that the #defines of the locking byte offsets
+  ** in os_unix.c and os_win.c agree with the WALINDEX_LOCK_OFFSET value.
+  */
+#ifdef WIN_SHM_BASE
+  assert( WIN_SHM_BASE==WALINDEX_LOCK_OFFSET );
+#endif
+#ifdef UNIX_SHM_BASE
+  assert( UNIX_SHM_BASE==WALINDEX_LOCK_OFFSET );
+#endif
+
+
+  /* Allocate an instance of struct Wal to return. */
+  *ppWal = 0;
+  pRet = (Wal*)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(Wal) + pVfs->szOsFile);
+  if( !pRet ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  pRet->pVfs = pVfs;
+  pRet->pWalFd = (sqlite3_file *)&pRet[1];
+  pRet->pDbFd = pDbFd;
+  pRet->readLock = -1;
+  pRet->mxWalSize = mxWalSize;
+  pRet->zWalName = zWalName;
+  pRet->exclusiveMode = (bNoShm ? WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE: WAL_NORMAL_MODE);
+
+  /* Open file handle on the write-ahead log file. */
+  flags = (SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_WAL);
+  rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, zWalName, pRet->pWalFd, flags, &flags);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && flags&SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY ){
+    pRet->readOnly = WAL_RDONLY;
+  }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    walIndexClose(pRet, 0);
+    sqlite3OsClose(pRet->pWalFd);
+    sqlite3_free(pRet);
+  }else{
+    *ppWal = pRet;
+    WALTRACE(("WAL%d: opened\n", pRet));
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the size to which the WAL file is trucated on each reset.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalLimit(Wal *pWal, i64 iLimit){
+  if( pWal ) pWal->mxWalSize = iLimit;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find the smallest page number out of all pages held in the WAL that
+** has not been returned by any prior invocation of this method on the
+** same WalIterator object.   Write into *piFrame the frame index where
+** that page was last written into the WAL.  Write into *piPage the page
+** number.
+**
+** Return 0 on success.  If there are no pages in the WAL with a page
+** number larger than *piPage, then return 1.
+*/
+static int walIteratorNext(
+  WalIterator *p,               /* Iterator */
+  u32 *piPage,                  /* OUT: The page number of the next page */
+  u32 *piFrame                  /* OUT: Wal frame index of next page */
+){
+  u32 iMin;                     /* Result pgno must be greater than iMin */
+  u32 iRet = 0xFFFFFFFF;        /* 0xffffffff is never a valid page number */
+  int i;                        /* For looping through segments */
+
+  iMin = p->iPrior;
+  assert( iMin<0xffffffff );
+  for(i=p->nSegment-1; i>=0; i--){
+    struct WalSegment *pSegment = &p->aSegment[i];
+    while( pSegment->iNext<pSegment->nEntry ){
+      u32 iPg = pSegment->aPgno[pSegment->aIndex[pSegment->iNext]];
+      if( iPg>iMin ){
+        if( iPg<iRet ){
+          iRet = iPg;
+          *piFrame = pSegment->iZero + pSegment->aIndex[pSegment->iNext];
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      pSegment->iNext++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *piPage = p->iPrior = iRet;
+  return (iRet==0xFFFFFFFF);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function merges two sorted lists into a single sorted list.
+**
+** aLeft[] and aRight[] are arrays of indices.  The sort key is
+** aContent[aLeft[]] and aContent[aRight[]].  Upon entry, the following
+** is guaranteed for all J<K:
+**
+**        aContent[aLeft[J]] < aContent[aLeft[K]]
+**        aContent[aRight[J]] < aContent[aRight[K]]
+**
+** This routine overwrites aRight[] with a new (probably longer) sequence
+** of indices such that the aRight[] contains every index that appears in
+** either aLeft[] or the old aRight[] and such that the second condition
+** above is still met.
+**
+** The aContent[aLeft[X]] values will be unique for all X.  And the
+** aContent[aRight[X]] values will be unique too.  But there might be
+** one or more combinations of X and Y such that
+**
+**      aLeft[X]!=aRight[Y]  &&  aContent[aLeft[X]] == aContent[aRight[Y]]
+**
+** When that happens, omit the aLeft[X] and use the aRight[Y] index.
+*/
+static void walMerge(
+  const u32 *aContent,            /* Pages in wal - keys for the sort */
+  ht_slot *aLeft,                 /* IN: Left hand input list */
+  int nLeft,                      /* IN: Elements in array *paLeft */
+  ht_slot **paRight,              /* IN/OUT: Right hand input list */
+  int *pnRight,                   /* IN/OUT: Elements in *paRight */
+  ht_slot *aTmp                   /* Temporary buffer */
+){
+  int iLeft = 0;                  /* Current index in aLeft */
+  int iRight = 0;                 /* Current index in aRight */
+  int iOut = 0;                   /* Current index in output buffer */
+  int nRight = *pnRight;
+  ht_slot *aRight = *paRight;
+
+  assert( nLeft>0 && nRight>0 );
+  while( iRight<nRight || iLeft<nLeft ){
+    ht_slot logpage;
+    Pgno dbpage;
+
+    if( (iLeft<nLeft) 
+     && (iRight>=nRight || aContent[aLeft[iLeft]]<aContent[aRight[iRight]])
+    ){
+      logpage = aLeft[iLeft++];
+    }else{
+      logpage = aRight[iRight++];
+    }
+    dbpage = aContent[logpage];
+
+    aTmp[iOut++] = logpage;
+    if( iLeft<nLeft && aContent[aLeft[iLeft]]==dbpage ) iLeft++;
+
+    assert( iLeft>=nLeft || aContent[aLeft[iLeft]]>dbpage );
+    assert( iRight>=nRight || aContent[aRight[iRight]]>dbpage );
+  }
+
+  *paRight = aLeft;
+  *pnRight = iOut;
+  memcpy(aLeft, aTmp, sizeof(aTmp[0])*iOut);
+}
+
+/*
+** Sort the elements in list aList using aContent[] as the sort key.
+** Remove elements with duplicate keys, preferring to keep the
+** larger aList[] values.
+**
+** The aList[] entries are indices into aContent[].  The values in
+** aList[] are to be sorted so that for all J<K:
+**
+**      aContent[aList[J]] < aContent[aList[K]]
+**
+** For any X and Y such that
+**
+**      aContent[aList[X]] == aContent[aList[Y]]
+**
+** Keep the larger of the two values aList[X] and aList[Y] and discard
+** the smaller.
+*/
+static void walMergesort(
+  const u32 *aContent,            /* Pages in wal */
+  ht_slot *aBuffer,               /* Buffer of at least *pnList items to use */
+  ht_slot *aList,                 /* IN/OUT: List to sort */
+  int *pnList                     /* IN/OUT: Number of elements in aList[] */
+){
+  struct Sublist {
+    int nList;                    /* Number of elements in aList */
+    ht_slot *aList;               /* Pointer to sub-list content */
+  };
+
+  const int nList = *pnList;      /* Size of input list */
+  int nMerge = 0;                 /* Number of elements in list aMerge */
+  ht_slot *aMerge = 0;            /* List to be merged */
+  int iList;                      /* Index into input list */
+  int iSub = 0;                   /* Index into aSub array */
+  struct Sublist aSub[13];        /* Array of sub-lists */
+
+  memset(aSub, 0, sizeof(aSub));
+  assert( nList<=HASHTABLE_NPAGE && nList>0 );
+  assert( HASHTABLE_NPAGE==(1<<(ArraySize(aSub)-1)) );
+
+  for(iList=0; iList<nList; iList++){
+    nMerge = 1;
+    aMerge = &aList[iList];
+    for(iSub=0; iList & (1<<iSub); iSub++){
+      struct Sublist *p = &aSub[iSub];
+      assert( p->aList && p->nList<=(1<<iSub) );
+      assert( p->aList==&aList[iList&~((2<<iSub)-1)] );
+      walMerge(aContent, p->aList, p->nList, &aMerge, &nMerge, aBuffer);
+    }
+    aSub[iSub].aList = aMerge;
+    aSub[iSub].nList = nMerge;
+  }
+
+  for(iSub++; iSub<ArraySize(aSub); iSub++){
+    if( nList & (1<<iSub) ){
+      struct Sublist *p = &aSub[iSub];
+      assert( p->nList<=(1<<iSub) );
+      assert( p->aList==&aList[nList&~((2<<iSub)-1)] );
+      walMerge(aContent, p->aList, p->nList, &aMerge, &nMerge, aBuffer);
+    }
+  }
+  assert( aMerge==aList );
+  *pnList = nMerge;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  {
+    int i;
+    for(i=1; i<*pnList; i++){
+      assert( aContent[aList[i]] > aContent[aList[i-1]] );
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* 
+** Free an iterator allocated by walIteratorInit().
+*/
+static void walIteratorFree(WalIterator *p){
+  sqlite3ScratchFree(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Construct a WalInterator object that can be used to loop over all 
+** pages in the WAL in ascending order. The caller must hold the checkpoint
+** lock.
+**
+** On success, make *pp point to the newly allocated WalInterator object
+** return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, return an error code. If this routine
+** returns an error, the value of *pp is undefined.
+**
+** The calling routine should invoke walIteratorFree() to destroy the
+** WalIterator object when it has finished with it.
+*/
+static int walIteratorInit(Wal *pWal, WalIterator **pp){
+  WalIterator *p;                 /* Return value */
+  int nSegment;                   /* Number of segments to merge */
+  u32 iLast;                      /* Last frame in log */
+  int nByte;                      /* Number of bytes to allocate */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  ht_slot *aTmp;                  /* Temp space used by merge-sort */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+
+  /* This routine only runs while holding the checkpoint lock. And
+  ** it only runs if there is actually content in the log (mxFrame>0).
+  */
+  assert( pWal->ckptLock && pWal->hdr.mxFrame>0 );
+  iLast = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
+
+  /* Allocate space for the WalIterator object. */
+  nSegment = walFramePage(iLast) + 1;
+  nByte = sizeof(WalIterator) 
+        + (nSegment-1)*sizeof(struct WalSegment)
+        + iLast*sizeof(ht_slot);
+  p = (WalIterator *)sqlite3ScratchMalloc(nByte);
+  if( !p ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(p, 0, nByte);
+  p->nSegment = nSegment;
+
+  /* Allocate temporary space used by the merge-sort routine. This block
+  ** of memory will be freed before this function returns.
+  */
+  aTmp = (ht_slot *)sqlite3ScratchMalloc(
+      sizeof(ht_slot) * (iLast>HASHTABLE_NPAGE?HASHTABLE_NPAGE:iLast)
+  );
+  if( !aTmp ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nSegment; i++){
+    volatile ht_slot *aHash;
+    u32 iZero;
+    volatile u32 *aPgno;
+
+    rc = walHashGet(pWal, i, &aHash, &aPgno, &iZero);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int j;                      /* Counter variable */
+      int nEntry;                 /* Number of entries in this segment */
+      ht_slot *aIndex;            /* Sorted index for this segment */
+
+      aPgno++;
+      if( (i+1)==nSegment ){
+        nEntry = (int)(iLast - iZero);
+      }else{
+        nEntry = (int)((u32*)aHash - (u32*)aPgno);
+      }
+      aIndex = &((ht_slot *)&p->aSegment[p->nSegment])[iZero];
+      iZero++;
+  
+      for(j=0; j<nEntry; j++){
+        aIndex[j] = (ht_slot)j;
+      }
+      walMergesort((u32 *)aPgno, aTmp, aIndex, &nEntry);
+      p->aSegment[i].iZero = iZero;
+      p->aSegment[i].nEntry = nEntry;
+      p->aSegment[i].aIndex = aIndex;
+      p->aSegment[i].aPgno = (u32 *)aPgno;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3ScratchFree(aTmp);
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    walIteratorFree(p);
+  }
+  *pp = p;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to obtain the exclusive WAL lock defined by parameters lockIdx and
+** n. If the attempt fails and parameter xBusy is not NULL, then it is a
+** busy-handler function. Invoke it and retry the lock until either the
+** lock is successfully obtained or the busy-handler returns 0.
+*/
+static int walBusyLock(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL connection */
+  int (*xBusy)(void*),            /* Function to call when busy */
+  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
+  int lockIdx,                    /* Offset of first byte to lock */
+  int n                           /* Number of bytes to lock */
+){
+  int rc;
+  do {
+    rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, lockIdx, n);
+  }while( xBusy && rc==SQLITE_BUSY && xBusy(pBusyArg) );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The cache of the wal-index header must be valid to call this function.
+** Return the page-size in bytes used by the database.
+*/
+static int walPagesize(Wal *pWal){
+  return (pWal->hdr.szPage&0xfe00) + ((pWal->hdr.szPage&0x0001)<<16);
+}
+
+/*
+** Copy as much content as we can from the WAL back into the database file
+** in response to an sqlite3_wal_checkpoint() request or the equivalent.
+**
+** The amount of information copies from WAL to database might be limited
+** by active readers.  This routine will never overwrite a database page
+** that a concurrent reader might be using.
+**
+** All I/O barrier operations (a.k.a fsyncs) occur in this routine when
+** SQLite is in WAL-mode in synchronous=NORMAL.  That means that if 
+** checkpoints are always run by a background thread or background 
+** process, foreground threads will never block on a lengthy fsync call.
+**
+** Fsync is called on the WAL before writing content out of the WAL and
+** into the database.  This ensures that if the new content is persistent
+** in the WAL and can be recovered following a power-loss or hard reset.
+**
+** Fsync is also called on the database file if (and only if) the entire
+** WAL content is copied into the database file.  This second fsync makes
+** it safe to delete the WAL since the new content will persist in the
+** database file.
+**
+** This routine uses and updates the nBackfill field of the wal-index header.
+** This is the only routine tha will increase the value of nBackfill.  
+** (A WAL reset or recovery will revert nBackfill to zero, but not increase
+** its value.)
+**
+** The caller must be holding sufficient locks to ensure that no other
+** checkpoint is running (in any other thread or process) at the same
+** time.
+*/
+static int walCheckpoint(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* Wal connection */
+  int eMode,                      /* One of PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART */
+  int (*xBusyCall)(void*),        /* Function to call when busy */
+  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
+  int sync_flags,                 /* Flags for OsSync() (or 0) */
+  u8 *zBuf                        /* Temporary buffer to use */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int szPage;                     /* Database page-size */
+  WalIterator *pIter = 0;         /* Wal iterator context */
+  u32 iDbpage = 0;                /* Next database page to write */
+  u32 iFrame = 0;                 /* Wal frame containing data for iDbpage */
+  u32 mxSafeFrame;                /* Max frame that can be backfilled */
+  u32 mxPage;                     /* Max database page to write */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+  volatile WalCkptInfo *pInfo;    /* The checkpoint status information */
+  int (*xBusy)(void*) = 0;        /* Function to call when waiting for locks */
+
+  szPage = walPagesize(pWal);
+  testcase( szPage<=32768 );
+  testcase( szPage>=65536 );
+  pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);
+  if( pInfo->nBackfill>=pWal->hdr.mxFrame ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* Allocate the iterator */
+  rc = walIteratorInit(pWal, &pIter);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  assert( pIter );
+
+  if( eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ) xBusy = xBusyCall;
+
+  /* Compute in mxSafeFrame the index of the last frame of the WAL that is
+  ** safe to write into the database.  Frames beyond mxSafeFrame might
+  ** overwrite database pages that are in use by active readers and thus
+  ** cannot be backfilled from the WAL.
+  */
+  mxSafeFrame = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
+  mxPage = pWal->hdr.nPage;
+  for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++){
+    u32 y = pInfo->aReadMark[i];
+    if( mxSafeFrame>y ){
+      assert( y<=pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
+      rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
+        walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
+      }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        mxSafeFrame = y;
+        xBusy = 0;
+      }else{
+        goto walcheckpoint_out;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( pInfo->nBackfill<mxSafeFrame
+   && (rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(0), 1))==SQLITE_OK
+  ){
+    i64 nSize;                    /* Current size of database file */
+    u32 nBackfill = pInfo->nBackfill;
+
+    /* Sync the WAL to disk */
+    if( sync_flags ){
+      rc = sqlite3OsSync(pWal->pWalFd, sync_flags);
+    }
+
+    /* If the database file may grow as a result of this checkpoint, hint
+    ** about the eventual size of the db file to the VFS layer. 
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      i64 nReq = ((i64)mxPage * szPage);
+      rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pWal->pDbFd, &nSize);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nSize<nReq ){
+        sqlite3OsFileControl(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT, &nReq);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Iterate through the contents of the WAL, copying data to the db file. */
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && 0==walIteratorNext(pIter, &iDbpage, &iFrame) ){
+      i64 iOffset;
+      assert( walFramePgno(pWal, iFrame)==iDbpage );
+      if( iFrame<=nBackfill || iFrame>mxSafeFrame || iDbpage>mxPage ) continue;
+      iOffset = walFrameOffset(iFrame, szPage) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
+      /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL file */
+      rc = sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, zBuf, szPage, iOffset);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+      iOffset = (iDbpage-1)*(i64)szPage;
+      testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) );
+      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pDbFd, zBuf, szPage, iOffset);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+    }
+
+    /* If work was actually accomplished... */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( mxSafeFrame==walIndexHdr(pWal)->mxFrame ){
+        i64 szDb = pWal->hdr.nPage*(i64)szPage;
+        testcase( IS_BIG_INT(szDb) );
+        rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pWal->pDbFd, szDb);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sync_flags ){
+          rc = sqlite3OsSync(pWal->pDbFd, sync_flags);
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pInfo->nBackfill = mxSafeFrame;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Release the reader lock held while backfilling */
+    walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0), 1);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+    /* Reset the return code so as not to report a checkpoint failure
+    ** just because there are active readers.  */
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* If this is an SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART operation, and the entire wal
+  ** file has been copied into the database file, then block until all
+  ** readers have finished using the wal file. This ensures that the next
+  ** process to write to the database restarts the wal file.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ){
+    assert( pWal->writeLock );
+    if( pInfo->nBackfill<pWal->hdr.mxFrame ){
+      rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }else if( eMode==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART ){
+      assert( mxSafeFrame==pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
+      rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+ walcheckpoint_out:
+  walIteratorFree(pIter);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a connection to a log file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalClose(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* Wal to close */
+  int sync_flags,                 /* Flags to pass to OsSync() (or 0) */
+  int nBuf,
+  u8 *zBuf                        /* Buffer of at least nBuf bytes */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pWal ){
+    int isDelete = 0;             /* True to unlink wal and wal-index files */
+
+    /* If an EXCLUSIVE lock can be obtained on the database file (using the
+    ** ordinary, rollback-mode locking methods, this guarantees that the
+    ** connection associated with this log file is the only connection to
+    ** the database. In this case checkpoint the database and unlink both
+    ** the wal and wal-index files.
+    **
+    ** The EXCLUSIVE lock is not released before returning.
+    */
+    rc = sqlite3OsLock(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( pWal->exclusiveMode==WAL_NORMAL_MODE ){
+        pWal->exclusiveMode = WAL_EXCLUSIVE_MODE;
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3WalCheckpoint(
+          pWal, SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, 0, 0, sync_flags, nBuf, zBuf, 0, 0
+      );
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        isDelete = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    walIndexClose(pWal, isDelete);
+    sqlite3OsClose(pWal->pWalFd);
+    if( isDelete ){
+      sqlite3OsDelete(pWal->pVfs, pWal->zWalName, 0);
+    }
+    WALTRACE(("WAL%p: closed\n", pWal));
+    sqlite3_free((void *)pWal->apWiData);
+    sqlite3_free(pWal);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to read the wal-index header.  Return 0 on success and 1 if
+** there is a problem.
+**
+** The wal-index is in shared memory.  Another thread or process might
+** be writing the header at the same time this procedure is trying to
+** read it, which might result in inconsistency.  A dirty read is detected
+** by verifying that both copies of the header are the same and also by
+** a checksum on the header.
+**
+** If and only if the read is consistent and the header is different from
+** pWal->hdr, then pWal->hdr is updated to the content of the new header
+** and *pChanged is set to 1.
+**
+** If the checksum cannot be verified return non-zero. If the header
+** is read successfully and the checksum verified, return zero.
+*/
+static int walIndexTryHdr(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
+  u32 aCksum[2];                  /* Checksum on the header content */
+  WalIndexHdr h1, h2;             /* Two copies of the header content */
+  WalIndexHdr volatile *aHdr;     /* Header in shared memory */
+
+  /* The first page of the wal-index must be mapped at this point. */
+  assert( pWal->nWiData>0 && pWal->apWiData[0] );
+
+  /* Read the header. This might happen concurrently with a write to the
+  ** same area of shared memory on a different CPU in a SMP,
+  ** meaning it is possible that an inconsistent snapshot is read
+  ** from the file. If this happens, return non-zero.
+  **
+  ** There are two copies of the header at the beginning of the wal-index.
+  ** When reading, read [0] first then [1].  Writes are in the reverse order.
+  ** Memory barriers are used to prevent the compiler or the hardware from
+  ** reordering the reads and writes.
+  */
+  aHdr = walIndexHdr(pWal);
+  memcpy(&h1, (void *)&aHdr[0], sizeof(h1));
+  walShmBarrier(pWal);
+  memcpy(&h2, (void *)&aHdr[1], sizeof(h2));
+
+  if( memcmp(&h1, &h2, sizeof(h1))!=0 ){
+    return 1;   /* Dirty read */
+  }  
+  if( h1.isInit==0 ){
+    return 1;   /* Malformed header - probably all zeros */
+  }
+  walChecksumBytes(1, (u8*)&h1, sizeof(h1)-sizeof(h1.aCksum), 0, aCksum);
+  if( aCksum[0]!=h1.aCksum[0] || aCksum[1]!=h1.aCksum[1] ){
+    return 1;   /* Checksum does not match */
+  }
+
+  if( memcmp(&pWal->hdr, &h1, sizeof(WalIndexHdr)) ){
+    *pChanged = 1;
+    memcpy(&pWal->hdr, &h1, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
+    pWal->szPage = (pWal->hdr.szPage&0xfe00) + ((pWal->hdr.szPage&0x0001)<<16);
+    testcase( pWal->szPage<=32768 );
+    testcase( pWal->szPage>=65536 );
+  }
+
+  /* The header was successfully read. Return zero. */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read the wal-index header from the wal-index and into pWal->hdr.
+** If the wal-header appears to be corrupt, try to reconstruct the
+** wal-index from the WAL before returning.
+**
+** Set *pChanged to 1 if the wal-index header value in pWal->hdr is
+** changed by this opertion.  If pWal->hdr is unchanged, set *pChanged
+** to 0.
+**
+** If the wal-index header is successfully read, return SQLITE_OK. 
+** Otherwise an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int walIndexReadHdr(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int badHdr;                     /* True if a header read failed */
+  volatile u32 *page0;            /* Chunk of wal-index containing header */
+
+  /* Ensure that page 0 of the wal-index (the page that contains the 
+  ** wal-index header) is mapped. Return early if an error occurs here.
+  */
+  assert( pChanged );
+  rc = walIndexPage(pWal, 0, &page0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  };
+  assert( page0 || pWal->writeLock==0 );
+
+  /* If the first page of the wal-index has been mapped, try to read the
+  ** wal-index header immediately, without holding any lock. This usually
+  ** works, but may fail if the wal-index header is corrupt or currently 
+  ** being modified by another thread or process.
+  */
+  badHdr = (page0 ? walIndexTryHdr(pWal, pChanged) : 1);
+
+  /* If the first attempt failed, it might have been due to a race
+  ** with a writer.  So get a WRITE lock and try again.
+  */
+  assert( badHdr==0 || pWal->writeLock==0 );
+  if( badHdr ){
+    if( pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY ){
+      if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK)) ){
+        walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK);
+        rc = SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY;
+      }
+    }else if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1)) ){
+      pWal->writeLock = 1;
+      if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walIndexPage(pWal, 0, &page0)) ){
+        badHdr = walIndexTryHdr(pWal, pChanged);
+        if( badHdr ){
+          /* If the wal-index header is still malformed even while holding
+          ** a WRITE lock, it can only mean that the header is corrupted and
+          ** needs to be reconstructed.  So run recovery to do exactly that.
+          */
+          rc = walIndexRecover(pWal);
+          *pChanged = 1;
+        }
+      }
+      pWal->writeLock = 0;
+      walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If the header is read successfully, check the version number to make
+  ** sure the wal-index was not constructed with some future format that
+  ** this version of SQLite cannot understand.
+  */
+  if( badHdr==0 && pWal->hdr.iVersion!=WALINDEX_MAX_VERSION ){
+    rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This is the value that walTryBeginRead returns when it needs to
+** be retried.
+*/
+#define WAL_RETRY  (-1)
+
+/*
+** Attempt to start a read transaction.  This might fail due to a race or
+** other transient condition.  When that happens, it returns WAL_RETRY to
+** indicate to the caller that it is safe to retry immediately.
+**
+** On success return SQLITE_OK.  On a permanent failure (such an
+** I/O error or an SQLITE_BUSY because another process is running
+** recovery) return a positive error code.
+**
+** The useWal parameter is true to force the use of the WAL and disable
+** the case where the WAL is bypassed because it has been completely
+** checkpointed.  If useWal==0 then this routine calls walIndexReadHdr() 
+** to make a copy of the wal-index header into pWal->hdr.  If the 
+** wal-index header has changed, *pChanged is set to 1 (as an indication 
+** to the caller that the local paget cache is obsolete and needs to be 
+** flushed.)  When useWal==1, the wal-index header is assumed to already
+** be loaded and the pChanged parameter is unused.
+**
+** The caller must set the cnt parameter to the number of prior calls to
+** this routine during the current read attempt that returned WAL_RETRY.
+** This routine will start taking more aggressive measures to clear the
+** race conditions after multiple WAL_RETRY returns, and after an excessive
+** number of errors will ultimately return SQLITE_PROTOCOL.  The
+** SQLITE_PROTOCOL return indicates that some other process has gone rogue
+** and is not honoring the locking protocol.  There is a vanishingly small
+** chance that SQLITE_PROTOCOL could be returned because of a run of really
+** bad luck when there is lots of contention for the wal-index, but that
+** possibility is so small that it can be safely neglected, we believe.
+**
+** On success, this routine obtains a read lock on 
+** WAL_READ_LOCK(pWal->readLock).  The pWal->readLock integer is
+** in the range 0 <= pWal->readLock < WAL_NREADER.  If pWal->readLock==(-1)
+** that means the Wal does not hold any read lock.  The reader must not
+** access any database page that is modified by a WAL frame up to and
+** including frame number aReadMark[pWal->readLock].  The reader will
+** use WAL frames up to and including pWal->hdr.mxFrame if pWal->readLock>0
+** Or if pWal->readLock==0, then the reader will ignore the WAL
+** completely and get all content directly from the database file.
+** If the useWal parameter is 1 then the WAL will never be ignored and
+** this routine will always set pWal->readLock>0 on success.
+** When the read transaction is completed, the caller must release the
+** lock on WAL_READ_LOCK(pWal->readLock) and set pWal->readLock to -1.
+**
+** This routine uses the nBackfill and aReadMark[] fields of the header
+** to select a particular WAL_READ_LOCK() that strives to let the
+** checkpoint process do as much work as possible.  This routine might
+** update values of the aReadMark[] array in the header, but if it does
+** so it takes care to hold an exclusive lock on the corresponding
+** WAL_READ_LOCK() while changing values.
+*/
+static int walTryBeginRead(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged, int useWal, int cnt){
+  volatile WalCkptInfo *pInfo;    /* Checkpoint information in wal-index */
+  u32 mxReadMark;                 /* Largest aReadMark[] value */
+  int mxI;                        /* Index of largest aReadMark[] value */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code  */
+
+  assert( pWal->readLock<0 );     /* Not currently locked */
+
+  /* Take steps to avoid spinning forever if there is a protocol error.
+  **
+  ** Circumstances that cause a RETRY should only last for the briefest
+  ** instances of time.  No I/O or other system calls are done while the
+  ** locks are held, so the locks should not be held for very long. But 
+  ** if we are unlucky, another process that is holding a lock might get
+  ** paged out or take a page-fault that is time-consuming to resolve, 
+  ** during the few nanoseconds that it is holding the lock.  In that case,
+  ** it might take longer than normal for the lock to free.
+  **
+  ** After 5 RETRYs, we begin calling sqlite3OsSleep().  The first few
+  ** calls to sqlite3OsSleep() have a delay of 1 microsecond.  Really this
+  ** is more of a scheduler yield than an actual delay.  But on the 10th
+  ** an subsequent retries, the delays start becoming longer and longer, 
+  ** so that on the 100th (and last) RETRY we delay for 21 milliseconds.
+  ** The total delay time before giving up is less than 1 second.
+  */
+  if( cnt>5 ){
+    int nDelay = 1;                      /* Pause time in microseconds */
+    if( cnt>100 ){
+      VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = 1; )
+      return SQLITE_PROTOCOL;
+    }
+    if( cnt>=10 ) nDelay = (cnt-9)*238;  /* Max delay 21ms. Total delay 996ms */
+    sqlite3OsSleep(pWal->pVfs, nDelay);
+  }
+
+  if( !useWal ){
+    rc = walIndexReadHdr(pWal, pChanged);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+      /* If there is not a recovery running in another thread or process
+      ** then convert BUSY errors to WAL_RETRY.  If recovery is known to
+      ** be running, convert BUSY to BUSY_RECOVERY.  There is a race here
+      ** which might cause WAL_RETRY to be returned even if BUSY_RECOVERY
+      ** would be technically correct.  But the race is benign since with
+      ** WAL_RETRY this routine will be called again and will probably be
+      ** right on the second iteration.
+      */
+      if( pWal->apWiData[0]==0 ){
+        /* This branch is taken when the xShmMap() method returns SQLITE_BUSY.
+        ** We assume this is a transient condition, so return WAL_RETRY. The
+        ** xShmMap() implementation used by the default unix and win32 VFS 
+        ** modules may return SQLITE_BUSY due to a race condition in the 
+        ** code that determines whether or not the shared-memory region 
+        ** must be zeroed before the requested page is returned.
+        */
+        rc = WAL_RETRY;
+      }else if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_RECOVER_LOCK)) ){
+        walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_RECOVER_LOCK);
+        rc = WAL_RETRY;
+      }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY;
+      }
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }
+
+  pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);
+  if( !useWal && pInfo->nBackfill==pWal->hdr.mxFrame ){
+    /* The WAL has been completely backfilled (or it is empty).
+    ** and can be safely ignored.
+    */
+    rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0));
+    walShmBarrier(pWal);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( memcmp((void *)walIndexHdr(pWal), &pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr)) ){
+        /* It is not safe to allow the reader to continue here if frames
+        ** may have been appended to the log before READ_LOCK(0) was obtained.
+        ** When holding READ_LOCK(0), the reader ignores the entire log file,
+        ** which implies that the database file contains a trustworthy
+        ** snapshoT. Since holding READ_LOCK(0) prevents a checkpoint from
+        ** happening, this is usually correct.
+        **
+        ** However, if frames have been appended to the log (or if the log 
+        ** is wrapped and written for that matter) before the READ_LOCK(0)
+        ** is obtained, that is not necessarily true. A checkpointer may
+        ** have started to backfill the appended frames but crashed before
+        ** it finished. Leaving a corrupt image in the database file.
+        */
+        walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0));
+        return WAL_RETRY;
+      }
+      pWal->readLock = 0;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If we get this far, it means that the reader will want to use
+  ** the WAL to get at content from recent commits.  The job now is
+  ** to select one of the aReadMark[] entries that is closest to
+  ** but not exceeding pWal->hdr.mxFrame and lock that entry.
+  */
+  mxReadMark = 0;
+  mxI = 0;
+  for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++){
+    u32 thisMark = pInfo->aReadMark[i];
+    if( mxReadMark<=thisMark && thisMark<=pWal->hdr.mxFrame ){
+      assert( thisMark!=READMARK_NOT_USED );
+      mxReadMark = thisMark;
+      mxI = i;
+    }
+  }
+  /* There was once an "if" here. The extra "{" is to preserve indentation. */
+  {
+    if( (pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY)==0
+     && (mxReadMark<pWal->hdr.mxFrame || mxI==0)
+    ){
+      for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++){
+        rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          mxReadMark = pInfo->aReadMark[i] = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
+          mxI = i;
+          walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
+          break;
+        }else if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if( mxI==0 ){
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_BUSY || (pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY)!=0 );
+      return rc==SQLITE_BUSY ? WAL_RETRY : SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK;
+    }
+
+    rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(mxI));
+    if( rc ){
+      return rc==SQLITE_BUSY ? WAL_RETRY : rc;
+    }
+    /* Now that the read-lock has been obtained, check that neither the
+    ** value in the aReadMark[] array or the contents of the wal-index
+    ** header have changed.
+    **
+    ** It is necessary to check that the wal-index header did not change
+    ** between the time it was read and when the shared-lock was obtained
+    ** on WAL_READ_LOCK(mxI) was obtained to account for the possibility
+    ** that the log file may have been wrapped by a writer, or that frames
+    ** that occur later in the log than pWal->hdr.mxFrame may have been
+    ** copied into the database by a checkpointer. If either of these things
+    ** happened, then reading the database with the current value of
+    ** pWal->hdr.mxFrame risks reading a corrupted snapshot. So, retry
+    ** instead.
+    **
+    ** This does not guarantee that the copy of the wal-index header is up to
+    ** date before proceeding. That would not be possible without somehow
+    ** blocking writers. It only guarantees that a dangerous checkpoint or 
+    ** log-wrap (either of which would require an exclusive lock on
+    ** WAL_READ_LOCK(mxI)) has not occurred since the snapshot was valid.
+    */
+    walShmBarrier(pWal);
+    if( pInfo->aReadMark[mxI]!=mxReadMark
+     || memcmp((void *)walIndexHdr(pWal), &pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr))
+    ){
+      walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(mxI));
+      return WAL_RETRY;
+    }else{
+      assert( mxReadMark<=pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
+      pWal->readLock = (i16)mxI;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Begin a read transaction on the database.
+**
+** This routine used to be called sqlite3OpenSnapshot() and with good reason:
+** it takes a snapshot of the state of the WAL and wal-index for the current
+** instant in time.  The current thread will continue to use this snapshot.
+** Other threads might append new content to the WAL and wal-index but
+** that extra content is ignored by the current thread.
+**
+** If the database contents have changes since the previous read
+** transaction, then *pChanged is set to 1 before returning.  The
+** Pager layer will use this to know that is cache is stale and
+** needs to be flushed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int cnt = 0;                    /* Number of TryBeginRead attempts */
+
+  do{
+    rc = walTryBeginRead(pWal, pChanged, 0, ++cnt);
+  }while( rc==WAL_RETRY );
+  testcase( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_BUSY );
+  testcase( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_IOERR );
+  testcase( rc==SQLITE_PROTOCOL );
+  testcase( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Finish with a read transaction.  All this does is release the
+** read-lock.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(Wal *pWal){
+  sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(pWal);
+  if( pWal->readLock>=0 ){
+    walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(pWal->readLock));
+    pWal->readLock = -1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Read a page from the WAL, if it is present in the WAL and if the 
+** current read transaction is configured to use the WAL.  
+**
+** The *pInWal is set to 1 if the requested page is in the WAL and
+** has been loaded.  Or *pInWal is set to 0 if the page was not in 
+** the WAL and needs to be read out of the database.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalRead(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL handle */
+  Pgno pgno,                      /* Database page number to read data for */
+  int *pInWal,                    /* OUT: True if data is read from WAL */
+  int nOut,                       /* Size of buffer pOut in bytes */
+  u8 *pOut                        /* Buffer to write page data to */
+){
+  u32 iRead = 0;                  /* If !=0, WAL frame to return data from */
+  u32 iLast = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;  /* Last page in WAL for this reader */
+  int iHash;                      /* Used to loop through N hash tables */
+
+  /* This routine is only be called from within a read transaction. */
+  assert( pWal->readLock>=0 || pWal->lockError );
+
+  /* If the "last page" field of the wal-index header snapshot is 0, then
+  ** no data will be read from the wal under any circumstances. Return early
+  ** in this case as an optimization.  Likewise, if pWal->readLock==0, 
+  ** then the WAL is ignored by the reader so return early, as if the 
+  ** WAL were empty.
+  */
+  if( iLast==0 || pWal->readLock==0 ){
+    *pInWal = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Search the hash table or tables for an entry matching page number
+  ** pgno. Each iteration of the following for() loop searches one
+  ** hash table (each hash table indexes up to HASHTABLE_NPAGE frames).
+  **
+  ** This code might run concurrently to the code in walIndexAppend()
+  ** that adds entries to the wal-index (and possibly to this hash 
+  ** table). This means the value just read from the hash 
+  ** slot (aHash[iKey]) may have been added before or after the 
+  ** current read transaction was opened. Values added after the
+  ** read transaction was opened may have been written incorrectly -
+  ** i.e. these slots may contain garbage data. However, we assume
+  ** that any slots written before the current read transaction was
+  ** opened remain unmodified.
+  **
+  ** For the reasons above, the if(...) condition featured in the inner
+  ** loop of the following block is more stringent that would be required 
+  ** if we had exclusive access to the hash-table:
+  **
+  **   (aPgno[iFrame]==pgno): 
+  **     This condition filters out normal hash-table collisions.
+  **
+  **   (iFrame<=iLast): 
+  **     This condition filters out entries that were added to the hash
+  **     table after the current read-transaction had started.
+  */
+  for(iHash=walFramePage(iLast); iHash>=0 && iRead==0; iHash--){
+    volatile ht_slot *aHash;      /* Pointer to hash table */
+    volatile u32 *aPgno;          /* Pointer to array of page numbers */
+    u32 iZero;                    /* Frame number corresponding to aPgno[0] */
+    int iKey;                     /* Hash slot index */
+    int nCollide;                 /* Number of hash collisions remaining */
+    int rc;                       /* Error code */
+
+    rc = walHashGet(pWal, iHash, &aHash, &aPgno, &iZero);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    nCollide = HASHTABLE_NSLOT;
+    for(iKey=walHash(pgno); aHash[iKey]; iKey=walNextHash(iKey)){
+      u32 iFrame = aHash[iKey] + iZero;
+      if( iFrame<=iLast && aPgno[aHash[iKey]]==pgno ){
+        assert( iFrame>iRead );
+        iRead = iFrame;
+      }
+      if( (nCollide--)==0 ){
+        return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT
+  /* If expensive assert() statements are available, do a linear search
+  ** of the wal-index file content. Make sure the results agree with the
+  ** result obtained using the hash indexes above.  */
+  {
+    u32 iRead2 = 0;
+    u32 iTest;
+    for(iTest=iLast; iTest>0; iTest--){
+      if( walFramePgno(pWal, iTest)==pgno ){
+        iRead2 = iTest;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( iRead==iRead2 );
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If iRead is non-zero, then it is the log frame number that contains the
+  ** required page. Read and return data from the log file.
+  */
+  if( iRead ){
+    int sz;
+    i64 iOffset;
+    sz = pWal->hdr.szPage;
+    sz = (pWal->hdr.szPage&0xfe00) + ((pWal->hdr.szPage&0x0001)<<16);
+    testcase( sz<=32768 );
+    testcase( sz>=65536 );
+    iOffset = walFrameOffset(iRead, sz) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
+    *pInWal = 1;
+    /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL */
+    return sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, pOut, nOut, iOffset);
+  }
+
+  *pInWal = 0;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/* 
+** Return the size of the database in pages (or zero, if unknown).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Pgno sqlite3WalDbsize(Wal *pWal){
+  if( pWal && ALWAYS(pWal->readLock>=0) ){
+    return pWal->hdr.nPage;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* 
+** This function starts a write transaction on the WAL.
+**
+** A read transaction must have already been started by a prior call
+** to sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction().
+**
+** If another thread or process has written into the database since
+** the read transaction was started, then it is not possible for this
+** thread to write as doing so would cause a fork.  So this routine
+** returns SQLITE_BUSY in that case and no write transaction is started.
+**
+** There can only be a single writer active at a time.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(Wal *pWal){
+  int rc;
+
+  /* Cannot start a write transaction without first holding a read
+  ** transaction. */
+  assert( pWal->readLock>=0 );
+
+  if( pWal->readOnly ){
+    return SQLITE_READONLY;
+  }
+
+  /* Only one writer allowed at a time.  Get the write lock.  Return
+  ** SQLITE_BUSY if unable.
+  */
+  rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
+  if( rc ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  pWal->writeLock = 1;
+
+  /* If another connection has written to the database file since the
+  ** time the read transaction on this connection was started, then
+  ** the write is disallowed.
+  */
+  if( memcmp(&pWal->hdr, (void *)walIndexHdr(pWal), sizeof(WalIndexHdr))!=0 ){
+    walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
+    pWal->writeLock = 0;
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** End a write transaction.  The commit has already been done.  This
+** routine merely releases the lock.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(Wal *pWal){
+  if( pWal->writeLock ){
+    walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
+    pWal->writeLock = 0;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** If any data has been written (but not committed) to the log file, this
+** function moves the write-pointer back to the start of the transaction.
+**
+** Additionally, the callback function is invoked for each frame written
+** to the WAL since the start of the transaction. If the callback returns
+** other than SQLITE_OK, it is not invoked again and the error code is
+** returned to the caller.
+**
+** Otherwise, if the callback function does not return an error, this
+** function returns SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalUndo(Wal *pWal, int (*xUndo)(void *, Pgno), void *pUndoCtx){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( ALWAYS(pWal->writeLock) ){
+    Pgno iMax = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
+    Pgno iFrame;
+  
+    /* Restore the clients cache of the wal-index header to the state it
+    ** was in before the client began writing to the database. 
+    */
+    memcpy(&pWal->hdr, (void *)walIndexHdr(pWal), sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
+
+    for(iFrame=pWal->hdr.mxFrame+1; 
+        ALWAYS(rc==SQLITE_OK) && iFrame<=iMax; 
+        iFrame++
+    ){
+      /* This call cannot fail. Unless the page for which the page number
+      ** is passed as the second argument is (a) in the cache and 
+      ** (b) has an outstanding reference, then xUndo is either a no-op
+      ** (if (a) is false) or simply expels the page from the cache (if (b)
+      ** is false).
+      **
+      ** If the upper layer is doing a rollback, it is guaranteed that there
+      ** are no outstanding references to any page other than page 1. And
+      ** page 1 is never written to the log until the transaction is
+      ** committed. As a result, the call to xUndo may not fail.
+      */
+      assert( walFramePgno(pWal, iFrame)!=1 );
+      rc = xUndo(pUndoCtx, walFramePgno(pWal, iFrame));
+    }
+    walCleanupHash(pWal);
+  }
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Argument aWalData must point to an array of WAL_SAVEPOINT_NDATA u32 
+** values. This function populates the array with values required to 
+** "rollback" the write position of the WAL handle back to the current 
+** point in the event of a savepoint rollback (via WalSavepointUndo()).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalSavepoint(Wal *pWal, u32 *aWalData){
+  assert( pWal->writeLock );
+  aWalData[0] = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
+  aWalData[1] = pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[0];
+  aWalData[2] = pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[1];
+  aWalData[3] = pWal->nCkpt;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Move the write position of the WAL back to the point identified by
+** the values in the aWalData[] array. aWalData must point to an array
+** of WAL_SAVEPOINT_NDATA u32 values that has been previously populated
+** by a call to WalSavepoint().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalSavepointUndo(Wal *pWal, u32 *aWalData){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( pWal->writeLock );
+  assert( aWalData[3]!=pWal->nCkpt || aWalData[0]<=pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
+
+  if( aWalData[3]!=pWal->nCkpt ){
+    /* This savepoint was opened immediately after the write-transaction
+    ** was started. Right after that, the writer decided to wrap around
+    ** to the start of the log. Update the savepoint values to match.
+    */
+    aWalData[0] = 0;
+    aWalData[3] = pWal->nCkpt;
+  }
+
+  if( aWalData[0]<pWal->hdr.mxFrame ){
+    pWal->hdr.mxFrame = aWalData[0];
+    pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[0] = aWalData[1];
+    pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[1] = aWalData[2];
+    walCleanupHash(pWal);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called just before writing a set of frames to the log
+** file (see sqlite3WalFrames()). It checks to see if, instead of appending
+** to the current log file, it is possible to overwrite the start of the
+** existing log file with the new frames (i.e. "reset" the log). If so,
+** it sets pWal->hdr.mxFrame to 0. Otherwise, pWal->hdr.mxFrame is left
+** unchanged.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error is encountered (regardless of whether
+** or not pWal->hdr.mxFrame is modified). An SQLite error code is returned
+** if an error occurs.
+*/
+static int walRestartLog(Wal *pWal){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int cnt;
+
+  if( pWal->readLock==0 ){
+    volatile WalCkptInfo *pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);
+    assert( pInfo->nBackfill==pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
+    if( pInfo->nBackfill>0 ){
+      u32 salt1;
+      sqlite3_randomness(4, &salt1);
+      rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        /* If all readers are using WAL_READ_LOCK(0) (in other words if no
+        ** readers are currently using the WAL), then the transactions
+        ** frames will overwrite the start of the existing log. Update the
+        ** wal-index header to reflect this.
+        **
+        ** In theory it would be Ok to update the cache of the header only
+        ** at this point. But updating the actual wal-index header is also
+        ** safe and means there is no special case for sqlite3WalUndo()
+        ** to handle if this transaction is rolled back.
+        */
+        int i;                    /* Loop counter */
+        u32 *aSalt = pWal->hdr.aSalt;       /* Big-endian salt values */
+
+        /* Limit the size of WAL file if the journal_size_limit PRAGMA is
+        ** set to a non-negative value.  Log errors encountered
+        ** during the truncation attempt. */
+        if( pWal->mxWalSize>=0 ){
+          i64 sz;
+          int rx;
+          sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+          rx = sqlite3OsFileSize(pWal->pWalFd, &sz);
+          if( rx==SQLITE_OK && (sz > pWal->mxWalSize) ){
+            rx = sqlite3OsTruncate(pWal->pWalFd, pWal->mxWalSize);
+          }
+          sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+          if( rx ){
+            sqlite3_log(rx, "cannot limit WAL size: %s", pWal->zWalName);
+          }
+        }
+
+        pWal->nCkpt++;
+        pWal->hdr.mxFrame = 0;
+        sqlite3Put4byte((u8*)&aSalt[0], 1 + sqlite3Get4byte((u8*)&aSalt[0]));
+        aSalt[1] = salt1;
+        walIndexWriteHdr(pWal);
+        pInfo->nBackfill = 0;
+        for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
+        assert( pInfo->aReadMark[0]==0 );
+        walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
+      }else if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+    walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0));
+    pWal->readLock = -1;
+    cnt = 0;
+    do{
+      int notUsed;
+      rc = walTryBeginRead(pWal, &notUsed, 1, ++cnt);
+    }while( rc==WAL_RETRY );
+    assert( (rc&0xff)!=SQLITE_BUSY ); /* BUSY not possible when useWal==1 */
+    testcase( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_IOERR );
+    testcase( rc==SQLITE_PROTOCOL );
+    testcase( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Write a set of frames to the log. The caller must hold the write-lock
+** on the log file (obtained using sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction()).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFrames(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* Wal handle to write to */
+  int szPage,                     /* Database page-size in bytes */
+  PgHdr *pList,                   /* List of dirty pages to write */
+  Pgno nTruncate,                 /* Database size after this commit */
+  int isCommit,                   /* True if this is a commit */
+  int sync_flags                  /* Flags to pass to OsSync() (or 0) */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Used to catch return codes */
+  u32 iFrame;                     /* Next frame address */
+  u8 aFrame[WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE];   /* Buffer to assemble frame-header in */
+  PgHdr *p;                       /* Iterator to run through pList with. */
+  PgHdr *pLast = 0;               /* Last frame in list */
+  int nLast = 0;                  /* Number of extra copies of last page */
+
+  assert( pList );
+  assert( pWal->writeLock );
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  { int cnt; for(cnt=0, p=pList; p; p=p->pDirty, cnt++){}
+    WALTRACE(("WAL%p: frame write begin. %d frames. mxFrame=%d. %s\n",
+              pWal, cnt, pWal->hdr.mxFrame, isCommit ? "Commit" : "Spill"));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* See if it is possible to write these frames into the start of the
+  ** log file, instead of appending to it at pWal->hdr.mxFrame.
+  */
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = walRestartLog(pWal)) ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* If this is the first frame written into the log, write the WAL
+  ** header to the start of the WAL file. See comments at the top of
+  ** this source file for a description of the WAL header format.
+  */
+  iFrame = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
+  if( iFrame==0 ){
+    u8 aWalHdr[WAL_HDRSIZE];      /* Buffer to assemble wal-header in */
+    u32 aCksum[2];                /* Checksum for wal-header */
+
+    sqlite3Put4byte(&aWalHdr[0], (WAL_MAGIC | SQLITE_BIGENDIAN));
+    sqlite3Put4byte(&aWalHdr[4], WAL_MAX_VERSION);
+    sqlite3Put4byte(&aWalHdr[8], szPage);
+    sqlite3Put4byte(&aWalHdr[12], pWal->nCkpt);
+    sqlite3_randomness(8, pWal->hdr.aSalt);
+    memcpy(&aWalHdr[16], pWal->hdr.aSalt, 8);
+    walChecksumBytes(1, aWalHdr, WAL_HDRSIZE-2*4, 0, aCksum);
+    sqlite3Put4byte(&aWalHdr[24], aCksum[0]);
+    sqlite3Put4byte(&aWalHdr[28], aCksum[1]);
+    
+    pWal->szPage = szPage;
+    pWal->hdr.bigEndCksum = SQLITE_BIGENDIAN;
+    pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[0] = aCksum[0];
+    pWal->hdr.aFrameCksum[1] = aCksum[1];
+
+    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pWalFd, aWalHdr, sizeof(aWalHdr), 0);
+    WALTRACE(("WAL%p: wal-header write %s\n", pWal, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( (int)pWal->szPage==szPage );
+
+  /* Write the log file. */
+  for(p=pList; p; p=p->pDirty){
+    u32 nDbsize;                  /* Db-size field for frame header */
+    i64 iOffset;                  /* Write offset in log file */
+    void *pData;
+   
+    iOffset = walFrameOffset(++iFrame, szPage);
+    /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL */
+    
+    /* Populate and write the frame header */
+    nDbsize = (isCommit && p->pDirty==0) ? nTruncate : 0;
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
+    if( (pData = sqlite3PagerCodec(p))==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+#else
+    pData = p->pData;
+#endif
+    walEncodeFrame(pWal, p->pgno, nDbsize, pData, aFrame);
+    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pWalFd, aFrame, sizeof(aFrame), iOffset);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    /* Write the page data */
+    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pWalFd, pData, szPage, iOffset+sizeof(aFrame));
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    pLast = p;
+  }
+
+  /* Sync the log file if the 'isSync' flag was specified. */
+  if( sync_flags ){
+    i64 iSegment = sqlite3OsSectorSize(pWal->pWalFd);
+    i64 iOffset = walFrameOffset(iFrame+1, szPage);
+
+    assert( isCommit );
+    assert( iSegment>0 );
+
+    iSegment = (((iOffset+iSegment-1)/iSegment) * iSegment);
+    while( iOffset<iSegment ){
+      void *pData;
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
+      if( (pData = sqlite3PagerCodec(pLast))==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+#else
+      pData = pLast->pData;
+#endif
+      walEncodeFrame(pWal, pLast->pgno, nTruncate, pData, aFrame);
+      /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL */
+      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pWalFd, aFrame, sizeof(aFrame), iOffset);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+      iOffset += WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
+      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pWalFd, pData, szPage, iOffset); 
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+      nLast++;
+      iOffset += szPage;
+    }
+
+    rc = sqlite3OsSync(pWal->pWalFd, sync_flags);
+  }
+
+  /* Append data to the wal-index. It is not necessary to lock the 
+  ** wal-index to do this as the SQLITE_SHM_WRITE lock held on the wal-index
+  ** guarantees that there are no other writers, and no data that may
+  ** be in use by existing readers is being overwritten.
+  */
+  iFrame = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
+  for(p=pList; p && rc==SQLITE_OK; p=p->pDirty){
+    iFrame++;
+    rc = walIndexAppend(pWal, iFrame, p->pgno);
+  }
+  while( nLast>0 && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    iFrame++;
+    nLast--;
+    rc = walIndexAppend(pWal, iFrame, pLast->pgno);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    /* Update the private copy of the header. */
+    pWal->hdr.szPage = (u16)((szPage&0xff00) | (szPage>>16));
+    testcase( szPage<=32768 );
+    testcase( szPage>=65536 );
+    pWal->hdr.mxFrame = iFrame;
+    if( isCommit ){
+      pWal->hdr.iChange++;
+      pWal->hdr.nPage = nTruncate;
+    }
+    /* If this is a commit, update the wal-index header too. */
+    if( isCommit ){
+      walIndexWriteHdr(pWal);
+      pWal->iCallback = iFrame;
+    }
+  }
+
+  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: frame write %s\n", pWal, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** This routine is called to implement sqlite3_wal_checkpoint() and
+** related interfaces.
+**
+** Obtain a CHECKPOINT lock and then backfill as much information as
+** we can from WAL into the database.
+**
+** If parameter xBusy is not NULL, it is a pointer to a busy-handler
+** callback. In this case this function runs a blocking checkpoint.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCheckpoint(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* Wal connection */
+  int eMode,                      /* PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART */
+  int (*xBusy)(void*),            /* Function to call when busy */
+  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
+  int sync_flags,                 /* Flags to sync db file with (or 0) */
+  int nBuf,                       /* Size of temporary buffer */
+  u8 *zBuf,                       /* Temporary buffer to use */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Number of frames in WAL */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Number of backfilled frames in WAL */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int isChanged = 0;              /* True if a new wal-index header is loaded */
+  int eMode2 = eMode;             /* Mode to pass to walCheckpoint() */
+
+  assert( pWal->ckptLock==0 );
+  assert( pWal->writeLock==0 );
+
+  if( pWal->readOnly ) return SQLITE_READONLY;
+  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: checkpoint begins\n", pWal));
+  rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK, 1);
+  if( rc ){
+    /* Usually this is SQLITE_BUSY meaning that another thread or process
+    ** is already running a checkpoint, or maybe a recovery.  But it might
+    ** also be SQLITE_IOERR. */
+    return rc;
+  }
+  pWal->ckptLock = 1;
+
+  /* If this is a blocking-checkpoint, then obtain the write-lock as well
+  ** to prevent any writers from running while the checkpoint is underway.
+  ** This has to be done before the call to walIndexReadHdr() below.
+  **
+  ** If the writer lock cannot be obtained, then a passive checkpoint is
+  ** run instead. Since the checkpointer is not holding the writer lock,
+  ** there is no point in blocking waiting for any readers. Assuming no 
+  ** other error occurs, this function will return SQLITE_BUSY to the caller.
+  */
+  if( eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ){
+    rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pWal->writeLock = 1;
+    }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+      eMode2 = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE;
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Read the wal-index header. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = walIndexReadHdr(pWal, &isChanged);
+  }
+
+  /* Copy data from the log to the database file. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( pWal->hdr.mxFrame && walPagesize(pWal)!=nBuf ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }else{
+      rc = walCheckpoint(pWal, eMode2, xBusy, pBusyArg, sync_flags, zBuf);
+    }
+
+    /* If no error occurred, set the output variables. */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+      if( pnLog ) *pnLog = (int)pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
+      if( pnCkpt ) *pnCkpt = (int)(walCkptInfo(pWal)->nBackfill);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( isChanged ){
+    /* If a new wal-index header was loaded before the checkpoint was 
+    ** performed, then the pager-cache associated with pWal is now
+    ** out of date. So zero the cached wal-index header to ensure that
+    ** next time the pager opens a snapshot on this database it knows that
+    ** the cache needs to be reset.
+    */
+    memset(&pWal->hdr, 0, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
+  }
+
+  /* Release the locks. */
+  sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(pWal);
+  walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK, 1);
+  pWal->ckptLock = 0;
+  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: checkpoint %s\n", pWal, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && eMode!=eMode2 ? SQLITE_BUSY : rc);
+}
+
+/* Return the value to pass to a sqlite3_wal_hook callback, the
+** number of frames in the WAL at the point of the last commit since
+** sqlite3WalCallback() was called.  If no commits have occurred since
+** the last call, then return 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCallback(Wal *pWal){
+  u32 ret = 0;
+  if( pWal ){
+    ret = pWal->iCallback;
+    pWal->iCallback = 0;
+  }
+  return (int)ret;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to change the WAL subsystem into or out
+** of locking_mode=EXCLUSIVE.
+**
+** If op is zero, then attempt to change from locking_mode=EXCLUSIVE
+** into locking_mode=NORMAL.  This means that we must acquire a lock
+** on the pWal->readLock byte.  If the WAL is already in locking_mode=NORMAL
+** or if the acquisition of the lock fails, then return 0.  If the
+** transition out of exclusive-mode is successful, return 1.  This
+** operation must occur while the pager is still holding the exclusive
+** lock on the main database file.
+**
+** If op is one, then change from locking_mode=NORMAL into 
+** locking_mode=EXCLUSIVE.  This means that the pWal->readLock must
+** be released.  Return 1 if the transition is made and 0 if the
+** WAL is already in exclusive-locking mode - meaning that this
+** routine is a no-op.  The pager must already hold the exclusive lock
+** on the main database file before invoking this operation.
+**
+** If op is negative, then do a dry-run of the op==1 case but do
+** not actually change anything. The pager uses this to see if it
+** should acquire the database exclusive lock prior to invoking
+** the op==1 case.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(Wal *pWal, int op){
+  int rc;
+  assert( pWal->writeLock==0 );
+  assert( pWal->exclusiveMode!=WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE || op==-1 );
+
+  /* pWal->readLock is usually set, but might be -1 if there was a 
+  ** prior error while attempting to acquire are read-lock. This cannot 
+  ** happen if the connection is actually in exclusive mode (as no xShmLock
+  ** locks are taken in this case). Nor should the pager attempt to
+  ** upgrade to exclusive-mode following such an error.
+  */
+  assert( pWal->readLock>=0 || pWal->lockError );
+  assert( pWal->readLock>=0 || (op<=0 && pWal->exclusiveMode==0) );
+
+  if( op==0 ){
+    if( pWal->exclusiveMode ){
+      pWal->exclusiveMode = 0;
+      if( walLockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(pWal->readLock))!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        pWal->exclusiveMode = 1;
+      }
+      rc = pWal->exclusiveMode==0;
+    }else{
+      /* Already in locking_mode=NORMAL */
+      rc = 0;
+    }
+  }else if( op>0 ){
+    assert( pWal->exclusiveMode==0 );
+    assert( pWal->readLock>=0 );
+    walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(pWal->readLock));
+    pWal->exclusiveMode = 1;
+    rc = 1;
+  }else{
+    rc = pWal->exclusiveMode==0;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Return true if the argument is non-NULL and the WAL module is using
+** heap-memory for the wal-index. Otherwise, if the argument is NULL or the
+** WAL module is using shared-memory, return false. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalHeapMemory(Wal *pWal){
+  return (pWal && pWal->exclusiveMode==WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE );
+}
+
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
+/************** End of wal.c *************************************************/
+/************** Begin file btmutex.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 August 27
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code used to implement mutexes on Btree objects.
+** This code really belongs in btree.c.  But btree.c is getting too
+** big and we want to break it down some.  This packaged seemed like
+** a good breakout.
+*/
+/************** Include btreeInt.h in the middle of btmutex.c ****************/
+/************** Begin file btreeInt.h ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 April 6
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file implements a external (disk-based) database using BTrees.
+** For a detailed discussion of BTrees, refer to
+**
+**     Donald E. Knuth, THE ART OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, Volume 3:
+**     "Sorting And Searching", pages 473-480. Addison-Wesley
+**     Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts.
+**
+** The basic idea is that each page of the file contains N database
+** entries and N+1 pointers to subpages.
+**
+**   ----------------------------------------------------------------
+**   |  Ptr(0) | Key(0) | Ptr(1) | Key(1) | ... | Key(N-1) | Ptr(N) |
+**   ----------------------------------------------------------------
+**
+** All of the keys on the page that Ptr(0) points to have values less
+** than Key(0).  All of the keys on page Ptr(1) and its subpages have
+** values greater than Key(0) and less than Key(1).  All of the keys
+** on Ptr(N) and its subpages have values greater than Key(N-1).  And
+** so forth.
+**
+** Finding a particular key requires reading O(log(M)) pages from the 
+** disk where M is the number of entries in the tree.
+**
+** In this implementation, a single file can hold one or more separate 
+** BTrees.  Each BTree is identified by the index of its root page.  The
+** key and data for any entry are combined to form the "payload".  A
+** fixed amount of payload can be carried directly on the database
+** page.  If the payload is larger than the preset amount then surplus
+** bytes are stored on overflow pages.  The payload for an entry
+** and the preceding pointer are combined to form a "Cell".  Each 
+** page has a small header which contains the Ptr(N) pointer and other
+** information such as the size of key and data.
+**
+** FORMAT DETAILS
+**
+** The file is divided into pages.  The first page is called page 1,
+** the second is page 2, and so forth.  A page number of zero indicates
+** "no such page".  The page size can be any power of 2 between 512 and 65536.
+** Each page can be either a btree page, a freelist page, an overflow
+** page, or a pointer-map page.
+**
+** The first page is always a btree page.  The first 100 bytes of the first
+** page contain a special header (the "file header") that describes the file.
+** The format of the file header is as follows:
+**
+**   OFFSET   SIZE    DESCRIPTION
+**      0      16     Header string: "SQLite format 3\000"
+**     16       2     Page size in bytes.  
+**     18       1     File format write version
+**     19       1     File format read version
+**     20       1     Bytes of unused space at the end of each page
+**     21       1     Max embedded payload fraction
+**     22       1     Min embedded payload fraction
+**     23       1     Min leaf payload fraction
+**     24       4     File change counter
+**     28       4     Reserved for future use
+**     32       4     First freelist page
+**     36       4     Number of freelist pages in the file
+**     40      60     15 4-byte meta values passed to higher layers
+**
+**     40       4     Schema cookie
+**     44       4     File format of schema layer
+**     48       4     Size of page cache
+**     52       4     Largest root-page (auto/incr_vacuum)
+**     56       4     1=UTF-8 2=UTF16le 3=UTF16be
+**     60       4     User version
+**     64       4     Incremental vacuum mode
+**     68       4     unused
+**     72       4     unused
+**     76       4     unused
+**
+** All of the integer values are big-endian (most significant byte first).
+**
+** The file change counter is incremented when the database is changed
+** This counter allows other processes to know when the file has changed
+** and thus when they need to flush their cache.
+**
+** The max embedded payload fraction is the amount of the total usable
+** space in a page that can be consumed by a single cell for standard
+** B-tree (non-LEAFDATA) tables.  A value of 255 means 100%.  The default
+** is to limit the maximum cell size so that at least 4 cells will fit
+** on one page.  Thus the default max embedded payload fraction is 64.
+**
+** If the payload for a cell is larger than the max payload, then extra
+** payload is spilled to overflow pages.  Once an overflow page is allocated,
+** as many bytes as possible are moved into the overflow pages without letting
+** the cell size drop below the min embedded payload fraction.
+**
+** The min leaf payload fraction is like the min embedded payload fraction
+** except that it applies to leaf nodes in a LEAFDATA tree.  The maximum
+** payload fraction for a LEAFDATA tree is always 100% (or 255) and it
+** not specified in the header.
+**
+** Each btree pages is divided into three sections:  The header, the
+** cell pointer array, and the cell content area.  Page 1 also has a 100-byte
+** file header that occurs before the page header.
+**
+**      |----------------|
+**      | file header    |   100 bytes.  Page 1 only.
+**      |----------------|
+**      | page header    |   8 bytes for leaves.  12 bytes for interior nodes
+**      |----------------|
+**      | cell pointer   |   |  2 bytes per cell.  Sorted order.
+**      | array          |   |  Grows downward
+**      |                |   v
+**      |----------------|
+**      | unallocated    |
+**      | space          |
+**      |----------------|   ^  Grows upwards
+**      | cell content   |   |  Arbitrary order interspersed with freeblocks.
+**      | area           |   |  and free space fragments.
+**      |----------------|
+**
+** The page headers looks like this:
+**
+**   OFFSET   SIZE     DESCRIPTION
+**      0       1      Flags. 1: intkey, 2: zerodata, 4: leafdata, 8: leaf
+**      1       2      byte offset to the first freeblock
+**      3       2      number of cells on this page
+**      5       2      first byte of the cell content area
+**      7       1      number of fragmented free bytes
+**      8       4      Right child (the Ptr(N) value).  Omitted on leaves.
+**
+** The flags define the format of this btree page.  The leaf flag means that
+** this page has no children.  The zerodata flag means that this page carries
+** only keys and no data.  The intkey flag means that the key is a integer
+** which is stored in the key size entry of the cell header rather than in
+** the payload area.
+**
+** The cell pointer array begins on the first byte after the page header.
+** The cell pointer array contains zero or more 2-byte numbers which are
+** offsets from the beginning of the page to the cell content in the cell
+** content area.  The cell pointers occur in sorted order.  The system strives
+** to keep free space after the last cell pointer so that new cells can
+** be easily added without having to defragment the page.
+**
+** Cell content is stored at the very end of the page and grows toward the
+** beginning of the page.
+**
+** Unused space within the cell content area is collected into a linked list of
+** freeblocks.  Each freeblock is at least 4 bytes in size.  The byte offset
+** to the first freeblock is given in the header.  Freeblocks occur in
+** increasing order.  Because a freeblock must be at least 4 bytes in size,
+** any group of 3 or fewer unused bytes in the cell content area cannot
+** exist on the freeblock chain.  A group of 3 or fewer free bytes is called
+** a fragment.  The total number of bytes in all fragments is recorded.
+** in the page header at offset 7.
+**
+**    SIZE    DESCRIPTION
+**      2     Byte offset of the next freeblock
+**      2     Bytes in this freeblock
+**
+** Cells are of variable length.  Cells are stored in the cell content area at
+** the end of the page.  Pointers to the cells are in the cell pointer array
+** that immediately follows the page header.  Cells is not necessarily
+** contiguous or in order, but cell pointers are contiguous and in order.
+**
+** Cell content makes use of variable length integers.  A variable
+** length integer is 1 to 9 bytes where the lower 7 bits of each 
+** byte are used.  The integer consists of all bytes that have bit 8 set and
+** the first byte with bit 8 clear.  The most significant byte of the integer
+** appears first.  A variable-length integer may not be more than 9 bytes long.
+** As a special case, all 8 bytes of the 9th byte are used as data.  This
+** allows a 64-bit integer to be encoded in 9 bytes.
+**
+**    0x00                      becomes  0x00000000
+**    0x7f                      becomes  0x0000007f
+**    0x81 0x00                 becomes  0x00000080
+**    0x82 0x00                 becomes  0x00000100
+**    0x80 0x7f                 becomes  0x0000007f
+**    0x8a 0x91 0xd1 0xac 0x78  becomes  0x12345678
+**    0x81 0x81 0x81 0x81 0x01  becomes  0x10204081
+**
+** Variable length integers are used for rowids and to hold the number of
+** bytes of key and data in a btree cell.
+**
+** The content of a cell looks like this:
+**
+**    SIZE    DESCRIPTION
+**      4     Page number of the left child. Omitted if leaf flag is set.
+**     var    Number of bytes of data. Omitted if the zerodata flag is set.
+**     var    Number of bytes of key. Or the key itself if intkey flag is set.
+**      *     Payload
+**      4     First page of the overflow chain.  Omitted if no overflow
+**
+** Overflow pages form a linked list.  Each page except the last is completely
+** filled with data (pagesize - 4 bytes).  The last page can have as little
+** as 1 byte of data.
+**
+**    SIZE    DESCRIPTION
+**      4     Page number of next overflow page
+**      *     Data
+**
+** Freelist pages come in two subtypes: trunk pages and leaf pages.  The
+** file header points to the first in a linked list of trunk page.  Each trunk
+** page points to multiple leaf pages.  The content of a leaf page is
+** unspecified.  A trunk page looks like this:
+**
+**    SIZE    DESCRIPTION
+**      4     Page number of next trunk page
+**      4     Number of leaf pointers on this page
+**      *     zero or more pages numbers of leaves
+*/
+
+
+/* The following value is the maximum cell size assuming a maximum page
+** size give above.
+*/
+#define MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt)  ((int)(pBt->pageSize-8))
+
+/* The maximum number of cells on a single page of the database.  This
+** assumes a minimum cell size of 6 bytes  (4 bytes for the cell itself
+** plus 2 bytes for the index to the cell in the page header).  Such
+** small cells will be rare, but they are possible.
+*/
+#define MX_CELL(pBt) ((pBt->pageSize-8)/6)
+
+/* Forward declarations */
+typedef struct MemPage MemPage;
+typedef struct BtLock BtLock;
+
+/*
+** This is a magic string that appears at the beginning of every
+** SQLite database in order to identify the file as a real database.
+**
+** You can change this value at compile-time by specifying a
+** -DSQLITE_FILE_HEADER="..." on the compiler command-line.  The
+** header must be exactly 16 bytes including the zero-terminator so
+** the string itself should be 15 characters long.  If you change
+** the header, then your custom library will not be able to read 
+** databases generated by the standard tools and the standard tools
+** will not be able to read databases created by your custom library.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_FILE_HEADER /* 123456789 123456 */
+#  define SQLITE_FILE_HEADER "SQLite format 3"
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Page type flags.  An ORed combination of these flags appear as the
+** first byte of on-disk image of every BTree page.
+*/
+#define PTF_INTKEY    0x01
+#define PTF_ZERODATA  0x02
+#define PTF_LEAFDATA  0x04
+#define PTF_LEAF      0x08
+
+/*
+** As each page of the file is loaded into memory, an instance of the following
+** structure is appended and initialized to zero.  This structure stores
+** information about the page that is decoded from the raw file page.
+**
+** The pParent field points back to the parent page.  This allows us to
+** walk up the BTree from any leaf to the root.  Care must be taken to
+** unref() the parent page pointer when this page is no longer referenced.
+** The pageDestructor() routine handles that chore.
+**
+** Access to all fields of this structure is controlled by the mutex
+** stored in MemPage.pBt->mutex.
+*/
+struct MemPage {
+  u8 isInit;           /* True if previously initialized. MUST BE FIRST! */
+  u8 nOverflow;        /* Number of overflow cell bodies in aCell[] */
+  u8 intKey;           /* True if intkey flag is set */
+  u8 leaf;             /* True if leaf flag is set */
+  u8 hasData;          /* True if this page stores data */
+  u8 hdrOffset;        /* 100 for page 1.  0 otherwise */
+  u8 childPtrSize;     /* 0 if leaf==1.  4 if leaf==0 */
+  u16 maxLocal;        /* Copy of BtShared.maxLocal or BtShared.maxLeaf */
+  u16 minLocal;        /* Copy of BtShared.minLocal or BtShared.minLeaf */
+  u16 cellOffset;      /* Index in aData of first cell pointer */
+  u16 nFree;           /* Number of free bytes on the page */
+  u16 nCell;           /* Number of cells on this page, local and ovfl */
+  u16 maskPage;        /* Mask for page offset */
+  struct _OvflCell {   /* Cells that will not fit on aData[] */
+    u8 *pCell;          /* Pointers to the body of the overflow cell */
+    u16 idx;            /* Insert this cell before idx-th non-overflow cell */
+  } aOvfl[5];
+  BtShared *pBt;       /* Pointer to BtShared that this page is part of */
+  u8 *aData;           /* Pointer to disk image of the page data */
+  DbPage *pDbPage;     /* Pager page handle */
+  Pgno pgno;           /* Page number for this page */
+};
+
+/*
+** The in-memory image of a disk page has the auxiliary information appended
+** to the end.  EXTRA_SIZE is the number of bytes of space needed to hold
+** that extra information.
+*/
+#define EXTRA_SIZE sizeof(MemPage)
+
+/*
+** A linked list of the following structures is stored at BtShared.pLock.
+** Locks are added (or upgraded from READ_LOCK to WRITE_LOCK) when a cursor 
+** is opened on the table with root page BtShared.iTable. Locks are removed
+** from this list when a transaction is committed or rolled back, or when
+** a btree handle is closed.
+*/
+struct BtLock {
+  Btree *pBtree;        /* Btree handle holding this lock */
+  Pgno iTable;          /* Root page of table */
+  u8 eLock;             /* READ_LOCK or WRITE_LOCK */
+  BtLock *pNext;        /* Next in BtShared.pLock list */
+};
+
+/* Candidate values for BtLock.eLock */
+#define READ_LOCK     1
+#define WRITE_LOCK    2
+
+/* A Btree handle
+**
+** A database connection contains a pointer to an instance of
+** this object for every database file that it has open.  This structure
+** is opaque to the database connection.  The database connection cannot
+** see the internals of this structure and only deals with pointers to
+** this structure.
+**
+** For some database files, the same underlying database cache might be 
+** shared between multiple connections.  In that case, each connection
+** has it own instance of this object.  But each instance of this object
+** points to the same BtShared object.  The database cache and the
+** schema associated with the database file are all contained within
+** the BtShared object.
+**
+** All fields in this structure are accessed under sqlite3.mutex.
+** The pBt pointer itself may not be changed while there exists cursors 
+** in the referenced BtShared that point back to this Btree since those
+** cursors have to go through this Btree to find their BtShared and
+** they often do so without holding sqlite3.mutex.
+*/
+struct Btree {
+  sqlite3 *db;       /* The database connection holding this btree */
+  BtShared *pBt;     /* Sharable content of this btree */
+  u8 inTrans;        /* TRANS_NONE, TRANS_READ or TRANS_WRITE */
+  u8 sharable;       /* True if we can share pBt with another db */
+  u8 locked;         /* True if db currently has pBt locked */
+  int wantToLock;    /* Number of nested calls to sqlite3BtreeEnter() */
+  int nBackup;       /* Number of backup operations reading this btree */
+  Btree *pNext;      /* List of other sharable Btrees from the same db */
+  Btree *pPrev;      /* Back pointer of the same list */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  BtLock lock;       /* Object used to lock page 1 */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** Btree.inTrans may take one of the following values.
+**
+** If the shared-data extension is enabled, there may be multiple users
+** of the Btree structure. At most one of these may open a write transaction,
+** but any number may have active read transactions.
+*/
+#define TRANS_NONE  0
+#define TRANS_READ  1
+#define TRANS_WRITE 2
+
+/*
+** An instance of this object represents a single database file.
+** 
+** A single database file can be in use as the same time by two
+** or more database connections.  When two or more connections are
+** sharing the same database file, each connection has it own
+** private Btree object for the file and each of those Btrees points
+** to this one BtShared object.  BtShared.nRef is the number of
+** connections currently sharing this database file.
+**
+** Fields in this structure are accessed under the BtShared.mutex
+** mutex, except for nRef and pNext which are accessed under the
+** global SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER mutex.  The pPager field
+** may not be modified once it is initially set as long as nRef>0.
+** The pSchema field may be set once under BtShared.mutex and
+** thereafter is unchanged as long as nRef>0.
+**
+** isPending:
+**
+**   If a BtShared client fails to obtain a write-lock on a database
+**   table (because there exists one or more read-locks on the table),
+**   the shared-cache enters 'pending-lock' state and isPending is
+**   set to true.
+**
+**   The shared-cache leaves the 'pending lock' state when either of
+**   the following occur:
+**
+**     1) The current writer (BtShared.pWriter) concludes its transaction, OR
+**     2) The number of locks held by other connections drops to zero.
+**
+**   while in the 'pending-lock' state, no connection may start a new
+**   transaction.
+**
+**   This feature is included to help prevent writer-starvation.
+*/
+struct BtShared {
+  Pager *pPager;        /* The page cache */
+  sqlite3 *db;          /* Database connection currently using this Btree */
+  BtCursor *pCursor;    /* A list of all open cursors */
+  MemPage *pPage1;      /* First page of the database */
+  u8 readOnly;          /* True if the underlying file is readonly */
+  u8 pageSizeFixed;     /* True if the page size can no longer be changed */
+  u8 secureDelete;      /* True if secure_delete is enabled */
+  u8 initiallyEmpty;    /* Database is empty at start of transaction */
+  u8 openFlags;         /* Flags to sqlite3BtreeOpen() */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  u8 autoVacuum;        /* True if auto-vacuum is enabled */
+  u8 incrVacuum;        /* True if incr-vacuum is enabled */
+#endif
+  u8 inTransaction;     /* Transaction state */
+  u8 doNotUseWAL;       /* If true, do not open write-ahead-log file */
+  u16 maxLocal;         /* Maximum local payload in non-LEAFDATA tables */
+  u16 minLocal;         /* Minimum local payload in non-LEAFDATA tables */
+  u16 maxLeaf;          /* Maximum local payload in a LEAFDATA table */
+  u16 minLeaf;          /* Minimum local payload in a LEAFDATA table */
+  u32 pageSize;         /* Total number of bytes on a page */
+  u32 usableSize;       /* Number of usable bytes on each page */
+  int nTransaction;     /* Number of open transactions (read + write) */
+  u32 nPage;            /* Number of pages in the database */
+  void *pSchema;        /* Pointer to space allocated by sqlite3BtreeSchema() */
+  void (*xFreeSchema)(void*);  /* Destructor for BtShared.pSchema */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex; /* Non-recursive mutex required to access this object */
+  Bitvec *pHasContent;  /* Set of pages moved to free-list this transaction */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  int nRef;             /* Number of references to this structure */
+  BtShared *pNext;      /* Next on a list of sharable BtShared structs */
+  BtLock *pLock;        /* List of locks held on this shared-btree struct */
+  Btree *pWriter;       /* Btree with currently open write transaction */
+  u8 isExclusive;       /* True if pWriter has an EXCLUSIVE lock on the db */
+  u8 isPending;         /* If waiting for read-locks to clear */
+#endif
+  u8 *pTmpSpace;        /* BtShared.pageSize bytes of space for tmp use */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is used to hold information
+** about a cell.  The parseCellPtr() function fills in this structure
+** based on information extract from the raw disk page.
+*/
+typedef struct CellInfo CellInfo;
+struct CellInfo {
+  i64 nKey;      /* The key for INTKEY tables, or number of bytes in key */
+  u8 *pCell;     /* Pointer to the start of cell content */
+  u32 nData;     /* Number of bytes of data */
+  u32 nPayload;  /* Total amount of payload */
+  u16 nHeader;   /* Size of the cell content header in bytes */
+  u16 nLocal;    /* Amount of payload held locally */
+  u16 iOverflow; /* Offset to overflow page number.  Zero if no overflow */
+  u16 nSize;     /* Size of the cell content on the main b-tree page */
+};
+
+/*
+** Maximum depth of an SQLite B-Tree structure. Any B-Tree deeper than
+** this will be declared corrupt. This value is calculated based on a
+** maximum database size of 2^31 pages a minimum fanout of 2 for a
+** root-node and 3 for all other internal nodes.
+**
+** If a tree that appears to be taller than this is encountered, it is
+** assumed that the database is corrupt.
+*/
+#define BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH 20
+
+/*
+** A cursor is a pointer to a particular entry within a particular
+** b-tree within a database file.
+**
+** The entry is identified by its MemPage and the index in
+** MemPage.aCell[] of the entry.
+**
+** A single database file can shared by two more database connections,
+** but cursors cannot be shared.  Each cursor is associated with a
+** particular database connection identified BtCursor.pBtree.db.
+**
+** Fields in this structure are accessed under the BtShared.mutex
+** found at self->pBt->mutex. 
+*/
+struct BtCursor {
+  Btree *pBtree;            /* The Btree to which this cursor belongs */
+  BtShared *pBt;            /* The BtShared this cursor points to */
+  BtCursor *pNext, *pPrev;  /* Forms a linked list of all cursors */
+  struct KeyInfo *pKeyInfo; /* Argument passed to comparison function */
+  Pgno pgnoRoot;            /* The root page of this tree */
+  sqlite3_int64 cachedRowid; /* Next rowid cache.  0 means not valid */
+  CellInfo info;            /* A parse of the cell we are pointing at */
+  i64 nKey;        /* Size of pKey, or last integer key */
+  void *pKey;      /* Saved key that was cursor's last known position */
+  int skipNext;    /* Prev() is noop if negative. Next() is noop if positive */
+  u8 wrFlag;                /* True if writable */
+  u8 atLast;                /* Cursor pointing to the last entry */
+  u8 validNKey;             /* True if info.nKey is valid */
+  u8 eState;                /* One of the CURSOR_XXX constants (see below) */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+  Pgno *aOverflow;          /* Cache of overflow page locations */
+  u8 isIncrblobHandle;      /* True if this cursor is an incr. io handle */
+#endif
+  i16 iPage;                            /* Index of current page in apPage */
+  u16 aiIdx[BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH];        /* Current index in apPage[i] */
+  MemPage *apPage[BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH];  /* Pages from root to current page */
+};
+
+/*
+** Potential values for BtCursor.eState.
+**
+** CURSOR_VALID:
+**   Cursor points to a valid entry. getPayload() etc. may be called.
+**
+** CURSOR_INVALID:
+**   Cursor does not point to a valid entry. This can happen (for example) 
+**   because the table is empty or because BtreeCursorFirst() has not been
+**   called.
+**
+** CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK:
+**   The table that this cursor was opened on still exists, but has been 
+**   modified since the cursor was last used. The cursor position is saved
+**   in variables BtCursor.pKey and BtCursor.nKey. When a cursor is in 
+**   this state, restoreCursorPosition() can be called to attempt to
+**   seek the cursor to the saved position.
+**
+** CURSOR_FAULT:
+**   A unrecoverable error (an I/O error or a malloc failure) has occurred
+**   on a different connection that shares the BtShared cache with this
+**   cursor.  The error has left the cache in an inconsistent state.
+**   Do nothing else with this cursor.  Any attempt to use the cursor
+**   should return the error code stored in BtCursor.skip
+*/
+#define CURSOR_INVALID           0
+#define CURSOR_VALID             1
+#define CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK       2
+#define CURSOR_FAULT             3
+
+/* 
+** The database page the PENDING_BYTE occupies. This page is never used.
+*/
+# define PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pBt)
+
+/*
+** These macros define the location of the pointer-map entry for a 
+** database page. The first argument to each is the number of usable
+** bytes on each page of the database (often 1024). The second is the
+** page number to look up in the pointer map.
+**
+** PTRMAP_PAGENO returns the database page number of the pointer-map
+** page that stores the required pointer. PTRMAP_PTROFFSET returns
+** the offset of the requested map entry.
+**
+** If the pgno argument passed to PTRMAP_PAGENO is a pointer-map page,
+** then pgno is returned. So (pgno==PTRMAP_PAGENO(pgsz, pgno)) can be
+** used to test if pgno is a pointer-map page. PTRMAP_ISPAGE implements
+** this test.
+*/
+#define PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, pgno) ptrmapPageno(pBt, pgno)
+#define PTRMAP_PTROFFSET(pgptrmap, pgno) (5*(pgno-pgptrmap-1))
+#define PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, pgno) (PTRMAP_PAGENO((pBt),(pgno))==(pgno))
+
+/*
+** The pointer map is a lookup table that identifies the parent page for
+** each child page in the database file.  The parent page is the page that
+** contains a pointer to the child.  Every page in the database contains
+** 0 or 1 parent pages.  (In this context 'database page' refers
+** to any page that is not part of the pointer map itself.)  Each pointer map
+** entry consists of a single byte 'type' and a 4 byte parent page number.
+** The PTRMAP_XXX identifiers below are the valid types.
+**
+** The purpose of the pointer map is to facility moving pages from one
+** position in the file to another as part of autovacuum.  When a page
+** is moved, the pointer in its parent must be updated to point to the
+** new location.  The pointer map is used to locate the parent page quickly.
+**
+** PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE: The database page is a root-page. The page-number is not
+**                  used in this case.
+**
+** PTRMAP_FREEPAGE: The database page is an unused (free) page. The page-number 
+**                  is not used in this case.
+**
+** PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1: The database page is the first page in a list of 
+**                   overflow pages. The page number identifies the page that
+**                   contains the cell with a pointer to this overflow page.
+**
+** PTRMAP_OVERFLOW2: The database page is the second or later page in a list of
+**                   overflow pages. The page-number identifies the previous
+**                   page in the overflow page list.
+**
+** PTRMAP_BTREE: The database page is a non-root btree page. The page number
+**               identifies the parent page in the btree.
+*/
+#define PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE 1
+#define PTRMAP_FREEPAGE 2
+#define PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1 3
+#define PTRMAP_OVERFLOW2 4
+#define PTRMAP_BTREE 5
+
+/* A bunch of assert() statements to check the transaction state variables
+** of handle p (type Btree*) are internally consistent.
+*/
+#define btreeIntegrity(p) \
+  assert( p->pBt->inTransaction!=TRANS_NONE || p->pBt->nTransaction==0 ); \
+  assert( p->pBt->inTransaction>=p->inTrans ); 
+
+
+/*
+** The ISAUTOVACUUM macro is used within balance_nonroot() to determine
+** if the database supports auto-vacuum or not. Because it is used
+** within an expression that is an argument to another macro 
+** (sqliteMallocRaw), it is not possible to use conditional compilation.
+** So, this macro is defined instead.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+#define ISAUTOVACUUM (pBt->autoVacuum)
+#else
+#define ISAUTOVACUUM 0
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** This structure is passed around through all the sanity checking routines
+** in order to keep track of some global state information.
+*/
+typedef struct IntegrityCk IntegrityCk;
+struct IntegrityCk {
+  BtShared *pBt;    /* The tree being checked out */
+  Pager *pPager;    /* The associated pager.  Also accessible by pBt->pPager */
+  Pgno nPage;       /* Number of pages in the database */
+  int *anRef;       /* Number of times each page is referenced */
+  int mxErr;        /* Stop accumulating errors when this reaches zero */
+  int nErr;         /* Number of messages written to zErrMsg so far */
+  int mallocFailed; /* A memory allocation error has occurred */
+  StrAccum errMsg;  /* Accumulate the error message text here */
+};
+
+/*
+** Read or write a two- and four-byte big-endian integer values.
+*/
+#define get2byte(x)   ((x)[0]<<8 | (x)[1])
+#define put2byte(p,v) ((p)[0] = (u8)((v)>>8), (p)[1] = (u8)(v))
+#define get4byte sqlite3Get4byte
+#define put4byte sqlite3Put4byte
+
+/************** End of btreeInt.h ********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in btmutex.c ********************/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+
+/*
+** Obtain the BtShared mutex associated with B-Tree handle p. Also,
+** set BtShared.db to the database handle associated with p and the
+** p->locked boolean to true.
+*/
+static void lockBtreeMutex(Btree *p){
+  assert( p->locked==0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(p->pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pBt->mutex);
+  p->pBt->db = p->db;
+  p->locked = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release the BtShared mutex associated with B-Tree handle p and
+** clear the p->locked boolean.
+*/
+static void unlockBtreeMutex(Btree *p){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  assert( p->locked==1 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  assert( p->db==pBt->db );
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pBt->mutex);
+  p->locked = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Enter a mutex on the given BTree object.
+**
+** If the object is not sharable, then no mutex is ever required
+** and this routine is a no-op.  The underlying mutex is non-recursive.
+** But we keep a reference count in Btree.wantToLock so the behavior
+** of this interface is recursive.
+**
+** To avoid deadlocks, multiple Btrees are locked in the same order
+** by all database connections.  The p->pNext is a list of other
+** Btrees belonging to the same database connection as the p Btree
+** which need to be locked after p.  If we cannot get a lock on
+** p, then first unlock all of the others on p->pNext, then wait
+** for the lock to become available on p, then relock all of the
+** subsequent Btrees that desire a lock.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeEnter(Btree *p){
+  Btree *pLater;
+
+  /* Some basic sanity checking on the Btree.  The list of Btrees
+  ** connected by pNext and pPrev should be in sorted order by
+  ** Btree.pBt value. All elements of the list should belong to
+  ** the same connection. Only shared Btrees are on the list. */
+  assert( p->pNext==0 || p->pNext->pBt>p->pBt );
+  assert( p->pPrev==0 || p->pPrev->pBt<p->pBt );
+  assert( p->pNext==0 || p->pNext->db==p->db );
+  assert( p->pPrev==0 || p->pPrev->db==p->db );
+  assert( p->sharable || (p->pNext==0 && p->pPrev==0) );
+
+  /* Check for locking consistency */
+  assert( !p->locked || p->wantToLock>0 );
+  assert( p->sharable || p->wantToLock==0 );
+
+  /* We should already hold a lock on the database connection */
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+
+  /* Unless the database is sharable and unlocked, then BtShared.db
+  ** should already be set correctly. */
+  assert( (p->locked==0 && p->sharable) || p->pBt->db==p->db );
+
+  if( !p->sharable ) return;
+  p->wantToLock++;
+  if( p->locked ) return;
+
+  /* In most cases, we should be able to acquire the lock we
+  ** want without having to go throught the ascending lock
+  ** procedure that follows.  Just be sure not to block.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3_mutex_try(p->pBt->mutex)==SQLITE_OK ){
+    p->pBt->db = p->db;
+    p->locked = 1;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* To avoid deadlock, first release all locks with a larger
+  ** BtShared address.  Then acquire our lock.  Then reacquire
+  ** the other BtShared locks that we used to hold in ascending
+  ** order.
+  */
+  for(pLater=p->pNext; pLater; pLater=pLater->pNext){
+    assert( pLater->sharable );
+    assert( pLater->pNext==0 || pLater->pNext->pBt>pLater->pBt );
+    assert( !pLater->locked || pLater->wantToLock>0 );
+    if( pLater->locked ){
+      unlockBtreeMutex(pLater);
+    }
+  }
+  lockBtreeMutex(p);
+  for(pLater=p->pNext; pLater; pLater=pLater->pNext){
+    if( pLater->wantToLock ){
+      lockBtreeMutex(pLater);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Exit the recursive mutex on a Btree.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeLeave(Btree *p){
+  if( p->sharable ){
+    assert( p->wantToLock>0 );
+    p->wantToLock--;
+    if( p->wantToLock==0 ){
+      unlockBtreeMutex(p);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** Return true if the BtShared mutex is held on the btree, or if the
+** B-Tree is not marked as sharable.
+**
+** This routine is used only from within assert() statements.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(Btree *p){
+  assert( p->sharable==0 || p->locked==0 || p->wantToLock>0 );
+  assert( p->sharable==0 || p->locked==0 || p->db==p->pBt->db );
+  assert( p->sharable==0 || p->locked==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( p->sharable==0 || p->locked==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+
+  return (p->sharable==0 || p->locked);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+/*
+** Enter and leave a mutex on a Btree given a cursor owned by that
+** Btree.  These entry points are used by incremental I/O and can be
+** omitted if that module is not used.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(BtCursor *pCur){
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(pCur->pBtree);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(BtCursor *pCur){
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(pCur->pBtree);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB */
+
+
+/*
+** Enter the mutex on every Btree associated with a database
+** connection.  This is needed (for example) prior to parsing
+** a statement since we will be comparing table and column names
+** against all schemas and we do not want those schemas being
+** reset out from under us.
+**
+** There is a corresponding leave-all procedures.
+**
+** Enter the mutexes in accending order by BtShared pointer address
+** to avoid the possibility of deadlock when two threads with
+** two or more btrees in common both try to lock all their btrees
+** at the same instant.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  Btree *p;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    p = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+    if( p ) sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  }
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  Btree *p;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    p = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+    if( p ) sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if a particular Btree requires a lock.  Return FALSE if
+** no lock is ever required since it is not sharable.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSharable(Btree *p){
+  return p->sharable;
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** Return true if the current thread holds the database connection
+** mutex and all required BtShared mutexes.
+**
+** This routine is used inside assert() statements only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  if( !sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Btree *p;
+    p = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+    if( p && p->sharable &&
+         (p->wantToLock==0 || !sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pBt->mutex)) ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** Return true if the correct mutexes are held for accessing the
+** db->aDb[iDb].pSchema structure.  The mutexes required for schema
+** access are:
+**
+**   (1) The mutex on db
+**   (2) if iDb!=1, then the mutex on db->aDb[iDb].pBt.
+**
+** If pSchema is not NULL, then iDb is computed from pSchema and
+** db using sqlite3SchemaToIndex().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, Schema *pSchema){
+  Btree *p;
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  if( pSchema ) iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pSchema);
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  if( !sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) ) return 0;
+  if( iDb==1 ) return 1;
+  p = db->aDb[iDb].pBt;
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  return p->sharable==0 || p->locked==1;
+}
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+#else /* SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0 above.  SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 below */
+/*
+** The following are special cases for mutex enter routines for use
+** in single threaded applications that use shared cache.  Except for
+** these two routines, all mutex operations are no-ops in that case and
+** are null #defines in btree.h.
+**
+** If shared cache is disabled, then all btree mutex routines, including
+** the ones below, are no-ops and are null #defines in btree.h.
+*/
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeEnter(Btree *p){
+  p->pBt->db = p->db;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Btree *p = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+    if( p ){
+      p->pBt->db = p->db;
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif /* if SQLITE_THREADSAFE */
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE */
+
+/************** End of btmutex.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file btree.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 April 6
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file implements a external (disk-based) database using BTrees.
+** See the header comment on "btreeInt.h" for additional information.
+** Including a description of file format and an overview of operation.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The header string that appears at the beginning of every
+** SQLite database.
+*/
+static const char zMagicHeader[] = SQLITE_FILE_HEADER;
+
+/*
+** Set this global variable to 1 to enable tracing using the TRACE
+** macro.
+*/
+#if 0
+int sqlite3BtreeTrace=1;  /* True to enable tracing */
+# define TRACE(X)  if(sqlite3BtreeTrace){printf X;fflush(stdout);}
+#else
+# define TRACE(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Extract a 2-byte big-endian integer from an array of unsigned bytes.
+** But if the value is zero, make it 65536.
+**
+** This routine is used to extract the "offset to cell content area" value
+** from the header of a btree page.  If the page size is 65536 and the page
+** is empty, the offset should be 65536, but the 2-byte value stores zero.
+** This routine makes the necessary adjustment to 65536.
+*/
+#define get2byteNotZero(X)  (((((int)get2byte(X))-1)&0xffff)+1)
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+/*
+** A list of BtShared objects that are eligible for participation
+** in shared cache.  This variable has file scope during normal builds,
+** but the test harness needs to access it so we make it global for 
+** test builds.
+**
+** Access to this variable is protected by SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE BtShared *SQLITE_WSD sqlite3SharedCacheList = 0;
+#else
+static BtShared *SQLITE_WSD sqlite3SharedCacheList = 0;
+#endif
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+/*
+** Enable or disable the shared pager and schema features.
+**
+** This routine has no effect on existing database connections.
+** The shared cache setting effects only future calls to
+** sqlite3_open(), sqlite3_open16(), or sqlite3_open_v2().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int enable){
+  sqlite3GlobalConfig.sharedCacheEnabled = enable;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  /*
+  ** The functions querySharedCacheTableLock(), setSharedCacheTableLock(),
+  ** and clearAllSharedCacheTableLocks()
+  ** manipulate entries in the BtShared.pLock linked list used to store
+  ** shared-cache table level locks. If the library is compiled with the
+  ** shared-cache feature disabled, then there is only ever one user
+  ** of each BtShared structure and so this locking is not necessary. 
+  ** So define the lock related functions as no-ops.
+  */
+  #define querySharedCacheTableLock(a,b,c) SQLITE_OK
+  #define setSharedCacheTableLock(a,b,c) SQLITE_OK
+  #define clearAllSharedCacheTableLocks(a)
+  #define downgradeAllSharedCacheTableLocks(a)
+  #define hasSharedCacheTableLock(a,b,c,d) 1
+  #define hasReadConflicts(a, b) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+**** This function is only used as part of an assert() statement. ***
+**
+** Check to see if pBtree holds the required locks to read or write to the 
+** table with root page iRoot.   Return 1 if it does and 0 if not.
+**
+** For example, when writing to a table with root-page iRoot via 
+** Btree connection pBtree:
+**
+**    assert( hasSharedCacheTableLock(pBtree, iRoot, 0, WRITE_LOCK) );
+**
+** When writing to an index that resides in a sharable database, the 
+** caller should have first obtained a lock specifying the root page of
+** the corresponding table. This makes things a bit more complicated,
+** as this module treats each table as a separate structure. To determine
+** the table corresponding to the index being written, this
+** function has to search through the database schema.
+**
+** Instead of a lock on the table/index rooted at page iRoot, the caller may
+** hold a write-lock on the schema table (root page 1). This is also
+** acceptable.
+*/
+static int hasSharedCacheTableLock(
+  Btree *pBtree,         /* Handle that must hold lock */
+  Pgno iRoot,            /* Root page of b-tree */
+  int isIndex,           /* True if iRoot is the root of an index b-tree */
+  int eLockType          /* Required lock type (READ_LOCK or WRITE_LOCK) */
+){
+  Schema *pSchema = (Schema *)pBtree->pBt->pSchema;
+  Pgno iTab = 0;
+  BtLock *pLock;
+
+  /* If this database is not shareable, or if the client is reading
+  ** and has the read-uncommitted flag set, then no lock is required. 
+  ** Return true immediately.
+  */
+  if( (pBtree->sharable==0)
+   || (eLockType==READ_LOCK && (pBtree->db->flags & SQLITE_ReadUncommitted))
+  ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  /* If the client is reading  or writing an index and the schema is
+  ** not loaded, then it is too difficult to actually check to see if
+  ** the correct locks are held.  So do not bother - just return true.
+  ** This case does not come up very often anyhow.
+  */
+  if( isIndex && (!pSchema || (pSchema->flags&DB_SchemaLoaded)==0) ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Figure out the root-page that the lock should be held on. For table
+  ** b-trees, this is just the root page of the b-tree being read or
+  ** written. For index b-trees, it is the root page of the associated
+  ** table.  */
+  if( isIndex ){
+    HashElem *p;
+    for(p=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->idxHash); p; p=sqliteHashNext(p)){
+      Index *pIdx = (Index *)sqliteHashData(p);
+      if( pIdx->tnum==(int)iRoot ){
+        iTab = pIdx->pTable->tnum;
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    iTab = iRoot;
+  }
+
+  /* Search for the required lock. Either a write-lock on root-page iTab, a 
+  ** write-lock on the schema table, or (if the client is reading) a
+  ** read-lock on iTab will suffice. Return 1 if any of these are found.  */
+  for(pLock=pBtree->pBt->pLock; pLock; pLock=pLock->pNext){
+    if( pLock->pBtree==pBtree 
+     && (pLock->iTable==iTab || (pLock->eLock==WRITE_LOCK && pLock->iTable==1))
+     && pLock->eLock>=eLockType 
+    ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Failed to find the required lock. */
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+**** This function may be used as part of assert() statements only. ****
+**
+** Return true if it would be illegal for pBtree to write into the
+** table or index rooted at iRoot because other shared connections are
+** simultaneously reading that same table or index.
+**
+** It is illegal for pBtree to write if some other Btree object that
+** shares the same BtShared object is currently reading or writing
+** the iRoot table.  Except, if the other Btree object has the
+** read-uncommitted flag set, then it is OK for the other object to
+** have a read cursor.
+**
+** For example, before writing to any part of the table or index
+** rooted at page iRoot, one should call:
+**
+**    assert( !hasReadConflicts(pBtree, iRoot) );
+*/
+static int hasReadConflicts(Btree *pBtree, Pgno iRoot){
+  BtCursor *p;
+  for(p=pBtree->pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
+    if( p->pgnoRoot==iRoot 
+     && p->pBtree!=pBtree
+     && 0==(p->pBtree->db->flags & SQLITE_ReadUncommitted)
+    ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif    /* #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+/*
+** Query to see if Btree handle p may obtain a lock of type eLock 
+** (READ_LOCK or WRITE_LOCK) on the table with root-page iTab. Return
+** SQLITE_OK if the lock may be obtained (by calling
+** setSharedCacheTableLock()), or SQLITE_LOCKED if not.
+*/
+static int querySharedCacheTableLock(Btree *p, Pgno iTab, u8 eLock){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  BtLock *pIter;
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
+  assert( eLock==READ_LOCK || eLock==WRITE_LOCK );
+  assert( p->db!=0 );
+  assert( !(p->db->flags&SQLITE_ReadUncommitted)||eLock==WRITE_LOCK||iTab==1 );
+  
+  /* If requesting a write-lock, then the Btree must have an open write
+  ** transaction on this file. And, obviously, for this to be so there 
+  ** must be an open write transaction on the file itself.
+  */
+  assert( eLock==READ_LOCK || (p==pBt->pWriter && p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE) );
+  assert( eLock==READ_LOCK || pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
+  
+  /* This routine is a no-op if the shared-cache is not enabled */
+  if( !p->sharable ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* If some other connection is holding an exclusive lock, the
+  ** requested lock may not be obtained.
+  */
+  if( pBt->pWriter!=p && pBt->isExclusive ){
+    sqlite3ConnectionBlocked(p->db, pBt->pWriter->db);
+    return SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE;
+  }
+
+  for(pIter=pBt->pLock; pIter; pIter=pIter->pNext){
+    /* The condition (pIter->eLock!=eLock) in the following if(...) 
+    ** statement is a simplification of:
+    **
+    **   (eLock==WRITE_LOCK || pIter->eLock==WRITE_LOCK)
+    **
+    ** since we know that if eLock==WRITE_LOCK, then no other connection
+    ** may hold a WRITE_LOCK on any table in this file (since there can
+    ** only be a single writer).
+    */
+    assert( pIter->eLock==READ_LOCK || pIter->eLock==WRITE_LOCK );
+    assert( eLock==READ_LOCK || pIter->pBtree==p || pIter->eLock==READ_LOCK);
+    if( pIter->pBtree!=p && pIter->iTable==iTab && pIter->eLock!=eLock ){
+      sqlite3ConnectionBlocked(p->db, pIter->pBtree->db);
+      if( eLock==WRITE_LOCK ){
+        assert( p==pBt->pWriter );
+        pBt->isPending = 1;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+/*
+** Add a lock on the table with root-page iTable to the shared-btree used
+** by Btree handle p. Parameter eLock must be either READ_LOCK or 
+** WRITE_LOCK.
+**
+** This function assumes the following:
+**
+**   (a) The specified Btree object p is connected to a sharable
+**       database (one with the BtShared.sharable flag set), and
+**
+**   (b) No other Btree objects hold a lock that conflicts
+**       with the requested lock (i.e. querySharedCacheTableLock() has
+**       already been called and returned SQLITE_OK).
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if the lock is added successfully. SQLITE_NOMEM 
+** is returned if a malloc attempt fails.
+*/
+static int setSharedCacheTableLock(Btree *p, Pgno iTable, u8 eLock){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  BtLock *pLock = 0;
+  BtLock *pIter;
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
+  assert( eLock==READ_LOCK || eLock==WRITE_LOCK );
+  assert( p->db!=0 );
+
+  /* A connection with the read-uncommitted flag set will never try to
+  ** obtain a read-lock using this function. The only read-lock obtained
+  ** by a connection in read-uncommitted mode is on the sqlite_master 
+  ** table, and that lock is obtained in BtreeBeginTrans().  */
+  assert( 0==(p->db->flags&SQLITE_ReadUncommitted) || eLock==WRITE_LOCK );
+
+  /* This function should only be called on a sharable b-tree after it 
+  ** has been determined that no other b-tree holds a conflicting lock.  */
+  assert( p->sharable );
+  assert( SQLITE_OK==querySharedCacheTableLock(p, iTable, eLock) );
+
+  /* First search the list for an existing lock on this table. */
+  for(pIter=pBt->pLock; pIter; pIter=pIter->pNext){
+    if( pIter->iTable==iTable && pIter->pBtree==p ){
+      pLock = pIter;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If the above search did not find a BtLock struct associating Btree p
+  ** with table iTable, allocate one and link it into the list.
+  */
+  if( !pLock ){
+    pLock = (BtLock *)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(BtLock));
+    if( !pLock ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    pLock->iTable = iTable;
+    pLock->pBtree = p;
+    pLock->pNext = pBt->pLock;
+    pBt->pLock = pLock;
+  }
+
+  /* Set the BtLock.eLock variable to the maximum of the current lock
+  ** and the requested lock. This means if a write-lock was already held
+  ** and a read-lock requested, we don't incorrectly downgrade the lock.
+  */
+  assert( WRITE_LOCK>READ_LOCK );
+  if( eLock>pLock->eLock ){
+    pLock->eLock = eLock;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+/*
+** Release all the table locks (locks obtained via calls to
+** the setSharedCacheTableLock() procedure) held by Btree object p.
+**
+** This function assumes that Btree p has an open read or write 
+** transaction. If it does not, then the BtShared.isPending variable
+** may be incorrectly cleared.
+*/
+static void clearAllSharedCacheTableLocks(Btree *p){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  BtLock **ppIter = &pBt->pLock;
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
+  assert( p->sharable || 0==*ppIter );
+  assert( p->inTrans>0 );
+
+  while( *ppIter ){
+    BtLock *pLock = *ppIter;
+    assert( pBt->isExclusive==0 || pBt->pWriter==pLock->pBtree );
+    assert( pLock->pBtree->inTrans>=pLock->eLock );
+    if( pLock->pBtree==p ){
+      *ppIter = pLock->pNext;
+      assert( pLock->iTable!=1 || pLock==&p->lock );
+      if( pLock->iTable!=1 ){
+        sqlite3_free(pLock);
+      }
+    }else{
+      ppIter = &pLock->pNext;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( pBt->isPending==0 || pBt->pWriter );
+  if( pBt->pWriter==p ){
+    pBt->pWriter = 0;
+    pBt->isExclusive = 0;
+    pBt->isPending = 0;
+  }else if( pBt->nTransaction==2 ){
+    /* This function is called when Btree p is concluding its 
+    ** transaction. If there currently exists a writer, and p is not
+    ** that writer, then the number of locks held by connections other
+    ** than the writer must be about to drop to zero. In this case
+    ** set the isPending flag to 0.
+    **
+    ** If there is not currently a writer, then BtShared.isPending must
+    ** be zero already. So this next line is harmless in that case.
+    */
+    pBt->isPending = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function changes all write-locks held by Btree p into read-locks.
+*/
+static void downgradeAllSharedCacheTableLocks(Btree *p){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  if( pBt->pWriter==p ){
+    BtLock *pLock;
+    pBt->pWriter = 0;
+    pBt->isExclusive = 0;
+    pBt->isPending = 0;
+    for(pLock=pBt->pLock; pLock; pLock=pLock->pNext){
+      assert( pLock->eLock==READ_LOCK || pLock->pBtree==p );
+      pLock->eLock = READ_LOCK;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE */
+
+static void releasePage(MemPage *pPage);  /* Forward reference */
+
+/*
+***** This routine is used inside of assert() only ****
+**
+** Verify that the cursor holds the mutex on its BtShared
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+static int cursorHoldsMutex(BtCursor *p){
+  return sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pBt->mutex);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+/*
+** Invalidate the overflow page-list cache for cursor pCur, if any.
+*/
+static void invalidateOverflowCache(BtCursor *pCur){
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  sqlite3_free(pCur->aOverflow);
+  pCur->aOverflow = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Invalidate the overflow page-list cache for all cursors opened
+** on the shared btree structure pBt.
+*/
+static void invalidateAllOverflowCache(BtShared *pBt){
+  BtCursor *p;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  for(p=pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
+    invalidateOverflowCache(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called before modifying the contents of a table
+** to invalidate any incrblob cursors that are open on the
+** row or one of the rows being modified.
+**
+** If argument isClearTable is true, then the entire contents of the
+** table is about to be deleted. In this case invalidate all incrblob
+** cursors open on any row within the table with root-page pgnoRoot.
+**
+** Otherwise, if argument isClearTable is false, then the row with
+** rowid iRow is being replaced or deleted. In this case invalidate
+** only those incrblob cursors open on that specific row.
+*/
+static void invalidateIncrblobCursors(
+  Btree *pBtree,          /* The database file to check */
+  i64 iRow,               /* The rowid that might be changing */
+  int isClearTable        /* True if all rows are being deleted */
+){
+  BtCursor *p;
+  BtShared *pBt = pBtree->pBt;
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(pBtree) );
+  for(p=pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
+    if( p->isIncrblobHandle && (isClearTable || p->info.nKey==iRow) ){
+      p->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#else
+  /* Stub functions when INCRBLOB is omitted */
+  #define invalidateOverflowCache(x)
+  #define invalidateAllOverflowCache(x)
+  #define invalidateIncrblobCursors(x,y,z)
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB */
+
+/*
+** Set bit pgno of the BtShared.pHasContent bitvec. This is called 
+** when a page that previously contained data becomes a free-list leaf 
+** page.
+**
+** The BtShared.pHasContent bitvec exists to work around an obscure
+** bug caused by the interaction of two useful IO optimizations surrounding
+** free-list leaf pages:
+**
+**   1) When all data is deleted from a page and the page becomes
+**      a free-list leaf page, the page is not written to the database
+**      (as free-list leaf pages contain no meaningful data). Sometimes
+**      such a page is not even journalled (as it will not be modified,
+**      why bother journalling it?).
+**
+**   2) When a free-list leaf page is reused, its content is not read
+**      from the database or written to the journal file (why should it
+**      be, if it is not at all meaningful?).
+**
+** By themselves, these optimizations work fine and provide a handy
+** performance boost to bulk delete or insert operations. However, if
+** a page is moved to the free-list and then reused within the same
+** transaction, a problem comes up. If the page is not journalled when
+** it is moved to the free-list and it is also not journalled when it
+** is extracted from the free-list and reused, then the original data
+** may be lost. In the event of a rollback, it may not be possible
+** to restore the database to its original configuration.
+**
+** The solution is the BtShared.pHasContent bitvec. Whenever a page is 
+** moved to become a free-list leaf page, the corresponding bit is
+** set in the bitvec. Whenever a leaf page is extracted from the free-list,
+** optimization 2 above is omitted if the corresponding bit is already
+** set in BtShared.pHasContent. The contents of the bitvec are cleared
+** at the end of every transaction.
+*/
+static int btreeSetHasContent(BtShared *pBt, Pgno pgno){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( !pBt->pHasContent ){
+    assert( pgno<=pBt->nPage );
+    pBt->pHasContent = sqlite3BitvecCreate(pBt->nPage);
+    if( !pBt->pHasContent ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pgno<=sqlite3BitvecSize(pBt->pHasContent) ){
+    rc = sqlite3BitvecSet(pBt->pHasContent, pgno);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Query the BtShared.pHasContent vector.
+**
+** This function is called when a free-list leaf page is removed from the
+** free-list for reuse. It returns false if it is safe to retrieve the
+** page from the pager layer with the 'no-content' flag set. True otherwise.
+*/
+static int btreeGetHasContent(BtShared *pBt, Pgno pgno){
+  Bitvec *p = pBt->pHasContent;
+  return (p && (pgno>sqlite3BitvecSize(p) || sqlite3BitvecTest(p, pgno)));
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear (destroy) the BtShared.pHasContent bitvec. This should be
+** invoked at the conclusion of each write-transaction.
+*/
+static void btreeClearHasContent(BtShared *pBt){
+  sqlite3BitvecDestroy(pBt->pHasContent);
+  pBt->pHasContent = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Save the current cursor position in the variables BtCursor.nKey 
+** and BtCursor.pKey. The cursor's state is set to CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK.
+**
+** The caller must ensure that the cursor is valid (has eState==CURSOR_VALID)
+** prior to calling this routine.  
+*/
+static int saveCursorPosition(BtCursor *pCur){
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( CURSOR_VALID==pCur->eState );
+  assert( 0==pCur->pKey );
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCur, &pCur->nKey);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );  /* KeySize() cannot fail */
+
+  /* If this is an intKey table, then the above call to BtreeKeySize()
+  ** stores the integer key in pCur->nKey. In this case this value is
+  ** all that is required. Otherwise, if pCur is not open on an intKey
+  ** table, then malloc space for and store the pCur->nKey bytes of key 
+  ** data.
+  */
+  if( 0==pCur->apPage[0]->intKey ){
+    void *pKey = sqlite3Malloc( (int)pCur->nKey );
+    if( pKey ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(pCur, 0, (int)pCur->nKey, pKey);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pCur->pKey = pKey;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_free(pKey);
+      }
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( !pCur->apPage[0]->intKey || !pCur->pKey );
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<=pCur->iPage; i++){
+      releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
+      pCur->apPage[i] = 0;
+    }
+    pCur->iPage = -1;
+    pCur->eState = CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK;
+  }
+
+  invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Save the positions of all cursors (except pExcept) that are open on
+** the table  with root-page iRoot. Usually, this is called just before cursor
+** pExcept is used to modify the table (BtreeDelete() or BtreeInsert()).
+*/
+static int saveAllCursors(BtShared *pBt, Pgno iRoot, BtCursor *pExcept){
+  BtCursor *p;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( pExcept==0 || pExcept->pBt==pBt );
+  for(p=pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
+    if( p!=pExcept && (0==iRoot || p->pgnoRoot==iRoot) && 
+        p->eState==CURSOR_VALID ){
+      int rc = saveCursorPosition(p);
+      if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear the current cursor position.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(BtCursor *pCur){
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  sqlite3_free(pCur->pKey);
+  pCur->pKey = 0;
+  pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
+}
+
+/*
+** In this version of BtreeMoveto, pKey is a packed index record
+** such as is generated by the OP_MakeRecord opcode.  Unpack the
+** record and then call BtreeMovetoUnpacked() to do the work.
+*/
+static int btreeMoveto(
+  BtCursor *pCur,     /* Cursor open on the btree to be searched */
+  const void *pKey,   /* Packed key if the btree is an index */
+  i64 nKey,           /* Integer key for tables.  Size of pKey for indices */
+  int bias,           /* Bias search to the high end */
+  int *pRes           /* Write search results here */
+){
+  int rc;                    /* Status code */
+  UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;   /* Unpacked index key */
+  char aSpace[150];          /* Temp space for pIdxKey - to avoid a malloc */
+
+  if( pKey ){
+    assert( nKey==(i64)(int)nKey );
+    pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pCur->pKeyInfo, (int)nKey, pKey,
+                                      aSpace, sizeof(aSpace));
+    if( pIdxKey==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    pIdxKey = 0;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pCur, pIdxKey, nKey, bias, pRes);
+  if( pKey ){
+    sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord(pIdxKey);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Restore the cursor to the position it was in (or as close to as possible)
+** when saveCursorPosition() was called. Note that this call deletes the 
+** saved position info stored by saveCursorPosition(), so there can be
+** at most one effective restoreCursorPosition() call after each 
+** saveCursorPosition().
+*/
+static int btreeRestoreCursorPosition(BtCursor *pCur){
+  int rc;
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pCur->eState>=CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK );
+  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_FAULT ){
+    return pCur->skipNext;
+  }
+  pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
+  rc = btreeMoveto(pCur, pCur->pKey, pCur->nKey, 0, &pCur->skipNext);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_free(pCur->pKey);
+    pCur->pKey = 0;
+    assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID || pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID );
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#define restoreCursorPosition(p) \
+  (p->eState>=CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK ? \
+         btreeRestoreCursorPosition(p) : \
+         SQLITE_OK)
+
+/*
+** Determine whether or not a cursor has moved from the position it
+** was last placed at.  Cursors can move when the row they are pointing
+** at is deleted out from under them.
+**
+** This routine returns an error code if something goes wrong.  The
+** integer *pHasMoved is set to one if the cursor has moved and 0 if not.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(BtCursor *pCur, int *pHasMoved){
+  int rc;
+
+  rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
+  if( rc ){
+    *pHasMoved = 1;
+    return rc;
+  }
+  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID || pCur->skipNext!=0 ){
+    *pHasMoved = 1;
+  }else{
+    *pHasMoved = 0;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+/*
+** Given a page number of a regular database page, return the page
+** number for the pointer-map page that contains the entry for the
+** input page number.
+**
+** Return 0 (not a valid page) for pgno==1 since there is
+** no pointer map associated with page 1.  The integrity_check logic
+** requires that ptrmapPageno(*,1)!=1.
+*/
+static Pgno ptrmapPageno(BtShared *pBt, Pgno pgno){
+  int nPagesPerMapPage;
+  Pgno iPtrMap, ret;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  if( pgno<2 ) return 0;
+  nPagesPerMapPage = (pBt->usableSize/5)+1;
+  iPtrMap = (pgno-2)/nPagesPerMapPage;
+  ret = (iPtrMap*nPagesPerMapPage) + 2; 
+  if( ret==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+    ret++;
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write an entry into the pointer map.
+**
+** This routine updates the pointer map entry for page number 'key'
+** so that it maps to type 'eType' and parent page number 'pgno'.
+**
+** If *pRC is initially non-zero (non-SQLITE_OK) then this routine is
+** a no-op.  If an error occurs, the appropriate error code is written
+** into *pRC.
+*/
+static void ptrmapPut(BtShared *pBt, Pgno key, u8 eType, Pgno parent, int *pRC){
+  DbPage *pDbPage;  /* The pointer map page */
+  u8 *pPtrmap;      /* The pointer map data */
+  Pgno iPtrmap;     /* The pointer map page number */
+  int offset;       /* Offset in pointer map page */
+  int rc;           /* Return code from subfunctions */
+
+  if( *pRC ) return;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  /* The master-journal page number must never be used as a pointer map page */
+  assert( 0==PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt)) );
+
+  assert( pBt->autoVacuum );
+  if( key==0 ){
+    *pRC = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    return;
+  }
+  iPtrmap = PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, key);
+  rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pBt->pPager, iPtrmap, &pDbPage);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    *pRC = rc;
+    return;
+  }
+  offset = PTRMAP_PTROFFSET(iPtrmap, key);
+  if( offset<0 ){
+    *pRC = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    goto ptrmap_exit;
+  }
+  assert( offset <= (int)pBt->usableSize-5 );
+  pPtrmap = (u8 *)sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
+
+  if( eType!=pPtrmap[offset] || get4byte(&pPtrmap[offset+1])!=parent ){
+    TRACE(("PTRMAP_UPDATE: %d->(%d,%d)\n", key, eType, parent));
+    *pRC= rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pDbPage);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pPtrmap[offset] = eType;
+      put4byte(&pPtrmap[offset+1], parent);
+    }
+  }
+
+ptrmap_exit:
+  sqlite3PagerUnref(pDbPage);
+}
+
+/*
+** Read an entry from the pointer map.
+**
+** This routine retrieves the pointer map entry for page 'key', writing
+** the type and parent page number to *pEType and *pPgno respectively.
+** An error code is returned if something goes wrong, otherwise SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int ptrmapGet(BtShared *pBt, Pgno key, u8 *pEType, Pgno *pPgno){
+  DbPage *pDbPage;   /* The pointer map page */
+  int iPtrmap;       /* Pointer map page index */
+  u8 *pPtrmap;       /* Pointer map page data */
+  int offset;        /* Offset of entry in pointer map */
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+
+  iPtrmap = PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, key);
+  rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pBt->pPager, iPtrmap, &pDbPage);
+  if( rc!=0 ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  pPtrmap = (u8 *)sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
+
+  offset = PTRMAP_PTROFFSET(iPtrmap, key);
+  if( offset<0 ){
+    sqlite3PagerUnref(pDbPage);
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  assert( offset <= (int)pBt->usableSize-5 );
+  assert( pEType!=0 );
+  *pEType = pPtrmap[offset];
+  if( pPgno ) *pPgno = get4byte(&pPtrmap[offset+1]);
+
+  sqlite3PagerUnref(pDbPage);
+  if( *pEType<1 || *pEType>5 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#else /* if defined SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM */
+  #define ptrmapPut(w,x,y,z,rc)
+  #define ptrmapGet(w,x,y,z) SQLITE_OK
+  #define ptrmapPutOvflPtr(x, y, rc)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Given a btree page and a cell index (0 means the first cell on
+** the page, 1 means the second cell, and so forth) return a pointer
+** to the cell content.
+**
+** This routine works only for pages that do not contain overflow cells.
+*/
+#define findCell(P,I) \
+  ((P)->aData + ((P)->maskPage & get2byte(&(P)->aData[(P)->cellOffset+2*(I)])))
+#define findCellv2(D,M,O,I) (D+(M&get2byte(D+(O+2*(I)))))
+
+
+/*
+** This a more complex version of findCell() that works for
+** pages that do contain overflow cells.
+*/
+static u8 *findOverflowCell(MemPage *pPage, int iCell){
+  int i;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  for(i=pPage->nOverflow-1; i>=0; i--){
+    int k;
+    struct _OvflCell *pOvfl;
+    pOvfl = &pPage->aOvfl[i];
+    k = pOvfl->idx;
+    if( k<=iCell ){
+      if( k==iCell ){
+        return pOvfl->pCell;
+      }
+      iCell--;
+    }
+  }
+  return findCell(pPage, iCell);
+}
+
+/*
+** Parse a cell content block and fill in the CellInfo structure.  There
+** are two versions of this function.  btreeParseCell() takes a 
+** cell index as the second argument and btreeParseCellPtr() 
+** takes a pointer to the body of the cell as its second argument.
+**
+** Within this file, the parseCell() macro can be called instead of
+** btreeParseCellPtr(). Using some compilers, this will be faster.
+*/
+static void btreeParseCellPtr(
+  MemPage *pPage,         /* Page containing the cell */
+  u8 *pCell,              /* Pointer to the cell text. */
+  CellInfo *pInfo         /* Fill in this structure */
+){
+  u16 n;                  /* Number bytes in cell content header */
+  u32 nPayload;           /* Number of bytes of cell payload */
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+
+  pInfo->pCell = pCell;
+  assert( pPage->leaf==0 || pPage->leaf==1 );
+  n = pPage->childPtrSize;
+  assert( n==4-4*pPage->leaf );
+  if( pPage->intKey ){
+    if( pPage->hasData ){
+      n += getVarint32(&pCell[n], nPayload);
+    }else{
+      nPayload = 0;
+    }
+    n += getVarint(&pCell[n], (u64*)&pInfo->nKey);
+    pInfo->nData = nPayload;
+  }else{
+    pInfo->nData = 0;
+    n += getVarint32(&pCell[n], nPayload);
+    pInfo->nKey = nPayload;
+  }
+  pInfo->nPayload = nPayload;
+  pInfo->nHeader = n;
+  testcase( nPayload==pPage->maxLocal );
+  testcase( nPayload==pPage->maxLocal+1 );
+  if( likely(nPayload<=pPage->maxLocal) ){
+    /* This is the (easy) common case where the entire payload fits
+    ** on the local page.  No overflow is required.
+    */
+    if( (pInfo->nSize = (u16)(n+nPayload))<4 ) pInfo->nSize = 4;
+    pInfo->nLocal = (u16)nPayload;
+    pInfo->iOverflow = 0;
+  }else{
+    /* If the payload will not fit completely on the local page, we have
+    ** to decide how much to store locally and how much to spill onto
+    ** overflow pages.  The strategy is to minimize the amount of unused
+    ** space on overflow pages while keeping the amount of local storage
+    ** in between minLocal and maxLocal.
+    **
+    ** Warning:  changing the way overflow payload is distributed in any
+    ** way will result in an incompatible file format.
+    */
+    int minLocal;  /* Minimum amount of payload held locally */
+    int maxLocal;  /* Maximum amount of payload held locally */
+    int surplus;   /* Overflow payload available for local storage */
+
+    minLocal = pPage->minLocal;
+    maxLocal = pPage->maxLocal;
+    surplus = minLocal + (nPayload - minLocal)%(pPage->pBt->usableSize - 4);
+    testcase( surplus==maxLocal );
+    testcase( surplus==maxLocal+1 );
+    if( surplus <= maxLocal ){
+      pInfo->nLocal = (u16)surplus;
+    }else{
+      pInfo->nLocal = (u16)minLocal;
+    }
+    pInfo->iOverflow = (u16)(pInfo->nLocal + n);
+    pInfo->nSize = pInfo->iOverflow + 4;
+  }
+}
+#define parseCell(pPage, iCell, pInfo) \
+  btreeParseCellPtr((pPage), findCell((pPage), (iCell)), (pInfo))
+static void btreeParseCell(
+  MemPage *pPage,         /* Page containing the cell */
+  int iCell,              /* The cell index.  First cell is 0 */
+  CellInfo *pInfo         /* Fill in this structure */
+){
+  parseCell(pPage, iCell, pInfo);
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute the total number of bytes that a Cell needs in the cell
+** data area of the btree-page.  The return number includes the cell
+** data header and the local payload, but not any overflow page or
+** the space used by the cell pointer.
+*/
+static u16 cellSizePtr(MemPage *pPage, u8 *pCell){
+  u8 *pIter = &pCell[pPage->childPtrSize];
+  u32 nSize;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* The value returned by this function should always be the same as
+  ** the (CellInfo.nSize) value found by doing a full parse of the
+  ** cell. If SQLITE_DEBUG is defined, an assert() at the bottom of
+  ** this function verifies that this invariant is not violated. */
+  CellInfo debuginfo;
+  btreeParseCellPtr(pPage, pCell, &debuginfo);
+#endif
+
+  if( pPage->intKey ){
+    u8 *pEnd;
+    if( pPage->hasData ){
+      pIter += getVarint32(pIter, nSize);
+    }else{
+      nSize = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* pIter now points at the 64-bit integer key value, a variable length 
+    ** integer. The following block moves pIter to point at the first byte
+    ** past the end of the key value. */
+    pEnd = &pIter[9];
+    while( (*pIter++)&0x80 && pIter<pEnd );
+  }else{
+    pIter += getVarint32(pIter, nSize);
+  }
+
+  testcase( nSize==pPage->maxLocal );
+  testcase( nSize==pPage->maxLocal+1 );
+  if( nSize>pPage->maxLocal ){
+    int minLocal = pPage->minLocal;
+    nSize = minLocal + (nSize - minLocal) % (pPage->pBt->usableSize - 4);
+    testcase( nSize==pPage->maxLocal );
+    testcase( nSize==pPage->maxLocal+1 );
+    if( nSize>pPage->maxLocal ){
+      nSize = minLocal;
+    }
+    nSize += 4;
+  }
+  nSize += (u32)(pIter - pCell);
+
+  /* The minimum size of any cell is 4 bytes. */
+  if( nSize<4 ){
+    nSize = 4;
+  }
+
+  assert( nSize==debuginfo.nSize );
+  return (u16)nSize;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/* This variation on cellSizePtr() is used inside of assert() statements
+** only. */
+static u16 cellSize(MemPage *pPage, int iCell){
+  return cellSizePtr(pPage, findCell(pPage, iCell));
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+/*
+** If the cell pCell, part of page pPage contains a pointer
+** to an overflow page, insert an entry into the pointer-map
+** for the overflow page.
+*/
+static void ptrmapPutOvflPtr(MemPage *pPage, u8 *pCell, int *pRC){
+  CellInfo info;
+  if( *pRC ) return;
+  assert( pCell!=0 );
+  btreeParseCellPtr(pPage, pCell, &info);
+  assert( (info.nData+(pPage->intKey?0:info.nKey))==info.nPayload );
+  if( info.iOverflow ){
+    Pgno ovfl = get4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow]);
+    ptrmapPut(pPage->pBt, ovfl, PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1, pPage->pgno, pRC);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Defragment the page given.  All Cells are moved to the
+** end of the page and all free space is collected into one
+** big FreeBlk that occurs in between the header and cell
+** pointer array and the cell content area.
+*/
+static int defragmentPage(MemPage *pPage){
+  int i;                     /* Loop counter */
+  int pc;                    /* Address of a i-th cell */
+  int hdr;                   /* Offset to the page header */
+  int size;                  /* Size of a cell */
+  int usableSize;            /* Number of usable bytes on a page */
+  int cellOffset;            /* Offset to the cell pointer array */
+  int cbrk;                  /* Offset to the cell content area */
+  int nCell;                 /* Number of cells on the page */
+  unsigned char *data;       /* The page data */
+  unsigned char *temp;       /* Temp area for cell content */
+  int iCellFirst;            /* First allowable cell index */
+  int iCellLast;             /* Last possible cell index */
+
+
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  assert( pPage->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( pPage->pBt->usableSize <= SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE );
+  assert( pPage->nOverflow==0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  temp = sqlite3PagerTempSpace(pPage->pBt->pPager);
+  data = pPage->aData;
+  hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;
+  cellOffset = pPage->cellOffset;
+  nCell = pPage->nCell;
+  assert( nCell==get2byte(&data[hdr+3]) );
+  usableSize = pPage->pBt->usableSize;
+  cbrk = get2byte(&data[hdr+5]);
+  memcpy(&temp[cbrk], &data[cbrk], usableSize - cbrk);
+  cbrk = usableSize;
+  iCellFirst = cellOffset + 2*nCell;
+  iCellLast = usableSize - 4;
+  for(i=0; i<nCell; i++){
+    u8 *pAddr;     /* The i-th cell pointer */
+    pAddr = &data[cellOffset + i*2];
+    pc = get2byte(pAddr);
+    testcase( pc==iCellFirst );
+    testcase( pc==iCellLast );
+#if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_OVERSIZE_CELL_CHECK)
+    /* These conditions have already been verified in btreeInitPage()
+    ** if SQLITE_ENABLE_OVERSIZE_CELL_CHECK is defined 
+    */
+    if( pc<iCellFirst || pc>iCellLast ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+#endif
+    assert( pc>=iCellFirst && pc<=iCellLast );
+    size = cellSizePtr(pPage, &temp[pc]);
+    cbrk -= size;
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_OVERSIZE_CELL_CHECK)
+    if( cbrk<iCellFirst ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+#else
+    if( cbrk<iCellFirst || pc+size>usableSize ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+#endif
+    assert( cbrk+size<=usableSize && cbrk>=iCellFirst );
+    testcase( cbrk+size==usableSize );
+    testcase( pc+size==usableSize );
+    memcpy(&data[cbrk], &temp[pc], size);
+    put2byte(pAddr, cbrk);
+  }
+  assert( cbrk>=iCellFirst );
+  put2byte(&data[hdr+5], cbrk);
+  data[hdr+1] = 0;
+  data[hdr+2] = 0;
+  data[hdr+7] = 0;
+  memset(&data[iCellFirst], 0, cbrk-iCellFirst);
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  if( cbrk-iCellFirst!=pPage->nFree ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate nByte bytes of space from within the B-Tree page passed
+** as the first argument. Write into *pIdx the index into pPage->aData[]
+** of the first byte of allocated space. Return either SQLITE_OK or
+** an error code (usually SQLITE_CORRUPT).
+**
+** The caller guarantees that there is sufficient space to make the
+** allocation.  This routine might need to defragment in order to bring
+** all the space together, however.  This routine will avoid using
+** the first two bytes past the cell pointer area since presumably this
+** allocation is being made in order to insert a new cell, so we will
+** also end up needing a new cell pointer.
+*/
+static int allocateSpace(MemPage *pPage, int nByte, int *pIdx){
+  const int hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;    /* Local cache of pPage->hdrOffset */
+  u8 * const data = pPage->aData;      /* Local cache of pPage->aData */
+  int nFrag;                           /* Number of fragmented bytes on pPage */
+  int top;                             /* First byte of cell content area */
+  int gap;        /* First byte of gap between cell pointers and cell content */
+  int rc;         /* Integer return code */
+  int usableSize; /* Usable size of the page */
+  
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  assert( pPage->pBt );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( nByte>=0 );  /* Minimum cell size is 4 */
+  assert( pPage->nFree>=nByte );
+  assert( pPage->nOverflow==0 );
+  usableSize = pPage->pBt->usableSize;
+  assert( nByte < usableSize-8 );
+
+  nFrag = data[hdr+7];
+  assert( pPage->cellOffset == hdr + 12 - 4*pPage->leaf );
+  gap = pPage->cellOffset + 2*pPage->nCell;
+  top = get2byteNotZero(&data[hdr+5]);
+  if( gap>top ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  testcase( gap+2==top );
+  testcase( gap+1==top );
+  testcase( gap==top );
+
+  if( nFrag>=60 ){
+    /* Always defragment highly fragmented pages */
+    rc = defragmentPage(pPage);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    top = get2byteNotZero(&data[hdr+5]);
+  }else if( gap+2<=top ){
+    /* Search the freelist looking for a free slot big enough to satisfy 
+    ** the request. The allocation is made from the first free slot in 
+    ** the list that is large enough to accomadate it.
+    */
+    int pc, addr;
+    for(addr=hdr+1; (pc = get2byte(&data[addr]))>0; addr=pc){
+      int size;            /* Size of the free slot */
+      if( pc>usableSize-4 || pc<addr+4 ){
+        return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      }
+      size = get2byte(&data[pc+2]);
+      if( size>=nByte ){
+        int x = size - nByte;
+        testcase( x==4 );
+        testcase( x==3 );
+        if( x<4 ){
+          /* Remove the slot from the free-list. Update the number of
+          ** fragmented bytes within the page. */
+          memcpy(&data[addr], &data[pc], 2);
+          data[hdr+7] = (u8)(nFrag + x);
+        }else if( size+pc > usableSize ){
+          return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+        }else{
+          /* The slot remains on the free-list. Reduce its size to account
+          ** for the portion used by the new allocation. */
+          put2byte(&data[pc+2], x);
+        }
+        *pIdx = pc + x;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Check to make sure there is enough space in the gap to satisfy
+  ** the allocation.  If not, defragment.
+  */
+  testcase( gap+2+nByte==top );
+  if( gap+2+nByte>top ){
+    rc = defragmentPage(pPage);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    top = get2byteNotZero(&data[hdr+5]);
+    assert( gap+nByte<=top );
+  }
+
+
+  /* Allocate memory from the gap in between the cell pointer array
+  ** and the cell content area.  The btreeInitPage() call has already
+  ** validated the freelist.  Given that the freelist is valid, there
+  ** is no way that the allocation can extend off the end of the page.
+  ** The assert() below verifies the previous sentence.
+  */
+  top -= nByte;
+  put2byte(&data[hdr+5], top);
+  assert( top+nByte <= (int)pPage->pBt->usableSize );
+  *pIdx = top;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a section of the pPage->aData to the freelist.
+** The first byte of the new free block is pPage->aDisk[start]
+** and the size of the block is "size" bytes.
+**
+** Most of the effort here is involved in coalesing adjacent
+** free blocks into a single big free block.
+*/
+static int freeSpace(MemPage *pPage, int start, int size){
+  int addr, pbegin, hdr;
+  int iLast;                        /* Largest possible freeblock offset */
+  unsigned char *data = pPage->aData;
+
+  assert( pPage->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  assert( start>=pPage->hdrOffset+6+pPage->childPtrSize );
+  assert( (start + size) <= (int)pPage->pBt->usableSize );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( size>=0 );   /* Minimum cell size is 4 */
+
+  if( pPage->pBt->secureDelete ){
+    /* Overwrite deleted information with zeros when the secure_delete
+    ** option is enabled */
+    memset(&data[start], 0, size);
+  }
+
+  /* Add the space back into the linked list of freeblocks.  Note that
+  ** even though the freeblock list was checked by btreeInitPage(),
+  ** btreeInitPage() did not detect overlapping cells or
+  ** freeblocks that overlapped cells.   Nor does it detect when the
+  ** cell content area exceeds the value in the page header.  If these
+  ** situations arise, then subsequent insert operations might corrupt
+  ** the freelist.  So we do need to check for corruption while scanning
+  ** the freelist.
+  */
+  hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;
+  addr = hdr + 1;
+  iLast = pPage->pBt->usableSize - 4;
+  assert( start<=iLast );
+  while( (pbegin = get2byte(&data[addr]))<start && pbegin>0 ){
+    if( pbegin<addr+4 ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+    addr = pbegin;
+  }
+  if( pbegin>iLast ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  assert( pbegin>addr || pbegin==0 );
+  put2byte(&data[addr], start);
+  put2byte(&data[start], pbegin);
+  put2byte(&data[start+2], size);
+  pPage->nFree = pPage->nFree + (u16)size;
+
+  /* Coalesce adjacent free blocks */
+  addr = hdr + 1;
+  while( (pbegin = get2byte(&data[addr]))>0 ){
+    int pnext, psize, x;
+    assert( pbegin>addr );
+    assert( pbegin <= (int)pPage->pBt->usableSize-4 );
+    pnext = get2byte(&data[pbegin]);
+    psize = get2byte(&data[pbegin+2]);
+    if( pbegin + psize + 3 >= pnext && pnext>0 ){
+      int frag = pnext - (pbegin+psize);
+      if( (frag<0) || (frag>(int)data[hdr+7]) ){
+        return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      }
+      data[hdr+7] -= (u8)frag;
+      x = get2byte(&data[pnext]);
+      put2byte(&data[pbegin], x);
+      x = pnext + get2byte(&data[pnext+2]) - pbegin;
+      put2byte(&data[pbegin+2], x);
+    }else{
+      addr = pbegin;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If the cell content area begins with a freeblock, remove it. */
+  if( data[hdr+1]==data[hdr+5] && data[hdr+2]==data[hdr+6] ){
+    int top;
+    pbegin = get2byte(&data[hdr+1]);
+    memcpy(&data[hdr+1], &data[pbegin], 2);
+    top = get2byte(&data[hdr+5]) + get2byte(&data[pbegin+2]);
+    put2byte(&data[hdr+5], top);
+  }
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Decode the flags byte (the first byte of the header) for a page
+** and initialize fields of the MemPage structure accordingly.
+**
+** Only the following combinations are supported.  Anything different
+** indicates a corrupt database files:
+**
+**         PTF_ZERODATA
+**         PTF_ZERODATA | PTF_LEAF
+**         PTF_LEAFDATA | PTF_INTKEY
+**         PTF_LEAFDATA | PTF_INTKEY | PTF_LEAF
+*/
+static int decodeFlags(MemPage *pPage, int flagByte){
+  BtShared *pBt;     /* A copy of pPage->pBt */
+
+  assert( pPage->hdrOffset==(pPage->pgno==1 ? 100 : 0) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  pPage->leaf = (u8)(flagByte>>3);  assert( PTF_LEAF == 1<<3 );
+  flagByte &= ~PTF_LEAF;
+  pPage->childPtrSize = 4-4*pPage->leaf;
+  pBt = pPage->pBt;
+  if( flagByte==(PTF_LEAFDATA | PTF_INTKEY) ){
+    pPage->intKey = 1;
+    pPage->hasData = pPage->leaf;
+    pPage->maxLocal = pBt->maxLeaf;
+    pPage->minLocal = pBt->minLeaf;
+  }else if( flagByte==PTF_ZERODATA ){
+    pPage->intKey = 0;
+    pPage->hasData = 0;
+    pPage->maxLocal = pBt->maxLocal;
+    pPage->minLocal = pBt->minLocal;
+  }else{
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize the auxiliary information for a disk block.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success.  If we see that the page does
+** not contain a well-formed database page, then return 
+** SQLITE_CORRUPT.  Note that a return of SQLITE_OK does not
+** guarantee that the page is well-formed.  It only shows that
+** we failed to detect any corruption.
+*/
+static int btreeInitPage(MemPage *pPage){
+
+  assert( pPage->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( pPage->pgno==sqlite3PagerPagenumber(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  assert( pPage == sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  assert( pPage->aData == sqlite3PagerGetData(pPage->pDbPage) );
+
+  if( !pPage->isInit ){
+    u16 pc;            /* Address of a freeblock within pPage->aData[] */
+    u8 hdr;            /* Offset to beginning of page header */
+    u8 *data;          /* Equal to pPage->aData */
+    BtShared *pBt;        /* The main btree structure */
+    int usableSize;    /* Amount of usable space on each page */
+    u16 cellOffset;    /* Offset from start of page to first cell pointer */
+    int nFree;         /* Number of unused bytes on the page */
+    int top;           /* First byte of the cell content area */
+    int iCellFirst;    /* First allowable cell or freeblock offset */
+    int iCellLast;     /* Last possible cell or freeblock offset */
+
+    pBt = pPage->pBt;
+
+    hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;
+    data = pPage->aData;
+    if( decodeFlags(pPage, data[hdr]) ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    assert( pBt->pageSize>=512 && pBt->pageSize<=65536 );
+    pPage->maskPage = (u16)(pBt->pageSize - 1);
+    pPage->nOverflow = 0;
+    usableSize = pBt->usableSize;
+    pPage->cellOffset = cellOffset = hdr + 12 - 4*pPage->leaf;
+    top = get2byteNotZero(&data[hdr+5]);
+    pPage->nCell = get2byte(&data[hdr+3]);
+    if( pPage->nCell>MX_CELL(pBt) ){
+      /* To many cells for a single page.  The page must be corrupt */
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+    testcase( pPage->nCell==MX_CELL(pBt) );
+
+    /* A malformed database page might cause us to read past the end
+    ** of page when parsing a cell.  
+    **
+    ** The following block of code checks early to see if a cell extends
+    ** past the end of a page boundary and causes SQLITE_CORRUPT to be 
+    ** returned if it does.
+    */
+    iCellFirst = cellOffset + 2*pPage->nCell;
+    iCellLast = usableSize - 4;
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_OVERSIZE_CELL_CHECK)
+    {
+      int i;            /* Index into the cell pointer array */
+      int sz;           /* Size of a cell */
+
+      if( !pPage->leaf ) iCellLast--;
+      for(i=0; i<pPage->nCell; i++){
+        pc = get2byte(&data[cellOffset+i*2]);
+        testcase( pc==iCellFirst );
+        testcase( pc==iCellLast );
+        if( pc<iCellFirst || pc>iCellLast ){
+          return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+        }
+        sz = cellSizePtr(pPage, &data[pc]);
+        testcase( pc+sz==usableSize );
+        if( pc+sz>usableSize ){
+          return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+        }
+      }
+      if( !pPage->leaf ) iCellLast++;
+    }  
+#endif
+
+    /* Compute the total free space on the page */
+    pc = get2byte(&data[hdr+1]);
+    nFree = data[hdr+7] + top;
+    while( pc>0 ){
+      u16 next, size;
+      if( pc<iCellFirst || pc>iCellLast ){
+        /* Start of free block is off the page */
+        return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT; 
+      }
+      next = get2byte(&data[pc]);
+      size = get2byte(&data[pc+2]);
+      if( (next>0 && next<=pc+size+3) || pc+size>usableSize ){
+        /* Free blocks must be in ascending order. And the last byte of
+	** the free-block must lie on the database page.  */
+        return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT; 
+      }
+      nFree = nFree + size;
+      pc = next;
+    }
+
+    /* At this point, nFree contains the sum of the offset to the start
+    ** of the cell-content area plus the number of free bytes within
+    ** the cell-content area. If this is greater than the usable-size
+    ** of the page, then the page must be corrupted. This check also
+    ** serves to verify that the offset to the start of the cell-content
+    ** area, according to the page header, lies within the page.
+    */
+    if( nFree>usableSize ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT; 
+    }
+    pPage->nFree = (u16)(nFree - iCellFirst);
+    pPage->isInit = 1;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set up a raw page so that it looks like a database page holding
+** no entries.
+*/
+static void zeroPage(MemPage *pPage, int flags){
+  unsigned char *data = pPage->aData;
+  BtShared *pBt = pPage->pBt;
+  u8 hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;
+  u16 first;
+
+  assert( sqlite3PagerPagenumber(pPage->pDbPage)==pPage->pgno );
+  assert( sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pPage->pDbPage) == (void*)pPage );
+  assert( sqlite3PagerGetData(pPage->pDbPage) == data );
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  if( pBt->secureDelete ){
+    memset(&data[hdr], 0, pBt->usableSize - hdr);
+  }
+  data[hdr] = (char)flags;
+  first = hdr + 8 + 4*((flags&PTF_LEAF)==0 ?1:0);
+  memset(&data[hdr+1], 0, 4);
+  data[hdr+7] = 0;
+  put2byte(&data[hdr+5], pBt->usableSize);
+  pPage->nFree = (u16)(pBt->usableSize - first);
+  decodeFlags(pPage, flags);
+  pPage->hdrOffset = hdr;
+  pPage->cellOffset = first;
+  pPage->nOverflow = 0;
+  assert( pBt->pageSize>=512 && pBt->pageSize<=65536 );
+  pPage->maskPage = (u16)(pBt->pageSize - 1);
+  pPage->nCell = 0;
+  pPage->isInit = 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Convert a DbPage obtained from the pager into a MemPage used by
+** the btree layer.
+*/
+static MemPage *btreePageFromDbPage(DbPage *pDbPage, Pgno pgno, BtShared *pBt){
+  MemPage *pPage = (MemPage*)sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pDbPage);
+  pPage->aData = sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
+  pPage->pDbPage = pDbPage;
+  pPage->pBt = pBt;
+  pPage->pgno = pgno;
+  pPage->hdrOffset = pPage->pgno==1 ? 100 : 0;
+  return pPage; 
+}
+
+/*
+** Get a page from the pager.  Initialize the MemPage.pBt and
+** MemPage.aData elements if needed.
+**
+** If the noContent flag is set, it means that we do not care about
+** the content of the page at this time.  So do not go to the disk
+** to fetch the content.  Just fill in the content with zeros for now.
+** If in the future we call sqlite3PagerWrite() on this page, that
+** means we have started to be concerned about content and the disk
+** read should occur at that point.
+*/
+static int btreeGetPage(
+  BtShared *pBt,       /* The btree */
+  Pgno pgno,           /* Number of the page to fetch */
+  MemPage **ppPage,    /* Return the page in this parameter */
+  int noContent        /* Do not load page content if true */
+){
+  int rc;
+  DbPage *pDbPage;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pBt->pPager, pgno, (DbPage**)&pDbPage, noContent);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  *ppPage = btreePageFromDbPage(pDbPage, pgno, pBt);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Retrieve a page from the pager cache. If the requested page is not
+** already in the pager cache return NULL. Initialize the MemPage.pBt and
+** MemPage.aData elements if needed.
+*/
+static MemPage *btreePageLookup(BtShared *pBt, Pgno pgno){
+  DbPage *pDbPage;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  pDbPage = sqlite3PagerLookup(pBt->pPager, pgno);
+  if( pDbPage ){
+    return btreePageFromDbPage(pDbPage, pgno, pBt);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the size of the database file in pages. If there is any kind of
+** error, return ((unsigned int)-1).
+*/
+static Pgno btreePagecount(BtShared *pBt){
+  return pBt->nPage;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BtreeLastPage(Btree *p){
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
+  assert( ((p->pBt->nPage)&0x8000000)==0 );
+  return (int)btreePagecount(p->pBt);
+}
+
+/*
+** Get a page from the pager and initialize it.  This routine is just a
+** convenience wrapper around separate calls to btreeGetPage() and 
+** btreeInitPage().
+**
+** If an error occurs, then the value *ppPage is set to is undefined. It
+** may remain unchanged, or it may be set to an invalid value.
+*/
+static int getAndInitPage(
+  BtShared *pBt,          /* The database file */
+  Pgno pgno,           /* Number of the page to get */
+  MemPage **ppPage     /* Write the page pointer here */
+){
+  int rc;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+
+  if( pgno>btreePagecount(pBt) ){
+    rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }else{
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pgno, ppPage, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = btreeInitPage(*ppPage);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        releasePage(*ppPage);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  testcase( pgno==0 );
+  assert( pgno!=0 || rc==SQLITE_CORRUPT );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release a MemPage.  This should be called once for each prior
+** call to btreeGetPage.
+*/
+static void releasePage(MemPage *pPage){
+  if( pPage ){
+    assert( pPage->aData );
+    assert( pPage->pBt );
+    assert( sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pPage->pDbPage) == (void*)pPage );
+    assert( sqlite3PagerGetData(pPage->pDbPage)==pPage->aData );
+    assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage->pDbPage);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** During a rollback, when the pager reloads information into the cache
+** so that the cache is restored to its original state at the start of
+** the transaction, for each page restored this routine is called.
+**
+** This routine needs to reset the extra data section at the end of the
+** page to agree with the restored data.
+*/
+static void pageReinit(DbPage *pData){
+  MemPage *pPage;
+  pPage = (MemPage *)sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pData);
+  assert( sqlite3PagerPageRefcount(pData)>0 );
+  if( pPage->isInit ){
+    assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+    pPage->isInit = 0;
+    if( sqlite3PagerPageRefcount(pData)>1 ){
+      /* pPage might not be a btree page;  it might be an overflow page
+      ** or ptrmap page or a free page.  In those cases, the following
+      ** call to btreeInitPage() will likely return SQLITE_CORRUPT.
+      ** But no harm is done by this.  And it is very important that
+      ** btreeInitPage() be called on every btree page so we make
+      ** the call for every page that comes in for re-initing. */
+      btreeInitPage(pPage);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke the busy handler for a btree.
+*/
+static int btreeInvokeBusyHandler(void *pArg){
+  BtShared *pBt = (BtShared*)pArg;
+  assert( pBt->db );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->db->mutex) );
+  return sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(&pBt->db->busyHandler);
+}
+
+/*
+** Open a database file.
+** 
+** zFilename is the name of the database file.  If zFilename is NULL
+** then an ephemeral database is created.  The ephemeral database might
+** be exclusively in memory, or it might use a disk-based memory cache.
+** Either way, the ephemeral database will be automatically deleted 
+** when sqlite3BtreeClose() is called.
+**
+** If zFilename is ":memory:" then an in-memory database is created
+** that is automatically destroyed when it is closed.
+**
+** The "flags" parameter is a bitmask that might contain bits
+** BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL and/or BTREE_NO_READLOCK.  The BTREE_NO_READLOCK
+** bit is also set if the SQLITE_NoReadlock flags is set in db->flags.
+** These flags are passed through into sqlite3PagerOpen() and must
+** be the same values as PAGER_OMIT_JOURNAL and PAGER_NO_READLOCK.
+**
+** If the database is already opened in the same database connection
+** and we are in shared cache mode, then the open will fail with an
+** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT error.  We cannot allow two or more BtShared
+** objects in the same database connection since doing so will lead
+** to problems with locking.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,      /* VFS to use for this b-tree */
+  const char *zFilename,  /* Name of the file containing the BTree database */
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Associated database handle */
+  Btree **ppBtree,        /* Pointer to new Btree object written here */
+  int flags,              /* Options */
+  int vfsFlags            /* Flags passed through to sqlite3_vfs.xOpen() */
+){
+  BtShared *pBt = 0;             /* Shared part of btree structure */
+  Btree *p;                      /* Handle to return */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutexOpen = 0;  /* Prevents a race condition. Ticket #3537 */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;            /* Result code from this function */
+  u8 nReserve;                   /* Byte of unused space on each page */
+  unsigned char zDbHeader[100];  /* Database header content */
+
+  /* True if opening an ephemeral, temporary database */
+  const int isTempDb = zFilename==0 || zFilename[0]==0;
+
+  /* Set the variable isMemdb to true for an in-memory database, or 
+  ** false for a file-based database.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
+  const int isMemdb = 0;
+#else
+  const int isMemdb = (zFilename && strcmp(zFilename, ":memory:")==0)
+                       || (isTempDb && sqlite3TempInMemory(db));
+#endif
+
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  assert( pVfs!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  assert( (flags&0xff)==flags );   /* flags fit in 8 bits */
+
+  /* Only a BTREE_SINGLE database can be BTREE_UNORDERED */
+  assert( (flags & BTREE_UNORDERED)==0 || (flags & BTREE_SINGLE)!=0 );
+
+  /* A BTREE_SINGLE database is always a temporary and/or ephemeral */
+  assert( (flags & BTREE_SINGLE)==0 || isTempDb );
+
+  if( db->flags & SQLITE_NoReadlock ){
+    flags |= BTREE_NO_READLOCK;
+  }
+  if( isMemdb ){
+    flags |= BTREE_MEMORY;
+  }
+  if( (vfsFlags & SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB)!=0 && (isMemdb || isTempDb) ){
+    vfsFlags = (vfsFlags & ~SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB) | SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB;
+  }
+  p = sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(Btree));
+  if( !p ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  p->inTrans = TRANS_NONE;
+  p->db = db;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  p->lock.pBtree = p;
+  p->lock.iTable = 1;
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DISKIO)
+  /*
+  ** If this Btree is a candidate for shared cache, try to find an
+  ** existing BtShared object that we can share with
+  */
+  if( isMemdb==0 && isTempDb==0 ){
+    if( vfsFlags & SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE ){
+      int nFullPathname = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
+      char *zFullPathname = sqlite3Malloc(nFullPathname);
+      sqlite3_mutex *mutexShared;
+      p->sharable = 1;
+      if( !zFullPathname ){
+        sqlite3_free(p);
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+      sqlite3OsFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename, nFullPathname, zFullPathname);
+      mutexOpen = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN);
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutexOpen);
+      mutexShared = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutexShared);
+      for(pBt=GLOBAL(BtShared*,sqlite3SharedCacheList); pBt; pBt=pBt->pNext){
+        assert( pBt->nRef>0 );
+        if( 0==strcmp(zFullPathname, sqlite3PagerFilename(pBt->pPager))
+                 && sqlite3PagerVfs(pBt->pPager)==pVfs ){
+          int iDb;
+          for(iDb=db->nDb-1; iDb>=0; iDb--){
+            Btree *pExisting = db->aDb[iDb].pBt;
+            if( pExisting && pExisting->pBt==pBt ){
+              sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutexShared);
+              sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutexOpen);
+              sqlite3_free(zFullPathname);
+              sqlite3_free(p);
+              return SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+            }
+          }
+          p->pBt = pBt;
+          pBt->nRef++;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutexShared);
+      sqlite3_free(zFullPathname);
+    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    else{
+      /* In debug mode, we mark all persistent databases as sharable
+      ** even when they are not.  This exercises the locking code and
+      ** gives more opportunity for asserts(sqlite3_mutex_held())
+      ** statements to find locking problems.
+      */
+      p->sharable = 1;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+#endif
+  if( pBt==0 ){
+    /*
+    ** The following asserts make sure that structures used by the btree are
+    ** the right size.  This is to guard against size changes that result
+    ** when compiling on a different architecture.
+    */
+    assert( sizeof(i64)==8 || sizeof(i64)==4 );
+    assert( sizeof(u64)==8 || sizeof(u64)==4 );
+    assert( sizeof(u32)==4 );
+    assert( sizeof(u16)==2 );
+    assert( sizeof(Pgno)==4 );
+  
+    pBt = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*pBt) );
+    if( pBt==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      goto btree_open_out;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3PagerOpen(pVfs, &pBt->pPager, zFilename,
+                          EXTRA_SIZE, flags, vfsFlags, pageReinit);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3PagerReadFileheader(pBt->pPager,sizeof(zDbHeader),zDbHeader);
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto btree_open_out;
+    }
+    pBt->openFlags = (u8)flags;
+    pBt->db = db;
+    sqlite3PagerSetBusyhandler(pBt->pPager, btreeInvokeBusyHandler, pBt);
+    p->pBt = pBt;
+  
+    pBt->pCursor = 0;
+    pBt->pPage1 = 0;
+    pBt->readOnly = sqlite3PagerIsreadonly(pBt->pPager);
+#ifdef SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE
+    pBt->secureDelete = 1;
+#endif
+    pBt->pageSize = (zDbHeader[16]<<8) | (zDbHeader[17]<<16);
+    if( pBt->pageSize<512 || pBt->pageSize>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+         || ((pBt->pageSize-1)&pBt->pageSize)!=0 ){
+      pBt->pageSize = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+      /* If the magic name ":memory:" will create an in-memory database, then
+      ** leave the autoVacuum mode at 0 (do not auto-vacuum), even if
+      ** SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM is true. On the other hand, if
+      ** SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB has been defined, then ":memory:" is just a
+      ** regular file-name. In this case the auto-vacuum applies as per normal.
+      */
+      if( zFilename && !isMemdb ){
+        pBt->autoVacuum = (SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM ? 1 : 0);
+        pBt->incrVacuum = (SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM==2 ? 1 : 0);
+      }
+#endif
+      nReserve = 0;
+    }else{
+      nReserve = zDbHeader[20];
+      pBt->pageSizeFixed = 1;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+      pBt->autoVacuum = (get4byte(&zDbHeader[36 + 4*4])?1:0);
+      pBt->incrVacuum = (get4byte(&zDbHeader[36 + 7*4])?1:0);
+#endif
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(pBt->pPager, &pBt->pageSize, nReserve);
+    if( rc ) goto btree_open_out;
+    pBt->usableSize = pBt->pageSize - nReserve;
+    assert( (pBt->pageSize & 7)==0 );  /* 8-byte alignment of pageSize */
+   
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DISKIO)
+    /* Add the new BtShared object to the linked list sharable BtShareds.
+    */
+    if( p->sharable ){
+      sqlite3_mutex *mutexShared;
+      pBt->nRef = 1;
+      mutexShared = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+      if( SQLITE_THREADSAFE && sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex ){
+        pBt->mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST);
+        if( pBt->mutex==0 ){
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          db->mallocFailed = 0;
+          goto btree_open_out;
+        }
+      }
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutexShared);
+      pBt->pNext = GLOBAL(BtShared*,sqlite3SharedCacheList);
+      GLOBAL(BtShared*,sqlite3SharedCacheList) = pBt;
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutexShared);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DISKIO)
+  /* If the new Btree uses a sharable pBtShared, then link the new
+  ** Btree into the list of all sharable Btrees for the same connection.
+  ** The list is kept in ascending order by pBt address.
+  */
+  if( p->sharable ){
+    int i;
+    Btree *pSib;
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+      if( (pSib = db->aDb[i].pBt)!=0 && pSib->sharable ){
+        while( pSib->pPrev ){ pSib = pSib->pPrev; }
+        if( p->pBt<pSib->pBt ){
+          p->pNext = pSib;
+          p->pPrev = 0;
+          pSib->pPrev = p;
+        }else{
+          while( pSib->pNext && pSib->pNext->pBt<p->pBt ){
+            pSib = pSib->pNext;
+          }
+          p->pNext = pSib->pNext;
+          p->pPrev = pSib;
+          if( p->pNext ){
+            p->pNext->pPrev = p;
+          }
+          pSib->pNext = p;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  *ppBtree = p;
+
+btree_open_out:
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( pBt && pBt->pPager ){
+      sqlite3PagerClose(pBt->pPager);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(pBt);
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+    *ppBtree = 0;
+  }else{
+    /* If the B-Tree was successfully opened, set the pager-cache size to the
+    ** default value. Except, when opening on an existing shared pager-cache,
+    ** do not change the pager-cache size.
+    */
+    if( sqlite3BtreeSchema(p, 0, 0)==0 ){
+      sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(p->pBt->pPager, SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE);
+    }
+  }
+  if( mutexOpen ){
+    assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mutexOpen) );
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutexOpen);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Decrement the BtShared.nRef counter.  When it reaches zero,
+** remove the BtShared structure from the sharing list.  Return
+** true if the BtShared.nRef counter reaches zero and return
+** false if it is still positive.
+*/
+static int removeFromSharingList(BtShared *pBt){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  sqlite3_mutex *pMaster;
+  BtShared *pList;
+  int removed = 0;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(pBt->mutex) );
+  pMaster = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMaster);
+  pBt->nRef--;
+  if( pBt->nRef<=0 ){
+    if( GLOBAL(BtShared*,sqlite3SharedCacheList)==pBt ){
+      GLOBAL(BtShared*,sqlite3SharedCacheList) = pBt->pNext;
+    }else{
+      pList = GLOBAL(BtShared*,sqlite3SharedCacheList);
+      while( ALWAYS(pList) && pList->pNext!=pBt ){
+        pList=pList->pNext;
+      }
+      if( ALWAYS(pList) ){
+        pList->pNext = pBt->pNext;
+      }
+    }
+    if( SQLITE_THREADSAFE ){
+      sqlite3_mutex_free(pBt->mutex);
+    }
+    removed = 1;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pMaster);
+  return removed;
+#else
+  return 1;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Make sure pBt->pTmpSpace points to an allocation of 
+** MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt) bytes.
+*/
+static void allocateTempSpace(BtShared *pBt){
+  if( !pBt->pTmpSpace ){
+    pBt->pTmpSpace = sqlite3PageMalloc( pBt->pageSize );
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Free the pBt->pTmpSpace allocation
+*/
+static void freeTempSpace(BtShared *pBt){
+  sqlite3PageFree( pBt->pTmpSpace);
+  pBt->pTmpSpace = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close an open database and invalidate all cursors.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClose(Btree *p){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  BtCursor *pCur;
+
+  /* Close all cursors opened via this handle.  */
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  pCur = pBt->pCursor;
+  while( pCur ){
+    BtCursor *pTmp = pCur;
+    pCur = pCur->pNext;
+    if( pTmp->pBtree==p ){
+      sqlite3BtreeCloseCursor(pTmp);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Rollback any active transaction and free the handle structure.
+  ** The call to sqlite3BtreeRollback() drops any table-locks held by
+  ** this handle.
+  */
+  sqlite3BtreeRollback(p);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+
+  /* If there are still other outstanding references to the shared-btree
+  ** structure, return now. The remainder of this procedure cleans 
+  ** up the shared-btree.
+  */
+  assert( p->wantToLock==0 && p->locked==0 );
+  if( !p->sharable || removeFromSharingList(pBt) ){
+    /* The pBt is no longer on the sharing list, so we can access
+    ** it without having to hold the mutex.
+    **
+    ** Clean out and delete the BtShared object.
+    */
+    assert( !pBt->pCursor );
+    sqlite3PagerClose(pBt->pPager);
+    if( pBt->xFreeSchema && pBt->pSchema ){
+      pBt->xFreeSchema(pBt->pSchema);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(0, pBt->pSchema);
+    freeTempSpace(pBt);
+    sqlite3_free(pBt);
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  assert( p->wantToLock==0 );
+  assert( p->locked==0 );
+  if( p->pPrev ) p->pPrev->pNext = p->pNext;
+  if( p->pNext ) p->pNext->pPrev = p->pPrev;
+#endif
+
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the limit on the number of pages allowed in the cache.
+**
+** The maximum number of cache pages is set to the absolute
+** value of mxPage.  If mxPage is negative, the pager will
+** operate asynchronously - it will not stop to do fsync()s
+** to insure data is written to the disk surface before
+** continuing.  Transactions still work if synchronous is off,
+** and the database cannot be corrupted if this program
+** crashes.  But if the operating system crashes or there is
+** an abrupt power failure when synchronous is off, the database
+** could be left in an inconsistent and unrecoverable state.
+** Synchronous is on by default so database corruption is not
+** normally a worry.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(Btree *p, int mxPage){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(pBt->pPager, mxPage);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the way data is synced to disk in order to increase or decrease
+** how well the database resists damage due to OS crashes and power
+** failures.  Level 1 is the same as asynchronous (no syncs() occur and
+** there is a high probability of damage)  Level 2 is the default.  There
+** is a very low but non-zero probability of damage.  Level 3 reduces the
+** probability of damage to near zero but with a write performance reduction.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(
+  Btree *p,              /* The btree to set the safety level on */
+  int level,             /* PRAGMA synchronous.  1=OFF, 2=NORMAL, 3=FULL */
+  int fullSync,          /* PRAGMA fullfsync. */
+  int ckptFullSync       /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfync */
+){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  assert( level>=1 && level<=3 );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(pBt->pPager, level, fullSync, ckptFullSync);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the given btree is set to safety level 1.  In other
+** words, return TRUE if no sync() occurs on the disk files.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSyncDisabled(Btree *p){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  int rc;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );  
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  assert( pBt && pBt->pPager );
+  rc = sqlite3PagerNosync(pBt->pPager);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the default pages size and the number of reserved bytes per page.
+** Or, if the page size has already been fixed, return SQLITE_READONLY 
+** without changing anything.
+**
+** The page size must be a power of 2 between 512 and 65536.  If the page
+** size supplied does not meet this constraint then the page size is not
+** changed.
+**
+** Page sizes are constrained to be a power of two so that the region
+** of the database file used for locking (beginning at PENDING_BYTE,
+** the first byte past the 1GB boundary, 0x40000000) needs to occur
+** at the beginning of a page.
+**
+** If parameter nReserve is less than zero, then the number of reserved
+** bytes per page is left unchanged.
+**
+** If the iFix!=0 then the pageSizeFixed flag is set so that the page size
+** and autovacuum mode can no longer be changed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(Btree *p, int pageSize, int nReserve, int iFix){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  assert( nReserve>=-1 && nReserve<=255 );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  if( pBt->pageSizeFixed ){
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+    return SQLITE_READONLY;
+  }
+  if( nReserve<0 ){
+    nReserve = pBt->pageSize - pBt->usableSize;
+  }
+  assert( nReserve>=0 && nReserve<=255 );
+  if( pageSize>=512 && pageSize<=SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE &&
+        ((pageSize-1)&pageSize)==0 ){
+    assert( (pageSize & 7)==0 );
+    assert( !pBt->pPage1 && !pBt->pCursor );
+    pBt->pageSize = (u32)pageSize;
+    freeTempSpace(pBt);
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(pBt->pPager, &pBt->pageSize, nReserve);
+  pBt->usableSize = pBt->pageSize - (u16)nReserve;
+  if( iFix ) pBt->pageSizeFixed = 1;
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the currently defined page size
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(Btree *p){
+  return p->pBt->pageSize;
+}
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM)
+/*
+** Return the number of bytes of space at the end of every page that
+** are intentually left unused.  This is the "reserved" space that is
+** sometimes used by extensions.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(Btree *p){
+  int n;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  n = p->pBt->pageSize - p->pBt->usableSize;
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the maximum page count for a database if mxPage is positive.
+** No changes are made if mxPage is 0 or negative.
+** Regardless of the value of mxPage, return the maximum page count.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMaxPageCount(Btree *p, int mxPage){
+  int n;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  n = sqlite3PagerMaxPageCount(p->pBt->pPager, mxPage);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the secureDelete flag if newFlag is 0 or 1.  If newFlag is -1,
+** then make no changes.  Always return the value of the secureDelete
+** setting after the change.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(Btree *p, int newFlag){
+  int b;
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  if( newFlag>=0 ){
+    p->pBt->secureDelete = (newFlag!=0) ? 1 : 0;
+  } 
+  b = p->pBt->secureDelete;
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return b;
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM) */
+
+/*
+** Change the 'auto-vacuum' property of the database. If the 'autoVacuum'
+** parameter is non-zero, then auto-vacuum mode is enabled. If zero, it
+** is disabled. The default value for the auto-vacuum property is 
+** determined by the SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM macro.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(Btree *p, int autoVacuum){
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  return SQLITE_READONLY;
+#else
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  u8 av = (u8)autoVacuum;
+
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  if( pBt->pageSizeFixed && (av ?1:0)!=pBt->autoVacuum ){
+    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+  }else{
+    pBt->autoVacuum = av ?1:0;
+    pBt->incrVacuum = av==2 ?1:0;
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the value of the 'auto-vacuum' property. If auto-vacuum is 
+** enabled 1 is returned. Otherwise 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(Btree *p){
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  return BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_NONE;
+#else
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  rc = (
+    (!p->pBt->autoVacuum)?BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_NONE:
+    (!p->pBt->incrVacuum)?BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_FULL:
+    BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_INCR
+  );
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Get a reference to pPage1 of the database file.  This will
+** also acquire a readlock on that file.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned on success.  If the file is not a
+** well-formed database file, then SQLITE_CORRUPT is returned.
+** SQLITE_BUSY is returned if the database is locked.  SQLITE_NOMEM
+** is returned if we run out of memory. 
+*/
+static int lockBtree(BtShared *pBt){
+  int rc;              /* Result code from subfunctions */
+  MemPage *pPage1;     /* Page 1 of the database file */
+  int nPage;           /* Number of pages in the database */
+  int nPageFile = 0;   /* Number of pages in the database file */
+  int nPageHeader;     /* Number of pages in the database according to hdr */
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( pBt->pPage1==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3PagerSharedLock(pBt->pPager);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, 1, &pPage1, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  /* Do some checking to help insure the file we opened really is
+  ** a valid database file. 
+  */
+  nPage = nPageHeader = get4byte(28+(u8*)pPage1->aData);
+  sqlite3PagerPagecount(pBt->pPager, &nPageFile);
+  if( nPage==0 || memcmp(24+(u8*)pPage1->aData, 92+(u8*)pPage1->aData,4)!=0 ){
+    nPage = nPageFile;
+  }
+  if( nPage>0 ){
+    u32 pageSize;
+    u32 usableSize;
+    u8 *page1 = pPage1->aData;
+    rc = SQLITE_NOTADB;
+    if( memcmp(page1, zMagicHeader, 16)!=0 ){
+      goto page1_init_failed;
+    }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+    if( page1[18]>1 ){
+      pBt->readOnly = 1;
+    }
+    if( page1[19]>1 ){
+      goto page1_init_failed;
+    }
+#else
+    if( page1[18]>2 ){
+      pBt->readOnly = 1;
+    }
+    if( page1[19]>2 ){
+      goto page1_init_failed;
+    }
+
+    /* If the write version is set to 2, this database should be accessed
+    ** in WAL mode. If the log is not already open, open it now. Then 
+    ** return SQLITE_OK and return without populating BtShared.pPage1.
+    ** The caller detects this and calls this function again. This is
+    ** required as the version of page 1 currently in the page1 buffer
+    ** may not be the latest version - there may be a newer one in the log
+    ** file.
+    */
+    if( page1[19]==2 && pBt->doNotUseWAL==0 ){
+      int isOpen = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3PagerOpenWal(pBt->pPager, &isOpen);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto page1_init_failed;
+      }else if( isOpen==0 ){
+        releasePage(pPage1);
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      rc = SQLITE_NOTADB;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* The maximum embedded fraction must be exactly 25%.  And the minimum
+    ** embedded fraction must be 12.5% for both leaf-data and non-leaf-data.
+    ** The original design allowed these amounts to vary, but as of
+    ** version 3.6.0, we require them to be fixed.
+    */
+    if( memcmp(&page1[21], "\100\040\040",3)!=0 ){
+      goto page1_init_failed;
+    }
+    pageSize = (page1[16]<<8) | (page1[17]<<16);
+    if( ((pageSize-1)&pageSize)!=0
+     || pageSize>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE 
+     || pageSize<=256 
+    ){
+      goto page1_init_failed;
+    }
+    assert( (pageSize & 7)==0 );
+    usableSize = pageSize - page1[20];
+    if( (u32)pageSize!=pBt->pageSize ){
+      /* After reading the first page of the database assuming a page size
+      ** of BtShared.pageSize, we have discovered that the page-size is
+      ** actually pageSize. Unlock the database, leave pBt->pPage1 at
+      ** zero and return SQLITE_OK. The caller will call this function
+      ** again with the correct page-size.
+      */
+      releasePage(pPage1);
+      pBt->usableSize = usableSize;
+      pBt->pageSize = pageSize;
+      freeTempSpace(pBt);
+      rc = sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(pBt->pPager, &pBt->pageSize,
+                                   pageSize-usableSize);
+      return rc;
+    }
+    if( (pBt->db->flags & SQLITE_RecoveryMode)==0 && nPage>nPageFile ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      goto page1_init_failed;
+    }
+    if( usableSize<480 ){
+      goto page1_init_failed;
+    }
+    pBt->pageSize = pageSize;
+    pBt->usableSize = usableSize;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    pBt->autoVacuum = (get4byte(&page1[36 + 4*4])?1:0);
+    pBt->incrVacuum = (get4byte(&page1[36 + 7*4])?1:0);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  /* maxLocal is the maximum amount of payload to store locally for
+  ** a cell.  Make sure it is small enough so that at least minFanout
+  ** cells can will fit on one page.  We assume a 10-byte page header.
+  ** Besides the payload, the cell must store:
+  **     2-byte pointer to the cell
+  **     4-byte child pointer
+  **     9-byte nKey value
+  **     4-byte nData value
+  **     4-byte overflow page pointer
+  ** So a cell consists of a 2-byte pointer, a header which is as much as
+  ** 17 bytes long, 0 to N bytes of payload, and an optional 4 byte overflow
+  ** page pointer.
+  */
+  pBt->maxLocal = (u16)((pBt->usableSize-12)*64/255 - 23);
+  pBt->minLocal = (u16)((pBt->usableSize-12)*32/255 - 23);
+  pBt->maxLeaf = (u16)(pBt->usableSize - 35);
+  pBt->minLeaf = (u16)((pBt->usableSize-12)*32/255 - 23);
+  assert( pBt->maxLeaf + 23 <= MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt) );
+  pBt->pPage1 = pPage1;
+  pBt->nPage = nPage;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+
+page1_init_failed:
+  releasePage(pPage1);
+  pBt->pPage1 = 0;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** If there are no outstanding cursors and we are not in the middle
+** of a transaction but there is a read lock on the database, then
+** this routine unrefs the first page of the database file which 
+** has the effect of releasing the read lock.
+**
+** If there is a transaction in progress, this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+static void unlockBtreeIfUnused(BtShared *pBt){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( pBt->pCursor==0 || pBt->inTransaction>TRANS_NONE );
+  if( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_NONE && pBt->pPage1!=0 ){
+    assert( pBt->pPage1->aData );
+    assert( sqlite3PagerRefcount(pBt->pPager)==1 );
+    assert( pBt->pPage1->aData );
+    releasePage(pBt->pPage1);
+    pBt->pPage1 = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If pBt points to an empty file then convert that empty file
+** into a new empty database by initializing the first page of
+** the database.
+*/
+static int newDatabase(BtShared *pBt){
+  MemPage *pP1;
+  unsigned char *data;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  if( pBt->nPage>0 ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  pP1 = pBt->pPage1;
+  assert( pP1!=0 );
+  data = pP1->aData;
+  rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pP1->pDbPage);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  memcpy(data, zMagicHeader, sizeof(zMagicHeader));
+  assert( sizeof(zMagicHeader)==16 );
+  data[16] = (u8)((pBt->pageSize>>8)&0xff);
+  data[17] = (u8)((pBt->pageSize>>16)&0xff);
+  data[18] = 1;
+  data[19] = 1;
+  assert( pBt->usableSize<=pBt->pageSize && pBt->usableSize+255>=pBt->pageSize);
+  data[20] = (u8)(pBt->pageSize - pBt->usableSize);
+  data[21] = 64;
+  data[22] = 32;
+  data[23] = 32;
+  memset(&data[24], 0, 100-24);
+  zeroPage(pP1, PTF_INTKEY|PTF_LEAF|PTF_LEAFDATA );
+  pBt->pageSizeFixed = 1;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  assert( pBt->autoVacuum==1 || pBt->autoVacuum==0 );
+  assert( pBt->incrVacuum==1 || pBt->incrVacuum==0 );
+  put4byte(&data[36 + 4*4], pBt->autoVacuum);
+  put4byte(&data[36 + 7*4], pBt->incrVacuum);
+#endif
+  pBt->nPage = 1;
+  data[31] = 1;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to start a new transaction. A write-transaction
+** is started if the second argument is nonzero, otherwise a read-
+** transaction.  If the second argument is 2 or more and exclusive
+** transaction is started, meaning that no other process is allowed
+** to access the database.  A preexisting transaction may not be
+** upgraded to exclusive by calling this routine a second time - the
+** exclusivity flag only works for a new transaction.
+**
+** A write-transaction must be started before attempting any 
+** changes to the database.  None of the following routines 
+** will work unless a transaction is started first:
+**
+**      sqlite3BtreeCreateTable()
+**      sqlite3BtreeCreateIndex()
+**      sqlite3BtreeClearTable()
+**      sqlite3BtreeDropTable()
+**      sqlite3BtreeInsert()
+**      sqlite3BtreeDelete()
+**      sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta()
+**
+** If an initial attempt to acquire the lock fails because of lock contention
+** and the database was previously unlocked, then invoke the busy handler
+** if there is one.  But if there was previously a read-lock, do not
+** invoke the busy handler - just return SQLITE_BUSY.  SQLITE_BUSY is 
+** returned when there is already a read-lock in order to avoid a deadlock.
+**
+** Suppose there are two processes A and B.  A has a read lock and B has
+** a reserved lock.  B tries to promote to exclusive but is blocked because
+** of A's read lock.  A tries to promote to reserved but is blocked by B.
+** One or the other of the two processes must give way or there can be
+** no progress.  By returning SQLITE_BUSY and not invoking the busy callback
+** when A already has a read lock, we encourage A to give up and let B
+** proceed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(Btree *p, int wrflag){
+  sqlite3 *pBlock = 0;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  btreeIntegrity(p);
+
+  /* If the btree is already in a write-transaction, or it
+  ** is already in a read-transaction and a read-transaction
+  ** is requested, this is a no-op.
+  */
+  if( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE || (p->inTrans==TRANS_READ && !wrflag) ){
+    goto trans_begun;
+  }
+
+  /* Write transactions are not possible on a read-only database */
+  if( pBt->readOnly && wrflag ){
+    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+    goto trans_begun;
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  /* If another database handle has already opened a write transaction 
+  ** on this shared-btree structure and a second write transaction is
+  ** requested, return SQLITE_LOCKED.
+  */
+  if( (wrflag && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE) || pBt->isPending ){
+    pBlock = pBt->pWriter->db;
+  }else if( wrflag>1 ){
+    BtLock *pIter;
+    for(pIter=pBt->pLock; pIter; pIter=pIter->pNext){
+      if( pIter->pBtree!=p ){
+        pBlock = pIter->pBtree->db;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( pBlock ){
+    sqlite3ConnectionBlocked(p->db, pBlock);
+    rc = SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE;
+    goto trans_begun;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Any read-only or read-write transaction implies a read-lock on 
+  ** page 1. So if some other shared-cache client already has a write-lock 
+  ** on page 1, the transaction cannot be opened. */
+  rc = querySharedCacheTableLock(p, MASTER_ROOT, READ_LOCK);
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ) goto trans_begun;
+
+  pBt->initiallyEmpty = (u8)(pBt->nPage==0);
+  do {
+    /* Call lockBtree() until either pBt->pPage1 is populated or
+    ** lockBtree() returns something other than SQLITE_OK. lockBtree()
+    ** may return SQLITE_OK but leave pBt->pPage1 set to 0 if after
+    ** reading page 1 it discovers that the page-size of the database 
+    ** file is not pBt->pageSize. In this case lockBtree() will update
+    ** pBt->pageSize to the page-size of the file on disk.
+    */
+    while( pBt->pPage1==0 && SQLITE_OK==(rc = lockBtree(pBt)) );
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && wrflag ){
+      if( pBt->readOnly ){
+        rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+      }else{
+        rc = sqlite3PagerBegin(pBt->pPager,wrflag>1,sqlite3TempInMemory(p->db));
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = newDatabase(pBt);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      unlockBtreeIfUnused(pBt);
+    }
+  }while( (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_BUSY && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_NONE &&
+          btreeInvokeBusyHandler(pBt) );
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( p->inTrans==TRANS_NONE ){
+      pBt->nTransaction++;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+      if( p->sharable ){
+	assert( p->lock.pBtree==p && p->lock.iTable==1 );
+        p->lock.eLock = READ_LOCK;
+        p->lock.pNext = pBt->pLock;
+        pBt->pLock = &p->lock;
+      }
+#endif
+    }
+    p->inTrans = (wrflag?TRANS_WRITE:TRANS_READ);
+    if( p->inTrans>pBt->inTransaction ){
+      pBt->inTransaction = p->inTrans;
+    }
+    if( wrflag ){
+      MemPage *pPage1 = pBt->pPage1;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+      assert( !pBt->pWriter );
+      pBt->pWriter = p;
+      pBt->isExclusive = (u8)(wrflag>1);
+#endif
+
+      /* If the db-size header field is incorrect (as it may be if an old
+      ** client has been writing the database file), update it now. Doing
+      ** this sooner rather than later means the database size can safely 
+      ** re-read the database size from page 1 if a savepoint or transaction
+      ** rollback occurs within the transaction.
+      */
+      if( pBt->nPage!=get4byte(&pPage1->aData[28]) ){
+        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage1->pDbPage);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          put4byte(&pPage1->aData[28], pBt->nPage);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+
+trans_begun:
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && wrflag ){
+    /* This call makes sure that the pager has the correct number of
+    ** open savepoints. If the second parameter is greater than 0 and
+    ** the sub-journal is not already open, then it will be opened here.
+    */
+    rc = sqlite3PagerOpenSavepoint(pBt->pPager, p->db->nSavepoint);
+  }
+
+  btreeIntegrity(p);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+
+/*
+** Set the pointer-map entries for all children of page pPage. Also, if
+** pPage contains cells that point to overflow pages, set the pointer
+** map entries for the overflow pages as well.
+*/
+static int setChildPtrmaps(MemPage *pPage){
+  int i;                             /* Counter variable */
+  int nCell;                         /* Number of cells in page pPage */
+  int rc;                            /* Return code */
+  BtShared *pBt = pPage->pBt;
+  u8 isInitOrig = pPage->isInit;
+  Pgno pgno = pPage->pgno;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  rc = btreeInitPage(pPage);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto set_child_ptrmaps_out;
+  }
+  nCell = pPage->nCell;
+
+  for(i=0; i<nCell; i++){
+    u8 *pCell = findCell(pPage, i);
+
+    ptrmapPutOvflPtr(pPage, pCell, &rc);
+
+    if( !pPage->leaf ){
+      Pgno childPgno = get4byte(pCell);
+      ptrmapPut(pBt, childPgno, PTRMAP_BTREE, pgno, &rc);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( !pPage->leaf ){
+    Pgno childPgno = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);
+    ptrmapPut(pBt, childPgno, PTRMAP_BTREE, pgno, &rc);
+  }
+
+set_child_ptrmaps_out:
+  pPage->isInit = isInitOrig;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Somewhere on pPage is a pointer to page iFrom.  Modify this pointer so
+** that it points to iTo. Parameter eType describes the type of pointer to
+** be modified, as  follows:
+**
+** PTRMAP_BTREE:     pPage is a btree-page. The pointer points at a child 
+**                   page of pPage.
+**
+** PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1: pPage is a btree-page. The pointer points at an overflow
+**                   page pointed to by one of the cells on pPage.
+**
+** PTRMAP_OVERFLOW2: pPage is an overflow-page. The pointer points at the next
+**                   overflow page in the list.
+*/
+static int modifyPagePointer(MemPage *pPage, Pgno iFrom, Pgno iTo, u8 eType){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  if( eType==PTRMAP_OVERFLOW2 ){
+    /* The pointer is always the first 4 bytes of the page in this case.  */
+    if( get4byte(pPage->aData)!=iFrom ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+    put4byte(pPage->aData, iTo);
+  }else{
+    u8 isInitOrig = pPage->isInit;
+    int i;
+    int nCell;
+
+    btreeInitPage(pPage);
+    nCell = pPage->nCell;
+
+    for(i=0; i<nCell; i++){
+      u8 *pCell = findCell(pPage, i);
+      if( eType==PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1 ){
+        CellInfo info;
+        btreeParseCellPtr(pPage, pCell, &info);
+        if( info.iOverflow ){
+          if( iFrom==get4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow]) ){
+            put4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow], iTo);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }else{
+        if( get4byte(pCell)==iFrom ){
+          put4byte(pCell, iTo);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  
+    if( i==nCell ){
+      if( eType!=PTRMAP_BTREE || 
+          get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8])!=iFrom ){
+        return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      }
+      put4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8], iTo);
+    }
+
+    pPage->isInit = isInitOrig;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Move the open database page pDbPage to location iFreePage in the 
+** database. The pDbPage reference remains valid.
+**
+** The isCommit flag indicates that there is no need to remember that
+** the journal needs to be sync()ed before database page pDbPage->pgno 
+** can be written to. The caller has already promised not to write to that
+** page.
+*/
+static int relocatePage(
+  BtShared *pBt,           /* Btree */
+  MemPage *pDbPage,        /* Open page to move */
+  u8 eType,                /* Pointer map 'type' entry for pDbPage */
+  Pgno iPtrPage,           /* Pointer map 'page-no' entry for pDbPage */
+  Pgno iFreePage,          /* The location to move pDbPage to */
+  int isCommit             /* isCommit flag passed to sqlite3PagerMovepage */
+){
+  MemPage *pPtrPage;   /* The page that contains a pointer to pDbPage */
+  Pgno iDbPage = pDbPage->pgno;
+  Pager *pPager = pBt->pPager;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( eType==PTRMAP_OVERFLOW2 || eType==PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1 || 
+      eType==PTRMAP_BTREE || eType==PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( pDbPage->pBt==pBt );
+
+  /* Move page iDbPage from its current location to page number iFreePage */
+  TRACE(("AUTOVACUUM: Moving %d to free page %d (ptr page %d type %d)\n", 
+      iDbPage, iFreePage, iPtrPage, eType));
+  rc = sqlite3PagerMovepage(pPager, pDbPage->pDbPage, iFreePage, isCommit);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  pDbPage->pgno = iFreePage;
+
+  /* If pDbPage was a btree-page, then it may have child pages and/or cells
+  ** that point to overflow pages. The pointer map entries for all these
+  ** pages need to be changed.
+  **
+  ** If pDbPage is an overflow page, then the first 4 bytes may store a
+  ** pointer to a subsequent overflow page. If this is the case, then
+  ** the pointer map needs to be updated for the subsequent overflow page.
+  */
+  if( eType==PTRMAP_BTREE || eType==PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE ){
+    rc = setChildPtrmaps(pDbPage);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }else{
+    Pgno nextOvfl = get4byte(pDbPage->aData);
+    if( nextOvfl!=0 ){
+      ptrmapPut(pBt, nextOvfl, PTRMAP_OVERFLOW2, iFreePage, &rc);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Fix the database pointer on page iPtrPage that pointed at iDbPage so
+  ** that it points at iFreePage. Also fix the pointer map entry for
+  ** iPtrPage.
+  */
+  if( eType!=PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE ){
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iPtrPage, &pPtrPage, 0);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPtrPage->pDbPage);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      releasePage(pPtrPage);
+      return rc;
+    }
+    rc = modifyPagePointer(pPtrPage, iDbPage, iFreePage, eType);
+    releasePage(pPtrPage);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      ptrmapPut(pBt, iFreePage, eType, iPtrPage, &rc);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* Forward declaration required by incrVacuumStep(). */
+static int allocateBtreePage(BtShared *, MemPage **, Pgno *, Pgno, u8);
+
+/*
+** Perform a single step of an incremental-vacuum. If successful,
+** return SQLITE_OK. If there is no work to do (and therefore no
+** point in calling this function again), return SQLITE_DONE.
+**
+** More specificly, this function attempts to re-organize the 
+** database so that the last page of the file currently in use
+** is no longer in use.
+**
+** If the nFin parameter is non-zero, this function assumes
+** that the caller will keep calling incrVacuumStep() until
+** it returns SQLITE_DONE or an error, and that nFin is the
+** number of pages the database file will contain after this 
+** process is complete.  If nFin is zero, it is assumed that
+** incrVacuumStep() will be called a finite amount of times
+** which may or may not empty the freelist.  A full autovacuum
+** has nFin>0.  A "PRAGMA incremental_vacuum" has nFin==0.
+*/
+static int incrVacuumStep(BtShared *pBt, Pgno nFin, Pgno iLastPg){
+  Pgno nFreeList;           /* Number of pages still on the free-list */
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( iLastPg>nFin );
+
+  if( !PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iLastPg) && iLastPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+    u8 eType;
+    Pgno iPtrPage;
+
+    nFreeList = get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36]);
+    if( nFreeList==0 ){
+      return SQLITE_DONE;
+    }
+
+    rc = ptrmapGet(pBt, iLastPg, &eType, &iPtrPage);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    if( eType==PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+
+    if( eType==PTRMAP_FREEPAGE ){
+      if( nFin==0 ){
+        /* Remove the page from the files free-list. This is not required
+        ** if nFin is non-zero. In that case, the free-list will be
+        ** truncated to zero after this function returns, so it doesn't 
+        ** matter if it still contains some garbage entries.
+        */
+        Pgno iFreePg;
+        MemPage *pFreePg;
+        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, iLastPg, 1);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+        assert( iFreePg==iLastPg );
+        releasePage(pFreePg);
+      }
+    } else {
+      Pgno iFreePg;             /* Index of free page to move pLastPg to */
+      MemPage *pLastPg;
+
+      rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iLastPg, &pLastPg, 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+
+      /* If nFin is zero, this loop runs exactly once and page pLastPg
+      ** is swapped with the first free page pulled off the free list.
+      **
+      ** On the other hand, if nFin is greater than zero, then keep
+      ** looping until a free-page located within the first nFin pages
+      ** of the file is found.
+      */
+      do {
+        MemPage *pFreePg;
+        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, 0, 0);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          releasePage(pLastPg);
+          return rc;
+        }
+        releasePage(pFreePg);
+      }while( nFin!=0 && iFreePg>nFin );
+      assert( iFreePg<iLastPg );
+      
+      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pLastPg->pDbPage);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = relocatePage(pBt, pLastPg, eType, iPtrPage, iFreePg, nFin!=0);
+      }
+      releasePage(pLastPg);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( nFin==0 ){
+    iLastPg--;
+    while( iLastPg==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt)||PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iLastPg) ){
+      if( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iLastPg) ){
+        MemPage *pPg;
+        rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iLastPg, &pPg, 0);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPg->pDbPage);
+        releasePage(pPg);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+      }
+      iLastPg--;
+    }
+    sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pBt->pPager, iLastPg);
+    pBt->nPage = iLastPg;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** A write-transaction must be opened before calling this function.
+** It performs a single unit of work towards an incremental vacuum.
+**
+** If the incremental vacuum is finished after this function has run,
+** SQLITE_DONE is returned. If it is not finished, but no error occurred,
+** SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise an SQLite error code. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(Btree *p){
+  int rc;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE && p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE );
+  if( !pBt->autoVacuum ){
+    rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+  }else{
+    invalidateAllOverflowCache(pBt);
+    rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, 0, btreePagecount(pBt));
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
+      put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[28], pBt->nPage);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called prior to sqlite3PagerCommit when a transaction
+** is commited for an auto-vacuum database.
+**
+** If SQLITE_OK is returned, then *pnTrunc is set to the number of pages
+** the database file should be truncated to during the commit process. 
+** i.e. the database has been reorganized so that only the first *pnTrunc
+** pages are in use.
+*/
+static int autoVacuumCommit(BtShared *pBt){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Pager *pPager = pBt->pPager;
+  VVA_ONLY( int nRef = sqlite3PagerRefcount(pPager) );
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  invalidateAllOverflowCache(pBt);
+  assert(pBt->autoVacuum);
+  if( !pBt->incrVacuum ){
+    Pgno nFin;         /* Number of pages in database after autovacuuming */
+    Pgno nFree;        /* Number of pages on the freelist initially */
+    Pgno nPtrmap;      /* Number of PtrMap pages to be freed */
+    Pgno iFree;        /* The next page to be freed */
+    int nEntry;        /* Number of entries on one ptrmap page */
+    Pgno nOrig;        /* Database size before freeing */
+
+    nOrig = btreePagecount(pBt);
+    if( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, nOrig) || nOrig==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+      /* It is not possible to create a database for which the final page
+      ** is either a pointer-map page or the pending-byte page. If one
+      ** is encountered, this indicates corruption.
+      */
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+
+    nFree = get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36]);
+    nEntry = pBt->usableSize/5;
+    nPtrmap = (nFree-nOrig+PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, nOrig)+nEntry)/nEntry;
+    nFin = nOrig - nFree - nPtrmap;
+    if( nOrig>PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) && nFin<PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+      nFin--;
+    }
+    while( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, nFin) || nFin==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+      nFin--;
+    }
+    if( nFin>nOrig ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+
+    for(iFree=nOrig; iFree>nFin && rc==SQLITE_OK; iFree--){
+      rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, nFin, iFree);
+    }
+    if( (rc==SQLITE_DONE || rc==SQLITE_OK) && nFree>0 ){
+      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
+      put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[32], 0);
+      put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36], 0);
+      put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[28], nFin);
+      sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pBt->pPager, nFin);
+      pBt->nPage = nFin;
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3PagerRollback(pPager);
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( nRef==sqlite3PagerRefcount(pPager) );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#else /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM */
+# define setChildPtrmaps(x) SQLITE_OK
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This routine does the first phase of a two-phase commit.  This routine
+** causes a rollback journal to be created (if it does not already exist)
+** and populated with enough information so that if a power loss occurs
+** the database can be restored to its original state by playing back
+** the journal.  Then the contents of the journal are flushed out to
+** the disk.  After the journal is safely on oxide, the changes to the
+** database are written into the database file and flushed to oxide.
+** At the end of this call, the rollback journal still exists on the
+** disk and we are still holding all locks, so the transaction has not
+** committed.  See sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo() for the second phase of the
+** commit process.
+**
+** This call is a no-op if no write-transaction is currently active on pBt.
+**
+** Otherwise, sync the database file for the btree pBt. zMaster points to
+** the name of a master journal file that should be written into the
+** individual journal file, or is NULL, indicating no master journal file 
+** (single database transaction).
+**
+** When this is called, the master journal should already have been
+** created, populated with this journal pointer and synced to disk.
+**
+** Once this is routine has returned, the only thing required to commit
+** the write-transaction for this database file is to delete the journal.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(Btree *p, const char *zMaster){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE ){
+    BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+    sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    if( pBt->autoVacuum ){
+      rc = autoVacuumCommit(pBt);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pBt->pPager, zMaster, 0);
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called from both BtreeCommitPhaseTwo() and BtreeRollback()
+** at the conclusion of a transaction.
+*/
+static void btreeEndTransaction(Btree *p){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
+
+  btreeClearHasContent(pBt);
+  if( p->inTrans>TRANS_NONE && p->db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+    /* If there are other active statements that belong to this database
+    ** handle, downgrade to a read-only transaction. The other statements
+    ** may still be reading from the database.  */
+    downgradeAllSharedCacheTableLocks(p);
+    p->inTrans = TRANS_READ;
+  }else{
+    /* If the handle had any kind of transaction open, decrement the 
+    ** transaction count of the shared btree. If the transaction count 
+    ** reaches 0, set the shared state to TRANS_NONE. The unlockBtreeIfUnused()
+    ** call below will unlock the pager.  */
+    if( p->inTrans!=TRANS_NONE ){
+      clearAllSharedCacheTableLocks(p);
+      pBt->nTransaction--;
+      if( 0==pBt->nTransaction ){
+        pBt->inTransaction = TRANS_NONE;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Set the current transaction state to TRANS_NONE and unlock the 
+    ** pager if this call closed the only read or write transaction.  */
+    p->inTrans = TRANS_NONE;
+    unlockBtreeIfUnused(pBt);
+  }
+
+  btreeIntegrity(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Commit the transaction currently in progress.
+**
+** This routine implements the second phase of a 2-phase commit.  The
+** sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne() routine does the first phase and should
+** be invoked prior to calling this routine.  The sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne()
+** routine did all the work of writing information out to disk and flushing the
+** contents so that they are written onto the disk platter.  All this
+** routine has to do is delete or truncate or zero the header in the
+** the rollback journal (which causes the transaction to commit) and
+** drop locks.
+**
+** Normally, if an error occurs while the pager layer is attempting to 
+** finalize the underlying journal file, this function returns an error and
+** the upper layer will attempt a rollback. However, if the second argument
+** is non-zero then this b-tree transaction is part of a multi-file 
+** transaction. In this case, the transaction has already been committed 
+** (by deleting a master journal file) and the caller will ignore this 
+** functions return code. So, even if an error occurs in the pager layer,
+** reset the b-tree objects internal state to indicate that the write
+** transaction has been closed. This is quite safe, as the pager will have
+** transitioned to the error state.
+**
+** This will release the write lock on the database file.  If there
+** are no active cursors, it also releases the read lock.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(Btree *p, int bCleanup){
+
+  if( p->inTrans==TRANS_NONE ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  btreeIntegrity(p);
+
+  /* If the handle has a write-transaction open, commit the shared-btrees 
+  ** transaction and set the shared state to TRANS_READ.
+  */
+  if( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE ){
+    int rc;
+    BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+    assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
+    assert( pBt->nTransaction>0 );
+    rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseTwo(pBt->pPager);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && bCleanup==0 ){
+      sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+      return rc;
+    }
+    pBt->inTransaction = TRANS_READ;
+  }
+
+  btreeEndTransaction(p);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Do both phases of a commit.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommit(Btree *p){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(p, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(p, 0);
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** Return the number of write-cursors open on this handle. This is for use
+** in assert() expressions, so it is only compiled if NDEBUG is not
+** defined.
+**
+** For the purposes of this routine, a write-cursor is any cursor that
+** is capable of writing to the databse.  That means the cursor was
+** originally opened for writing and the cursor has not be disabled
+** by having its state changed to CURSOR_FAULT.
+*/
+static int countWriteCursors(BtShared *pBt){
+  BtCursor *pCur;
+  int r = 0;
+  for(pCur=pBt->pCursor; pCur; pCur=pCur->pNext){
+    if( pCur->wrFlag && pCur->eState!=CURSOR_FAULT ) r++; 
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This routine sets the state to CURSOR_FAULT and the error
+** code to errCode for every cursor on BtShared that pBtree
+** references.
+**
+** Every cursor is tripped, including cursors that belong
+** to other database connections that happen to be sharing
+** the cache with pBtree.
+**
+** This routine gets called when a rollback occurs.
+** All cursors using the same cache must be tripped
+** to prevent them from trying to use the btree after
+** the rollback.  The rollback may have deleted tables
+** or moved root pages, so it is not sufficient to
+** save the state of the cursor.  The cursor must be
+** invalidated.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(Btree *pBtree, int errCode){
+  BtCursor *p;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(pBtree);
+  for(p=pBtree->pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
+    int i;
+    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(p);
+    p->eState = CURSOR_FAULT;
+    p->skipNext = errCode;
+    for(i=0; i<=p->iPage; i++){
+      releasePage(p->apPage[i]);
+      p->apPage[i] = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBtree);
+}
+
+/*
+** Rollback the transaction in progress.  All cursors will be
+** invalided by this operation.  Any attempt to use a cursor
+** that was open at the beginning of this operation will result
+** in an error.
+**
+** This will release the write lock on the database file.  If there
+** are no active cursors, it also releases the read lock.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeRollback(Btree *p){
+  int rc;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  MemPage *pPage1;
+
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, 0, 0);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    /* This is a horrible situation. An IO or malloc() error occurred whilst
+    ** trying to save cursor positions. If this is an automatic rollback (as
+    ** the result of a constraint, malloc() failure or IO error) then 
+    ** the cache may be internally inconsistent (not contain valid trees) so
+    ** we cannot simply return the error to the caller. Instead, abort 
+    ** all queries that may be using any of the cursors that failed to save.
+    */
+    sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(p, rc);
+  }
+#endif
+  btreeIntegrity(p);
+
+  if( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE ){
+    int rc2;
+
+    assert( TRANS_WRITE==pBt->inTransaction );
+    rc2 = sqlite3PagerRollback(pBt->pPager);
+    if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = rc2;
+    }
+
+    /* The rollback may have destroyed the pPage1->aData value.  So
+    ** call btreeGetPage() on page 1 again to make
+    ** sure pPage1->aData is set correctly. */
+    if( btreeGetPage(pBt, 1, &pPage1, 0)==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int nPage = get4byte(28+(u8*)pPage1->aData);
+      testcase( nPage==0 );
+      if( nPage==0 ) sqlite3PagerPagecount(pBt->pPager, &nPage);
+      testcase( pBt->nPage!=nPage );
+      pBt->nPage = nPage;
+      releasePage(pPage1);
+    }
+    assert( countWriteCursors(pBt)==0 );
+    pBt->inTransaction = TRANS_READ;
+  }
+
+  btreeEndTransaction(p);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Start a statement subtransaction. The subtransaction can can be rolled
+** back independently of the main transaction. You must start a transaction 
+** before starting a subtransaction. The subtransaction is ended automatically 
+** if the main transaction commits or rolls back.
+**
+** Statement subtransactions are used around individual SQL statements
+** that are contained within a BEGIN...COMMIT block.  If a constraint
+** error occurs within the statement, the effect of that one statement
+** can be rolled back without having to rollback the entire transaction.
+**
+** A statement sub-transaction is implemented as an anonymous savepoint. The
+** value passed as the second parameter is the total number of savepoints,
+** including the new anonymous savepoint, open on the B-Tree. i.e. if there
+** are no active savepoints and no other statement-transactions open,
+** iStatement is 1. This anonymous savepoint can be released or rolled back
+** using the sqlite3BtreeSavepoint() function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(Btree *p, int iStatement){
+  int rc;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  assert( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE );
+  assert( pBt->readOnly==0 );
+  assert( iStatement>0 );
+  assert( iStatement>p->db->nSavepoint );
+  assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
+  /* At the pager level, a statement transaction is a savepoint with
+  ** an index greater than all savepoints created explicitly using
+  ** SQL statements. It is illegal to open, release or rollback any
+  ** such savepoints while the statement transaction savepoint is active.
+  */
+  rc = sqlite3PagerOpenSavepoint(pBt->pPager, iStatement);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The second argument to this function, op, is always SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK
+** or SAVEPOINT_RELEASE. This function either releases or rolls back the
+** savepoint identified by parameter iSavepoint, depending on the value 
+** of op.
+**
+** Normally, iSavepoint is greater than or equal to zero. However, if op is
+** SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, then iSavepoint may also be -1. In this case the 
+** contents of the entire transaction are rolled back. This is different
+** from a normal transaction rollback, as no locks are released and the
+** transaction remains open.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSavepoint(Btree *p, int op, int iSavepoint){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( p && p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE ){
+    BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+    assert( op==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE || op==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK );
+    assert( iSavepoint>=0 || (iSavepoint==-1 && op==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK) );
+    sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSavepoint(pBt->pPager, op, iSavepoint);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( iSavepoint<0 && pBt->initiallyEmpty ) pBt->nPage = 0;
+      rc = newDatabase(pBt);
+      pBt->nPage = get4byte(28 + pBt->pPage1->aData);
+
+      /* The database size was written into the offset 28 of the header
+      ** when the transaction started, so we know that the value at offset
+      ** 28 is nonzero. */
+      assert( pBt->nPage>0 );
+    }
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new cursor for the BTree whose root is on the page
+** iTable. If a read-only cursor is requested, it is assumed that
+** the caller already has at least a read-only transaction open
+** on the database already. If a write-cursor is requested, then
+** the caller is assumed to have an open write transaction.
+**
+** If wrFlag==0, then the cursor can only be used for reading.
+** If wrFlag==1, then the cursor can be used for reading or for
+** writing if other conditions for writing are also met.  These
+** are the conditions that must be met in order for writing to
+** be allowed:
+**
+** 1:  The cursor must have been opened with wrFlag==1
+**
+** 2:  Other database connections that share the same pager cache
+**     but which are not in the READ_UNCOMMITTED state may not have
+**     cursors open with wrFlag==0 on the same table.  Otherwise
+**     the changes made by this write cursor would be visible to
+**     the read cursors in the other database connection.
+**
+** 3:  The database must be writable (not on read-only media)
+**
+** 4:  There must be an active transaction.
+**
+** No checking is done to make sure that page iTable really is the
+** root page of a b-tree.  If it is not, then the cursor acquired
+** will not work correctly.
+**
+** It is assumed that the sqlite3BtreeCursorZero() has been called
+** on pCur to initialize the memory space prior to invoking this routine.
+*/
+static int btreeCursor(
+  Btree *p,                              /* The btree */
+  int iTable,                            /* Root page of table to open */
+  int wrFlag,                            /* 1 to write. 0 read-only */
+  struct KeyInfo *pKeyInfo,              /* First arg to comparison function */
+  BtCursor *pCur                         /* Space for new cursor */
+){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;                /* Shared b-tree handle */
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
+  assert( wrFlag==0 || wrFlag==1 );
+
+  /* The following assert statements verify that if this is a sharable 
+  ** b-tree database, the connection is holding the required table locks, 
+  ** and that no other connection has any open cursor that conflicts with 
+  ** this lock.  */
+  assert( hasSharedCacheTableLock(p, iTable, pKeyInfo!=0, wrFlag+1) );
+  assert( wrFlag==0 || !hasReadConflicts(p, iTable) );
+
+  /* Assert that the caller has opened the required transaction. */
+  assert( p->inTrans>TRANS_NONE );
+  assert( wrFlag==0 || p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE );
+  assert( pBt->pPage1 && pBt->pPage1->aData );
+
+  if( NEVER(wrFlag && pBt->readOnly) ){
+    return SQLITE_READONLY;
+  }
+  if( iTable==1 && btreePagecount(pBt)==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_EMPTY;
+  }
+
+  /* Now that no other errors can occur, finish filling in the BtCursor
+  ** variables and link the cursor into the BtShared list.  */
+  pCur->pgnoRoot = (Pgno)iTable;
+  pCur->iPage = -1;
+  pCur->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
+  pCur->pBtree = p;
+  pCur->pBt = pBt;
+  pCur->wrFlag = (u8)wrFlag;
+  pCur->pNext = pBt->pCursor;
+  if( pCur->pNext ){
+    pCur->pNext->pPrev = pCur;
+  }
+  pBt->pCursor = pCur;
+  pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
+  pCur->cachedRowid = 0;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursor(
+  Btree *p,                                   /* The btree */
+  int iTable,                                 /* Root page of table to open */
+  int wrFlag,                                 /* 1 to write. 0 read-only */
+  struct KeyInfo *pKeyInfo,                   /* First arg to xCompare() */
+  BtCursor *pCur                              /* Write new cursor here */
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  rc = btreeCursor(p, iTable, wrFlag, pKeyInfo, pCur);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the size of a BtCursor object in bytes.
+**
+** This interfaces is needed so that users of cursors can preallocate
+** sufficient storage to hold a cursor.  The BtCursor object is opaque
+** to users so they cannot do the sizeof() themselves - they must call
+** this routine.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorSize(void){
+  return ROUND8(sizeof(BtCursor));
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize memory that will be converted into a BtCursor object.
+**
+** The simple approach here would be to memset() the entire object
+** to zero.  But it turns out that the apPage[] and aiIdx[] arrays
+** do not need to be zeroed and they are large, so we can save a lot
+** of run-time by skipping the initialization of those elements.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorZero(BtCursor *p){
+  memset(p, 0, offsetof(BtCursor, iPage));
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the cached rowid value of every cursor in the same database file
+** as pCur and having the same root page number as pCur.  The value is
+** set to iRowid.
+**
+** Only positive rowid values are considered valid for this cache.
+** The cache is initialized to zero, indicating an invalid cache.
+** A btree will work fine with zero or negative rowids.  We just cannot
+** cache zero or negative rowids, which means tables that use zero or
+** negative rowids might run a little slower.  But in practice, zero
+** or negative rowids are very uncommon so this should not be a problem.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(BtCursor *pCur, sqlite3_int64 iRowid){
+  BtCursor *p;
+  for(p=pCur->pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
+    if( p->pgnoRoot==pCur->pgnoRoot ) p->cachedRowid = iRowid;
+  }
+  assert( pCur->cachedRowid==iRowid );
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the cached rowid for the given cursor.  A negative or zero
+** return value indicates that the rowid cache is invalid and should be
+** ignored.  If the rowid cache has never before been set, then a
+** zero is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(BtCursor *pCur){
+  return pCur->cachedRowid;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a cursor.  The read lock on the database file is released
+** when the last cursor is closed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCloseCursor(BtCursor *pCur){
+  Btree *pBtree = pCur->pBtree;
+  if( pBtree ){
+    int i;
+    BtShared *pBt = pCur->pBt;
+    sqlite3BtreeEnter(pBtree);
+    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(pCur);
+    if( pCur->pPrev ){
+      pCur->pPrev->pNext = pCur->pNext;
+    }else{
+      pBt->pCursor = pCur->pNext;
+    }
+    if( pCur->pNext ){
+      pCur->pNext->pPrev = pCur->pPrev;
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<=pCur->iPage; i++){
+      releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
+    }
+    unlockBtreeIfUnused(pBt);
+    invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
+    /* sqlite3_free(pCur); */
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBtree);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Make sure the BtCursor* given in the argument has a valid
+** BtCursor.info structure.  If it is not already valid, call
+** btreeParseCell() to fill it in.
+**
+** BtCursor.info is a cache of the information in the current cell.
+** Using this cache reduces the number of calls to btreeParseCell().
+**
+** 2007-06-25:  There is a bug in some versions of MSVC that cause the
+** compiler to crash when getCellInfo() is implemented as a macro.
+** But there is a measureable speed advantage to using the macro on gcc
+** (when less compiler optimizations like -Os or -O0 are used and the
+** compiler is not doing agressive inlining.)  So we use a real function
+** for MSVC and a macro for everything else.  Ticket #2457.
+*/
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  static void assertCellInfo(BtCursor *pCur){
+    CellInfo info;
+    int iPage = pCur->iPage;
+    memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
+    btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage], pCur->aiIdx[iPage], &info);
+    assert( memcmp(&info, &pCur->info, sizeof(info))==0 );
+  }
+#else
+  #define assertCellInfo(x)
+#endif
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+  /* Use a real function in MSVC to work around bugs in that compiler. */
+  static void getCellInfo(BtCursor *pCur){
+    if( pCur->info.nSize==0 ){
+      int iPage = pCur->iPage;
+      btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage],pCur->aiIdx[iPage],&pCur->info);
+      pCur->validNKey = 1;
+    }else{
+      assertCellInfo(pCur);
+    }
+  }
+#else /* if not _MSC_VER */
+  /* Use a macro in all other compilers so that the function is inlined */
+#define getCellInfo(pCur)                                                      \
+  if( pCur->info.nSize==0 ){                                                   \
+    int iPage = pCur->iPage;                                                   \
+    btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage],pCur->aiIdx[iPage],&pCur->info); \
+    pCur->validNKey = 1;                                                       \
+  }else{                                                                       \
+    assertCellInfo(pCur);                                                      \
+  }
+#endif /* _MSC_VER */
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG  /* The next routine used only within assert() statements */
+/*
+** Return true if the given BtCursor is valid.  A valid cursor is one
+** that is currently pointing to a row in a (non-empty) table.
+** This is a verification routine is used only within assert() statements.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(BtCursor *pCur){
+  return pCur && pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID;
+}
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+/*
+** Set *pSize to the size of the buffer needed to hold the value of
+** the key for the current entry.  If the cursor is not pointing
+** to a valid entry, *pSize is set to 0. 
+**
+** For a table with the INTKEY flag set, this routine returns the key
+** itself, not the number of bytes in the key.
+**
+** The caller must position the cursor prior to invoking this routine.
+** 
+** This routine cannot fail.  It always returns SQLITE_OK.  
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeKeySize(BtCursor *pCur, i64 *pSize){
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID || pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID ){
+    *pSize = 0;
+  }else{
+    getCellInfo(pCur);
+    *pSize = pCur->info.nKey;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set *pSize to the number of bytes of data in the entry the
+** cursor currently points to.
+**
+** The caller must guarantee that the cursor is pointing to a non-NULL
+** valid entry.  In other words, the calling procedure must guarantee
+** that the cursor has Cursor.eState==CURSOR_VALID.
+**
+** Failure is not possible.  This function always returns SQLITE_OK.
+** It might just as well be a procedure (returning void) but we continue
+** to return an integer result code for historical reasons.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDataSize(BtCursor *pCur, u32 *pSize){
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  getCellInfo(pCur);
+  *pSize = pCur->info.nData;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given the page number of an overflow page in the database (parameter
+** ovfl), this function finds the page number of the next page in the 
+** linked list of overflow pages. If possible, it uses the auto-vacuum
+** pointer-map data instead of reading the content of page ovfl to do so. 
+**
+** If an error occurs an SQLite error code is returned. Otherwise:
+**
+** The page number of the next overflow page in the linked list is 
+** written to *pPgnoNext. If page ovfl is the last page in its linked 
+** list, *pPgnoNext is set to zero. 
+**
+** If ppPage is not NULL, and a reference to the MemPage object corresponding
+** to page number pOvfl was obtained, then *ppPage is set to point to that
+** reference. It is the responsibility of the caller to call releasePage()
+** on *ppPage to free the reference. In no reference was obtained (because
+** the pointer-map was used to obtain the value for *pPgnoNext), then
+** *ppPage is set to zero.
+*/
+static int getOverflowPage(
+  BtShared *pBt,               /* The database file */
+  Pgno ovfl,                   /* Current overflow page number */
+  MemPage **ppPage,            /* OUT: MemPage handle (may be NULL) */
+  Pgno *pPgnoNext              /* OUT: Next overflow page number */
+){
+  Pgno next = 0;
+  MemPage *pPage = 0;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert(pPgnoNext);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  /* Try to find the next page in the overflow list using the
+  ** autovacuum pointer-map pages. Guess that the next page in 
+  ** the overflow list is page number (ovfl+1). If that guess turns 
+  ** out to be wrong, fall back to loading the data of page 
+  ** number ovfl to determine the next page number.
+  */
+  if( pBt->autoVacuum ){
+    Pgno pgno;
+    Pgno iGuess = ovfl+1;
+    u8 eType;
+
+    while( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iGuess) || iGuess==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+      iGuess++;
+    }
+
+    if( iGuess<=btreePagecount(pBt) ){
+      rc = ptrmapGet(pBt, iGuess, &eType, &pgno);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && eType==PTRMAP_OVERFLOW2 && pgno==ovfl ){
+        next = iGuess;
+        rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  assert( next==0 || rc==SQLITE_DONE );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, ovfl, &pPage, 0);
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pPage==0 );
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      next = get4byte(pPage->aData);
+    }
+  }
+
+  *pPgnoNext = next;
+  if( ppPage ){
+    *ppPage = pPage;
+  }else{
+    releasePage(pPage);
+  }
+  return (rc==SQLITE_DONE ? SQLITE_OK : rc);
+}
+
+/*
+** Copy data from a buffer to a page, or from a page to a buffer.
+**
+** pPayload is a pointer to data stored on database page pDbPage.
+** If argument eOp is false, then nByte bytes of data are copied
+** from pPayload to the buffer pointed at by pBuf. If eOp is true,
+** then sqlite3PagerWrite() is called on pDbPage and nByte bytes
+** of data are copied from the buffer pBuf to pPayload.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned on success, otherwise an error code.
+*/
+static int copyPayload(
+  void *pPayload,           /* Pointer to page data */
+  void *pBuf,               /* Pointer to buffer */
+  int nByte,                /* Number of bytes to copy */
+  int eOp,                  /* 0 -> copy from page, 1 -> copy to page */
+  DbPage *pDbPage           /* Page containing pPayload */
+){
+  if( eOp ){
+    /* Copy data from buffer to page (a write operation) */
+    int rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pDbPage);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    memcpy(pPayload, pBuf, nByte);
+  }else{
+    /* Copy data from page to buffer (a read operation) */
+    memcpy(pBuf, pPayload, nByte);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to read or overwrite payload information
+** for the entry that the pCur cursor is pointing to. If the eOp
+** parameter is 0, this is a read operation (data copied into
+** buffer pBuf). If it is non-zero, a write (data copied from
+** buffer pBuf).
+**
+** A total of "amt" bytes are read or written beginning at "offset".
+** Data is read to or from the buffer pBuf.
+**
+** The content being read or written might appear on the main page
+** or be scattered out on multiple overflow pages.
+**
+** If the BtCursor.isIncrblobHandle flag is set, and the current
+** cursor entry uses one or more overflow pages, this function
+** allocates space for and lazily popluates the overflow page-list 
+** cache array (BtCursor.aOverflow). Subsequent calls use this
+** cache to make seeking to the supplied offset more efficient.
+**
+** Once an overflow page-list cache has been allocated, it may be
+** invalidated if some other cursor writes to the same table, or if
+** the cursor is moved to a different row. Additionally, in auto-vacuum
+** mode, the following events may invalidate an overflow page-list cache.
+**
+**   * An incremental vacuum,
+**   * A commit in auto_vacuum="full" mode,
+**   * Creating a table (may require moving an overflow page).
+*/
+static int accessPayload(
+  BtCursor *pCur,      /* Cursor pointing to entry to read from */
+  u32 offset,          /* Begin reading this far into payload */
+  u32 amt,             /* Read this many bytes */
+  unsigned char *pBuf, /* Write the bytes into this buffer */ 
+  int eOp              /* zero to read. non-zero to write. */
+){
+  unsigned char *aPayload;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  u32 nKey;
+  int iIdx = 0;
+  MemPage *pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]; /* Btree page of current entry */
+  BtShared *pBt = pCur->pBt;                  /* Btree this cursor belongs to */
+
+  assert( pPage );
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pPage->nCell );
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+
+  getCellInfo(pCur);
+  aPayload = pCur->info.pCell + pCur->info.nHeader;
+  nKey = (pPage->intKey ? 0 : (int)pCur->info.nKey);
+
+  if( NEVER(offset+amt > nKey+pCur->info.nData) 
+   || &aPayload[pCur->info.nLocal] > &pPage->aData[pBt->usableSize]
+  ){
+    /* Trying to read or write past the end of the data is an error */
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+
+  /* Check if data must be read/written to/from the btree page itself. */
+  if( offset<pCur->info.nLocal ){
+    int a = amt;
+    if( a+offset>pCur->info.nLocal ){
+      a = pCur->info.nLocal - offset;
+    }
+    rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset], pBuf, a, eOp, pPage->pDbPage);
+    offset = 0;
+    pBuf += a;
+    amt -= a;
+  }else{
+    offset -= pCur->info.nLocal;
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && amt>0 ){
+    const u32 ovflSize = pBt->usableSize - 4;  /* Bytes content per ovfl page */
+    Pgno nextPage;
+
+    nextPage = get4byte(&aPayload[pCur->info.nLocal]);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+    /* If the isIncrblobHandle flag is set and the BtCursor.aOverflow[]
+    ** has not been allocated, allocate it now. The array is sized at
+    ** one entry for each overflow page in the overflow chain. The
+    ** page number of the first overflow page is stored in aOverflow[0],
+    ** etc. A value of 0 in the aOverflow[] array means "not yet known"
+    ** (the cache is lazily populated).
+    */
+    if( pCur->isIncrblobHandle && !pCur->aOverflow ){
+      int nOvfl = (pCur->info.nPayload-pCur->info.nLocal+ovflSize-1)/ovflSize;
+      pCur->aOverflow = (Pgno *)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(Pgno)*nOvfl);
+      /* nOvfl is always positive.  If it were zero, fetchPayload would have
+      ** been used instead of this routine. */
+      if( ALWAYS(nOvfl) && !pCur->aOverflow ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If the overflow page-list cache has been allocated and the
+    ** entry for the first required overflow page is valid, skip
+    ** directly to it.
+    */
+    if( pCur->aOverflow && pCur->aOverflow[offset/ovflSize] ){
+      iIdx = (offset/ovflSize);
+      nextPage = pCur->aOverflow[iIdx];
+      offset = (offset%ovflSize);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    for( ; rc==SQLITE_OK && amt>0 && nextPage; iIdx++){
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+      /* If required, populate the overflow page-list cache. */
+      if( pCur->aOverflow ){
+        assert(!pCur->aOverflow[iIdx] || pCur->aOverflow[iIdx]==nextPage);
+        pCur->aOverflow[iIdx] = nextPage;
+      }
+#endif
+
+      if( offset>=ovflSize ){
+        /* The only reason to read this page is to obtain the page
+        ** number for the next page in the overflow chain. The page
+        ** data is not required. So first try to lookup the overflow
+        ** page-list cache, if any, then fall back to the getOverflowPage()
+        ** function.
+        */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+        if( pCur->aOverflow && pCur->aOverflow[iIdx+1] ){
+          nextPage = pCur->aOverflow[iIdx+1];
+        } else 
+#endif
+          rc = getOverflowPage(pBt, nextPage, 0, &nextPage);
+        offset -= ovflSize;
+      }else{
+        /* Need to read this page properly. It contains some of the
+        ** range of data that is being read (eOp==0) or written (eOp!=0).
+        */
+        DbPage *pDbPage;
+        int a = amt;
+        rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pBt->pPager, nextPage, &pDbPage);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          aPayload = sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
+          nextPage = get4byte(aPayload);
+          if( a + offset > ovflSize ){
+            a = ovflSize - offset;
+          }
+          rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset+4], pBuf, a, eOp, pDbPage);
+          sqlite3PagerUnref(pDbPage);
+          offset = 0;
+          amt -= a;
+          pBuf += a;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && amt>0 ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read part of the key associated with cursor pCur.  Exactly
+** "amt" bytes will be transfered into pBuf[].  The transfer
+** begins at "offset".
+**
+** The caller must ensure that pCur is pointing to a valid row
+** in the table.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success or an error code if anything goes
+** wrong.  An error is returned if "offset+amt" is larger than
+** the available payload.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeKey(BtCursor *pCur, u32 offset, u32 amt, void *pBuf){
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  assert( pCur->iPage>=0 && pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage] );
+  assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell );
+  return accessPayload(pCur, offset, amt, (unsigned char*)pBuf, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Read part of the data associated with cursor pCur.  Exactly
+** "amt" bytes will be transfered into pBuf[].  The transfer
+** begins at "offset".
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success or an error code if anything goes
+** wrong.  An error is returned if "offset+amt" is larger than
+** the available payload.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeData(BtCursor *pCur, u32 offset, u32 amt, void *pBuf){
+  int rc;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+  if ( pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID ){
+    return SQLITE_ABORT;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+    assert( pCur->iPage>=0 && pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage] );
+    assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell );
+    rc = accessPayload(pCur, offset, amt, pBuf, 0);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to payload information from the entry that the 
+** pCur cursor is pointing to.  The pointer is to the beginning of
+** the key if skipKey==0 and it points to the beginning of data if
+** skipKey==1.  The number of bytes of available key/data is written
+** into *pAmt.  If *pAmt==0, then the value returned will not be
+** a valid pointer.
+**
+** This routine is an optimization.  It is common for the entire key
+** and data to fit on the local page and for there to be no overflow
+** pages.  When that is so, this routine can be used to access the
+** key and data without making a copy.  If the key and/or data spills
+** onto overflow pages, then accessPayload() must be used to reassemble
+** the key/data and copy it into a preallocated buffer.
+**
+** The pointer returned by this routine looks directly into the cached
+** page of the database.  The data might change or move the next time
+** any btree routine is called.
+*/
+static const unsigned char *fetchPayload(
+  BtCursor *pCur,      /* Cursor pointing to entry to read from */
+  int *pAmt,           /* Write the number of available bytes here */
+  int skipKey          /* read beginning at data if this is true */
+){
+  unsigned char *aPayload;
+  MemPage *pPage;
+  u32 nKey;
+  u32 nLocal;
+
+  assert( pCur!=0 && pCur->iPage>=0 && pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]);
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+  assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pPage->nCell );
+  if( NEVER(pCur->info.nSize==0) ){
+    btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage], pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage],
+                   &pCur->info);
+  }
+  aPayload = pCur->info.pCell;
+  aPayload += pCur->info.nHeader;
+  if( pPage->intKey ){
+    nKey = 0;
+  }else{
+    nKey = (int)pCur->info.nKey;
+  }
+  if( skipKey ){
+    aPayload += nKey;
+    nLocal = pCur->info.nLocal - nKey;
+  }else{
+    nLocal = pCur->info.nLocal;
+    assert( nLocal<=nKey );
+  }
+  *pAmt = nLocal;
+  return aPayload;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** For the entry that cursor pCur is point to, return as
+** many bytes of the key or data as are available on the local
+** b-tree page.  Write the number of available bytes into *pAmt.
+**
+** The pointer returned is ephemeral.  The key/data may move
+** or be destroyed on the next call to any Btree routine,
+** including calls from other threads against the same cache.
+** Hence, a mutex on the BtShared should be held prior to calling
+** this routine.
+**
+** These routines is used to get quick access to key and data
+** in the common case where no overflow pages are used.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor *pCur, int *pAmt){
+  const void *p = 0;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  if( ALWAYS(pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID) ){
+    p = (const void*)fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt, 0);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor *pCur, int *pAmt){
+  const void *p = 0;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  if( ALWAYS(pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID) ){
+    p = (const void*)fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt, 1);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Move the cursor down to a new child page.  The newPgno argument is the
+** page number of the child page to move to.
+**
+** This function returns SQLITE_CORRUPT if the page-header flags field of
+** the new child page does not match the flags field of the parent (i.e.
+** if an intkey page appears to be the parent of a non-intkey page, or
+** vice-versa).
+*/
+static int moveToChild(BtCursor *pCur, u32 newPgno){
+  int rc;
+  int i = pCur->iPage;
+  MemPage *pNewPage;
+  BtShared *pBt = pCur->pBt;
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  assert( pCur->iPage<BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH );
+  if( pCur->iPage>=(BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH-1) ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, newPgno, &pNewPage);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  pCur->apPage[i+1] = pNewPage;
+  pCur->aiIdx[i+1] = 0;
+  pCur->iPage++;
+
+  pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  if( pNewPage->nCell<1 || pNewPage->intKey!=pCur->apPage[i]->intKey ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** Page pParent is an internal (non-leaf) tree page. This function 
+** asserts that page number iChild is the left-child if the iIdx'th
+** cell in page pParent. Or, if iIdx is equal to the total number of
+** cells in pParent, that page number iChild is the right-child of
+** the page.
+*/
+static void assertParentIndex(MemPage *pParent, int iIdx, Pgno iChild){
+  assert( iIdx<=pParent->nCell );
+  if( iIdx==pParent->nCell ){
+    assert( get4byte(&pParent->aData[pParent->hdrOffset+8])==iChild );
+  }else{
+    assert( get4byte(findCell(pParent, iIdx))==iChild );
+  }
+}
+#else
+#  define assertParentIndex(x,y,z) 
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Move the cursor up to the parent page.
+**
+** pCur->idx is set to the cell index that contains the pointer
+** to the page we are coming from.  If we are coming from the
+** right-most child page then pCur->idx is set to one more than
+** the largest cell index.
+*/
+static void moveToParent(BtCursor *pCur){
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  assert( pCur->iPage>0 );
+  assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage] );
+  assertParentIndex(
+    pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage-1], 
+    pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage-1], 
+    pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->pgno
+  );
+  releasePage(pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]);
+  pCur->iPage--;
+  pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Move the cursor to point to the root page of its b-tree structure.
+**
+** If the table has a virtual root page, then the cursor is moved to point
+** to the virtual root page instead of the actual root page. A table has a
+** virtual root page when the actual root page contains no cells and a 
+** single child page. This can only happen with the table rooted at page 1.
+**
+** If the b-tree structure is empty, the cursor state is set to 
+** CURSOR_INVALID. Otherwise, the cursor is set to point to the first
+** cell located on the root (or virtual root) page and the cursor state
+** is set to CURSOR_VALID.
+**
+** If this function returns successfully, it may be assumed that the
+** page-header flags indicate that the [virtual] root-page is the expected 
+** kind of b-tree page (i.e. if when opening the cursor the caller did not
+** specify a KeyInfo structure the flags byte is set to 0x05 or 0x0D,
+** indicating a table b-tree, or if the caller did specify a KeyInfo 
+** structure the flags byte is set to 0x02 or 0x0A, indicating an index
+** b-tree).
+*/
+static int moveToRoot(BtCursor *pCur){
+  MemPage *pRoot;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Btree *p = pCur->pBtree;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( CURSOR_INVALID < CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK );
+  assert( CURSOR_VALID   < CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK );
+  assert( CURSOR_FAULT   > CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK );
+  if( pCur->eState>=CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK ){
+    if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_FAULT ){
+      assert( pCur->skipNext!=SQLITE_OK );
+      return pCur->skipNext;
+    }
+    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(pCur);
+  }
+
+  if( pCur->iPage>=0 ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=1; i<=pCur->iPage; i++){
+      releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
+    }
+    pCur->iPage = 0;
+  }else{
+    rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, &pCur->apPage[0]);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
+      return rc;
+    }
+    pCur->iPage = 0;
+
+    /* If pCur->pKeyInfo is not NULL, then the caller that opened this cursor
+    ** expected to open it on an index b-tree. Otherwise, if pKeyInfo is
+    ** NULL, the caller expects a table b-tree. If this is not the case,
+    ** return an SQLITE_CORRUPT error.  */
+    assert( pCur->apPage[0]->intKey==1 || pCur->apPage[0]->intKey==0 );
+    if( (pCur->pKeyInfo==0)!=pCur->apPage[0]->intKey ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Assert that the root page is of the correct type. This must be the
+  ** case as the call to this function that loaded the root-page (either
+  ** this call or a previous invocation) would have detected corruption 
+  ** if the assumption were not true, and it is not possible for the flags 
+  ** byte to have been modified while this cursor is holding a reference
+  ** to the page.  */
+  pRoot = pCur->apPage[0];
+  assert( pRoot->pgno==pCur->pgnoRoot );
+  assert( pRoot->isInit && (pCur->pKeyInfo==0)==pRoot->intKey );
+
+  pCur->aiIdx[0] = 0;
+  pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+  pCur->atLast = 0;
+  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+
+  if( pRoot->nCell==0 && !pRoot->leaf ){
+    Pgno subpage;
+    if( pRoot->pgno!=1 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    subpage = get4byte(&pRoot->aData[pRoot->hdrOffset+8]);
+    pCur->eState = CURSOR_VALID;
+    rc = moveToChild(pCur, subpage);
+  }else{
+    pCur->eState = ((pRoot->nCell>0)?CURSOR_VALID:CURSOR_INVALID);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Move the cursor down to the left-most leaf entry beneath the
+** entry to which it is currently pointing.
+**
+** The left-most leaf is the one with the smallest key - the first
+** in ascending order.
+*/
+static int moveToLeftmost(BtCursor *pCur){
+  Pgno pgno;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  MemPage *pPage;
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && !(pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage])->leaf ){
+    assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pPage->nCell );
+    pgno = get4byte(findCell(pPage, pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]));
+    rc = moveToChild(pCur, pgno);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Move the cursor down to the right-most leaf entry beneath the
+** page to which it is currently pointing.  Notice the difference
+** between moveToLeftmost() and moveToRightmost().  moveToLeftmost()
+** finds the left-most entry beneath the *entry* whereas moveToRightmost()
+** finds the right-most entry beneath the *page*.
+**
+** The right-most entry is the one with the largest key - the last
+** key in ascending order.
+*/
+static int moveToRightmost(BtCursor *pCur){
+  Pgno pgno;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  MemPage *pPage = 0;
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && !(pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage])->leaf ){
+    pgno = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);
+    pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = pPage->nCell;
+    rc = moveToChild(pCur, pgno);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = pPage->nCell-1;
+    pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+    pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* Move the cursor to the first entry in the table.  Return SQLITE_OK
+** on success.  Set *pRes to 0 if the cursor actually points to something
+** or set *pRes to 1 if the table is empty.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeFirst(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
+  rc = moveToRoot(pCur);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID ){
+      assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell==0 );
+      *pRes = 1;
+    }else{
+      assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell>0 );
+      *pRes = 0;
+      rc = moveToLeftmost(pCur);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* Move the cursor to the last entry in the table.  Return SQLITE_OK
+** on success.  Set *pRes to 0 if the cursor actually points to something
+** or set *pRes to 1 if the table is empty.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeLast(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
+  int rc;
+ 
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
+
+  /* If the cursor already points to the last entry, this is a no-op. */
+  if( CURSOR_VALID==pCur->eState && pCur->atLast ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    /* This block serves to assert() that the cursor really does point 
+    ** to the last entry in the b-tree. */
+    int ii;
+    for(ii=0; ii<pCur->iPage; ii++){
+      assert( pCur->aiIdx[ii]==pCur->apPage[ii]->nCell );
+    }
+    assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]==pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell-1 );
+    assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->leaf );
+#endif
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  rc = moveToRoot(pCur);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
+      assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell==0 );
+      *pRes = 1;
+    }else{
+      assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+      *pRes = 0;
+      rc = moveToRightmost(pCur);
+      pCur->atLast = rc==SQLITE_OK ?1:0;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* Move the cursor so that it points to an entry near the key 
+** specified by pIdxKey or intKey.   Return a success code.
+**
+** For INTKEY tables, the intKey parameter is used.  pIdxKey 
+** must be NULL.  For index tables, pIdxKey is used and intKey
+** is ignored.
+**
+** If an exact match is not found, then the cursor is always
+** left pointing at a leaf page which would hold the entry if it
+** were present.  The cursor might point to an entry that comes
+** before or after the key.
+**
+** An integer is written into *pRes which is the result of
+** comparing the key with the entry to which the cursor is 
+** pointing.  The meaning of the integer written into
+** *pRes is as follows:
+**
+**     *pRes<0      The cursor is left pointing at an entry that
+**                  is smaller than intKey/pIdxKey or if the table is empty
+**                  and the cursor is therefore left point to nothing.
+**
+**     *pRes==0     The cursor is left pointing at an entry that
+**                  exactly matches intKey/pIdxKey.
+**
+**     *pRes>0      The cursor is left pointing at an entry that
+**                  is larger than intKey/pIdxKey.
+**
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(
+  BtCursor *pCur,          /* The cursor to be moved */
+  UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey, /* Unpacked index key */
+  i64 intKey,              /* The table key */
+  int biasRight,           /* If true, bias the search to the high end */
+  int *pRes                /* Write search results here */
+){
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
+  assert( pRes );
+  assert( (pIdxKey==0)==(pCur->pKeyInfo==0) );
+
+  /* If the cursor is already positioned at the point we are trying
+  ** to move to, then just return without doing any work */
+  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID && pCur->validNKey 
+   && pCur->apPage[0]->intKey 
+  ){
+    if( pCur->info.nKey==intKey ){
+      *pRes = 0;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    if( pCur->atLast && pCur->info.nKey<intKey ){
+      *pRes = -1;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  rc = moveToRoot(pCur);
+  if( rc ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage] );
+  assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->isInit );
+  assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell>0 || pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID );
+  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID ){
+    *pRes = -1;
+    assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell==0 );
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  assert( pCur->apPage[0]->intKey || pIdxKey );
+  for(;;){
+    int lwr, upr, idx;
+    Pgno chldPg;
+    MemPage *pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+    int c;
+
+    /* pPage->nCell must be greater than zero. If this is the root-page
+    ** the cursor would have been INVALID above and this for(;;) loop
+    ** not run. If this is not the root-page, then the moveToChild() routine
+    ** would have already detected db corruption. Similarly, pPage must
+    ** be the right kind (index or table) of b-tree page. Otherwise
+    ** a moveToChild() or moveToRoot() call would have detected corruption.  */
+    assert( pPage->nCell>0 );
+    assert( pPage->intKey==(pIdxKey==0) );
+    lwr = 0;
+    upr = pPage->nCell-1;
+    if( biasRight ){
+      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = upr);
+    }else{
+      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = (upr+lwr)/2);
+    }
+    for(;;){
+      u8 *pCell;                          /* Pointer to current cell in pPage */
+
+      assert( idx==pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] );
+      pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+      pCell = findCell(pPage, idx) + pPage->childPtrSize;
+      if( pPage->intKey ){
+        i64 nCellKey;
+        if( pPage->hasData ){
+          u32 dummy;
+          pCell += getVarint32(pCell, dummy);
+        }
+        getVarint(pCell, (u64*)&nCellKey);
+        if( nCellKey==intKey ){
+          c = 0;
+        }else if( nCellKey<intKey ){
+          c = -1;
+        }else{
+          assert( nCellKey>intKey );
+          c = +1;
+        }
+        pCur->validNKey = 1;
+        pCur->info.nKey = nCellKey;
+      }else{
+        /* The maximum supported page-size is 65536 bytes. This means that
+        ** the maximum number of record bytes stored on an index B-Tree
+        ** page is less than 16384 bytes and may be stored as a 2-byte
+        ** varint. This information is used to attempt to avoid parsing 
+        ** the entire cell by checking for the cases where the record is 
+        ** stored entirely within the b-tree page by inspecting the first 
+        ** 2 bytes of the cell.
+        */
+        int nCell = pCell[0];
+        if( !(nCell & 0x80) && nCell<=pPage->maxLocal ){
+          /* This branch runs if the record-size field of the cell is a
+          ** single byte varint and the record fits entirely on the main
+          ** b-tree page.  */
+          c = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[1], pIdxKey);
+        }else if( !(pCell[1] & 0x80) 
+          && (nCell = ((nCell&0x7f)<<7) + pCell[1])<=pPage->maxLocal
+        ){
+          /* The record-size field is a 2 byte varint and the record 
+          ** fits entirely on the main b-tree page.  */
+          c = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[2], pIdxKey);
+        }else{
+          /* The record flows over onto one or more overflow pages. In
+          ** this case the whole cell needs to be parsed, a buffer allocated
+          ** and accessPayload() used to retrieve the record into the
+          ** buffer before VdbeRecordCompare() can be called. */
+          void *pCellKey;
+          u8 * const pCellBody = pCell - pPage->childPtrSize;
+          btreeParseCellPtr(pPage, pCellBody, &pCur->info);
+          nCell = (int)pCur->info.nKey;
+          pCellKey = sqlite3Malloc( nCell );
+          if( pCellKey==0 ){
+            rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+            goto moveto_finish;
+          }
+          rc = accessPayload(pCur, 0, nCell, (unsigned char*)pCellKey, 0);
+          if( rc ){
+            sqlite3_free(pCellKey);
+            goto moveto_finish;
+          }
+          c = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nCell, pCellKey, pIdxKey);
+          sqlite3_free(pCellKey);
+        }
+      }
+      if( c==0 ){
+        if( pPage->intKey && !pPage->leaf ){
+          lwr = idx;
+          upr = lwr - 1;
+          break;
+        }else{
+          *pRes = 0;
+          rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          goto moveto_finish;
+        }
+      }
+      if( c<0 ){
+        lwr = idx+1;
+      }else{
+        upr = idx-1;
+      }
+      if( lwr>upr ){
+        break;
+      }
+      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = (lwr+upr)/2);
+    }
+    assert( lwr==upr+1 );
+    assert( pPage->isInit );
+    if( pPage->leaf ){
+      chldPg = 0;
+    }else if( lwr>=pPage->nCell ){
+      chldPg = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);
+    }else{
+      chldPg = get4byte(findCell(pPage, lwr));
+    }
+    if( chldPg==0 ){
+      assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell );
+      *pRes = c;
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      goto moveto_finish;
+    }
+    pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)lwr;
+    pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+    pCur->validNKey = 0;
+    rc = moveToChild(pCur, chldPg);
+    if( rc ) goto moveto_finish;
+  }
+moveto_finish:
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the cursor is not pointing at an entry of the table.
+**
+** TRUE will be returned after a call to sqlite3BtreeNext() moves
+** past the last entry in the table or sqlite3BtreePrev() moves past
+** the first entry.  TRUE is also returned if the table is empty.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeEof(BtCursor *pCur){
+  /* TODO: What if the cursor is in CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK but all table entries
+  ** have been deleted? This API will need to change to return an error code
+  ** as well as the boolean result value.
+  */
+  return (CURSOR_VALID!=pCur->eState);
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance the cursor to the next entry in the database.  If
+** successful then set *pRes=0.  If the cursor
+** was already pointing to the last entry in the database before
+** this routine was called, then set *pRes=1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeNext(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
+  int rc;
+  int idx;
+  MemPage *pPage;
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  assert( pRes!=0 );
+  if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
+    *pRes = 1;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  if( pCur->skipNext>0 ){
+    pCur->skipNext = 0;
+    *pRes = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  pCur->skipNext = 0;
+
+  pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+  idx = ++pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
+  assert( pPage->isInit );
+  assert( idx<=pPage->nCell );
+
+  pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  if( idx>=pPage->nCell ){
+    if( !pPage->leaf ){
+      rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]));
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+      rc = moveToLeftmost(pCur);
+      *pRes = 0;
+      return rc;
+    }
+    do{
+      if( pCur->iPage==0 ){
+        *pRes = 1;
+        pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      moveToParent(pCur);
+      pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+    }while( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]>=pPage->nCell );
+    *pRes = 0;
+    if( pPage->intKey ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeNext(pCur, pRes);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    return rc;
+  }
+  *pRes = 0;
+  if( pPage->leaf ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  rc = moveToLeftmost(pCur);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Step the cursor to the back to the previous entry in the database.  If
+** successful then set *pRes=0.  If the cursor
+** was already pointing to the first entry in the database before
+** this routine was called, then set *pRes=1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePrevious(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
+  int rc;
+  MemPage *pPage;
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  pCur->atLast = 0;
+  if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
+    *pRes = 1;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  if( pCur->skipNext<0 ){
+    pCur->skipNext = 0;
+    *pRes = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  pCur->skipNext = 0;
+
+  pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+  assert( pPage->isInit );
+  if( !pPage->leaf ){
+    int idx = pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
+    rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(findCell(pPage, idx)));
+    if( rc ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    rc = moveToRightmost(pCur);
+  }else{
+    while( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]==0 ){
+      if( pCur->iPage==0 ){
+        pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
+        *pRes = 1;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      moveToParent(pCur);
+    }
+    pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+    pCur->validNKey = 0;
+
+    pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]--;
+    pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+    if( pPage->intKey && !pPage->leaf ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(pCur, pRes);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  *pRes = 0;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new page from the database file.
+**
+** The new page is marked as dirty.  (In other words, sqlite3PagerWrite()
+** has already been called on the new page.)  The new page has also
+** been referenced and the calling routine is responsible for calling
+** sqlite3PagerUnref() on the new page when it is done.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned on success.  Any other return value indicates
+** an error.  *ppPage and *pPgno are undefined in the event of an error.
+** Do not invoke sqlite3PagerUnref() on *ppPage if an error is returned.
+**
+** If the "nearby" parameter is not 0, then a (feeble) effort is made to 
+** locate a page close to the page number "nearby".  This can be used in an
+** attempt to keep related pages close to each other in the database file,
+** which in turn can make database access faster.
+**
+** If the "exact" parameter is not 0, and the page-number nearby exists 
+** anywhere on the free-list, then it is guarenteed to be returned. This
+** is only used by auto-vacuum databases when allocating a new table.
+*/
+static int allocateBtreePage(
+  BtShared *pBt, 
+  MemPage **ppPage, 
+  Pgno *pPgno, 
+  Pgno nearby,
+  u8 exact
+){
+  MemPage *pPage1;
+  int rc;
+  u32 n;     /* Number of pages on the freelist */
+  u32 k;     /* Number of leaves on the trunk of the freelist */
+  MemPage *pTrunk = 0;
+  MemPage *pPrevTrunk = 0;
+  Pgno mxPage;     /* Total size of the database file */
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  pPage1 = pBt->pPage1;
+  mxPage = btreePagecount(pBt);
+  n = get4byte(&pPage1->aData[36]);
+  testcase( n==mxPage-1 );
+  if( n>=mxPage ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  if( n>0 ){
+    /* There are pages on the freelist.  Reuse one of those pages. */
+    Pgno iTrunk;
+    u8 searchList = 0; /* If the free-list must be searched for 'nearby' */
+    
+    /* If the 'exact' parameter was true and a query of the pointer-map
+    ** shows that the page 'nearby' is somewhere on the free-list, then
+    ** the entire-list will be searched for that page.
+    */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    if( exact && nearby<=mxPage ){
+      u8 eType;
+      assert( nearby>0 );
+      assert( pBt->autoVacuum );
+      rc = ptrmapGet(pBt, nearby, &eType, 0);
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+      if( eType==PTRMAP_FREEPAGE ){
+        searchList = 1;
+      }
+      *pPgno = nearby;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Decrement the free-list count by 1. Set iTrunk to the index of the
+    ** first free-list trunk page. iPrevTrunk is initially 1.
+    */
+    rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage1->pDbPage);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    put4byte(&pPage1->aData[36], n-1);
+
+    /* The code within this loop is run only once if the 'searchList' variable
+    ** is not true. Otherwise, it runs once for each trunk-page on the
+    ** free-list until the page 'nearby' is located.
+    */
+    do {
+      pPrevTrunk = pTrunk;
+      if( pPrevTrunk ){
+        iTrunk = get4byte(&pPrevTrunk->aData[0]);
+      }else{
+        iTrunk = get4byte(&pPage1->aData[32]);
+      }
+      testcase( iTrunk==mxPage );
+      if( iTrunk>mxPage ){
+        rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      }else{
+        rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iTrunk, &pTrunk, 0);
+      }
+      if( rc ){
+        pTrunk = 0;
+        goto end_allocate_page;
+      }
+
+      k = get4byte(&pTrunk->aData[4]); /* # of leaves on this trunk page */
+      if( k==0 && !searchList ){
+        /* The trunk has no leaves and the list is not being searched. 
+        ** So extract the trunk page itself and use it as the newly 
+        ** allocated page */
+        assert( pPrevTrunk==0 );
+        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pTrunk->pDbPage);
+        if( rc ){
+          goto end_allocate_page;
+        }
+        *pPgno = iTrunk;
+        memcpy(&pPage1->aData[32], &pTrunk->aData[0], 4);
+        *ppPage = pTrunk;
+        pTrunk = 0;
+        TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d trunk - %d free pages left\n", *pPgno, n-1));
+      }else if( k>(u32)(pBt->usableSize/4 - 2) ){
+        /* Value of k is out of range.  Database corruption */
+        rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+        goto end_allocate_page;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+      }else if( searchList && nearby==iTrunk ){
+        /* The list is being searched and this trunk page is the page
+        ** to allocate, regardless of whether it has leaves.
+        */
+        assert( *pPgno==iTrunk );
+        *ppPage = pTrunk;
+        searchList = 0;
+        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pTrunk->pDbPage);
+        if( rc ){
+          goto end_allocate_page;
+        }
+        if( k==0 ){
+          if( !pPrevTrunk ){
+            memcpy(&pPage1->aData[32], &pTrunk->aData[0], 4);
+          }else{
+            rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPrevTrunk->pDbPage);
+            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+              goto end_allocate_page;
+            }
+            memcpy(&pPrevTrunk->aData[0], &pTrunk->aData[0], 4);
+          }
+        }else{
+          /* The trunk page is required by the caller but it contains 
+          ** pointers to free-list leaves. The first leaf becomes a trunk
+          ** page in this case.
+          */
+          MemPage *pNewTrunk;
+          Pgno iNewTrunk = get4byte(&pTrunk->aData[8]);
+          if( iNewTrunk>mxPage ){ 
+            rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+            goto end_allocate_page;
+          }
+          testcase( iNewTrunk==mxPage );
+          rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iNewTrunk, &pNewTrunk, 0);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+            goto end_allocate_page;
+          }
+          rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pNewTrunk->pDbPage);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+            releasePage(pNewTrunk);
+            goto end_allocate_page;
+          }
+          memcpy(&pNewTrunk->aData[0], &pTrunk->aData[0], 4);
+          put4byte(&pNewTrunk->aData[4], k-1);
+          memcpy(&pNewTrunk->aData[8], &pTrunk->aData[12], (k-1)*4);
+          releasePage(pNewTrunk);
+          if( !pPrevTrunk ){
+            assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage1->pDbPage) );
+            put4byte(&pPage1->aData[32], iNewTrunk);
+          }else{
+            rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPrevTrunk->pDbPage);
+            if( rc ){
+              goto end_allocate_page;
+            }
+            put4byte(&pPrevTrunk->aData[0], iNewTrunk);
+          }
+        }
+        pTrunk = 0;
+        TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d trunk - %d free pages left\n", *pPgno, n-1));
+#endif
+      }else if( k>0 ){
+        /* Extract a leaf from the trunk */
+        u32 closest;
+        Pgno iPage;
+        unsigned char *aData = pTrunk->aData;
+        if( nearby>0 ){
+          u32 i;
+          int dist;
+          closest = 0;
+          dist = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8]) - nearby);
+          for(i=1; i<k; i++){
+            int d2 = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8+i*4]) - nearby);
+            if( d2<dist ){
+              closest = i;
+              dist = d2;
+            }
+          }
+        }else{
+          closest = 0;
+        }
+
+        iPage = get4byte(&aData[8+closest*4]);
+        testcase( iPage==mxPage );
+        if( iPage>mxPage ){
+          rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+          goto end_allocate_page;
+        }
+        testcase( iPage==mxPage );
+        if( !searchList || iPage==nearby ){
+          int noContent;
+          *pPgno = iPage;
+          TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d was leaf %d of %d on trunk %d"
+                 ": %d more free pages\n",
+                 *pPgno, closest+1, k, pTrunk->pgno, n-1));
+          rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pTrunk->pDbPage);
+          if( rc ) goto end_allocate_page;
+          if( closest<k-1 ){
+            memcpy(&aData[8+closest*4], &aData[4+k*4], 4);
+          }
+          put4byte(&aData[4], k-1);
+          noContent = !btreeGetHasContent(pBt, *pPgno);
+          rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, *pPgno, ppPage, noContent);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            rc = sqlite3PagerWrite((*ppPage)->pDbPage);
+            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+              releasePage(*ppPage);
+            }
+          }
+          searchList = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      releasePage(pPrevTrunk);
+      pPrevTrunk = 0;
+    }while( searchList );
+  }else{
+    /* There are no pages on the freelist, so create a new page at the
+    ** end of the file */
+    rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    pBt->nPage++;
+    if( pBt->nPage==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ) pBt->nPage++;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    if( pBt->autoVacuum && PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, pBt->nPage) ){
+      /* If *pPgno refers to a pointer-map page, allocate two new pages
+      ** at the end of the file instead of one. The first allocated page
+      ** becomes a new pointer-map page, the second is used by the caller.
+      */
+      MemPage *pPg = 0;
+      TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d from end of file (pointer-map page)\n", pBt->nPage));
+      assert( pBt->nPage!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) );
+      rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pBt->nPage, &pPg, 1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPg->pDbPage);
+        releasePage(pPg);
+      }
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+      pBt->nPage++;
+      if( pBt->nPage==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){ pBt->nPage++; }
+    }
+#endif
+    put4byte(28 + (u8*)pBt->pPage1->aData, pBt->nPage);
+    *pPgno = pBt->nPage;
+
+    assert( *pPgno!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) );
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, *pPgno, ppPage, 1);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    rc = sqlite3PagerWrite((*ppPage)->pDbPage);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      releasePage(*ppPage);
+    }
+    TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d from end of file\n", *pPgno));
+  }
+
+  assert( *pPgno!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) );
+
+end_allocate_page:
+  releasePage(pTrunk);
+  releasePage(pPrevTrunk);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( sqlite3PagerPageRefcount((*ppPage)->pDbPage)>1 ){
+      releasePage(*ppPage);
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+    (*ppPage)->isInit = 0;
+  }else{
+    *ppPage = 0;
+  }
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || sqlite3PagerIswriteable((*ppPage)->pDbPage) );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to add page iPage to the database file free-list. 
+** It is assumed that the page is not already a part of the free-list.
+**
+** The value passed as the second argument to this function is optional.
+** If the caller happens to have a pointer to the MemPage object 
+** corresponding to page iPage handy, it may pass it as the second value. 
+** Otherwise, it may pass NULL.
+**
+** If a pointer to a MemPage object is passed as the second argument,
+** its reference count is not altered by this function.
+*/
+static int freePage2(BtShared *pBt, MemPage *pMemPage, Pgno iPage){
+  MemPage *pTrunk = 0;                /* Free-list trunk page */
+  Pgno iTrunk = 0;                    /* Page number of free-list trunk page */ 
+  MemPage *pPage1 = pBt->pPage1;      /* Local reference to page 1 */
+  MemPage *pPage;                     /* Page being freed. May be NULL. */
+  int rc;                             /* Return Code */
+  int nFree;                          /* Initial number of pages on free-list */
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( iPage>1 );
+  assert( !pMemPage || pMemPage->pgno==iPage );
+
+  if( pMemPage ){
+    pPage = pMemPage;
+    sqlite3PagerRef(pPage->pDbPage);
+  }else{
+    pPage = btreePageLookup(pBt, iPage);
+  }
+
+  /* Increment the free page count on pPage1 */
+  rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage1->pDbPage);
+  if( rc ) goto freepage_out;
+  nFree = get4byte(&pPage1->aData[36]);
+  put4byte(&pPage1->aData[36], nFree+1);
+
+  if( pBt->secureDelete ){
+    /* If the secure_delete option is enabled, then
+    ** always fully overwrite deleted information with zeros.
+    */
+    if( (!pPage && ((rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iPage, &pPage, 0))!=0) )
+     ||            ((rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage))!=0)
+    ){
+      goto freepage_out;
+    }
+    memset(pPage->aData, 0, pPage->pBt->pageSize);
+  }
+
+  /* If the database supports auto-vacuum, write an entry in the pointer-map
+  ** to indicate that the page is free.
+  */
+  if( ISAUTOVACUUM ){
+    ptrmapPut(pBt, iPage, PTRMAP_FREEPAGE, 0, &rc);
+    if( rc ) goto freepage_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Now manipulate the actual database free-list structure. There are two
+  ** possibilities. If the free-list is currently empty, or if the first
+  ** trunk page in the free-list is full, then this page will become a
+  ** new free-list trunk page. Otherwise, it will become a leaf of the
+  ** first trunk page in the current free-list. This block tests if it
+  ** is possible to add the page as a new free-list leaf.
+  */
+  if( nFree!=0 ){
+    u32 nLeaf;                /* Initial number of leaf cells on trunk page */
+
+    iTrunk = get4byte(&pPage1->aData[32]);
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iTrunk, &pTrunk, 0);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto freepage_out;
+    }
+
+    nLeaf = get4byte(&pTrunk->aData[4]);
+    assert( pBt->usableSize>32 );
+    if( nLeaf > (u32)pBt->usableSize/4 - 2 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      goto freepage_out;
+    }
+    if( nLeaf < (u32)pBt->usableSize/4 - 8 ){
+      /* In this case there is room on the trunk page to insert the page
+      ** being freed as a new leaf.
+      **
+      ** Note that the trunk page is not really full until it contains
+      ** usableSize/4 - 2 entries, not usableSize/4 - 8 entries as we have
+      ** coded.  But due to a coding error in versions of SQLite prior to
+      ** 3.6.0, databases with freelist trunk pages holding more than
+      ** usableSize/4 - 8 entries will be reported as corrupt.  In order
+      ** to maintain backwards compatibility with older versions of SQLite,
+      ** we will continue to restrict the number of entries to usableSize/4 - 8
+      ** for now.  At some point in the future (once everyone has upgraded
+      ** to 3.6.0 or later) we should consider fixing the conditional above
+      ** to read "usableSize/4-2" instead of "usableSize/4-8".
+      */
+      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pTrunk->pDbPage);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        put4byte(&pTrunk->aData[4], nLeaf+1);
+        put4byte(&pTrunk->aData[8+nLeaf*4], iPage);
+        if( pPage && !pBt->secureDelete ){
+          sqlite3PagerDontWrite(pPage->pDbPage);
+        }
+        rc = btreeSetHasContent(pBt, iPage);
+      }
+      TRACE(("FREE-PAGE: %d leaf on trunk page %d\n",pPage->pgno,pTrunk->pgno));
+      goto freepage_out;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If control flows to this point, then it was not possible to add the
+  ** the page being freed as a leaf page of the first trunk in the free-list.
+  ** Possibly because the free-list is empty, or possibly because the 
+  ** first trunk in the free-list is full. Either way, the page being freed
+  ** will become the new first trunk page in the free-list.
+  */
+  if( pPage==0 && SQLITE_OK!=(rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iPage, &pPage, 0)) ){
+    goto freepage_out;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto freepage_out;
+  }
+  put4byte(pPage->aData, iTrunk);
+  put4byte(&pPage->aData[4], 0);
+  put4byte(&pPage1->aData[32], iPage);
+  TRACE(("FREE-PAGE: %d new trunk page replacing %d\n", pPage->pgno, iTrunk));
+
+freepage_out:
+  if( pPage ){
+    pPage->isInit = 0;
+  }
+  releasePage(pPage);
+  releasePage(pTrunk);
+  return rc;
+}
+static void freePage(MemPage *pPage, int *pRC){
+  if( (*pRC)==SQLITE_OK ){
+    *pRC = freePage2(pPage->pBt, pPage, pPage->pgno);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Free any overflow pages associated with the given Cell.
+*/
+static int clearCell(MemPage *pPage, unsigned char *pCell){
+  BtShared *pBt = pPage->pBt;
+  CellInfo info;
+  Pgno ovflPgno;
+  int rc;
+  int nOvfl;
+  u32 ovflPageSize;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  btreeParseCellPtr(pPage, pCell, &info);
+  if( info.iOverflow==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;  /* No overflow pages. Return without doing anything */
+  }
+  ovflPgno = get4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow]);
+  assert( pBt->usableSize > 4 );
+  ovflPageSize = pBt->usableSize - 4;
+  nOvfl = (info.nPayload - info.nLocal + ovflPageSize - 1)/ovflPageSize;
+  assert( ovflPgno==0 || nOvfl>0 );
+  while( nOvfl-- ){
+    Pgno iNext = 0;
+    MemPage *pOvfl = 0;
+    if( ovflPgno<2 || ovflPgno>btreePagecount(pBt) ){
+      /* 0 is not a legal page number and page 1 cannot be an 
+      ** overflow page. Therefore if ovflPgno<2 or past the end of the 
+      ** file the database must be corrupt. */
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+    if( nOvfl ){
+      rc = getOverflowPage(pBt, ovflPgno, &pOvfl, &iNext);
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+    }
+
+    if( ( pOvfl || ((pOvfl = btreePageLookup(pBt, ovflPgno))!=0) )
+     && sqlite3PagerPageRefcount(pOvfl->pDbPage)!=1
+    ){
+      /* There is no reason any cursor should have an outstanding reference 
+      ** to an overflow page belonging to a cell that is being deleted/updated.
+      ** So if there exists more than one reference to this page, then it 
+      ** must not really be an overflow page and the database must be corrupt. 
+      ** It is helpful to detect this before calling freePage2(), as 
+      ** freePage2() may zero the page contents if secure-delete mode is
+      ** enabled. If this 'overflow' page happens to be a page that the
+      ** caller is iterating through or using in some other way, this
+      ** can be problematic.
+      */
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }else{
+      rc = freePage2(pBt, pOvfl, ovflPgno);
+    }
+
+    if( pOvfl ){
+      sqlite3PagerUnref(pOvfl->pDbPage);
+    }
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    ovflPgno = iNext;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create the byte sequence used to represent a cell on page pPage
+** and write that byte sequence into pCell[].  Overflow pages are
+** allocated and filled in as necessary.  The calling procedure
+** is responsible for making sure sufficient space has been allocated
+** for pCell[].
+**
+** Note that pCell does not necessary need to point to the pPage->aData
+** area.  pCell might point to some temporary storage.  The cell will
+** be constructed in this temporary area then copied into pPage->aData
+** later.
+*/
+static int fillInCell(
+  MemPage *pPage,                /* The page that contains the cell */
+  unsigned char *pCell,          /* Complete text of the cell */
+  const void *pKey, i64 nKey,    /* The key */
+  const void *pData,int nData,   /* The data */
+  int nZero,                     /* Extra zero bytes to append to pData */
+  int *pnSize                    /* Write cell size here */
+){
+  int nPayload;
+  const u8 *pSrc;
+  int nSrc, n, rc;
+  int spaceLeft;
+  MemPage *pOvfl = 0;
+  MemPage *pToRelease = 0;
+  unsigned char *pPrior;
+  unsigned char *pPayload;
+  BtShared *pBt = pPage->pBt;
+  Pgno pgnoOvfl = 0;
+  int nHeader;
+  CellInfo info;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+
+  /* pPage is not necessarily writeable since pCell might be auxiliary
+  ** buffer space that is separate from the pPage buffer area */
+  assert( pCell<pPage->aData || pCell>=&pPage->aData[pBt->pageSize]
+            || sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+
+  /* Fill in the header. */
+  nHeader = 0;
+  if( !pPage->leaf ){
+    nHeader += 4;
+  }
+  if( pPage->hasData ){
+    nHeader += putVarint(&pCell[nHeader], nData+nZero);
+  }else{
+    nData = nZero = 0;
+  }
+  nHeader += putVarint(&pCell[nHeader], *(u64*)&nKey);
+  btreeParseCellPtr(pPage, pCell, &info);
+  assert( info.nHeader==nHeader );
+  assert( info.nKey==nKey );
+  assert( info.nData==(u32)(nData+nZero) );
+  
+  /* Fill in the payload */
+  nPayload = nData + nZero;
+  if( pPage->intKey ){
+    pSrc = pData;
+    nSrc = nData;
+    nData = 0;
+  }else{ 
+    if( NEVER(nKey>0x7fffffff || pKey==0) ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
+    nPayload += (int)nKey;
+    pSrc = pKey;
+    nSrc = (int)nKey;
+  }
+  *pnSize = info.nSize;
+  spaceLeft = info.nLocal;
+  pPayload = &pCell[nHeader];
+  pPrior = &pCell[info.iOverflow];
+
+  while( nPayload>0 ){
+    if( spaceLeft==0 ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+      Pgno pgnoPtrmap = pgnoOvfl; /* Overflow page pointer-map entry page */
+      if( pBt->autoVacuum ){
+        do{
+          pgnoOvfl++;
+        } while( 
+          PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, pgnoOvfl) || pgnoOvfl==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) 
+        );
+      }
+#endif
+      rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pOvfl, &pgnoOvfl, pgnoOvfl, 0);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+      /* If the database supports auto-vacuum, and the second or subsequent
+      ** overflow page is being allocated, add an entry to the pointer-map
+      ** for that page now. 
+      **
+      ** If this is the first overflow page, then write a partial entry 
+      ** to the pointer-map. If we write nothing to this pointer-map slot,
+      ** then the optimistic overflow chain processing in clearCell()
+      ** may misinterpret the uninitialised values and delete the
+      ** wrong pages from the database.
+      */
+      if( pBt->autoVacuum && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        u8 eType = (pgnoPtrmap?PTRMAP_OVERFLOW2:PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1);
+        ptrmapPut(pBt, pgnoOvfl, eType, pgnoPtrmap, &rc);
+        if( rc ){
+          releasePage(pOvfl);
+        }
+      }
+#endif
+      if( rc ){
+        releasePage(pToRelease);
+        return rc;
+      }
+
+      /* If pToRelease is not zero than pPrior points into the data area
+      ** of pToRelease.  Make sure pToRelease is still writeable. */
+      assert( pToRelease==0 || sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pToRelease->pDbPage) );
+
+      /* If pPrior is part of the data area of pPage, then make sure pPage
+      ** is still writeable */
+      assert( pPrior<pPage->aData || pPrior>=&pPage->aData[pBt->pageSize]
+            || sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+
+      put4byte(pPrior, pgnoOvfl);
+      releasePage(pToRelease);
+      pToRelease = pOvfl;
+      pPrior = pOvfl->aData;
+      put4byte(pPrior, 0);
+      pPayload = &pOvfl->aData[4];
+      spaceLeft = pBt->usableSize - 4;
+    }
+    n = nPayload;
+    if( n>spaceLeft ) n = spaceLeft;
+
+    /* If pToRelease is not zero than pPayload points into the data area
+    ** of pToRelease.  Make sure pToRelease is still writeable. */
+    assert( pToRelease==0 || sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pToRelease->pDbPage) );
+
+    /* If pPayload is part of the data area of pPage, then make sure pPage
+    ** is still writeable */
+    assert( pPayload<pPage->aData || pPayload>=&pPage->aData[pBt->pageSize]
+            || sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+
+    if( nSrc>0 ){
+      if( n>nSrc ) n = nSrc;
+      assert( pSrc );
+      memcpy(pPayload, pSrc, n);
+    }else{
+      memset(pPayload, 0, n);
+    }
+    nPayload -= n;
+    pPayload += n;
+    pSrc += n;
+    nSrc -= n;
+    spaceLeft -= n;
+    if( nSrc==0 ){
+      nSrc = nData;
+      pSrc = pData;
+    }
+  }
+  releasePage(pToRelease);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove the i-th cell from pPage.  This routine effects pPage only.
+** The cell content is not freed or deallocated.  It is assumed that
+** the cell content has been copied someplace else.  This routine just
+** removes the reference to the cell from pPage.
+**
+** "sz" must be the number of bytes in the cell.
+*/
+static void dropCell(MemPage *pPage, int idx, int sz, int *pRC){
+  u32 pc;         /* Offset to cell content of cell being deleted */
+  u8 *data;       /* pPage->aData */
+  u8 *ptr;        /* Used to move bytes around within data[] */
+  u8 *endPtr;     /* End of loop */
+  int rc;         /* The return code */
+  int hdr;        /* Beginning of the header.  0 most pages.  100 page 1 */
+
+  if( *pRC ) return;
+
+  assert( idx>=0 && idx<pPage->nCell );
+  assert( sz==cellSize(pPage, idx) );
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  data = pPage->aData;
+  ptr = &data[pPage->cellOffset + 2*idx];
+  pc = get2byte(ptr);
+  hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;
+  testcase( pc==get2byte(&data[hdr+5]) );
+  testcase( pc+sz==pPage->pBt->usableSize );
+  if( pc < (u32)get2byte(&data[hdr+5]) || pc+sz > pPage->pBt->usableSize ){
+    *pRC = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    return;
+  }
+  rc = freeSpace(pPage, pc, sz);
+  if( rc ){
+    *pRC = rc;
+    return;
+  }
+  endPtr = &data[pPage->cellOffset + 2*pPage->nCell - 2];
+  assert( (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(ptr)&1)==0 );  /* ptr is always 2-byte aligned */
+  while( ptr<endPtr ){
+#ifdef EMSCRIPTEN
+    ptr[0] = ptr[2];
+    ptr[1] = ptr[3];
+#else
+    *(u16*)ptr = *(u16*)&ptr[2];
+#endif
+    ptr += 2;
+  }
+  pPage->nCell--;
+  put2byte(&data[hdr+3], pPage->nCell);
+  pPage->nFree += 2;
+}
+
+/*
+** Insert a new cell on pPage at cell index "i".  pCell points to the
+** content of the cell.
+**
+** If the cell content will fit on the page, then put it there.  If it
+** will not fit, then make a copy of the cell content into pTemp if
+** pTemp is not null.  Regardless of pTemp, allocate a new entry
+** in pPage->aOvfl[] and make it point to the cell content (either
+** in pTemp or the original pCell) and also record its index. 
+** Allocating a new entry in pPage->aCell[] implies that 
+** pPage->nOverflow is incremented.
+**
+** If nSkip is non-zero, then do not copy the first nSkip bytes of the
+** cell. The caller will overwrite them after this function returns. If
+** nSkip is non-zero, then pCell may not point to an invalid memory location 
+** (but pCell+nSkip is always valid).
+*/
+static void insertCell(
+  MemPage *pPage,   /* Page into which we are copying */
+  int i,            /* New cell becomes the i-th cell of the page */
+  u8 *pCell,        /* Content of the new cell */
+  int sz,           /* Bytes of content in pCell */
+  u8 *pTemp,        /* Temp storage space for pCell, if needed */
+  Pgno iChild,      /* If non-zero, replace first 4 bytes with this value */
+  int *pRC          /* Read and write return code from here */
+){
+  int idx = 0;      /* Where to write new cell content in data[] */
+  int j;            /* Loop counter */
+  int end;          /* First byte past the last cell pointer in data[] */
+  int ins;          /* Index in data[] where new cell pointer is inserted */
+  int cellOffset;   /* Address of first cell pointer in data[] */
+  u8 *data;         /* The content of the whole page */
+  u8 *ptr;          /* Used for moving information around in data[] */
+  u8 *endPtr;       /* End of the loop */
+
+  int nSkip = (iChild ? 4 : 0);
+
+  if( *pRC ) return;
+
+  assert( i>=0 && i<=pPage->nCell+pPage->nOverflow );
+  assert( pPage->nCell<=MX_CELL(pPage->pBt) && MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)<=10921 );
+  assert( pPage->nOverflow<=ArraySize(pPage->aOvfl) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  /* The cell should normally be sized correctly.  However, when moving a
+  ** malformed cell from a leaf page to an interior page, if the cell size
+  ** wanted to be less than 4 but got rounded up to 4 on the leaf, then size
+  ** might be less than 8 (leaf-size + pointer) on the interior node.  Hence
+  ** the term after the || in the following assert(). */
+  assert( sz==cellSizePtr(pPage, pCell) || (sz==8 && iChild>0) );
+  if( pPage->nOverflow || sz+2>pPage->nFree ){
+    if( pTemp ){
+      memcpy(pTemp+nSkip, pCell+nSkip, sz-nSkip);
+      pCell = pTemp;
+    }
+    if( iChild ){
+      put4byte(pCell, iChild);
+    }
+    j = pPage->nOverflow++;
+    assert( j<(int)(sizeof(pPage->aOvfl)/sizeof(pPage->aOvfl[0])) );
+    pPage->aOvfl[j].pCell = pCell;
+    pPage->aOvfl[j].idx = (u16)i;
+  }else{
+    int rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      *pRC = rc;
+      return;
+    }
+    assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+    data = pPage->aData;
+    cellOffset = pPage->cellOffset;
+    end = cellOffset + 2*pPage->nCell;
+    ins = cellOffset + 2*i;
+    rc = allocateSpace(pPage, sz, &idx);
+    if( rc ){ *pRC = rc; return; }
+    /* The allocateSpace() routine guarantees the following two properties
+    ** if it returns success */
+    assert( idx >= end+2 );
+    assert( idx+sz <= (int)pPage->pBt->usableSize );
+    pPage->nCell++;
+    pPage->nFree -= (u16)(2 + sz);
+    memcpy(&data[idx+nSkip], pCell+nSkip, sz-nSkip);
+    if( iChild ){
+      put4byte(&data[idx], iChild);
+    }
+    ptr = &data[end];
+    endPtr = &data[ins];
+    assert( (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(ptr)&1)==0 );  /* ptr is always 2-byte aligned */
+    while( ptr>endPtr ){
+#ifdef EMSCRIPTEN
+      ptr[0] = ptr[-2];
+      ptr[1] = ptr[-1];
+#else
+      *(u16*)ptr = *(u16*)&ptr[-2];
+#endif
+      ptr -= 2;
+    }
+    put2byte(&data[ins], idx);
+    put2byte(&data[pPage->hdrOffset+3], pPage->nCell);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    if( pPage->pBt->autoVacuum ){
+      /* The cell may contain a pointer to an overflow page. If so, write
+      ** the entry for the overflow page into the pointer map.
+      */
+      ptrmapPutOvflPtr(pPage, pCell, pRC);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a list of cells to a page.  The page should be initially empty.
+** The cells are guaranteed to fit on the page.
+*/
+static void assemblePage(
+  MemPage *pPage,   /* The page to be assemblied */
+  int nCell,        /* The number of cells to add to this page */
+  u8 **apCell,      /* Pointers to cell bodies */
+  u16 *aSize        /* Sizes of the cells */
+){
+  int i;            /* Loop counter */
+  u8 *pCellptr;     /* Address of next cell pointer */
+  int cellbody;     /* Address of next cell body */
+  u8 * const data = pPage->aData;             /* Pointer to data for pPage */
+  const int hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;           /* Offset of header on pPage */
+  const int nUsable = pPage->pBt->usableSize; /* Usable size of page */
+
+  assert( pPage->nOverflow==0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( nCell>=0 && nCell<=(int)MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)
+            && (int)MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)<=10921);
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
+
+  /* Check that the page has just been zeroed by zeroPage() */
+  assert( pPage->nCell==0 );
+  assert( get2byteNotZero(&data[hdr+5])==nUsable );
+
+  pCellptr = &data[pPage->cellOffset + nCell*2];
+  cellbody = nUsable;
+  for(i=nCell-1; i>=0; i--){
+    u16 sz = aSize[i];
+    pCellptr -= 2;
+    cellbody -= sz;
+    put2byte(pCellptr, cellbody);
+    memcpy(&data[cellbody], apCell[i], sz);
+  }
+  put2byte(&data[hdr+3], nCell);
+  put2byte(&data[hdr+5], cellbody);
+  pPage->nFree -= (nCell*2 + nUsable - cellbody);
+  pPage->nCell = (u16)nCell;
+}
+
+/*
+** The following parameters determine how many adjacent pages get involved
+** in a balancing operation.  NN is the number of neighbors on either side
+** of the page that participate in the balancing operation.  NB is the
+** total number of pages that participate, including the target page and
+** NN neighbors on either side.
+**
+** The minimum value of NN is 1 (of course).  Increasing NN above 1
+** (to 2 or 3) gives a modest improvement in SELECT and DELETE performance
+** in exchange for a larger degradation in INSERT and UPDATE performance.
+** The value of NN appears to give the best results overall.
+*/
+#define NN 1             /* Number of neighbors on either side of pPage */
+#define NB (NN*2+1)      /* Total pages involved in the balance */
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_QUICKBALANCE
+/*
+** This version of balance() handles the common special case where
+** a new entry is being inserted on the extreme right-end of the
+** tree, in other words, when the new entry will become the largest
+** entry in the tree.
+**
+** Instead of trying to balance the 3 right-most leaf pages, just add
+** a new page to the right-hand side and put the one new entry in
+** that page.  This leaves the right side of the tree somewhat
+** unbalanced.  But odds are that we will be inserting new entries
+** at the end soon afterwards so the nearly empty page will quickly
+** fill up.  On average.
+**
+** pPage is the leaf page which is the right-most page in the tree.
+** pParent is its parent.  pPage must have a single overflow entry
+** which is also the right-most entry on the page.
+**
+** The pSpace buffer is used to store a temporary copy of the divider
+** cell that will be inserted into pParent. Such a cell consists of a 4
+** byte page number followed by a variable length integer. In other
+** words, at most 13 bytes. Hence the pSpace buffer must be at
+** least 13 bytes in size.
+*/
+static int balance_quick(MemPage *pParent, MemPage *pPage, u8 *pSpace){
+  BtShared *const pBt = pPage->pBt;    /* B-Tree Database */
+  MemPage *pNew;                       /* Newly allocated page */
+  int rc;                              /* Return Code */
+  Pgno pgnoNew;                        /* Page number of pNew */
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pParent->pDbPage) );
+  assert( pPage->nOverflow==1 );
+
+  /* This error condition is now caught prior to reaching this function */
+  if( pPage->nCell<=0 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+
+  /* Allocate a new page. This page will become the right-sibling of 
+  ** pPage. Make the parent page writable, so that the new divider cell
+  ** may be inserted. If both these operations are successful, proceed.
+  */
+  rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pNew, &pgnoNew, 0, 0);
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+
+    u8 *pOut = &pSpace[4];
+    u8 *pCell = pPage->aOvfl[0].pCell;
+    u16 szCell = cellSizePtr(pPage, pCell);
+    u8 *pStop;
+
+    assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pNew->pDbPage) );
+    assert( pPage->aData[0]==(PTF_INTKEY|PTF_LEAFDATA|PTF_LEAF) );
+    zeroPage(pNew, PTF_INTKEY|PTF_LEAFDATA|PTF_LEAF);
+    assemblePage(pNew, 1, &pCell, &szCell);
+
+    /* If this is an auto-vacuum database, update the pointer map
+    ** with entries for the new page, and any pointer from the 
+    ** cell on the page to an overflow page. If either of these
+    ** operations fails, the return code is set, but the contents
+    ** of the parent page are still manipulated by thh code below.
+    ** That is Ok, at this point the parent page is guaranteed to
+    ** be marked as dirty. Returning an error code will cause a
+    ** rollback, undoing any changes made to the parent page.
+    */
+    if( ISAUTOVACUUM ){
+      ptrmapPut(pBt, pgnoNew, PTRMAP_BTREE, pParent->pgno, &rc);
+      if( szCell>pNew->minLocal ){
+        ptrmapPutOvflPtr(pNew, pCell, &rc);
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* Create a divider cell to insert into pParent. The divider cell
+    ** consists of a 4-byte page number (the page number of pPage) and
+    ** a variable length key value (which must be the same value as the
+    ** largest key on pPage).
+    **
+    ** To find the largest key value on pPage, first find the right-most 
+    ** cell on pPage. The first two fields of this cell are the 
+    ** record-length (a variable length integer at most 32-bits in size)
+    ** and the key value (a variable length integer, may have any value).
+    ** The first of the while(...) loops below skips over the record-length
+    ** field. The second while(...) loop copies the key value from the
+    ** cell on pPage into the pSpace buffer.
+    */
+    pCell = findCell(pPage, pPage->nCell-1);
+    pStop = &pCell[9];
+    while( (*(pCell++)&0x80) && pCell<pStop );
+    pStop = &pCell[9];
+    while( ((*(pOut++) = *(pCell++))&0x80) && pCell<pStop );
+
+    /* Insert the new divider cell into pParent. */
+    insertCell(pParent, pParent->nCell, pSpace, (int)(pOut-pSpace),
+               0, pPage->pgno, &rc);
+
+    /* Set the right-child pointer of pParent to point to the new page. */
+    put4byte(&pParent->aData[pParent->hdrOffset+8], pgnoNew);
+  
+    /* Release the reference to the new page. */
+    releasePage(pNew);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_QUICKBALANCE */
+
+#if 0
+/*
+** This function does not contribute anything to the operation of SQLite.
+** it is sometimes activated temporarily while debugging code responsible 
+** for setting pointer-map entries.
+*/
+static int ptrmapCheckPages(MemPage **apPage, int nPage){
+  int i, j;
+  for(i=0; i<nPage; i++){
+    Pgno n;
+    u8 e;
+    MemPage *pPage = apPage[i];
+    BtShared *pBt = pPage->pBt;
+    assert( pPage->isInit );
+
+    for(j=0; j<pPage->nCell; j++){
+      CellInfo info;
+      u8 *z;
+     
+      z = findCell(pPage, j);
+      btreeParseCellPtr(pPage, z, &info);
+      if( info.iOverflow ){
+        Pgno ovfl = get4byte(&z[info.iOverflow]);
+        ptrmapGet(pBt, ovfl, &e, &n);
+        assert( n==pPage->pgno && e==PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1 );
+      }
+      if( !pPage->leaf ){
+        Pgno child = get4byte(z);
+        ptrmapGet(pBt, child, &e, &n);
+        assert( n==pPage->pgno && e==PTRMAP_BTREE );
+      }
+    }
+    if( !pPage->leaf ){
+      Pgno child = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);
+      ptrmapGet(pBt, child, &e, &n);
+      assert( n==pPage->pgno && e==PTRMAP_BTREE );
+    }
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This function is used to copy the contents of the b-tree node stored 
+** on page pFrom to page pTo. If page pFrom was not a leaf page, then
+** the pointer-map entries for each child page are updated so that the
+** parent page stored in the pointer map is page pTo. If pFrom contained
+** any cells with overflow page pointers, then the corresponding pointer
+** map entries are also updated so that the parent page is page pTo.
+**
+** If pFrom is currently carrying any overflow cells (entries in the
+** MemPage.aOvfl[] array), they are not copied to pTo. 
+**
+** Before returning, page pTo is reinitialized using btreeInitPage().
+**
+** The performance of this function is not critical. It is only used by 
+** the balance_shallower() and balance_deeper() procedures, neither of
+** which are called often under normal circumstances.
+*/
+static void copyNodeContent(MemPage *pFrom, MemPage *pTo, int *pRC){
+  if( (*pRC)==SQLITE_OK ){
+    BtShared * const pBt = pFrom->pBt;
+    u8 * const aFrom = pFrom->aData;
+    u8 * const aTo = pTo->aData;
+    int const iFromHdr = pFrom->hdrOffset;
+    int const iToHdr = ((pTo->pgno==1) ? 100 : 0);
+    int rc;
+    int iData;
+  
+  
+    assert( pFrom->isInit );
+    assert( pFrom->nFree>=iToHdr );
+    assert( get2byte(&aFrom[iFromHdr+5]) <= (int)pBt->usableSize );
+  
+    /* Copy the b-tree node content from page pFrom to page pTo. */
+    iData = get2byte(&aFrom[iFromHdr+5]);
+    memcpy(&aTo[iData], &aFrom[iData], pBt->usableSize-iData);
+    memcpy(&aTo[iToHdr], &aFrom[iFromHdr], pFrom->cellOffset + 2*pFrom->nCell);
+  
+    /* Reinitialize page pTo so that the contents of the MemPage structure
+    ** match the new data. The initialization of pTo can actually fail under
+    ** fairly obscure circumstances, even though it is a copy of initialized 
+    ** page pFrom.
+    */
+    pTo->isInit = 0;
+    rc = btreeInitPage(pTo);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      *pRC = rc;
+      return;
+    }
+  
+    /* If this is an auto-vacuum database, update the pointer-map entries
+    ** for any b-tree or overflow pages that pTo now contains the pointers to.
+    */
+    if( ISAUTOVACUUM ){
+      *pRC = setChildPtrmaps(pTo);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine redistributes cells on the iParentIdx'th child of pParent
+** (hereafter "the page") and up to 2 siblings so that all pages have about the
+** same amount of free space. Usually a single sibling on either side of the
+** page are used in the balancing, though both siblings might come from one
+** side if the page is the first or last child of its parent. If the page 
+** has fewer than 2 siblings (something which can only happen if the page
+** is a root page or a child of a root page) then all available siblings
+** participate in the balancing.
+**
+** The number of siblings of the page might be increased or decreased by 
+** one or two in an effort to keep pages nearly full but not over full. 
+**
+** Note that when this routine is called, some of the cells on the page
+** might not actually be stored in MemPage.aData[]. This can happen
+** if the page is overfull. This routine ensures that all cells allocated
+** to the page and its siblings fit into MemPage.aData[] before returning.
+**
+** In the course of balancing the page and its siblings, cells may be
+** inserted into or removed from the parent page (pParent). Doing so
+** may cause the parent page to become overfull or underfull. If this
+** happens, it is the responsibility of the caller to invoke the correct
+** balancing routine to fix this problem (see the balance() routine). 
+**
+** If this routine fails for any reason, it might leave the database
+** in a corrupted state. So if this routine fails, the database should
+** be rolled back.
+**
+** The third argument to this function, aOvflSpace, is a pointer to a
+** buffer big enough to hold one page. If while inserting cells into the parent
+** page (pParent) the parent page becomes overfull, this buffer is
+** used to store the parent's overflow cells. Because this function inserts
+** a maximum of four divider cells into the parent page, and the maximum
+** size of a cell stored within an internal node is always less than 1/4
+** of the page-size, the aOvflSpace[] buffer is guaranteed to be large
+** enough for all overflow cells.
+**
+** If aOvflSpace is set to a null pointer, this function returns 
+** SQLITE_NOMEM.
+*/
+static int balance_nonroot(
+  MemPage *pParent,               /* Parent page of siblings being balanced */
+  int iParentIdx,                 /* Index of "the page" in pParent */
+  u8 *aOvflSpace,                 /* page-size bytes of space for parent ovfl */
+  int isRoot                      /* True if pParent is a root-page */
+){
+  BtShared *pBt;               /* The whole database */
+  int nCell = 0;               /* Number of cells in apCell[] */
+  int nMaxCells = 0;           /* Allocated size of apCell, szCell, aFrom. */
+  int nNew = 0;                /* Number of pages in apNew[] */
+  int nOld;                    /* Number of pages in apOld[] */
+  int i, j, k;                 /* Loop counters */
+  int nxDiv;                   /* Next divider slot in pParent->aCell[] */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;          /* The return code */
+  u16 leafCorrection;          /* 4 if pPage is a leaf.  0 if not */
+  int leafData;                /* True if pPage is a leaf of a LEAFDATA tree */
+  int usableSpace;             /* Bytes in pPage beyond the header */
+  int pageFlags;               /* Value of pPage->aData[0] */
+  int subtotal;                /* Subtotal of bytes in cells on one page */
+  int iSpace1 = 0;             /* First unused byte of aSpace1[] */
+  int iOvflSpace = 0;          /* First unused byte of aOvflSpace[] */
+  int szScratch;               /* Size of scratch memory requested */
+  MemPage *apOld[NB];          /* pPage and up to two siblings */
+  MemPage *apCopy[NB];         /* Private copies of apOld[] pages */
+  MemPage *apNew[NB+2];        /* pPage and up to NB siblings after balancing */
+  u8 *pRight;                  /* Location in parent of right-sibling pointer */
+  u8 *apDiv[NB-1];             /* Divider cells in pParent */
+  int cntNew[NB+2];            /* Index in aCell[] of cell after i-th page */
+  int szNew[NB+2];             /* Combined size of cells place on i-th page */
+  u8 **apCell = 0;             /* All cells begin balanced */
+  u16 *szCell;                 /* Local size of all cells in apCell[] */
+  u8 *aSpace1;                 /* Space for copies of dividers cells */
+  Pgno pgno;                   /* Temp var to store a page number in */
+
+  pBt = pParent->pBt;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pParent->pDbPage) );
+
+#if 0
+  TRACE(("BALANCE: begin page %d child of %d\n", pPage->pgno, pParent->pgno));
+#endif
+
+  /* At this point pParent may have at most one overflow cell. And if
+  ** this overflow cell is present, it must be the cell with 
+  ** index iParentIdx. This scenario comes about when this function
+  ** is called (indirectly) from sqlite3BtreeDelete().
+  */
+  assert( pParent->nOverflow==0 || pParent->nOverflow==1 );
+  assert( pParent->nOverflow==0 || pParent->aOvfl[0].idx==iParentIdx );
+
+  if( !aOvflSpace ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  /* Find the sibling pages to balance. Also locate the cells in pParent 
+  ** that divide the siblings. An attempt is made to find NN siblings on 
+  ** either side of pPage. More siblings are taken from one side, however, 
+  ** if there are fewer than NN siblings on the other side. If pParent
+  ** has NB or fewer children then all children of pParent are taken.  
+  **
+  ** This loop also drops the divider cells from the parent page. This
+  ** way, the remainder of the function does not have to deal with any
+  ** overflow cells in the parent page, since if any existed they will
+  ** have already been removed.
+  */
+  i = pParent->nOverflow + pParent->nCell;
+  if( i<2 ){
+    nxDiv = 0;
+    nOld = i+1;
+  }else{
+    nOld = 3;
+    if( iParentIdx==0 ){                 
+      nxDiv = 0;
+    }else if( iParentIdx==i ){
+      nxDiv = i-2;
+    }else{
+      nxDiv = iParentIdx-1;
+    }
+    i = 2;
+  }
+  if( (i+nxDiv-pParent->nOverflow)==pParent->nCell ){
+    pRight = &pParent->aData[pParent->hdrOffset+8];
+  }else{
+    pRight = findCell(pParent, i+nxDiv-pParent->nOverflow);
+  }
+  pgno = get4byte(pRight);
+  while( 1 ){
+    rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &apOld[i]);
+    if( rc ){
+      memset(apOld, 0, (i+1)*sizeof(MemPage*));
+      goto balance_cleanup;
+    }
+    nMaxCells += 1+apOld[i]->nCell+apOld[i]->nOverflow;
+    if( (i--)==0 ) break;
+
+    if( i+nxDiv==pParent->aOvfl[0].idx && pParent->nOverflow ){
+      apDiv[i] = pParent->aOvfl[0].pCell;
+      pgno = get4byte(apDiv[i]);
+      szNew[i] = cellSizePtr(pParent, apDiv[i]);
+      pParent->nOverflow = 0;
+    }else{
+      apDiv[i] = findCell(pParent, i+nxDiv-pParent->nOverflow);
+      pgno = get4byte(apDiv[i]);
+      szNew[i] = cellSizePtr(pParent, apDiv[i]);
+
+      /* Drop the cell from the parent page. apDiv[i] still points to
+      ** the cell within the parent, even though it has been dropped.
+      ** This is safe because dropping a cell only overwrites the first
+      ** four bytes of it, and this function does not need the first
+      ** four bytes of the divider cell. So the pointer is safe to use
+      ** later on.  
+      **
+      ** Unless SQLite is compiled in secure-delete mode. In this case,
+      ** the dropCell() routine will overwrite the entire cell with zeroes.
+      ** In this case, temporarily copy the cell into the aOvflSpace[]
+      ** buffer. It will be copied out again as soon as the aSpace[] buffer
+      ** is allocated.  */
+      if( pBt->secureDelete ){
+        int iOff = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(apDiv[i]) - SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pParent->aData);
+        if( (iOff+szNew[i])>(int)pBt->usableSize ){
+          rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+          memset(apOld, 0, (i+1)*sizeof(MemPage*));
+          goto balance_cleanup;
+        }else{
+          memcpy(&aOvflSpace[iOff], apDiv[i], szNew[i]);
+          apDiv[i] = &aOvflSpace[apDiv[i]-pParent->aData];
+        }
+      }
+      dropCell(pParent, i+nxDiv-pParent->nOverflow, szNew[i], &rc);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Make nMaxCells a multiple of 4 in order to preserve 8-byte
+  ** alignment */
+  nMaxCells = (nMaxCells + 3)&~3;
+
+  /*
+  ** Allocate space for memory structures
+  */
+  k = pBt->pageSize + ROUND8(sizeof(MemPage));
+  szScratch =
+       nMaxCells*sizeof(u8*)                       /* apCell */
+     + nMaxCells*sizeof(u16)                       /* szCell */
+     + pBt->pageSize                               /* aSpace1 */
+     + k*nOld;                                     /* Page copies (apCopy) */
+  apCell = sqlite3ScratchMalloc( szScratch ); 
+  if( apCell==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto balance_cleanup;
+  }
+  szCell = (u16*)&apCell[nMaxCells];
+  aSpace1 = (u8*)&szCell[nMaxCells];
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(aSpace1) );
+
+  /*
+  ** Load pointers to all cells on sibling pages and the divider cells
+  ** into the local apCell[] array.  Make copies of the divider cells
+  ** into space obtained from aSpace1[] and remove the the divider Cells
+  ** from pParent.
+  **
+  ** If the siblings are on leaf pages, then the child pointers of the
+  ** divider cells are stripped from the cells before they are copied
+  ** into aSpace1[].  In this way, all cells in apCell[] are without
+  ** child pointers.  If siblings are not leaves, then all cell in
+  ** apCell[] include child pointers.  Either way, all cells in apCell[]
+  ** are alike.
+  **
+  ** leafCorrection:  4 if pPage is a leaf.  0 if pPage is not a leaf.
+  **       leafData:  1 if pPage holds key+data and pParent holds only keys.
+  */
+  leafCorrection = apOld[0]->leaf*4;
+  leafData = apOld[0]->hasData;
+  for(i=0; i<nOld; i++){
+    int limit;
+    
+    /* Before doing anything else, take a copy of the i'th original sibling
+    ** The rest of this function will use data from the copies rather
+    ** that the original pages since the original pages will be in the
+    ** process of being overwritten.  */
+    MemPage *pOld = apCopy[i] = (MemPage*)&aSpace1[pBt->pageSize + k*i];
+    memcpy(pOld, apOld[i], sizeof(MemPage));
+    pOld->aData = (void*)&pOld[1];
+    memcpy(pOld->aData, apOld[i]->aData, pBt->pageSize);
+
+    limit = pOld->nCell+pOld->nOverflow;
+    if( pOld->nOverflow>0 ){
+      for(j=0; j<limit; j++){
+        assert( nCell<nMaxCells );
+        apCell[nCell] = findOverflowCell(pOld, j);
+        szCell[nCell] = cellSizePtr(pOld, apCell[nCell]);
+        nCell++;
+      }
+    }else{
+      u8 *aData = pOld->aData;
+      u16 maskPage = pOld->maskPage;
+      u16 cellOffset = pOld->cellOffset;
+      for(j=0; j<limit; j++){
+        assert( nCell<nMaxCells );
+        apCell[nCell] = findCellv2(aData, maskPage, cellOffset, j);
+        szCell[nCell] = cellSizePtr(pOld, apCell[nCell]);
+        nCell++;
+      }
+    }       
+    if( i<nOld-1 && !leafData){
+      u16 sz = (u16)szNew[i];
+      u8 *pTemp;
+      assert( nCell<nMaxCells );
+      szCell[nCell] = sz;
+      pTemp = &aSpace1[iSpace1];
+      iSpace1 += sz;
+      assert( sz<=pBt->maxLocal+23 );
+      assert( iSpace1 <= (int)pBt->pageSize );
+      memcpy(pTemp, apDiv[i], sz);
+      apCell[nCell] = pTemp+leafCorrection;
+      assert( leafCorrection==0 || leafCorrection==4 );
+      szCell[nCell] = szCell[nCell] - leafCorrection;
+      if( !pOld->leaf ){
+        assert( leafCorrection==0 );
+        assert( pOld->hdrOffset==0 );
+        /* The right pointer of the child page pOld becomes the left
+        ** pointer of the divider cell */
+        memcpy(apCell[nCell], &pOld->aData[8], 4);
+      }else{
+        assert( leafCorrection==4 );
+        if( szCell[nCell]<4 ){
+          /* Do not allow any cells smaller than 4 bytes. */
+          szCell[nCell] = 4;
+        }
+      }
+      nCell++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** Figure out the number of pages needed to hold all nCell cells.
+  ** Store this number in "k".  Also compute szNew[] which is the total
+  ** size of all cells on the i-th page and cntNew[] which is the index
+  ** in apCell[] of the cell that divides page i from page i+1.  
+  ** cntNew[k] should equal nCell.
+  **
+  ** Values computed by this block:
+  **
+  **           k: The total number of sibling pages
+  **    szNew[i]: Spaced used on the i-th sibling page.
+  **   cntNew[i]: Index in apCell[] and szCell[] for the first cell to
+  **              the right of the i-th sibling page.
+  ** usableSpace: Number of bytes of space available on each sibling.
+  ** 
+  */
+  usableSpace = pBt->usableSize - 12 + leafCorrection;
+  for(subtotal=k=i=0; i<nCell; i++){
+    assert( i<nMaxCells );
+    subtotal += szCell[i] + 2;
+    if( subtotal > usableSpace ){
+      szNew[k] = subtotal - szCell[i];
+      cntNew[k] = i;
+      if( leafData ){ i--; }
+      subtotal = 0;
+      k++;
+      if( k>NB+1 ){ rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT; goto balance_cleanup; }
+    }
+  }
+  szNew[k] = subtotal;
+  cntNew[k] = nCell;
+  k++;
+
+  /*
+  ** The packing computed by the previous block is biased toward the siblings
+  ** on the left side.  The left siblings are always nearly full, while the
+  ** right-most sibling might be nearly empty.  This block of code attempts
+  ** to adjust the packing of siblings to get a better balance.
+  **
+  ** This adjustment is more than an optimization.  The packing above might
+  ** be so out of balance as to be illegal.  For example, the right-most
+  ** sibling might be completely empty.  This adjustment is not optional.
+  */
+  for(i=k-1; i>0; i--){
+    int szRight = szNew[i];  /* Size of sibling on the right */
+    int szLeft = szNew[i-1]; /* Size of sibling on the left */
+    int r;              /* Index of right-most cell in left sibling */
+    int d;              /* Index of first cell to the left of right sibling */
+
+    r = cntNew[i-1] - 1;
+    d = r + 1 - leafData;
+    assert( d<nMaxCells );
+    assert( r<nMaxCells );
+    while( szRight==0 || szRight+szCell[d]+2<=szLeft-(szCell[r]+2) ){
+      szRight += szCell[d] + 2;
+      szLeft -= szCell[r] + 2;
+      cntNew[i-1]--;
+      r = cntNew[i-1] - 1;
+      d = r + 1 - leafData;
+    }
+    szNew[i] = szRight;
+    szNew[i-1] = szLeft;
+  }
+
+  /* Either we found one or more cells (cntnew[0])>0) or pPage is
+  ** a virtual root page.  A virtual root page is when the real root
+  ** page is page 1 and we are the only child of that page.
+  */
+  assert( cntNew[0]>0 || (pParent->pgno==1 && pParent->nCell==0) );
+
+  TRACE(("BALANCE: old: %d %d %d  ",
+    apOld[0]->pgno, 
+    nOld>=2 ? apOld[1]->pgno : 0,
+    nOld>=3 ? apOld[2]->pgno : 0
+  ));
+
+  /*
+  ** Allocate k new pages.  Reuse old pages where possible.
+  */
+  if( apOld[0]->pgno<=1 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    goto balance_cleanup;
+  }
+  pageFlags = apOld[0]->aData[0];
+  for(i=0; i<k; i++){
+    MemPage *pNew;
+    if( i<nOld ){
+      pNew = apNew[i] = apOld[i];
+      apOld[i] = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pNew->pDbPage);
+      nNew++;
+      if( rc ) goto balance_cleanup;
+    }else{
+      assert( i>0 );
+      rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pNew, &pgno, pgno, 0);
+      if( rc ) goto balance_cleanup;
+      apNew[i] = pNew;
+      nNew++;
+
+      /* Set the pointer-map entry for the new sibling page. */
+      if( ISAUTOVACUUM ){
+        ptrmapPut(pBt, pNew->pgno, PTRMAP_BTREE, pParent->pgno, &rc);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          goto balance_cleanup;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Free any old pages that were not reused as new pages.
+  */
+  while( i<nOld ){
+    freePage(apOld[i], &rc);
+    if( rc ) goto balance_cleanup;
+    releasePage(apOld[i]);
+    apOld[i] = 0;
+    i++;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** Put the new pages in accending order.  This helps to
+  ** keep entries in the disk file in order so that a scan
+  ** of the table is a linear scan through the file.  That
+  ** in turn helps the operating system to deliver pages
+  ** from the disk more rapidly.
+  **
+  ** An O(n^2) insertion sort algorithm is used, but since
+  ** n is never more than NB (a small constant), that should
+  ** not be a problem.
+  **
+  ** When NB==3, this one optimization makes the database
+  ** about 25% faster for large insertions and deletions.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<k-1; i++){
+    int minV = apNew[i]->pgno;
+    int minI = i;
+    for(j=i+1; j<k; j++){
+      if( apNew[j]->pgno<(unsigned)minV ){
+        minI = j;
+        minV = apNew[j]->pgno;
+      }
+    }
+    if( minI>i ){
+      MemPage *pT;
+      pT = apNew[i];
+      apNew[i] = apNew[minI];
+      apNew[minI] = pT;
+    }
+  }
+  TRACE(("new: %d(%d) %d(%d) %d(%d) %d(%d) %d(%d)\n",
+    apNew[0]->pgno, szNew[0],
+    nNew>=2 ? apNew[1]->pgno : 0, nNew>=2 ? szNew[1] : 0,
+    nNew>=3 ? apNew[2]->pgno : 0, nNew>=3 ? szNew[2] : 0,
+    nNew>=4 ? apNew[3]->pgno : 0, nNew>=4 ? szNew[3] : 0,
+    nNew>=5 ? apNew[4]->pgno : 0, nNew>=5 ? szNew[4] : 0));
+
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pParent->pDbPage) );
+  put4byte(pRight, apNew[nNew-1]->pgno);
+
+  /*
+  ** Evenly distribute the data in apCell[] across the new pages.
+  ** Insert divider cells into pParent as necessary.
+  */
+  j = 0;
+  for(i=0; i<nNew; i++){
+    /* Assemble the new sibling page. */
+    MemPage *pNew = apNew[i];
+    assert( j<nMaxCells );
+    zeroPage(pNew, pageFlags);
+    assemblePage(pNew, cntNew[i]-j, &apCell[j], &szCell[j]);
+    assert( pNew->nCell>0 || (nNew==1 && cntNew[0]==0) );
+    assert( pNew->nOverflow==0 );
+
+    j = cntNew[i];
+
+    /* If the sibling page assembled above was not the right-most sibling,
+    ** insert a divider cell into the parent page.
+    */
+    assert( i<nNew-1 || j==nCell );
+    if( j<nCell ){
+      u8 *pCell;
+      u8 *pTemp;
+      int sz;
+
+      assert( j<nMaxCells );
+      pCell = apCell[j];
+      sz = szCell[j] + leafCorrection;
+      pTemp = &aOvflSpace[iOvflSpace];
+      if( !pNew->leaf ){
+        memcpy(&pNew->aData[8], pCell, 4);
+      }else if( leafData ){
+        /* If the tree is a leaf-data tree, and the siblings are leaves, 
+        ** then there is no divider cell in apCell[]. Instead, the divider 
+        ** cell consists of the integer key for the right-most cell of 
+        ** the sibling-page assembled above only.
+        */
+        CellInfo info;
+        j--;
+        btreeParseCellPtr(pNew, apCell[j], &info);
+        pCell = pTemp;
+        sz = 4 + putVarint(&pCell[4], info.nKey);
+        pTemp = 0;
+      }else{
+        pCell -= 4;
+        /* Obscure case for non-leaf-data trees: If the cell at pCell was
+        ** previously stored on a leaf node, and its reported size was 4
+        ** bytes, then it may actually be smaller than this 
+        ** (see btreeParseCellPtr(), 4 bytes is the minimum size of
+        ** any cell). But it is important to pass the correct size to 
+        ** insertCell(), so reparse the cell now.
+        **
+        ** Note that this can never happen in an SQLite data file, as all
+        ** cells are at least 4 bytes. It only happens in b-trees used
+        ** to evaluate "IN (SELECT ...)" and similar clauses.
+        */
+        if( szCell[j]==4 ){
+          assert(leafCorrection==4);
+          sz = cellSizePtr(pParent, pCell);
+        }
+      }
+      iOvflSpace += sz;
+      assert( sz<=pBt->maxLocal+23 );
+      assert( iOvflSpace <= (int)pBt->pageSize );
+      insertCell(pParent, nxDiv, pCell, sz, pTemp, pNew->pgno, &rc);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto balance_cleanup;
+      assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pParent->pDbPage) );
+
+      j++;
+      nxDiv++;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( j==nCell );
+  assert( nOld>0 );
+  assert( nNew>0 );
+  if( (pageFlags & PTF_LEAF)==0 ){
+    u8 *zChild = &apCopy[nOld-1]->aData[8];
+    memcpy(&apNew[nNew-1]->aData[8], zChild, 4);
+  }
+
+  if( isRoot && pParent->nCell==0 && pParent->hdrOffset<=apNew[0]->nFree ){
+    /* The root page of the b-tree now contains no cells. The only sibling
+    ** page is the right-child of the parent. Copy the contents of the
+    ** child page into the parent, decreasing the overall height of the
+    ** b-tree structure by one. This is described as the "balance-shallower"
+    ** sub-algorithm in some documentation.
+    **
+    ** If this is an auto-vacuum database, the call to copyNodeContent() 
+    ** sets all pointer-map entries corresponding to database image pages 
+    ** for which the pointer is stored within the content being copied.
+    **
+    ** The second assert below verifies that the child page is defragmented
+    ** (it must be, as it was just reconstructed using assemblePage()). This
+    ** is important if the parent page happens to be page 1 of the database
+    ** image.  */
+    assert( nNew==1 );
+    assert( apNew[0]->nFree == 
+        (get2byte(&apNew[0]->aData[5])-apNew[0]->cellOffset-apNew[0]->nCell*2) 
+    );
+    copyNodeContent(apNew[0], pParent, &rc);
+    freePage(apNew[0], &rc);
+  }else if( ISAUTOVACUUM ){
+    /* Fix the pointer-map entries for all the cells that were shifted around. 
+    ** There are several different types of pointer-map entries that need to
+    ** be dealt with by this routine. Some of these have been set already, but
+    ** many have not. The following is a summary:
+    **
+    **   1) The entries associated with new sibling pages that were not
+    **      siblings when this function was called. These have already
+    **      been set. We don't need to worry about old siblings that were
+    **      moved to the free-list - the freePage() code has taken care
+    **      of those.
+    **
+    **   2) The pointer-map entries associated with the first overflow
+    **      page in any overflow chains used by new divider cells. These 
+    **      have also already been taken care of by the insertCell() code.
+    **
+    **   3) If the sibling pages are not leaves, then the child pages of
+    **      cells stored on the sibling pages may need to be updated.
+    **
+    **   4) If the sibling pages are not internal intkey nodes, then any
+    **      overflow pages used by these cells may need to be updated
+    **      (internal intkey nodes never contain pointers to overflow pages).
+    **
+    **   5) If the sibling pages are not leaves, then the pointer-map
+    **      entries for the right-child pages of each sibling may need
+    **      to be updated.
+    **
+    ** Cases 1 and 2 are dealt with above by other code. The next
+    ** block deals with cases 3 and 4 and the one after that, case 5. Since
+    ** setting a pointer map entry is a relatively expensive operation, this
+    ** code only sets pointer map entries for child or overflow pages that have
+    ** actually moved between pages.  */
+    MemPage *pNew = apNew[0];
+    MemPage *pOld = apCopy[0];
+    int nOverflow = pOld->nOverflow;
+    int iNextOld = pOld->nCell + nOverflow;
+    int iOverflow = (nOverflow ? pOld->aOvfl[0].idx : -1);
+    j = 0;                             /* Current 'old' sibling page */
+    k = 0;                             /* Current 'new' sibling page */
+    for(i=0; i<nCell; i++){
+      int isDivider = 0;
+      while( i==iNextOld ){
+        /* Cell i is the cell immediately following the last cell on old
+        ** sibling page j. If the siblings are not leaf pages of an
+        ** intkey b-tree, then cell i was a divider cell. */
+        pOld = apCopy[++j];
+        iNextOld = i + !leafData + pOld->nCell + pOld->nOverflow;
+        if( pOld->nOverflow ){
+          nOverflow = pOld->nOverflow;
+          iOverflow = i + !leafData + pOld->aOvfl[0].idx;
+        }
+        isDivider = !leafData;  
+      }
+
+      assert(nOverflow>0 || iOverflow<i );
+      assert(nOverflow<2 || pOld->aOvfl[0].idx==pOld->aOvfl[1].idx-1);
+      assert(nOverflow<3 || pOld->aOvfl[1].idx==pOld->aOvfl[2].idx-1);
+      if( i==iOverflow ){
+        isDivider = 1;
+        if( (--nOverflow)>0 ){
+          iOverflow++;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if( i==cntNew[k] ){
+        /* Cell i is the cell immediately following the last cell on new
+        ** sibling page k. If the siblings are not leaf pages of an
+        ** intkey b-tree, then cell i is a divider cell.  */
+        pNew = apNew[++k];
+        if( !leafData ) continue;
+      }
+      assert( j<nOld );
+      assert( k<nNew );
+
+      /* If the cell was originally divider cell (and is not now) or
+      ** an overflow cell, or if the cell was located on a different sibling
+      ** page before the balancing, then the pointer map entries associated
+      ** with any child or overflow pages need to be updated.  */
+      if( isDivider || pOld->pgno!=pNew->pgno ){
+        if( !leafCorrection ){
+          ptrmapPut(pBt, get4byte(apCell[i]), PTRMAP_BTREE, pNew->pgno, &rc);
+        }
+        if( szCell[i]>pNew->minLocal ){
+          ptrmapPutOvflPtr(pNew, apCell[i], &rc);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( !leafCorrection ){
+      for(i=0; i<nNew; i++){
+        u32 key = get4byte(&apNew[i]->aData[8]);
+        ptrmapPut(pBt, key, PTRMAP_BTREE, apNew[i]->pgno, &rc);
+      }
+    }
+
+#if 0
+    /* The ptrmapCheckPages() contains assert() statements that verify that
+    ** all pointer map pages are set correctly. This is helpful while 
+    ** debugging. This is usually disabled because a corrupt database may
+    ** cause an assert() statement to fail.  */
+    ptrmapCheckPages(apNew, nNew);
+    ptrmapCheckPages(&pParent, 1);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  assert( pParent->isInit );
+  TRACE(("BALANCE: finished: old=%d new=%d cells=%d\n",
+          nOld, nNew, nCell));
+
+  /*
+  ** Cleanup before returning.
+  */
+balance_cleanup:
+  sqlite3ScratchFree(apCell);
+  for(i=0; i<nOld; i++){
+    releasePage(apOld[i]);
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<nNew; i++){
+    releasePage(apNew[i]);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This function is called when the root page of a b-tree structure is
+** overfull (has one or more overflow pages).
+**
+** A new child page is allocated and the contents of the current root
+** page, including overflow cells, are copied into the child. The root
+** page is then overwritten to make it an empty page with the right-child 
+** pointer pointing to the new page.
+**
+** Before returning, all pointer-map entries corresponding to pages 
+** that the new child-page now contains pointers to are updated. The
+** entry corresponding to the new right-child pointer of the root
+** page is also updated.
+**
+** If successful, *ppChild is set to contain a reference to the child 
+** page and SQLITE_OK is returned. In this case the caller is required
+** to call releasePage() on *ppChild exactly once. If an error occurs,
+** an error code is returned and *ppChild is set to 0.
+*/
+static int balance_deeper(MemPage *pRoot, MemPage **ppChild){
+  int rc;                        /* Return value from subprocedures */
+  MemPage *pChild = 0;           /* Pointer to a new child page */
+  Pgno pgnoChild = 0;            /* Page number of the new child page */
+  BtShared *pBt = pRoot->pBt;    /* The BTree */
+
+  assert( pRoot->nOverflow>0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+
+  /* Make pRoot, the root page of the b-tree, writable. Allocate a new 
+  ** page that will become the new right-child of pPage. Copy the contents
+  ** of the node stored on pRoot into the new child page.
+  */
+  rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pRoot->pDbPage);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt,&pChild,&pgnoChild,pRoot->pgno,0);
+    copyNodeContent(pRoot, pChild, &rc);
+    if( ISAUTOVACUUM ){
+      ptrmapPut(pBt, pgnoChild, PTRMAP_BTREE, pRoot->pgno, &rc);
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc ){
+    *ppChild = 0;
+    releasePage(pChild);
+    return rc;
+  }
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pChild->pDbPage) );
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pRoot->pDbPage) );
+  assert( pChild->nCell==pRoot->nCell );
+
+  TRACE(("BALANCE: copy root %d into %d\n", pRoot->pgno, pChild->pgno));
+
+  /* Copy the overflow cells from pRoot to pChild */
+  memcpy(pChild->aOvfl, pRoot->aOvfl, pRoot->nOverflow*sizeof(pRoot->aOvfl[0]));
+  pChild->nOverflow = pRoot->nOverflow;
+
+  /* Zero the contents of pRoot. Then install pChild as the right-child. */
+  zeroPage(pRoot, pChild->aData[0] & ~PTF_LEAF);
+  put4byte(&pRoot->aData[pRoot->hdrOffset+8], pgnoChild);
+
+  *ppChild = pChild;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** The page that pCur currently points to has just been modified in
+** some way. This function figures out if this modification means the
+** tree needs to be balanced, and if so calls the appropriate balancing 
+** routine. Balancing routines are:
+**
+**   balance_quick()
+**   balance_deeper()
+**   balance_nonroot()
+*/
+static int balance(BtCursor *pCur){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  const int nMin = pCur->pBt->usableSize * 2 / 3;
+  u8 aBalanceQuickSpace[13];
+  u8 *pFree = 0;
+
+  TESTONLY( int balance_quick_called = 0 );
+  TESTONLY( int balance_deeper_called = 0 );
+
+  do {
+    int iPage = pCur->iPage;
+    MemPage *pPage = pCur->apPage[iPage];
+
+    if( iPage==0 ){
+      if( pPage->nOverflow ){
+        /* The root page of the b-tree is overfull. In this case call the
+        ** balance_deeper() function to create a new child for the root-page
+        ** and copy the current contents of the root-page to it. The
+        ** next iteration of the do-loop will balance the child page.
+        */ 
+        assert( (balance_deeper_called++)==0 );
+        rc = balance_deeper(pPage, &pCur->apPage[1]);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          pCur->iPage = 1;
+          pCur->aiIdx[0] = 0;
+          pCur->aiIdx[1] = 0;
+          assert( pCur->apPage[1]->nOverflow );
+        }
+      }else{
+        break;
+      }
+    }else if( pPage->nOverflow==0 && pPage->nFree<=nMin ){
+      break;
+    }else{
+      MemPage * const pParent = pCur->apPage[iPage-1];
+      int const iIdx = pCur->aiIdx[iPage-1];
+
+      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pParent->pDbPage);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_QUICKBALANCE
+        if( pPage->hasData
+         && pPage->nOverflow==1
+         && pPage->aOvfl[0].idx==pPage->nCell
+         && pParent->pgno!=1
+         && pParent->nCell==iIdx
+        ){
+          /* Call balance_quick() to create a new sibling of pPage on which
+          ** to store the overflow cell. balance_quick() inserts a new cell
+          ** into pParent, which may cause pParent overflow. If this
+          ** happens, the next interation of the do-loop will balance pParent 
+          ** use either balance_nonroot() or balance_deeper(). Until this
+          ** happens, the overflow cell is stored in the aBalanceQuickSpace[]
+          ** buffer. 
+          **
+          ** The purpose of the following assert() is to check that only a
+          ** single call to balance_quick() is made for each call to this
+          ** function. If this were not verified, a subtle bug involving reuse
+          ** of the aBalanceQuickSpace[] might sneak in.
+          */
+          assert( (balance_quick_called++)==0 );
+          rc = balance_quick(pParent, pPage, aBalanceQuickSpace);
+        }else
+#endif
+        {
+          /* In this case, call balance_nonroot() to redistribute cells
+          ** between pPage and up to 2 of its sibling pages. This involves
+          ** modifying the contents of pParent, which may cause pParent to
+          ** become overfull or underfull. The next iteration of the do-loop
+          ** will balance the parent page to correct this.
+          ** 
+          ** If the parent page becomes overfull, the overflow cell or cells
+          ** are stored in the pSpace buffer allocated immediately below. 
+          ** A subsequent iteration of the do-loop will deal with this by
+          ** calling balance_nonroot() (balance_deeper() may be called first,
+          ** but it doesn't deal with overflow cells - just moves them to a
+          ** different page). Once this subsequent call to balance_nonroot() 
+          ** has completed, it is safe to release the pSpace buffer used by
+          ** the previous call, as the overflow cell data will have been 
+          ** copied either into the body of a database page or into the new
+          ** pSpace buffer passed to the latter call to balance_nonroot().
+          */
+          u8 *pSpace = sqlite3PageMalloc(pCur->pBt->pageSize);
+          rc = balance_nonroot(pParent, iIdx, pSpace, iPage==1);
+          if( pFree ){
+            /* If pFree is not NULL, it points to the pSpace buffer used 
+            ** by a previous call to balance_nonroot(). Its contents are
+            ** now stored either on real database pages or within the 
+            ** new pSpace buffer, so it may be safely freed here. */
+            sqlite3PageFree(pFree);
+          }
+
+          /* The pSpace buffer will be freed after the next call to
+          ** balance_nonroot(), or just before this function returns, whichever
+          ** comes first. */
+          pFree = pSpace;
+        }
+      }
+
+      pPage->nOverflow = 0;
+
+      /* The next iteration of the do-loop balances the parent page. */
+      releasePage(pPage);
+      pCur->iPage--;
+    }
+  }while( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+
+  if( pFree ){
+    sqlite3PageFree(pFree);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Insert a new record into the BTree.  The key is given by (pKey,nKey)
+** and the data is given by (pData,nData).  The cursor is used only to
+** define what table the record should be inserted into.  The cursor
+** is left pointing at a random location.
+**
+** For an INTKEY table, only the nKey value of the key is used.  pKey is
+** ignored.  For a ZERODATA table, the pData and nData are both ignored.
+**
+** If the seekResult parameter is non-zero, then a successful call to
+** MovetoUnpacked() to seek cursor pCur to (pKey, nKey) has already
+** been performed. seekResult is the search result returned (a negative
+** number if pCur points at an entry that is smaller than (pKey, nKey), or
+** a positive value if pCur points at an etry that is larger than 
+** (pKey, nKey)). 
+**
+** If the seekResult parameter is non-zero, then the caller guarantees that
+** cursor pCur is pointing at the existing copy of a row that is to be
+** overwritten.  If the seekResult parameter is 0, then cursor pCur may
+** point to any entry or to no entry at all and so this function has to seek
+** the cursor before the new key can be inserted.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeInsert(
+  BtCursor *pCur,                /* Insert data into the table of this cursor */
+  const void *pKey, i64 nKey,    /* The key of the new record */
+  const void *pData, int nData,  /* The data of the new record */
+  int nZero,                     /* Number of extra 0 bytes to append to data */
+  int appendBias,                /* True if this is likely an append */
+  int seekResult                 /* Result of prior MovetoUnpacked() call */
+){
+  int rc;
+  int loc = seekResult;          /* -1: before desired location  +1: after */
+  int szNew = 0;
+  int idx;
+  MemPage *pPage;
+  Btree *p = pCur->pBtree;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  unsigned char *oldCell;
+  unsigned char *newCell = 0;
+
+  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_FAULT ){
+    assert( pCur->skipNext!=SQLITE_OK );
+    return pCur->skipNext;
+  }
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pCur->wrFlag && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE && !pBt->readOnly );
+  assert( hasSharedCacheTableLock(p, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur->pKeyInfo!=0, 2) );
+
+  /* Assert that the caller has been consistent. If this cursor was opened
+  ** expecting an index b-tree, then the caller should be inserting blob
+  ** keys with no associated data. If the cursor was opened expecting an
+  ** intkey table, the caller should be inserting integer keys with a
+  ** blob of associated data.  */
+  assert( (pKey==0)==(pCur->pKeyInfo==0) );
+
+  /* If this is an insert into a table b-tree, invalidate any incrblob 
+  ** cursors open on the row being replaced (assuming this is a replace
+  ** operation - if it is not, the following is a no-op).  */
+  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
+    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, nKey, 0);
+  }
+
+  /* Save the positions of any other cursors open on this table.
+  **
+  ** In some cases, the call to btreeMoveto() below is a no-op. For
+  ** example, when inserting data into a table with auto-generated integer
+  ** keys, the VDBE layer invokes sqlite3BtreeLast() to figure out the 
+  ** integer key to use. It then calls this function to actually insert the 
+  ** data into the intkey B-Tree. In this case btreeMoveto() recognizes
+  ** that the cursor is already where it needs to be and returns without
+  ** doing any work. To avoid thwarting these optimizations, it is important
+  ** not to clear the cursor here.
+  */
+  rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  if( !loc ){
+    rc = btreeMoveto(pCur, pKey, nKey, appendBias, &loc);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+  }
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID || (pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID && loc) );
+
+  pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+  assert( pPage->intKey || nKey>=0 );
+  assert( pPage->leaf || !pPage->intKey );
+
+  TRACE(("INSERT: table=%d nkey=%lld ndata=%d page=%d %s\n",
+          pCur->pgnoRoot, nKey, nData, pPage->pgno,
+          loc==0 ? "overwrite" : "new entry"));
+  assert( pPage->isInit );
+  allocateTempSpace(pBt);
+  newCell = pBt->pTmpSpace;
+  if( newCell==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  rc = fillInCell(pPage, newCell, pKey, nKey, pData, nData, nZero, &szNew);
+  if( rc ) goto end_insert;
+  assert( szNew==cellSizePtr(pPage, newCell) );
+  assert( szNew <= MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt) );
+  idx = pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
+  if( loc==0 ){
+    u16 szOld;
+    assert( idx<pPage->nCell );
+    rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage);
+    if( rc ){
+      goto end_insert;
+    }
+    oldCell = findCell(pPage, idx);
+    if( !pPage->leaf ){
+      memcpy(newCell, oldCell, 4);
+    }
+    szOld = cellSizePtr(pPage, oldCell);
+    rc = clearCell(pPage, oldCell);
+    dropCell(pPage, idx, szOld, &rc);
+    if( rc ) goto end_insert;
+  }else if( loc<0 && pPage->nCell>0 ){
+    assert( pPage->leaf );
+    idx = ++pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
+  }else{
+    assert( pPage->leaf );
+  }
+  insertCell(pPage, idx, newCell, szNew, 0, 0, &rc);
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pPage->nCell>0 || pPage->nOverflow>0 );
+
+  /* If no error has occured and pPage has an overflow cell, call balance() 
+  ** to redistribute the cells within the tree. Since balance() may move
+  ** the cursor, zero the BtCursor.info.nSize and BtCursor.validNKey
+  ** variables.
+  **
+  ** Previous versions of SQLite called moveToRoot() to move the cursor
+  ** back to the root page as balance() used to invalidate the contents
+  ** of BtCursor.apPage[] and BtCursor.aiIdx[]. Instead of doing that,
+  ** set the cursor state to "invalid". This makes common insert operations
+  ** slightly faster.
+  **
+  ** There is a subtle but important optimization here too. When inserting
+  ** multiple records into an intkey b-tree using a single cursor (as can
+  ** happen while processing an "INSERT INTO ... SELECT" statement), it
+  ** is advantageous to leave the cursor pointing to the last entry in
+  ** the b-tree if possible. If the cursor is left pointing to the last
+  ** entry in the table, and the next row inserted has an integer key
+  ** larger than the largest existing key, it is possible to insert the
+  ** row without seeking the cursor. This can be a big performance boost.
+  */
+  pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPage->nOverflow ){
+    rc = balance(pCur);
+
+    /* Must make sure nOverflow is reset to zero even if the balance()
+    ** fails. Internal data structure corruption will result otherwise. 
+    ** Also, set the cursor state to invalid. This stops saveCursorPosition()
+    ** from trying to save the current position of the cursor.  */
+    pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nOverflow = 0;
+    pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
+  }
+  assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nOverflow==0 );
+
+end_insert:
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete the entry that the cursor is pointing to.  The cursor
+** is left pointing at a arbitrary location.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDelete(BtCursor *pCur){
+  Btree *p = pCur->pBtree;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;              
+  int rc;                              /* Return code */
+  MemPage *pPage;                      /* Page to delete cell from */
+  unsigned char *pCell;                /* Pointer to cell to delete */
+  int iCellIdx;                        /* Index of cell to delete */
+  int iCellDepth;                      /* Depth of node containing pCell */ 
+
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
+  assert( !pBt->readOnly );
+  assert( pCur->wrFlag );
+  assert( hasSharedCacheTableLock(p, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur->pKeyInfo!=0, 2) );
+  assert( !hasReadConflicts(p, pCur->pgnoRoot) );
+
+  if( NEVER(pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]>=pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell) 
+   || NEVER(pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID)
+  ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;  /* Something has gone awry. */
+  }
+
+  /* If this is a delete operation to remove a row from a table b-tree,
+  ** invalidate any incrblob cursors open on the row being deleted.  */
+  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
+    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, pCur->info.nKey, 0);
+  }
+
+  iCellDepth = pCur->iPage;
+  iCellIdx = pCur->aiIdx[iCellDepth];
+  pPage = pCur->apPage[iCellDepth];
+  pCell = findCell(pPage, iCellIdx);
+
+  /* If the page containing the entry to delete is not a leaf page, move
+  ** the cursor to the largest entry in the tree that is smaller than
+  ** the entry being deleted. This cell will replace the cell being deleted
+  ** from the internal node. The 'previous' entry is used for this instead
+  ** of the 'next' entry, as the previous entry is always a part of the
+  ** sub-tree headed by the child page of the cell being deleted. This makes
+  ** balancing the tree following the delete operation easier.  */
+  if( !pPage->leaf ){
+    int notUsed;
+    rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(pCur, &notUsed);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* Save the positions of any other cursors open on this table before
+  ** making any modifications. Make the page containing the entry to be 
+  ** deleted writable. Then free any overflow pages associated with the 
+  ** entry and finally remove the cell itself from within the page.  
+  */
+  rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  rc = clearCell(pPage, pCell);
+  dropCell(pPage, iCellIdx, cellSizePtr(pPage, pCell), &rc);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+
+  /* If the cell deleted was not located on a leaf page, then the cursor
+  ** is currently pointing to the largest entry in the sub-tree headed
+  ** by the child-page of the cell that was just deleted from an internal
+  ** node. The cell from the leaf node needs to be moved to the internal
+  ** node to replace the deleted cell.  */
+  if( !pPage->leaf ){
+    MemPage *pLeaf = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+    int nCell;
+    Pgno n = pCur->apPage[iCellDepth+1]->pgno;
+    unsigned char *pTmp;
+
+    pCell = findCell(pLeaf, pLeaf->nCell-1);
+    nCell = cellSizePtr(pLeaf, pCell);
+    assert( MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt) >= nCell );
+
+    allocateTempSpace(pBt);
+    pTmp = pBt->pTmpSpace;
+
+    rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pLeaf->pDbPage);
+    insertCell(pPage, iCellIdx, pCell-4, nCell+4, pTmp, n, &rc);
+    dropCell(pLeaf, pLeaf->nCell-1, nCell, &rc);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* Balance the tree. If the entry deleted was located on a leaf page,
+  ** then the cursor still points to that page. In this case the first
+  ** call to balance() repairs the tree, and the if(...) condition is
+  ** never true.
+  **
+  ** Otherwise, if the entry deleted was on an internal node page, then
+  ** pCur is pointing to the leaf page from which a cell was removed to
+  ** replace the cell deleted from the internal node. This is slightly
+  ** tricky as the leaf node may be underfull, and the internal node may
+  ** be either under or overfull. In this case run the balancing algorithm
+  ** on the leaf node first. If the balance proceeds far enough up the
+  ** tree that we can be sure that any problem in the internal node has
+  ** been corrected, so be it. Otherwise, after balancing the leaf node,
+  ** walk the cursor up the tree to the internal node and balance it as 
+  ** well.  */
+  rc = balance(pCur);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pCur->iPage>iCellDepth ){
+    while( pCur->iPage>iCellDepth ){
+      releasePage(pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage--]);
+    }
+    rc = balance(pCur);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    moveToRoot(pCur);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new BTree table.  Write into *piTable the page
+** number for the root page of the new table.
+**
+** The type of type is determined by the flags parameter.  Only the
+** following values of flags are currently in use.  Other values for
+** flags might not work:
+**
+**     BTREE_INTKEY|BTREE_LEAFDATA     Used for SQL tables with rowid keys
+**     BTREE_ZERODATA                  Used for SQL indices
+*/
+static int btreeCreateTable(Btree *p, int *piTable, int createTabFlags){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  MemPage *pRoot;
+  Pgno pgnoRoot;
+  int rc;
+  int ptfFlags;          /* Page-type flage for the root page of new table */
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
+  assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
+  assert( !pBt->readOnly );
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pRoot, &pgnoRoot, 1, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+#else
+  if( pBt->autoVacuum ){
+    Pgno pgnoMove;      /* Move a page here to make room for the root-page */
+    MemPage *pPageMove; /* The page to move to. */
+
+    /* Creating a new table may probably require moving an existing database
+    ** to make room for the new tables root page. In case this page turns
+    ** out to be an overflow page, delete all overflow page-map caches
+    ** held by open cursors.
+    */
+    invalidateAllOverflowCache(pBt);
+
+    /* Read the value of meta[3] from the database to determine where the
+    ** root page of the new table should go. meta[3] is the largest root-page
+    ** created so far, so the new root-page is (meta[3]+1).
+    */
+    sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(p, BTREE_LARGEST_ROOT_PAGE, &pgnoRoot);
+    pgnoRoot++;
+
+    /* The new root-page may not be allocated on a pointer-map page, or the
+    ** PENDING_BYTE page.
+    */
+    while( pgnoRoot==PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, pgnoRoot) ||
+        pgnoRoot==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+      pgnoRoot++;
+    }
+    assert( pgnoRoot>=3 );
+
+    /* Allocate a page. The page that currently resides at pgnoRoot will
+    ** be moved to the allocated page (unless the allocated page happens
+    ** to reside at pgnoRoot).
+    */
+    rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pPageMove, &pgnoMove, pgnoRoot, 1);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    if( pgnoMove!=pgnoRoot ){
+      /* pgnoRoot is the page that will be used for the root-page of
+      ** the new table (assuming an error did not occur). But we were
+      ** allocated pgnoMove. If required (i.e. if it was not allocated
+      ** by extending the file), the current page at position pgnoMove
+      ** is already journaled.
+      */
+      u8 eType = 0;
+      Pgno iPtrPage = 0;
+
+      releasePage(pPageMove);
+
+      /* Move the page currently at pgnoRoot to pgnoMove. */
+      rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pgnoRoot, &pRoot, 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+      rc = ptrmapGet(pBt, pgnoRoot, &eType, &iPtrPage);
+      if( eType==PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE || eType==PTRMAP_FREEPAGE ){
+        rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      }
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        releasePage(pRoot);
+        return rc;
+      }
+      assert( eType!=PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE );
+      assert( eType!=PTRMAP_FREEPAGE );
+      rc = relocatePage(pBt, pRoot, eType, iPtrPage, pgnoMove, 0);
+      releasePage(pRoot);
+
+      /* Obtain the page at pgnoRoot */
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+      rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pgnoRoot, &pRoot, 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pRoot->pDbPage);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        releasePage(pRoot);
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }else{
+      pRoot = pPageMove;
+    } 
+
+    /* Update the pointer-map and meta-data with the new root-page number. */
+    ptrmapPut(pBt, pgnoRoot, PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE, 0, &rc);
+    if( rc ){
+      releasePage(pRoot);
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    /* When the new root page was allocated, page 1 was made writable in
+    ** order either to increase the database filesize, or to decrement the
+    ** freelist count.  Hence, the sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta() call cannot fail.
+    */
+    assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage) );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(p, 4, pgnoRoot);
+    if( NEVER(rc) ){
+      releasePage(pRoot);
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+  }else{
+    rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pRoot, &pgnoRoot, 1, 0);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+  }
+#endif
+  assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pRoot->pDbPage) );
+  if( createTabFlags & BTREE_INTKEY ){
+    ptfFlags = PTF_INTKEY | PTF_LEAFDATA | PTF_LEAF;
+  }else{
+    ptfFlags = PTF_ZERODATA | PTF_LEAF;
+  }
+  zeroPage(pRoot, ptfFlags);
+  sqlite3PagerUnref(pRoot->pDbPage);
+  assert( (pBt->openFlags & BTREE_SINGLE)==0 || pgnoRoot==2 );
+  *piTable = (int)pgnoRoot;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(Btree *p, int *piTable, int flags){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  rc = btreeCreateTable(p, piTable, flags);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Erase the given database page and all its children.  Return
+** the page to the freelist.
+*/
+static int clearDatabasePage(
+  BtShared *pBt,           /* The BTree that contains the table */
+  Pgno pgno,               /* Page number to clear */
+  int freePageFlag,        /* Deallocate page if true */
+  int *pnChange            /* Add number of Cells freed to this counter */
+){
+  MemPage *pPage;
+  int rc;
+  unsigned char *pCell;
+  int i;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  if( pgno>btreePagecount(pBt) ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+
+  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &pPage);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  for(i=0; i<pPage->nCell; i++){
+    pCell = findCell(pPage, i);
+    if( !pPage->leaf ){
+      rc = clearDatabasePage(pBt, get4byte(pCell), 1, pnChange);
+      if( rc ) goto cleardatabasepage_out;
+    }
+    rc = clearCell(pPage, pCell);
+    if( rc ) goto cleardatabasepage_out;
+  }
+  if( !pPage->leaf ){
+    rc = clearDatabasePage(pBt, get4byte(&pPage->aData[8]), 1, pnChange);
+    if( rc ) goto cleardatabasepage_out;
+  }else if( pnChange ){
+    assert( pPage->intKey );
+    *pnChange += pPage->nCell;
+  }
+  if( freePageFlag ){
+    freePage(pPage, &rc);
+  }else if( (rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage))==0 ){
+    zeroPage(pPage, pPage->aData[0] | PTF_LEAF);
+  }
+
+cleardatabasepage_out:
+  releasePage(pPage);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete all information from a single table in the database.  iTable is
+** the page number of the root of the table.  After this routine returns,
+** the root page is empty, but still exists.
+**
+** This routine will fail with SQLITE_LOCKED if there are any open
+** read cursors on the table.  Open write cursors are moved to the
+** root of the table.
+**
+** If pnChange is not NULL, then table iTable must be an intkey table. The
+** integer value pointed to by pnChange is incremented by the number of
+** entries in the table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClearTable(Btree *p, int iTable, int *pnChange){
+  int rc;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  assert( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE );
+
+  /* Invalidate all incrblob cursors open on table iTable (assuming iTable
+  ** is the root of a table b-tree - if it is not, the following call is
+  ** a no-op).  */
+  invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, 0, 1);
+
+  rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, (Pgno)iTable, 0);
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = clearDatabasePage(pBt, (Pgno)iTable, 0, pnChange);
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Erase all information in a table and add the root of the table to
+** the freelist.  Except, the root of the principle table (the one on
+** page 1) is never added to the freelist.
+**
+** This routine will fail with SQLITE_LOCKED if there are any open
+** cursors on the table.
+**
+** If AUTOVACUUM is enabled and the page at iTable is not the last
+** root page in the database file, then the last root page 
+** in the database file is moved into the slot formerly occupied by
+** iTable and that last slot formerly occupied by the last root page
+** is added to the freelist instead of iTable.  In this say, all
+** root pages are kept at the beginning of the database file, which
+** is necessary for AUTOVACUUM to work right.  *piMoved is set to the 
+** page number that used to be the last root page in the file before
+** the move.  If no page gets moved, *piMoved is set to 0.
+** The last root page is recorded in meta[3] and the value of
+** meta[3] is updated by this procedure.
+*/
+static int btreeDropTable(Btree *p, Pgno iTable, int *piMoved){
+  int rc;
+  MemPage *pPage = 0;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
+  assert( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE );
+
+  /* It is illegal to drop a table if any cursors are open on the
+  ** database. This is because in auto-vacuum mode the backend may
+  ** need to move another root-page to fill a gap left by the deleted
+  ** root page. If an open cursor was using this page a problem would 
+  ** occur.
+  **
+  ** This error is caught long before control reaches this point.
+  */
+  if( NEVER(pBt->pCursor) ){
+    sqlite3ConnectionBlocked(p->db, pBt->pCursor->pBtree->db);
+    return SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE;
+  }
+
+  rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, (Pgno)iTable, &pPage, 0);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeClearTable(p, iTable, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    releasePage(pPage);
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  *piMoved = 0;
+
+  if( iTable>1 ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    freePage(pPage, &rc);
+    releasePage(pPage);
+#else
+    if( pBt->autoVacuum ){
+      Pgno maxRootPgno;
+      sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(p, BTREE_LARGEST_ROOT_PAGE, &maxRootPgno);
+
+      if( iTable==maxRootPgno ){
+        /* If the table being dropped is the table with the largest root-page
+        ** number in the database, put the root page on the free list. 
+        */
+        freePage(pPage, &rc);
+        releasePage(pPage);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+      }else{
+        /* The table being dropped does not have the largest root-page
+        ** number in the database. So move the page that does into the 
+        ** gap left by the deleted root-page.
+        */
+        MemPage *pMove;
+        releasePage(pPage);
+        rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, maxRootPgno, &pMove, 0);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+        rc = relocatePage(pBt, pMove, PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE, 0, iTable, 0);
+        releasePage(pMove);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+        pMove = 0;
+        rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, maxRootPgno, &pMove, 0);
+        freePage(pMove, &rc);
+        releasePage(pMove);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+        *piMoved = maxRootPgno;
+      }
+
+      /* Set the new 'max-root-page' value in the database header. This
+      ** is the old value less one, less one more if that happens to
+      ** be a root-page number, less one again if that is the
+      ** PENDING_BYTE_PAGE.
+      */
+      maxRootPgno--;
+      while( maxRootPgno==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt)
+             || PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, maxRootPgno) ){
+        maxRootPgno--;
+      }
+      assert( maxRootPgno!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) );
+
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(p, 4, maxRootPgno);
+    }else{
+      freePage(pPage, &rc);
+      releasePage(pPage);
+    }
+#endif
+  }else{
+    /* If sqlite3BtreeDropTable was called on page 1.
+    ** This really never should happen except in a corrupt
+    ** database. 
+    */
+    zeroPage(pPage, PTF_INTKEY|PTF_LEAF );
+    releasePage(pPage);
+  }
+  return rc;  
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDropTable(Btree *p, int iTable, int *piMoved){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  rc = btreeDropTable(p, iTable, piMoved);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This function may only be called if the b-tree connection already
+** has a read or write transaction open on the database.
+**
+** Read the meta-information out of a database file.  Meta[0]
+** is the number of free pages currently in the database.  Meta[1]
+** through meta[15] are available for use by higher layers.  Meta[0]
+** is read-only, the others are read/write.
+** 
+** The schema layer numbers meta values differently.  At the schema
+** layer (and the SetCookie and ReadCookie opcodes) the number of
+** free pages is not visible.  So Cookie[0] is the same as Meta[1].
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(Btree *p, int idx, u32 *pMeta){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  assert( p->inTrans>TRANS_NONE );
+  assert( SQLITE_OK==querySharedCacheTableLock(p, MASTER_ROOT, READ_LOCK) );
+  assert( pBt->pPage1 );
+  assert( idx>=0 && idx<=15 );
+
+  *pMeta = get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36 + idx*4]);
+
+  /* If auto-vacuum is disabled in this build and this is an auto-vacuum
+  ** database, mark the database as read-only.  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  if( idx==BTREE_LARGEST_ROOT_PAGE && *pMeta>0 ) pBt->readOnly = 1;
+#endif
+
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Write meta-information back into the database.  Meta[0] is
+** read-only and may not be written.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(Btree *p, int idx, u32 iMeta){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  unsigned char *pP1;
+  int rc;
+  assert( idx>=1 && idx<=15 );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  assert( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE );
+  assert( pBt->pPage1!=0 );
+  pP1 = pBt->pPage1->aData;
+  rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    put4byte(&pP1[36 + idx*4], iMeta);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    if( idx==BTREE_INCR_VACUUM ){
+      assert( pBt->autoVacuum || iMeta==0 );
+      assert( iMeta==0 || iMeta==1 );
+      pBt->incrVacuum = (u8)iMeta;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
+/*
+** The first argument, pCur, is a cursor opened on some b-tree. Count the
+** number of entries in the b-tree and write the result to *pnEntry.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if the operation is successfully executed. 
+** Otherwise, if an error is encountered (i.e. an IO error or database
+** corruption) an SQLite error code is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCount(BtCursor *pCur, i64 *pnEntry){
+  i64 nEntry = 0;                      /* Value to return in *pnEntry */
+  int rc;                              /* Return code */
+  rc = moveToRoot(pCur);
+
+  /* Unless an error occurs, the following loop runs one iteration for each
+  ** page in the B-Tree structure (not including overflow pages). 
+  */
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int iIdx;                          /* Index of child node in parent */
+    MemPage *pPage;                    /* Current page of the b-tree */
+
+    /* If this is a leaf page or the tree is not an int-key tree, then 
+    ** this page contains countable entries. Increment the entry counter
+    ** accordingly.
+    */
+    pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+    if( pPage->leaf || !pPage->intKey ){
+      nEntry += pPage->nCell;
+    }
+
+    /* pPage is a leaf node. This loop navigates the cursor so that it 
+    ** points to the first interior cell that it points to the parent of
+    ** the next page in the tree that has not yet been visited. The
+    ** pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] value is set to the index of the parent cell
+    ** of the page, or to the number of cells in the page if the next page
+    ** to visit is the right-child of its parent.
+    **
+    ** If all pages in the tree have been visited, return SQLITE_OK to the
+    ** caller.
+    */
+    if( pPage->leaf ){
+      do {
+        if( pCur->iPage==0 ){
+          /* All pages of the b-tree have been visited. Return successfully. */
+          *pnEntry = nEntry;
+          return SQLITE_OK;
+        }
+        moveToParent(pCur);
+      }while ( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]>=pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell );
+
+      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]++;
+      pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
+    }
+
+    /* Descend to the child node of the cell that the cursor currently 
+    ** points at. This is the right-child if (iIdx==pPage->nCell).
+    */
+    iIdx = pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
+    if( iIdx==pPage->nCell ){
+      rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]));
+    }else{
+      rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(findCell(pPage, iIdx)));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* An error has occurred. Return an error code. */
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return the pager associated with a BTree.  This routine is used for
+** testing and debugging only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Pager *sqlite3BtreePager(Btree *p){
+  return p->pBt->pPager;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
+/*
+** Append a message to the error message string.
+*/
+static void checkAppendMsg(
+  IntegrityCk *pCheck,
+  char *zMsg1,
+  const char *zFormat,
+  ...
+){
+  va_list ap;
+  if( !pCheck->mxErr ) return;
+  pCheck->mxErr--;
+  pCheck->nErr++;
+  va_start(ap, zFormat);
+  if( pCheck->errMsg.nChar ){
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&pCheck->errMsg, "\n", 1);
+  }
+  if( zMsg1 ){
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&pCheck->errMsg, zMsg1, -1);
+  }
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(&pCheck->errMsg, 1, zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  if( pCheck->errMsg.mallocFailed ){
+    pCheck->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
+/*
+** Add 1 to the reference count for page iPage.  If this is the second
+** reference to the page, add an error message to pCheck->zErrMsg.
+** Return 1 if there are 2 ore more references to the page and 0 if
+** if this is the first reference to the page.
+**
+** Also check that the page number is in bounds.
+*/
+static int checkRef(IntegrityCk *pCheck, Pgno iPage, char *zContext){
+  if( iPage==0 ) return 1;
+  if( iPage>pCheck->nPage ){
+    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, "invalid page number %d", iPage);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if( pCheck->anRef[iPage]==1 ){
+    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, "2nd reference to page %d", iPage);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return  (pCheck->anRef[iPage]++)>1;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+/*
+** Check that the entry in the pointer-map for page iChild maps to 
+** page iParent, pointer type ptrType. If not, append an error message
+** to pCheck.
+*/
+static void checkPtrmap(
+  IntegrityCk *pCheck,   /* Integrity check context */
+  Pgno iChild,           /* Child page number */
+  u8 eType,              /* Expected pointer map type */
+  Pgno iParent,          /* Expected pointer map parent page number */
+  char *zContext         /* Context description (used for error msg) */
+){
+  int rc;
+  u8 ePtrmapType;
+  Pgno iPtrmapParent;
+
+  rc = ptrmapGet(pCheck->pBt, iChild, &ePtrmapType, &iPtrmapParent);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ) pCheck->mallocFailed = 1;
+    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, "Failed to read ptrmap key=%d", iChild);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if( ePtrmapType!=eType || iPtrmapParent!=iParent ){
+    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, 
+      "Bad ptr map entry key=%d expected=(%d,%d) got=(%d,%d)", 
+      iChild, eType, iParent, ePtrmapType, iPtrmapParent);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Check the integrity of the freelist or of an overflow page list.
+** Verify that the number of pages on the list is N.
+*/
+static void checkList(
+  IntegrityCk *pCheck,  /* Integrity checking context */
+  int isFreeList,       /* True for a freelist.  False for overflow page list */
+  int iPage,            /* Page number for first page in the list */
+  int N,                /* Expected number of pages in the list */
+  char *zContext        /* Context for error messages */
+){
+  int i;
+  int expected = N;
+  int iFirst = iPage;
+  while( N-- > 0 && pCheck->mxErr ){
+    DbPage *pOvflPage;
+    unsigned char *pOvflData;
+    if( iPage<1 ){
+      checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext,
+         "%d of %d pages missing from overflow list starting at %d",
+          N+1, expected, iFirst);
+      break;
+    }
+    if( checkRef(pCheck, iPage, zContext) ) break;
+    if( sqlite3PagerGet(pCheck->pPager, (Pgno)iPage, &pOvflPage) ){
+      checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, "failed to get page %d", iPage);
+      break;
+    }
+    pOvflData = (unsigned char *)sqlite3PagerGetData(pOvflPage);
+    if( isFreeList ){
+      int n = get4byte(&pOvflData[4]);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+      if( pCheck->pBt->autoVacuum ){
+        checkPtrmap(pCheck, iPage, PTRMAP_FREEPAGE, 0, zContext);
+      }
+#endif
+      if( n>(int)pCheck->pBt->usableSize/4-2 ){
+        checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext,
+           "freelist leaf count too big on page %d", iPage);
+        N--;
+      }else{
+        for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+          Pgno iFreePage = get4byte(&pOvflData[8+i*4]);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+          if( pCheck->pBt->autoVacuum ){
+            checkPtrmap(pCheck, iFreePage, PTRMAP_FREEPAGE, 0, zContext);
+          }
+#endif
+          checkRef(pCheck, iFreePage, zContext);
+        }
+        N -= n;
+      }
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    else{
+      /* If this database supports auto-vacuum and iPage is not the last
+      ** page in this overflow list, check that the pointer-map entry for
+      ** the following page matches iPage.
+      */
+      if( pCheck->pBt->autoVacuum && N>0 ){
+        i = get4byte(pOvflData);
+        checkPtrmap(pCheck, i, PTRMAP_OVERFLOW2, iPage, zContext);
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    iPage = get4byte(pOvflData);
+    sqlite3PagerUnref(pOvflPage);
+  }
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
+/*
+** Do various sanity checks on a single page of a tree.  Return
+** the tree depth.  Root pages return 0.  Parents of root pages
+** return 1, and so forth.
+** 
+** These checks are done:
+**
+**      1.  Make sure that cells and freeblocks do not overlap
+**          but combine to completely cover the page.
+**  NO  2.  Make sure cell keys are in order.
+**  NO  3.  Make sure no key is less than or equal to zLowerBound.
+**  NO  4.  Make sure no key is greater than or equal to zUpperBound.
+**      5.  Check the integrity of overflow pages.
+**      6.  Recursively call checkTreePage on all children.
+**      7.  Verify that the depth of all children is the same.
+**      8.  Make sure this page is at least 33% full or else it is
+**          the root of the tree.
+*/
+static int checkTreePage(
+  IntegrityCk *pCheck,  /* Context for the sanity check */
+  int iPage,            /* Page number of the page to check */
+  char *zParentContext, /* Parent context */
+  i64 *pnParentMinKey, 
+  i64 *pnParentMaxKey
+){
+  MemPage *pPage;
+  int i, rc, depth, d2, pgno, cnt;
+  int hdr, cellStart;
+  int nCell;
+  u8 *data;
+  BtShared *pBt;
+  int usableSize;
+  char zContext[100];
+  char *hit = 0;
+  i64 nMinKey = 0;
+  i64 nMaxKey = 0;
+
+  sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zContext), zContext, "Page %d: ", iPage);
+
+  /* Check that the page exists
+  */
+  pBt = pCheck->pBt;
+  usableSize = pBt->usableSize;
+  if( iPage==0 ) return 0;
+  if( checkRef(pCheck, iPage, zParentContext) ) return 0;
+  if( (rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, (Pgno)iPage, &pPage, 0))!=0 ){
+    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext,
+       "unable to get the page. error code=%d", rc);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Clear MemPage.isInit to make sure the corruption detection code in
+  ** btreeInitPage() is executed.  */
+  pPage->isInit = 0;
+  if( (rc = btreeInitPage(pPage))!=0 ){
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_CORRUPT );  /* The only possible error from InitPage */
+    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, 
+                   "btreeInitPage() returns error code %d", rc);
+    releasePage(pPage);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Check out all the cells.
+  */
+  depth = 0;
+  for(i=0; i<pPage->nCell && pCheck->mxErr; i++){
+    u8 *pCell;
+    u32 sz;
+    CellInfo info;
+
+    /* Check payload overflow pages
+    */
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zContext), zContext,
+             "On tree page %d cell %d: ", iPage, i);
+    pCell = findCell(pPage,i);
+    btreeParseCellPtr(pPage, pCell, &info);
+    sz = info.nData;
+    if( !pPage->intKey ) sz += (int)info.nKey;
+    /* For intKey pages, check that the keys are in order.
+    */
+    else if( i==0 ) nMinKey = nMaxKey = info.nKey;
+    else{
+      if( info.nKey <= nMaxKey ){
+        checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, 
+            "Rowid %lld out of order (previous was %lld)", info.nKey, nMaxKey);
+      }
+      nMaxKey = info.nKey;
+    }
+    assert( sz==info.nPayload );
+    if( (sz>info.nLocal) 
+     && (&pCell[info.iOverflow]<=&pPage->aData[pBt->usableSize])
+    ){
+      int nPage = (sz - info.nLocal + usableSize - 5)/(usableSize - 4);
+      Pgno pgnoOvfl = get4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow]);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+      if( pBt->autoVacuum ){
+        checkPtrmap(pCheck, pgnoOvfl, PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1, iPage, zContext);
+      }
+#endif
+      checkList(pCheck, 0, pgnoOvfl, nPage, zContext);
+    }
+
+    /* Check sanity of left child page.
+    */
+    if( !pPage->leaf ){
+      pgno = get4byte(pCell);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+      if( pBt->autoVacuum ){
+        checkPtrmap(pCheck, pgno, PTRMAP_BTREE, iPage, zContext);
+      }
+#endif
+      d2 = checkTreePage(pCheck, pgno, zContext, &nMinKey, i==0 ? NULL : &nMaxKey);
+      if( i>0 && d2!=depth ){
+        checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, "Child page depth differs");
+      }
+      depth = d2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( !pPage->leaf ){
+    pgno = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zContext), zContext, 
+                     "On page %d at right child: ", iPage);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    if( pBt->autoVacuum ){
+      checkPtrmap(pCheck, pgno, PTRMAP_BTREE, iPage, zContext);
+    }
+#endif
+    checkTreePage(pCheck, pgno, zContext, NULL, !pPage->nCell ? NULL : &nMaxKey);
+  }
+ 
+  /* For intKey leaf pages, check that the min/max keys are in order
+  ** with any left/parent/right pages.
+  */
+  if( pPage->leaf && pPage->intKey ){
+    /* if we are a left child page */
+    if( pnParentMinKey ){
+      /* if we are the left most child page */
+      if( !pnParentMaxKey ){
+        if( nMaxKey > *pnParentMinKey ){
+          checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, 
+              "Rowid %lld out of order (max larger than parent min of %lld)",
+              nMaxKey, *pnParentMinKey);
+        }
+      }else{
+        if( nMinKey <= *pnParentMinKey ){
+          checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, 
+              "Rowid %lld out of order (min less than parent min of %lld)",
+              nMinKey, *pnParentMinKey);
+        }
+        if( nMaxKey > *pnParentMaxKey ){
+          checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, 
+              "Rowid %lld out of order (max larger than parent max of %lld)",
+              nMaxKey, *pnParentMaxKey);
+        }
+        *pnParentMinKey = nMaxKey;
+      }
+    /* else if we're a right child page */
+    } else if( pnParentMaxKey ){
+      if( nMinKey <= *pnParentMaxKey ){
+        checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, 
+            "Rowid %lld out of order (min less than parent max of %lld)",
+            nMinKey, *pnParentMaxKey);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Check for complete coverage of the page
+  */
+  data = pPage->aData;
+  hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;
+  hit = sqlite3PageMalloc( pBt->pageSize );
+  if( hit==0 ){
+    pCheck->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }else{
+    int contentOffset = get2byteNotZero(&data[hdr+5]);
+    assert( contentOffset<=usableSize );  /* Enforced by btreeInitPage() */
+    memset(hit+contentOffset, 0, usableSize-contentOffset);
+    memset(hit, 1, contentOffset);
+    nCell = get2byte(&data[hdr+3]);
+    cellStart = hdr + 12 - 4*pPage->leaf;
+    for(i=0; i<nCell; i++){
+      int pc = get2byte(&data[cellStart+i*2]);
+      u32 size = 65536;
+      int j;
+      if( pc<=usableSize-4 ){
+        size = cellSizePtr(pPage, &data[pc]);
+      }
+      if( (int)(pc+size-1)>=usableSize ){
+        checkAppendMsg(pCheck, 0, 
+            "Corruption detected in cell %d on page %d",i,iPage);
+      }else{
+        for(j=pc+size-1; j>=pc; j--) hit[j]++;
+      }
+    }
+    i = get2byte(&data[hdr+1]);
+    while( i>0 ){
+      int size, j;
+      assert( i<=usableSize-4 );     /* Enforced by btreeInitPage() */
+      size = get2byte(&data[i+2]);
+      assert( i+size<=usableSize );  /* Enforced by btreeInitPage() */
+      for(j=i+size-1; j>=i; j--) hit[j]++;
+      j = get2byte(&data[i]);
+      assert( j==0 || j>i+size );  /* Enforced by btreeInitPage() */
+      assert( j<=usableSize-4 );   /* Enforced by btreeInitPage() */
+      i = j;
+    }
+    for(i=cnt=0; i<usableSize; i++){
+      if( hit[i]==0 ){
+        cnt++;
+      }else if( hit[i]>1 ){
+        checkAppendMsg(pCheck, 0,
+          "Multiple uses for byte %d of page %d", i, iPage);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if( cnt!=data[hdr+7] ){
+      checkAppendMsg(pCheck, 0, 
+          "Fragmentation of %d bytes reported as %d on page %d",
+          cnt, data[hdr+7], iPage);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3PageFree(hit);
+  releasePage(pPage);
+  return depth+1;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
+/*
+** This routine does a complete check of the given BTree file.  aRoot[] is
+** an array of pages numbers were each page number is the root page of
+** a table.  nRoot is the number of entries in aRoot.
+**
+** A read-only or read-write transaction must be opened before calling
+** this function.
+**
+** Write the number of error seen in *pnErr.  Except for some memory
+** allocation errors,  an error message held in memory obtained from
+** malloc is returned if *pnErr is non-zero.  If *pnErr==0 then NULL is
+** returned.  If a memory allocation error occurs, NULL is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(
+  Btree *p,     /* The btree to be checked */
+  int *aRoot,   /* An array of root pages numbers for individual trees */
+  int nRoot,    /* Number of entries in aRoot[] */
+  int mxErr,    /* Stop reporting errors after this many */
+  int *pnErr    /* Write number of errors seen to this variable */
+){
+  Pgno i;
+  int nRef;
+  IntegrityCk sCheck;
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  char zErr[100];
+
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  assert( p->inTrans>TRANS_NONE && pBt->inTransaction>TRANS_NONE );
+  nRef = sqlite3PagerRefcount(pBt->pPager);
+  sCheck.pBt = pBt;
+  sCheck.pPager = pBt->pPager;
+  sCheck.nPage = btreePagecount(sCheck.pBt);
+  sCheck.mxErr = mxErr;
+  sCheck.nErr = 0;
+  sCheck.mallocFailed = 0;
+  *pnErr = 0;
+  if( sCheck.nPage==0 ){
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  sCheck.anRef = sqlite3Malloc( (sCheck.nPage+1)*sizeof(sCheck.anRef[0]) );
+  if( !sCheck.anRef ){
+    *pnErr = 1;
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<=sCheck.nPage; i++){ sCheck.anRef[i] = 0; }
+  i = PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt);
+  if( i<=sCheck.nPage ){
+    sCheck.anRef[i] = 1;
+  }
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&sCheck.errMsg, zErr, sizeof(zErr), 20000);
+  sCheck.errMsg.useMalloc = 2;
+
+  /* Check the integrity of the freelist
+  */
+  checkList(&sCheck, 1, get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[32]),
+            get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36]), "Main freelist: ");
+
+  /* Check all the tables.
+  */
+  for(i=0; (int)i<nRoot && sCheck.mxErr; i++){
+    if( aRoot[i]==0 ) continue;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    if( pBt->autoVacuum && aRoot[i]>1 ){
+      checkPtrmap(&sCheck, aRoot[i], PTRMAP_ROOTPAGE, 0, 0);
+    }
+#endif
+    checkTreePage(&sCheck, aRoot[i], "List of tree roots: ", NULL, NULL);
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure every page in the file is referenced
+  */
+  for(i=1; i<=sCheck.nPage && sCheck.mxErr; i++){
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    if( sCheck.anRef[i]==0 ){
+      checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, "Page %d is never used", i);
+    }
+#else
+    /* If the database supports auto-vacuum, make sure no tables contain
+    ** references to pointer-map pages.
+    */
+    if( sCheck.anRef[i]==0 && 
+       (PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, i)!=i || !pBt->autoVacuum) ){
+      checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, "Page %d is never used", i);
+    }
+    if( sCheck.anRef[i]!=0 && 
+       (PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, i)==i && pBt->autoVacuum) ){
+      checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, "Pointer map page %d is referenced", i);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure this analysis did not leave any unref() pages.
+  ** This is an internal consistency check; an integrity check
+  ** of the integrity check.
+  */
+  if( NEVER(nRef != sqlite3PagerRefcount(pBt->pPager)) ){
+    checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, 
+      "Outstanding page count goes from %d to %d during this analysis",
+      nRef, sqlite3PagerRefcount(pBt->pPager)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /* Clean  up and report errors.
+  */
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  sqlite3_free(sCheck.anRef);
+  if( sCheck.mallocFailed ){
+    sqlite3StrAccumReset(&sCheck.errMsg);
+    *pnErr = sCheck.nErr+1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  *pnErr = sCheck.nErr;
+  if( sCheck.nErr==0 ) sqlite3StrAccumReset(&sCheck.errMsg);
+  return sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&sCheck.errMsg);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
+
+/*
+** Return the full pathname of the underlying database file.
+**
+** The pager filename is invariant as long as the pager is
+** open so it is safe to access without the BtShared mutex.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3BtreeGetFilename(Btree *p){
+  assert( p->pBt->pPager!=0 );
+  return sqlite3PagerFilename(p->pBt->pPager);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the pathname of the journal file for this database. The return
+** value of this routine is the same regardless of whether the journal file
+** has been created or not.
+**
+** The pager journal filename is invariant as long as the pager is
+** open so it is safe to access without the BtShared mutex.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3BtreeGetJournalname(Btree *p){
+  assert( p->pBt->pPager!=0 );
+  return sqlite3PagerJournalname(p->pBt->pPager);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return non-zero if a transaction is active.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(Btree *p){
+  assert( p==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  return (p && (p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE));
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+/*
+** Run a checkpoint on the Btree passed as the first argument.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_LOCKED if this or any other connection has an open 
+** transaction on the shared-cache the argument Btree is connected to.
+**
+** Parameter eMode is one of SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(Btree *p, int eMode, int *pnLog, int *pnCkpt){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( p ){
+    BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+    sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+    if( pBt->inTransaction!=TRANS_NONE ){
+      rc = SQLITE_LOCKED;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(pBt->pPager, eMode, pnLog, pnCkpt);
+    }
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return non-zero if a read (or write) transaction is active.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsInReadTrans(Btree *p){
+  assert( p );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  return p->inTrans!=TRANS_NONE;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsInBackup(Btree *p){
+  assert( p );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  return p->nBackup!=0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function returns a pointer to a blob of memory associated with
+** a single shared-btree. The memory is used by client code for its own
+** purposes (for example, to store a high-level schema associated with 
+** the shared-btree). The btree layer manages reference counting issues.
+**
+** The first time this is called on a shared-btree, nBytes bytes of memory
+** are allocated, zeroed, and returned to the caller. For each subsequent 
+** call the nBytes parameter is ignored and a pointer to the same blob
+** of memory returned. 
+**
+** If the nBytes parameter is 0 and the blob of memory has not yet been
+** allocated, a null pointer is returned. If the blob has already been
+** allocated, it is returned as normal.
+**
+** Just before the shared-btree is closed, the function passed as the 
+** xFree argument when the memory allocation was made is invoked on the 
+** blob of allocated memory. The xFree function should not call sqlite3_free()
+** on the memory, the btree layer does that.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3BtreeSchema(Btree *p, int nBytes, void(*xFree)(void *)){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  if( !pBt->pSchema && nBytes ){
+    pBt->pSchema = sqlite3DbMallocZero(0, nBytes);
+    pBt->xFreeSchema = xFree;
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return pBt->pSchema;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE if another user of the same shared 
+** btree as the argument handle holds an exclusive lock on the 
+** sqlite_master table. Otherwise SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSchemaLocked(Btree *p){
+  int rc;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  rc = querySharedCacheTableLock(p, MASTER_ROOT, READ_LOCK);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE );
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+/*
+** Obtain a lock on the table whose root page is iTab.  The
+** lock is a write lock if isWritelock is true or a read lock
+** if it is false.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeLockTable(Btree *p, int iTab, u8 isWriteLock){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( p->inTrans!=TRANS_NONE );
+  if( p->sharable ){
+    u8 lockType = READ_LOCK + isWriteLock;
+    assert( READ_LOCK+1==WRITE_LOCK );
+    assert( isWriteLock==0 || isWriteLock==1 );
+
+    sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+    rc = querySharedCacheTableLock(p, iTab, lockType);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = setSharedCacheTableLock(p, iTab, lockType);
+    }
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+/*
+** Argument pCsr must be a cursor opened for writing on an 
+** INTKEY table currently pointing at a valid table entry. 
+** This function modifies the data stored as part of that entry.
+**
+** Only the data content may only be modified, it is not possible to 
+** change the length of the data stored. If this function is called with
+** parameters that attempt to write past the end of the existing data,
+** no modifications are made and SQLITE_CORRUPT is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePutData(BtCursor *pCsr, u32 offset, u32 amt, void *z){
+  int rc;
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCsr) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCsr->pBtree->db->mutex) );
+  assert( pCsr->isIncrblobHandle );
+
+  rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCsr);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  assert( pCsr->eState!=CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK );
+  if( pCsr->eState!=CURSOR_VALID ){
+    return SQLITE_ABORT;
+  }
+
+  /* Check some assumptions: 
+  **   (a) the cursor is open for writing,
+  **   (b) there is a read/write transaction open,
+  **   (c) the connection holds a write-lock on the table (if required),
+  **   (d) there are no conflicting read-locks, and
+  **   (e) the cursor points at a valid row of an intKey table.
+  */
+  if( !pCsr->wrFlag ){
+    return SQLITE_READONLY;
+  }
+  assert( !pCsr->pBt->readOnly && pCsr->pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
+  assert( hasSharedCacheTableLock(pCsr->pBtree, pCsr->pgnoRoot, 0, 2) );
+  assert( !hasReadConflicts(pCsr->pBtree, pCsr->pgnoRoot) );
+  assert( pCsr->apPage[pCsr->iPage]->intKey );
+
+  return accessPayload(pCsr, offset, amt, (unsigned char *)z, 1);
+}
+
+/* 
+** Set a flag on this cursor to cache the locations of pages from the 
+** overflow list for the current row. This is used by cursors opened
+** for incremental blob IO only.
+**
+** This function sets a flag only. The actual page location cache
+** (stored in BtCursor.aOverflow[]) is allocated and used by function
+** accessPayload() (the worker function for sqlite3BtreeData() and
+** sqlite3BtreePutData()).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(BtCursor *pCur){
+  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
+  invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
+  pCur->isIncrblobHandle = 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Set both the "read version" (single byte at byte offset 18) and 
+** "write version" (single byte at byte offset 19) fields in the database
+** header to iVersion.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(Btree *pBtree, int iVersion){
+  BtShared *pBt = pBtree->pBt;
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+ 
+  assert( pBtree->inTrans==TRANS_NONE );
+  assert( iVersion==1 || iVersion==2 );
+
+  /* If setting the version fields to 1, do not automatically open the
+  ** WAL connection, even if the version fields are currently set to 2.
+  */
+  pBt->doNotUseWAL = (u8)(iVersion==1);
+
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(pBtree, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    u8 *aData = pBt->pPage1->aData;
+    if( aData[18]!=(u8)iVersion || aData[19]!=(u8)iVersion ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(pBtree, 2);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          aData[18] = (u8)iVersion;
+          aData[19] = (u8)iVersion;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  pBt->doNotUseWAL = 0;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/************** End of btree.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file backup.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2009 January 28
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the implementation of the sqlite3_backup_XXX() 
+** API functions and the related features.
+*/
+
+/* Macro to find the minimum of two numeric values.
+*/
+#ifndef MIN
+# define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Structure allocated for each backup operation.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_backup {
+  sqlite3* pDestDb;        /* Destination database handle */
+  Btree *pDest;            /* Destination b-tree file */
+  u32 iDestSchema;         /* Original schema cookie in destination */
+  int bDestLocked;         /* True once a write-transaction is open on pDest */
+
+  Pgno iNext;              /* Page number of the next source page to copy */
+  sqlite3* pSrcDb;         /* Source database handle */
+  Btree *pSrc;             /* Source b-tree file */
+
+  int rc;                  /* Backup process error code */
+
+  /* These two variables are set by every call to backup_step(). They are
+  ** read by calls to backup_remaining() and backup_pagecount().
+  */
+  Pgno nRemaining;         /* Number of pages left to copy */
+  Pgno nPagecount;         /* Total number of pages to copy */
+
+  int isAttached;          /* True once backup has been registered with pager */
+  sqlite3_backup *pNext;   /* Next backup associated with source pager */
+};
+
+/*
+** THREAD SAFETY NOTES:
+**
+**   Once it has been created using backup_init(), a single sqlite3_backup
+**   structure may be accessed via two groups of thread-safe entry points:
+**
+**     * Via the sqlite3_backup_XXX() API function backup_step() and 
+**       backup_finish(). Both these functions obtain the source database
+**       handle mutex and the mutex associated with the source BtShared 
+**       structure, in that order.
+**
+**     * Via the BackupUpdate() and BackupRestart() functions, which are
+**       invoked by the pager layer to report various state changes in
+**       the page cache associated with the source database. The mutex
+**       associated with the source database BtShared structure will always 
+**       be held when either of these functions are invoked.
+**
+**   The other sqlite3_backup_XXX() API functions, backup_remaining() and
+**   backup_pagecount() are not thread-safe functions. If they are called
+**   while some other thread is calling backup_step() or backup_finish(),
+**   the values returned may be invalid. There is no way for a call to
+**   BackupUpdate() or BackupRestart() to interfere with backup_remaining()
+**   or backup_pagecount().
+**
+**   Depending on the SQLite configuration, the database handles and/or
+**   the Btree objects may have their own mutexes that require locking.
+**   Non-sharable Btrees (in-memory databases for example), do not have
+**   associated mutexes.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer corresponding to database zDb (i.e. "main", "temp")
+** in connection handle pDb. If such a database cannot be found, return
+** a NULL pointer and write an error message to pErrorDb.
+**
+** If the "temp" database is requested, it may need to be opened by this 
+** function. If an error occurs while doing so, return 0 and write an 
+** error message to pErrorDb.
+*/
+static Btree *findBtree(sqlite3 *pErrorDb, sqlite3 *pDb, const char *zDb){
+  int i = sqlite3FindDbName(pDb, zDb);
+
+  if( i==1 ){
+    Parse *pParse;
+    int rc = 0;
+    pParse = sqlite3StackAllocZero(pErrorDb, sizeof(*pParse));
+    if( pParse==0 ){
+      sqlite3Error(pErrorDb, SQLITE_NOMEM, "out of memory");
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      pParse->db = pDb;
+      if( sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(pParse) ){
+        sqlite3Error(pErrorDb, pParse->rc, "%s", pParse->zErrMsg);
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      }
+      sqlite3DbFree(pErrorDb, pParse->zErrMsg);
+      sqlite3StackFree(pErrorDb, pParse);
+    }
+    if( rc ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( i<0 ){
+    sqlite3Error(pErrorDb, SQLITE_ERROR, "unknown database %s", zDb);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return pDb->aDb[i].pBt;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to set the page size of the destination to match the page size
+** of the source.
+*/
+static int setDestPgsz(sqlite3_backup *p){
+  int rc;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(p->pDest,sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc),-1,0);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create an sqlite3_backup process to copy the contents of zSrcDb from
+** connection handle pSrcDb to zDestDb in pDestDb. If successful, return
+** a pointer to the new sqlite3_backup object.
+**
+** If an error occurs, NULL is returned and an error code and error message
+** stored in database handle pDestDb.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_backup *sqlite3_backup_init(
+  sqlite3* pDestDb,                     /* Database to write to */
+  const char *zDestDb,                  /* Name of database within pDestDb */
+  sqlite3* pSrcDb,                      /* Database connection to read from */
+  const char *zSrcDb                    /* Name of database within pSrcDb */
+){
+  sqlite3_backup *p;                    /* Value to return */
+
+  /* Lock the source database handle. The destination database
+  ** handle is not locked in this routine, but it is locked in
+  ** sqlite3_backup_step(). The user is required to ensure that no
+  ** other thread accesses the destination handle for the duration
+  ** of the backup operation.  Any attempt to use the destination
+  ** database connection while a backup is in progress may cause
+  ** a malfunction or a deadlock.
+  */
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pSrcDb->mutex);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pDestDb->mutex);
+
+  if( pSrcDb==pDestDb ){
+    sqlite3Error(
+        pDestDb, SQLITE_ERROR, "source and destination must be distinct"
+    );
+    p = 0;
+  }else {
+    /* Allocate space for a new sqlite3_backup object...
+    ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-64852-21591 The sqlite3_backup object is created by a
+    ** call to sqlite3_backup_init() and is destroyed by a call to
+    ** sqlite3_backup_finish(). */
+    p = (sqlite3_backup *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(sqlite3_backup));
+    if( !p ){
+      sqlite3Error(pDestDb, SQLITE_NOMEM, 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If the allocation succeeded, populate the new object. */
+  if( p ){
+    memset(p, 0, sizeof(sqlite3_backup));
+    p->pSrc = findBtree(pDestDb, pSrcDb, zSrcDb);
+    p->pDest = findBtree(pDestDb, pDestDb, zDestDb);
+    p->pDestDb = pDestDb;
+    p->pSrcDb = pSrcDb;
+    p->iNext = 1;
+    p->isAttached = 0;
+
+    if( 0==p->pSrc || 0==p->pDest || setDestPgsz(p)==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+      /* One (or both) of the named databases did not exist or an OOM
+      ** error was hit.  The error has already been written into the
+      ** pDestDb handle.  All that is left to do here is free the
+      ** sqlite3_backup structure.
+      */
+      sqlite3_free(p);
+      p = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  if( p ){
+    p->pSrc->nBackup++;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pDestDb->mutex);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pSrcDb->mutex);
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Argument rc is an SQLite error code. Return true if this error is 
+** considered fatal if encountered during a backup operation. All errors
+** are considered fatal except for SQLITE_BUSY and SQLITE_LOCKED.
+*/
+static int isFatalError(int rc){
+  return (rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_BUSY && ALWAYS(rc!=SQLITE_LOCKED));
+}
+
+/*
+** Parameter zSrcData points to a buffer containing the data for 
+** page iSrcPg from the source database. Copy this data into the 
+** destination database.
+*/
+static int backupOnePage(sqlite3_backup *p, Pgno iSrcPg, const u8 *zSrcData){
+  Pager * const pDestPager = sqlite3BtreePager(p->pDest);
+  const int nSrcPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc);
+  int nDestPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest);
+  const int nCopy = MIN(nSrcPgsz, nDestPgsz);
+  const i64 iEnd = (i64)iSrcPg*(i64)nSrcPgsz;
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+  int nSrcReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(p->pSrc);
+  int nDestReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(p->pDest);
+#endif
+
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  i64 iOff;
+
+  assert( p->bDestLocked );
+  assert( !isFatalError(p->rc) );
+  assert( iSrcPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pSrc->pBt) );
+  assert( zSrcData );
+
+  /* Catch the case where the destination is an in-memory database and the
+  ** page sizes of the source and destination differ. 
+  */
+  if( nSrcPgsz!=nDestPgsz && sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(pDestPager) ){
+    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+  }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+  /* Backup is not possible if the page size of the destination is changing
+  ** and a codec is in use.
+  */
+  if( nSrcPgsz!=nDestPgsz && sqlite3PagerGetCodec(pDestPager)!=0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+  }
+
+  /* Backup is not possible if the number of bytes of reserve space differ
+  ** between source and destination.  If there is a difference, try to
+  ** fix the destination to agree with the source.  If that is not possible,
+  ** then the backup cannot proceed.
+  */
+  if( nSrcReserve!=nDestReserve ){
+    u32 newPgsz = nSrcPgsz;
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(pDestPager, &newPgsz, nSrcReserve);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && newPgsz!=nSrcPgsz ) rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* This loop runs once for each destination page spanned by the source 
+  ** page. For each iteration, variable iOff is set to the byte offset
+  ** of the destination page.
+  */
+  for(iOff=iEnd-(i64)nSrcPgsz; rc==SQLITE_OK && iOff<iEnd; iOff+=nDestPgsz){
+    DbPage *pDestPg = 0;
+    Pgno iDest = (Pgno)(iOff/nDestPgsz)+1;
+    if( iDest==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt) ) continue;
+    if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pDestPager, iDest, &pDestPg))
+     && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pDestPg))
+    ){
+      const u8 *zIn = &zSrcData[iOff%nSrcPgsz];
+      u8 *zDestData = sqlite3PagerGetData(pDestPg);
+      u8 *zOut = &zDestData[iOff%nDestPgsz];
+
+      /* Copy the data from the source page into the destination page.
+      ** Then clear the Btree layer MemPage.isInit flag. Both this module
+      ** and the pager code use this trick (clearing the first byte
+      ** of the page 'extra' space to invalidate the Btree layers
+      ** cached parse of the page). MemPage.isInit is marked 
+      ** "MUST BE FIRST" for this purpose.
+      */
+      memcpy(zOut, zIn, nCopy);
+      ((u8 *)sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pDestPg))[0] = 0;
+    }
+    sqlite3PagerUnref(pDestPg);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** If pFile is currently larger than iSize bytes, then truncate it to
+** exactly iSize bytes. If pFile is not larger than iSize bytes, then
+** this function is a no-op.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if everything is successful, or an SQLite error 
+** code if an error occurs.
+*/
+static int backupTruncateFile(sqlite3_file *pFile, i64 iSize){
+  i64 iCurrent;
+  int rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pFile, &iCurrent);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iCurrent>iSize ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pFile, iSize);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Register this backup object with the associated source pager for
+** callbacks when pages are changed or the cache invalidated.
+*/
+static void attachBackupObject(sqlite3_backup *p){
+  sqlite3_backup **pp;
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p->pSrc) );
+  pp = sqlite3PagerBackupPtr(sqlite3BtreePager(p->pSrc));
+  p->pNext = *pp;
+  *pp = p;
+  p->isAttached = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Copy nPage pages from the source b-tree to the destination.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_step(sqlite3_backup *p, int nPage){
+  int rc;
+  int destMode;       /* Destination journal mode */
+  int pgszSrc = 0;    /* Source page size */
+  int pgszDest = 0;   /* Destination page size */
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pSrcDb->mutex);
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p->pSrc);
+  if( p->pDestDb ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pDestDb->mutex);
+  }
+
+  rc = p->rc;
+  if( !isFatalError(rc) ){
+    Pager * const pSrcPager = sqlite3BtreePager(p->pSrc);     /* Source pager */
+    Pager * const pDestPager = sqlite3BtreePager(p->pDest);   /* Dest pager */
+    int ii;                            /* Iterator variable */
+    int nSrcPage = -1;                 /* Size of source db in pages */
+    int bCloseTrans = 0;               /* True if src db requires unlocking */
+
+    /* If the source pager is currently in a write-transaction, return
+    ** SQLITE_BUSY immediately.
+    */
+    if( p->pDestDb && p->pSrc->pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE ){
+      rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    /* Lock the destination database, if it is not locked already. */
+    if( SQLITE_OK==rc && p->bDestLocked==0
+     && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(p->pDest, 2)) 
+    ){
+      p->bDestLocked = 1;
+      sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(p->pDest, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, &p->iDestSchema);
+    }
+
+    /* If there is no open read-transaction on the source database, open
+    ** one now. If a transaction is opened here, then it will be closed
+    ** before this function exits.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && 0==sqlite3BtreeIsInReadTrans(p->pSrc) ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(p->pSrc, 0);
+      bCloseTrans = 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Do not allow backup if the destination database is in WAL mode
+    ** and the page sizes are different between source and destination */
+    pgszSrc = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc);
+    pgszDest = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest);
+    destMode = sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(sqlite3BtreePager(p->pDest));
+    if( SQLITE_OK==rc && destMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL && pgszSrc!=pgszDest ){
+      rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+    }
+  
+    /* Now that there is a read-lock on the source database, query the
+    ** source pager for the number of pages in the database.
+    */
+    nSrcPage = (int)sqlite3BtreeLastPage(p->pSrc);
+    assert( nSrcPage>=0 );
+    for(ii=0; (nPage<0 || ii<nPage) && p->iNext<=(Pgno)nSrcPage && !rc; ii++){
+      const Pgno iSrcPg = p->iNext;                 /* Source page number */
+      if( iSrcPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pSrc->pBt) ){
+        DbPage *pSrcPg;                             /* Source page object */
+        rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pSrcPager, iSrcPg, &pSrcPg);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = backupOnePage(p, iSrcPg, sqlite3PagerGetData(pSrcPg));
+          sqlite3PagerUnref(pSrcPg);
+        }
+      }
+      p->iNext++;
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->nPagecount = nSrcPage;
+      p->nRemaining = nSrcPage+1-p->iNext;
+      if( p->iNext>(Pgno)nSrcPage ){
+        rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+      }else if( !p->isAttached ){
+        attachBackupObject(p);
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* Update the schema version field in the destination database. This
+    ** is to make sure that the schema-version really does change in
+    ** the case where the source and destination databases have the
+    ** same schema version.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE 
+     && (rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(p->pDest,1,p->iDestSchema+1))==SQLITE_OK
+    ){
+      int nDestTruncate;
+  
+      if( p->pDestDb ){
+        sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(p->pDestDb, -1);
+      }
+
+      /* Set nDestTruncate to the final number of pages in the destination
+      ** database. The complication here is that the destination page
+      ** size may be different to the source page size. 
+      **
+      ** If the source page size is smaller than the destination page size, 
+      ** round up. In this case the call to sqlite3OsTruncate() below will
+      ** fix the size of the file. However it is important to call
+      ** sqlite3PagerTruncateImage() here so that any pages in the 
+      ** destination file that lie beyond the nDestTruncate page mark are
+      ** journalled by PagerCommitPhaseOne() before they are destroyed
+      ** by the file truncation.
+      */
+      assert( pgszSrc==sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc) );
+      assert( pgszDest==sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest) );
+      if( pgszSrc<pgszDest ){
+        int ratio = pgszDest/pgszSrc;
+        nDestTruncate = (nSrcPage+ratio-1)/ratio;
+        if( nDestTruncate==(int)PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt) ){
+          nDestTruncate--;
+        }
+      }else{
+        nDestTruncate = nSrcPage * (pgszSrc/pgszDest);
+      }
+      sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pDestPager, nDestTruncate);
+
+      if( pgszSrc<pgszDest ){
+        /* If the source page-size is smaller than the destination page-size,
+        ** two extra things may need to happen:
+        **
+        **   * The destination may need to be truncated, and
+        **
+        **   * Data stored on the pages immediately following the 
+        **     pending-byte page in the source database may need to be
+        **     copied into the destination database.
+        */
+        const i64 iSize = (i64)pgszSrc * (i64)nSrcPage;
+        sqlite3_file * const pFile = sqlite3PagerFile(pDestPager);
+        i64 iOff;
+        i64 iEnd;
+
+        assert( pFile );
+        assert( (i64)nDestTruncate*(i64)pgszDest >= iSize || (
+              nDestTruncate==(int)(PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt)-1)
+           && iSize>=PENDING_BYTE && iSize<=PENDING_BYTE+pgszDest
+        ));
+
+        /* This call ensures that all data required to recreate the original
+        ** database has been stored in the journal for pDestPager and the
+        ** journal synced to disk. So at this point we may safely modify
+        ** the database file in any way, knowing that if a power failure
+        ** occurs, the original database will be reconstructed from the 
+        ** journal file.  */
+        rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 1);
+
+        /* Write the extra pages and truncate the database file as required. */
+        iEnd = MIN(PENDING_BYTE + pgszDest, iSize);
+        for(
+          iOff=PENDING_BYTE+pgszSrc; 
+          rc==SQLITE_OK && iOff<iEnd; 
+          iOff+=pgszSrc
+        ){
+          PgHdr *pSrcPg = 0;
+          const Pgno iSrcPg = (Pgno)((iOff/pgszSrc)+1);
+          rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pSrcPager, iSrcPg, &pSrcPg);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            u8 *zData = sqlite3PagerGetData(pSrcPg);
+            rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pFile, zData, pgszSrc, iOff);
+          }
+          sqlite3PagerUnref(pSrcPg);
+        }
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = backupTruncateFile(pFile, iSize);
+        }
+
+        /* Sync the database file to disk. */
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pDestPager);
+        }
+      }else{
+        rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 0);
+      }
+  
+      /* Finish committing the transaction to the destination database. */
+      if( SQLITE_OK==rc
+       && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(p->pDest, 0))
+      ){
+        rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* If bCloseTrans is true, then this function opened a read transaction
+    ** on the source database. Close the read transaction here. There is
+    ** no need to check the return values of the btree methods here, as
+    ** "committing" a read-only transaction cannot fail.
+    */
+    if( bCloseTrans ){
+      TESTONLY( int rc2 );
+      TESTONLY( rc2  = ) sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(p->pSrc, 0);
+      TESTONLY( rc2 |= ) sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(p->pSrc, 0);
+      assert( rc2==SQLITE_OK );
+    }
+  
+    if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    p->rc = rc;
+  }
+  if( p->pDestDb ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pDestDb->mutex);
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p->pSrc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pSrcDb->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release all resources associated with an sqlite3_backup* handle.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_finish(sqlite3_backup *p){
+  sqlite3_backup **pp;                 /* Ptr to head of pagers backup list */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;                /* Mutex to protect source database */
+  int rc;                              /* Value to return */
+
+  /* Enter the mutexes */
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pSrcDb->mutex);
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p->pSrc);
+  mutex = p->pSrcDb->mutex;
+  if( p->pDestDb ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pDestDb->mutex);
+  }
+
+  /* Detach this backup from the source pager. */
+  if( p->pDestDb ){
+    p->pSrc->nBackup--;
+  }
+  if( p->isAttached ){
+    pp = sqlite3PagerBackupPtr(sqlite3BtreePager(p->pSrc));
+    while( *pp!=p ){
+      pp = &(*pp)->pNext;
+    }
+    *pp = p->pNext;
+  }
+
+  /* If a transaction is still open on the Btree, roll it back. */
+  sqlite3BtreeRollback(p->pDest);
+
+  /* Set the error code of the destination database handle. */
+  rc = (p->rc==SQLITE_DONE) ? SQLITE_OK : p->rc;
+  sqlite3Error(p->pDestDb, rc, 0);
+
+  /* Exit the mutexes and free the backup context structure. */
+  if( p->pDestDb ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pDestDb->mutex);
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p->pSrc);
+  if( p->pDestDb ){
+    /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-64852-21591 The sqlite3_backup object is created by a
+    ** call to sqlite3_backup_init() and is destroyed by a call to
+    ** sqlite3_backup_finish(). */
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of pages still to be backed up as of the most recent
+** call to sqlite3_backup_step().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_remaining(sqlite3_backup *p){
+  return p->nRemaining;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the total number of pages in the source database as of the most 
+** recent call to sqlite3_backup_step().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_pagecount(sqlite3_backup *p){
+  return p->nPagecount;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called after the contents of page iPage of the
+** source database have been modified. If page iPage has already been 
+** copied into the destination database, then the data written to the
+** destination is now invalidated. The destination copy of iPage needs
+** to be updated with the new data before the backup operation is
+** complete.
+**
+** It is assumed that the mutex associated with the BtShared object
+** corresponding to the source database is held when this function is
+** called.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupUpdate(sqlite3_backup *pBackup, Pgno iPage, const u8 *aData){
+  sqlite3_backup *p;                   /* Iterator variable */
+  for(p=pBackup; p; p=p->pNext){
+    assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pSrc->pBt->mutex) );
+    if( !isFatalError(p->rc) && iPage<p->iNext ){
+      /* The backup process p has already copied page iPage. But now it
+      ** has been modified by a transaction on the source pager. Copy
+      ** the new data into the backup.
+      */
+      int rc;
+      assert( p->pDestDb );
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pDestDb->mutex);
+      rc = backupOnePage(p, iPage, aData);
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pDestDb->mutex);
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY && rc!=SQLITE_LOCKED );
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        p->rc = rc;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Restart the backup process. This is called when the pager layer
+** detects that the database has been modified by an external database
+** connection. In this case there is no way of knowing which of the
+** pages that have been copied into the destination database are still 
+** valid and which are not, so the entire process needs to be restarted.
+**
+** It is assumed that the mutex associated with the BtShared object
+** corresponding to the source database is held when this function is
+** called.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupRestart(sqlite3_backup *pBackup){
+  sqlite3_backup *p;                   /* Iterator variable */
+  for(p=pBackup; p; p=p->pNext){
+    assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pSrc->pBt->mutex) );
+    p->iNext = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM
+/*
+** Copy the complete content of pBtFrom into pBtTo.  A transaction
+** must be active for both files.
+**
+** The size of file pTo may be reduced by this operation. If anything 
+** goes wrong, the transaction on pTo is rolled back. If successful, the 
+** transaction is committed before returning.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCopyFile(Btree *pTo, Btree *pFrom){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_backup b;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(pTo);
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(pFrom);
+
+  /* Set up an sqlite3_backup object. sqlite3_backup.pDestDb must be set
+  ** to 0. This is used by the implementations of sqlite3_backup_step()
+  ** and sqlite3_backup_finish() to detect that they are being called
+  ** from this function, not directly by the user.
+  */
+  memset(&b, 0, sizeof(b));
+  b.pSrcDb = pFrom->db;
+  b.pSrc = pFrom;
+  b.pDest = pTo;
+  b.iNext = 1;
+
+  /* 0x7FFFFFFF is the hard limit for the number of pages in a database
+  ** file. By passing this as the number of pages to copy to
+  ** sqlite3_backup_step(), we can guarantee that the copy finishes 
+  ** within a single call (unless an error occurs). The assert() statement
+  ** checks this assumption - (p->rc) should be set to either SQLITE_DONE 
+  ** or an error code.
+  */
+  sqlite3_backup_step(&b, 0x7FFFFFFF);
+  assert( b.rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+  rc = sqlite3_backup_finish(&b);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pTo->pBt->pageSizeFixed = 0;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(pFrom);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(pTo);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM */
+
+/************** End of backup.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file vdbemem.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 May 26
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code use to manipulate "Mem" structure.  A "Mem"
+** stores a single value in the VDBE.  Mem is an opaque structure visible
+** only within the VDBE.  Interface routines refer to a Mem using the
+** name sqlite_value
+*/
+
+/*
+** Call sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob() on the supplied value (type Mem*)
+** P if required.
+*/
+#define expandBlob(P) (((P)->flags&MEM_Zero)?sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(P):0)
+
+/*
+** If pMem is an object with a valid string representation, this routine
+** ensures the internal encoding for the string representation is
+** 'desiredEnc', one of SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_UTF16LE or SQLITE_UTF16BE.
+**
+** If pMem is not a string object, or the encoding of the string
+** representation is already stored using the requested encoding, then this
+** routine is a no-op.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if the conversion is successful (or not required).
+** SQLITE_NOMEM may be returned if a malloc() fails during conversion
+** between formats.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(Mem *pMem, int desiredEnc){
+  int rc;
+  assert( (pMem->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+  assert( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8 || desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16LE
+           || desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  if( !(pMem->flags&MEM_Str) || pMem->enc==desiredEnc ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+#else
+
+  /* MemTranslate() may return SQLITE_OK or SQLITE_NOMEM. If NOMEM is returned,
+  ** then the encoding of the value may not have changed.
+  */
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemTranslate(pMem, (u8)desiredEnc);
+  assert(rc==SQLITE_OK    || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM);
+  assert(rc==SQLITE_OK    || pMem->enc!=desiredEnc);
+  assert(rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || pMem->enc==desiredEnc);
+  return rc;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Make sure pMem->z points to a writable allocation of at least 
+** n bytes.
+**
+** If the memory cell currently contains string or blob data
+** and the third argument passed to this function is true, the 
+** current content of the cell is preserved. Otherwise, it may
+** be discarded.  
+**
+** This function sets the MEM_Dyn flag and clears any xDel callback.
+** It also clears MEM_Ephem and MEM_Static. If the preserve flag is 
+** not set, Mem.n is zeroed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve){
+  assert( 1 >=
+    ((pMem->zMalloc && pMem->zMalloc==pMem->z) ? 1 : 0) +
+    (((pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn)&&pMem->xDel) ? 1 : 0) + 
+    ((pMem->flags&MEM_Ephem) ? 1 : 0) + 
+    ((pMem->flags&MEM_Static) ? 1 : 0)
+  );
+  assert( (pMem->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+
+  if( n<32 ) n = 32;
+  if( sqlite3DbMallocSize(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc)<n ){
+    if( preserve && pMem->z==pMem->zMalloc ){
+      pMem->z = pMem->zMalloc = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(pMem->db, pMem->z, n);
+      preserve = 0;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3DbFree(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc);
+      pMem->zMalloc = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pMem->db, n);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( pMem->z && preserve && pMem->zMalloc && pMem->z!=pMem->zMalloc ){
+    memcpy(pMem->zMalloc, pMem->z, pMem->n);
+  }
+  if( pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn && pMem->xDel ){
+    pMem->xDel((void *)(pMem->z));
+  }
+
+  pMem->z = pMem->zMalloc;
+  if( pMem->z==0 ){
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
+  }else{
+    pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
+  }
+  pMem->xDel = 0;
+  return (pMem->z ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_NOMEM);
+}
+
+/*
+** Make the given Mem object MEM_Dyn.  In other words, make it so
+** that any TEXT or BLOB content is stored in memory obtained from
+** malloc().  In this way, we know that the memory is safe to be
+** overwritten or altered.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success or SQLITE_NOMEM if malloc fails.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(Mem *pMem){
+  int f;
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  assert( (pMem->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+  expandBlob(pMem);
+  f = pMem->flags;
+  if( (f&(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob)) && pMem->z!=pMem->zMalloc ){
+    if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, pMem->n + 2, 1) ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    pMem->z[pMem->n] = 0;
+    pMem->z[pMem->n+1] = 0;
+    pMem->flags |= MEM_Term;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    pMem->pScopyFrom = 0;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the given Mem* has a zero-filled tail, turn it into an ordinary
+** blob stored in dynamically allocated space.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(Mem *pMem){
+  if( pMem->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+    int nByte;
+    assert( pMem->flags&MEM_Blob );
+    assert( (pMem->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+    assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+
+    /* Set nByte to the number of bytes required to store the expanded blob. */
+    nByte = pMem->n + pMem->u.nZero;
+    if( nByte<=0 ){
+      nByte = 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, nByte, 1) ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+
+    memset(&pMem->z[pMem->n], 0, pMem->u.nZero);
+    pMem->n += pMem->u.nZero;
+    pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Zero|MEM_Term);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Make sure the given Mem is \u0000 terminated.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(Mem *pMem){
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  if( (pMem->flags & MEM_Term)!=0 || (pMem->flags & MEM_Str)==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;   /* Nothing to do */
+  }
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, pMem->n+2, 1) ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  pMem->z[pMem->n] = 0;
+  pMem->z[pMem->n+1] = 0;
+  pMem->flags |= MEM_Term;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add MEM_Str to the set of representations for the given Mem.  Numbers
+** are converted using sqlite3_snprintf().  Converting a BLOB to a string
+** is a no-op.
+**
+** Existing representations MEM_Int and MEM_Real are *not* invalidated.
+**
+** A MEM_Null value will never be passed to this function. This function is
+** used for converting values to text for returning to the user (i.e. via
+** sqlite3_value_text()), or for ensuring that values to be used as btree
+** keys are strings. In the former case a NULL pointer is returned the
+** user and the later is an internal programming error.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(Mem *pMem, int enc){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int fg = pMem->flags;
+  const int nByte = 32;
+
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  assert( !(fg&MEM_Zero) );
+  assert( !(fg&(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob)) );
+  assert( fg&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real) );
+  assert( (pMem->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
+
+
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, nByte, 0) ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  /* For a Real or Integer, use sqlite3_mprintf() to produce the UTF-8
+  ** string representation of the value. Then, if the required encoding
+  ** is UTF-16le or UTF-16be do a translation.
+  ** 
+  ** FIX ME: It would be better if sqlite3_snprintf() could do UTF-16.
+  */
+  if( fg & MEM_Int ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nByte, pMem->z, "%lld", pMem->u.i);
+  }else{
+    assert( fg & MEM_Real );
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nByte, pMem->z, "%!.15g", pMem->r);
+  }
+  pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
+  pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+  pMem->flags |= MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pMem, enc);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Memory cell pMem contains the context of an aggregate function.
+** This routine calls the finalize method for that function.  The
+** result of the aggregate is stored back into pMem.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_ERROR if the finalizer reports an error.  SQLITE_OK
+** otherwise.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem *pMem, FuncDef *pFunc){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( ALWAYS(pFunc && pFunc->xFinalize) ){
+    sqlite3_context ctx;
+    assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_Null)!=0 || pFunc==pMem->u.pDef );
+    assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+    memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
+    ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
+    ctx.s.db = pMem->db;
+    ctx.pMem = pMem;
+    ctx.pFunc = pFunc;
+    pFunc->xFinalize(&ctx); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
+    assert( 0==(pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn) && !pMem->xDel );
+    sqlite3DbFree(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc);
+    memcpy(pMem, &ctx.s, sizeof(ctx.s));
+    rc = ctx.isError;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the memory cell contains a string value that must be freed by
+** invoking an external callback, free it now. Calling this function
+** does not free any Mem.zMalloc buffer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(Mem *p){
+  assert( p->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  testcase( p->flags & MEM_Agg );
+  testcase( p->flags & MEM_Dyn );
+  testcase( p->flags & MEM_RowSet );
+  testcase( p->flags & MEM_Frame );
+  if( p->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_RowSet|MEM_Frame) ){
+    if( p->flags&MEM_Agg ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(p, p->u.pDef);
+      assert( (p->flags & MEM_Agg)==0 );
+      sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(p);
+    }else if( p->flags&MEM_Dyn && p->xDel ){
+      assert( (p->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+      p->xDel((void *)p->z);
+      p->xDel = 0;
+    }else if( p->flags&MEM_RowSet ){
+      sqlite3RowSetClear(p->u.pRowSet);
+    }else if( p->flags&MEM_Frame ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(p);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Release any memory held by the Mem. This may leave the Mem in an
+** inconsistent state, for example with (Mem.z==0) and
+** (Mem.type==SQLITE_TEXT).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p){
+  sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(p);
+  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->zMalloc);
+  p->z = 0;
+  p->zMalloc = 0;
+  p->xDel = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert a 64-bit IEEE double into a 64-bit signed integer.
+** If the double is too large, return 0x8000000000000000.
+**
+** Most systems appear to do this simply by assigning
+** variables and without the extra range tests.  But
+** there are reports that windows throws an expection
+** if the floating point value is out of range. (See ticket #2880.)
+** Because we do not completely understand the problem, we will
+** take the conservative approach and always do range tests
+** before attempting the conversion.
+*/
+static i64 doubleToInt64(double r){
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+  /* When floating-point is omitted, double and int64 are the same thing */
+  return r;
+#else
+  /*
+  ** Many compilers we encounter do not define constants for the
+  ** minimum and maximum 64-bit integers, or they define them
+  ** inconsistently.  And many do not understand the "LL" notation.
+  ** So we define our own static constants here using nothing
+  ** larger than a 32-bit integer constant.
+  */
+  static const i64 maxInt = LARGEST_INT64;
+  static const i64 minInt = SMALLEST_INT64;
+
+  if( r<(double)minInt ){
+    return minInt;
+  }else if( r>(double)maxInt ){
+    /* minInt is correct here - not maxInt.  It turns out that assigning
+    ** a very large positive number to an integer results in a very large
+    ** negative integer.  This makes no sense, but it is what x86 hardware
+    ** does so for compatibility we will do the same in software. */
+    return minInt;
+  }else{
+    return (i64)r;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Return some kind of integer value which is the best we can do
+** at representing the value that *pMem describes as an integer.
+** If pMem is an integer, then the value is exact.  If pMem is
+** a floating-point then the value returned is the integer part.
+** If pMem is a string or blob, then we make an attempt to convert
+** it into a integer and return that.  If pMem represents an
+** an SQL-NULL value, return 0.
+**
+** If pMem represents a string value, its encoding might be changed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE i64 sqlite3VdbeIntValue(Mem *pMem){
+  int flags;
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
+  flags = pMem->flags;
+  if( flags & MEM_Int ){
+    return pMem->u.i;
+  }else if( flags & MEM_Real ){
+    return doubleToInt64(pMem->r);
+  }else if( flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
+    i64 value = 0;
+    assert( pMem->z || pMem->n==0 );
+    testcase( pMem->z==0 );
+    sqlite3Atoi64(pMem->z, &value, pMem->n, pMem->enc);
+    return value;
+  }else{
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the best representation of pMem that we can get into a
+** double.  If pMem is already a double or an integer, return its
+** value.  If it is a string or blob, try to convert it to a double.
+** If it is a NULL, return 0.0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE double sqlite3VdbeRealValue(Mem *pMem){
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
+  if( pMem->flags & MEM_Real ){
+    return pMem->r;
+  }else if( pMem->flags & MEM_Int ){
+    return (double)pMem->u.i;
+  }else if( pMem->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
+    /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
+    double val = (double)0;
+    sqlite3AtoF(pMem->z, &val, pMem->n, pMem->enc);
+    return val;
+  }else{
+    /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
+    return (double)0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The MEM structure is already a MEM_Real.  Try to also make it a
+** MEM_Int if we can.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(Mem *pMem){
+  assert( pMem->flags & MEM_Real );
+  assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
+
+  pMem->u.i = doubleToInt64(pMem->r);
+
+  /* Only mark the value as an integer if
+  **
+  **    (1) the round-trip conversion real->int->real is a no-op, and
+  **    (2) The integer is neither the largest nor the smallest
+  **        possible integer (ticket #3922)
+  **
+  ** The second and third terms in the following conditional enforces
+  ** the second condition under the assumption that addition overflow causes
+  ** values to wrap around.  On x86 hardware, the third term is always
+  ** true and could be omitted.  But we leave it in because other
+  ** architectures might behave differently.
+  */
+  if( pMem->r==(double)pMem->u.i && pMem->u.i>SMALLEST_INT64
+      && ALWAYS(pMem->u.i<LARGEST_INT64) ){
+    pMem->flags |= MEM_Int;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert pMem to type integer.  Invalidate any prior representations.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(Mem *pMem){
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
+
+  pMem->u.i = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pMem);
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Int);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert pMem so that it is of type MEM_Real.
+** Invalidate any prior representations.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(Mem *pMem){
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
+
+  pMem->r = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pMem);
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Real);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert pMem so that it has types MEM_Real or MEM_Int or both.
+** Invalidate any prior representations.
+**
+** Every effort is made to force the conversion, even if the input
+** is a string that does not look completely like a number.  Convert
+** as much of the string as we can and ignore the rest.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(Mem *pMem){
+  if( (pMem->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_Null))==0 ){
+    assert( (pMem->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str))!=0 );
+    assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+    if( 0==sqlite3Atoi64(pMem->z, &pMem->u.i, pMem->n, pMem->enc) ){
+      MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Int);
+    }else{
+      pMem->r = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pMem);
+      MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Real);
+      sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(pMem);
+    }
+  }
+  assert( (pMem->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_Null))!=0 );
+  pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete any previous value and set the value stored in *pMem to NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(Mem *pMem){
+  if( pMem->flags & MEM_Frame ){
+    VdbeFrame *pFrame = pMem->u.pFrame;
+    pFrame->pParent = pFrame->v->pDelFrame;
+    pFrame->v->pDelFrame = pFrame;
+  }
+  if( pMem->flags & MEM_RowSet ){
+    sqlite3RowSetClear(pMem->u.pRowSet);
+  }
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Null);
+  pMem->type = SQLITE_NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete any previous value and set the value to be a BLOB of length
+** n containing all zeros.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetZeroBlob(Mem *pMem, int n){
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+  pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Zero;
+  pMem->type = SQLITE_BLOB;
+  pMem->n = 0;
+  if( n<0 ) n = 0;
+  pMem->u.nZero = n;
+  pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+  sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, n, 0);
+  if( pMem->z ){
+    pMem->n = n;
+    memset(pMem->z, 0, n);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete any previous value and set the value stored in *pMem to val,
+** manifest type INTEGER.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(Mem *pMem, i64 val){
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+  pMem->u.i = val;
+  pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+  pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+/*
+** Delete any previous value and set the value stored in *pMem to val,
+** manifest type REAL.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetDouble(Mem *pMem, double val){
+  if( sqlite3IsNaN(val) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pMem);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+    pMem->r = val;
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Real;
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Delete any previous value and set the value of pMem to be an
+** empty boolean index.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetRowSet(Mem *pMem){
+  sqlite3 *db = pMem->db;
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+  pMem->zMalloc = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, 64);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
+  }else{
+    assert( pMem->zMalloc );
+    pMem->u.pRowSet = sqlite3RowSetInit(db, pMem->zMalloc, 
+                                       sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, pMem->zMalloc));
+    assert( pMem->u.pRowSet!=0 );
+    pMem->flags = MEM_RowSet;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the Mem object contains a TEXT or BLOB that is
+** too large - whose size exceeds SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(Mem *p){
+  assert( p->db!=0 );
+  if( p->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
+    int n = p->n;
+    if( p->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+      n += p->u.nZero;
+    }
+    return n>p->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH];
+  }
+  return 0; 
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** This routine prepares a memory cell for modication by breaking
+** its link to a shallow copy and by marking any current shallow
+** copies of this cell as invalid.
+**
+** This is used for testing and debugging only - to make sure shallow
+** copies are not misused.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemPrepareToChange(Vdbe *pVdbe, Mem *pMem){
+  int i;
+  Mem *pX;
+  for(i=1, pX=&pVdbe->aMem[1]; i<=pVdbe->nMem; i++, pX++){
+    if( pX->pScopyFrom==pMem ){
+      pX->flags |= MEM_Invalid;
+      pX->pScopyFrom = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  pMem->pScopyFrom = 0;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+/*
+** Size of struct Mem not including the Mem.zMalloc member.
+*/
+#define MEMCELLSIZE (size_t)(&(((Mem *)0)->zMalloc))
+
+/*
+** Make an shallow copy of pFrom into pTo.  Prior contents of
+** pTo are freed.  The pFrom->z field is not duplicated.  If
+** pFrom->z is used, then pTo->z points to the same thing as pFrom->z
+** and flags gets srcType (either MEM_Ephem or MEM_Static).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(Mem *pTo, const Mem *pFrom, int srcType){
+  assert( (pFrom->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(pTo);
+  memcpy(pTo, pFrom, MEMCELLSIZE);
+  pTo->xDel = 0;
+  if( (pFrom->flags&MEM_Static)==0 ){
+    pTo->flags &= ~(MEM_Dyn|MEM_Static|MEM_Ephem);
+    assert( srcType==MEM_Ephem || srcType==MEM_Static );
+    pTo->flags |= srcType;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Make a full copy of pFrom into pTo.  Prior contents of pTo are
+** freed before the copy is made.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemCopy(Mem *pTo, const Mem *pFrom){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( (pFrom->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(pTo);
+  memcpy(pTo, pFrom, MEMCELLSIZE);
+  pTo->flags &= ~MEM_Dyn;
+
+  if( pTo->flags&(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
+    if( 0==(pFrom->flags&MEM_Static) ){
+      pTo->flags |= MEM_Ephem;
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(pTo);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Transfer the contents of pFrom to pTo. Any existing value in pTo is
+** freed. If pFrom contains ephemeral data, a copy is made.
+**
+** pFrom contains an SQL NULL when this routine returns.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemMove(Mem *pTo, Mem *pFrom){
+  assert( pFrom->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pFrom->db->mutex) );
+  assert( pTo->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pTo->db->mutex) );
+  assert( pFrom->db==0 || pTo->db==0 || pFrom->db==pTo->db );
+
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pTo);
+  memcpy(pTo, pFrom, sizeof(Mem));
+  pFrom->flags = MEM_Null;
+  pFrom->xDel = 0;
+  pFrom->zMalloc = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the value of a Mem to be a string or a BLOB.
+**
+** The memory management strategy depends on the value of the xDel
+** parameter. If the value passed is SQLITE_TRANSIENT, then the 
+** string is copied into a (possibly existing) buffer managed by the 
+** Mem structure. Otherwise, any existing buffer is freed and the
+** pointer copied.
+**
+** If the string is too large (if it exceeds the SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH
+** size limit) then no memory allocation occurs.  If the string can be
+** stored without allocating memory, then it is.  If a memory allocation
+** is required to store the string, then value of pMem is unchanged.  In
+** either case, SQLITE_TOOBIG is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(
+  Mem *pMem,          /* Memory cell to set to string value */
+  const char *z,      /* String pointer */
+  int n,              /* Bytes in string, or negative */
+  u8 enc,             /* Encoding of z.  0 for BLOBs */
+  void (*xDel)(void*) /* Destructor function */
+){
+  int nByte = n;      /* New value for pMem->n */
+  int iLimit;         /* Maximum allowed string or blob size */
+  u16 flags = 0;      /* New value for pMem->flags */
+
+  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+  assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+
+  /* If z is a NULL pointer, set pMem to contain an SQL NULL. */
+  if( !z ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pMem);
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  if( pMem->db ){
+    iLimit = pMem->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH];
+  }else{
+    iLimit = SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH;
+  }
+  flags = (enc==0?MEM_Blob:MEM_Str);
+  if( nByte<0 ){
+    assert( enc!=0 );
+    if( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+      for(nByte=0; nByte<=iLimit && z[nByte]; nByte++){}
+    }else{
+      for(nByte=0; nByte<=iLimit && (z[nByte] | z[nByte+1]); nByte+=2){}
+    }
+    flags |= MEM_Term;
+  }
+
+  /* The following block sets the new values of Mem.z and Mem.xDel. It
+  ** also sets a flag in local variable "flags" to indicate the memory
+  ** management (one of MEM_Dyn or MEM_Static).
+  */
+  if( xDel==SQLITE_TRANSIENT ){
+    int nAlloc = nByte;
+    if( flags&MEM_Term ){
+      nAlloc += (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
+    }
+    if( nByte>iLimit ){
+      return SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, nAlloc, 0) ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    memcpy(pMem->z, z, nAlloc);
+  }else if( xDel==SQLITE_DYNAMIC ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+    pMem->zMalloc = pMem->z = (char *)z;
+    pMem->xDel = 0;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+    pMem->z = (char *)z;
+    pMem->xDel = xDel;
+    flags |= ((xDel==SQLITE_STATIC)?MEM_Static:MEM_Dyn);
+  }
+
+  pMem->n = nByte;
+  pMem->flags = flags;
+  pMem->enc = (enc==0 ? SQLITE_UTF8 : enc);
+  pMem->type = (enc==0 ? SQLITE_BLOB : SQLITE_TEXT);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+  if( pMem->enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 && sqlite3VdbeMemHandleBom(pMem) ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( nByte>iLimit ){
+    return SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the values contained by the two memory cells, returning
+** negative, zero or positive if pMem1 is less than, equal to, or greater
+** than pMem2. Sorting order is NULL's first, followed by numbers (integers
+** and reals) sorted numerically, followed by text ordered by the collating
+** sequence pColl and finally blob's ordered by memcmp().
+**
+** Two NULL values are considered equal by this function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem *pMem1, const Mem *pMem2, const CollSeq *pColl){
+  int rc;
+  int f1, f2;
+  int combined_flags;
+
+  f1 = pMem1->flags;
+  f2 = pMem2->flags;
+  combined_flags = f1|f2;
+  assert( (combined_flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+ 
+  /* If one value is NULL, it is less than the other. If both values
+  ** are NULL, return 0.
+  */
+  if( combined_flags&MEM_Null ){
+    return (f2&MEM_Null) - (f1&MEM_Null);
+  }
+
+  /* If one value is a number and the other is not, the number is less.
+  ** If both are numbers, compare as reals if one is a real, or as integers
+  ** if both values are integers.
+  */
+  if( combined_flags&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ){
+    if( !(f1&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real)) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( !(f2&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real)) ){
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if( (f1 & f2 & MEM_Int)==0 ){
+      double r1, r2;
+      if( (f1&MEM_Real)==0 ){
+        r1 = (double)pMem1->u.i;
+      }else{
+        r1 = pMem1->r;
+      }
+      if( (f2&MEM_Real)==0 ){
+        r2 = (double)pMem2->u.i;
+      }else{
+        r2 = pMem2->r;
+      }
+      if( r1<r2 ) return -1;
+      if( r1>r2 ) return 1;
+      return 0;
+    }else{
+      assert( f1&MEM_Int );
+      assert( f2&MEM_Int );
+      if( pMem1->u.i < pMem2->u.i ) return -1;
+      if( pMem1->u.i > pMem2->u.i ) return 1;
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If one value is a string and the other is a blob, the string is less.
+  ** If both are strings, compare using the collating functions.
+  */
+  if( combined_flags&MEM_Str ){
+    if( (f1 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( (f2 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    assert( pMem1->enc==pMem2->enc );
+    assert( pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || 
+            pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+
+    /* The collation sequence must be defined at this point, even if
+    ** the user deletes the collation sequence after the vdbe program is
+    ** compiled (this was not always the case).
+    */
+    assert( !pColl || pColl->xCmp );
+
+    if( pColl ){
+      if( pMem1->enc==pColl->enc ){
+        /* The strings are already in the correct encoding.  Call the
+        ** comparison function directly */
+        return pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser,pMem1->n,pMem1->z,pMem2->n,pMem2->z);
+      }else{
+        const void *v1, *v2;
+        int n1, n2;
+        Mem c1;
+        Mem c2;
+        memset(&c1, 0, sizeof(c1));
+        memset(&c2, 0, sizeof(c2));
+        sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c1, pMem1, MEM_Ephem);
+        sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c2, pMem2, MEM_Ephem);
+        v1 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c1, pColl->enc);
+        n1 = v1==0 ? 0 : c1.n;
+        v2 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c2, pColl->enc);
+        n2 = v2==0 ? 0 : c2.n;
+        rc = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, n1, v1, n2, v2);
+        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c1);
+        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c2);
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+    /* If a NULL pointer was passed as the collate function, fall through
+    ** to the blob case and use memcmp().  */
+  }
+ 
+  /* Both values must be blobs.  Compare using memcmp().  */
+  rc = memcmp(pMem1->z, pMem2->z, (pMem1->n>pMem2->n)?pMem2->n:pMem1->n);
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    rc = pMem1->n - pMem2->n;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Move data out of a btree key or data field and into a Mem structure.
+** The data or key is taken from the entry that pCur is currently pointing
+** to.  offset and amt determine what portion of the data or key to retrieve.
+** key is true to get the key or false to get data.  The result is written
+** into the pMem element.
+**
+** The pMem structure is assumed to be uninitialized.  Any prior content
+** is overwritten without being freed.
+**
+** If this routine fails for any reason (malloc returns NULL or unable
+** to read from the disk) then the pMem is left in an inconsistent state.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(
+  BtCursor *pCur,   /* Cursor pointing at record to retrieve. */
+  int offset,       /* Offset from the start of data to return bytes from. */
+  int amt,          /* Number of bytes to return. */
+  int key,          /* If true, retrieve from the btree key, not data. */
+  Mem *pMem         /* OUT: Return data in this Mem structure. */
+){
+  char *zData;        /* Data from the btree layer */
+  int available = 0;  /* Number of bytes available on the local btree page */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Return code */
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
+
+  /* Note: the calls to BtreeKeyFetch() and DataFetch() below assert() 
+  ** that both the BtShared and database handle mutexes are held. */
+  assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+  if( key ){
+    zData = (char *)sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(pCur, &available);
+  }else{
+    zData = (char *)sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(pCur, &available);
+  }
+  assert( zData!=0 );
+
+  if( offset+amt<=available && (pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn)==0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+    pMem->z = &zData[offset];
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Ephem;
+  }else if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, amt+2, 0)) ){
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Dyn|MEM_Term;
+    pMem->enc = 0;
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_BLOB;
+    if( key ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(pCur, offset, amt, pMem->z);
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeData(pCur, offset, amt, pMem->z);
+    }
+    pMem->z[amt] = 0;
+    pMem->z[amt+1] = 0;
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+    }
+  }
+  pMem->n = amt;
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* This function is only available internally, it is not part of the
+** external API. It works in a similar way to sqlite3_value_text(),
+** except the data returned is in the encoding specified by the second
+** parameter, which must be one of SQLITE_UTF16BE, SQLITE_UTF16LE or
+** SQLITE_UTF8.
+**
+** (2006-02-16:)  The enc value can be or-ed with SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED.
+** If that is the case, then the result must be aligned on an even byte
+** boundary.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3ValueText(sqlite3_value* pVal, u8 enc){
+  if( !pVal ) return 0;
+
+  assert( pVal->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pVal->db->mutex) );
+  assert( (enc&3)==(enc&~SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED) );
+  assert( (pVal->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+
+  if( pVal->flags&MEM_Null ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  assert( (MEM_Blob>>3) == MEM_Str );
+  pVal->flags |= (pVal->flags & MEM_Blob)>>3;
+  expandBlob(pVal);
+  if( pVal->flags&MEM_Str ){
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pVal, enc & ~SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED);
+    if( (enc & SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED)!=0 && 1==(1&SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pVal->z)) ){
+      assert( (pVal->flags & (MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static))!=0 );
+      if( sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(pVal)!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(pVal); /* IMP: R-59893-45467 */
+  }else{
+    assert( (pVal->flags&MEM_Blob)==0 );
+    sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(pVal, enc);
+    assert( 0==(1&SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pVal->z)) );
+  }
+  assert(pVal->enc==(enc & ~SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED) || pVal->db==0
+              || pVal->db->mallocFailed );
+  if( pVal->enc==(enc & ~SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED) ){
+    return pVal->z;
+  }else{
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new sqlite3_value object.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3ValueNew(sqlite3 *db){
+  Mem *p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*p));
+  if( p ){
+    p->flags = MEM_Null;
+    p->type = SQLITE_NULL;
+    p->db = db;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new sqlite3_value object, containing the value of pExpr.
+**
+** This only works for very simple expressions that consist of one constant
+** token (i.e. "5", "5.1", "'a string'"). If the expression can
+** be converted directly into a value, then the value is allocated and
+** a pointer written to *ppVal. The caller is responsible for deallocating
+** the value by passing it to sqlite3ValueFree() later on. If the expression
+** cannot be converted to a value, then *ppVal is set to NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueFromExpr(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* The database connection */
+  Expr *pExpr,              /* The expression to evaluate */
+  u8 enc,                   /* Encoding to use */
+  u8 affinity,              /* Affinity to use */
+  sqlite3_value **ppVal     /* Write the new value here */
+){
+  int op;
+  char *zVal = 0;
+  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
+  int negInt = 1;
+  const char *zNeg = "";
+
+  if( !pExpr ){
+    *ppVal = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  op = pExpr->op;
+
+  /* op can only be TK_REGISTER if we have compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2.
+  ** The ifdef here is to enable us to achieve 100% branch test coverage even
+  ** when SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 is omitted.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+  if( op==TK_REGISTER ) op = pExpr->op2;
+#else
+  if( NEVER(op==TK_REGISTER) ) op = pExpr->op2;
+#endif
+
+  /* Handle negative integers in a single step.  This is needed in the
+  ** case when the value is -9223372036854775808.
+  */
+  if( op==TK_UMINUS
+   && (pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER || pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT) ){
+    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
+    op = pExpr->op;
+    negInt = -1;
+    zNeg = "-";
+  }
+
+  if( op==TK_STRING || op==TK_FLOAT || op==TK_INTEGER ){
+    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
+    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pVal, (i64)pExpr->u.iValue*negInt);
+    }else{
+      zVal = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%s", zNeg, pExpr->u.zToken);
+      if( zVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+      sqlite3ValueSetStr(pVal, -1, zVal, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+      if( op==TK_FLOAT ) pVal->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
+    }
+    if( (op==TK_INTEGER || op==TK_FLOAT ) && affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, SQLITE_UTF8);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, SQLITE_UTF8);
+    }
+    if( pVal->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ) pVal->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
+    if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pVal, enc);
+    }
+  }else if( op==TK_UMINUS ) {
+    /* This branch happens for multiple negative signs.  Ex: -(-5) */
+    if( SQLITE_OK==sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db,pExpr->pLeft,enc,affinity,&pVal) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(pVal);
+      if( pVal->u.i==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+        pVal->flags &= MEM_Int;
+        pVal->flags |= MEM_Real;
+        pVal->r = (double)LARGEST_INT64;
+      }else{
+        pVal->u.i = -pVal->u.i;
+      }
+      pVal->r = -pVal->r;
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, enc);
+    }
+  }else if( op==TK_NULL ){
+    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
+    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
+  else if( op==TK_BLOB ){
+    int nVal;
+    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='x' || pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='X' );
+    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[1]=='\'' );
+    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
+    if( !pVal ) goto no_mem;
+    zVal = &pExpr->u.zToken[2];
+    nVal = sqlite3Strlen30(zVal)-1;
+    assert( zVal[nVal]=='\'' );
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pVal, sqlite3HexToBlob(db, zVal, nVal), nVal/2,
+                         0, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( pVal ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(pVal);
+  }
+  *ppVal = pVal;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+
+no_mem:
+  db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zVal);
+  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+  *ppVal = 0;
+  return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the string value of an sqlite3_value object
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetStr(
+  sqlite3_value *v,     /* Value to be set */
+  int n,                /* Length of string z */
+  const void *z,        /* Text of the new string */
+  u8 enc,               /* Encoding to use */
+  void (*xDel)(void*)   /* Destructor for the string */
+){
+  if( v ) sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr((Mem *)v, z, n, enc, xDel);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free an sqlite3_value object
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueFree(sqlite3_value *v){
+  if( !v ) return;
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease((Mem *)v);
+  sqlite3DbFree(((Mem*)v)->db, v);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of bytes in the sqlite3_value object assuming
+** that it uses the encoding "enc"
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueBytes(sqlite3_value *pVal, u8 enc){
+  Mem *p = (Mem*)pVal;
+  if( (p->flags & MEM_Blob)!=0 || sqlite3ValueText(pVal, enc) ){
+    if( p->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+      return p->n + p->u.nZero;
+    }else{
+      return p->n;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/************** End of vdbemem.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file vdbeaux.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2003 September 6
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code used for creating, destroying, and populating
+** a VDBE (or an "sqlite3_stmt" as it is known to the outside world.)  Prior
+** to version 2.8.7, all this code was combined into the vdbe.c source file.
+** But that file was getting too big so this subroutines were split out.
+*/
+
+
+
+/*
+** When debugging the code generator in a symbolic debugger, one can
+** set the sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace to 1 and all opcodes will be printed
+** as they are added to the instruction stream.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace = 0;
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Create a new virtual database engine.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(sqlite3 *db){
+  Vdbe *p;
+  p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Vdbe) );
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;
+  p->db = db;
+  if( db->pVdbe ){
+    db->pVdbe->pPrev = p;
+  }
+  p->pNext = db->pVdbe;
+  p->pPrev = 0;
+  db->pVdbe = p;
+  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_INIT;
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remember the SQL string for a prepared statement.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetSql(Vdbe *p, const char *z, int n, int isPrepareV2){
+  assert( isPrepareV2==1 || isPrepareV2==0 );
+  if( p==0 ) return;
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+  if( !isPrepareV2 ) return;
+#endif
+  assert( p->zSql==0 );
+  p->zSql = sqlite3DbStrNDup(p->db, z, n);
+  p->isPrepareV2 = (u8)isPrepareV2;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the SQL associated with a prepared statement
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sql(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  return (p && p->isPrepareV2) ? p->zSql : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Swap all content between two VDBE structures.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSwap(Vdbe *pA, Vdbe *pB){
+  Vdbe tmp, *pTmp;
+  char *zTmp;
+  tmp = *pA;
+  *pA = *pB;
+  *pB = tmp;
+  pTmp = pA->pNext;
+  pA->pNext = pB->pNext;
+  pB->pNext = pTmp;
+  pTmp = pA->pPrev;
+  pA->pPrev = pB->pPrev;
+  pB->pPrev = pTmp;
+  zTmp = pA->zSql;
+  pA->zSql = pB->zSql;
+  pB->zSql = zTmp;
+  pB->isPrepareV2 = pA->isPrepareV2;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Turn tracing on or off
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeTrace(Vdbe *p, FILE *trace){
+  p->trace = trace;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Resize the Vdbe.aOp array so that it is at least one op larger than 
+** it was.
+**
+** If an out-of-memory error occurs while resizing the array, return
+** SQLITE_NOMEM. In this case Vdbe.aOp and Vdbe.nOpAlloc remain 
+** unchanged (this is so that any opcodes already allocated can be 
+** correctly deallocated along with the rest of the Vdbe).
+*/
+static int growOpArray(Vdbe *p){
+  VdbeOp *pNew;
+  int nNew = (p->nOpAlloc ? p->nOpAlloc*2 : (int)(1024/sizeof(Op)));
+  pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, p->aOp, nNew*sizeof(Op));
+  if( pNew ){
+    p->nOpAlloc = sqlite3DbMallocSize(p->db, pNew)/sizeof(Op);
+    p->aOp = pNew;
+  }
+  return (pNew ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_NOMEM);
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a new instruction to the list of instructions current in the
+** VDBE.  Return the address of the new instruction.
+**
+** Parameters:
+**
+**    p               Pointer to the VDBE
+**
+**    op              The opcode for this instruction
+**
+**    p1, p2, p3      Operands
+**
+** Use the sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel() function to fix an address and
+** the sqlite3VdbeChangeP4() function to change the value of the P4
+** operand.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(Vdbe *p, int op, int p1, int p2, int p3){
+  int i;
+  VdbeOp *pOp;
+
+  i = p->nOp;
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  assert( op>0 && op<0xff );
+  if( p->nOpAlloc<=i ){
+    if( growOpArray(p) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  p->nOp++;
+  pOp = &p->aOp[i];
+  pOp->opcode = (u8)op;
+  pOp->p5 = 0;
+  pOp->p1 = p1;
+  pOp->p2 = p2;
+  pOp->p3 = p3;
+  pOp->p4.p = 0;
+  pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  pOp->zComment = 0;
+  if( sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace ) sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, i, &p->aOp[i]);
+#endif
+#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
+  pOp->cycles = 0;
+  pOp->cnt = 0;
+#endif
+  return i;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(Vdbe *p, int op){
+  return sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(p, op, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(Vdbe *p, int op, int p1){
+  return sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(p, op, p1, 0, 0);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(Vdbe *p, int op, int p1, int p2){
+  return sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(p, op, p1, p2, 0);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Add an opcode that includes the p4 value as a pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
+  Vdbe *p,            /* Add the opcode to this VM */
+  int op,             /* The new opcode */
+  int p1,             /* The P1 operand */
+  int p2,             /* The P2 operand */
+  int p3,             /* The P3 operand */
+  const char *zP4,    /* The P4 operand */
+  int p4type          /* P4 operand type */
+){
+  int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(p, op, p1, p2, p3);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(p, addr, zP4, p4type);
+  return addr;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add an OP_ParseSchema opcode.  This routine is broken out from
+** sqlite3VdbeAddOp4() since it needs to also local all btrees.
+**
+** The zWhere string must have been obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
+** This routine will take ownership of the allocated memory.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(Vdbe *p, int iDb, char *zWhere){
+  int j;
+  int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(p, OP_ParseSchema, iDb, 0, 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(p, addr, zWhere, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  for(j=0; j<p->db->nDb; j++) sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(p, j);
+}
+
+/*
+** Add an opcode that includes the p4 value as an integer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(
+  Vdbe *p,            /* Add the opcode to this VM */
+  int op,             /* The new opcode */
+  int p1,             /* The P1 operand */
+  int p2,             /* The P2 operand */
+  int p3,             /* The P3 operand */
+  int p4              /* The P4 operand as an integer */
+){
+  int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(p, op, p1, p2, p3);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(p, addr, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(p4), P4_INT32);
+  return addr;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new symbolic label for an instruction that has yet to be
+** coded.  The symbolic label is really just a negative number.  The
+** label can be used as the P2 value of an operation.  Later, when
+** the label is resolved to a specific address, the VDBE will scan
+** through its operation list and change all values of P2 which match
+** the label into the resolved address.
+**
+** The VDBE knows that a P2 value is a label because labels are
+** always negative and P2 values are suppose to be non-negative.
+** Hence, a negative P2 value is a label that has yet to be resolved.
+**
+** Zero is returned if a malloc() fails.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Vdbe *p){
+  int i;
+  i = p->nLabel++;
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  if( i>=p->nLabelAlloc ){
+    int n = p->nLabelAlloc*2 + 5;
+    p->aLabel = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(p->db, p->aLabel,
+                                       n*sizeof(p->aLabel[0]));
+    p->nLabelAlloc = sqlite3DbMallocSize(p->db, p->aLabel)/sizeof(p->aLabel[0]);
+  }
+  if( p->aLabel ){
+    p->aLabel[i] = -1;
+  }
+  return -1-i;
+}
+
+/*
+** Resolve label "x" to be the address of the next instruction to
+** be inserted.  The parameter "x" must have been obtained from
+** a prior call to sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe *p, int x){
+  int j = -1-x;
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  assert( j>=0 && j<p->nLabel );
+  if( p->aLabel ){
+    p->aLabel[j] = p->nOp;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Mark the VDBE as one that can only be run one time.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(Vdbe *p){
+  p->runOnlyOnce = 1;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG /* sqlite3AssertMayAbort() logic */
+
+/*
+** The following type and function are used to iterate through all opcodes
+** in a Vdbe main program and each of the sub-programs (triggers) it may 
+** invoke directly or indirectly. It should be used as follows:
+**
+**   Op *pOp;
+**   VdbeOpIter sIter;
+**
+**   memset(&sIter, 0, sizeof(sIter));
+**   sIter.v = v;                            // v is of type Vdbe* 
+**   while( (pOp = opIterNext(&sIter)) ){
+**     // Do something with pOp
+**   }
+**   sqlite3DbFree(v->db, sIter.apSub);
+** 
+*/
+typedef struct VdbeOpIter VdbeOpIter;
+struct VdbeOpIter {
+  Vdbe *v;                   /* Vdbe to iterate through the opcodes of */
+  SubProgram **apSub;        /* Array of subprograms */
+  int nSub;                  /* Number of entries in apSub */
+  int iAddr;                 /* Address of next instruction to return */
+  int iSub;                  /* 0 = main program, 1 = first sub-program etc. */
+};
+static Op *opIterNext(VdbeOpIter *p){
+  Vdbe *v = p->v;
+  Op *pRet = 0;
+  Op *aOp;
+  int nOp;
+
+  if( p->iSub<=p->nSub ){
+
+    if( p->iSub==0 ){
+      aOp = v->aOp;
+      nOp = v->nOp;
+    }else{
+      aOp = p->apSub[p->iSub-1]->aOp;
+      nOp = p->apSub[p->iSub-1]->nOp;
+    }
+    assert( p->iAddr<nOp );
+
+    pRet = &aOp[p->iAddr];
+    p->iAddr++;
+    if( p->iAddr==nOp ){
+      p->iSub++;
+      p->iAddr = 0;
+    }
+  
+    if( pRet->p4type==P4_SUBPROGRAM ){
+      int nByte = (p->nSub+1)*sizeof(SubProgram*);
+      int j;
+      for(j=0; j<p->nSub; j++){
+        if( p->apSub[j]==pRet->p4.pProgram ) break;
+      }
+      if( j==p->nSub ){
+        p->apSub = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(v->db, p->apSub, nByte);
+        if( !p->apSub ){
+          pRet = 0;
+        }else{
+          p->apSub[p->nSub++] = pRet->p4.pProgram;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check if the program stored in the VM associated with pParse may
+** throw an ABORT exception (causing the statement, but not entire transaction
+** to be rolled back). This condition is true if the main program or any
+** sub-programs contains any of the following:
+**
+**   *  OP_Halt with P1=SQLITE_CONSTRAINT and P2=OE_Abort.
+**   *  OP_HaltIfNull with P1=SQLITE_CONSTRAINT and P2=OE_Abort.
+**   *  OP_Destroy
+**   *  OP_VUpdate
+**   *  OP_VRename
+**   *  OP_FkCounter with P2==0 (immediate foreign key constraint)
+**
+** Then check that the value of Parse.mayAbort is true if an
+** ABORT may be thrown, or false otherwise. Return true if it does
+** match, or false otherwise. This function is intended to be used as
+** part of an assert statement in the compiler. Similar to:
+**
+**   assert( sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(pParse->pVdbe, pParse->mayAbort) );
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(Vdbe *v, int mayAbort){
+  int hasAbort = 0;
+  Op *pOp;
+  VdbeOpIter sIter;
+  memset(&sIter, 0, sizeof(sIter));
+  sIter.v = v;
+
+  while( (pOp = opIterNext(&sIter))!=0 ){
+    int opcode = pOp->opcode;
+    if( opcode==OP_Destroy || opcode==OP_VUpdate || opcode==OP_VRename 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+     || (opcode==OP_FkCounter && pOp->p1==0 && pOp->p2==1) 
+#endif
+     || ((opcode==OP_Halt || opcode==OP_HaltIfNull) 
+      && (pOp->p1==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p2==OE_Abort))
+    ){
+      hasAbort = 1;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3DbFree(v->db, sIter.apSub);
+
+  /* Return true if hasAbort==mayAbort. Or if a malloc failure occured.
+  ** If malloc failed, then the while() loop above may not have iterated
+  ** through all opcodes and hasAbort may be set incorrectly. Return
+  ** true for this case to prevent the assert() in the callers frame
+  ** from failing.  */
+  return ( v->db->mallocFailed || hasAbort==mayAbort );
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG - the sqlite3AssertMayAbort() function */
+
+/*
+** Loop through the program looking for P2 values that are negative
+** on jump instructions.  Each such value is a label.  Resolve the
+** label by setting the P2 value to its correct non-zero value.
+**
+** This routine is called once after all opcodes have been inserted.
+**
+** Variable *pMaxFuncArgs is set to the maximum value of any P2 argument 
+** to an OP_Function, OP_AggStep or OP_VFilter opcode. This is used by 
+** sqlite3VdbeMakeReady() to size the Vdbe.apArg[] array.
+**
+** The Op.opflags field is set on all opcodes.
+*/
+static void resolveP2Values(Vdbe *p, int *pMaxFuncArgs){
+  int i;
+  int nMaxArgs = *pMaxFuncArgs;
+  Op *pOp;
+  int *aLabel = p->aLabel;
+  p->readOnly = 1;
+  for(pOp=p->aOp, i=p->nOp-1; i>=0; i--, pOp++){
+    u8 opcode = pOp->opcode;
+
+    pOp->opflags = sqlite3OpcodeProperty[opcode];
+    if( opcode==OP_Function || opcode==OP_AggStep ){
+      if( pOp->p5>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p5;
+    }else if( (opcode==OP_Transaction && pOp->p2!=0) || opcode==OP_Vacuum ){
+      p->readOnly = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    }else if( opcode==OP_VUpdate ){
+      if( pOp->p2>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p2;
+    }else if( opcode==OP_VFilter ){
+      int n;
+      assert( p->nOp - i >= 3 );
+      assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_Integer );
+      n = pOp[-1].p1;
+      if( n>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = n;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_JUMP)!=0 && pOp->p2<0 ){
+      assert( -1-pOp->p2<p->nLabel );
+      pOp->p2 = aLabel[-1-pOp->p2];
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->aLabel);
+  p->aLabel = 0;
+
+  *pMaxFuncArgs = nMaxArgs;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the address of the next instruction to be inserted.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(Vdbe *p){
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  return p->nOp;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function returns a pointer to the array of opcodes associated with
+** the Vdbe passed as the first argument. It is the callers responsibility
+** to arrange for the returned array to be eventually freed using the 
+** vdbeFreeOpArray() function.
+**
+** Before returning, *pnOp is set to the number of entries in the returned
+** array. Also, *pnMaxArg is set to the larger of its current value and 
+** the number of entries in the Vdbe.apArg[] array required to execute the 
+** returned program.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeTakeOpArray(Vdbe *p, int *pnOp, int *pnMaxArg){
+  VdbeOp *aOp = p->aOp;
+  assert( aOp && !p->db->mallocFailed );
+
+  /* Check that sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree() was not called on this VM */
+  assert( p->btreeMask==0 );
+
+  resolveP2Values(p, pnMaxArg);
+  *pnOp = p->nOp;
+  p->aOp = 0;
+  return aOp;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a whole list of operations to the operation stack.  Return the
+** address of the first operation added.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe *p, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp){
+  int addr;
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  if( p->nOp + nOp > p->nOpAlloc && growOpArray(p) ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  addr = p->nOp;
+  if( ALWAYS(nOp>0) ){
+    int i;
+    VdbeOpList const *pIn = aOp;
+    for(i=0; i<nOp; i++, pIn++){
+      int p2 = pIn->p2;
+      VdbeOp *pOut = &p->aOp[i+addr];
+      pOut->opcode = pIn->opcode;
+      pOut->p1 = pIn->p1;
+      if( p2<0 && (sqlite3OpcodeProperty[pOut->opcode] & OPFLG_JUMP)!=0 ){
+        pOut->p2 = addr + ADDR(p2);
+      }else{
+        pOut->p2 = p2;
+      }
+      pOut->p3 = pIn->p3;
+      pOut->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
+      pOut->p4.p = 0;
+      pOut->p5 = 0;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      pOut->zComment = 0;
+      if( sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace ){
+        sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, i+addr, &p->aOp[i+addr]);
+      }
+#endif
+    }
+    p->nOp += nOp;
+  }
+  return addr;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the value of the P1 operand for a specific instruction.
+** This routine is useful when a large program is loaded from a
+** static array using sqlite3VdbeAddOpList but we want to make a
+** few minor changes to the program.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe *p, int addr, int val){
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  assert( addr>=0 );
+  if( p->nOp>addr ){
+    p->aOp[addr].p1 = val;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the value of the P2 operand for a specific instruction.
+** This routine is useful for setting a jump destination.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe *p, int addr, int val){
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  assert( addr>=0 );
+  if( p->nOp>addr ){
+    p->aOp[addr].p2 = val;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the value of the P3 operand for a specific instruction.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(Vdbe *p, int addr, int val){
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  assert( addr>=0 );
+  if( p->nOp>addr ){
+    p->aOp[addr].p3 = val;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the value of the P5 operand for the most recently
+** added operation.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(Vdbe *p, u8 val){
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  if( p->aOp ){
+    assert( p->nOp>0 );
+    p->aOp[p->nOp-1].p5 = val;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the P2 operand of instruction addr so that it points to
+** the address of the next instruction to be coded.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe *p, int addr){
+  assert( addr>=0 );
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** If the input FuncDef structure is ephemeral, then free it.  If
+** the FuncDef is not ephermal, then do nothing.
+*/
+static void freeEphemeralFunction(sqlite3 *db, FuncDef *pDef){
+  if( ALWAYS(pDef) && (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM)!=0 ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pDef);
+  }
+}
+
+static void vdbeFreeOpArray(sqlite3 *, Op *, int);
+
+/*
+** Delete a P4 value if necessary.
+*/
+static void freeP4(sqlite3 *db, int p4type, void *p4){
+  if( p4 ){
+    assert( db );
+    switch( p4type ){
+      case P4_REAL:
+      case P4_INT64:
+      case P4_DYNAMIC:
+      case P4_KEYINFO:
+      case P4_INTARRAY:
+      case P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF: {
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, p4);
+        break;
+      }
+      case P4_MPRINTF: {
+        if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3_free(p4);
+        break;
+      }
+      case P4_VDBEFUNC: {
+        VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc = (VdbeFunc *)p4;
+        freeEphemeralFunction(db, pVdbeFunc->pFunc);
+        if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(pVdbeFunc, 0);
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pVdbeFunc);
+        break;
+      }
+      case P4_FUNCDEF: {
+        freeEphemeralFunction(db, (FuncDef*)p4);
+        break;
+      }
+      case P4_MEM: {
+        if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ){
+          sqlite3ValueFree((sqlite3_value*)p4);
+        }else{
+          Mem *p = (Mem*)p4;
+          sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zMalloc);
+          sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      case P4_VTAB : {
+        if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3VtabUnlock((VTable *)p4);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Free the space allocated for aOp and any p4 values allocated for the
+** opcodes contained within. If aOp is not NULL it is assumed to contain 
+** nOp entries. 
+*/
+static void vdbeFreeOpArray(sqlite3 *db, Op *aOp, int nOp){
+  if( aOp ){
+    Op *pOp;
+    for(pOp=aOp; pOp<&aOp[nOp]; pOp++){
+      freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pOp->zComment);
+#endif     
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aOp);
+}
+
+/*
+** Link the SubProgram object passed as the second argument into the linked
+** list at Vdbe.pSubProgram. This list is used to delete all sub-program
+** objects when the VM is no longer required.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLinkSubProgram(Vdbe *pVdbe, SubProgram *p){
+  p->pNext = pVdbe->pProgram;
+  pVdbe->pProgram = p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change N opcodes starting at addr to No-ops.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe *p, int addr, int N){
+  if( p->aOp ){
+    VdbeOp *pOp = &p->aOp[addr];
+    sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+    while( N-- ){
+      freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
+      memset(pOp, 0, sizeof(pOp[0]));
+      pOp->opcode = OP_Noop;
+      pOp++;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the value of the P4 operand for a specific instruction.
+** This routine is useful when a large program is loaded from a
+** static array using sqlite3VdbeAddOpList but we want to make a
+** few minor changes to the program.
+**
+** If n>=0 then the P4 operand is dynamic, meaning that a copy of
+** the string is made into memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
+** A value of n==0 means copy bytes of zP4 up to and including the
+** first null byte.  If n>0 then copy n+1 bytes of zP4.
+**
+** If n==P4_KEYINFO it means that zP4 is a pointer to a KeyInfo structure.
+** A copy is made of the KeyInfo structure into memory obtained from
+** sqlite3_malloc, to be freed when the Vdbe is finalized.
+** n==P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF indicates that zP4 points to a KeyInfo structure
+** stored in memory that the caller has obtained from sqlite3_malloc. The 
+** caller should not free the allocation, it will be freed when the Vdbe is
+** finalized.
+** 
+** Other values of n (P4_STATIC, P4_COLLSEQ etc.) indicate that zP4 points
+** to a string or structure that is guaranteed to exist for the lifetime of
+** the Vdbe. In these cases we can just copy the pointer.
+**
+** If addr<0 then change P4 on the most recently inserted instruction.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(Vdbe *p, int addr, const char *zP4, int n){
+  Op *pOp;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  db = p->db;
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  if( p->aOp==0 || db->mallocFailed ){
+    if ( n!=P4_KEYINFO && n!=P4_VTAB ) {
+      freeP4(db, n, (void*)*(char**)&zP4);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  assert( p->nOp>0 );
+  assert( addr<p->nOp );
+  if( addr<0 ){
+    addr = p->nOp - 1;
+  }
+  pOp = &p->aOp[addr];
+  freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
+  pOp->p4.p = 0;
+  if( n==P4_INT32 ){
+    /* Note: this cast is safe, because the origin data point was an int
+    ** that was cast to a (const char *). */
+    pOp->p4.i = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(zP4);
+    pOp->p4type = P4_INT32;
+  }else if( zP4==0 ){
+    pOp->p4.p = 0;
+    pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
+  }else if( n==P4_KEYINFO ){
+    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+    int nField, nByte;
+
+    nField = ((KeyInfo*)zP4)->nField;
+    nByte = sizeof(*pKeyInfo) + (nField-1)*sizeof(pKeyInfo->aColl[0]) + nField;
+    pKeyInfo = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, nByte);
+    pOp->p4.pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
+    if( pKeyInfo ){
+      u8 *aSortOrder;
+      memcpy((char*)pKeyInfo, zP4, nByte - nField);
+      aSortOrder = pKeyInfo->aSortOrder;
+      if( aSortOrder ){
+        pKeyInfo->aSortOrder = (unsigned char*)&pKeyInfo->aColl[nField];
+        memcpy(pKeyInfo->aSortOrder, aSortOrder, nField);
+      }
+      pOp->p4type = P4_KEYINFO;
+    }else{
+      p->db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
+    }
+  }else if( n==P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF ){
+    pOp->p4.p = (void*)zP4;
+    pOp->p4type = P4_KEYINFO;
+  }else if( n==P4_VTAB ){
+    pOp->p4.p = (void*)zP4;
+    pOp->p4type = P4_VTAB;
+    sqlite3VtabLock((VTable *)zP4);
+    assert( ((VTable *)zP4)->db==p->db );
+  }else if( n<0 ){
+    pOp->p4.p = (void*)zP4;
+    pOp->p4type = (signed char)n;
+  }else{
+    if( n==0 ) n = sqlite3Strlen30(zP4);
+    pOp->p4.z = sqlite3DbStrNDup(p->db, zP4, n);
+    pOp->p4type = P4_DYNAMIC;
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** Change the comment on the the most recently coded instruction.  Or
+** insert a No-op and add the comment to that new instruction.  This
+** makes the code easier to read during debugging.  None of this happens
+** in a production build.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeComment(Vdbe *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  if( !p ) return;
+  assert( p->nOp>0 || p->aOp==0 );
+  assert( p->aOp==0 || p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment==0 || p->db->mallocFailed );
+  if( p->nOp ){
+    char **pz = &p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment;
+    va_start(ap, zFormat);
+    sqlite3DbFree(p->db, *pz);
+    *pz = sqlite3VMPrintf(p->db, zFormat, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+  }
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeNoopComment(Vdbe *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  if( !p ) return;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(p, OP_Noop);
+  assert( p->nOp>0 || p->aOp==0 );
+  assert( p->aOp==0 || p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment==0 || p->db->mallocFailed );
+  if( p->nOp ){
+    char **pz = &p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment;
+    va_start(ap, zFormat);
+    sqlite3DbFree(p->db, *pz);
+    *pz = sqlite3VMPrintf(p->db, zFormat, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+  }
+}
+#endif  /* NDEBUG */
+
+/*
+** Return the opcode for a given address.  If the address is -1, then
+** return the most recently inserted opcode.
+**
+** If a memory allocation error has occurred prior to the calling of this
+** routine, then a pointer to a dummy VdbeOp will be returned.  That opcode
+** is readable but not writable, though it is cast to a writable value.
+** The return of a dummy opcode allows the call to continue functioning
+** after a OOM fault without having to check to see if the return from 
+** this routine is a valid pointer.  But because the dummy.opcode is 0,
+** dummy will never be written to.  This is verified by code inspection and
+** by running with Valgrind.
+**
+** About the #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE:  Normally, this routine is never called
+** unless p->nOp>0.  This is because in the absense of SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE,
+** an OP_Trace instruction is always inserted by sqlite3VdbeGet() as soon as
+** a new VDBE is created.  So we are free to set addr to p->nOp-1 without
+** having to double-check to make sure that the result is non-negative. But
+** if SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE is defined, the OP_Trace is omitted and we do need to
+** check the value of p->nOp-1 before continuing.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(Vdbe *p, int addr){
+  /* C89 specifies that the constant "dummy" will be initialized to all
+  ** zeros, which is correct.  MSVC generates a warning, nevertheless. */
+  static const VdbeOp dummy;  /* Ignore the MSVC warning about no initializer */
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  if( addr<0 ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+    if( p->nOp==0 ) return (VdbeOp*)&dummy;
+#endif
+    addr = p->nOp - 1;
+  }
+  assert( (addr>=0 && addr<p->nOp) || p->db->mallocFailed );
+  if( p->db->mallocFailed ){
+    return (VdbeOp*)&dummy;
+  }else{
+    return &p->aOp[addr];
+  }
+}
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || !defined(NDEBUG) \
+     || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/*
+** Compute a string that describes the P4 parameter for an opcode.
+** Use zTemp for any required temporary buffer space.
+*/
+static char *displayP4(Op *pOp, char *zTemp, int nTemp){
+  char *zP4 = zTemp;
+  assert( nTemp>=20 );
+  switch( pOp->p4type ){
+    case P4_KEYINFO_STATIC:
+    case P4_KEYINFO: {
+      int i, j;
+      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "keyinfo(%d", pKeyInfo->nField);
+      i = sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp);
+      for(j=0; j<pKeyInfo->nField; j++){
+        CollSeq *pColl = pKeyInfo->aColl[j];
+        if( pColl ){
+          int n = sqlite3Strlen30(pColl->zName);
+          if( i+n>nTemp-6 ){
+            memcpy(&zTemp[i],",...",4);
+            break;
+          }
+          zTemp[i++] = ',';
+          if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder && pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[j] ){
+            zTemp[i++] = '-';
+          }
+          memcpy(&zTemp[i], pColl->zName,n+1);
+          i += n;
+        }else if( i+4<nTemp-6 ){
+          memcpy(&zTemp[i],",nil",4);
+          i += 4;
+        }
+      }
+      zTemp[i++] = ')';
+      zTemp[i] = 0;
+      assert( i<nTemp );
+      break;
+    }
+    case P4_COLLSEQ: {
+      CollSeq *pColl = pOp->p4.pColl;
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "collseq(%.20s)", pColl->zName);
+      break;
+    }
+    case P4_FUNCDEF: {
+      FuncDef *pDef = pOp->p4.pFunc;
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "%s(%d)", pDef->zName, pDef->nArg);
+      break;
+    }
+    case P4_INT64: {
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "%lld", *pOp->p4.pI64);
+      break;
+    }
+    case P4_INT32: {
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "%d", pOp->p4.i);
+      break;
+    }
+    case P4_REAL: {
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "%.16g", *pOp->p4.pReal);
+      break;
+    }
+    case P4_MEM: {
+      Mem *pMem = pOp->p4.pMem;
+      assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_Null)==0 );
+      if( pMem->flags & MEM_Str ){
+        zP4 = pMem->z;
+      }else if( pMem->flags & MEM_Int ){
+        sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "%lld", pMem->u.i);
+      }else if( pMem->flags & MEM_Real ){
+        sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "%.16g", pMem->r);
+      }else{
+        assert( pMem->flags & MEM_Blob );
+        zP4 = "(blob)";
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    case P4_VTAB: {
+      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "vtab:%p:%p", pVtab, pVtab->pModule);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+    case P4_INTARRAY: {
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "intarray");
+      break;
+    }
+    case P4_SUBPROGRAM: {
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "program");
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      zP4 = pOp->p4.z;
+      if( zP4==0 ){
+        zP4 = zTemp;
+        zTemp[0] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  assert( zP4!=0 );
+  return zP4;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Declare to the Vdbe that the BTree object at db->aDb[i] is used.
+**
+** The prepared statements need to know in advance the complete set of
+** attached databases that they will be using.  A mask of these databases
+** is maintained in p->btreeMask and is used for locking and other purposes.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(Vdbe *p, int i){
+  assert( i>=0 && i<p->db->nDb && i<(int)sizeof(yDbMask)*8 );
+  assert( i<(int)sizeof(p->btreeMask)*8 );
+  p->btreeMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<i;
+  if( i!=1 && sqlite3BtreeSharable(p->db->aDb[i].pBt) ){
+    p->lockMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<i;
+  }
+}
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
+/*
+** If SQLite is compiled to support shared-cache mode and to be threadsafe,
+** this routine obtains the mutex associated with each BtShared structure
+** that may be accessed by the VM passed as an argument. In doing so it also
+** sets the BtShared.db member of each of the BtShared structures, ensuring
+** that the correct busy-handler callback is invoked if required.
+**
+** If SQLite is not threadsafe but does support shared-cache mode, then
+** sqlite3BtreeEnter() is invoked to set the BtShared.db variables
+** of all of BtShared structures accessible via the database handle 
+** associated with the VM.
+**
+** If SQLite is not threadsafe and does not support shared-cache mode, this
+** function is a no-op.
+**
+** The p->btreeMask field is a bitmask of all btrees that the prepared 
+** statement p will ever use.  Let N be the number of bits in p->btreeMask
+** corresponding to btrees that use shared cache.  Then the runtime of
+** this routine is N*N.  But as N is rarely more than 1, this should not
+** be a problem.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeEnter(Vdbe *p){
+  int i;
+  yDbMask mask;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  Db *aDb;
+  int nDb;
+  if( p->lockMask==0 ) return;  /* The common case */
+  db = p->db;
+  aDb = db->aDb;
+  nDb = db->nDb;
+  for(i=0, mask=1; i<nDb; i++, mask += mask){
+    if( i!=1 && (mask & p->lockMask)!=0 && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
+      sqlite3BtreeEnter(aDb[i].pBt);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
+/*
+** Unlock all of the btrees previously locked by a call to sqlite3VdbeEnter().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLeave(Vdbe *p){
+  int i;
+  yDbMask mask;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  Db *aDb;
+  int nDb;
+  if( p->lockMask==0 ) return;  /* The common case */
+  db = p->db;
+  aDb = db->aDb;
+  nDb = db->nDb;
+  for(i=0, mask=1; i<nDb; i++, mask += mask){
+    if( i!=1 && (mask & p->lockMask)!=0 && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
+      sqlite3BtreeLeave(aDb[i].pBt);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/*
+** Print a single opcode.  This routine is used for debugging only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbePrintOp(FILE *pOut, int pc, Op *pOp){
+  char *zP4;
+  char zPtr[50];
+  static const char *zFormat1 = "%4d %-13s %4d %4d %4d %-4s %.2X %s\n";
+  if( pOut==0 ) pOut = stdout;
+  zP4 = displayP4(pOp, zPtr, sizeof(zPtr));
+  fprintf(pOut, zFormat1, pc, 
+      sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode), pOp->p1, pOp->p2, pOp->p3, zP4, pOp->p5,
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      pOp->zComment ? pOp->zComment : ""
+#else
+      ""
+#endif
+  );
+  fflush(pOut);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Release an array of N Mem elements
+*/
+static void releaseMemArray(Mem *p, int N){
+  if( p && N ){
+    Mem *pEnd;
+    sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+    u8 malloc_failed = db->mallocFailed;
+    if( db->pnBytesFreed ){
+      for(pEnd=&p[N]; p<pEnd; p++){
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zMalloc);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    for(pEnd=&p[N]; p<pEnd; p++){
+      assert( (&p[1])==pEnd || p[0].db==p[1].db );
+
+      /* This block is really an inlined version of sqlite3VdbeMemRelease()
+      ** that takes advantage of the fact that the memory cell value is 
+      ** being set to NULL after releasing any dynamic resources.
+      **
+      ** The justification for duplicating code is that according to 
+      ** callgrind, this causes a certain test case to hit the CPU 4.7 
+      ** percent less (x86 linux, gcc version 4.1.2, -O6) than if 
+      ** sqlite3MemRelease() were called from here. With -O2, this jumps
+      ** to 6.6 percent. The test case is inserting 1000 rows into a table 
+      ** with no indexes using a single prepared INSERT statement, bind() 
+      ** and reset(). Inserts are grouped into a transaction.
+      */
+      if( p->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_Frame|MEM_RowSet) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(p);
+      }else if( p->zMalloc ){
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zMalloc);
+        p->zMalloc = 0;
+      }
+
+      p->flags = MEM_Null;
+    }
+    db->mallocFailed = malloc_failed;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete a VdbeFrame object and its contents. VdbeFrame objects are
+** allocated by the OP_Program opcode in sqlite3VdbeExec().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(VdbeFrame *p){
+  int i;
+  Mem *aMem = VdbeFrameMem(p);
+  VdbeCursor **apCsr = (VdbeCursor **)&aMem[p->nChildMem];
+  for(i=0; i<p->nChildCsr; i++){
+    sqlite3VdbeFreeCursor(p->v, apCsr[i]);
+  }
+  releaseMemArray(aMem, p->nChildMem);
+  sqlite3DbFree(p->v->db, p);
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+/*
+** Give a listing of the program in the virtual machine.
+**
+** The interface is the same as sqlite3VdbeExec().  But instead of
+** running the code, it invokes the callback once for each instruction.
+** This feature is used to implement "EXPLAIN".
+**
+** When p->explain==1, each instruction is listed.  When
+** p->explain==2, only OP_Explain instructions are listed and these
+** are shown in a different format.  p->explain==2 is used to implement
+** EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN.
+**
+** When p->explain==1, first the main program is listed, then each of
+** the trigger subprograms are listed one by one.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(
+  Vdbe *p                   /* The VDBE */
+){
+  int nRow;                            /* Stop when row count reaches this */
+  int nSub = 0;                        /* Number of sub-vdbes seen so far */
+  SubProgram **apSub = 0;              /* Array of sub-vdbes */
+  Mem *pSub = 0;                       /* Memory cell hold array of subprogs */
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;                 /* The database connection */
+  int i;                               /* Loop counter */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                  /* Return code */
+  Mem *pMem = p->pResultSet = &p->aMem[1];  /* First Mem of result set */
+
+  assert( p->explain );
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN );
+  assert( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY || p->rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+
+  /* Even though this opcode does not use dynamic strings for
+  ** the result, result columns may become dynamic if the user calls
+  ** sqlite3_column_text16(), causing a translation to UTF-16 encoding.
+  */
+  releaseMemArray(pMem, 8);
+
+  if( p->rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    /* This happens if a malloc() inside a call to sqlite3_column_text() or
+    ** sqlite3_column_text16() failed.  */
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  /* When the number of output rows reaches nRow, that means the
+  ** listing has finished and sqlite3_step() should return SQLITE_DONE.
+  ** nRow is the sum of the number of rows in the main program, plus
+  ** the sum of the number of rows in all trigger subprograms encountered
+  ** so far.  The nRow value will increase as new trigger subprograms are
+  ** encountered, but p->pc will eventually catch up to nRow.
+  */
+  nRow = p->nOp;
+  if( p->explain==1 ){
+    /* The first 8 memory cells are used for the result set.  So we will
+    ** commandeer the 9th cell to use as storage for an array of pointers
+    ** to trigger subprograms.  The VDBE is guaranteed to have at least 9
+    ** cells.  */
+    assert( p->nMem>9 );
+    pSub = &p->aMem[9];
+    if( pSub->flags&MEM_Blob ){
+      /* On the first call to sqlite3_step(), pSub will hold a NULL.  It is
+      ** initialized to a BLOB by the P4_SUBPROGRAM processing logic below */
+      nSub = pSub->n/sizeof(Vdbe*);
+      apSub = (SubProgram **)pSub->z;
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<nSub; i++){
+      nRow += apSub[i]->nOp;
+    }
+  }
+
+  do{
+    i = p->pc++;
+  }while( i<nRow && p->explain==2 && p->aOp[i].opcode!=OP_Explain );
+  if( i>=nRow ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+  }else if( db->u1.isInterrupted ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(p->rc));
+  }else{
+    char *z;
+    Op *pOp;
+    if( i<p->nOp ){
+      /* The output line number is small enough that we are still in the
+      ** main program. */
+      pOp = &p->aOp[i];
+    }else{
+      /* We are currently listing subprograms.  Figure out which one and
+      ** pick up the appropriate opcode. */
+      int j;
+      i -= p->nOp;
+      for(j=0; i>=apSub[j]->nOp; j++){
+        i -= apSub[j]->nOp;
+      }
+      pOp = &apSub[j]->aOp[i];
+    }
+    if( p->explain==1 ){
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
+      pMem->u.i = i;                                /* Program counter */
+      pMem++;
+  
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Static|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+      pMem->z = (char*)sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode);  /* Opcode */
+      assert( pMem->z!=0 );
+      pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
+      pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
+      pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+      pMem++;
+
+      /* When an OP_Program opcode is encounter (the only opcode that has
+      ** a P4_SUBPROGRAM argument), expand the size of the array of subprograms
+      ** kept in p->aMem[9].z to hold the new program - assuming this subprogram
+      ** has not already been seen.
+      */
+      if( pOp->p4type==P4_SUBPROGRAM ){
+        int nByte = (nSub+1)*sizeof(SubProgram*);
+        int j;
+        for(j=0; j<nSub; j++){
+          if( apSub[j]==pOp->p4.pProgram ) break;
+        }
+        if( j==nSub && SQLITE_OK==sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pSub, nByte, 1) ){
+          apSub = (SubProgram **)pSub->z;
+          apSub[nSub++] = pOp->p4.pProgram;
+          pSub->flags |= MEM_Blob;
+          pSub->n = nSub*sizeof(SubProgram*);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+    pMem->u.i = pOp->p1;                          /* P1 */
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
+    pMem++;
+
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+    pMem->u.i = pOp->p2;                          /* P2 */
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
+    pMem++;
+
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+    pMem->u.i = pOp->p3;                          /* P3 */
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
+    pMem++;
+
+    if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, 32, 0) ){            /* P4 */
+      assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Dyn|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+    z = displayP4(pOp, pMem->z, 32);
+    if( z!=pMem->z ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem, z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
+    }else{
+      assert( pMem->z!=0 );
+      pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
+      pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+    }
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
+    pMem++;
+
+    if( p->explain==1 ){
+      if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, 4, 0) ){
+        assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
+        return SQLITE_ERROR;
+      }
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Dyn|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+      pMem->n = 2;
+      sqlite3_snprintf(3, pMem->z, "%.2x", pOp->p5);   /* P5 */
+      pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
+      pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+      pMem++;
+  
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      if( pOp->zComment ){
+        pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+        pMem->z = pOp->zComment;
+        pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
+        pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+        pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
+      }else
+#endif
+      {
+        pMem->flags = MEM_Null;                       /* Comment */
+        pMem->type = SQLITE_NULL;
+      }
+    }
+
+    p->nResColumn = 8 - 4*(p->explain-1);
+    p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    rc = SQLITE_ROW;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Print the SQL that was used to generate a VDBE program.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbePrintSql(Vdbe *p){
+  int nOp = p->nOp;
+  VdbeOp *pOp;
+  if( nOp<1 ) return;
+  pOp = &p->aOp[0];
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Trace && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
+    const char *z = pOp->p4.z;
+    while( sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z++;
+    printf("SQL: [%s]\n", z);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE)
+/*
+** Print an IOTRACE message showing SQL content.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeIOTraceSql(Vdbe *p){
+  int nOp = p->nOp;
+  VdbeOp *pOp;
+  if( sqlite3IoTrace==0 ) return;
+  if( nOp<1 ) return;
+  pOp = &p->aOp[0];
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Trace && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
+    int i, j;
+    char z[1000];
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(z), z, "%s", pOp->p4.z);
+    for(i=0; sqlite3Isspace(z[i]); i++){}
+    for(j=0; z[i]; i++){
+      if( sqlite3Isspace(z[i]) ){
+        if( z[i-1]!=' ' ){
+          z[j++] = ' ';
+        }
+      }else{
+        z[j++] = z[i];
+      }
+    }
+    z[j] = 0;
+    sqlite3IoTrace("SQL %s\n", z);
+  }
+}
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE && SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE */
+
+/*
+** Allocate space from a fixed size buffer and return a pointer to
+** that space.  If insufficient space is available, return NULL.
+**
+** The pBuf parameter is the initial value of a pointer which will
+** receive the new memory.  pBuf is normally NULL.  If pBuf is not
+** NULL, it means that memory space has already been allocated and that
+** this routine should not allocate any new memory.  When pBuf is not
+** NULL simply return pBuf.  Only allocate new memory space when pBuf
+** is NULL.
+**
+** nByte is the number of bytes of space needed.
+**
+** *ppFrom points to available space and pEnd points to the end of the
+** available space.  When space is allocated, *ppFrom is advanced past
+** the end of the allocated space.
+**
+** *pnByte is a counter of the number of bytes of space that have failed
+** to allocate.  If there is insufficient space in *ppFrom to satisfy the
+** request, then increment *pnByte by the amount of the request.
+*/
+static void *allocSpace(
+  void *pBuf,          /* Where return pointer will be stored */
+  int nByte,           /* Number of bytes to allocate */
+  u8 **ppFrom,         /* IN/OUT: Allocate from *ppFrom */
+  u8 *pEnd,            /* Pointer to 1 byte past the end of *ppFrom buffer */
+  int *pnByte          /* If allocation cannot be made, increment *pnByte */
+){
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(*ppFrom) );
+  if( pBuf ) return pBuf;
+  nByte = ROUND8(nByte);
+  if( &(*ppFrom)[nByte] <= pEnd ){
+    pBuf = (void*)*ppFrom;
+    *ppFrom += nByte;
+  }else{
+    *pnByte += nByte;
+  }
+  return pBuf;
+}
+
+/*
+** Rewind the VDBE back to the beginning in preparation for
+** running it.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRewind(Vdbe *p){
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(VDBE_PROFILE)
+  int i;
+#endif
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+
+  /* There should be at least one opcode.
+  */
+  assert( p->nOp>0 );
+
+  /* Set the magic to VDBE_MAGIC_RUN sooner rather than later. */
+  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  for(i=1; i<p->nMem; i++){
+    assert( p->aMem[i].db==p->db );
+  }
+#endif
+  p->pc = -1;
+  p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
+  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
+  p->nChange = 0;
+  p->cacheCtr = 1;
+  p->minWriteFileFormat = 255;
+  p->iStatement = 0;
+  p->nFkConstraint = 0;
+#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
+  for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
+    p->aOp[i].cnt = 0;
+    p->aOp[i].cycles = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Prepare a virtual machine for execution for the first time after
+** creating the virtual machine.  This involves things such
+** as allocating stack space and initializing the program counter.
+** After the VDBE has be prepped, it can be executed by one or more
+** calls to sqlite3VdbeExec().  
+**
+** This function may be called exact once on a each virtual machine.
+** After this routine is called the VM has been "packaged" and is ready
+** to run.  After this routine is called, futher calls to 
+** sqlite3VdbeAddOp() functions are prohibited.  This routine disconnects
+** the Vdbe from the Parse object that helped generate it so that the
+** the Vdbe becomes an independent entity and the Parse object can be
+** destroyed.
+**
+** Use the sqlite3VdbeRewind() procedure to restore a virtual machine back
+** to its initial state after it has been run.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(
+  Vdbe *p,                       /* The VDBE */
+  Parse *pParse                  /* Parsing context */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db;                   /* The database connection */
+  int nVar;                      /* Number of parameters */
+  int nMem;                      /* Number of VM memory registers */
+  int nCursor;                   /* Number of cursors required */
+  int nArg;                      /* Number of arguments in subprograms */
+  int n;                         /* Loop counter */
+  u8 *zCsr;                      /* Memory available for allocation */
+  u8 *zEnd;                      /* First byte past allocated memory */
+  int nByte;                     /* How much extra memory is needed */
+
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  assert( p->nOp>0 );
+  assert( pParse!=0 );
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  db = p->db;
+  assert( db->mallocFailed==0 );
+  nVar = pParse->nVar;
+  nMem = pParse->nMem;
+  nCursor = pParse->nTab;
+  nArg = pParse->nMaxArg;
+  
+  /* For each cursor required, also allocate a memory cell. Memory
+  ** cells (nMem+1-nCursor)..nMem, inclusive, will never be used by
+  ** the vdbe program. Instead they are used to allocate space for
+  ** VdbeCursor/BtCursor structures. The blob of memory associated with 
+  ** cursor 0 is stored in memory cell nMem. Memory cell (nMem-1)
+  ** stores the blob of memory associated with cursor 1, etc.
+  **
+  ** See also: allocateCursor().
+  */
+  nMem += nCursor;
+
+  /* Allocate space for memory registers, SQL variables, VDBE cursors and 
+  ** an array to marshal SQL function arguments in.
+  */
+  zCsr = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOp];       /* Memory avaliable for allocation */
+  zEnd = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOpAlloc];  /* First byte past end of zCsr[] */
+
+  resolveP2Values(p, &nArg);
+  p->usesStmtJournal = (u8)(pParse->isMultiWrite && pParse->mayAbort);
+  if( pParse->explain && nMem<10 ){
+    nMem = 10;
+  }
+  memset(zCsr, 0, zEnd-zCsr);
+  zCsr += (zCsr - (u8*)0)&7;
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(zCsr) );
+  p->expired = 0;
+
+  /* Memory for registers, parameters, cursor, etc, is allocated in two
+  ** passes.  On the first pass, we try to reuse unused space at the 
+  ** end of the opcode array.  If we are unable to satisfy all memory
+  ** requirements by reusing the opcode array tail, then the second
+  ** pass will fill in the rest using a fresh allocation.  
+  **
+  ** This two-pass approach that reuses as much memory as possible from
+  ** the leftover space at the end of the opcode array can significantly
+  ** reduce the amount of memory held by a prepared statement.
+  */
+  do {
+    nByte = 0;
+    p->aMem = allocSpace(p->aMem, nMem*sizeof(Mem), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    p->aVar = allocSpace(p->aVar, nVar*sizeof(Mem), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    p->apArg = allocSpace(p->apArg, nArg*sizeof(Mem*), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    p->azVar = allocSpace(p->azVar, nVar*sizeof(char*), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    p->apCsr = allocSpace(p->apCsr, nCursor*sizeof(VdbeCursor*),
+                          &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    if( nByte ){
+      p->pFree = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+    }
+    zCsr = p->pFree;
+    zEnd = &zCsr[nByte];
+  }while( nByte && !db->mallocFailed );
+
+  p->nCursor = (u16)nCursor;
+  if( p->aVar ){
+    p->nVar = (ynVar)nVar;
+    for(n=0; n<nVar; n++){
+      p->aVar[n].flags = MEM_Null;
+      p->aVar[n].db = db;
+    }
+  }
+  if( p->azVar ){
+    p->nzVar = pParse->nzVar;
+    memcpy(p->azVar, pParse->azVar, p->nzVar*sizeof(p->azVar[0]));
+    memset(pParse->azVar, 0, pParse->nzVar*sizeof(pParse->azVar[0]));
+  }
+  if( p->aMem ){
+    p->aMem--;                      /* aMem[] goes from 1..nMem */
+    p->nMem = nMem;                 /*       not from 0..nMem-1 */
+    for(n=1; n<=nMem; n++){
+      p->aMem[n].flags = MEM_Null;
+      p->aMem[n].db = db;
+    }
+  }
+  p->explain = pParse->explain;
+  sqlite3VdbeRewind(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a VDBE cursor and release all the resources that cursor 
+** happens to hold.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFreeCursor(Vdbe *p, VdbeCursor *pCx){
+  if( pCx==0 ){
+    return;
+  }
+  if( pCx->pBt ){
+    sqlite3BtreeClose(pCx->pBt);
+    /* The pCx->pCursor will be close automatically, if it exists, by
+    ** the call above. */
+  }else if( pCx->pCursor ){
+    sqlite3BtreeCloseCursor(pCx->pCursor);
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( pCx->pVtabCursor ){
+    sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor = pCx->pVtabCursor;
+    const sqlite3_module *pModule = pCx->pModule;
+    p->inVtabMethod = 1;
+    pModule->xClose(pVtabCursor);
+    p->inVtabMethod = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Copy the values stored in the VdbeFrame structure to its Vdbe. This
+** is used, for example, when a trigger sub-program is halted to restore
+** control to the main program.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(VdbeFrame *pFrame){
+  Vdbe *v = pFrame->v;
+  v->aOp = pFrame->aOp;
+  v->nOp = pFrame->nOp;
+  v->aMem = pFrame->aMem;
+  v->nMem = pFrame->nMem;
+  v->apCsr = pFrame->apCsr;
+  v->nCursor = pFrame->nCursor;
+  v->db->lastRowid = pFrame->lastRowid;
+  v->nChange = pFrame->nChange;
+  return pFrame->pc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close all cursors.
+**
+** Also release any dynamic memory held by the VM in the Vdbe.aMem memory 
+** cell array. This is necessary as the memory cell array may contain
+** pointers to VdbeFrame objects, which may in turn contain pointers to
+** open cursors.
+*/
+static void closeAllCursors(Vdbe *p){
+  if( p->pFrame ){
+    VdbeFrame *pFrame;
+    for(pFrame=p->pFrame; pFrame->pParent; pFrame=pFrame->pParent);
+    sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(pFrame);
+  }
+  p->pFrame = 0;
+  p->nFrame = 0;
+
+  if( p->apCsr ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<p->nCursor; i++){
+      VdbeCursor *pC = p->apCsr[i];
+      if( pC ){
+        sqlite3VdbeFreeCursor(p, pC);
+        p->apCsr[i] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( p->aMem ){
+    releaseMemArray(&p->aMem[1], p->nMem);
+  }
+  while( p->pDelFrame ){
+    VdbeFrame *pDel = p->pDelFrame;
+    p->pDelFrame = pDel->pParent;
+    sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(pDel);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Clean up the VM after execution.
+**
+** This routine will automatically close any cursors, lists, and/or
+** sorters that were left open.  It also deletes the values of
+** variables in the aVar[] array.
+*/
+static void Cleanup(Vdbe *p){
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Execute assert() statements to ensure that the Vdbe.apCsr[] and 
+  ** Vdbe.aMem[] arrays have already been cleaned up.  */
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCursor; i++) assert( p->apCsr==0 || p->apCsr[i]==0 );
+  for(i=1; i<=p->nMem; i++) assert( p->aMem==0 || p->aMem[i].flags==MEM_Null );
+#endif
+
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+  p->zErrMsg = 0;
+  p->pResultSet = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the number of result columns that will be returned by this SQL
+** statement. This is now set at compile time, rather than during
+** execution of the vdbe program so that sqlite3_column_count() can
+** be called on an SQL statement before sqlite3_step().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(Vdbe *p, int nResColumn){
+  Mem *pColName;
+  int n;
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+
+  releaseMemArray(p->aColName, p->nResColumn*COLNAME_N);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aColName);
+  n = nResColumn*COLNAME_N;
+  p->nResColumn = (u16)nResColumn;
+  p->aColName = pColName = (Mem*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Mem)*n );
+  if( p->aColName==0 ) return;
+  while( n-- > 0 ){
+    pColName->flags = MEM_Null;
+    pColName->db = p->db;
+    pColName++;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the name of the idx'th column to be returned by the SQL statement.
+** zName must be a pointer to a nul terminated string.
+**
+** This call must be made after a call to sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols().
+**
+** The final parameter, xDel, must be one of SQLITE_DYNAMIC, SQLITE_STATIC
+** or SQLITE_TRANSIENT. If it is SQLITE_DYNAMIC, then the buffer pointed
+** to by zName will be freed by sqlite3DbFree() when the vdbe is destroyed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSetColName(
+  Vdbe *p,                         /* Vdbe being configured */
+  int idx,                         /* Index of column zName applies to */
+  int var,                         /* One of the COLNAME_* constants */
+  const char *zName,               /* Pointer to buffer containing name */
+  void (*xDel)(void*)              /* Memory management strategy for zName */
+){
+  int rc;
+  Mem *pColName;
+  assert( idx<p->nResColumn );
+  assert( var<COLNAME_N );
+  if( p->db->mallocFailed ){
+    assert( !zName || xDel!=SQLITE_DYNAMIC );
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  assert( p->aColName!=0 );
+  pColName = &(p->aColName[idx+var*p->nResColumn]);
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pColName, zName, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, xDel);
+  assert( rc!=0 || !zName || (pColName->flags&MEM_Term)!=0 );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** A read or write transaction may or may not be active on database handle
+** db. If a transaction is active, commit it. If there is a
+** write-transaction spanning more than one database file, this routine
+** takes care of the master journal trickery.
+*/
+static int vdbeCommit(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
+  int i;
+  int nTrans = 0;  /* Number of databases with an active write-transaction */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int needXcommit = 0;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  /* With this option, sqlite3VtabSync() is defined to be simply 
+  ** SQLITE_OK so p is not used. 
+  */
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+#endif
+
+  /* Before doing anything else, call the xSync() callback for any
+  ** virtual module tables written in this transaction. This has to
+  ** be done before determining whether a master journal file is 
+  ** required, as an xSync() callback may add an attached database
+  ** to the transaction.
+  */
+  rc = sqlite3VtabSync(db, &p->zErrMsg);
+
+  /* This loop determines (a) if the commit hook should be invoked and
+  ** (b) how many database files have open write transactions, not 
+  ** including the temp database. (b) is important because if more than 
+  ** one database file has an open write transaction, a master journal
+  ** file is required for an atomic commit.
+  */ 
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<db->nDb; i++){ 
+    Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+    if( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pBt) ){
+      needXcommit = 1;
+      if( i!=1 ) nTrans++;
+      rc = sqlite3PagerExclusiveLock(sqlite3BtreePager(pBt));
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* If there are any write-transactions at all, invoke the commit hook */
+  if( needXcommit && db->xCommitCallback ){
+    rc = db->xCommitCallback(db->pCommitArg);
+    if( rc ){
+      return SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* The simple case - no more than one database file (not counting the
+  ** TEMP database) has a transaction active.   There is no need for the
+  ** master-journal.
+  **
+  ** If the return value of sqlite3BtreeGetFilename() is a zero length
+  ** string, it means the main database is :memory: or a temp file.  In 
+  ** that case we do not support atomic multi-file commits, so use the 
+  ** simple case then too.
+  */
+  if( 0==sqlite3Strlen30(sqlite3BtreeGetFilename(db->aDb[0].pBt))
+   || nTrans<=1
+  ){
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<db->nDb; i++){
+      Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+      if( pBt ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(pBt, 0);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Do the commit only if all databases successfully complete phase 1. 
+    ** If one of the BtreeCommitPhaseOne() calls fails, this indicates an
+    ** IO error while deleting or truncating a journal file. It is unlikely,
+    ** but could happen. In this case abandon processing and return the error.
+    */
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<db->nDb; i++){
+      Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+      if( pBt ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(pBt, 0);
+      }
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3VtabCommit(db);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* The complex case - There is a multi-file write-transaction active.
+  ** This requires a master journal file to ensure the transaction is
+  ** committed atomicly.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DISKIO
+  else{
+    sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = db->pVfs;
+    int needSync = 0;
+    char *zMaster = 0;   /* File-name for the master journal */
+    char const *zMainFile = sqlite3BtreeGetFilename(db->aDb[0].pBt);
+    sqlite3_file *pMaster = 0;
+    i64 offset = 0;
+    int res;
+
+    /* Select a master journal file name */
+    do {
+      u32 iRandom;
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
+      sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(iRandom), &iRandom);
+      zMaster = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s-mj%08X", zMainFile, iRandom&0x7fffffff);
+      if( !zMaster ){
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+      sqlite3FileSuffix3(zMainFile, zMaster);
+      rc = sqlite3OsAccess(pVfs, zMaster, SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, &res);
+    }while( rc==SQLITE_OK && res );
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      /* Open the master journal. */
+      rc = sqlite3OsOpenMalloc(pVfs, zMaster, &pMaster, 
+          SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|
+          SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE|SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL, 0
+      );
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
+      return rc;
+    }
+ 
+    /* Write the name of each database file in the transaction into the new
+    ** master journal file. If an error occurs at this point close
+    ** and delete the master journal file. All the individual journal files
+    ** still have 'null' as the master journal pointer, so they will roll
+    ** back independently if a failure occurs.
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+      Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+      if( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pBt) ){
+        char const *zFile = sqlite3BtreeGetJournalname(pBt);
+        if( zFile==0 ){
+          continue;  /* Ignore TEMP and :memory: databases */
+        }
+        assert( zFile[0]!=0 );
+        if( !needSync && !sqlite3BtreeSyncDisabled(pBt) ){
+          needSync = 1;
+        }
+        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pMaster, zFile, sqlite3Strlen30(zFile)+1, offset);
+        offset += sqlite3Strlen30(zFile)+1;
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3OsCloseFree(pMaster);
+          sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 0);
+          sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
+          return rc;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Sync the master journal file. If the IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL device
+    ** flag is set this is not required.
+    */
+    if( needSync 
+     && 0==(sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pMaster)&SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL)
+     && SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3OsSync(pMaster, SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL))
+    ){
+      sqlite3OsCloseFree(pMaster);
+      sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 0);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    /* Sync all the db files involved in the transaction. The same call
+    ** sets the master journal pointer in each individual journal. If
+    ** an error occurs here, do not delete the master journal file.
+    **
+    ** If the error occurs during the first call to
+    ** sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(), then there is a chance that the
+    ** master journal file will be orphaned. But we cannot delete it,
+    ** in case the master journal file name was written into the journal
+    ** file before the failure occurred.
+    */
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<db->nDb; i++){ 
+      Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+      if( pBt ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(pBt, zMaster);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3OsCloseFree(pMaster);
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    /* Delete the master journal file. This commits the transaction. After
+    ** doing this the directory is synced again before any individual
+    ** transaction files are deleted.
+    */
+    rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 1);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
+    zMaster = 0;
+    if( rc ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    /* All files and directories have already been synced, so the following
+    ** calls to sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo() are only closing files and
+    ** deleting or truncating journals. If something goes wrong while
+    ** this is happening we don't really care. The integrity of the
+    ** transaction is already guaranteed, but some stray 'cold' journals
+    ** may be lying around. Returning an error code won't help matters.
+    */
+    disable_simulated_io_errors();
+    sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){ 
+      Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+      if( pBt ){
+        sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(pBt, 1);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+    enable_simulated_io_errors();
+
+    sqlite3VtabCommit(db);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** This routine checks that the sqlite3.activeVdbeCnt count variable
+** matches the number of vdbe's in the list sqlite3.pVdbe that are
+** currently active. An assertion fails if the two counts do not match.
+** This is an internal self-check only - it is not an essential processing
+** step.
+**
+** This is a no-op if NDEBUG is defined.
+*/
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+static void checkActiveVdbeCnt(sqlite3 *db){
+  Vdbe *p;
+  int cnt = 0;
+  int nWrite = 0;
+  p = db->pVdbe;
+  while( p ){
+    if( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && p->pc>=0 ){
+      cnt++;
+      if( p->readOnly==0 ) nWrite++;
+    }
+    p = p->pNext;
+  }
+  assert( cnt==db->activeVdbeCnt );
+  assert( nWrite==db->writeVdbeCnt );
+}
+#else
+#define checkActiveVdbeCnt(x)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** For every Btree that in database connection db which 
+** has been modified, "trip" or invalidate each cursor in
+** that Btree might have been modified so that the cursor
+** can never be used again.  This happens when a rollback
+*** occurs.  We have to trip all the other cursors, even
+** cursor from other VMs in different database connections,
+** so that none of them try to use the data at which they
+** were pointing and which now may have been changed due
+** to the rollback.
+**
+** Remember that a rollback can delete tables complete and
+** reorder rootpages.  So it is not sufficient just to save
+** the state of the cursor.  We have to invalidate the cursor
+** so that it is never used again.
+*/
+static void invalidateCursorsOnModifiedBtrees(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Btree *p = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+    if( p && sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(p) ){
+      sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(p, SQLITE_ABORT);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If the Vdbe passed as the first argument opened a statement-transaction,
+** close it now. Argument eOp must be either SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK or
+** SAVEPOINT_RELEASE. If it is SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, then the statement
+** transaction is rolled back. If eOp is SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, then the 
+** statement transaction is commtted.
+**
+** If an IO error occurs, an SQLITE_IOERR_XXX error code is returned. 
+** Otherwise SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *p, int eOp){
+  sqlite3 *const db = p->db;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* If p->iStatement is greater than zero, then this Vdbe opened a 
+  ** statement transaction that should be closed here. The only exception
+  ** is that an IO error may have occured, causing an emergency rollback.
+  ** In this case (db->nStatement==0), and there is nothing to do.
+  */
+  if( db->nStatement && p->iStatement ){
+    int i;
+    const int iSavepoint = p->iStatement-1;
+
+    assert( eOp==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK || eOp==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE);
+    assert( db->nStatement>0 );
+    assert( p->iStatement==(db->nStatement+db->nSavepoint) );
+
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){ 
+      int rc2 = SQLITE_OK;
+      Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+      if( pBt ){
+        if( eOp==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
+          rc2 = sqlite3BtreeSavepoint(pBt, SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, iSavepoint);
+        }
+        if( rc2==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc2 = sqlite3BtreeSavepoint(pBt, SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, iSavepoint);
+        }
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = rc2;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    db->nStatement--;
+    p->iStatement = 0;
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( eOp==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
+        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, iSavepoint);
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, iSavepoint);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If the statement transaction is being rolled back, also restore the 
+    ** database handles deferred constraint counter to the value it had when 
+    ** the statement transaction was opened.  */
+    if( eOp==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
+      db->nDeferredCons = p->nStmtDefCons;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when a transaction opened by the database 
+** handle associated with the VM passed as an argument is about to be 
+** committed. If there are outstanding deferred foreign key constraint
+** violations, return SQLITE_ERROR. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** If there are outstanding FK violations and this function returns 
+** SQLITE_ERROR, set the result of the VM to SQLITE_CONSTRAINT and write
+** an error message to it. Then return SQLITE_ERROR.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(Vdbe *p, int deferred){
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+  if( (deferred && db->nDeferredCons>0) || (!deferred && p->nFkConstraint>0) ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+    p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "foreign key constraint failed");
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This routine is called the when a VDBE tries to halt.  If the VDBE
+** has made changes and is in autocommit mode, then commit those
+** changes.  If a rollback is needed, then do the rollback.
+**
+** This routine is the only way to move the state of a VM from
+** SQLITE_MAGIC_RUN to SQLITE_MAGIC_HALT.  It is harmless to
+** call this on a VM that is in the SQLITE_MAGIC_HALT state.
+**
+** Return an error code.  If the commit could not complete because of
+** lock contention, return SQLITE_BUSY.  If SQLITE_BUSY is returned, it
+** means the close did not happen and needs to be repeated.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe *p){
+  int rc;                         /* Used to store transient return codes */
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+
+  /* This function contains the logic that determines if a statement or
+  ** transaction will be committed or rolled back as a result of the
+  ** execution of this virtual machine. 
+  **
+  ** If any of the following errors occur:
+  **
+  **     SQLITE_NOMEM
+  **     SQLITE_IOERR
+  **     SQLITE_FULL
+  **     SQLITE_INTERRUPT
+  **
+  ** Then the internal cache might have been left in an inconsistent
+  ** state.  We need to rollback the statement transaction, if there is
+  ** one, or the complete transaction if there is no statement transaction.
+  */
+
+  if( p->db->mallocFailed ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  closeAllCursors(p);
+  if( p->magic!=VDBE_MAGIC_RUN ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  checkActiveVdbeCnt(db);
+
+  /* No commit or rollback needed if the program never started */
+  if( p->pc>=0 ){
+    int mrc;   /* Primary error code from p->rc */
+    int eStatementOp = 0;
+    int isSpecialError;            /* Set to true if a 'special' error */
+
+    /* Lock all btrees used by the statement */
+    sqlite3VdbeEnter(p);
+
+    /* Check for one of the special errors */
+    mrc = p->rc & 0xff;
+    assert( p->rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED );  /* This error no longer exists */
+    isSpecialError = mrc==SQLITE_NOMEM || mrc==SQLITE_IOERR
+                     || mrc==SQLITE_INTERRUPT || mrc==SQLITE_FULL;
+    if( isSpecialError ){
+      /* If the query was read-only and the error code is SQLITE_INTERRUPT, 
+      ** no rollback is necessary. Otherwise, at least a savepoint 
+      ** transaction must be rolled back to restore the database to a 
+      ** consistent state.
+      **
+      ** Even if the statement is read-only, it is important to perform
+      ** a statement or transaction rollback operation. If the error 
+      ** occured while writing to the journal, sub-journal or database
+      ** file as part of an effort to free up cache space (see function
+      ** pagerStress() in pager.c), the rollback is required to restore 
+      ** the pager to a consistent state.
+      */
+      if( !p->readOnly || mrc!=SQLITE_INTERRUPT ){
+        if( (mrc==SQLITE_NOMEM || mrc==SQLITE_FULL) && p->usesStmtJournal ){
+          eStatementOp = SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK;
+        }else{
+          /* We are forced to roll back the active transaction. Before doing
+          ** so, abort any other statements this handle currently has active.
+          */
+          invalidateCursorsOnModifiedBtrees(db);
+          sqlite3RollbackAll(db);
+          sqlite3CloseSavepoints(db);
+          db->autoCommit = 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Check for immediate foreign key violations. */
+    if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 0);
+    }
+  
+    /* If the auto-commit flag is set and this is the only active writer 
+    ** VM, then we do either a commit or rollback of the current transaction. 
+    **
+    ** Note: This block also runs if one of the special errors handled 
+    ** above has occurred. 
+    */
+    if( !sqlite3VtabInSync(db) 
+     && db->autoCommit 
+     && db->writeVdbeCnt==(p->readOnly==0) 
+    ){
+      if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->errorAction==OE_Fail && !isSpecialError) ){
+        rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          if( NEVER(p->readOnly) ){
+            sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
+            return SQLITE_ERROR;
+          }
+          rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+        }else{ 
+          /* The auto-commit flag is true, the vdbe program was successful 
+          ** or hit an 'OR FAIL' constraint and there are no deferred foreign
+          ** key constraints to hold up the transaction. This means a commit 
+          ** is required. */
+          rc = vdbeCommit(db, p);
+        }
+        if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY && p->readOnly ){
+          sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
+          return SQLITE_BUSY;
+        }else if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          p->rc = rc;
+          sqlite3RollbackAll(db);
+        }else{
+          db->nDeferredCons = 0;
+          sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(db);
+        }
+      }else{
+        sqlite3RollbackAll(db);
+      }
+      db->nStatement = 0;
+    }else if( eStatementOp==0 ){
+      if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->errorAction==OE_Fail ){
+        eStatementOp = SAVEPOINT_RELEASE;
+      }else if( p->errorAction==OE_Abort ){
+        eStatementOp = SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK;
+      }else{
+        invalidateCursorsOnModifiedBtrees(db);
+        sqlite3RollbackAll(db);
+        sqlite3CloseSavepoints(db);
+        db->autoCommit = 1;
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* If eStatementOp is non-zero, then a statement transaction needs to
+    ** be committed or rolled back. Call sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement() to
+    ** do so. If this operation returns an error, and the current statement
+    ** error code is SQLITE_OK or SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, then promote the
+    ** current statement error code.
+    */
+    if( eStatementOp ){
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(p, eStatementOp);
+      if( rc ){
+        if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
+          p->rc = rc;
+          sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+          p->zErrMsg = 0;
+        }
+        invalidateCursorsOnModifiedBtrees(db);
+        sqlite3RollbackAll(db);
+        sqlite3CloseSavepoints(db);
+        db->autoCommit = 1;
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* If this was an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE and no statement transaction
+    ** has been rolled back, update the database connection change-counter. 
+    */
+    if( p->changeCntOn ){
+      if( eStatementOp!=SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
+        sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(db, p->nChange);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(db, 0);
+      }
+      p->nChange = 0;
+    }
+  
+    /* Rollback or commit any schema changes that occurred. */
+    if( p->rc!=SQLITE_OK && db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges ){
+      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+      db->flags = (db->flags | SQLITE_InternChanges);
+    }
+
+    /* Release the locks */
+    sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
+  }
+
+  /* We have successfully halted and closed the VM.  Record this fact. */
+  if( p->pc>=0 ){
+    db->activeVdbeCnt--;
+    if( !p->readOnly ){
+      db->writeVdbeCnt--;
+    }
+    assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>=db->writeVdbeCnt );
+  }
+  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_HALT;
+  checkActiveVdbeCnt(db);
+  if( p->db->mallocFailed ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  /* If the auto-commit flag is set to true, then any locks that were held
+  ** by connection db have now been released. Call sqlite3ConnectionUnlocked() 
+  ** to invoke any required unlock-notify callbacks.
+  */
+  if( db->autoCommit ){
+    sqlite3ConnectionUnlocked(db);
+  }
+
+  assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>0 || db->autoCommit==0 || db->nStatement==0 );
+  return (p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY ? SQLITE_BUSY : SQLITE_OK);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Each VDBE holds the result of the most recent sqlite3_step() call
+** in p->rc.  This routine sets that result back to SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResetStepResult(Vdbe *p){
+  p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Clean up a VDBE after execution but do not delete the VDBE just yet.
+** Write any error messages into *pzErrMsg.  Return the result code.
+**
+** After this routine is run, the VDBE should be ready to be executed
+** again.
+**
+** To look at it another way, this routine resets the state of the
+** virtual machine from VDBE_MAGIC_RUN or VDBE_MAGIC_HALT back to
+** VDBE_MAGIC_INIT.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeReset(Vdbe *p){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  db = p->db;
+
+  /* If the VM did not run to completion or if it encountered an
+  ** error, then it might not have been halted properly.  So halt
+  ** it now.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeHalt(p);
+
+  /* If the VDBE has be run even partially, then transfer the error code
+  ** and error message from the VDBE into the main database structure.  But
+  ** if the VDBE has just been set to run but has not actually executed any
+  ** instructions yet, leave the main database error information unchanged.
+  */
+  if( p->pc>=0 ){
+    if( p->zErrMsg ){
+      sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr,-1,p->zErrMsg,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+      db->errCode = p->rc;
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+      p->zErrMsg = 0;
+    }else if( p->rc ){
+      sqlite3Error(db, p->rc, 0);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0);
+    }
+    if( p->runOnlyOnce ) p->expired = 1;
+  }else if( p->rc && p->expired ){
+    /* The expired flag was set on the VDBE before the first call
+    ** to sqlite3_step(). For consistency (since sqlite3_step() was
+    ** called), set the database error in this case as well.
+    */
+    sqlite3Error(db, p->rc, 0);
+    sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, p->zErrMsg, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+    p->zErrMsg = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Reclaim all memory used by the VDBE
+  */
+  Cleanup(p);
+
+  /* Save profiling information from this VDBE run.
+  */
+#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
+  {
+    FILE *out = fopen("vdbe_profile.out", "a");
+    if( out ){
+      int i;
+      fprintf(out, "---- ");
+      for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
+        fprintf(out, "%02x", p->aOp[i].opcode);
+      }
+      fprintf(out, "\n");
+      for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
+        fprintf(out, "%6d %10lld %8lld ",
+           p->aOp[i].cnt,
+           p->aOp[i].cycles,
+           p->aOp[i].cnt>0 ? p->aOp[i].cycles/p->aOp[i].cnt : 0
+        );
+        sqlite3VdbePrintOp(out, i, &p->aOp[i]);
+      }
+      fclose(out);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_INIT;
+  return p->rc & db->errMask;
+}
+ 
+/*
+** Clean up and delete a VDBE after execution.  Return an integer which is
+** the result code.  Write any error message text into *pzErrMsg.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFinalize(Vdbe *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN || p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_HALT ){
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeReset(p);
+    assert( (rc & p->db->errMask)==rc );
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeDelete(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Call the destructor for each auxdata entry in pVdbeFunc for which
+** the corresponding bit in mask is clear.  Auxdata entries beyond 31
+** are always destroyed.  To destroy all auxdata entries, call this
+** routine with mask==0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc, int mask){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<pVdbeFunc->nAux; i++){
+    struct AuxData *pAux = &pVdbeFunc->apAux[i];
+    if( (i>31 || !(mask&(((u32)1)<<i))) && pAux->pAux ){
+      if( pAux->xDelete ){
+        pAux->xDelete(pAux->pAux);
+      }
+      pAux->pAux = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all memory associated with the Vdbe passed as the second argument.
+** The difference between this function and sqlite3VdbeDelete() is that
+** VdbeDelete() also unlinks the Vdbe from the list of VMs associated with
+** the database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
+  SubProgram *pSub, *pNext;
+  int i;
+  assert( p->db==0 || p->db==db );
+  releaseMemArray(p->aVar, p->nVar);
+  releaseMemArray(p->aColName, p->nResColumn*COLNAME_N);
+  for(pSub=p->pProgram; pSub; pSub=pNext){
+    pNext = pSub->pNext;
+    vdbeFreeOpArray(db, pSub->aOp, pSub->nOp);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pSub);
+  }
+  for(i=p->nzVar-1; i>=0; i--) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azVar[i]);
+  vdbeFreeOpArray(db, p->aOp, p->nOp);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aLabel);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aColName);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zSql);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->pFree);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete an entire VDBE.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDelete(Vdbe *p){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+
+  if( NEVER(p==0) ) return;
+  db = p->db;
+  if( p->pPrev ){
+    p->pPrev->pNext = p->pNext;
+  }else{
+    assert( db->pVdbe==p );
+    db->pVdbe = p->pNext;
+  }
+  if( p->pNext ){
+    p->pNext->pPrev = p->pPrev;
+  }
+  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_DEAD;
+  p->db = 0;
+  sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(db, p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Make sure the cursor p is ready to read or write the row to which it
+** was last positioned.  Return an error code if an OOM fault or I/O error
+** prevents us from positioning the cursor to its correct position.
+**
+** If a MoveTo operation is pending on the given cursor, then do that
+** MoveTo now.  If no move is pending, check to see if the row has been
+** deleted out from under the cursor and if it has, mark the row as
+** a NULL row.
+**
+** If the cursor is already pointing to the correct row and that row has
+** not been deleted out from under the cursor, then this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(VdbeCursor *p){
+  if( p->deferredMoveto ){
+    int res, rc;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+    extern int sqlite3_search_count;
+#endif
+    assert( p->isTable );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(p->pCursor, 0, p->movetoTarget, 0, &res);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    p->lastRowid = p->movetoTarget;
+    if( res!=0 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    p->rowidIsValid = 1;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+    sqlite3_search_count++;
+#endif
+    p->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    p->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  }else if( ALWAYS(p->pCursor) ){
+    int hasMoved;
+    int rc = sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(p->pCursor, &hasMoved);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    if( hasMoved ){
+      p->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+      p->nullRow = 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** The following functions:
+**
+** sqlite3VdbeSerialType()
+** sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen()
+** sqlite3VdbeSerialLen()
+** sqlite3VdbeSerialPut()
+** sqlite3VdbeSerialGet()
+**
+** encapsulate the code that serializes values for storage in SQLite
+** data and index records. Each serialized value consists of a
+** 'serial-type' and a blob of data. The serial type is an 8-byte unsigned
+** integer, stored as a varint.
+**
+** In an SQLite index record, the serial type is stored directly before
+** the blob of data that it corresponds to. In a table record, all serial
+** types are stored at the start of the record, and the blobs of data at
+** the end. Hence these functions allow the caller to handle the
+** serial-type and data blob seperately.
+**
+** The following table describes the various storage classes for data:
+**
+**   serial type        bytes of data      type
+**   --------------     ---------------    ---------------
+**      0                     0            NULL
+**      1                     1            signed integer
+**      2                     2            signed integer
+**      3                     3            signed integer
+**      4                     4            signed integer
+**      5                     6            signed integer
+**      6                     8            signed integer
+**      7                     8            IEEE float
+**      8                     0            Integer constant 0
+**      9                     0            Integer constant 1
+**     10,11                               reserved for expansion
+**    N>=12 and even       (N-12)/2        BLOB
+**    N>=13 and odd        (N-13)/2        text
+**
+** The 8 and 9 types were added in 3.3.0, file format 4.  Prior versions
+** of SQLite will not understand those serial types.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Return the serial-type for the value stored in pMem.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialType(Mem *pMem, int file_format){
+  int flags = pMem->flags;
+  int n;
+
+  if( flags&MEM_Null ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( flags&MEM_Int ){
+    /* Figure out whether to use 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 bytes. */
+#   define MAX_6BYTE ((((i64)0x00008000)<<32)-1)
+    i64 i = pMem->u.i;
+    u64 u;
+    if( file_format>=4 && (i&1)==i ){
+      return 8+(u32)i;
+    }
+    if( i<0 ){
+      if( i<(-MAX_6BYTE) ) return 6;
+      /* Previous test prevents:  u = -(-9223372036854775808) */
+      u = -i;
+    }else{
+      u = i;
+    }
+    if( u<=127 ) return 1;
+    if( u<=32767 ) return 2;
+    if( u<=8388607 ) return 3;
+    if( u<=2147483647 ) return 4;
+    if( u<=MAX_6BYTE ) return 5;
+    return 6;
+  }
+  if( flags&MEM_Real ){
+    return 7;
+  }
+  assert( pMem->db->mallocFailed || flags&(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) );
+  n = pMem->n;
+  if( flags & MEM_Zero ){
+    n += pMem->u.nZero;
+  }
+  assert( n>=0 );
+  return ((n*2) + 12 + ((flags&MEM_Str)!=0));
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the length of the data corresponding to the supplied serial-type.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u32 serial_type){
+  if( serial_type>=12 ){
+    return (serial_type-12)/2;
+  }else{
+    static const u8 aSize[] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+    return aSize[serial_type];
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If we are on an architecture with mixed-endian floating 
+** points (ex: ARM7) then swap the lower 4 bytes with the 
+** upper 4 bytes.  Return the result.
+**
+** For most architectures, this is a no-op.
+**
+** (later):  It is reported to me that the mixed-endian problem
+** on ARM7 is an issue with GCC, not with the ARM7 chip.  It seems
+** that early versions of GCC stored the two words of a 64-bit
+** float in the wrong order.  And that error has been propagated
+** ever since.  The blame is not necessarily with GCC, though.
+** GCC might have just copying the problem from a prior compiler.
+** I am also told that newer versions of GCC that follow a different
+** ABI get the byte order right.
+**
+** Developers using SQLite on an ARM7 should compile and run their
+** application using -DSQLITE_DEBUG=1 at least once.  With DEBUG
+** enabled, some asserts below will ensure that the byte order of
+** floating point values is correct.
+**
+** (2007-08-30)  Frank van Vugt has studied this problem closely
+** and has send his findings to the SQLite developers.  Frank
+** writes that some Linux kernels offer floating point hardware
+** emulation that uses only 32-bit mantissas instead of a full 
+** 48-bits as required by the IEEE standard.  (This is the
+** CONFIG_FPE_FASTFPE option.)  On such systems, floating point
+** byte swapping becomes very complicated.  To avoid problems,
+** the necessary byte swapping is carried out using a 64-bit integer
+** rather than a 64-bit float.  Frank assures us that the code here
+** works for him.  We, the developers, have no way to independently
+** verify this, but Frank seems to know what he is talking about
+** so we trust him.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT
+static u64 floatSwap(u64 in){
+  union {
+    u64 r;
+    u32 i[2];
+  } u;
+  u32 t;
+
+  u.r = in;
+  t = u.i[0];
+  u.i[0] = u.i[1];
+  u.i[1] = t;
+  return u.r;
+}
+# define swapMixedEndianFloat(X)  X = floatSwap(X)
+#else
+# define swapMixedEndianFloat(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Write the serialized data blob for the value stored in pMem into 
+** buf. It is assumed that the caller has allocated sufficient space.
+** Return the number of bytes written.
+**
+** nBuf is the amount of space left in buf[].  nBuf must always be
+** large enough to hold the entire field.  Except, if the field is
+** a blob with a zero-filled tail, then buf[] might be just the right
+** size to hold everything except for the zero-filled tail.  If buf[]
+** is only big enough to hold the non-zero prefix, then only write that
+** prefix into buf[].  But if buf[] is large enough to hold both the
+** prefix and the tail then write the prefix and set the tail to all
+** zeros.
+**
+** Return the number of bytes actually written into buf[].  The number
+** of bytes in the zero-filled tail is included in the return value only
+** if those bytes were zeroed in buf[].
+*/ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(u8 *buf, int nBuf, Mem *pMem, int file_format){
+  u32 serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(pMem, file_format);
+  u32 len;
+
+  /* Integer and Real */
+  if( serial_type<=7 && serial_type>0 ){
+    u64 v;
+    u32 i;
+    if( serial_type==7 ){
+      assert( sizeof(v)==sizeof(pMem->r) );
+      memcpy(&v, &pMem->r, sizeof(v));
+      swapMixedEndianFloat(v);
+    }else{
+      v = pMem->u.i;
+    }
+    len = i = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type);
+    assert( len<=(u32)nBuf );
+    while( i-- ){
+      buf[i] = (u8)(v&0xFF);
+      v >>= 8;
+    }
+    return len;
+  }
+
+  /* String or blob */
+  if( serial_type>=12 ){
+    assert( pMem->n + ((pMem->flags & MEM_Zero)?pMem->u.nZero:0)
+             == (int)sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type) );
+    assert( pMem->n<=nBuf );
+    len = pMem->n;
+    memcpy(buf, pMem->z, len);
+    if( pMem->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+      len += pMem->u.nZero;
+      assert( nBuf>=0 );
+      if( len > (u32)nBuf ){
+        len = (u32)nBuf;
+      }
+      memset(&buf[pMem->n], 0, len-pMem->n);
+    }
+    return len;
+  }
+
+  /* NULL or constants 0 or 1 */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deserialize the data blob pointed to by buf as serial type serial_type
+** and store the result in pMem.  Return the number of bytes read.
+*/ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(
+  const unsigned char *buf,     /* Buffer to deserialize from */
+  u32 serial_type,              /* Serial type to deserialize */
+  Mem *pMem                     /* Memory cell to write value into */
+){
+  switch( serial_type ){
+    case 10:   /* Reserved for future use */
+    case 11:   /* Reserved for future use */
+    case 0: {  /* NULL */
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
+      break;
+    }
+    case 1: { /* 1-byte signed integer */
+      pMem->u.i = (signed char)buf[0];
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case 2: { /* 2-byte signed integer */
+      pMem->u.i = (((signed char)buf[0])<<8) | buf[1];
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      return 2;
+    }
+    case 3: { /* 3-byte signed integer */
+      pMem->u.i = (((signed char)buf[0])<<16) | (buf[1]<<8) | buf[2];
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      return 3;
+    }
+    case 4: { /* 4-byte signed integer */
+      pMem->u.i = (buf[0]<<24) | (buf[1]<<16) | (buf[2]<<8) | buf[3];
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      return 4;
+    }
+    case 5: { /* 6-byte signed integer */
+      u64 x = (((signed char)buf[0])<<8) | buf[1];
+      u32 y = (buf[2]<<24) | (buf[3]<<16) | (buf[4]<<8) | buf[5];
+      x = (x<<32) | y;
+      pMem->u.i = *(i64*)&x;
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      return 6;
+    }
+    case 6:   /* 8-byte signed integer */
+    case 7: { /* IEEE floating point */
+      u64 x;
+      u32 y;
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT)
+      /* Verify that integers and floating point values use the same
+      ** byte order.  Or, that if SQLITE_MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT is
+      ** defined that 64-bit floating point values really are mixed
+      ** endian.
+      */
+      static const u64 t1 = ((u64)0x3ff00000)<<32;
+      static const double r1 = 1.0;
+      u64 t2 = t1;
+      swapMixedEndianFloat(t2);
+      assert( sizeof(r1)==sizeof(t2) && memcmp(&r1, &t2, sizeof(r1))==0 );
+#endif
+
+      x = (buf[0]<<24) | (buf[1]<<16) | (buf[2]<<8) | buf[3];
+      y = (buf[4]<<24) | (buf[5]<<16) | (buf[6]<<8) | buf[7];
+      x = (x<<32) | y;
+      if( serial_type==6 ){
+        pMem->u.i = *(i64*)&x;
+        pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      }else{
+        assert( sizeof(x)==8 && sizeof(pMem->r)==8 );
+        swapMixedEndianFloat(x);
+        memcpy(&pMem->r, &x, sizeof(x));
+        pMem->flags = sqlite3IsNaN(pMem->r) ? MEM_Null : MEM_Real;
+      }
+      return 8;
+    }
+    case 8:    /* Integer 0 */
+    case 9: {  /* Integer 1 */
+      pMem->u.i = serial_type-8;
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    default: {
+      u32 len = (serial_type-12)/2;
+      pMem->z = (char *)buf;
+      pMem->n = len;
+      pMem->xDel = 0;
+      if( serial_type&0x01 ){
+        pMem->flags = MEM_Str | MEM_Ephem;
+      }else{
+        pMem->flags = MEM_Blob | MEM_Ephem;
+      }
+      return len;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Given the nKey-byte encoding of a record in pKey[], parse the
+** record into a UnpackedRecord structure.  Return a pointer to
+** that structure.
+**
+** The calling function might provide szSpace bytes of memory
+** space at pSpace.  This space can be used to hold the returned
+** VDbeParsedRecord structure if it is large enough.  If it is
+** not big enough, space is obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
+**
+** The returned structure should be closed by a call to
+** sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord().
+*/ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo,     /* Information about the record format */
+  int nKey,              /* Size of the binary record */
+  const void *pKey,      /* The binary record */
+  char *pSpace,          /* Unaligned space available to hold the object */
+  int szSpace            /* Size of pSpace[] in bytes */
+){
+  const unsigned char *aKey = (const unsigned char *)pKey;
+  UnpackedRecord *p;  /* The unpacked record that we will return */
+  int nByte;          /* Memory space needed to hold p, in bytes */
+  int d;
+  u32 idx;
+  u16 u;              /* Unsigned loop counter */
+  u32 szHdr;
+  Mem *pMem;
+  int nOff;           /* Increase pSpace by this much to 8-byte align it */
+  
+  /*
+  ** We want to shift the pointer pSpace up such that it is 8-byte aligned.
+  ** Thus, we need to calculate a value, nOff, between 0 and 7, to shift 
+  ** it by.  If pSpace is already 8-byte aligned, nOff should be zero.
+  */
+  nOff = (8 - (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pSpace) & 7)) & 7;
+  pSpace += nOff;
+  szSpace -= nOff;
+  nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*(pKeyInfo->nField+1);
+  if( nByte>szSpace ){
+    p = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pKeyInfo->db, nByte);
+    if( p==0 ) return 0;
+    p->flags = UNPACKED_NEED_FREE | UNPACKED_NEED_DESTROY;
+  }else{
+    p = (UnpackedRecord*)pSpace;
+    p->flags = UNPACKED_NEED_DESTROY;
+  }
+  p->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
+  p->nField = pKeyInfo->nField + 1;
+  p->aMem = pMem = (Mem*)&((char*)p)[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord))];
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
+  idx = getVarint32(aKey, szHdr);
+  d = szHdr;
+  u = 0;
+  while( idx<szHdr && u<p->nField && d<=nKey ){
+    u32 serial_type;
+
+    idx += getVarint32(&aKey[idx], serial_type);
+    pMem->enc = pKeyInfo->enc;
+    pMem->db = pKeyInfo->db;
+    /* pMem->flags = 0; // sqlite3VdbeSerialGet() will set this for us */
+    pMem->zMalloc = 0;
+    d += sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(&aKey[d], serial_type, pMem);
+    pMem++;
+    u++;
+  }
+  assert( u<=pKeyInfo->nField + 1 );
+  p->nField = u;
+  return (void*)p;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine destroys a UnpackedRecord object.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord(UnpackedRecord *p){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  int i;
+  Mem *pMem;
+
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  assert( p->flags & UNPACKED_NEED_DESTROY );
+  for(i=0, pMem=p->aMem; i<p->nField; i++, pMem++){
+    /* The unpacked record is always constructed by the
+    ** sqlite3VdbeUnpackRecord() function above, which makes all
+    ** strings and blobs static.  And none of the elements are
+    ** ever transformed, so there is never anything to delete.
+    */
+    if( NEVER(pMem->zMalloc) ) sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+  }
+#endif
+  if( p->flags & UNPACKED_NEED_FREE ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(p->pKeyInfo->db, p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function compares the two table rows or index records
+** specified by {nKey1, pKey1} and pPKey2.  It returns a negative, zero
+** or positive integer if key1 is less than, equal to or 
+** greater than key2.  The {nKey1, pKey1} key must be a blob
+** created by th OP_MakeRecord opcode of the VDBE.  The pPKey2
+** key must be a parsed key such as obtained from
+** sqlite3VdbeParseRecord.
+**
+** Key1 and Key2 do not have to contain the same number of fields.
+** The key with fewer fields is usually compares less than the 
+** longer key.  However if the UNPACKED_INCRKEY flags in pPKey2 is set
+** and the common prefixes are equal, then key1 is less than key2.
+** Or if the UNPACKED_MATCH_PREFIX flag is set and the prefixes are
+** equal, then the keys are considered to be equal and
+** the parts beyond the common prefix are ignored.
+**
+** If the UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID flag is set, then the last byte of
+** the header of pKey1 is ignored.  It is assumed that pKey1 is
+** an index key, and thus ends with a rowid value.  The last byte
+** of the header will therefore be the serial type of the rowid:
+** one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 9 - the integer serial types.
+** The serial type of the final rowid will always be a single byte.
+** By ignoring this last byte of the header, we force the comparison
+** to ignore the rowid at the end of key1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(
+  int nKey1, const void *pKey1, /* Left key */
+  UnpackedRecord *pPKey2        /* Right key */
+){
+  int d1;            /* Offset into aKey[] of next data element */
+  u32 idx1;          /* Offset into aKey[] of next header element */
+  u32 szHdr1;        /* Number of bytes in header */
+  int i = 0;
+  int nField;
+  int rc = 0;
+  const unsigned char *aKey1 = (const unsigned char *)pKey1;
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+  Mem mem1;
+
+  pKeyInfo = pPKey2->pKeyInfo;
+  mem1.enc = pKeyInfo->enc;
+  mem1.db = pKeyInfo->db;
+  /* mem1.flags = 0;  // Will be initialized by sqlite3VdbeSerialGet() */
+  VVA_ONLY( mem1.zMalloc = 0; ) /* Only needed by assert() statements */
+
+  /* Compilers may complain that mem1.u.i is potentially uninitialized.
+  ** We could initialize it, as shown here, to silence those complaints.
+  ** But in fact, mem1.u.i will never actually be used uninitialized, and doing 
+  ** the unnecessary initialization has a measurable negative performance
+  ** impact, since this routine is a very high runner.  And so, we choose
+  ** to ignore the compiler warnings and leave this variable uninitialized.
+  */
+  /*  mem1.u.i = 0;  // not needed, here to silence compiler warning */
+  
+  idx1 = getVarint32(aKey1, szHdr1);
+  d1 = szHdr1;
+  if( pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID ){
+    szHdr1--;
+  }
+  nField = pKeyInfo->nField;
+  while( idx1<szHdr1 && i<pPKey2->nField ){
+    u32 serial_type1;
+
+    /* Read the serial types for the next element in each key. */
+    idx1 += getVarint32( aKey1+idx1, serial_type1 );
+    if( d1>=nKey1 && sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type1)>0 ) break;
+
+    /* Extract the values to be compared.
+    */
+    d1 += sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(&aKey1[d1], serial_type1, &mem1);
+
+    /* Do the comparison
+    */
+    rc = sqlite3MemCompare(&mem1, &pPKey2->aMem[i],
+                           i<nField ? pKeyInfo->aColl[i] : 0);
+    if( rc!=0 ){
+      assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );  /* See comment below */
+
+      /* Invert the result if we are using DESC sort order. */
+      if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder && i<nField && pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[i] ){
+        rc = -rc;
+      }
+    
+      /* If the PREFIX_SEARCH flag is set and all fields except the final
+      ** rowid field were equal, then clear the PREFIX_SEARCH flag and set 
+      ** pPKey2->rowid to the value of the rowid field in (pKey1, nKey1).
+      ** This is used by the OP_IsUnique opcode.
+      */
+      if( (pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH) && i==(pPKey2->nField-1) ){
+        assert( idx1==szHdr1 && rc );
+        assert( mem1.flags & MEM_Int );
+        pPKey2->flags &= ~UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH;
+        pPKey2->rowid = mem1.u.i;
+      }
+    
+      return rc;
+    }
+    i++;
+  }
+
+  /* No memory allocation is ever used on mem1.  Prove this using
+  ** the following assert().  If the assert() fails, it indicates a
+  ** memory leak and a need to call sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&mem1).
+  */
+  assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );
+
+  /* rc==0 here means that one of the keys ran out of fields and
+  ** all the fields up to that point were equal. If the UNPACKED_INCRKEY
+  ** flag is set, then break the tie by treating key2 as larger.
+  ** If the UPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH flag is set, then keys with common prefixes
+  ** are considered to be equal.  Otherwise, the longer key is the 
+  ** larger.  As it happens, the pPKey2 will always be the longer
+  ** if there is a difference.
+  */
+  assert( rc==0 );
+  if( pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_INCRKEY ){
+    rc = -1;
+  }else if( pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH ){
+    /* Leave rc==0 */
+  }else if( idx1<szHdr1 ){
+    rc = 1;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+ 
+
+/*
+** pCur points at an index entry created using the OP_MakeRecord opcode.
+** Read the rowid (the last field in the record) and store it in *rowid.
+** Return SQLITE_OK if everything works, or an error code otherwise.
+**
+** pCur might be pointing to text obtained from a corrupt database file.
+** So the content cannot be trusted.  Do appropriate checks on the content.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(sqlite3 *db, BtCursor *pCur, i64 *rowid){
+  i64 nCellKey = 0;
+  int rc;
+  u32 szHdr;        /* Size of the header */
+  u32 typeRowid;    /* Serial type of the rowid */
+  u32 lenRowid;     /* Size of the rowid */
+  Mem m, v;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
+
+  /* Get the size of the index entry.  Only indices entries of less
+  ** than 2GiB are support - anything large must be database corruption.
+  ** Any corruption is detected in sqlite3BtreeParseCellPtr(), though, so
+  ** this code can safely assume that nCellKey is 32-bits  
+  */
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCur, &nCellKey);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );     /* pCur is always valid so KeySize cannot fail */
+  assert( (nCellKey & SQLITE_MAX_U32)==(u64)nCellKey );
+
+  /* Read in the complete content of the index entry */
+  memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCur, 0, (int)nCellKey, 1, &m);
+  if( rc ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* The index entry must begin with a header size */
+  (void)getVarint32((u8*)m.z, szHdr);
+  testcase( szHdr==3 );
+  testcase( szHdr==m.n );
+  if( unlikely(szHdr<3 || (int)szHdr>m.n) ){
+    goto idx_rowid_corruption;
+  }
+
+  /* The last field of the index should be an integer - the ROWID.
+  ** Verify that the last entry really is an integer. */
+  (void)getVarint32((u8*)&m.z[szHdr-1], typeRowid);
+  testcase( typeRowid==1 );
+  testcase( typeRowid==2 );
+  testcase( typeRowid==3 );
+  testcase( typeRowid==4 );
+  testcase( typeRowid==5 );
+  testcase( typeRowid==6 );
+  testcase( typeRowid==8 );
+  testcase( typeRowid==9 );
+  if( unlikely(typeRowid<1 || typeRowid>9 || typeRowid==7) ){
+    goto idx_rowid_corruption;
+  }
+  lenRowid = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(typeRowid);
+  testcase( (u32)m.n==szHdr+lenRowid );
+  if( unlikely((u32)m.n<szHdr+lenRowid) ){
+    goto idx_rowid_corruption;
+  }
+
+  /* Fetch the integer off the end of the index record */
+  sqlite3VdbeSerialGet((u8*)&m.z[m.n-lenRowid], typeRowid, &v);
+  *rowid = v.u.i;
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&m);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* Jump here if database corruption is detected after m has been
+  ** allocated.  Free the m object and return SQLITE_CORRUPT. */
+idx_rowid_corruption:
+  testcase( m.zMalloc!=0 );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&m);
+  return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the key of the index entry that cursor pC is pointing to against
+** the key string in pUnpacked.  Write into *pRes a number
+** that is negative, zero, or positive if pC is less than, equal to,
+** or greater than pUnpacked.  Return SQLITE_OK on success.
+**
+** pUnpacked is either created without a rowid or is truncated so that it
+** omits the rowid at the end.  The rowid at the end of the index entry
+** is ignored as well.  Hence, this routine only compares the prefixes 
+** of the keys prior to the final rowid, not the entire key.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(
+  VdbeCursor *pC,             /* The cursor to compare against */
+  UnpackedRecord *pUnpacked,  /* Unpacked version of key to compare against */
+  int *res                    /* Write the comparison result here */
+){
+  i64 nCellKey = 0;
+  int rc;
+  BtCursor *pCur = pC->pCursor;
+  Mem m;
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCur, &nCellKey);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* pCur is always valid so KeySize cannot fail */
+  /* nCellKey will always be between 0 and 0xffffffff because of the say
+  ** that btreeParseCellPtr() and sqlite3GetVarint32() are implemented */
+  if( nCellKey<=0 || nCellKey>0x7fffffff ){
+    *res = 0;
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pC->pCursor, 0, (int)nCellKey, 1, &m);
+  if( rc ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  assert( pUnpacked->flags & UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID );
+  *res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(m.n, m.z, pUnpacked);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&m);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine sets the value to be returned by subsequent calls to
+** sqlite3_changes() on the database handle 'db'. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(sqlite3 *db, int nChange){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  db->nChange = nChange;
+  db->nTotalChange += nChange;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set a flag in the vdbe to update the change counter when it is finalised
+** or reset.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeCountChanges(Vdbe *v){
+  v->changeCntOn = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Mark every prepared statement associated with a database connection
+** as expired.
+**
+** An expired statement means that recompilation of the statement is
+** recommend.  Statements expire when things happen that make their
+** programs obsolete.  Removing user-defined functions or collating
+** sequences, or changing an authorization function are the types of
+** things that make prepared statements obsolete.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(sqlite3 *db){
+  Vdbe *p;
+  for(p = db->pVdbe; p; p=p->pNext){
+    p->expired = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the database associated with the Vdbe.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3 *sqlite3VdbeDb(Vdbe *v){
+  return v->db;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to an sqlite3_value structure containing the value bound
+** parameter iVar of VM v. Except, if the value is an SQL NULL, return 
+** 0 instead. Unless it is NULL, apply affinity aff (one of the SQLITE_AFF_*
+** constants) to the value before returning it.
+**
+** The returned value must be freed by the caller using sqlite3ValueFree().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetValue(Vdbe *v, int iVar, u8 aff){
+  assert( iVar>0 );
+  if( v ){
+    Mem *pMem = &v->aVar[iVar-1];
+    if( 0==(pMem->flags & MEM_Null) ){
+      sqlite3_value *pRet = sqlite3ValueNew(v->db);
+      if( pRet ){
+        sqlite3VdbeMemCopy((Mem *)pRet, pMem);
+        sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pRet, aff, SQLITE_UTF8);
+        sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType((Mem *)pRet);
+      }
+      return pRet;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Configure SQL variable iVar so that binding a new value to it signals
+** to sqlite3_reoptimize() that re-preparing the statement may result
+** in a better query plan.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(Vdbe *v, int iVar){
+  assert( iVar>0 );
+  if( iVar>32 ){
+    v->expmask = 0xffffffff;
+  }else{
+    v->expmask |= ((u32)1 << (iVar-1));
+  }
+}
+
+/************** End of vdbeaux.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file vdbeapi.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 May 26
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code use to implement APIs that are part of the
+** VDBE.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+/*
+** Return TRUE (non-zero) of the statement supplied as an argument needs
+** to be recompiled.  A statement needs to be recompiled whenever the
+** execution environment changes in a way that would alter the program
+** that sqlite3_prepare() generates.  For example, if new functions or
+** collating sequences are registered or if an authorizer function is
+** added or changed.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_expired(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
+  return p==0 || p->expired;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Check on a Vdbe to make sure it has not been finalized.  Log
+** an error and return true if it has been finalized (or is otherwise
+** invalid).  Return false if it is ok.
+*/
+static int vdbeSafety(Vdbe *p){
+  if( p->db==0 ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_MISUSE, "API called with finalized prepared statement");
+    return 1;
+  }else{
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+static int vdbeSafetyNotNull(Vdbe *p){
+  if( p==0 ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_MISUSE, "API called with NULL prepared statement");
+    return 1;
+  }else{
+    return vdbeSafety(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The following routine destroys a virtual machine that is created by
+** the sqlite3_compile() routine. The integer returned is an SQLITE_
+** success/failure code that describes the result of executing the virtual
+** machine.
+**
+** This routine sets the error code and string returned by
+** sqlite3_errcode(), sqlite3_errmsg() and sqlite3_errmsg16().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_finalize(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  int rc;
+  if( pStmt==0 ){
+    /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-57228-12904 Invoking sqlite3_finalize() on a NULL
+    ** pointer is a harmless no-op. */
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    Vdbe *v = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
+    sqlite3 *db = v->db;
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+    sqlite3_mutex *mutex;
+#endif
+    if( vdbeSafety(v) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+    mutex = v->db->mutex;
+#endif
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeFinalize(v);
+    rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Terminate the current execution of an SQL statement and reset it
+** back to its starting state so that it can be reused. A success code from
+** the prior execution is returned.
+**
+** This routine sets the error code and string returned by
+** sqlite3_errcode(), sqlite3_errmsg() and sqlite3_errmsg16().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  int rc;
+  if( pStmt==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    Vdbe *v = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(v->db->mutex);
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeReset(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeRewind(v);
+    assert( (rc & (v->db->errMask))==rc );
+    rc = sqlite3ApiExit(v->db, rc);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(v->db->mutex);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set all the parameters in the compiled SQL statement to NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_clear_bindings(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  int i;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = ((Vdbe*)pStmt)->db->mutex;
+#endif
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+  for(i=0; i<p->nVar; i++){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&p->aVar[i]);
+    p->aVar[i].flags = MEM_Null;
+  }
+  if( p->isPrepareV2 && p->expmask ){
+    p->expired = 1;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/**************************** sqlite3_value_  *******************************
+** The following routines extract information from a Mem or sqlite3_value
+** structure.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_blob(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  Mem *p = (Mem*)pVal;
+  if( p->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(p);
+    p->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
+    p->flags |= MEM_Blob;
+    return p->n ? p->z : 0;
+  }else{
+    return sqlite3_value_text(pVal);
+  }
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  return sqlite3ValueBytes(pVal, SQLITE_UTF8);
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes16(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  return sqlite3ValueBytes(pVal, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
+}
+SQLITE_API double sqlite3_value_double(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  return sqlite3VdbeRealValue((Mem*)pVal);
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_int(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  return (int)sqlite3VdbeIntValue((Mem*)pVal);
+}
+SQLITE_API sqlite_int64 sqlite3_value_int64(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  return sqlite3VdbeIntValue((Mem*)pVal);
+}
+SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_value_text(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  return (const unsigned char *)sqlite3ValueText(pVal, SQLITE_UTF8);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16(sqlite3_value* pVal){
+  return sqlite3ValueText(pVal, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
+}
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16be(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  return sqlite3ValueText(pVal, SQLITE_UTF16BE);
+}
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16le(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  return sqlite3ValueText(pVal, SQLITE_UTF16LE);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_type(sqlite3_value* pVal){
+  return pVal->type;
+}
+
+/**************************** sqlite3_result_  *******************************
+** The following routines are used by user-defined functions to specify
+** the function result.
+**
+** The setStrOrError() funtion calls sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr() to store the
+** result as a string or blob but if the string or blob is too large, it
+** then sets the error code to SQLITE_TOOBIG
+*/
+static void setResultStrOrError(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,  /* Function context */
+  const char *z,          /* String pointer */
+  int n,                  /* Bytes in string, or negative */
+  u8 enc,                 /* Encoding of z.  0 for BLOBs */
+  void (*xDel)(void*)     /* Destructor function */
+){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, z, n, enc, xDel)==SQLITE_TOOBIG ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_toobig(pCtx);
+  }
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_blob(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx, 
+  const void *z, 
+  int n, 
+  void (*xDel)(void *)
+){
+  assert( n>=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  setResultStrOrError(pCtx, z, n, 0, xDel);
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_double(sqlite3_context *pCtx, double rVal){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetDouble(&pCtx->s, rVal);
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error(sqlite3_context *pCtx, const char *z, int n){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  pCtx->isError = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, z, n, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error16(sqlite3_context *pCtx, const void *z, int n){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  pCtx->isError = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, z, n, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+}
+#endif
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int(sqlite3_context *pCtx, int iVal){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&pCtx->s, (i64)iVal);
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int64(sqlite3_context *pCtx, i64 iVal){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&pCtx->s, iVal);
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_null(sqlite3_context *pCtx){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(&pCtx->s);
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx, 
+  const char *z, 
+  int n,
+  void (*xDel)(void *)
+){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  setResultStrOrError(pCtx, z, n, SQLITE_UTF8, xDel);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx, 
+  const void *z, 
+  int n, 
+  void (*xDel)(void *)
+){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  setResultStrOrError(pCtx, z, n, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE, xDel);
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16be(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx, 
+  const void *z, 
+  int n, 
+  void (*xDel)(void *)
+){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  setResultStrOrError(pCtx, z, n, SQLITE_UTF16BE, xDel);
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16le(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx, 
+  const void *z, 
+  int n, 
+  void (*xDel)(void *)
+){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  setResultStrOrError(pCtx, z, n, SQLITE_UTF16LE, xDel);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_value(sqlite3_context *pCtx, sqlite3_value *pValue){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemCopy(&pCtx->s, pValue);
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_zeroblob(sqlite3_context *pCtx, int n){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetZeroBlob(&pCtx->s, n);
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_code(sqlite3_context *pCtx, int errCode){
+  pCtx->isError = errCode;
+  if( pCtx->s.flags & MEM_Null ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, sqlite3ErrStr(errCode), -1, 
+                         SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Force an SQLITE_TOOBIG error. */
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_toobig(sqlite3_context *pCtx){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  pCtx->isError = SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, "string or blob too big", -1, 
+                       SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
+}
+
+/* An SQLITE_NOMEM error. */
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_nomem(sqlite3_context *pCtx){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(&pCtx->s);
+  pCtx->isError = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pCtx->s.db->mallocFailed = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called after a transaction has been committed. It 
+** invokes callbacks registered with sqlite3_wal_hook() as required.
+*/
+static int doWalCallbacks(sqlite3 *db){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+    if( pBt ){
+      int nEntry = sqlite3PagerWalCallback(sqlite3BtreePager(pBt));
+      if( db->xWalCallback && nEntry>0 && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = db->xWalCallback(db->pWalArg, db, db->aDb[i].zName, nEntry);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Execute the statement pStmt, either until a row of data is ready, the
+** statement is completely executed or an error occurs.
+**
+** This routine implements the bulk of the logic behind the sqlite_step()
+** API.  The only thing omitted is the automatic recompile if a 
+** schema change has occurred.  That detail is handled by the
+** outer sqlite3_step() wrapper procedure.
+*/
+static int sqlite3Step(Vdbe *p){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert(p);
+  if( p->magic!=VDBE_MAGIC_RUN ){
+    /* We used to require that sqlite3_reset() be called before retrying
+    ** sqlite3_step() after any error or after SQLITE_DONE.  But beginning
+    ** with version 3.7.0, we changed this so that sqlite3_reset() would
+    ** be called automatically instead of throwing the SQLITE_MISUSE error.
+    ** This "automatic-reset" change is not technically an incompatibility, 
+    ** since any application that receives an SQLITE_MISUSE is broken by
+    ** definition.
+    **
+    ** Nevertheless, some published applications that were originally written
+    ** for version 3.6.23 or earlier do in fact depend on SQLITE_MISUSE 
+    ** returns, and the so were broken by the automatic-reset change.  As a
+    ** a work-around, the SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET compile-time restores the
+    ** legacy behavior of returning SQLITE_MISUSE for cases where the 
+    ** previous sqlite3_step() returned something other than a SQLITE_LOCKED
+    ** or SQLITE_BUSY error.
+    */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET
+    if( p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY || p->rc==SQLITE_LOCKED ){
+      sqlite3_reset((sqlite3_stmt*)p);
+    }else{
+      return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+    }
+#else
+    sqlite3_reset((sqlite3_stmt*)p);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  /* Check that malloc() has not failed. If it has, return early. */
+  db = p->db;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  if( p->pc<=0 && p->expired ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    goto end_of_step;
+  }
+  if( p->pc<0 ){
+    /* If there are no other statements currently running, then
+    ** reset the interrupt flag.  This prevents a call to sqlite3_interrupt
+    ** from interrupting a statement that has not yet started.
+    */
+    if( db->activeVdbeCnt==0 ){
+      db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
+    }
+
+    assert( db->writeVdbeCnt>0 || db->autoCommit==0 || db->nDeferredCons==0 );
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+    if( db->xProfile && !db->init.busy ){
+      sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &p->startTime);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    db->activeVdbeCnt++;
+    if( p->readOnly==0 ) db->writeVdbeCnt++;
+    p->pc = 0;
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  if( p->explain ){
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeList(p);
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */
+  {
+    db->vdbeExecCnt++;
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeExec(p);
+    db->vdbeExecCnt--;
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+  /* Invoke the profile callback if there is one
+  */
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW && db->xProfile && !db->init.busy && p->zSql ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iNow;
+    sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &iNow);
+    db->xProfile(db->pProfileArg, p->zSql, (iNow - p->startTime)*1000000);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+    assert( p->rc==SQLITE_OK );
+    p->rc = doWalCallbacks(db);
+    if( p->rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  db->errCode = rc;
+  if( SQLITE_NOMEM==sqlite3ApiExit(p->db, p->rc) ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+end_of_step:
+  /* At this point local variable rc holds the value that should be 
+  ** returned if this statement was compiled using the legacy 
+  ** sqlite3_prepare() interface. According to the docs, this can only
+  ** be one of the values in the first assert() below. Variable p->rc 
+  ** contains the value that would be returned if sqlite3_finalize() 
+  ** were called on statement p.
+  */
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_ROW  || rc==SQLITE_DONE   || rc==SQLITE_ERROR 
+       || rc==SQLITE_BUSY || rc==SQLITE_MISUSE
+  );
+  assert( p->rc!=SQLITE_ROW && p->rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
+  if( p->isPrepareV2 && rc!=SQLITE_ROW && rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
+    /* If this statement was prepared using sqlite3_prepare_v2(), and an
+    ** error has occured, then return the error code in p->rc to the
+    ** caller. Set the error code in the database handle to the same value.
+    */ 
+    rc = db->errCode = p->rc;
+  }
+  return (rc&db->errMask);
+}
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of times that a statement will try to reparse
+** itself before giving up and returning SQLITE_SCHEMA.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
+# define SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY 5
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This is the top-level implementation of sqlite3_step().  Call
+** sqlite3Step() to do most of the work.  If a schema error occurs,
+** call sqlite3Reprepare() and try again.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_step(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;      /* Result from sqlite3Step() */
+  int rc2 = SQLITE_OK;     /* Result from sqlite3Reprepare() */
+  Vdbe *v = (Vdbe*)pStmt;  /* the prepared statement */
+  int cnt = 0;             /* Counter to prevent infinite loop of reprepares */
+  sqlite3 *db;             /* The database connection */
+
+  if( vdbeSafetyNotNull(v) ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  db = v->db;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  while( (rc = sqlite3Step(v))==SQLITE_SCHEMA
+         && cnt++ < SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
+         && (rc2 = rc = sqlite3Reprepare(v))==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    v->expired = 0;
+  }
+  if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK && ALWAYS(v->isPrepareV2) && ALWAYS(db->pErr) ){
+    /* This case occurs after failing to recompile an sql statement. 
+    ** The error message from the SQL compiler has already been loaded 
+    ** into the database handle. This block copies the error message 
+    ** from the database handle into the statement and sets the statement
+    ** program counter to 0 to ensure that when the statement is 
+    ** finalized or reset the parser error message is available via
+    ** sqlite3_errmsg() and sqlite3_errcode().
+    */
+    const char *zErr = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(db->pErr); 
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, v->zErrMsg);
+    if( !db->mallocFailed ){
+      v->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zErr);
+      v->rc = rc2;
+    } else {
+      v->zErrMsg = 0;
+      v->rc = rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the user data from a sqlite3_context structure and return a
+** pointer to it.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_user_data(sqlite3_context *p){
+  assert( p && p->pFunc );
+  return p->pFunc->pUserData;
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the user data from a sqlite3_context structure and return a
+** pointer to it.
+**
+** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-46798-50301 The sqlite3_context_db_handle() interface
+** returns a copy of the pointer to the database connection (the 1st
+** parameter) of the sqlite3_create_function() and
+** sqlite3_create_function16() routines that originally registered the
+** application defined function.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_context_db_handle(sqlite3_context *p){
+  assert( p && p->pFunc );
+  return p->s.db;
+}
+
+/*
+** The following is the implementation of an SQL function that always
+** fails with an error message stating that the function is used in the
+** wrong context.  The sqlite3_overload_function() API might construct
+** SQL function that use this routine so that the functions will exist
+** for name resolution but are actually overloaded by the xFindFunction
+** method of virtual tables.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3InvalidFunction(
+  sqlite3_context *context,  /* The function calling context */
+  int NotUsed,               /* Number of arguments to the function */
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2   /* Value of each argument */
+){
+  const char *zName = context->pFunc->zName;
+  char *zErr;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  zErr = sqlite3_mprintf(
+      "unable to use function %s in the requested context", zName);
+  sqlite3_result_error(context, zErr, -1);
+  sqlite3_free(zErr);
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate or return the aggregate context for a user function.  A new
+** context is allocated on the first call.  Subsequent calls return the
+** same context that was returned on prior calls.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_aggregate_context(sqlite3_context *p, int nByte){
+  Mem *pMem;
+  assert( p && p->pFunc && p->pFunc->xStep );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->s.db->mutex) );
+  pMem = p->pMem;
+  testcase( nByte<0 );
+  if( (pMem->flags & MEM_Agg)==0 ){
+    if( nByte<=0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(pMem);
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
+      pMem->z = 0;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, nByte, 0);
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Agg;
+      pMem->u.pDef = p->pFunc;
+      if( pMem->z ){
+        memset(pMem->z, 0, nByte);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return (void*)pMem->z;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the auxilary data pointer, if any, for the iArg'th argument to
+** the user-function defined by pCtx.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_get_auxdata(sqlite3_context *pCtx, int iArg){
+  VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  pVdbeFunc = pCtx->pVdbeFunc;
+  if( !pVdbeFunc || iArg>=pVdbeFunc->nAux || iArg<0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return pVdbeFunc->apAux[iArg].pAux;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the auxilary data pointer and delete function, for the iArg'th
+** argument to the user-function defined by pCtx. Any previous value is
+** deleted by calling the delete function specified when it was set.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_set_auxdata(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx, 
+  int iArg, 
+  void *pAux, 
+  void (*xDelete)(void*)
+){
+  struct AuxData *pAuxData;
+  VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;
+  if( iArg<0 ) goto failed;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
+  pVdbeFunc = pCtx->pVdbeFunc;
+  if( !pVdbeFunc || pVdbeFunc->nAux<=iArg ){
+    int nAux = (pVdbeFunc ? pVdbeFunc->nAux : 0);
+    int nMalloc = sizeof(VdbeFunc) + sizeof(struct AuxData)*iArg;
+    pVdbeFunc = sqlite3DbRealloc(pCtx->s.db, pVdbeFunc, nMalloc);
+    if( !pVdbeFunc ){
+      goto failed;
+    }
+    pCtx->pVdbeFunc = pVdbeFunc;
+    memset(&pVdbeFunc->apAux[nAux], 0, sizeof(struct AuxData)*(iArg+1-nAux));
+    pVdbeFunc->nAux = iArg+1;
+    pVdbeFunc->pFunc = pCtx->pFunc;
+  }
+
+  pAuxData = &pVdbeFunc->apAux[iArg];
+  if( pAuxData->pAux && pAuxData->xDelete ){
+    pAuxData->xDelete(pAuxData->pAux);
+  }
+  pAuxData->pAux = pAux;
+  pAuxData->xDelete = xDelete;
+  return;
+
+failed:
+  if( xDelete ){
+    xDelete(pAux);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+/*
+** Return the number of times the Step function of a aggregate has been 
+** called.
+**
+** This function is deprecated.  Do not use it for new code.  It is
+** provide only to avoid breaking legacy code.  New aggregate function
+** implementations should keep their own counts within their aggregate
+** context.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_aggregate_count(sqlite3_context *p){
+  assert( p && p->pMem && p->pFunc && p->pFunc->xStep );
+  return p->pMem->n;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return the number of columns in the result set for the statement pStmt.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  Vdbe *pVm = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  return pVm ? pVm->nResColumn : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of values available from the current row of the
+** currently executing statement pStmt.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  Vdbe *pVm = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  if( pVm==0 || pVm->pResultSet==0 ) return 0;
+  return pVm->nResColumn;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Check to see if column iCol of the given statement is valid.  If
+** it is, return a pointer to the Mem for the value of that column.
+** If iCol is not valid, return a pointer to a Mem which has a value
+** of NULL.
+*/
+static Mem *columnMem(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  Vdbe *pVm;
+  Mem *pOut;
+
+  pVm = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  if( pVm && pVm->pResultSet!=0 && i<pVm->nResColumn && i>=0 ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pVm->db->mutex);
+    pOut = &pVm->pResultSet[i];
+  }else{
+    /* If the value passed as the second argument is out of range, return
+    ** a pointer to the following static Mem object which contains the
+    ** value SQL NULL. Even though the Mem structure contains an element
+    ** of type i64, on certain architecture (x86) with certain compiler
+    ** switches (-Os), gcc may align this Mem object on a 4-byte boundary
+    ** instead of an 8-byte one. This all works fine, except that when
+    ** running with SQLITE_DEBUG defined the SQLite code sometimes assert()s
+    ** that a Mem structure is located on an 8-byte boundary. To prevent
+    ** this assert() from failing, when building with SQLITE_DEBUG defined
+    ** using gcc, force nullMem to be 8-byte aligned using the magical
+    ** __attribute__((aligned(8))) macro.  */
+    static const Mem nullMem 
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && defined(__GNUC__)
+      __attribute__((aligned(8))) 
+#endif
+      = {0, "", (double)0, {0}, 0, MEM_Null, SQLITE_NULL, 0,
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+         0, 0,  /* pScopyFrom, pFiller */
+#endif
+         0, 0 };
+
+    if( pVm && ALWAYS(pVm->db) ){
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(pVm->db->mutex);
+      sqlite3Error(pVm->db, SQLITE_RANGE, 0);
+    }
+    pOut = (Mem*)&nullMem;
+  }
+  return pOut;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called after invoking an sqlite3_value_XXX function on a 
+** column value (i.e. a value returned by evaluating an SQL expression in the
+** select list of a SELECT statement) that may cause a malloc() failure. If 
+** malloc() has failed, the threads mallocFailed flag is cleared and the result
+** code of statement pStmt set to SQLITE_NOMEM.
+**
+** Specifically, this is called from within:
+**
+**     sqlite3_column_int()
+**     sqlite3_column_int64()
+**     sqlite3_column_text()
+**     sqlite3_column_text16()
+**     sqlite3_column_real()
+**     sqlite3_column_bytes()
+**     sqlite3_column_bytes16()
+**     sqiite3_column_blob()
+*/
+static void columnMallocFailure(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt)
+{
+  /* If malloc() failed during an encoding conversion within an
+  ** sqlite3_column_XXX API, then set the return code of the statement to
+  ** SQLITE_NOMEM. The next call to _step() (if any) will return SQLITE_ERROR
+  ** and _finalize() will return NOMEM.
+  */
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  if( p ){
+    p->rc = sqlite3ApiExit(p->db, p->rc);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
+  }
+}
+
+/**************************** sqlite3_column_  *******************************
+** The following routines are used to access elements of the current row
+** in the result set.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_blob(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  const void *val;
+  val = sqlite3_value_blob( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+  /* Even though there is no encoding conversion, value_blob() might
+  ** need to call malloc() to expand the result of a zeroblob() 
+  ** expression. 
+  */
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return val;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  int val = sqlite3_value_bytes( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return val;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes16(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  int val = sqlite3_value_bytes16( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return val;
+}
+SQLITE_API double sqlite3_column_double(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  double val = sqlite3_value_double( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return val;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_int(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  int val = sqlite3_value_int( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return val;
+}
+SQLITE_API sqlite_int64 sqlite3_column_int64(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  sqlite_int64 val = sqlite3_value_int64( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return val;
+}
+SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_column_text(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  const unsigned char *val = sqlite3_value_text( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return val;
+}
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_value *sqlite3_column_value(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  Mem *pOut = columnMem(pStmt, i);
+  if( pOut->flags&MEM_Static ){
+    pOut->flags &= ~MEM_Static;
+    pOut->flags |= MEM_Ephem;
+  }
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return (sqlite3_value *)pOut;
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_text16(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  const void *val = sqlite3_value_text16( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return val;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_type(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  int iType = sqlite3_value_type( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+  columnMallocFailure(pStmt);
+  return iType;
+}
+
+/* The following function is experimental and subject to change or
+** removal */
+/*int sqlite3_column_numeric_type(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+**  return sqlite3_value_numeric_type( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
+**}
+*/
+
+/*
+** Convert the N-th element of pStmt->pColName[] into a string using
+** xFunc() then return that string.  If N is out of range, return 0.
+**
+** There are up to 5 names for each column.  useType determines which
+** name is returned.  Here are the names:
+**
+**    0      The column name as it should be displayed for output
+**    1      The datatype name for the column
+**    2      The name of the database that the column derives from
+**    3      The name of the table that the column derives from
+**    4      The name of the table column that the result column derives from
+**
+** If the result is not a simple column reference (if it is an expression
+** or a constant) then useTypes 2, 3, and 4 return NULL.
+*/
+static const void *columnName(
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt,
+  int N,
+  const void *(*xFunc)(Mem*),
+  int useType
+){
+  const void *ret = 0;
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  int n;
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+  
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  n = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
+  if( N<n && N>=0 ){
+    N += useType*n;
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+    assert( db->mallocFailed==0 );
+    ret = xFunc(&p->aColName[N]);
+     /* A malloc may have failed inside of the xFunc() call. If this
+    ** is the case, clear the mallocFailed flag and return NULL.
+    */
+    if( db->mallocFailed ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 0;
+      ret = 0;
+    }
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the name of the Nth column of the result set returned by SQL
+** statement pStmt.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_name(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text, COLNAME_NAME);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_name16(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text16, COLNAME_NAME);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Constraint:  If you have ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA then you must
+** not define OMIT_DECLTYPE.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA)
+# error "Must not define both SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE \
+         and SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE
+/*
+** Return the column declaration type (if applicable) of the 'i'th column
+** of the result set of SQL statement pStmt.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_decltype(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text, COLNAME_DECLTYPE);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_decltype16(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text16, COLNAME_DECLTYPE);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
+/*
+** Return the name of the database from which a result column derives.
+** NULL is returned if the result column is an expression or constant or
+** anything else which is not an unabiguous reference to a database column.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_database_name(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text, COLNAME_DATABASE);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_database_name16(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text16, COLNAME_DATABASE);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+/*
+** Return the name of the table from which a result column derives.
+** NULL is returned if the result column is an expression or constant or
+** anything else which is not an unabiguous reference to a database column.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_table_name(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text, COLNAME_TABLE);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_table_name16(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text16, COLNAME_TABLE);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+/*
+** Return the name of the table column from which a result column derives.
+** NULL is returned if the result column is an expression or constant or
+** anything else which is not an unabiguous reference to a database column.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_origin_name(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text, COLNAME_COLUMN);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_origin_name16(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int N){
+  return columnName(
+      pStmt, N, (const void*(*)(Mem*))sqlite3_value_text16, COLNAME_COLUMN);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA */
+
+
+/******************************* sqlite3_bind_  ***************************
+** 
+** Routines used to attach values to wildcards in a compiled SQL statement.
+*/
+/*
+** Unbind the value bound to variable i in virtual machine p. This is the 
+** the same as binding a NULL value to the column. If the "i" parameter is
+** out of range, then SQLITE_RANGE is returned. Othewise SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** A successful evaluation of this routine acquires the mutex on p.
+** the mutex is released if any kind of error occurs.
+**
+** The error code stored in database p->db is overwritten with the return
+** value in any case.
+*/
+static int vdbeUnbind(Vdbe *p, int i){
+  Mem *pVar;
+  if( vdbeSafetyNotNull(p) ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->db->mutex);
+  if( p->magic!=VDBE_MAGIC_RUN || p->pc>=0 ){
+    sqlite3Error(p->db, SQLITE_MISUSE, 0);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_MISUSE, 
+        "bind on a busy prepared statement: [%s]", p->zSql);
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  if( i<1 || i>p->nVar ){
+    sqlite3Error(p->db, SQLITE_RANGE, 0);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
+    return SQLITE_RANGE;
+  }
+  i--;
+  pVar = &p->aVar[i];
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pVar);
+  pVar->flags = MEM_Null;
+  sqlite3Error(p->db, SQLITE_OK, 0);
+
+  /* If the bit corresponding to this variable in Vdbe.expmask is set, then 
+  ** binding a new value to this variable invalidates the current query plan.
+  **
+  ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-48440-37595 If the specific value bound to host
+  ** parameter in the WHERE clause might influence the choice of query plan
+  ** for a statement, then the statement will be automatically recompiled,
+  ** as if there had been a schema change, on the first sqlite3_step() call
+  ** following any change to the bindings of that parameter.
+  */
+  if( p->isPrepareV2 &&
+     ((i<32 && p->expmask & ((u32)1 << i)) || p->expmask==0xffffffff)
+  ){
+    p->expired = 1;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Bind a text or BLOB value.
+*/
+static int bindText(
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt,   /* The statement to bind against */
+  int i,                 /* Index of the parameter to bind */
+  const void *zData,     /* Pointer to the data to be bound */
+  int nData,             /* Number of bytes of data to be bound */
+  void (*xDel)(void*),   /* Destructor for the data */
+  u8 encoding            /* Encoding for the data */
+){
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  Mem *pVar;
+  int rc;
+
+  rc = vdbeUnbind(p, i);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( zData!=0 ){
+      pVar = &p->aVar[i-1];
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pVar, zData, nData, encoding, xDel);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && encoding!=0 ){
+        rc = sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pVar, ENC(p->db));
+      }
+      sqlite3Error(p->db, rc, 0);
+      rc = sqlite3ApiExit(p->db, rc);
+    }
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
+  }else if( xDel!=SQLITE_STATIC && xDel!=SQLITE_TRANSIENT ){
+    xDel((void*)zData);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Bind a blob value to an SQL statement variable.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_blob(
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, 
+  int i, 
+  const void *zData, 
+  int nData, 
+  void (*xDel)(void*)
+){
+  return bindText(pStmt, i, zData, nData, xDel, 0);
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_double(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i, double rValue){
+  int rc;
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  rc = vdbeUnbind(p, i);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetDouble(&p->aVar[i-1], rValue);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int(sqlite3_stmt *p, int i, int iValue){
+  return sqlite3_bind_int64(p, i, (i64)iValue);
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int64(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i, sqlite_int64 iValue){
+  int rc;
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  rc = vdbeUnbind(p, i);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&p->aVar[i-1], iValue);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_null(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  int rc;
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
+  rc = vdbeUnbind(p, i);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text( 
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, 
+  int i, 
+  const char *zData, 
+  int nData, 
+  void (*xDel)(void*)
+){
+  return bindText(pStmt, i, zData, nData, xDel, SQLITE_UTF8);
+}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text16(
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, 
+  int i, 
+  const void *zData, 
+  int nData, 
+  void (*xDel)(void*)
+){
+  return bindText(pStmt, i, zData, nData, xDel, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_value(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i, const sqlite3_value *pValue){
+  int rc;
+  switch( pValue->type ){
+    case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
+      rc = sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, i, pValue->u.i);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
+      rc = sqlite3_bind_double(pStmt, i, pValue->r);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_BLOB: {
+      if( pValue->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+        rc = sqlite3_bind_zeroblob(pStmt, i, pValue->u.nZero);
+      }else{
+        rc = sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, i, pValue->z, pValue->n,SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_TEXT: {
+      rc = bindText(pStmt,i,  pValue->z, pValue->n, SQLITE_TRANSIENT,
+                              pValue->enc);
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      rc = sqlite3_bind_null(pStmt, i);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_zeroblob(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i, int n){
+  int rc;
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
+  rc = vdbeUnbind(p, i);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetZeroBlob(&p->aVar[i-1], n);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of wildcards that can be potentially bound to.
+** This routine is added to support DBD::SQLite.  
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
+  return p ? p->nVar : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the name of a wildcard parameter.  Return NULL if the index
+** is out of range or if the wildcard is unnamed.
+**
+** The result is always UTF-8.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
+  Vdbe *p = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
+  if( p==0 || i<1 || i>p->nzVar ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return p->azVar[i-1];
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a wildcard parameter name, return the index of the variable
+** with that name.  If there is no variable with the given name,
+** return 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex(Vdbe *p, const char *zName, int nName){
+  int i;
+  if( p==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( zName ){
+    for(i=0; i<p->nzVar; i++){
+      const char *z = p->azVar[i];
+      if( z && memcmp(z,zName,nName)==0 && z[nName]==0 ){
+        return i+1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_index(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, const char *zName){
+  return sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex((Vdbe*)pStmt, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName));
+}
+
+/*
+** Transfer all bindings from the first statement over to the second.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TransferBindings(sqlite3_stmt *pFromStmt, sqlite3_stmt *pToStmt){
+  Vdbe *pFrom = (Vdbe*)pFromStmt;
+  Vdbe *pTo = (Vdbe*)pToStmt;
+  int i;
+  assert( pTo->db==pFrom->db );
+  assert( pTo->nVar==pFrom->nVar );
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pTo->db->mutex);
+  for(i=0; i<pFrom->nVar; i++){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&pTo->aVar[i], &pFrom->aVar[i]);
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pTo->db->mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+/*
+** Deprecated external interface.  Internal/core SQLite code
+** should call sqlite3TransferBindings.
+**
+** Is is misuse to call this routine with statements from different
+** database connections.  But as this is a deprecated interface, we
+** will not bother to check for that condition.
+**
+** If the two statements contain a different number of bindings, then
+** an SQLITE_ERROR is returned.  Nothing else can go wrong, so otherwise
+** SQLITE_OK is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_transfer_bindings(sqlite3_stmt *pFromStmt, sqlite3_stmt *pToStmt){
+  Vdbe *pFrom = (Vdbe*)pFromStmt;
+  Vdbe *pTo = (Vdbe*)pToStmt;
+  if( pFrom->nVar!=pTo->nVar ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  if( pTo->isPrepareV2 && pTo->expmask ){
+    pTo->expired = 1;
+  }
+  if( pFrom->isPrepareV2 && pFrom->expmask ){
+    pFrom->expired = 1;
+  }
+  return sqlite3TransferBindings(pFromStmt, pToStmt);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return the sqlite3* database handle to which the prepared statement given
+** in the argument belongs.  This is the same database handle that was
+** the first argument to the sqlite3_prepare() that was used to create
+** the statement in the first place.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_db_handle(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  return pStmt ? ((Vdbe*)pStmt)->db : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the prepared statement is guaranteed to not modify the
+** database.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_readonly(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  return pStmt ? ((Vdbe*)pStmt)->readOnly : 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the next prepared statement after pStmt associated
+** with database connection pDb.  If pStmt is NULL, return the first
+** prepared statement for the database connection.  Return NULL if there
+** are no more.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_stmt *sqlite3_next_stmt(sqlite3 *pDb, sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pNext;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pDb->mutex);
+  if( pStmt==0 ){
+    pNext = (sqlite3_stmt*)pDb->pVdbe;
+  }else{
+    pNext = (sqlite3_stmt*)((Vdbe*)pStmt)->pNext;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pDb->mutex);
+  return pNext;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the value of a status counter for a prepared statement
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_status(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int op, int resetFlag){
+  Vdbe *pVdbe = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
+  int v = pVdbe->aCounter[op-1];
+  if( resetFlag ) pVdbe->aCounter[op-1] = 0;
+  return v;
+}
+
+/************** End of vdbeapi.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file vdbetrace.c ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2009 November 25
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code used to insert the values of host parameters
+** (aka "wildcards") into the SQL text output by sqlite3_trace().
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+
+/*
+** zSql is a zero-terminated string of UTF-8 SQL text.  Return the number of
+** bytes in this text up to but excluding the first character in
+** a host parameter.  If the text contains no host parameters, return
+** the total number of bytes in the text.
+*/
+static int findNextHostParameter(const char *zSql, int *pnToken){
+  int tokenType;
+  int nTotal = 0;
+  int n;
+
+  *pnToken = 0;
+  while( zSql[0] ){
+    n = sqlite3GetToken((u8*)zSql, &tokenType);
+    assert( n>0 && tokenType!=TK_ILLEGAL );
+    if( tokenType==TK_VARIABLE ){
+      *pnToken = n;
+      break;
+    }
+    nTotal += n;
+    zSql += n;
+  }
+  return nTotal;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function returns a pointer to a nul-terminated string in memory
+** obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc(). If sqlite3.vdbeExecCnt is 1, then the
+** string contains a copy of zRawSql but with host parameters expanded to 
+** their current bindings. Or, if sqlite3.vdbeExecCnt is greater than 1, 
+** then the returned string holds a copy of zRawSql with "-- " prepended
+** to each line of text.
+**
+** The calling function is responsible for making sure the memory returned
+** is eventually freed.
+**
+** ALGORITHM:  Scan the input string looking for host parameters in any of
+** these forms:  ?, ?N, $A, @A, :A.  Take care to avoid text within
+** string literals, quoted identifier names, and comments.  For text forms,
+** the host parameter index is found by scanning the perpared
+** statement for the corresponding OP_Variable opcode.  Once the host
+** parameter index is known, locate the value in p->aVar[].  Then render
+** the value as a literal in place of the host parameter name.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(
+  Vdbe *p,                 /* The prepared statement being evaluated */
+  const char *zRawSql      /* Raw text of the SQL statement */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db;             /* The database connection */
+  int idx = 0;             /* Index of a host parameter */
+  int nextIndex = 1;       /* Index of next ? host parameter */
+  int n;                   /* Length of a token prefix */
+  int nToken;              /* Length of the parameter token */
+  int i;                   /* Loop counter */
+  Mem *pVar;               /* Value of a host parameter */
+  StrAccum out;            /* Accumulate the output here */
+  char zBase[100];         /* Initial working space */
+
+  db = p->db;
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&out, zBase, sizeof(zBase), 
+                      db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]);
+  out.db = db;
+  if( db->vdbeExecCnt>1 ){
+    while( *zRawSql ){
+      const char *zStart = zRawSql;
+      while( *(zRawSql++)!='\n' && *zRawSql );
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "-- ", 3);
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, zStart, (int)(zRawSql-zStart));
+    }
+  }else{
+    while( zRawSql[0] ){
+      n = findNextHostParameter(zRawSql, &nToken);
+      assert( n>0 );
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, zRawSql, n);
+      zRawSql += n;
+      assert( zRawSql[0] || nToken==0 );
+      if( nToken==0 ) break;
+      if( zRawSql[0]=='?' ){
+        if( nToken>1 ){
+          assert( sqlite3Isdigit(zRawSql[1]) );
+          sqlite3GetInt32(&zRawSql[1], &idx);
+        }else{
+          idx = nextIndex;
+        }
+      }else{
+        assert( zRawSql[0]==':' || zRawSql[0]=='$' || zRawSql[0]=='@' );
+        testcase( zRawSql[0]==':' );
+        testcase( zRawSql[0]=='$' );
+        testcase( zRawSql[0]=='@' );
+        idx = sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex(p, zRawSql, nToken);
+        assert( idx>0 );
+      }
+      zRawSql += nToken;
+      nextIndex = idx + 1;
+      assert( idx>0 && idx<=p->nVar );
+      pVar = &p->aVar[idx-1];
+      if( pVar->flags & MEM_Null ){
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "NULL", 4);
+      }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Int ){
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%lld", pVar->u.i);
+      }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Real ){
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%!.15g", pVar->r);
+      }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Str ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+        u8 enc = ENC(db);
+        if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+          Mem utf8;
+          memset(&utf8, 0, sizeof(utf8));
+          utf8.db = db;
+          sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&utf8, pVar->z, pVar->n, enc, SQLITE_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&utf8, SQLITE_UTF8);
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", utf8.n, utf8.z);
+          sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&utf8);
+        }else
+#endif
+        {
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", pVar->n, pVar->z);
+        }
+      }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "zeroblob(%d)", pVar->u.nZero);
+      }else{
+        assert( pVar->flags & MEM_Blob );
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "x'", 2);
+        for(i=0; i<pVar->n; i++){
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%02x", pVar->z[i]&0xff);
+        }
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "'", 1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&out);
+}
+
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE */
+
+/************** End of vdbetrace.c *******************************************/
+/************** Begin file vdbe.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** The code in this file implements execution method of the 
+** Virtual Database Engine (VDBE).  A separate file ("vdbeaux.c")
+** handles housekeeping details such as creating and deleting
+** VDBE instances.  This file is solely interested in executing
+** the VDBE program.
+**
+** In the external interface, an "sqlite3_stmt*" is an opaque pointer
+** to a VDBE.
+**
+** The SQL parser generates a program which is then executed by
+** the VDBE to do the work of the SQL statement.  VDBE programs are 
+** similar in form to assembly language.  The program consists of
+** a linear sequence of operations.  Each operation has an opcode 
+** and 5 operands.  Operands P1, P2, and P3 are integers.  Operand P4 
+** is a null-terminated string.  Operand P5 is an unsigned character.
+** Few opcodes use all 5 operands.
+**
+** Computation results are stored on a set of registers numbered beginning
+** with 1 and going up to Vdbe.nMem.  Each register can store
+** either an integer, a null-terminated string, a floating point
+** number, or the SQL "NULL" value.  An implicit conversion from one
+** type to the other occurs as necessary.
+** 
+** Most of the code in this file is taken up by the sqlite3VdbeExec()
+** function which does the work of interpreting a VDBE program.
+** But other routines are also provided to help in building up
+** a program instruction by instruction.
+**
+** Various scripts scan this source file in order to generate HTML
+** documentation, headers files, or other derived files.  The formatting
+** of the code in this file is, therefore, important.  See other comments
+** in this file for details.  If in doubt, do not deviate from existing
+** commenting and indentation practices when changing or adding code.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Invoke this macro on memory cells just prior to changing the
+** value of the cell.  This macro verifies that shallow copies are
+** not misused.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+# define memAboutToChange(P,M) sqlite3VdbeMemPrepareToChange(P,M)
+#else
+# define memAboutToChange(P,M)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following global variable is incremented every time a cursor
+** moves, either by the OP_SeekXX, OP_Next, or OP_Prev opcodes.  The test
+** procedures use this information to make sure that indices are
+** working correctly.  This variable has no function other than to
+** help verify the correct operation of the library.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_search_count = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** When this global variable is positive, it gets decremented once before
+** each instruction in the VDBE.  When reaches zero, the u1.isInterrupted
+** field of the sqlite3 structure is set in order to simulate and interrupt.
+**
+** This facility is used for testing purposes only.  It does not function
+** in an ordinary build.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_interrupt_count = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The next global variable is incremented each type the OP_Sort opcode
+** is executed.  The test procedures use this information to make sure that
+** sorting is occurring or not occurring at appropriate times.   This variable
+** has no function other than to help verify the correct operation of the
+** library.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sort_count = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The next global variable records the size of the largest MEM_Blob
+** or MEM_Str that has been used by a VDBE opcode.  The test procedures
+** use this information to make sure that the zero-blob functionality
+** is working correctly.   This variable has no function other than to
+** help verify the correct operation of the library.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_max_blobsize = 0;
+static void updateMaxBlobsize(Mem *p){
+  if( (p->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))!=0 && p->n>sqlite3_max_blobsize ){
+    sqlite3_max_blobsize = p->n;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The next global variable is incremented each type the OP_Found opcode
+** is executed. This is used to test whether or not the foreign key
+** operation implemented using OP_FkIsZero is working. This variable
+** has no function other than to help verify the correct operation of the
+** library.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_found_count = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Test a register to see if it exceeds the current maximum blob size.
+** If it does, record the new maximum blob size.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST)
+# define UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(P)  updateMaxBlobsize(P)
+#else
+# define UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(P)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Convert the given register into a string if it isn't one
+** already. Return non-zero if a malloc() fails.
+*/
+#define Stringify(P, enc) \
+   if(((P)->flags&(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 && sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(P,enc)) \
+     { goto no_mem; }
+
+/*
+** An ephemeral string value (signified by the MEM_Ephem flag) contains
+** a pointer to a dynamically allocated string where some other entity
+** is responsible for deallocating that string.  Because the register
+** does not control the string, it might be deleted without the register
+** knowing it.
+**
+** This routine converts an ephemeral string into a dynamically allocated
+** string that the register itself controls.  In other words, it
+** converts an MEM_Ephem string into an MEM_Dyn string.
+*/
+#define Deephemeralize(P) \
+   if( ((P)->flags&MEM_Ephem)!=0 \
+       && sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(P) ){ goto no_mem;}
+
+/*
+** Call sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob() on the supplied value (type Mem*)
+** P if required.
+*/
+#define ExpandBlob(P) (((P)->flags&MEM_Zero)?sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(P):0)
+
+/*
+** Argument pMem points at a register that will be passed to a
+** user-defined function or returned to the user as the result of a query.
+** This routine sets the pMem->type variable used by the sqlite3_value_*() 
+** routines.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(Mem *pMem){
+  int flags = pMem->flags;
+  if( flags & MEM_Null ){
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_NULL;
+  }
+  else if( flags & MEM_Int ){
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
+  }
+  else if( flags & MEM_Real ){
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
+  }
+  else if( flags & MEM_Str ){
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
+  }else{
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_BLOB;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate VdbeCursor number iCur.  Return a pointer to it.  Return NULL
+** if we run out of memory.
+*/
+static VdbeCursor *allocateCursor(
+  Vdbe *p,              /* The virtual machine */
+  int iCur,             /* Index of the new VdbeCursor */
+  int nField,           /* Number of fields in the table or index */
+  int iDb,              /* When database the cursor belongs to, or -1 */
+  int isBtreeCursor     /* True for B-Tree.  False for pseudo-table or vtab */
+){
+  /* Find the memory cell that will be used to store the blob of memory
+  ** required for this VdbeCursor structure. It is convenient to use a 
+  ** vdbe memory cell to manage the memory allocation required for a
+  ** VdbeCursor structure for the following reasons:
+  **
+  **   * Sometimes cursor numbers are used for a couple of different
+  **     purposes in a vdbe program. The different uses might require
+  **     different sized allocations. Memory cells provide growable
+  **     allocations.
+  **
+  **   * When using ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT, memory cell buffers can
+  **     be freed lazily via the sqlite3_release_memory() API. This
+  **     minimizes the number of malloc calls made by the system.
+  **
+  ** Memory cells for cursors are allocated at the top of the address
+  ** space. Memory cell (p->nMem) corresponds to cursor 0. Space for
+  ** cursor 1 is managed by memory cell (p->nMem-1), etc.
+  */
+  Mem *pMem = &p->aMem[p->nMem-iCur];
+
+  int nByte;
+  VdbeCursor *pCx = 0;
+  nByte = 
+      ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor)) + 
+      (isBtreeCursor?sqlite3BtreeCursorSize():0) + 
+      2*nField*sizeof(u32);
+
+  assert( iCur<p->nCursor );
+  if( p->apCsr[iCur] ){
+    sqlite3VdbeFreeCursor(p, p->apCsr[iCur]);
+    p->apCsr[iCur] = 0;
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK==sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, nByte, 0) ){
+    p->apCsr[iCur] = pCx = (VdbeCursor*)pMem->z;
+    memset(pCx, 0, sizeof(VdbeCursor));
+    pCx->iDb = iDb;
+    pCx->nField = nField;
+    if( nField ){
+      pCx->aType = (u32 *)&pMem->z[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor))];
+    }
+    if( isBtreeCursor ){
+      pCx->pCursor = (BtCursor*)
+          &pMem->z[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor))+2*nField*sizeof(u32)];
+      sqlite3BtreeCursorZero(pCx->pCursor);
+    }
+  }
+  return pCx;
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to convert a value into a numeric representation if we can
+** do so without loss of information.  In other words, if the string
+** looks like a number, convert it into a number.  If it does not
+** look like a number, leave it alone.
+*/
+static void applyNumericAffinity(Mem *pRec){
+  if( (pRec->flags & (MEM_Real|MEM_Int))==0 ){
+    double rValue;
+    i64 iValue;
+    u8 enc = pRec->enc;
+    if( (pRec->flags&MEM_Str)==0 ) return;
+    if( sqlite3AtoF(pRec->z, &rValue, pRec->n, enc)==0 ) return;
+    if( 0==sqlite3Atoi64(pRec->z, &iValue, pRec->n, enc) ){
+      pRec->u.i = iValue;
+      pRec->flags |= MEM_Int;
+    }else{
+      pRec->r = rValue;
+      pRec->flags |= MEM_Real;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Processing is determine by the affinity parameter:
+**
+** SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER:
+** SQLITE_AFF_REAL:
+** SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC:
+**    Try to convert pRec to an integer representation or a 
+**    floating-point representation if an integer representation
+**    is not possible.  Note that the integer representation is
+**    always preferred, even if the affinity is REAL, because
+**    an integer representation is more space efficient on disk.
+**
+** SQLITE_AFF_TEXT:
+**    Convert pRec to a text representation.
+**
+** SQLITE_AFF_NONE:
+**    No-op.  pRec is unchanged.
+*/
+static void applyAffinity(
+  Mem *pRec,          /* The value to apply affinity to */
+  char affinity,      /* The affinity to be applied */
+  u8 enc              /* Use this text encoding */
+){
+  if( affinity==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT ){
+    /* Only attempt the conversion to TEXT if there is an integer or real
+    ** representation (blob and NULL do not get converted) but no string
+    ** representation.
+    */
+    if( 0==(pRec->flags&MEM_Str) && (pRec->flags&(MEM_Real|MEM_Int)) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(pRec, enc);
+    }
+    pRec->flags &= ~(MEM_Real|MEM_Int);
+  }else if( affinity!=SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
+    assert( affinity==SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER || affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL
+             || affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC );
+    applyNumericAffinity(pRec);
+    if( pRec->flags & MEM_Real ){
+      sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(pRec);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to convert the type of a function argument or a result column
+** into a numeric representation.  Use either INTEGER or REAL whichever
+** is appropriate.  But only do the conversion if it is possible without
+** loss of information and return the revised type of the argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_numeric_type(sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  Mem *pMem = (Mem*)pVal;
+  if( pMem->type==SQLITE_TEXT ){
+    applyNumericAffinity(pMem);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(pMem);
+  }
+  return pMem->type;
+}
+
+/*
+** Exported version of applyAffinity(). This one works on sqlite3_value*, 
+** not the internal Mem* type.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(
+  sqlite3_value *pVal, 
+  u8 affinity, 
+  u8 enc
+){
+  applyAffinity((Mem *)pVal, affinity, enc);
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Write a nice string representation of the contents of cell pMem
+** into buffer zBuf, length nBuf.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemPrettyPrint(Mem *pMem, char *zBuf){
+  char *zCsr = zBuf;
+  int f = pMem->flags;
+
+  static const char *const encnames[] = {"(X)", "(8)", "(16LE)", "(16BE)"};
+
+  if( f&MEM_Blob ){
+    int i;
+    char c;
+    if( f & MEM_Dyn ){
+      c = 'z';
+      assert( (f & (MEM_Static|MEM_Ephem))==0 );
+    }else if( f & MEM_Static ){
+      c = 't';
+      assert( (f & (MEM_Dyn|MEM_Ephem))==0 );
+    }else if( f & MEM_Ephem ){
+      c = 'e';
+      assert( (f & (MEM_Static|MEM_Dyn))==0 );
+    }else{
+      c = 's';
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_snprintf(100, zCsr, "%c", c);
+    zCsr += sqlite3Strlen30(zCsr);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(100, zCsr, "%d[", pMem->n);
+    zCsr += sqlite3Strlen30(zCsr);
+    for(i=0; i<16 && i<pMem->n; i++){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(100, zCsr, "%02X", ((int)pMem->z[i] & 0xFF));
+      zCsr += sqlite3Strlen30(zCsr);
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<16 && i<pMem->n; i++){
+      char z = pMem->z[i];
+      if( z<32 || z>126 ) *zCsr++ = '.';
+      else *zCsr++ = z;
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_snprintf(100, zCsr, "]%s", encnames[pMem->enc]);
+    zCsr += sqlite3Strlen30(zCsr);
+    if( f & MEM_Zero ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(100, zCsr,"+%dz",pMem->u.nZero);
+      zCsr += sqlite3Strlen30(zCsr);
+    }
+    *zCsr = '\0';
+  }else if( f & MEM_Str ){
+    int j, k;
+    zBuf[0] = ' ';
+    if( f & MEM_Dyn ){
+      zBuf[1] = 'z';
+      assert( (f & (MEM_Static|MEM_Ephem))==0 );
+    }else if( f & MEM_Static ){
+      zBuf[1] = 't';
+      assert( (f & (MEM_Dyn|MEM_Ephem))==0 );
+    }else if( f & MEM_Ephem ){
+      zBuf[1] = 'e';
+      assert( (f & (MEM_Static|MEM_Dyn))==0 );
+    }else{
+      zBuf[1] = 's';
+    }
+    k = 2;
+    sqlite3_snprintf(100, &zBuf[k], "%d", pMem->n);
+    k += sqlite3Strlen30(&zBuf[k]);
+    zBuf[k++] = '[';
+    for(j=0; j<15 && j<pMem->n; j++){
+      u8 c = pMem->z[j];
+      if( c>=0x20 && c<0x7f ){
+        zBuf[k++] = c;
+      }else{
+        zBuf[k++] = '.';
+      }
+    }
+    zBuf[k++] = ']';
+    sqlite3_snprintf(100,&zBuf[k], encnames[pMem->enc]);
+    k += sqlite3Strlen30(&zBuf[k]);
+    zBuf[k++] = 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Print the value of a register for tracing purposes:
+*/
+static void memTracePrint(FILE *out, Mem *p){
+  if( p->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    fprintf(out, " NULL");
+  }else if( (p->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Str))==(MEM_Int|MEM_Str) ){
+    fprintf(out, " si:%lld", p->u.i);
+  }else if( p->flags & MEM_Int ){
+    fprintf(out, " i:%lld", p->u.i);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+  }else if( p->flags & MEM_Real ){
+    fprintf(out, " r:%g", p->r);
+#endif
+  }else if( p->flags & MEM_RowSet ){
+    fprintf(out, " (rowset)");
+  }else{
+    char zBuf[200];
+    sqlite3VdbeMemPrettyPrint(p, zBuf);
+    fprintf(out, " ");
+    fprintf(out, "%s", zBuf);
+  }
+}
+static void registerTrace(FILE *out, int iReg, Mem *p){
+  fprintf(out, "REG[%d] = ", iReg);
+  memTracePrint(out, p);
+  fprintf(out, "\n");
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#  define REGISTER_TRACE(R,M) if(p->trace)registerTrace(p->trace,R,M)
+#else
+#  define REGISTER_TRACE(R,M)
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
+
+/* 
+** hwtime.h contains inline assembler code for implementing 
+** high-performance timing routines.
+*/
+/************** Include hwtime.h in the middle of vdbe.c *********************/
+/************** Begin file hwtime.h ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 May 27
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains inline asm code for retrieving "high-performance"
+** counters for x86 class CPUs.
+*/
+#ifndef _HWTIME_H_
+#define _HWTIME_H_
+
+/*
+** The following routine only works on pentium-class (or newer) processors.
+** It uses the RDTSC opcode to read the cycle count value out of the
+** processor and returns that value.  This can be used for high-res
+** profiling.
+*/
+#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
+      (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86))
+
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     unsigned int lo, hi;
+     __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi));
+     return (sqlite_uint64)hi << 32 | lo;
+  }
+
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+  __declspec(naked) __inline sqlite_uint64 __cdecl sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     __asm {
+        rdtsc
+        ret       ; return value at EDX:EAX
+     }
+  }
+
+  #endif
+
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long val;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=A" (val));
+      return val;
+  }
+ 
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__ppc__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long long retval;
+      unsigned long junk;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("\n\
+          1:      mftbu   %1\n\
+                  mftb    %L0\n\
+                  mftbu   %0\n\
+                  cmpw    %0,%1\n\
+                  bne     1b"
+                  : "=r" (retval), "=r" (junk));
+      return retval;
+  }
+
+#else
+
+  #error Need implementation of sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform.
+
+  /*
+  ** To compile without implementing sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform,
+  ** you can remove the above #error and use the following
+  ** stub function.  You will lose timing support for many
+  ** of the debugging and testing utilities, but it should at
+  ** least compile and run.
+  */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){ return ((sqlite_uint64)0); }
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_HWTIME_H_) */
+
+/************** End of hwtime.h **********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in vdbe.c ***********************/
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT macro defined here looks to see if the
+** sqlite3_interrupt() routine has been called.  If it has been, then
+** processing of the VDBE program is interrupted.
+**
+** This macro added to every instruction that does a jump in order to
+** implement a loop.  This test used to be on every single instruction,
+** but that meant we more testing that we needed.  By only testing the
+** flag on jump instructions, we get a (small) speed improvement.
+*/
+#define CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT \
+   if( db->u1.isInterrupted ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
+
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** This function is only called from within an assert() expression. It
+** checks that the sqlite3.nTransaction variable is correctly set to
+** the number of non-transaction savepoints currently in the 
+** linked list starting at sqlite3.pSavepoint.
+** 
+** Usage:
+**
+**     assert( checkSavepointCount(db) );
+*/
+static int checkSavepointCount(sqlite3 *db){
+  int n = 0;
+  Savepoint *p;
+  for(p=db->pSavepoint; p; p=p->pNext) n++;
+  assert( n==(db->nSavepoint + db->isTransactionSavepoint) );
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Transfer error message text from an sqlite3_vtab.zErrMsg (text stored
+** in memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc) into a Vdbe.zErrMsg (text stored
+** in memory obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc).
+*/
+static void importVtabErrMsg(Vdbe *p, sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+  p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pVtab->zErrMsg);
+  sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
+  pVtab->zErrMsg = 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Execute as much of a VDBE program as we can then return.
+**
+** sqlite3VdbeMakeReady() must be called before this routine in order to
+** close the program with a final OP_Halt and to set up the callbacks
+** and the error message pointer.
+**
+** Whenever a row or result data is available, this routine will either
+** invoke the result callback (if there is one) or return with
+** SQLITE_ROW.
+**
+** If an attempt is made to open a locked database, then this routine
+** will either invoke the busy callback (if there is one) or it will
+** return SQLITE_BUSY.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an error message is written to memory obtained
+** from sqlite3_malloc() and p->zErrMsg is made to point to that memory.
+** The error code is stored in p->rc and this routine returns SQLITE_ERROR.
+**
+** If the callback ever returns non-zero, then the program exits
+** immediately.  There will be no error message but the p->rc field is
+** set to SQLITE_ABORT and this routine will return SQLITE_ERROR.
+**
+** A memory allocation error causes p->rc to be set to SQLITE_NOMEM and this
+** routine to return SQLITE_ERROR.
+**
+** Other fatal errors return SQLITE_ERROR.
+**
+** After this routine has finished, sqlite3VdbeFinalize() should be
+** used to clean up the mess that was left behind.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
+  Vdbe *p                    /* The VDBE */
+){
+  int pc=0;                  /* The program counter */
+  Op *aOp = p->aOp;          /* Copy of p->aOp */
+  Op *pOp;                   /* Current operation */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;        /* Value to return */
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;       /* The database */
+  u8 resetSchemaOnFault = 0; /* Reset schema after an error if positive */
+  u8 encoding = ENC(db);     /* The database encoding */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+  int checkProgress;         /* True if progress callbacks are enabled */
+  int nProgressOps = 0;      /* Opcodes executed since progress callback. */
+#endif
+  Mem *aMem = p->aMem;       /* Copy of p->aMem */
+  Mem *pIn1 = 0;             /* 1st input operand */
+  Mem *pIn2 = 0;             /* 2nd input operand */
+  Mem *pIn3 = 0;             /* 3rd input operand */
+  Mem *pOut = 0;             /* Output operand */
+  int iCompare = 0;          /* Result of last OP_Compare operation */
+  int *aPermute = 0;         /* Permutation of columns for OP_Compare */
+  i64 lastRowid = db->lastRowid;  /* Saved value of the last insert ROWID */
+#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
+  u64 start;                 /* CPU clock count at start of opcode */
+  int origPc;                /* Program counter at start of opcode */
+#endif
+  /********************************************************************
+  ** Automatically generated code
+  **
+  ** The following union is automatically generated by the
+  ** vdbe-compress.tcl script.  The purpose of this union is to
+  ** reduce the amount of stack space required by this function.
+  ** See comments in the vdbe-compress.tcl script for details.
+  */
+  union vdbeExecUnion {
+    struct OP_Yield_stack_vars {
+      int pcDest;
+    } aa;
+    struct OP_Variable_stack_vars {
+      Mem *pVar;       /* Value being transferred */
+    } ab;
+    struct OP_Move_stack_vars {
+      char *zMalloc;   /* Holding variable for allocated memory */
+      int n;           /* Number of registers left to copy */
+      int p1;          /* Register to copy from */
+      int p2;          /* Register to copy to */
+    } ac;
+    struct OP_ResultRow_stack_vars {
+      Mem *pMem;
+      int i;
+    } ad;
+    struct OP_Concat_stack_vars {
+      i64 nByte;
+    } ae;
+    struct OP_Remainder_stack_vars {
+      int flags;      /* Combined MEM_* flags from both inputs */
+      i64 iA;         /* Integer value of left operand */
+      i64 iB;         /* Integer value of right operand */
+      double rA;      /* Real value of left operand */
+      double rB;      /* Real value of right operand */
+    } af;
+    struct OP_Function_stack_vars {
+      int i;
+      Mem *pArg;
+      sqlite3_context ctx;
+      sqlite3_value **apVal;
+      int n;
+    } ag;
+    struct OP_ShiftRight_stack_vars {
+      i64 iA;
+      u64 uA;
+      i64 iB;
+      u8 op;
+    } ah;
+    struct OP_Ge_stack_vars {
+      int res;            /* Result of the comparison of pIn1 against pIn3 */
+      char affinity;      /* Affinity to use for comparison */
+      u16 flags1;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn1->flags */
+      u16 flags3;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn3->flags */
+    } ai;
+    struct OP_Compare_stack_vars {
+      int n;
+      int i;
+      int p1;
+      int p2;
+      const KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+      int idx;
+      CollSeq *pColl;    /* Collating sequence to use on this term */
+      int bRev;          /* True for DESCENDING sort order */
+    } aj;
+    struct OP_Or_stack_vars {
+      int v1;    /* Left operand:  0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
+      int v2;    /* Right operand: 0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
+    } ak;
+    struct OP_IfNot_stack_vars {
+      int c;
+    } al;
+    struct OP_Column_stack_vars {
+      u32 payloadSize;   /* Number of bytes in the record */
+      i64 payloadSize64; /* Number of bytes in the record */
+      int p1;            /* P1 value of the opcode */
+      int p2;            /* column number to retrieve */
+      VdbeCursor *pC;    /* The VDBE cursor */
+      char *zRec;        /* Pointer to complete record-data */
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;   /* The BTree cursor */
+      u32 *aType;        /* aType[i] holds the numeric type of the i-th column */
+      u32 *aOffset;      /* aOffset[i] is offset to start of data for i-th column */
+      int nField;        /* number of fields in the record */
+      int len;           /* The length of the serialized data for the column */
+      int i;             /* Loop counter */
+      char *zData;       /* Part of the record being decoded */
+      Mem *pDest;        /* Where to write the extracted value */
+      Mem sMem;          /* For storing the record being decoded */
+      u8 *zIdx;          /* Index into header */
+      u8 *zEndHdr;       /* Pointer to first byte after the header */
+      u32 offset;        /* Offset into the data */
+      u32 szField;       /* Number of bytes in the content of a field */
+      int szHdr;         /* Size of the header size field at start of record */
+      int avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
+      Mem *pReg;         /* PseudoTable input register */
+    } am;
+    struct OP_Affinity_stack_vars {
+      const char *zAffinity;   /* The affinity to be applied */
+      char cAff;               /* A single character of affinity */
+    } an;
+    struct OP_MakeRecord_stack_vars {
+      u8 *zNewRecord;        /* A buffer to hold the data for the new record */
+      Mem *pRec;             /* The new record */
+      u64 nData;             /* Number of bytes of data space */
+      int nHdr;              /* Number of bytes of header space */
+      i64 nByte;             /* Data space required for this record */
+      int nZero;             /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
+      int nVarint;           /* Number of bytes in a varint */
+      u32 serial_type;       /* Type field */
+      Mem *pData0;           /* First field to be combined into the record */
+      Mem *pLast;            /* Last field of the record */
+      int nField;            /* Number of fields in the record */
+      char *zAffinity;       /* The affinity string for the record */
+      int file_format;       /* File format to use for encoding */
+      int i;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] */
+      int len;               /* Length of a field */
+    } ao;
+    struct OP_Count_stack_vars {
+      i64 nEntry;
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+    } ap;
+    struct OP_Savepoint_stack_vars {
+      int p1;                         /* Value of P1 operand */
+      char *zName;                    /* Name of savepoint */
+      int nName;
+      Savepoint *pNew;
+      Savepoint *pSavepoint;
+      Savepoint *pTmp;
+      int iSavepoint;
+      int ii;
+    } aq;
+    struct OP_AutoCommit_stack_vars {
+      int desiredAutoCommit;
+      int iRollback;
+      int turnOnAC;
+    } ar;
+    struct OP_Transaction_stack_vars {
+      Btree *pBt;
+    } as;
+    struct OP_ReadCookie_stack_vars {
+      int iMeta;
+      int iDb;
+      int iCookie;
+    } at;
+    struct OP_SetCookie_stack_vars {
+      Db *pDb;
+    } au;
+    struct OP_VerifyCookie_stack_vars {
+      int iMeta;
+      int iGen;
+      Btree *pBt;
+    } av;
+    struct OP_OpenWrite_stack_vars {
+      int nField;
+      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+      int p2;
+      int iDb;
+      int wrFlag;
+      Btree *pX;
+      VdbeCursor *pCur;
+      Db *pDb;
+    } aw;
+    struct OP_OpenEphemeral_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pCx;
+    } ax;
+    struct OP_OpenPseudo_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pCx;
+    } ay;
+    struct OP_SeekGt_stack_vars {
+      int res;
+      int oc;
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      UnpackedRecord r;
+      int nField;
+      i64 iKey;      /* The rowid we are to seek to */
+    } az;
+    struct OP_Seek_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+    } ba;
+    struct OP_Found_stack_vars {
+      int alreadyExists;
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      int res;
+      UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;
+      UnpackedRecord r;
+      char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*3 + 7];
+    } bb;
+    struct OP_IsUnique_stack_vars {
+      u16 ii;
+      VdbeCursor *pCx;
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+      u16 nField;
+      Mem *aMx;
+      UnpackedRecord r;                  /* B-Tree index search key */
+      i64 R;                             /* Rowid stored in register P3 */
+    } bc;
+    struct OP_NotExists_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+      int res;
+      u64 iKey;
+    } bd;
+    struct OP_NewRowid_stack_vars {
+      i64 v;                 /* The new rowid */
+      VdbeCursor *pC;        /* Cursor of table to get the new rowid */
+      int res;               /* Result of an sqlite3BtreeLast() */
+      int cnt;               /* Counter to limit the number of searches */
+      Mem *pMem;             /* Register holding largest rowid for AUTOINCREMENT */
+      VdbeFrame *pFrame;     /* Root frame of VDBE */
+    } be;
+    struct OP_InsertInt_stack_vars {
+      Mem *pData;       /* MEM cell holding data for the record to be inserted */
+      Mem *pKey;        /* MEM cell holding key  for the record */
+      i64 iKey;         /* The integer ROWID or key for the record to be inserted */
+      VdbeCursor *pC;   /* Cursor to table into which insert is written */
+      int nZero;        /* Number of zero-bytes to append */
+      int seekResult;   /* Result of prior seek or 0 if no USESEEKRESULT flag */
+      const char *zDb;  /* database name - used by the update hook */
+      const char *zTbl; /* Table name - used by the opdate hook */
+      int op;           /* Opcode for update hook: SQLITE_UPDATE or SQLITE_INSERT */
+    } bf;
+    struct OP_Delete_stack_vars {
+      i64 iKey;
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+    } bg;
+    struct OP_RowData_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+      u32 n;
+      i64 n64;
+    } bh;
+    struct OP_Rowid_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      i64 v;
+      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
+    } bi;
+    struct OP_NullRow_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+    } bj;
+    struct OP_Last_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+      int res;
+    } bk;
+    struct OP_Rewind_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+      int res;
+    } bl;
+    struct OP_Next_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+      int res;
+    } bm;
+    struct OP_IdxInsert_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+      int nKey;
+      const char *zKey;
+    } bn;
+    struct OP_IdxDelete_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+      int res;
+      UnpackedRecord r;
+    } bo;
+    struct OP_IdxRowid_stack_vars {
+      BtCursor *pCrsr;
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      i64 rowid;
+    } bp;
+    struct OP_IdxGE_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      int res;
+      UnpackedRecord r;
+    } bq;
+    struct OP_Destroy_stack_vars {
+      int iMoved;
+      int iCnt;
+      Vdbe *pVdbe;
+      int iDb;
+    } br;
+    struct OP_Clear_stack_vars {
+      int nChange;
+    } bs;
+    struct OP_CreateTable_stack_vars {
+      int pgno;
+      int flags;
+      Db *pDb;
+    } bt;
+    struct OP_ParseSchema_stack_vars {
+      int iDb;
+      const char *zMaster;
+      char *zSql;
+      InitData initData;
+    } bu;
+    struct OP_IntegrityCk_stack_vars {
+      int nRoot;      /* Number of tables to check.  (Number of root pages.) */
+      int *aRoot;     /* Array of rootpage numbers for tables to be checked */
+      int j;          /* Loop counter */
+      int nErr;       /* Number of errors reported */
+      char *z;        /* Text of the error report */
+      Mem *pnErr;     /* Register keeping track of errors remaining */
+    } bv;
+    struct OP_RowSetRead_stack_vars {
+      i64 val;
+    } bw;
+    struct OP_RowSetTest_stack_vars {
+      int iSet;
+      int exists;
+    } bx;
+    struct OP_Program_stack_vars {
+      int nMem;               /* Number of memory registers for sub-program */
+      int nByte;              /* Bytes of runtime space required for sub-program */
+      Mem *pRt;               /* Register to allocate runtime space */
+      Mem *pMem;              /* Used to iterate through memory cells */
+      Mem *pEnd;              /* Last memory cell in new array */
+      VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* New vdbe frame to execute in */
+      SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Sub-program to execute */
+      void *t;                /* Token identifying trigger */
+    } by;
+    struct OP_Param_stack_vars {
+      VdbeFrame *pFrame;
+      Mem *pIn;
+    } bz;
+    struct OP_MemMax_stack_vars {
+      Mem *pIn1;
+      VdbeFrame *pFrame;
+    } ca;
+    struct OP_AggStep_stack_vars {
+      int n;
+      int i;
+      Mem *pMem;
+      Mem *pRec;
+      sqlite3_context ctx;
+      sqlite3_value **apVal;
+    } cb;
+    struct OP_AggFinal_stack_vars {
+      Mem *pMem;
+    } cc;
+    struct OP_Checkpoint_stack_vars {
+      int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+      int aRes[3];                    /* Results */
+      Mem *pMem;                      /* Write results here */
+    } cd;
+    struct OP_JournalMode_stack_vars {
+      Btree *pBt;                     /* Btree to change journal mode of */
+      Pager *pPager;                  /* Pager associated with pBt */
+      int eNew;                       /* New journal mode */
+      int eOld;                       /* The old journal mode */
+      const char *zFilename;          /* Name of database file for pPager */
+    } ce;
+    struct OP_IncrVacuum_stack_vars {
+      Btree *pBt;
+    } cf;
+    struct OP_VBegin_stack_vars {
+      VTable *pVTab;
+    } cg;
+    struct OP_VOpen_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pCur;
+      sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
+      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+      sqlite3_module *pModule;
+    } ch;
+    struct OP_VFilter_stack_vars {
+      int nArg;
+      int iQuery;
+      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
+      Mem *pQuery;
+      Mem *pArgc;
+      sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
+      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+      VdbeCursor *pCur;
+      int res;
+      int i;
+      Mem **apArg;
+    } ci;
+    struct OP_VColumn_stack_vars {
+      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
+      Mem *pDest;
+      sqlite3_context sContext;
+    } cj;
+    struct OP_VNext_stack_vars {
+      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
+      int res;
+      VdbeCursor *pCur;
+    } ck;
+    struct OP_VRename_stack_vars {
+      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+      Mem *pName;
+    } cl;
+    struct OP_VUpdate_stack_vars {
+      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+      sqlite3_module *pModule;
+      int nArg;
+      int i;
+      sqlite_int64 rowid;
+      Mem **apArg;
+      Mem *pX;
+    } cm;
+    struct OP_Trace_stack_vars {
+      char *zTrace;
+      char *z;
+    } cn;
+  } u;
+  /* End automatically generated code
+  ********************************************************************/
+
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN );  /* sqlite3_step() verifies this */
+  sqlite3VdbeEnter(p);
+  if( p->rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    /* This happens if a malloc() inside a call to sqlite3_column_text() or
+    ** sqlite3_column_text16() failed.  */
+    goto no_mem;
+  }
+  assert( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY );
+  p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( p->explain==0 );
+  p->pResultSet = 0;
+  db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
+  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+  sqlite3VdbeIOTraceSql(p);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+  checkProgress = db->xProgress!=0;
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+  if( p->pc==0  && (p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeListing)!=0 ){
+    int i;
+    printf("VDBE Program Listing:\n");
+    sqlite3VdbePrintSql(p);
+    for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
+      sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, i, &aOp[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+#endif
+  for(pc=p->pc; rc==SQLITE_OK; pc++){
+    assert( pc>=0 && pc<p->nOp );
+    if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
+#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
+    origPc = pc;
+    start = sqlite3Hwtime();
+#endif
+    pOp = &aOp[pc];
+
+    /* Only allow tracing if SQLITE_DEBUG is defined.
+    */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    if( p->trace ){
+      if( pc==0 ){
+        printf("VDBE Execution Trace:\n");
+        sqlite3VdbePrintSql(p);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbePrintOp(p->trace, pc, pOp);
+    }
+#endif
+      
+
+    /* Check to see if we need to simulate an interrupt.  This only happens
+    ** if we have a special test build.
+    */
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+    if( sqlite3_interrupt_count>0 ){
+      sqlite3_interrupt_count--;
+      if( sqlite3_interrupt_count==0 ){
+        sqlite3_interrupt(db);
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+    /* Call the progress callback if it is configured and the required number
+    ** of VDBE ops have been executed (either since this invocation of
+    ** sqlite3VdbeExec() or since last time the progress callback was called).
+    ** If the progress callback returns non-zero, exit the virtual machine with
+    ** a return code SQLITE_ABORT.
+    */
+    if( checkProgress ){
+      if( db->nProgressOps==nProgressOps ){
+        int prc;
+        prc = db->xProgress(db->pProgressArg);
+        if( prc!=0 ){
+          rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
+          goto vdbe_error_halt;
+        }
+        nProgressOps = 0;
+      }
+      nProgressOps++;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* On any opcode with the "out2-prerelase" tag, free any
+    ** external allocations out of mem[p2] and set mem[p2] to be
+    ** an undefined integer.  Opcodes will either fill in the integer
+    ** value or convert mem[p2] to a different type.
+    */
+    assert( pOp->opflags==sqlite3OpcodeProperty[pOp->opcode] );
+    if( pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT2_PRERELEASE ){
+      assert( pOp->p2>0 );
+      assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+      memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
+      sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(pOut);
+      pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
+    }
+
+    /* Sanity checking on other operands */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN1)!=0 ){
+      assert( pOp->p1>0 );
+      assert( pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
+      assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p1]) );
+      REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, &aMem[pOp->p1]);
+    }
+    if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN2)!=0 ){
+      assert( pOp->p2>0 );
+      assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p2]) );
+      REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
+    }
+    if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN3)!=0 ){
+      assert( pOp->p3>0 );
+      assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+      assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
+      REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
+    }
+    if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT2)!=0 ){
+      assert( pOp->p2>0 );
+      assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
+    }
+    if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT3)!=0 ){
+      assert( pOp->p3>0 );
+      assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+      memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
+    }
+#endif
+  
+    switch( pOp->opcode ){
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+** What follows is a massive switch statement where each case implements a
+** separate instruction in the virtual machine.  If we follow the usual
+** indentation conventions, each case should be indented by 6 spaces.  But
+** that is a lot of wasted space on the left margin.  So the code within
+** the switch statement will break with convention and be flush-left. Another
+** big comment (similar to this one) will mark the point in the code where
+** we transition back to normal indentation.
+**
+** The formatting of each case is important.  The makefile for SQLite
+** generates two C files "opcodes.h" and "opcodes.c" by scanning this
+** file looking for lines that begin with "case OP_".  The opcodes.h files
+** will be filled with #defines that give unique integer values to each
+** opcode and the opcodes.c file is filled with an array of strings where
+** each string is the symbolic name for the corresponding opcode.  If the
+** case statement is followed by a comment of the form "/# same as ... #/"
+** that comment is used to determine the particular value of the opcode.
+**
+** Other keywords in the comment that follows each case are used to
+** construct the OPFLG_INITIALIZER value that initializes opcodeProperty[].
+** Keywords include: in1, in2, in3, out2_prerelease, out2, out3.  See
+** the mkopcodeh.awk script for additional information.
+**
+** Documentation about VDBE opcodes is generated by scanning this file
+** for lines of that contain "Opcode:".  That line and all subsequent
+** comment lines are used in the generation of the opcode.html documentation
+** file.
+**
+** SUMMARY:
+**
+**     Formatting is important to scripts that scan this file.
+**     Do not deviate from the formatting style currently in use.
+**
+*****************************************************************************/
+
+/* Opcode:  Goto * P2 * * *
+**
+** An unconditional jump to address P2.
+** The next instruction executed will be 
+** the one at index P2 from the beginning of
+** the program.
+*/
+case OP_Goto: {             /* jump */
+  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+  pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode:  Gosub P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Write the current address onto register P1
+** and then jump to address P2.
+*/
+case OP_Gosub: {            /* jump, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 );
+  memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
+  pIn1->flags = MEM_Int;
+  pIn1->u.i = pc;
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, pIn1);
+  pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode:  Return P1 * * * *
+**
+** Jump to the next instruction after the address in register P1.
+*/
+case OP_Return: {           /* in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pIn1->flags & MEM_Int );
+  pc = (int)pIn1->u.i;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode:  Yield P1 * * * *
+**
+** Swap the program counter with the value in register P1.
+*/
+case OP_Yield: {            /* in1 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aa */
+  int pcDest;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.aa */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 );
+  pIn1->flags = MEM_Int;
+  u.aa.pcDest = (int)pIn1->u.i;
+  pIn1->u.i = pc;
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, pIn1);
+  pc = u.aa.pcDest;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode:  HaltIfNull  P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** Check the value in register P3.  If it is NULL then Halt using
+** parameter P1, P2, and P4 as if this were a Halt instruction.  If the
+** value in register P3 is not NULL, then this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+case OP_HaltIfNull: {      /* in3 */
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Null)==0 ) break;
+  /* Fall through into OP_Halt */
+}
+
+/* Opcode:  Halt P1 P2 * P4 *
+**
+** Exit immediately.  All open cursors, etc are closed
+** automatically.
+**
+** P1 is the result code returned by sqlite3_exec(), sqlite3_reset(),
+** or sqlite3_finalize().  For a normal halt, this should be SQLITE_OK (0).
+** For errors, it can be some other value.  If P1!=0 then P2 will determine
+** whether or not to rollback the current transaction.  Do not rollback
+** if P2==OE_Fail. Do the rollback if P2==OE_Rollback.  If P2==OE_Abort,
+** then back out all changes that have occurred during this execution of the
+** VDBE, but do not rollback the transaction. 
+**
+** If P4 is not null then it is an error message string.
+**
+** There is an implied "Halt 0 0 0" instruction inserted at the very end of
+** every program.  So a jump past the last instruction of the program
+** is the same as executing Halt.
+*/
+case OP_Halt: {
+  if( pOp->p1==SQLITE_OK && p->pFrame ){
+    /* Halt the sub-program. Return control to the parent frame. */
+    VdbeFrame *pFrame = p->pFrame;
+    p->pFrame = pFrame->pParent;
+    p->nFrame--;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(db, p->nChange);
+    pc = sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(pFrame);
+    lastRowid = db->lastRowid;
+    if( pOp->p2==OE_Ignore ){
+      /* Instruction pc is the OP_Program that invoked the sub-program 
+      ** currently being halted. If the p2 instruction of this OP_Halt
+      ** instruction is set to OE_Ignore, then the sub-program is throwing
+      ** an IGNORE exception. In this case jump to the address specified
+      ** as the p2 of the calling OP_Program.  */
+      pc = p->aOp[pc].p2-1;
+    }
+    aOp = p->aOp;
+    aMem = p->aMem;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  p->rc = pOp->p1;
+  p->errorAction = (u8)pOp->p2;
+  p->pc = pc;
+  if( pOp->p4.z ){
+    assert( p->rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", pOp->p4.z);
+    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+    sqlite3_log(pOp->p1, "abort at %d in [%s]: %s", pc, p->zSql, pOp->p4.z);
+  }else if( p->rc ){
+    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+    sqlite3_log(pOp->p1, "constraint failed at %d in [%s]", pc, p->zSql);
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeHalt(p);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_BUSY || rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_ERROR );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+    p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }else{
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT );
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || db->nDeferredCons>0 );
+    rc = p->rc ? SQLITE_ERROR : SQLITE_DONE;
+  }
+  goto vdbe_return;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Integer P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** The 32-bit integer value P1 is written into register P2.
+*/
+case OP_Integer: {         /* out2-prerelease */
+  pOut->u.i = pOp->p1;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Int64 * P2 * P4 *
+**
+** P4 is a pointer to a 64-bit integer value.
+** Write that value into register P2.
+*/
+case OP_Int64: {           /* out2-prerelease */
+  assert( pOp->p4.pI64!=0 );
+  pOut->u.i = *pOp->p4.pI64;
+  break;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+/* Opcode: Real * P2 * P4 *
+**
+** P4 is a pointer to a 64-bit floating point value.
+** Write that value into register P2.
+*/
+case OP_Real: {            /* same as TK_FLOAT, out2-prerelease */
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Real;
+  assert( !sqlite3IsNaN(*pOp->p4.pReal) );
+  pOut->r = *pOp->p4.pReal;
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Opcode: String8 * P2 * P4 *
+**
+** P4 points to a nul terminated UTF-8 string. This opcode is transformed 
+** into an OP_String before it is executed for the first time.
+*/
+case OP_String8: {         /* same as TK_STRING, out2-prerelease */
+  assert( pOp->p4.z!=0 );
+  pOp->opcode = OP_String;
+  pOp->p1 = sqlite3Strlen30(pOp->p4.z);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+  if( encoding!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pOut, pOp->p4.z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_TOOBIG ) goto too_big;
+    if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pOut, encoding) ) goto no_mem;
+    assert( pOut->zMalloc==pOut->z );
+    assert( pOut->flags & MEM_Dyn );
+    pOut->zMalloc = 0;
+    pOut->flags |= MEM_Static;
+    pOut->flags &= ~MEM_Dyn;
+    if( pOp->p4type==P4_DYNAMIC ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pOp->p4.z);
+    }
+    pOp->p4type = P4_DYNAMIC;
+    pOp->p4.z = pOut->z;
+    pOp->p1 = pOut->n;
+  }
+#endif
+  if( pOp->p1>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    goto too_big;
+  }
+  /* Fall through to the next case, OP_String */
+}
+  
+/* Opcode: String P1 P2 * P4 *
+**
+** The string value P4 of length P1 (bytes) is stored in register P2.
+*/
+case OP_String: {          /* out2-prerelease */
+  assert( pOp->p4.z!=0 );
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Static|MEM_Term;
+  pOut->z = pOp->p4.z;
+  pOut->n = pOp->p1;
+  pOut->enc = encoding;
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Null * P2 * * *
+**
+** Write a NULL into register P2.
+*/
+case OP_Null: {           /* out2-prerelease */
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
+  break;
+}
+
+
+/* Opcode: Blob P1 P2 * P4
+**
+** P4 points to a blob of data P1 bytes long.  Store this
+** blob in register P2.
+*/
+case OP_Blob: {                /* out2-prerelease */
+  assert( pOp->p1 <= SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pOut, pOp->p4.z, pOp->p1, 0, 0);
+  pOut->enc = encoding;
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Variable P1 P2 * P4 *
+**
+** Transfer the values of bound parameter P1 into register P2
+**
+** If the parameter is named, then its name appears in P4 and P3==1.
+** The P4 value is used by sqlite3_bind_parameter_name().
+*/
+case OP_Variable: {            /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ab */
+  Mem *pVar;       /* Value being transferred */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ab */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nVar );
+  assert( pOp->p4.z==0 || pOp->p4.z==p->azVar[pOp->p1-1] );
+  u.ab.pVar = &p->aVar[pOp->p1 - 1];
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.ab.pVar) ){
+    goto too_big;
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, u.ab.pVar, MEM_Static);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Move P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Move the values in register P1..P1+P3-1 over into
+** registers P2..P2+P3-1.  Registers P1..P1+P1-1 are
+** left holding a NULL.  It is an error for register ranges
+** P1..P1+P3-1 and P2..P2+P3-1 to overlap.
+*/
+case OP_Move: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ac */
+  char *zMalloc;   /* Holding variable for allocated memory */
+  int n;           /* Number of registers left to copy */
+  int p1;          /* Register to copy from */
+  int p2;          /* Register to copy to */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ac */
+
+  u.ac.n = pOp->p3;
+  u.ac.p1 = pOp->p1;
+  u.ac.p2 = pOp->p2;
+  assert( u.ac.n>0 && u.ac.p1>0 && u.ac.p2>0 );
+  assert( u.ac.p1+u.ac.n<=u.ac.p2 || u.ac.p2+u.ac.n<=u.ac.p1 );
+
+  pIn1 = &aMem[u.ac.p1];
+  pOut = &aMem[u.ac.p2];
+  while( u.ac.n-- ){
+    assert( pOut<=&aMem[p->nMem] );
+    assert( pIn1<=&aMem[p->nMem] );
+    assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
+    memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
+    u.ac.zMalloc = pOut->zMalloc;
+    pOut->zMalloc = 0;
+    sqlite3VdbeMemMove(pOut, pIn1);
+    pIn1->zMalloc = u.ac.zMalloc;
+    REGISTER_TRACE(u.ac.p2++, pOut);
+    pIn1++;
+    pOut++;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Copy P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Make a copy of register P1 into register P2.
+**
+** This instruction makes a deep copy of the value.  A duplicate
+** is made of any string or blob constant.  See also OP_SCopy.
+*/
+case OP_Copy: {             /* in1, out2 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  assert( pOut!=pIn1 );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pIn1, MEM_Ephem);
+  Deephemeralize(pOut);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: SCopy P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Make a shallow copy of register P1 into register P2.
+**
+** This instruction makes a shallow copy of the value.  If the value
+** is a string or blob, then the copy is only a pointer to the
+** original and hence if the original changes so will the copy.
+** Worse, if the original is deallocated, the copy becomes invalid.
+** Thus the program must guarantee that the original will not change
+** during the lifetime of the copy.  Use OP_Copy to make a complete
+** copy.
+*/
+case OP_SCopy: {            /* in1, out2 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  assert( pOut!=pIn1 );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pIn1, MEM_Ephem);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pOut->pScopyFrom==0 ) pOut->pScopyFrom = pIn1;
+#endif
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: ResultRow P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** The registers P1 through P1+P2-1 contain a single row of
+** results. This opcode causes the sqlite3_step() call to terminate
+** with an SQLITE_ROW return code and it sets up the sqlite3_stmt
+** structure to provide access to the top P1 values as the result
+** row.
+*/
+case OP_ResultRow: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ad */
+  Mem *pMem;
+  int i;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ad */
+  assert( p->nResColumn==pOp->p2 );
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 );
+  assert( pOp->p1+pOp->p2<=p->nMem+1 );
+
+  /* If this statement has violated immediate foreign key constraints, do
+  ** not return the number of rows modified. And do not RELEASE the statement
+  ** transaction. It needs to be rolled back.  */
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 0)) ){
+    assert( db->flags&SQLITE_CountRows );
+    assert( p->usesStmtJournal );
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /* If the SQLITE_CountRows flag is set in sqlite3.flags mask, then
+  ** DML statements invoke this opcode to return the number of rows
+  ** modified to the user. This is the only way that a VM that
+  ** opens a statement transaction may invoke this opcode.
+  **
+  ** In case this is such a statement, close any statement transaction
+  ** opened by this VM before returning control to the user. This is to
+  ** ensure that statement-transactions are always nested, not overlapping.
+  ** If the open statement-transaction is not closed here, then the user
+  ** may step another VM that opens its own statement transaction. This
+  ** may lead to overlapping statement transactions.
+  **
+  ** The statement transaction is never a top-level transaction.  Hence
+  ** the RELEASE call below can never fail.
+  */
+  assert( p->iStatement==0 || db->flags&SQLITE_CountRows );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(p, SAVEPOINT_RELEASE);
+  if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ){
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /* Invalidate all ephemeral cursor row caches */
+  p->cacheCtr = (p->cacheCtr + 2)|1;
+
+  /* Make sure the results of the current row are \000 terminated
+  ** and have an assigned type.  The results are de-ephemeralized as
+  ** as side effect.
+  */
+  u.ad.pMem = p->pResultSet = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  for(u.ad.i=0; u.ad.i<pOp->p2; u.ad.i++){
+    assert( memIsValid(&u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]) );
+    Deephemeralize(&u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]);
+    assert( (u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i].flags & MEM_Ephem)==0
+            || (u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i].flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
+    sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(&u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(&u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]);
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1+u.ad.i, &u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]);
+  }
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
+
+  /* Return SQLITE_ROW
+  */
+  p->pc = pc + 1;
+  rc = SQLITE_ROW;
+  goto vdbe_return;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Concat P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Add the text in register P1 onto the end of the text in
+** register P2 and store the result in register P3.
+** If either the P1 or P2 text are NULL then store NULL in P3.
+**
+**   P3 = P2 || P1
+**
+** It is illegal for P1 and P3 to be the same register. Sometimes,
+** if P3 is the same register as P2, the implementation is able
+** to avoid a memcpy().
+*/
+case OP_Concat: {           /* same as TK_CONCAT, in1, in2, out3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ae */
+  i64 nByte;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ae */
+
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( pIn1!=pOut );
+  if( (pIn1->flags | pIn2->flags) & MEM_Null ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
+    break;
+  }
+  if( ExpandBlob(pIn1) || ExpandBlob(pIn2) ) goto no_mem;
+  Stringify(pIn1, encoding);
+  Stringify(pIn2, encoding);
+  u.ae.nByte = pIn1->n + pIn2->n;
+  if( u.ae.nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    goto too_big;
+  }
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Str);
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)u.ae.nByte+2, pOut==pIn2) ){
+    goto no_mem;
+  }
+  if( pOut!=pIn2 ){
+    memcpy(pOut->z, pIn2->z, pIn2->n);
+  }
+  memcpy(&pOut->z[pIn2->n], pIn1->z, pIn1->n);
+  pOut->z[u.ae.nByte] = 0;
+  pOut->z[u.ae.nByte+1] = 0;
+  pOut->flags |= MEM_Term;
+  pOut->n = (int)u.ae.nByte;
+  pOut->enc = encoding;
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Add P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Add the value in register P1 to the value in register P2
+** and store the result in register P3.
+** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Multiply P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+**
+** Multiply the value in register P1 by the value in register P2
+** and store the result in register P3.
+** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Subtract P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Subtract the value in register P1 from the value in register P2
+** and store the result in register P3.
+** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Divide P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Divide the value in register P1 by the value in register P2
+** and store the result in register P3 (P3=P2/P1). If the value in 
+** register P1 is zero, then the result is NULL. If either input is 
+** NULL, the result is NULL.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Remainder P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Compute the remainder after integer division of the value in
+** register P1 by the value in register P2 and store the result in P3. 
+** If the value in register P2 is zero the result is NULL.
+** If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
+*/
+case OP_Add:                   /* same as TK_PLUS, in1, in2, out3 */
+case OP_Subtract:              /* same as TK_MINUS, in1, in2, out3 */
+case OP_Multiply:              /* same as TK_STAR, in1, in2, out3 */
+case OP_Divide:                /* same as TK_SLASH, in1, in2, out3 */
+case OP_Remainder: {           /* same as TK_REM, in1, in2, out3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.af */
+  int flags;      /* Combined MEM_* flags from both inputs */
+  i64 iA;         /* Integer value of left operand */
+  i64 iB;         /* Integer value of right operand */
+  double rA;      /* Real value of left operand */
+  double rB;      /* Real value of right operand */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.af */
+
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  applyNumericAffinity(pIn1);
+  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  applyNumericAffinity(pIn2);
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  u.af.flags = pIn1->flags | pIn2->flags;
+  if( (u.af.flags & MEM_Null)!=0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+  if( (pIn1->flags & pIn2->flags & MEM_Int)==MEM_Int ){
+    u.af.iA = pIn1->u.i;
+    u.af.iB = pIn2->u.i;
+    switch( pOp->opcode ){
+      case OP_Add:       if( sqlite3AddInt64(&u.af.iB,u.af.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Subtract:  if( sqlite3SubInt64(&u.af.iB,u.af.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Multiply:  if( sqlite3MulInt64(&u.af.iB,u.af.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Divide: {
+        if( u.af.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        if( u.af.iA==-1 && u.af.iB==SMALLEST_INT64 ) goto fp_math;
+        u.af.iB /= u.af.iA;
+        break;
+      }
+      default: {
+        if( u.af.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        if( u.af.iA==-1 ) u.af.iA = 1;
+        u.af.iB %= u.af.iA;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    pOut->u.i = u.af.iB;
+    MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
+  }else{
+fp_math:
+    u.af.rA = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1);
+    u.af.rB = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn2);
+    switch( pOp->opcode ){
+      case OP_Add:         u.af.rB += u.af.rA;       break;
+      case OP_Subtract:    u.af.rB -= u.af.rA;       break;
+      case OP_Multiply:    u.af.rB *= u.af.rA;       break;
+      case OP_Divide: {
+        /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
+        if( u.af.rA==(double)0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        u.af.rB /= u.af.rA;
+        break;
+      }
+      default: {
+        u.af.iA = (i64)u.af.rA;
+        u.af.iB = (i64)u.af.rB;
+        if( u.af.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        if( u.af.iA==-1 ) u.af.iA = 1;
+        u.af.rB = (double)(u.af.iB % u.af.iA);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+    pOut->u.i = u.af.rB;
+    MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
+#else
+    if( sqlite3IsNaN(u.af.rB) ){
+      goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+    }
+    pOut->r = u.af.rB;
+    MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Real);
+    if( (u.af.flags & MEM_Real)==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(pOut);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  break;
+
+arithmetic_result_is_null:
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: CollSeq * * P4
+**
+** P4 is a pointer to a CollSeq struct. If the next call to a user function
+** or aggregate calls sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq(), this collation sequence will
+** be returned. This is used by the built-in min(), max() and nullif()
+** functions.
+**
+** The interface used by the implementation of the aforementioned functions
+** to retrieve the collation sequence set by this opcode is not available
+** publicly, only to user functions defined in func.c.
+*/
+case OP_CollSeq: {
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_COLLSEQ );
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Function P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** Invoke a user function (P4 is a pointer to a Function structure that
+** defines the function) with P5 arguments taken from register P2 and
+** successors.  The result of the function is stored in register P3.
+** Register P3 must not be one of the function inputs.
+**
+** P1 is a 32-bit bitmask indicating whether or not each argument to the 
+** function was determined to be constant at compile time. If the first
+** argument was constant then bit 0 of P1 is set. This is used to determine
+** whether meta data associated with a user function argument using the
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata() API may be safely retained until the next
+** invocation of this opcode.
+**
+** See also: AggStep and AggFinal
+*/
+case OP_Function: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ag */
+  int i;
+  Mem *pArg;
+  sqlite3_context ctx;
+  sqlite3_value **apVal;
+  int n;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ag */
+
+  u.ag.n = pOp->p5;
+  u.ag.apVal = p->apArg;
+  assert( u.ag.apVal || u.ag.n==0 );
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
+
+  assert( u.ag.n==0 || (pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+u.ag.n<=p->nMem+1) );
+  assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p2 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p2+u.ag.n );
+  u.ag.pArg = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  for(u.ag.i=0; u.ag.i<u.ag.n; u.ag.i++, u.ag.pArg++){
+    assert( memIsValid(u.ag.pArg) );
+    u.ag.apVal[u.ag.i] = u.ag.pArg;
+    Deephemeralize(u.ag.pArg);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.ag.pArg);
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2+u.ag.i, u.ag.pArg);
+  }
+
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_FUNCDEF || pOp->p4type==P4_VDBEFUNC );
+  if( pOp->p4type==P4_FUNCDEF ){
+    u.ag.ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
+    u.ag.ctx.pVdbeFunc = 0;
+  }else{
+    u.ag.ctx.pVdbeFunc = (VdbeFunc*)pOp->p4.pVdbeFunc;
+    u.ag.ctx.pFunc = u.ag.ctx.pVdbeFunc->pFunc;
+  }
+
+  u.ag.ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
+  u.ag.ctx.s.db = db;
+  u.ag.ctx.s.xDel = 0;
+  u.ag.ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
+
+  /* The output cell may already have a buffer allocated. Move
+  ** the pointer to u.ag.ctx.s so in case the user-function can use
+  ** the already allocated buffer instead of allocating a new one.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.ag.ctx.s, pOut);
+  MemSetTypeFlag(&u.ag.ctx.s, MEM_Null);
+
+  u.ag.ctx.isError = 0;
+  if( u.ag.ctx.pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+    assert( pOp>aOp );
+    assert( pOp[-1].p4type==P4_COLLSEQ );
+    assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
+    u.ag.ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
+  }
+  db->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  (*u.ag.ctx.pFunc->xFunc)(&u.ag.ctx, u.ag.n, u.ag.apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
+  lastRowid = db->lastRowid;
+
+  /* If any auxiliary data functions have been called by this user function,
+  ** immediately call the destructor for any non-static values.
+  */
+  if( u.ag.ctx.pVdbeFunc ){
+    sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(u.ag.ctx.pVdbeFunc, pOp->p1);
+    pOp->p4.pVdbeFunc = u.ag.ctx.pVdbeFunc;
+    pOp->p4type = P4_VDBEFUNC;
+  }
+
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    /* Even though a malloc() has failed, the implementation of the
+    ** user function may have called an sqlite3_result_XXX() function
+    ** to return a value. The following call releases any resources
+    ** associated with such a value.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.ag.ctx.s);
+    goto no_mem;
+  }
+
+  /* If the function returned an error, throw an exception */
+  if( u.ag.ctx.isError ){
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&u.ag.ctx.s));
+    rc = u.ag.ctx.isError;
+  }
+
+  /* Copy the result of the function into register P3 */
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&u.ag.ctx.s, encoding);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(pOut, &u.ag.ctx.s);
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pOut) ){
+    goto too_big;
+  }
+
+#if 0
+  /* The app-defined function has done something that as caused this
+  ** statement to expire.  (Perhaps the function called sqlite3_exec()
+  ** with a CREATE TABLE statement.)
+  */
+  if( p->expired ) rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
+#endif
+
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pOut);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: BitAnd P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Take the bit-wise AND of the values in register P1 and P2 and
+** store the result in register P3.
+** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
+*/
+/* Opcode: BitOr P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Take the bit-wise OR of the values in register P1 and P2 and
+** store the result in register P3.
+** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
+*/
+/* Opcode: ShiftLeft P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Shift the integer value in register P2 to the left by the
+** number of bits specified by the integer in register P1.
+** Store the result in register P3.
+** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
+*/
+/* Opcode: ShiftRight P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Shift the integer value in register P2 to the right by the
+** number of bits specified by the integer in register P1.
+** Store the result in register P3.
+** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
+*/
+case OP_BitAnd:                 /* same as TK_BITAND, in1, in2, out3 */
+case OP_BitOr:                  /* same as TK_BITOR, in1, in2, out3 */
+case OP_ShiftLeft:              /* same as TK_LSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
+case OP_ShiftRight: {           /* same as TK_RSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ah */
+  i64 iA;
+  u64 uA;
+  i64 iB;
+  u8 op;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ah */
+
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  if( (pIn1->flags | pIn2->flags) & MEM_Null ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
+    break;
+  }
+  u.ah.iA = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
+  u.ah.iB = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1);
+  u.ah.op = pOp->opcode;
+  if( u.ah.op==OP_BitAnd ){
+    u.ah.iA &= u.ah.iB;
+  }else if( u.ah.op==OP_BitOr ){
+    u.ah.iA |= u.ah.iB;
+  }else if( u.ah.iB!=0 ){
+    assert( u.ah.op==OP_ShiftRight || u.ah.op==OP_ShiftLeft );
+
+    /* If shifting by a negative amount, shift in the other direction */
+    if( u.ah.iB<0 ){
+      assert( OP_ShiftRight==OP_ShiftLeft+1 );
+      u.ah.op = 2*OP_ShiftLeft + 1 - u.ah.op;
+      u.ah.iB = u.ah.iB>(-64) ? -u.ah.iB : 64;
+    }
+
+    if( u.ah.iB>=64 ){
+      u.ah.iA = (u.ah.iA>=0 || u.ah.op==OP_ShiftLeft) ? 0 : -1;
+    }else{
+      memcpy(&u.ah.uA, &u.ah.iA, sizeof(u.ah.uA));
+      if( u.ah.op==OP_ShiftLeft ){
+        u.ah.uA <<= u.ah.iB;
+      }else{
+        u.ah.uA >>= u.ah.iB;
+        /* Sign-extend on a right shift of a negative number */
+        if( u.ah.iA<0 ) u.ah.uA |= ((((u64)0xffffffff)<<32)|0xffffffff) << (64-u.ah.iB);
+      }
+      memcpy(&u.ah.iA, &u.ah.uA, sizeof(u.ah.iA));
+    }
+  }
+  pOut->u.i = u.ah.iA;
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: AddImm  P1 P2 * * *
+** 
+** Add the constant P2 to the value in register P1.
+** The result is always an integer.
+**
+** To force any register to be an integer, just add 0.
+*/
+case OP_AddImm: {            /* in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn1);
+  pIn1->u.i += pOp->p2;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: MustBeInt P1 P2 * * *
+** 
+** Force the value in register P1 to be an integer.  If the value
+** in P1 is not an integer and cannot be converted into an integer
+** without data loss, then jump immediately to P2, or if P2==0
+** raise an SQLITE_MISMATCH exception.
+*/
+case OP_MustBeInt: {            /* jump, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  applyAffinity(pIn1, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, encoding);
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
+    if( pOp->p2==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_MISMATCH;
+      goto abort_due_to_error;
+    }else{
+      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    }
+  }else{
+    MemSetTypeFlag(pIn1, MEM_Int);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+/* Opcode: RealAffinity P1 * * * *
+**
+** If register P1 holds an integer convert it to a real value.
+**
+** This opcode is used when extracting information from a column that
+** has REAL affinity.  Such column values may still be stored as
+** integers, for space efficiency, but after extraction we want them
+** to have only a real value.
+*/
+case OP_RealAffinity: {                  /* in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Int ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(pIn1);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
+/* Opcode: ToText P1 * * * *
+**
+** Force the value in register P1 to be text.
+** If the value is numeric, convert it to a string using the
+** equivalent of printf().  Blob values are unchanged and
+** are afterwards simply interpreted as text.
+**
+** A NULL value is not changed by this routine.  It remains NULL.
+*/
+case OP_ToText: {                  /* same as TK_TO_TEXT, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
+  if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ) break;
+  assert( MEM_Str==(MEM_Blob>>3) );
+  pIn1->flags |= (pIn1->flags&MEM_Blob)>>3;
+  applyAffinity(pIn1, SQLITE_AFF_TEXT, encoding);
+  rc = ExpandBlob(pIn1);
+  assert( pIn1->flags & MEM_Str || db->mallocFailed );
+  pIn1->flags &= ~(MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_Blob|MEM_Zero);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pIn1);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: ToBlob P1 * * * *
+**
+** Force the value in register P1 to be a BLOB.
+** If the value is numeric, convert it to a string first.
+** Strings are simply reinterpreted as blobs with no change
+** to the underlying data.
+**
+** A NULL value is not changed by this routine.  It remains NULL.
+*/
+case OP_ToBlob: {                  /* same as TK_TO_BLOB, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ) break;
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Blob)==0 ){
+    applyAffinity(pIn1, SQLITE_AFF_TEXT, encoding);
+    assert( pIn1->flags & MEM_Str || db->mallocFailed );
+    MemSetTypeFlag(pIn1, MEM_Blob);
+  }else{
+    pIn1->flags &= ~(MEM_TypeMask&~MEM_Blob);
+  }
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pIn1);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: ToNumeric P1 * * * *
+**
+** Force the value in register P1 to be numeric (either an
+** integer or a floating-point number.)
+** If the value is text or blob, try to convert it to an using the
+** equivalent of atoi() or atof() and store 0 if no such conversion 
+** is possible.
+**
+** A NULL value is not changed by this routine.  It remains NULL.
+*/
+case OP_ToNumeric: {                  /* same as TK_TO_NUMERIC, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(pIn1);
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_CAST */
+
+/* Opcode: ToInt P1 * * * *
+**
+** Force the value in register P1 to be an integer.  If
+** The value is currently a real number, drop its fractional part.
+** If the value is text or blob, try to convert it to an integer using the
+** equivalent of atoi() and store 0 if no such conversion is possible.
+**
+** A NULL value is not changed by this routine.  It remains NULL.
+*/
+case OP_ToInt: {                  /* same as TK_TO_INT, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)==0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn1);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CAST) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT)
+/* Opcode: ToReal P1 * * * *
+**
+** Force the value in register P1 to be a floating point number.
+** If The value is currently an integer, convert it.
+** If the value is text or blob, try to convert it to an integer using the
+** equivalent of atoi() and store 0.0 if no such conversion is possible.
+**
+** A NULL value is not changed by this routine.  It remains NULL.
+*/
+case OP_ToReal: {                  /* same as TK_TO_REAL, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)==0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(pIn1);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CAST) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT) */
+
+/* Opcode: Lt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** Compare the values in register P1 and P3.  If reg(P3)<reg(P1) then
+** jump to address P2.  
+**
+** If the SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL bit of P5 is set and either reg(P1) or
+** reg(P3) is NULL then take the jump.  If the SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL 
+** bit is clear then fall through if either operand is NULL.
+**
+** The SQLITE_AFF_MASK portion of P5 must be an affinity character -
+** SQLITE_AFF_TEXT, SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER, and so forth. An attempt is made 
+** to coerce both inputs according to this affinity before the
+** comparison is made. If the SQLITE_AFF_MASK is 0x00, then numeric
+** affinity is used. Note that the affinity conversions are stored
+** back into the input registers P1 and P3.  So this opcode can cause
+** persistent changes to registers P1 and P3.
+**
+** Once any conversions have taken place, and neither value is NULL, 
+** the values are compared. If both values are blobs then memcmp() is
+** used to determine the results of the comparison.  If both values
+** are text, then the appropriate collating function specified in
+** P4 is  used to do the comparison.  If P4 is not specified then
+** memcmp() is used to compare text string.  If both values are
+** numeric, then a numeric comparison is used. If the two values
+** are of different types, then numbers are considered less than
+** strings and strings are considered less than blobs.
+**
+** If the SQLITE_STOREP2 bit of P5 is set, then do not jump.  Instead,
+** store a boolean result (either 0, or 1, or NULL) in register P2.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Ne P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
+** the operands in registers P1 and P3 are not equal.  See the Lt opcode for
+** additional information.
+**
+** If SQLITE_NULLEQ is set in P5 then the result of comparison is always either
+** true or false and is never NULL.  If both operands are NULL then the result
+** of comparison is false.  If either operand is NULL then the result is true.
+** If neither operand is NULL the result is the same as it would be if
+** the SQLITE_NULLEQ flag were omitted from P5.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Eq P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
+** the operands in registers P1 and P3 are equal.
+** See the Lt opcode for additional information.
+**
+** If SQLITE_NULLEQ is set in P5 then the result of comparison is always either
+** true or false and is never NULL.  If both operands are NULL then the result
+** of comparison is true.  If either operand is NULL then the result is false.
+** If neither operand is NULL the result is the same as it would be if
+** the SQLITE_NULLEQ flag were omitted from P5.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Le P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
+** the content of register P3 is less than or equal to the content of
+** register P1.  See the Lt opcode for additional information.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Gt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
+** the content of register P3 is greater than the content of
+** register P1.  See the Lt opcode for additional information.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Ge P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
+** the content of register P3 is greater than or equal to the content of
+** register P1.  See the Lt opcode for additional information.
+*/
+case OP_Eq:               /* same as TK_EQ, jump, in1, in3 */
+case OP_Ne:               /* same as TK_NE, jump, in1, in3 */
+case OP_Lt:               /* same as TK_LT, jump, in1, in3 */
+case OP_Le:               /* same as TK_LE, jump, in1, in3 */
+case OP_Gt:               /* same as TK_GT, jump, in1, in3 */
+case OP_Ge: {             /* same as TK_GE, jump, in1, in3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ai */
+  int res;            /* Result of the comparison of pIn1 against pIn3 */
+  char affinity;      /* Affinity to use for comparison */
+  u16 flags1;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn1->flags */
+  u16 flags3;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn3->flags */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ai */
+
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  u.ai.flags1 = pIn1->flags;
+  u.ai.flags3 = pIn3->flags;
+  if( (u.ai.flags1 | u.ai.flags3)&MEM_Null ){
+    /* One or both operands are NULL */
+    if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ ){
+      /* If SQLITE_NULLEQ is set (which will only happen if the operator is
+      ** OP_Eq or OP_Ne) then take the jump or not depending on whether
+      ** or not both operands are null.
+      */
+      assert( pOp->opcode==OP_Eq || pOp->opcode==OP_Ne );
+      u.ai.res = (u.ai.flags1 & u.ai.flags3 & MEM_Null)==0;
+    }else{
+      /* SQLITE_NULLEQ is clear and at least one operand is NULL,
+      ** then the result is always NULL.
+      ** The jump is taken if the SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL bit is set.
+      */
+      if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_STOREP2 ){
+        pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+        MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Null);
+        REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
+      }else if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL ){
+        pc = pOp->p2-1;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* Neither operand is NULL.  Do a comparison. */
+    u.ai.affinity = pOp->p5 & SQLITE_AFF_MASK;
+    if( u.ai.affinity ){
+      applyAffinity(pIn1, u.ai.affinity, encoding);
+      applyAffinity(pIn3, u.ai.affinity, encoding);
+      if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
+    }
+
+    assert( pOp->p4type==P4_COLLSEQ || pOp->p4.pColl==0 );
+    ExpandBlob(pIn1);
+    ExpandBlob(pIn3);
+    u.ai.res = sqlite3MemCompare(pIn3, pIn1, pOp->p4.pColl);
+  }
+  switch( pOp->opcode ){
+    case OP_Eq:    u.ai.res = u.ai.res==0;     break;
+    case OP_Ne:    u.ai.res = u.ai.res!=0;     break;
+    case OP_Lt:    u.ai.res = u.ai.res<0;      break;
+    case OP_Le:    u.ai.res = u.ai.res<=0;     break;
+    case OP_Gt:    u.ai.res = u.ai.res>0;      break;
+    default:       u.ai.res = u.ai.res>=0;     break;
+  }
+
+  if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_STOREP2 ){
+    pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+    memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
+    MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
+    pOut->u.i = u.ai.res;
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
+  }else if( u.ai.res ){
+    pc = pOp->p2-1;
+  }
+
+  /* Undo any changes made by applyAffinity() to the input registers. */
+  pIn1->flags = (pIn1->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (u.ai.flags1&MEM_TypeMask);
+  pIn3->flags = (pIn3->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (u.ai.flags3&MEM_TypeMask);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Permutation * * * P4 *
+**
+** Set the permutation used by the OP_Compare operator to be the array
+** of integers in P4.
+**
+** The permutation is only valid until the next OP_Permutation, OP_Compare,
+** OP_Halt, or OP_ResultRow.  Typically the OP_Permutation should occur
+** immediately prior to the OP_Compare.
+*/
+case OP_Permutation: {
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INTARRAY );
+  assert( pOp->p4.ai );
+  aPermute = pOp->p4.ai;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Compare P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** Compare two vectors of registers in reg(P1)..reg(P1+P3-1) (call this
+** vector "A") and in reg(P2)..reg(P2+P3-1) ("B").  Save the result of
+** the comparison for use by the next OP_Jump instruct.
+**
+** P4 is a KeyInfo structure that defines collating sequences and sort
+** orders for the comparison.  The permutation applies to registers
+** only.  The KeyInfo elements are used sequentially.
+**
+** The comparison is a sort comparison, so NULLs compare equal,
+** NULLs are less than numbers, numbers are less than strings,
+** and strings are less than blobs.
+*/
+case OP_Compare: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aj */
+  int n;
+  int i;
+  int p1;
+  int p2;
+  const KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+  int idx;
+  CollSeq *pColl;    /* Collating sequence to use on this term */
+  int bRev;          /* True for DESCENDING sort order */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.aj */
+
+  u.aj.n = pOp->p3;
+  u.aj.pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+  assert( u.aj.n>0 );
+  assert( u.aj.pKeyInfo!=0 );
+  u.aj.p1 = pOp->p1;
+  u.aj.p2 = pOp->p2;
+#if SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( aPermute ){
+    int k, mx = 0;
+    for(k=0; k<u.aj.n; k++) if( aPermute[k]>mx ) mx = aPermute[k];
+    assert( u.aj.p1>0 && u.aj.p1+mx<=p->nMem+1 );
+    assert( u.aj.p2>0 && u.aj.p2+mx<=p->nMem+1 );
+  }else{
+    assert( u.aj.p1>0 && u.aj.p1+u.aj.n<=p->nMem+1 );
+    assert( u.aj.p2>0 && u.aj.p2+u.aj.n<=p->nMem+1 );
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+  for(u.aj.i=0; u.aj.i<u.aj.n; u.aj.i++){
+    u.aj.idx = aPermute ? aPermute[u.aj.i] : u.aj.i;
+    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[u.aj.p1+u.aj.idx]) );
+    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[u.aj.p2+u.aj.idx]) );
+    REGISTER_TRACE(u.aj.p1+u.aj.idx, &aMem[u.aj.p1+u.aj.idx]);
+    REGISTER_TRACE(u.aj.p2+u.aj.idx, &aMem[u.aj.p2+u.aj.idx]);
+    assert( u.aj.i<u.aj.pKeyInfo->nField );
+    u.aj.pColl = u.aj.pKeyInfo->aColl[u.aj.i];
+    u.aj.bRev = u.aj.pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[u.aj.i];
+    iCompare = sqlite3MemCompare(&aMem[u.aj.p1+u.aj.idx], &aMem[u.aj.p2+u.aj.idx], u.aj.pColl);
+    if( iCompare ){
+      if( u.aj.bRev ) iCompare = -iCompare;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  aPermute = 0;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Jump P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Jump to the instruction at address P1, P2, or P3 depending on whether
+** in the most recent OP_Compare instruction the P1 vector was less than
+** equal to, or greater than the P2 vector, respectively.
+*/
+case OP_Jump: {             /* jump */
+  if( iCompare<0 ){
+    pc = pOp->p1 - 1;
+  }else if( iCompare==0 ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }else{
+    pc = pOp->p3 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: And P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Take the logical AND of the values in registers P1 and P2 and
+** write the result into register P3.
+**
+** If either P1 or P2 is 0 (false) then the result is 0 even if
+** the other input is NULL.  A NULL and true or two NULLs give
+** a NULL output.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Or P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Take the logical OR of the values in register P1 and P2 and
+** store the answer in register P3.
+**
+** If either P1 or P2 is nonzero (true) then the result is 1 (true)
+** even if the other input is NULL.  A NULL and false or two NULLs
+** give a NULL output.
+*/
+case OP_And:              /* same as TK_AND, in1, in2, out3 */
+case OP_Or: {             /* same as TK_OR, in1, in2, out3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ak */
+  int v1;    /* Left operand:  0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
+  int v2;    /* Right operand: 0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ak */
+
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    u.ak.v1 = 2;
+  }else{
+    u.ak.v1 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
+  }
+  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  if( pIn2->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    u.ak.v2 = 2;
+  }else{
+    u.ak.v2 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2)!=0;
+  }
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_And ){
+    static const unsigned char and_logic[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2 };
+    u.ak.v1 = and_logic[u.ak.v1*3+u.ak.v2];
+  }else{
+    static const unsigned char or_logic[] = { 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2 };
+    u.ak.v1 = or_logic[u.ak.v1*3+u.ak.v2];
+  }
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  if( u.ak.v1==2 ){
+    MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Null);
+  }else{
+    pOut->u.i = u.ak.v1;
+    MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Not P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Interpret the value in register P1 as a boolean value.  Store the
+** boolean complement in register P2.  If the value in register P1 is 
+** NULL, then a NULL is stored in P2.
+*/
+case OP_Not: {                /* same as TK_NOT, in1, out2 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pOut, !sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1));
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: BitNot P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Interpret the content of register P1 as an integer.  Store the
+** ones-complement of the P1 value into register P2.  If P1 holds
+** a NULL then store a NULL in P2.
+*/
+case OP_BitNot: {             /* same as TK_BITNOT, in1, out2 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pOut, ~sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1));
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: If P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is true.  The value
+** is considered true if it is numeric and non-zero.  If the value
+** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if P3 is true.
+*/
+/* Opcode: IfNot P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is False.  The value
+** is considered true if it has a numeric value of zero.  If the value
+** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if P3 is true.
+*/
+case OP_If:                 /* jump, in1 */
+case OP_IfNot: {            /* jump, in1 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.al */
+  int c;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.al */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    u.al.c = pOp->p3;
+  }else{
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+    u.al.c = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
+#else
+    u.al.c = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1)!=0.0;
+#endif
+    if( pOp->opcode==OP_IfNot ) u.al.c = !u.al.c;
+  }
+  if( u.al.c ){
+    pc = pOp->p2-1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: IsNull P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is NULL.
+*/
+case OP_IsNull: {            /* same as TK_ISNULL, jump, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)!=0 ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: NotNull P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is not NULL.  
+*/
+case OP_NotNull: {            /* same as TK_NOTNULL, jump, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)==0 ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Column P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** Interpret the data that cursor P1 points to as a structure built using
+** the MakeRecord instruction.  (See the MakeRecord opcode for additional
+** information about the format of the data.)  Extract the P2-th column
+** from this record.  If there are less that (P2+1) 
+** values in the record, extract a NULL.
+**
+** The value extracted is stored in register P3.
+**
+** If the column contains fewer than P2 fields, then extract a NULL.  Or,
+** if the P4 argument is a P4_MEM use the value of the P4 argument as
+** the result.
+**
+** If the OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE bit is set on P5 and P1 is a pseudo-table cursor,
+** then the cache of the cursor is reset prior to extracting the column.
+** The first OP_Column against a pseudo-table after the value of the content
+** register has changed should have this bit set.
+*/
+case OP_Column: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.am */
+  u32 payloadSize;   /* Number of bytes in the record */
+  i64 payloadSize64; /* Number of bytes in the record */
+  int p1;            /* P1 value of the opcode */
+  int p2;            /* column number to retrieve */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;    /* The VDBE cursor */
+  char *zRec;        /* Pointer to complete record-data */
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;   /* The BTree cursor */
+  u32 *aType;        /* aType[i] holds the numeric type of the i-th column */
+  u32 *aOffset;      /* aOffset[i] is offset to start of data for i-th column */
+  int nField;        /* number of fields in the record */
+  int len;           /* The length of the serialized data for the column */
+  int i;             /* Loop counter */
+  char *zData;       /* Part of the record being decoded */
+  Mem *pDest;        /* Where to write the extracted value */
+  Mem sMem;          /* For storing the record being decoded */
+  u8 *zIdx;          /* Index into header */
+  u8 *zEndHdr;       /* Pointer to first byte after the header */
+  u32 offset;        /* Offset into the data */
+  u32 szField;       /* Number of bytes in the content of a field */
+  int szHdr;         /* Size of the header size field at start of record */
+  int avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
+  Mem *pReg;         /* PseudoTable input register */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.am */
+
+
+  u.am.p1 = pOp->p1;
+  u.am.p2 = pOp->p2;
+  u.am.pC = 0;
+  memset(&u.am.sMem, 0, sizeof(u.am.sMem));
+  assert( u.am.p1<p->nCursor );
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+  u.am.pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, u.am.pDest);
+  MemSetTypeFlag(u.am.pDest, MEM_Null);
+  u.am.zRec = 0;
+
+  /* This block sets the variable u.am.payloadSize to be the total number of
+  ** bytes in the record.
+  **
+  ** u.am.zRec is set to be the complete text of the record if it is available.
+  ** The complete record text is always available for pseudo-tables
+  ** If the record is stored in a cursor, the complete record text
+  ** might be available in the  u.am.pC->aRow cache.  Or it might not be.
+  ** If the data is unavailable,  u.am.zRec is set to NULL.
+  **
+  ** We also compute the number of columns in the record.  For cursors,
+  ** the number of columns is stored in the VdbeCursor.nField element.
+  */
+  u.am.pC = p->apCsr[u.am.p1];
+  assert( u.am.pC!=0 );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  assert( u.am.pC->pVtabCursor==0 );
+#endif
+  u.am.pCrsr = u.am.pC->pCursor;
+  if( u.am.pCrsr!=0 ){
+    /* The record is stored in a B-Tree */
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.am.pC);
+    if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+    if( u.am.pC->nullRow ){
+      u.am.payloadSize = 0;
+    }else if( u.am.pC->cacheStatus==p->cacheCtr ){
+      u.am.payloadSize = u.am.pC->payloadSize;
+      u.am.zRec = (char*)u.am.pC->aRow;
+    }else if( u.am.pC->isIndex ){
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.am.pCrsr) );
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.am.pCrsr, &u.am.payloadSize64);
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
+      /* sqlite3BtreeParseCellPtr() uses getVarint32() to extract the
+      ** payload size, so it is impossible for u.am.payloadSize64 to be
+      ** larger than 32 bits. */
+      assert( (u.am.payloadSize64 & SQLITE_MAX_U32)==(u64)u.am.payloadSize64 );
+      u.am.payloadSize = (u32)u.am.payloadSize64;
+    }else{
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.am.pCrsr) );
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.am.pCrsr, &u.am.payloadSize);
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* DataSize() cannot fail */
+    }
+  }else if( u.am.pC->pseudoTableReg>0 ){
+    u.am.pReg = &aMem[u.am.pC->pseudoTableReg];
+    assert( u.am.pReg->flags & MEM_Blob );
+    assert( memIsValid(u.am.pReg) );
+    u.am.payloadSize = u.am.pReg->n;
+    u.am.zRec = u.am.pReg->z;
+    u.am.pC->cacheStatus = (pOp->p5&OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE) ? CACHE_STALE : p->cacheCtr;
+    assert( u.am.payloadSize==0 || u.am.zRec!=0 );
+  }else{
+    /* Consider the row to be NULL */
+    u.am.payloadSize = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* If u.am.payloadSize is 0, then just store a NULL */
+  if( u.am.payloadSize==0 ){
+    assert( u.am.pDest->flags&MEM_Null );
+    goto op_column_out;
+  }
+  assert( db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]>=0 );
+  if( u.am.payloadSize > (u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    goto too_big;
+  }
+
+  u.am.nField = u.am.pC->nField;
+  assert( u.am.p2<u.am.nField );
+
+  /* Read and parse the table header.  Store the results of the parse
+  ** into the record header cache fields of the cursor.
+  */
+  u.am.aType = u.am.pC->aType;
+  if( u.am.pC->cacheStatus==p->cacheCtr ){
+    u.am.aOffset = u.am.pC->aOffset;
+  }else{
+    assert(u.am.aType);
+    u.am.avail = 0;
+    u.am.pC->aOffset = u.am.aOffset = &u.am.aType[u.am.nField];
+    u.am.pC->payloadSize = u.am.payloadSize;
+    u.am.pC->cacheStatus = p->cacheCtr;
+
+    /* Figure out how many bytes are in the header */
+    if( u.am.zRec ){
+      u.am.zData = u.am.zRec;
+    }else{
+      if( u.am.pC->isIndex ){
+        u.am.zData = (char*)sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(u.am.pCrsr, &u.am.avail);
+      }else{
+        u.am.zData = (char*)sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(u.am.pCrsr, &u.am.avail);
+      }
+      /* If KeyFetch()/DataFetch() managed to get the entire payload,
+      ** save the payload in the u.am.pC->aRow cache.  That will save us from
+      ** having to make additional calls to fetch the content portion of
+      ** the record.
+      */
+      assert( u.am.avail>=0 );
+      if( u.am.payloadSize <= (u32)u.am.avail ){
+        u.am.zRec = u.am.zData;
+        u.am.pC->aRow = (u8*)u.am.zData;
+      }else{
+        u.am.pC->aRow = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    /* The following assert is true in all cases accept when
+    ** the database file has been corrupted externally.
+    **    assert( u.am.zRec!=0 || u.am.avail>=u.am.payloadSize || u.am.avail>=9 ); */
+    u.am.szHdr = getVarint32((u8*)u.am.zData, u.am.offset);
+
+    /* Make sure a corrupt database has not given us an oversize header.
+    ** Do this now to avoid an oversize memory allocation.
+    **
+    ** Type entries can be between 1 and 5 bytes each.  But 4 and 5 byte
+    ** types use so much data space that there can only be 4096 and 32 of
+    ** them, respectively.  So the maximum header length results from a
+    ** 3-byte type for each of the maximum of 32768 columns plus three
+    ** extra bytes for the header length itself.  32768*3 + 3 = 98307.
+    */
+    if( u.am.offset > 98307 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      goto op_column_out;
+    }
+
+    /* Compute in u.am.len the number of bytes of data we need to read in order
+    ** to get u.am.nField type values.  u.am.offset is an upper bound on this.  But
+    ** u.am.nField might be significantly less than the true number of columns
+    ** in the table, and in that case, 5*u.am.nField+3 might be smaller than u.am.offset.
+    ** We want to minimize u.am.len in order to limit the size of the memory
+    ** allocation, especially if a corrupt database file has caused u.am.offset
+    ** to be oversized. Offset is limited to 98307 above.  But 98307 might
+    ** still exceed Robson memory allocation limits on some configurations.
+    ** On systems that cannot tolerate large memory allocations, u.am.nField*5+3
+    ** will likely be much smaller since u.am.nField will likely be less than
+    ** 20 or so.  This insures that Robson memory allocation limits are
+    ** not exceeded even for corrupt database files.
+    */
+    u.am.len = u.am.nField*5 + 3;
+    if( u.am.len > (int)u.am.offset ) u.am.len = (int)u.am.offset;
+
+    /* The KeyFetch() or DataFetch() above are fast and will get the entire
+    ** record header in most cases.  But they will fail to get the complete
+    ** record header if the record header does not fit on a single page
+    ** in the B-Tree.  When that happens, use sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree() to
+    ** acquire the complete header text.
+    */
+    if( !u.am.zRec && u.am.avail<u.am.len ){
+      u.am.sMem.flags = 0;
+      u.am.sMem.db = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(u.am.pCrsr, 0, u.am.len, u.am.pC->isIndex, &u.am.sMem);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto op_column_out;
+      }
+      u.am.zData = u.am.sMem.z;
+    }
+    u.am.zEndHdr = (u8 *)&u.am.zData[u.am.len];
+    u.am.zIdx = (u8 *)&u.am.zData[u.am.szHdr];
+
+    /* Scan the header and use it to fill in the u.am.aType[] and u.am.aOffset[]
+    ** arrays.  u.am.aType[u.am.i] will contain the type integer for the u.am.i-th
+    ** column and u.am.aOffset[u.am.i] will contain the u.am.offset from the beginning
+    ** of the record to the start of the data for the u.am.i-th column
+    */
+    for(u.am.i=0; u.am.i<u.am.nField; u.am.i++){
+      if( u.am.zIdx<u.am.zEndHdr ){
+        u.am.aOffset[u.am.i] = u.am.offset;
+        u.am.zIdx += getVarint32(u.am.zIdx, u.am.aType[u.am.i]);
+        u.am.szField = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.am.aType[u.am.i]);
+        u.am.offset += u.am.szField;
+        if( u.am.offset<u.am.szField ){  /* True if u.am.offset overflows */
+          u.am.zIdx = &u.am.zEndHdr[1];  /* Forces SQLITE_CORRUPT return below */
+          break;
+        }
+      }else{
+        /* If u.am.i is less that u.am.nField, then there are less fields in this
+        ** record than SetNumColumns indicated there are columns in the
+        ** table. Set the u.am.offset for any extra columns not present in
+        ** the record to 0. This tells code below to store a NULL
+        ** instead of deserializing a value from the record.
+        */
+        u.am.aOffset[u.am.i] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.am.sMem);
+    u.am.sMem.flags = MEM_Null;
+
+    /* If we have read more header data than was contained in the header,
+    ** or if the end of the last field appears to be past the end of the
+    ** record, or if the end of the last field appears to be before the end
+    ** of the record (when all fields present), then we must be dealing
+    ** with a corrupt database.
+    */
+    if( (u.am.zIdx > u.am.zEndHdr) || (u.am.offset > u.am.payloadSize)
+         || (u.am.zIdx==u.am.zEndHdr && u.am.offset!=u.am.payloadSize) ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      goto op_column_out;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Get the column information. If u.am.aOffset[u.am.p2] is non-zero, then
+  ** deserialize the value from the record. If u.am.aOffset[u.am.p2] is zero,
+  ** then there are not enough fields in the record to satisfy the
+  ** request.  In this case, set the value NULL or to P4 if P4 is
+  ** a pointer to a Mem object.
+  */
+  if( u.am.aOffset[u.am.p2] ){
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+    if( u.am.zRec ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(u.am.pDest);
+      sqlite3VdbeSerialGet((u8 *)&u.am.zRec[u.am.aOffset[u.am.p2]], u.am.aType[u.am.p2], u.am.pDest);
+    }else{
+      u.am.len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.am.aType[u.am.p2]);
+      sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.am.sMem, u.am.pDest);
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(u.am.pCrsr, u.am.aOffset[u.am.p2], u.am.len, u.am.pC->isIndex, &u.am.sMem);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto op_column_out;
+      }
+      u.am.zData = u.am.sMem.z;
+      sqlite3VdbeSerialGet((u8*)u.am.zData, u.am.aType[u.am.p2], u.am.pDest);
+    }
+    u.am.pDest->enc = encoding;
+  }else{
+    if( pOp->p4type==P4_MEM ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(u.am.pDest, pOp->p4.pMem, MEM_Static);
+    }else{
+      assert( u.am.pDest->flags&MEM_Null );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If we dynamically allocated space to hold the data (in the
+  ** sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree() call above) then transfer control of that
+  ** dynamically allocated space over to the u.am.pDest structure.
+  ** This prevents a memory copy.
+  */
+  if( u.am.sMem.zMalloc ){
+    assert( u.am.sMem.z==u.am.sMem.zMalloc );
+    assert( !(u.am.pDest->flags & MEM_Dyn) );
+    assert( !(u.am.pDest->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str)) || u.am.pDest->z==u.am.sMem.z );
+    u.am.pDest->flags &= ~(MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
+    u.am.pDest->flags |= MEM_Term;
+    u.am.pDest->z = u.am.sMem.z;
+    u.am.pDest->zMalloc = u.am.sMem.zMalloc;
+  }
+
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(u.am.pDest);
+
+op_column_out:
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.am.pDest);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.am.pDest);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Affinity P1 P2 * P4 *
+**
+** Apply affinities to a range of P2 registers starting with P1.
+**
+** P4 is a string that is P2 characters long. The nth character of the
+** string indicates the column affinity that should be used for the nth
+** memory cell in the range.
+*/
+case OP_Affinity: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.an */
+  const char *zAffinity;   /* The affinity to be applied */
+  char cAff;               /* A single character of affinity */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.an */
+
+  u.an.zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
+  assert( u.an.zAffinity!=0 );
+  assert( u.an.zAffinity[pOp->p2]==0 );
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  while( (u.an.cAff = *(u.an.zAffinity++))!=0 ){
+    assert( pIn1 <= &p->aMem[p->nMem] );
+    assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
+    ExpandBlob(pIn1);
+    applyAffinity(pIn1, u.an.cAff, encoding);
+    pIn1++;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: MakeRecord P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** Convert P2 registers beginning with P1 into the [record format]
+** use as a data record in a database table or as a key
+** in an index.  The OP_Column opcode can decode the record later.
+**
+** P4 may be a string that is P2 characters long.  The nth character of the
+** string indicates the column affinity that should be used for the nth
+** field of the index key.
+**
+** The mapping from character to affinity is given by the SQLITE_AFF_
+** macros defined in sqliteInt.h.
+**
+** If P4 is NULL then all index fields have the affinity NONE.
+*/
+case OP_MakeRecord: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ao */
+  u8 *zNewRecord;        /* A buffer to hold the data for the new record */
+  Mem *pRec;             /* The new record */
+  u64 nData;             /* Number of bytes of data space */
+  int nHdr;              /* Number of bytes of header space */
+  i64 nByte;             /* Data space required for this record */
+  int nZero;             /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
+  int nVarint;           /* Number of bytes in a varint */
+  u32 serial_type;       /* Type field */
+  Mem *pData0;           /* First field to be combined into the record */
+  Mem *pLast;            /* Last field of the record */
+  int nField;            /* Number of fields in the record */
+  char *zAffinity;       /* The affinity string for the record */
+  int file_format;       /* File format to use for encoding */
+  int i;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] */
+  int len;               /* Length of a field */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ao */
+
+  /* Assuming the record contains N fields, the record format looks
+  ** like this:
+  **
+  ** ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  ** | hdr-size | type 0 | type 1 | ... | type N-1 | data0 | ... | data N-1 |
+  ** ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  **
+  ** Data(0) is taken from register P1.  Data(1) comes from register P1+1
+  ** and so froth.
+  **
+  ** Each type field is a varint representing the serial type of the
+  ** corresponding data element (see sqlite3VdbeSerialType()). The
+  ** hdr-size field is also a varint which is the offset from the beginning
+  ** of the record to data0.
+  */
+  u.ao.nData = 0;         /* Number of bytes of data space */
+  u.ao.nHdr = 0;          /* Number of bytes of header space */
+  u.ao.nZero = 0;         /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
+  u.ao.nField = pOp->p1;
+  u.ao.zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
+  assert( u.ao.nField>0 && pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+u.ao.nField<=p->nMem+1 );
+  u.ao.pData0 = &aMem[u.ao.nField];
+  u.ao.nField = pOp->p2;
+  u.ao.pLast = &u.ao.pData0[u.ao.nField-1];
+  u.ao.file_format = p->minWriteFileFormat;
+
+  /* Identify the output register */
+  assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p1 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p1+pOp->p2 );
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
+
+  /* Loop through the elements that will make up the record to figure
+  ** out how much space is required for the new record.
+  */
+  for(u.ao.pRec=u.ao.pData0; u.ao.pRec<=u.ao.pLast; u.ao.pRec++){
+    assert( memIsValid(u.ao.pRec) );
+    if( u.ao.zAffinity ){
+      applyAffinity(u.ao.pRec, u.ao.zAffinity[u.ao.pRec-u.ao.pData0], encoding);
+    }
+    if( u.ao.pRec->flags&MEM_Zero && u.ao.pRec->n>0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(u.ao.pRec);
+    }
+    u.ao.serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(u.ao.pRec, u.ao.file_format);
+    u.ao.len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.ao.serial_type);
+    u.ao.nData += u.ao.len;
+    u.ao.nHdr += sqlite3VarintLen(u.ao.serial_type);
+    if( u.ao.pRec->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+      /* Only pure zero-filled BLOBs can be input to this Opcode.
+      ** We do not allow blobs with a prefix and a zero-filled tail. */
+      u.ao.nZero += u.ao.pRec->u.nZero;
+    }else if( u.ao.len ){
+      u.ao.nZero = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Add the initial header varint and total the size */
+  u.ao.nHdr += u.ao.nVarint = sqlite3VarintLen(u.ao.nHdr);
+  if( u.ao.nVarint<sqlite3VarintLen(u.ao.nHdr) ){
+    u.ao.nHdr++;
+  }
+  u.ao.nByte = u.ao.nHdr+u.ao.nData-u.ao.nZero;
+  if( u.ao.nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    goto too_big;
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure the output register has a buffer large enough to store
+  ** the new record. The output register (pOp->p3) is not allowed to
+  ** be one of the input registers (because the following call to
+  ** sqlite3VdbeMemGrow() could clobber the value before it is used).
+  */
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)u.ao.nByte, 0) ){
+    goto no_mem;
+  }
+  u.ao.zNewRecord = (u8 *)pOut->z;
+
+  /* Write the record */
+  u.ao.i = putVarint32(u.ao.zNewRecord, u.ao.nHdr);
+  for(u.ao.pRec=u.ao.pData0; u.ao.pRec<=u.ao.pLast; u.ao.pRec++){
+    u.ao.serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(u.ao.pRec, u.ao.file_format);
+    u.ao.i += putVarint32(&u.ao.zNewRecord[u.ao.i], u.ao.serial_type);      /* serial type */
+  }
+  for(u.ao.pRec=u.ao.pData0; u.ao.pRec<=u.ao.pLast; u.ao.pRec++){  /* serial data */
+    u.ao.i += sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(&u.ao.zNewRecord[u.ao.i], (int)(u.ao.nByte-u.ao.i), u.ao.pRec,u.ao.file_format);
+  }
+  assert( u.ao.i==u.ao.nByte );
+
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+  pOut->n = (int)u.ao.nByte;
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Blob | MEM_Dyn;
+  pOut->xDel = 0;
+  if( u.ao.nZero ){
+    pOut->u.nZero = u.ao.nZero;
+    pOut->flags |= MEM_Zero;
+  }
+  pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;  /* In case the blob is ever converted to text */
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pOut);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Count P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Store the number of entries (an integer value) in the table or index 
+** opened by cursor P1 in register P2
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
+case OP_Count: {         /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ap */
+  i64 nEntry;
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ap */
+
+  u.ap.pCrsr = p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->pCursor;
+  if( u.ap.pCrsr ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeCount(u.ap.pCrsr, &u.ap.nEntry);
+  }else{
+    u.ap.nEntry = 0;
+  }
+  pOut->u.i = u.ap.nEntry;
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Opcode: Savepoint P1 * * P4 *
+**
+** Open, release or rollback the savepoint named by parameter P4, depending
+** on the value of P1. To open a new savepoint, P1==0. To release (commit) an
+** existing savepoint, P1==1, or to rollback an existing savepoint P1==2.
+*/
+case OP_Savepoint: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aq */
+  int p1;                         /* Value of P1 operand */
+  char *zName;                    /* Name of savepoint */
+  int nName;
+  Savepoint *pNew;
+  Savepoint *pSavepoint;
+  Savepoint *pTmp;
+  int iSavepoint;
+  int ii;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.aq */
+
+  u.aq.p1 = pOp->p1;
+  u.aq.zName = pOp->p4.z;
+
+  /* Assert that the u.aq.p1 parameter is valid. Also that if there is no open
+  ** transaction, then there cannot be any savepoints.
+  */
+  assert( db->pSavepoint==0 || db->autoCommit==0 );
+  assert( u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN||u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE||u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK );
+  assert( db->pSavepoint || db->isTransactionSavepoint==0 );
+  assert( checkSavepointCount(db) );
+
+  if( u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN ){
+    if( db->writeVdbeCnt>0 ){
+      /* A new savepoint cannot be created if there are active write
+      ** statements (i.e. open read/write incremental blob handles).
+      */
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "cannot open savepoint - "
+        "SQL statements in progress");
+      rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }else{
+      u.aq.nName = sqlite3Strlen30(u.aq.zName);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+      /* This call is Ok even if this savepoint is actually a transaction
+      ** savepoint (and therefore should not prompt xSavepoint()) callbacks.
+      ** If this is a transaction savepoint being opened, it is guaranteed
+      ** that the db->aVTrans[] array is empty.  */
+      assert( db->autoCommit==0 || db->nVTrans==0 );
+      rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_BEGIN,
+                                db->nStatement+db->nSavepoint);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+#endif
+
+      /* Create a new savepoint structure. */
+      u.aq.pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Savepoint)+u.aq.nName+1);
+      if( u.aq.pNew ){
+        u.aq.pNew->zName = (char *)&u.aq.pNew[1];
+        memcpy(u.aq.pNew->zName, u.aq.zName, u.aq.nName+1);
+
+        /* If there is no open transaction, then mark this as a special
+        ** "transaction savepoint". */
+        if( db->autoCommit ){
+          db->autoCommit = 0;
+          db->isTransactionSavepoint = 1;
+        }else{
+          db->nSavepoint++;
+        }
+
+        /* Link the new savepoint into the database handle's list. */
+        u.aq.pNew->pNext = db->pSavepoint;
+        db->pSavepoint = u.aq.pNew;
+        u.aq.pNew->nDeferredCons = db->nDeferredCons;
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    u.aq.iSavepoint = 0;
+
+    /* Find the named savepoint. If there is no such savepoint, then an
+    ** an error is returned to the user.  */
+    for(
+      u.aq.pSavepoint = db->pSavepoint;
+      u.aq.pSavepoint && sqlite3StrICmp(u.aq.pSavepoint->zName, u.aq.zName);
+      u.aq.pSavepoint = u.aq.pSavepoint->pNext
+    ){
+      u.aq.iSavepoint++;
+    }
+    if( !u.aq.pSavepoint ){
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "no such savepoint: %s", u.aq.zName);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }else if(
+        db->writeVdbeCnt>0 || (u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK && db->activeVdbeCnt>1)
+    ){
+      /* It is not possible to release (commit) a savepoint if there are
+      ** active write statements. It is not possible to rollback a savepoint
+      ** if there are any active statements at all.
+      */
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
+        "cannot %s savepoint - SQL statements in progress",
+        (u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ? "rollback": "release")
+      );
+      rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }else{
+
+      /* Determine whether or not this is a transaction savepoint. If so,
+      ** and this is a RELEASE command, then the current transaction
+      ** is committed.
+      */
+      int isTransaction = u.aq.pSavepoint->pNext==0 && db->isTransactionSavepoint;
+      if( isTransaction && u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
+        if( (rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1))!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          goto vdbe_return;
+        }
+        db->autoCommit = 1;
+        if( sqlite3VdbeHalt(p)==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+          p->pc = pc;
+          db->autoCommit = 0;
+          p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+          goto vdbe_return;
+        }
+        db->isTransactionSavepoint = 0;
+        rc = p->rc;
+      }else{
+        u.aq.iSavepoint = db->nSavepoint - u.aq.iSavepoint - 1;
+        for(u.aq.ii=0; u.aq.ii<db->nDb; u.aq.ii++){
+          rc = sqlite3BtreeSavepoint(db->aDb[u.aq.ii].pBt, u.aq.p1, u.aq.iSavepoint);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+            goto abort_due_to_error;
+          }
+        }
+        if( u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK && (db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges)!=0 ){
+          sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+          sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+          db->flags = (db->flags | SQLITE_InternChanges);
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* Regardless of whether this is a RELEASE or ROLLBACK, destroy all
+      ** savepoints nested inside of the savepoint being operated on. */
+      while( db->pSavepoint!=u.aq.pSavepoint ){
+        u.aq.pTmp = db->pSavepoint;
+        db->pSavepoint = u.aq.pTmp->pNext;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, u.aq.pTmp);
+        db->nSavepoint--;
+      }
+
+      /* If it is a RELEASE, then destroy the savepoint being operated on
+      ** too. If it is a ROLLBACK TO, then set the number of deferred
+      ** constraint violations present in the database to the value stored
+      ** when the savepoint was created.  */
+      if( u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
+        assert( u.aq.pSavepoint==db->pSavepoint );
+        db->pSavepoint = u.aq.pSavepoint->pNext;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, u.aq.pSavepoint);
+        if( !isTransaction ){
+          db->nSavepoint--;
+        }
+      }else{
+        db->nDeferredCons = u.aq.pSavepoint->nDeferredCons;
+      }
+
+      if( !isTransaction ){
+        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, u.aq.p1, u.aq.iSavepoint);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: AutoCommit P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Set the database auto-commit flag to P1 (1 or 0). If P2 is true, roll
+** back any currently active btree transactions. If there are any active
+** VMs (apart from this one), then a ROLLBACK fails.  A COMMIT fails if
+** there are active writing VMs or active VMs that use shared cache.
+**
+** This instruction causes the VM to halt.
+*/
+case OP_AutoCommit: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ar */
+  int desiredAutoCommit;
+  int iRollback;
+  int turnOnAC;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ar */
+
+  u.ar.desiredAutoCommit = pOp->p1;
+  u.ar.iRollback = pOp->p2;
+  u.ar.turnOnAC = u.ar.desiredAutoCommit && !db->autoCommit;
+  assert( u.ar.desiredAutoCommit==1 || u.ar.desiredAutoCommit==0 );
+  assert( u.ar.desiredAutoCommit==1 || u.ar.iRollback==0 );
+  assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>0 );  /* At least this one VM is active */
+
+  if( u.ar.turnOnAC && u.ar.iRollback && db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+    /* If this instruction implements a ROLLBACK and other VMs are
+    ** still running, and a transaction is active, return an error indicating
+    ** that the other VMs must complete first.
+    */
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "cannot rollback transaction - "
+        "SQL statements in progress");
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }else if( u.ar.turnOnAC && !u.ar.iRollback && db->writeVdbeCnt>0 ){
+    /* If this instruction implements a COMMIT and other VMs are writing
+    ** return an error indicating that the other VMs must complete first.
+    */
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "cannot commit transaction - "
+        "SQL statements in progress");
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }else if( u.ar.desiredAutoCommit!=db->autoCommit ){
+    if( u.ar.iRollback ){
+      assert( u.ar.desiredAutoCommit==1 );
+      sqlite3RollbackAll(db);
+      db->autoCommit = 1;
+    }else if( (rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1))!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto vdbe_return;
+    }else{
+      db->autoCommit = (u8)u.ar.desiredAutoCommit;
+      if( sqlite3VdbeHalt(p)==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        p->pc = pc;
+        db->autoCommit = (u8)(1-u.ar.desiredAutoCommit);
+        p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        goto vdbe_return;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( db->nStatement==0 );
+    sqlite3CloseSavepoints(db);
+    if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    goto vdbe_return;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
+        (!u.ar.desiredAutoCommit)?"cannot start a transaction within a transaction":(
+        (u.ar.iRollback)?"cannot rollback - no transaction is active":
+                   "cannot commit - no transaction is active"));
+
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Transaction P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Begin a transaction.  The transaction ends when a Commit or Rollback
+** opcode is encountered.  Depending on the ON CONFLICT setting, the
+** transaction might also be rolled back if an error is encountered.
+**
+** P1 is the index of the database file on which the transaction is
+** started.  Index 0 is the main database file and index 1 is the
+** file used for temporary tables.  Indices of 2 or more are used for
+** attached databases.
+**
+** If P2 is non-zero, then a write-transaction is started.  A RESERVED lock is
+** obtained on the database file when a write-transaction is started.  No
+** other process can start another write transaction while this transaction is
+** underway.  Starting a write transaction also creates a rollback journal. A
+** write transaction must be started before any changes can be made to the
+** database.  If P2 is 2 or greater then an EXCLUSIVE lock is also obtained
+** on the file.
+**
+** If a write-transaction is started and the Vdbe.usesStmtJournal flag is
+** true (this flag is set if the Vdbe may modify more than one row and may
+** throw an ABORT exception), a statement transaction may also be opened.
+** More specifically, a statement transaction is opened iff the database
+** connection is currently not in autocommit mode, or if there are other
+** active statements. A statement transaction allows the affects of this
+** VDBE to be rolled back after an error without having to roll back the
+** entire transaction. If no error is encountered, the statement transaction
+** will automatically commit when the VDBE halts.
+**
+** If P2 is zero, then a read-lock is obtained on the database file.
+*/
+case OP_Transaction: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.as */
+  Btree *pBt;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.as */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  u.as.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+
+  if( u.as.pBt ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(u.as.pBt, pOp->p2);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+      p->pc = pc;
+      p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+      goto vdbe_return;
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto abort_due_to_error;
+    }
+
+    if( pOp->p2 && p->usesStmtJournal
+     && (db->autoCommit==0 || db->activeVdbeCnt>1)
+    ){
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(u.as.pBt) );
+      if( p->iStatement==0 ){
+        assert( db->nStatement>=0 && db->nSavepoint>=0 );
+        db->nStatement++;
+        p->iStatement = db->nSavepoint + db->nStatement;
+      }
+
+      rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_BEGIN, p->iStatement-1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(u.as.pBt, p->iStatement);
+      }
+
+      /* Store the current value of the database handles deferred constraint
+      ** counter. If the statement transaction needs to be rolled back,
+      ** the value of this counter needs to be restored too.  */
+      p->nStmtDefCons = db->nDeferredCons;
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: ReadCookie P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Read cookie number P3 from database P1 and write it into register P2.
+** P3==1 is the schema version.  P3==2 is the database format.
+** P3==3 is the recommended pager cache size, and so forth.  P1==0 is
+** the main database file and P1==1 is the database file used to store
+** temporary tables.
+**
+** There must be a read-lock on the database (either a transaction
+** must be started or there must be an open cursor) before
+** executing this instruction.
+*/
+case OP_ReadCookie: {               /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.at */
+  int iMeta;
+  int iDb;
+  int iCookie;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.at */
+
+  u.at.iDb = pOp->p1;
+  u.at.iCookie = pOp->p3;
+  assert( pOp->p3<SQLITE_N_BTREE_META );
+  assert( u.at.iDb>=0 && u.at.iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( db->aDb[u.at.iDb].pBt!=0 );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.at.iDb))!=0 );
+
+  sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(db->aDb[u.at.iDb].pBt, u.at.iCookie, (u32 *)&u.at.iMeta);
+  pOut->u.i = u.at.iMeta;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: SetCookie P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Write the content of register P3 (interpreted as an integer)
+** into cookie number P2 of database P1.  P2==1 is the schema version.  
+** P2==2 is the database format. P2==3 is the recommended pager cache 
+** size, and so forth.  P1==0 is the main database file and P1==1 is the 
+** database file used to store temporary tables.
+**
+** A transaction must be started before executing this opcode.
+*/
+case OP_SetCookie: {       /* in3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.au */
+  Db *pDb;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.au */
+  assert( pOp->p2<SQLITE_N_BTREE_META );
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  u.au.pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.au.pDb->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, pOp->p1, 0) );
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn3);
+  /* See note about index shifting on OP_ReadCookie */
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(u.au.pDb->pBt, pOp->p2, (int)pIn3->u.i);
+  if( pOp->p2==BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION ){
+    /* When the schema cookie changes, record the new cookie internally */
+    u.au.pDb->pSchema->schema_cookie = (int)pIn3->u.i;
+    db->flags |= SQLITE_InternChanges;
+  }else if( pOp->p2==BTREE_FILE_FORMAT ){
+    /* Record changes in the file format */
+    u.au.pDb->pSchema->file_format = (u8)pIn3->u.i;
+  }
+  if( pOp->p1==1 ){
+    /* Invalidate all prepared statements whenever the TEMP database
+    ** schema is changed.  Ticket #1644 */
+    sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+    p->expired = 0;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: VerifyCookie P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Check the value of global database parameter number 0 (the
+** schema version) and make sure it is equal to P2 and that the
+** generation counter on the local schema parse equals P3.
+**
+** P1 is the database number which is 0 for the main database file
+** and 1 for the file holding temporary tables and some higher number
+** for auxiliary databases.
+**
+** The cookie changes its value whenever the database schema changes.
+** This operation is used to detect when that the cookie has changed
+** and that the current process needs to reread the schema.
+**
+** Either a transaction needs to have been started or an OP_Open needs
+** to be executed (to establish a read lock) before this opcode is
+** invoked.
+*/
+case OP_VerifyCookie: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.av */
+  int iMeta;
+  int iGen;
+  Btree *pBt;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.av */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, pOp->p1, 0) );
+  u.av.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  if( u.av.pBt ){
+    sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(u.av.pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&u.av.iMeta);
+    u.av.iGen = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->iGeneration;
+  }else{
+    u.av.iGen = u.av.iMeta = 0;
+  }
+  if( u.av.iMeta!=pOp->p2 || u.av.iGen!=pOp->p3 ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+    p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, "database schema has changed");
+    /* If the schema-cookie from the database file matches the cookie
+    ** stored with the in-memory representation of the schema, do
+    ** not reload the schema from the database file.
+    **
+    ** If virtual-tables are in use, this is not just an optimization.
+    ** Often, v-tables store their data in other SQLite tables, which
+    ** are queried from within xNext() and other v-table methods using
+    ** prepared queries. If such a query is out-of-date, we do not want to
+    ** discard the database schema, as the user code implementing the
+    ** v-table would have to be ready for the sqlite3_vtab structure itself
+    ** to be invalidated whenever sqlite3_step() is called from within
+    ** a v-table method.
+    */
+    if( db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->schema_cookie!=u.av.iMeta ){
+      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, pOp->p1);
+    }
+
+    p->expired = 1;
+    rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: OpenRead P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** Open a read-only cursor for the database table whose root page is
+** P2 in a database file.  The database file is determined by P3. 
+** P3==0 means the main database, P3==1 means the database used for 
+** temporary tables, and P3>1 means used the corresponding attached
+** database.  Give the new cursor an identifier of P1.  The P1
+** values need not be contiguous but all P1 values should be small integers.
+** It is an error for P1 to be negative.
+**
+** If P5!=0 then use the content of register P2 as the root page, not
+** the value of P2 itself.
+**
+** There will be a read lock on the database whenever there is an
+** open cursor.  If the database was unlocked prior to this instruction
+** then a read lock is acquired as part of this instruction.  A read
+** lock allows other processes to read the database but prohibits
+** any other process from modifying the database.  The read lock is
+** released when all cursors are closed.  If this instruction attempts
+** to get a read lock but fails, the script terminates with an
+** SQLITE_BUSY error code.
+**
+** The P4 value may be either an integer (P4_INT32) or a pointer to
+** a KeyInfo structure (P4_KEYINFO). If it is a pointer to a KeyInfo 
+** structure, then said structure defines the content and collating 
+** sequence of the index being opened. Otherwise, if P4 is an integer 
+** value, it is set to the number of columns in the table.
+**
+** See also OpenWrite.
+*/
+/* Opcode: OpenWrite P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** Open a read/write cursor named P1 on the table or index whose root
+** page is P2.  Or if P5!=0 use the content of register P2 to find the
+** root page.
+**
+** The P4 value may be either an integer (P4_INT32) or a pointer to
+** a KeyInfo structure (P4_KEYINFO). If it is a pointer to a KeyInfo 
+** structure, then said structure defines the content and collating 
+** sequence of the index being opened. Otherwise, if P4 is an integer 
+** value, it is set to the number of columns in the table, or to the
+** largest index of any column of the table that is actually used.
+**
+** This instruction works just like OpenRead except that it opens the cursor
+** in read/write mode.  For a given table, there can be one or more read-only
+** cursors or a single read/write cursor but not both.
+**
+** See also OpenRead.
+*/
+case OP_OpenRead:
+case OP_OpenWrite: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aw */
+  int nField;
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+  int p2;
+  int iDb;
+  int wrFlag;
+  Btree *pX;
+  VdbeCursor *pCur;
+  Db *pDb;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.aw */
+
+  if( p->expired ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  u.aw.nField = 0;
+  u.aw.pKeyInfo = 0;
+  u.aw.p2 = pOp->p2;
+  u.aw.iDb = pOp->p3;
+  assert( u.aw.iDb>=0 && u.aw.iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.aw.iDb))!=0 );
+  u.aw.pDb = &db->aDb[u.aw.iDb];
+  u.aw.pX = u.aw.pDb->pBt;
+  assert( u.aw.pX!=0 );
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite ){
+    u.aw.wrFlag = 1;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, u.aw.iDb, 0) );
+    if( u.aw.pDb->pSchema->file_format < p->minWriteFileFormat ){
+      p->minWriteFileFormat = u.aw.pDb->pSchema->file_format;
+    }
+  }else{
+    u.aw.wrFlag = 0;
+  }
+  if( pOp->p5 ){
+    assert( u.aw.p2>0 );
+    assert( u.aw.p2<=p->nMem );
+    pIn2 = &aMem[u.aw.p2];
+    assert( memIsValid(pIn2) );
+    assert( (pIn2->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
+    sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn2);
+    u.aw.p2 = (int)pIn2->u.i;
+    /* The u.aw.p2 value always comes from a prior OP_CreateTable opcode and
+    ** that opcode will always set the u.aw.p2 value to 2 or more or else fail.
+    ** If there were a failure, the prepared statement would have halted
+    ** before reaching this instruction. */
+    if( NEVER(u.aw.p2<2) ) {
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      goto abort_due_to_error;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO ){
+    u.aw.pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+    u.aw.pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(p->db);
+    u.aw.nField = u.aw.pKeyInfo->nField+1;
+  }else if( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 ){
+    u.aw.nField = pOp->p4.i;
+  }
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
+  u.aw.pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, u.aw.nField, u.aw.iDb, 1);
+  if( u.aw.pCur==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  u.aw.pCur->nullRow = 1;
+  u.aw.pCur->isOrdered = 1;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.aw.pX, u.aw.p2, u.aw.wrFlag, u.aw.pKeyInfo, u.aw.pCur->pCursor);
+  u.aw.pCur->pKeyInfo = u.aw.pKeyInfo;
+
+  /* Since it performs no memory allocation or IO, the only values that
+  ** sqlite3BtreeCursor() may return are SQLITE_EMPTY and SQLITE_OK.
+  ** SQLITE_EMPTY is only returned when attempting to open the table
+  ** rooted at page 1 of a zero-byte database.  */
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_EMPTY || rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_EMPTY ){
+    u.aw.pCur->pCursor = 0;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Set the VdbeCursor.isTable and isIndex variables. Previous versions of
+  ** SQLite used to check if the root-page flags were sane at this point
+  ** and report database corruption if they were not, but this check has
+  ** since moved into the btree layer.  */
+  u.aw.pCur->isTable = pOp->p4type!=P4_KEYINFO;
+  u.aw.pCur->isIndex = !u.aw.pCur->isTable;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: OpenEphemeral P1 P2 * P4 *
+**
+** Open a new cursor P1 to a transient table.
+** The cursor is always opened read/write even if 
+** the main database is read-only.  The ephemeral
+** table is deleted automatically when the cursor is closed.
+**
+** P2 is the number of columns in the ephemeral table.
+** The cursor points to a BTree table if P4==0 and to a BTree index
+** if P4 is not 0.  If P4 is not NULL, it points to a KeyInfo structure
+** that defines the format of keys in the index.
+**
+** This opcode was once called OpenTemp.  But that created
+** confusion because the term "temp table", might refer either
+** to a TEMP table at the SQL level, or to a table opened by
+** this opcode.  Then this opcode was call OpenVirtual.  But
+** that created confusion with the whole virtual-table idea.
+*/
+/* Opcode: OpenAutoindex P1 P2 * P4 *
+**
+** This opcode works the same as OP_OpenEphemeral.  It has a
+** different name to distinguish its use.  Tables created using
+** by this opcode will be used for automatically created transient
+** indices in joins.
+*/
+case OP_OpenAutoindex: 
+case OP_OpenEphemeral: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ax */
+  VdbeCursor *pCx;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ax */
+  static const int vfsFlags =
+      SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE |
+      SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE |
+      SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE |
+      SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE |
+      SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB;
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
+  u.ax.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
+  if( u.ax.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  u.ax.pCx->nullRow = 1;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, 0, db, &u.ax.pCx->pBt,
+                        BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL | BTREE_SINGLE | pOp->p5, vfsFlags);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(u.ax.pCx->pBt, 1);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    /* If a transient index is required, create it by calling
+    ** sqlite3BtreeCreateTable() with the BTREE_BLOBKEY flag before
+    ** opening it. If a transient table is required, just use the
+    ** automatically created table with root-page 1 (an BLOB_INTKEY table).
+    */
+    if( pOp->p4.pKeyInfo ){
+      int pgno;
+      assert( pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO );
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.ax.pCx->pBt, &pgno, BTREE_BLOBKEY);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        assert( pgno==MASTER_ROOT+1 );
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.ax.pCx->pBt, pgno, 1,
+                                (KeyInfo*)pOp->p4.z, u.ax.pCx->pCursor);
+        u.ax.pCx->pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+        u.ax.pCx->pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(p->db);
+      }
+      u.ax.pCx->isTable = 0;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.ax.pCx->pBt, MASTER_ROOT, 1, 0, u.ax.pCx->pCursor);
+      u.ax.pCx->isTable = 1;
+    }
+  }
+  u.ax.pCx->isOrdered = (pOp->p5!=BTREE_UNORDERED);
+  u.ax.pCx->isIndex = !u.ax.pCx->isTable;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: OpenPseudo P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Open a new cursor that points to a fake table that contains a single
+** row of data.  The content of that one row in the content of memory
+** register P2.  In other words, cursor P1 becomes an alias for the 
+** MEM_Blob content contained in register P2.
+**
+** A pseudo-table created by this opcode is used to hold a single
+** row output from the sorter so that the row can be decomposed into
+** individual columns using the OP_Column opcode.  The OP_Column opcode
+** is the only cursor opcode that works with a pseudo-table.
+**
+** P3 is the number of fields in the records that will be stored by
+** the pseudo-table.
+*/
+case OP_OpenPseudo: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ay */
+  VdbeCursor *pCx;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ay */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
+  u.ay.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p3, -1, 0);
+  if( u.ay.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  u.ay.pCx->nullRow = 1;
+  u.ay.pCx->pseudoTableReg = pOp->p2;
+  u.ay.pCx->isTable = 1;
+  u.ay.pCx->isIndex = 0;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Close P1 * * * *
+**
+** Close a cursor previously opened as P1.  If P1 is not
+** currently open, this instruction is a no-op.
+*/
+case OP_Close: {
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  sqlite3VdbeFreeCursor(p, p->apCsr[pOp->p1]);
+  p->apCsr[pOp->p1] = 0;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: SeekGe P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
+** use the value in register P3 as the key.  If cursor P1 refers 
+** to an SQL index, then P3 is the first in an array of P4 registers 
+** that are used as an unpacked index key. 
+**
+** Reposition cursor P1 so that  it points to the smallest entry that 
+** is greater than or equal to the key value. If there are no records 
+** greater than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekLt, SeekGt, SeekLe
+*/
+/* Opcode: SeekGt P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
+** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
+** to an SQL index, then P3 is the first in an array of P4 registers 
+** that are used as an unpacked index key. 
+**
+** Reposition cursor P1 so that  it points to the smallest entry that 
+** is greater than the key value. If there are no records greater than 
+** the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekLt, SeekGe, SeekLe
+*/
+/* Opcode: SeekLt P1 P2 P3 P4 * 
+**
+** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
+** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
+** to an SQL index, then P3 is the first in an array of P4 registers 
+** that are used as an unpacked index key. 
+**
+** Reposition cursor P1 so that  it points to the largest entry that 
+** is less than the key value. If there are no records less than 
+** the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLe
+*/
+/* Opcode: SeekLe P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
+** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
+** to an SQL index, then P3 is the first in an array of P4 registers 
+** that are used as an unpacked index key. 
+**
+** Reposition cursor P1 so that it points to the largest entry that 
+** is less than or equal to the key value. If there are no records 
+** less than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLt
+*/
+case OP_SeekLt:         /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_SeekLe:         /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_SeekGe:         /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_SeekGt: {       /* jump, in3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.az */
+  int res;
+  int oc;
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  UnpackedRecord r;
+  int nField;
+  i64 iKey;      /* The rowid we are to seek to */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.az */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  assert( pOp->p2!=0 );
+  u.az.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.az.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.az.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( OP_SeekLe == OP_SeekLt+1 );
+  assert( OP_SeekGe == OP_SeekLt+2 );
+  assert( OP_SeekGt == OP_SeekLt+3 );
+  assert( u.az.pC->isOrdered );
+  if( u.az.pC->pCursor!=0 ){
+    u.az.oc = pOp->opcode;
+    u.az.pC->nullRow = 0;
+    if( u.az.pC->isTable ){
+      /* The input value in P3 might be of any type: integer, real, string,
+      ** blob, or NULL.  But it needs to be an integer before we can do
+      ** the seek, so covert it. */
+      pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+      applyNumericAffinity(pIn3);
+      u.az.iKey = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn3);
+      u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+
+      /* If the P3 value could not be converted into an integer without
+      ** loss of information, then special processing is required... */
+      if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
+        if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Real)==0 ){
+          /* If the P3 value cannot be converted into any kind of a number,
+          ** then the seek is not possible, so jump to P2 */
+          pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+          break;
+        }
+        /* If we reach this point, then the P3 value must be a floating
+        ** point number. */
+        assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Real)!=0 );
+
+        if( u.az.iKey==SMALLEST_INT64 && (pIn3->r<(double)u.az.iKey || pIn3->r>0) ){
+          /* The P3 value is too large in magnitude to be expressed as an
+          ** integer. */
+          u.az.res = 1;
+          if( pIn3->r<0 ){
+            if( u.az.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt );
+              rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.res);
+              if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+            }
+          }else{
+            if( u.az.oc<=OP_SeekLe ){  assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.az.oc==OP_SeekLe );
+              rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.res);
+              if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+            }
+          }
+          if( u.az.res ){
+            pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+          }
+          break;
+        }else if( u.az.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.az.oc==OP_SeekGe ){
+          /* Use the ceiling() function to convert real->int */
+          if( pIn3->r > (double)u.az.iKey ) u.az.iKey++;
+        }else{
+          /* Use the floor() function to convert real->int */
+          assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekLe || u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt );
+          if( pIn3->r < (double)u.az.iKey ) u.az.iKey--;
+        }
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.az.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.az.iKey, 0, &u.az.res);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
+      if( u.az.res==0 ){
+        u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 1;
+        u.az.pC->lastRowid = u.az.iKey;
+      }
+    }else{
+      u.az.nField = pOp->p4.i;
+      assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+      assert( u.az.nField>0 );
+      u.az.r.pKeyInfo = u.az.pC->pKeyInfo;
+      u.az.r.nField = (u16)u.az.nField;
+
+      /* The next line of code computes as follows, only faster:
+      **   if( u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt || u.az.oc==OP_SeekLe ){
+      **     u.az.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY;
+      **   }else{
+      **     u.az.r.flags = 0;
+      **   }
+      */
+      u.az.r.flags = (u16)(UNPACKED_INCRKEY * (1 & (u.az.oc - OP_SeekLt)));
+      assert( u.az.oc!=OP_SeekGt || u.az.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
+      assert( u.az.oc!=OP_SeekLe || u.az.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
+      assert( u.az.oc!=OP_SeekGe || u.az.r.flags==0 );
+      assert( u.az.oc!=OP_SeekLt || u.az.r.flags==0 );
+
+      u.az.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      { int i; for(i=0; i<u.az.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.az.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+      ExpandBlob(u.az.r.aMem);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.r, 0, 0, &u.az.res);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
+      u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    }
+    u.az.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    u.az.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+    sqlite3_search_count++;
+#endif
+    if( u.az.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt );
+      if( u.az.res<0 || (u.az.res==0 && u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt) ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeNext(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.res);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+        u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+      }else{
+        u.az.res = 0;
+      }
+    }else{
+      assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.az.oc==OP_SeekLe );
+      if( u.az.res>0 || (u.az.res==0 && u.az.oc==OP_SeekLt) ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.res);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+        u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+      }else{
+        /* u.az.res might be negative because the table is empty.  Check to
+        ** see if this is the case.
+        */
+        u.az.res = sqlite3BtreeEof(u.az.pC->pCursor);
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pOp->p2>0 );
+    if( u.az.res ){
+      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* This happens when attempting to open the sqlite3_master table
+    ** for read access returns SQLITE_EMPTY. In this case always
+    ** take the jump (since there are no records in the table).
+    */
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Seek P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** P1 is an open table cursor and P2 is a rowid integer.  Arrange
+** for P1 to move so that it points to the rowid given by P2.
+**
+** This is actually a deferred seek.  Nothing actually happens until
+** the cursor is used to read a record.  That way, if no reads
+** occur, no unnecessary I/O happens.
+*/
+case OP_Seek: {    /* in2 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ba */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ba */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.ba.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.ba.pC!=0 );
+  if( ALWAYS(u.ba.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
+    assert( u.ba.pC->isTable );
+    u.ba.pC->nullRow = 0;
+    pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+    u.ba.pC->movetoTarget = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
+    u.ba.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    u.ba.pC->deferredMoveto = 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+  
+
+/* Opcode: Found P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** If P4==0 then register P3 holds a blob constructed by MakeRecord.  If
+** P4>0 then register P3 is the first of P4 registers that form an unpacked
+** record.
+**
+** Cursor P1 is on an index btree.  If the record identified by P3 and P4
+** is a prefix of any entry in P1 then a jump is made to P2 and
+** P1 is left pointing at the matching entry.
+*/
+/* Opcode: NotFound P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** If P4==0 then register P3 holds a blob constructed by MakeRecord.  If
+** P4>0 then register P3 is the first of P4 registers that form an unpacked
+** record.
+** 
+** Cursor P1 is on an index btree.  If the record identified by P3 and P4
+** is not the prefix of any entry in P1 then a jump is made to P2.  If P1 
+** does contain an entry whose prefix matches the P3/P4 record then control
+** falls through to the next instruction and P1 is left pointing at the
+** matching entry.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotExists, IsUnique
+*/
+case OP_NotFound:       /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_Found: {        /* jump, in3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bb */
+  int alreadyExists;
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  int res;
+  UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;
+  UnpackedRecord r;
+  char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*3 + 7];
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bb */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  sqlite3_found_count++;
+#endif
+
+  u.bb.alreadyExists = 0;
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+  u.bb.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bb.pC!=0 );
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bb.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
+
+    assert( u.bb.pC->isTable==0 );
+    if( pOp->p4.i>0 ){
+      u.bb.r.pKeyInfo = u.bb.pC->pKeyInfo;
+      u.bb.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
+      u.bb.r.aMem = pIn3;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bb.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bb.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+      u.bb.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
+      u.bb.pIdxKey = &u.bb.r;
+    }else{
+      assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Blob );
+      assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Zero)==0 );  /* zeroblobs already expanded */
+      u.bb.pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(u.bb.pC->pKeyInfo, pIn3->n, pIn3->z,
+                                        u.bb.aTempRec, sizeof(u.bb.aTempRec));
+      if( u.bb.pIdxKey==0 ){
+        goto no_mem;
+      }
+      u.bb.pIdxKey->flags |= UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bb.pC->pCursor, u.bb.pIdxKey, 0, 0, &u.bb.res);
+    if( pOp->p4.i==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord(u.bb.pIdxKey);
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      break;
+    }
+    u.bb.alreadyExists = (u.bb.res==0);
+    u.bb.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    u.bb.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  }
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Found ){
+    if( u.bb.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }else{
+    if( !u.bb.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: IsUnique P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** Cursor P1 is open on an index b-tree - that is to say, a btree which
+** no data and where the key are records generated by OP_MakeRecord with
+** the list field being the integer ROWID of the entry that the index
+** entry refers to.
+**
+** The P3 register contains an integer record number. Call this record 
+** number R. Register P4 is the first in a set of N contiguous registers
+** that make up an unpacked index key that can be used with cursor P1.
+** The value of N can be inferred from the cursor. N includes the rowid
+** value appended to the end of the index record. This rowid value may
+** or may not be the same as R.
+**
+** If any of the N registers beginning with register P4 contains a NULL
+** value, jump immediately to P2.
+**
+** Otherwise, this instruction checks if cursor P1 contains an entry
+** where the first (N-1) fields match but the rowid value at the end
+** of the index entry is not R. If there is no such entry, control jumps
+** to instruction P2. Otherwise, the rowid of the conflicting index
+** entry is copied to register P3 and control falls through to the next
+** instruction.
+**
+** See also: NotFound, NotExists, Found
+*/
+case OP_IsUnique: {        /* jump, in3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bc */
+  u16 ii;
+  VdbeCursor *pCx;
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+  u16 nField;
+  Mem *aMx;
+  UnpackedRecord r;                  /* B-Tree index search key */
+  i64 R;                             /* Rowid stored in register P3 */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bc */
+
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  u.bc.aMx = &aMem[pOp->p4.i];
+  /* Assert that the values of parameters P1 and P4 are in range. */
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+  assert( pOp->p4.i>0 && pOp->p4.i<=p->nMem );
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+
+  /* Find the index cursor. */
+  u.bc.pCx = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bc.pCx->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  u.bc.pCx->seekResult = 0;
+  u.bc.pCx->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  u.bc.pCrsr = u.bc.pCx->pCursor;
+
+  /* If any of the values are NULL, take the jump. */
+  u.bc.nField = u.bc.pCx->pKeyInfo->nField;
+  for(u.bc.ii=0; u.bc.ii<u.bc.nField; u.bc.ii++){
+    if( u.bc.aMx[u.bc.ii].flags & MEM_Null ){
+      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+      u.bc.pCrsr = 0;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( (u.bc.aMx[u.bc.nField].flags & MEM_Null)==0 );
+
+  if( u.bc.pCrsr!=0 ){
+    /* Populate the index search key. */
+    u.bc.r.pKeyInfo = u.bc.pCx->pKeyInfo;
+    u.bc.r.nField = u.bc.nField + 1;
+    u.bc.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH;
+    u.bc.r.aMem = u.bc.aMx;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bc.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bc.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+
+    /* Extract the value of u.bc.R from register P3. */
+    sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn3);
+    u.bc.R = pIn3->u.i;
+
+    /* Search the B-Tree index. If no conflicting record is found, jump
+    ** to P2. Otherwise, copy the rowid of the conflicting record to
+    ** register P3 and fall through to the next instruction.  */
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bc.pCrsr, &u.bc.r, 0, 0, &u.bc.pCx->seekResult);
+    if( (u.bc.r.flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH) || u.bc.r.rowid==u.bc.R ){
+      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    }else{
+      pIn3->u.i = u.bc.r.rowid;
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: NotExists P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Use the content of register P3 as an integer key.  If a record 
+** with that key does not exist in table of P1, then jump to P2. 
+** If the record does exist, then fall through.  The cursor is left 
+** pointing to the record if it exists.
+**
+** The difference between this operation and NotFound is that this
+** operation assumes the key is an integer and that P1 is a table whereas
+** NotFound assumes key is a blob constructed from MakeRecord and
+** P1 is an index.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, IsUnique
+*/
+case OP_NotExists: {        /* jump, in3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bd */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+  int res;
+  u64 iKey;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bd */
+
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Int );
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bd.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bd.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bd.pC->isTable );
+  assert( u.bd.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  u.bd.pCrsr = u.bd.pC->pCursor;
+  if( u.bd.pCrsr!=0 ){
+    u.bd.res = 0;
+    u.bd.iKey = pIn3->u.i;
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bd.pCrsr, 0, u.bd.iKey, 0, &u.bd.res);
+    u.bd.pC->lastRowid = pIn3->u.i;
+    u.bd.pC->rowidIsValid = u.bd.res==0 ?1:0;
+    u.bd.pC->nullRow = 0;
+    u.bd.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    u.bd.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    if( u.bd.res!=0 ){
+      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+      assert( u.bd.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
+    }
+    u.bd.pC->seekResult = u.bd.res;
+  }else{
+    /* This happens when an attempt to open a read cursor on the
+    ** sqlite_master table returns SQLITE_EMPTY.
+    */
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    assert( u.bd.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
+    u.bd.pC->seekResult = 0;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Sequence P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Find the next available sequence number for cursor P1.
+** Write the sequence number into register P2.
+** The sequence number on the cursor is incremented after this
+** instruction.  
+*/
+case OP_Sequence: {           /* out2-prerelease */
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  assert( p->apCsr[pOp->p1]!=0 );
+  pOut->u.i = p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->seqCount++;
+  break;
+}
+
+
+/* Opcode: NewRowid P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Get a new integer record number (a.k.a "rowid") used as the key to a table.
+** The record number is not previously used as a key in the database
+** table that cursor P1 points to.  The new record number is written
+** written to register P2.
+**
+** If P3>0 then P3 is a register in the root frame of this VDBE that holds 
+** the largest previously generated record number. No new record numbers are
+** allowed to be less than this value. When this value reaches its maximum, 
+** an SQLITE_FULL error is generated. The P3 register is updated with the '
+** generated record number. This P3 mechanism is used to help implement the
+** AUTOINCREMENT feature.
+*/
+case OP_NewRowid: {           /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.be */
+  i64 v;                 /* The new rowid */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;        /* Cursor of table to get the new rowid */
+  int res;               /* Result of an sqlite3BtreeLast() */
+  int cnt;               /* Counter to limit the number of searches */
+  Mem *pMem;             /* Register holding largest rowid for AUTOINCREMENT */
+  VdbeFrame *pFrame;     /* Root frame of VDBE */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.be */
+
+  u.be.v = 0;
+  u.be.res = 0;
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.be.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.be.pC!=0 );
+  if( NEVER(u.be.pC->pCursor==0) ){
+    /* The zero initialization above is all that is needed */
+  }else{
+    /* The next rowid or record number (different terms for the same
+    ** thing) is obtained in a two-step algorithm.
+    **
+    ** First we attempt to find the largest existing rowid and add one
+    ** to that.  But if the largest existing rowid is already the maximum
+    ** positive integer, we have to fall through to the second
+    ** probabilistic algorithm
+    **
+    ** The second algorithm is to select a rowid at random and see if
+    ** it already exists in the table.  If it does not exist, we have
+    ** succeeded.  If the random rowid does exist, we select a new one
+    ** and try again, up to 100 times.
+    */
+    assert( u.be.pC->isTable );
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_32BIT_ROWID
+#   define MAX_ROWID 0x7fffffff
+#else
+    /* Some compilers complain about constants of the form 0x7fffffffffffffff.
+    ** Others complain about 0x7ffffffffffffffffLL.  The following macro seems
+    ** to provide the constant while making all compilers happy.
+    */
+#   define MAX_ROWID  (i64)( (((u64)0x7fffffff)<<32) | (u64)0xffffffff )
+#endif
+
+    if( !u.be.pC->useRandomRowid ){
+      u.be.v = sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(u.be.pC->pCursor);
+      if( u.be.v==0 ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.be.pC->pCursor, &u.be.res);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          goto abort_due_to_error;
+        }
+        if( u.be.res ){
+          u.be.v = 1;   /* IMP: R-61914-48074 */
+        }else{
+          assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.be.pC->pCursor) );
+          rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.be.pC->pCursor, &u.be.v);
+          assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* Cannot fail following BtreeLast() */
+          if( u.be.v==MAX_ROWID ){
+            u.be.pC->useRandomRowid = 1;
+          }else{
+            u.be.v++;   /* IMP: R-29538-34987 */
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+      if( pOp->p3 ){
+        /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
+        assert( pOp->p3>0 );
+        if( p->pFrame ){
+          for(u.be.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.be.pFrame->pParent; u.be.pFrame=u.be.pFrame->pParent);
+          /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
+          assert( pOp->p3<=u.be.pFrame->nMem );
+          u.be.pMem = &u.be.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p3];
+        }else{
+          /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
+          assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+          u.be.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+          memAboutToChange(p, u.be.pMem);
+        }
+        assert( memIsValid(u.be.pMem) );
+
+        REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.be.pMem);
+        sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.be.pMem);
+        assert( (u.be.pMem->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );  /* mem(P3) holds an integer */
+        if( u.be.pMem->u.i==MAX_ROWID || u.be.pC->useRandomRowid ){
+          rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-12275-61338 */
+          goto abort_due_to_error;
+        }
+        if( u.be.v<u.be.pMem->u.i+1 ){
+          u.be.v = u.be.pMem->u.i + 1;
+        }
+        u.be.pMem->u.i = u.be.v;
+      }
+#endif
+
+      sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.be.pC->pCursor, u.be.v<MAX_ROWID ? u.be.v+1 : 0);
+    }
+    if( u.be.pC->useRandomRowid ){
+      /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-07677-41881 If the largest ROWID is equal to the
+      ** largest possible integer (9223372036854775807) then the database
+      ** engine starts picking positive candidate ROWIDs at random until
+      ** it finds one that is not previously used. */
+      assert( pOp->p3==0 );  /* We cannot be in random rowid mode if this is
+                             ** an AUTOINCREMENT table. */
+      /* on the first attempt, simply do one more than previous */
+      u.be.v = lastRowid;
+      u.be.v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
+      u.be.v++; /* ensure non-zero */
+      u.be.cnt = 0;
+      while(   ((rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.be.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.be.v,
+                                                 0, &u.be.res))==SQLITE_OK)
+            && (u.be.res==0)
+            && (++u.be.cnt<100)){
+        /* collision - try another random rowid */
+        sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(u.be.v), &u.be.v);
+        if( u.be.cnt<5 ){
+          /* try "small" random rowids for the initial attempts */
+          u.be.v &= 0xffffff;
+        }else{
+          u.be.v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
+        }
+        u.be.v++; /* ensure non-zero */
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.be.res==0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-38219-53002 */
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
+      assert( u.be.v>0 );  /* EV: R-40812-03570 */
+    }
+    u.be.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    u.be.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    u.be.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  }
+  pOut->u.i = u.be.v;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Insert P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** Write an entry into the table of cursor P1.  A new entry is
+** created if it doesn't already exist or the data for an existing
+** entry is overwritten.  The data is the value MEM_Blob stored in register
+** number P2. The key is stored in register P3. The key must
+** be a MEM_Int.
+**
+** If the OPFLAG_NCHANGE flag of P5 is set, then the row change count is
+** incremented (otherwise not).  If the OPFLAG_LASTROWID flag of P5 is set,
+** then rowid is stored for subsequent return by the
+** sqlite3_last_insert_rowid() function (otherwise it is unmodified).
+**
+** If the OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT flag of P5 is set and if the result of
+** the last seek operation (OP_NotExists) was a success, then this
+** operation will not attempt to find the appropriate row before doing
+** the insert but will instead overwrite the row that the cursor is
+** currently pointing to.  Presumably, the prior OP_NotExists opcode
+** has already positioned the cursor correctly.  This is an optimization
+** that boosts performance by avoiding redundant seeks.
+**
+** If the OPFLAG_ISUPDATE flag is set, then this opcode is part of an
+** UPDATE operation.  Otherwise (if the flag is clear) then this opcode
+** is part of an INSERT operation.  The difference is only important to
+** the update hook.
+**
+** Parameter P4 may point to a string containing the table-name, or
+** may be NULL. If it is not NULL, then the update-hook 
+** (sqlite3.xUpdateCallback) is invoked following a successful insert.
+**
+** (WARNING/TODO: If P1 is a pseudo-cursor and P2 is dynamically
+** allocated, then ownership of P2 is transferred to the pseudo-cursor
+** and register P2 becomes ephemeral.  If the cursor is changed, the
+** value of register P2 will then change.  Make sure this does not
+** cause any problems.)
+**
+** This instruction only works on tables.  The equivalent instruction
+** for indices is OP_IdxInsert.
+*/
+/* Opcode: InsertInt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This works exactly like OP_Insert except that the key is the
+** integer value P3, not the value of the integer stored in register P3.
+*/
+case OP_Insert: 
+case OP_InsertInt: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bf */
+  Mem *pData;       /* MEM cell holding data for the record to be inserted */
+  Mem *pKey;        /* MEM cell holding key  for the record */
+  i64 iKey;         /* The integer ROWID or key for the record to be inserted */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;   /* Cursor to table into which insert is written */
+  int nZero;        /* Number of zero-bytes to append */
+  int seekResult;   /* Result of prior seek or 0 if no USESEEKRESULT flag */
+  const char *zDb;  /* database name - used by the update hook */
+  const char *zTbl; /* Table name - used by the opdate hook */
+  int op;           /* Opcode for update hook: SQLITE_UPDATE or SQLITE_INSERT */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bf */
+
+  u.bf.pData = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  assert( memIsValid(u.bf.pData) );
+  u.bf.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bf.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bf.pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  assert( u.bf.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( u.bf.pC->isTable );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, u.bf.pData);
+
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Insert ){
+    u.bf.pKey = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    assert( u.bf.pKey->flags & MEM_Int );
+    assert( memIsValid(u.bf.pKey) );
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.bf.pKey);
+    u.bf.iKey = u.bf.pKey->u.i;
+  }else{
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_InsertInt );
+    u.bf.iKey = pOp->p3;
+  }
+
+  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
+  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_LASTROWID ) db->lastRowid = lastRowid = u.bf.iKey;
+  if( u.bf.pData->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    u.bf.pData->z = 0;
+    u.bf.pData->n = 0;
+  }else{
+    assert( u.bf.pData->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) );
+  }
+  u.bf.seekResult = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.bf.pC->seekResult : 0);
+  if( u.bf.pData->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+    u.bf.nZero = u.bf.pData->u.nZero;
+  }else{
+    u.bf.nZero = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bf.pC->pCursor, 0);
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.bf.pC->pCursor, 0, u.bf.iKey,
+                          u.bf.pData->z, u.bf.pData->n, u.bf.nZero,
+                          pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_APPEND, u.bf.seekResult
+  );
+  u.bf.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  u.bf.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  u.bf.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+
+  /* Invoke the update-hook if required. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
+    u.bf.zDb = db->aDb[u.bf.pC->iDb].zName;
+    u.bf.zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
+    u.bf.op = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_ISUPDATE) ? SQLITE_UPDATE : SQLITE_INSERT);
+    assert( u.bf.pC->isTable );
+    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, u.bf.op, u.bf.zDb, u.bf.zTbl, u.bf.iKey);
+    assert( u.bf.pC->iDb>=0 );
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Delete P1 P2 * P4 *
+**
+** Delete the record at which the P1 cursor is currently pointing.
+**
+** The cursor will be left pointing at either the next or the previous
+** record in the table. If it is left pointing at the next record, then
+** the next Next instruction will be a no-op.  Hence it is OK to delete
+** a record from within an Next loop.
+**
+** If the OPFLAG_NCHANGE flag of P2 is set, then the row change count is
+** incremented (otherwise not).
+**
+** P1 must not be pseudo-table.  It has to be a real table with
+** multiple rows.
+**
+** If P4 is not NULL, then it is the name of the table that P1 is
+** pointing to.  The update hook will be invoked, if it exists.
+** If P4 is not NULL then the P1 cursor must have been positioned
+** using OP_NotFound prior to invoking this opcode.
+*/
+case OP_Delete: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bg */
+  i64 iKey;
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bg */
+
+  u.bg.iKey = 0;
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bg.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bg.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bg.pC->pCursor!=0 );  /* Only valid for real tables, no pseudotables */
+
+  /* If the update-hook will be invoked, set u.bg.iKey to the rowid of the
+  ** row being deleted.
+  */
+  if( db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
+    assert( u.bg.pC->isTable );
+    assert( u.bg.pC->rowidIsValid );  /* lastRowid set by previous OP_NotFound */
+    u.bg.iKey = u.bg.pC->lastRowid;
+  }
+
+  /* The OP_Delete opcode always follows an OP_NotExists or OP_Last or
+  ** OP_Column on the same table without any intervening operations that
+  ** might move or invalidate the cursor.  Hence cursor u.bg.pC is always pointing
+  ** to the row to be deleted and the sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto() operation
+  ** below is always a no-op and cannot fail.  We will run it anyhow, though,
+  ** to guard against future changes to the code generator.
+  **/
+  assert( u.bg.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bg.pC);
+  if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+
+  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bg.pC->pCursor, 0);
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.bg.pC->pCursor);
+  u.bg.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+
+  /* Invoke the update-hook if required. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
+    const char *zDb = db->aDb[u.bg.pC->iDb].zName;
+    const char *zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
+    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, SQLITE_DELETE, zDb, zTbl, u.bg.iKey);
+    assert( u.bg.pC->iDb>=0 );
+  }
+  if( pOp->p2 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
+  break;
+}
+/* Opcode: ResetCount * * * * *
+**
+** The value of the change counter is copied to the database handle
+** change counter (returned by subsequent calls to sqlite3_changes()).
+** Then the VMs internal change counter resets to 0.
+** This is used by trigger programs.
+*/
+case OP_ResetCount: {
+  sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(db, p->nChange);
+  p->nChange = 0;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: RowData P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Write into register P2 the complete row data for cursor P1.
+** There is no interpretation of the data.  
+** It is just copied onto the P2 register exactly as 
+** it is found in the database file.
+**
+** If the P1 cursor must be pointing to a valid row (not a NULL row)
+** of a real table, not a pseudo-table.
+*/
+/* Opcode: RowKey P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Write into register P2 the complete row key for cursor P1.
+** There is no interpretation of the data.  
+** The key is copied onto the P3 register exactly as 
+** it is found in the database file.
+**
+** If the P1 cursor must be pointing to a valid row (not a NULL row)
+** of a real table, not a pseudo-table.
+*/
+case OP_RowKey:
+case OP_RowData: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bh */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+  u32 n;
+  i64 n64;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bh */
+
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
+
+  /* Note that RowKey and RowData are really exactly the same instruction */
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bh.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bh.pC->isTable || pOp->opcode==OP_RowKey );
+  assert( u.bh.pC->isIndex || pOp->opcode==OP_RowData );
+  assert( u.bh.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bh.pC->nullRow==0 );
+  assert( u.bh.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( u.bh.pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  u.bh.pCrsr = u.bh.pC->pCursor;
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.bh.pCrsr) );
+
+  /* The OP_RowKey and OP_RowData opcodes always follow OP_NotExists or
+  ** OP_Rewind/Op_Next with no intervening instructions that might invalidate
+  ** the cursor.  Hence the following sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto() call is always
+  ** a no-op and can never fail.  But we leave it in place as a safety.
+  */
+  assert( u.bh.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bh.pC);
+  if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+
+  if( u.bh.pC->isIndex ){
+    assert( !u.bh.pC->isTable );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bh.pCrsr, &u.bh.n64);
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
+    if( u.bh.n64>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+      goto too_big;
+    }
+    u.bh.n = (u32)u.bh.n64;
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.bh.pCrsr, &u.bh.n);
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* DataSize() cannot fail */
+    if( u.bh.n>(u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+      goto too_big;
+    }
+  }
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, u.bh.n, 0) ){
+    goto no_mem;
+  }
+  pOut->n = u.bh.n;
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Blob);
+  if( u.bh.pC->isIndex ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(u.bh.pCrsr, 0, u.bh.n, pOut->z);
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeData(u.bh.pCrsr, 0, u.bh.n, pOut->z);
+  }
+  pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;  /* In case the blob is ever cast to text */
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Rowid P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Store in register P2 an integer which is the key of the table entry that
+** P1 is currently point to.
+**
+** P1 can be either an ordinary table or a virtual table.  There used to
+** be a separate OP_VRowid opcode for use with virtual tables, but this
+** one opcode now works for both table types.
+*/
+case OP_Rowid: {                 /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bi */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  i64 v;
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bi */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bi.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bi.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bi.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  if( u.bi.pC->nullRow ){
+    pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
+    break;
+  }else if( u.bi.pC->deferredMoveto ){
+    u.bi.v = u.bi.pC->movetoTarget;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  }else if( u.bi.pC->pVtabCursor ){
+    u.bi.pVtab = u.bi.pC->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+    u.bi.pModule = u.bi.pVtab->pModule;
+    assert( u.bi.pModule->xRowid );
+    rc = u.bi.pModule->xRowid(u.bi.pC->pVtabCursor, &u.bi.v);
+    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.bi.pVtab);
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+  }else{
+    assert( u.bi.pC->pCursor!=0 );
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bi.pC);
+    if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+    if( u.bi.pC->rowidIsValid ){
+      u.bi.v = u.bi.pC->lastRowid;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bi.pC->pCursor, &u.bi.v);
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );  /* Always so because of CursorMoveto() above */
+    }
+  }
+  pOut->u.i = u.bi.v;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: NullRow P1 * * * *
+**
+** Move the cursor P1 to a null row.  Any OP_Column operations
+** that occur while the cursor is on the null row will always
+** write a NULL.
+*/
+case OP_NullRow: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bj */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bj */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bj.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bj.pC!=0 );
+  u.bj.pC->nullRow = 1;
+  u.bj.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  if( u.bj.pC->pCursor ){
+    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(u.bj.pC->pCursor);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Last P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** The next use of the Rowid or Column or Next instruction for P1 
+** will refer to the last entry in the database table or index.
+** If the table or index is empty and P2>0, then jump immediately to P2.
+** If P2 is 0 or if the table or index is not empty, fall through
+** to the following instruction.
+*/
+case OP_Last: {        /* jump */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bk */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+  int res;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bk */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bk.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bk.pC!=0 );
+  u.bk.pCrsr = u.bk.pC->pCursor;
+  if( u.bk.pCrsr==0 ){
+    u.bk.res = 1;
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bk.pCrsr, &u.bk.res);
+  }
+  u.bk.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bk.res;
+  u.bk.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  u.bk.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  u.bk.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  if( pOp->p2>0 && u.bk.res ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+
+/* Opcode: Sort P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** This opcode does exactly the same thing as OP_Rewind except that
+** it increments an undocumented global variable used for testing.
+**
+** Sorting is accomplished by writing records into a sorting index,
+** then rewinding that index and playing it back from beginning to
+** end.  We use the OP_Sort opcode instead of OP_Rewind to do the
+** rewinding so that the global variable will be incremented and
+** regression tests can determine whether or not the optimizer is
+** correctly optimizing out sorts.
+*/
+case OP_Sort: {        /* jump */
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  sqlite3_sort_count++;
+  sqlite3_search_count--;
+#endif
+  p->aCounter[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT-1]++;
+  /* Fall through into OP_Rewind */
+}
+/* Opcode: Rewind P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** The next use of the Rowid or Column or Next instruction for P1 
+** will refer to the first entry in the database table or index.
+** If the table or index is empty and P2>0, then jump immediately to P2.
+** If P2 is 0 or if the table or index is not empty, fall through
+** to the following instruction.
+*/
+case OP_Rewind: {        /* jump */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bl */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+  int res;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bl */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bl.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bl.pC!=0 );
+  u.bl.res = 1;
+  if( (u.bl.pCrsr = u.bl.pC->pCursor)!=0 ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.bl.pCrsr, &u.bl.res);
+    u.bl.pC->atFirst = u.bl.res==0 ?1:0;
+    u.bl.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    u.bl.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    u.bl.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  }
+  u.bl.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bl.res;
+  assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2<p->nOp );
+  if( u.bl.res ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Next P1 P2 * * P5
+**
+** Advance cursor P1 so that it points to the next key/data pair in its
+** table or index.  If there are no more key/value pairs then fall through
+** to the following instruction.  But if the cursor advance was successful,
+** jump immediately to P2.
+**
+** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.
+**
+** If P5 is positive and the jump is taken, then event counter
+** number P5-1 in the prepared statement is incremented.
+**
+** See also: Prev
+*/
+/* Opcode: Prev P1 P2 * * P5
+**
+** Back up cursor P1 so that it points to the previous key/data pair in its
+** table or index.  If there is no previous key/value pairs then fall through
+** to the following instruction.  But if the cursor backup was successful,
+** jump immediately to P2.
+**
+** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.
+**
+** If P5 is positive and the jump is taken, then event counter
+** number P5-1 in the prepared statement is incremented.
+*/
+case OP_Prev:          /* jump */
+case OP_Next: {        /* jump */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bm */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+  int res;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bm */
+
+  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  assert( pOp->p5<=ArraySize(p->aCounter) );
+  u.bm.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  if( u.bm.pC==0 ){
+    break;  /* See ticket #2273 */
+  }
+  u.bm.pCrsr = u.bm.pC->pCursor;
+  if( u.bm.pCrsr==0 ){
+    u.bm.pC->nullRow = 1;
+    break;
+  }
+  u.bm.res = 1;
+  assert( u.bm.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  rc = pOp->opcode==OP_Next ? sqlite3BtreeNext(u.bm.pCrsr, &u.bm.res) :
+                              sqlite3BtreePrevious(u.bm.pCrsr, &u.bm.res);
+  u.bm.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bm.res;
+  u.bm.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  if( u.bm.res==0 ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    if( pOp->p5 ) p->aCounter[pOp->p5-1]++;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+    sqlite3_search_count++;
+#endif
+  }
+  u.bm.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: IdxInsert P1 P2 P3 * P5
+**
+** Register P2 holds an SQL index key made using the
+** MakeRecord instructions.  This opcode writes that key
+** into the index P1.  Data for the entry is nil.
+**
+** P3 is a flag that provides a hint to the b-tree layer that this
+** insert is likely to be an append.
+**
+** This instruction only works for indices.  The equivalent instruction
+** for tables is OP_Insert.
+*/
+case OP_IdxInsert: {        /* in2 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bn */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+  int nKey;
+  const char *zKey;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bn */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bn.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bn.pC!=0 );
+  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  assert( pIn2->flags & MEM_Blob );
+  u.bn.pCrsr = u.bn.pC->pCursor;
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bn.pCrsr!=0) ){
+    assert( u.bn.pC->isTable==0 );
+    rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      u.bn.nKey = pIn2->n;
+      u.bn.zKey = pIn2->z;
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.bn.pCrsr, u.bn.zKey, u.bn.nKey, "", 0, 0, pOp->p3,
+          ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.bn.pC->seekResult : 0)
+      );
+      assert( u.bn.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+      u.bn.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: IdxDelete P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** The content of P3 registers starting at register P2 form
+** an unpacked index key. This opcode removes that entry from the 
+** index opened by cursor P1.
+*/
+case OP_IdxDelete: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bo */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+  int res;
+  UnpackedRecord r;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bo */
+
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 );
+  assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+pOp->p3<=p->nMem+1 );
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bo.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bo.pC!=0 );
+  u.bo.pCrsr = u.bo.pC->pCursor;
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bo.pCrsr!=0) ){
+    u.bo.r.pKeyInfo = u.bo.pC->pKeyInfo;
+    u.bo.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p3;
+    u.bo.r.flags = 0;
+    u.bo.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bo.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bo.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bo.pCrsr, &u.bo.r, 0, 0, &u.bo.res);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bo.res==0 ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.bo.pCrsr);
+    }
+    assert( u.bo.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+    u.bo.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: IdxRowid P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Write into register P2 an integer which is the last entry in the record at
+** the end of the index key pointed to by cursor P1.  This integer should be
+** the rowid of the table entry to which this index entry points.
+**
+** See also: Rowid, MakeRecord.
+*/
+case OP_IdxRowid: {              /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bp */
+  BtCursor *pCrsr;
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  i64 rowid;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bp */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bp.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bp.pC!=0 );
+  u.bp.pCrsr = u.bp.pC->pCursor;
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bp.pCrsr!=0) ){
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bp.pC);
+    if( NEVER(rc) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+    assert( u.bp.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+    assert( u.bp.pC->isTable==0 );
+    if( !u.bp.pC->nullRow ){
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(db, u.bp.pCrsr, &u.bp.rowid);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
+      pOut->u.i = u.bp.rowid;
+      pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: IdxGE P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
+** key that omits the ROWID.  Compare this key value against the index 
+** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the ROWID on the P1 index.
+**
+** If the P1 index entry is greater than or equal to the key value
+** then jump to P2.  Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
+**
+** If P5 is non-zero then the key value is increased by an epsilon 
+** prior to the comparison.  This make the opcode work like IdxGT except
+** that if the key from register P3 is a prefix of the key in the cursor,
+** the result is false whereas it would be true with IdxGT.
+*/
+/* Opcode: IdxLT P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
+** key that omits the ROWID.  Compare this key value against the index 
+** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the ROWID on the P1 index.
+**
+** If the P1 index entry is less than the key value then jump to P2.
+** Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
+**
+** If P5 is non-zero then the key value is increased by an epsilon prior 
+** to the comparison.  This makes the opcode work like IdxLE.
+*/
+case OP_IdxLT:          /* jump */
+case OP_IdxGE: {        /* jump */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bq */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  int res;
+  UnpackedRecord r;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bq */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  u.bq.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bq.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bq.pC->isOrdered );
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bq.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
+    assert( u.bq.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+    assert( pOp->p5==0 || pOp->p5==1 );
+    assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+    u.bq.r.pKeyInfo = u.bq.pC->pKeyInfo;
+    u.bq.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
+    if( pOp->p5 ){
+      u.bq.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY | UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID;
+    }else{
+      u.bq.r.flags = UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID;
+    }
+    u.bq.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bq.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bq.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(u.bq.pC, &u.bq.r, &u.bq.res);
+    if( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLT ){
+      u.bq.res = -u.bq.res;
+    }else{
+      assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGE );
+      u.bq.res++;
+    }
+    if( u.bq.res>0 ){
+      pc = pOp->p2 - 1 ;
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Destroy P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Delete an entire database table or index whose root page in the database
+** file is given by P1.
+**
+** The table being destroyed is in the main database file if P3==0.  If
+** P3==1 then the table to be clear is in the auxiliary database file
+** that is used to store tables create using CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE.
+**
+** If AUTOVACUUM is enabled then it is possible that another root page
+** might be moved into the newly deleted root page in order to keep all
+** root pages contiguous at the beginning of the database.  The former
+** value of the root page that moved - its value before the move occurred -
+** is stored in register P2.  If no page 
+** movement was required (because the table being dropped was already 
+** the last one in the database) then a zero is stored in register P2.
+** If AUTOVACUUM is disabled then a zero is stored in register P2.
+**
+** See also: Clear
+*/
+case OP_Destroy: {     /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.br */
+  int iMoved;
+  int iCnt;
+  Vdbe *pVdbe;
+  int iDb;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.br */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  u.br.iCnt = 0;
+  for(u.br.pVdbe=db->pVdbe; u.br.pVdbe; u.br.pVdbe = u.br.pVdbe->pNext){
+    if( u.br.pVdbe->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && u.br.pVdbe->inVtabMethod<2 && u.br.pVdbe->pc>=0 ){
+      u.br.iCnt++;
+    }
+  }
+#else
+  u.br.iCnt = db->activeVdbeCnt;
+#endif
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
+  if( u.br.iCnt>1 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_LOCKED;
+    p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
+  }else{
+    u.br.iDb = pOp->p3;
+    assert( u.br.iCnt==1 );
+    assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.br.iDb))!=0 );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeDropTable(db->aDb[u.br.iDb].pBt, pOp->p1, &u.br.iMoved);
+    pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
+    pOut->u.i = u.br.iMoved;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.br.iMoved!=0 ){
+      sqlite3RootPageMoved(db, u.br.iDb, u.br.iMoved, pOp->p1);
+      /* All OP_Destroy operations occur on the same btree */
+      assert( resetSchemaOnFault==0 || resetSchemaOnFault==u.br.iDb+1 );
+      resetSchemaOnFault = u.br.iDb+1;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Clear P1 P2 P3
+**
+** Delete all contents of the database table or index whose root page
+** in the database file is given by P1.  But, unlike Destroy, do not
+** remove the table or index from the database file.
+**
+** The table being clear is in the main database file if P2==0.  If
+** P2==1 then the table to be clear is in the auxiliary database file
+** that is used to store tables create using CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE.
+**
+** If the P3 value is non-zero, then the table referred to must be an
+** intkey table (an SQL table, not an index). In this case the row change 
+** count is incremented by the number of rows in the table being cleared. 
+** If P3 is greater than zero, then the value stored in register P3 is
+** also incremented by the number of rows in the table being cleared.
+**
+** See also: Destroy
+*/
+case OP_Clear: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bs */
+  int nChange;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bs */
+
+  u.bs.nChange = 0;
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p2))!=0 );
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeClearTable(
+      db->aDb[pOp->p2].pBt, pOp->p1, (pOp->p3 ? &u.bs.nChange : 0)
+  );
+  if( pOp->p3 ){
+    p->nChange += u.bs.nChange;
+    if( pOp->p3>0 ){
+      assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
+      memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
+      aMem[pOp->p3].u.i += u.bs.nChange;
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: CreateTable P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Allocate a new table in the main database file if P1==0 or in the
+** auxiliary database file if P1==1 or in an attached database if
+** P1>1.  Write the root page number of the new table into
+** register P2
+**
+** The difference between a table and an index is this:  A table must
+** have a 4-byte integer key and can have arbitrary data.  An index
+** has an arbitrary key but no data.
+**
+** See also: CreateIndex
+*/
+/* Opcode: CreateIndex P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Allocate a new index in the main database file if P1==0 or in the
+** auxiliary database file if P1==1 or in an attached database if
+** P1>1.  Write the root page number of the new table into
+** register P2.
+**
+** See documentation on OP_CreateTable for additional information.
+*/
+case OP_CreateIndex:            /* out2-prerelease */
+case OP_CreateTable: {          /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bt */
+  int pgno;
+  int flags;
+  Db *pDb;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bt */
+
+  u.bt.pgno = 0;
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  u.bt.pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bt.pDb->pBt!=0 );
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_CreateTable ){
+    /* u.bt.flags = BTREE_INTKEY; */
+    u.bt.flags = BTREE_INTKEY;
+  }else{
+    u.bt.flags = BTREE_BLOBKEY;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.bt.pDb->pBt, &u.bt.pgno, u.bt.flags);
+  pOut->u.i = u.bt.pgno;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: ParseSchema P1 * * P4 *
+**
+** Read and parse all entries from the SQLITE_MASTER table of database P1
+** that match the WHERE clause P4. 
+**
+** This opcode invokes the parser to create a new virtual machine,
+** then runs the new virtual machine.  It is thus a re-entrant opcode.
+*/
+case OP_ParseSchema: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bu */
+  int iDb;
+  const char *zMaster;
+  char *zSql;
+  InitData initData;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bu */
+
+  /* Any prepared statement that invokes this opcode will hold mutexes
+  ** on every btree.  This is a prerequisite for invoking
+  ** sqlite3InitCallback().
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  for(u.bu.iDb=0; u.bu.iDb<db->nDb; u.bu.iDb++){
+    assert( u.bu.iDb==1 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[u.bu.iDb].pBt) );
+  }
+#endif
+
+  u.bu.iDb = pOp->p1;
+  assert( u.bu.iDb>=0 && u.bu.iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( DbHasProperty(db, u.bu.iDb, DB_SchemaLoaded) );
+  /* Used to be a conditional */ {
+    u.bu.zMaster = SCHEMA_TABLE(u.bu.iDb);
+    u.bu.initData.db = db;
+    u.bu.initData.iDb = pOp->p1;
+    u.bu.initData.pzErrMsg = &p->zErrMsg;
+    u.bu.zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db,
+       "SELECT name, rootpage, sql FROM '%q'.%s WHERE %s ORDER BY rowid",
+       db->aDb[u.bu.iDb].zName, u.bu.zMaster, pOp->p4.z);
+    if( u.bu.zSql==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      assert( db->init.busy==0 );
+      db->init.busy = 1;
+      u.bu.initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      assert( !db->mallocFailed );
+      rc = sqlite3_exec(db, u.bu.zSql, sqlite3InitCallback, &u.bu.initData, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = u.bu.initData.rc;
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bu.zSql);
+      db->init.busy = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    goto no_mem;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE)
+/* Opcode: LoadAnalysis P1 * * * *
+**
+** Read the sqlite_stat1 table for database P1 and load the content
+** of that table into the internal index hash table.  This will cause
+** the analysis to be used when preparing all subsequent queries.
+*/
+case OP_LoadAnalysis: {
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
+  rc = sqlite3AnalysisLoad(db, pOp->p1);
+  break;  
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE) */
+
+/* Opcode: DropTable P1 * * P4 *
+**
+** Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
+** the table named P4 in database P1.  This is called after a table
+** is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
+** schema consistent with what is on disk.
+*/
+case OP_DropTable: {
+  sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTable(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p4.z);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: DropIndex P1 * * P4 *
+**
+** Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
+** the index named P4 in database P1.  This is called after an index
+** is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
+** schema consistent with what is on disk.
+*/
+case OP_DropIndex: {
+  sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteIndex(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p4.z);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: DropTrigger P1 * * P4 *
+**
+** Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
+** the trigger named P4 in database P1.  This is called after a trigger
+** is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
+** schema consistent with what is on disk.
+*/
+case OP_DropTrigger: {
+  sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTrigger(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p4.z);
+  break;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
+/* Opcode: IntegrityCk P1 P2 P3 * P5
+**
+** Do an analysis of the currently open database.  Store in
+** register P1 the text of an error message describing any problems.
+** If no problems are found, store a NULL in register P1.
+**
+** The register P3 contains the maximum number of allowed errors.
+** At most reg(P3) errors will be reported.
+** In other words, the analysis stops as soon as reg(P1) errors are 
+** seen.  Reg(P1) is updated with the number of errors remaining.
+**
+** The root page numbers of all tables in the database are integer
+** stored in reg(P1), reg(P1+1), reg(P1+2), ....  There are P2 tables
+** total.
+**
+** If P5 is not zero, the check is done on the auxiliary database
+** file, not the main database file.
+**
+** This opcode is used to implement the integrity_check pragma.
+*/
+case OP_IntegrityCk: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bv */
+  int nRoot;      /* Number of tables to check.  (Number of root pages.) */
+  int *aRoot;     /* Array of rootpage numbers for tables to be checked */
+  int j;          /* Loop counter */
+  int nErr;       /* Number of errors reported */
+  char *z;        /* Text of the error report */
+  Mem *pnErr;     /* Register keeping track of errors remaining */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bv */
+
+  u.bv.nRoot = pOp->p2;
+  assert( u.bv.nRoot>0 );
+  u.bv.aRoot = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(u.bv.nRoot+1) );
+  if( u.bv.aRoot==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+  u.bv.pnErr = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( (u.bv.pnErr->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
+  assert( (u.bv.pnErr->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  for(u.bv.j=0; u.bv.j<u.bv.nRoot; u.bv.j++){
+    u.bv.aRoot[u.bv.j] = (int)sqlite3VdbeIntValue(&pIn1[u.bv.j]);
+  }
+  u.bv.aRoot[u.bv.j] = 0;
+  assert( pOp->p5<db->nDb );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p5))!=0 );
+  u.bv.z = sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(db->aDb[pOp->p5].pBt, u.bv.aRoot, u.bv.nRoot,
+                                 (int)u.bv.pnErr->u.i, &u.bv.nErr);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bv.aRoot);
+  u.bv.pnErr->u.i -= u.bv.nErr;
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pIn1);
+  if( u.bv.nErr==0 ){
+    assert( u.bv.z==0 );
+  }else if( u.bv.z==0 ){
+    goto no_mem;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pIn1, u.bv.z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);
+  }
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pIn1);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pIn1, encoding);
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
+
+/* Opcode: RowSetAdd P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Insert the integer value held by register P2 into a boolean index
+** held in register P1.
+**
+** An assertion fails if P2 is not an integer.
+*/
+case OP_RowSetAdd: {       /* in1, in2 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  assert( (pIn2->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetRowSet(pIn1);
+    if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  }
+  sqlite3RowSetInsert(pIn1->u.pRowSet, pIn2->u.i);
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: RowSetRead P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Extract the smallest value from boolean index P1 and put that value into
+** register P3.  Or, if boolean index P1 is initially empty, leave P3
+** unchanged and jump to instruction P2.
+*/
+case OP_RowSetRead: {       /* jump, in1, out3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bw */
+  i64 val;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bw */
+  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0
+   || sqlite3RowSetNext(pIn1->u.pRowSet, &u.bw.val)==0
+  ){
+    /* The boolean index is empty */
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pIn1);
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }else{
+    /* A value was pulled from the index */
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[pOp->p3], u.bw.val);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: RowSetTest P1 P2 P3 P4
+**
+** Register P3 is assumed to hold a 64-bit integer value. If register P1
+** contains a RowSet object and that RowSet object contains
+** the value held in P3, jump to register P2. Otherwise, insert the
+** integer in P3 into the RowSet and continue on to the
+** next opcode.
+**
+** The RowSet object is optimized for the case where successive sets
+** of integers, where each set contains no duplicates. Each set
+** of values is identified by a unique P4 value. The first set
+** must have P4==0, the final set P4=-1.  P4 must be either -1 or
+** non-negative.  For non-negative values of P4 only the lower 4
+** bits are significant.
+**
+** This allows optimizations: (a) when P4==0 there is no need to test
+** the rowset object for P3, as it is guaranteed not to contain it,
+** (b) when P4==-1 there is no need to insert the value, as it will
+** never be tested for, and (c) when a value that is part of set X is
+** inserted, there is no need to search to see if the same value was
+** previously inserted as part of set X (only if it was previously
+** inserted as part of some other set).
+*/
+case OP_RowSetTest: {                     /* jump, in1, in3 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bx */
+  int iSet;
+  int exists;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bx */
+
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  u.bx.iSet = pOp->p4.i;
+  assert( pIn3->flags&MEM_Int );
+
+  /* If there is anything other than a rowset object in memory cell P1,
+  ** delete it now and initialize P1 with an empty rowset
+  */
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetRowSet(pIn1);
+    if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  }
+
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+  assert( u.bx.iSet==-1 || u.bx.iSet>=0 );
+  if( u.bx.iSet ){
+    u.bx.exists = sqlite3RowSetTest(pIn1->u.pRowSet,
+                               (u8)(u.bx.iSet>=0 ? u.bx.iSet & 0xf : 0xff),
+                               pIn3->u.i);
+    if( u.bx.exists ){
+      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if( u.bx.iSet>=0 ){
+    sqlite3RowSetInsert(pIn1->u.pRowSet, pIn3->u.i);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+
+/* Opcode: Program P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** Execute the trigger program passed as P4 (type P4_SUBPROGRAM). 
+**
+** P1 contains the address of the memory cell that contains the first memory 
+** cell in an array of values used as arguments to the sub-program. P2 
+** contains the address to jump to if the sub-program throws an IGNORE 
+** exception using the RAISE() function. Register P3 contains the address 
+** of a memory cell in this (the parent) VM that is used to allocate the 
+** memory required by the sub-vdbe at runtime.
+**
+** P4 is a pointer to the VM containing the trigger program.
+*/
+case OP_Program: {        /* jump */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.by */
+  int nMem;               /* Number of memory registers for sub-program */
+  int nByte;              /* Bytes of runtime space required for sub-program */
+  Mem *pRt;               /* Register to allocate runtime space */
+  Mem *pMem;              /* Used to iterate through memory cells */
+  Mem *pEnd;              /* Last memory cell in new array */
+  VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* New vdbe frame to execute in */
+  SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Sub-program to execute */
+  void *t;                /* Token identifying trigger */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.by */
+
+  u.by.pProgram = pOp->p4.pProgram;
+  u.by.pRt = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( memIsValid(u.by.pRt) );
+  assert( u.by.pProgram->nOp>0 );
+
+  /* If the p5 flag is clear, then recursive invocation of triggers is
+  ** disabled for backwards compatibility (p5 is set if this sub-program
+  ** is really a trigger, not a foreign key action, and the flag set
+  ** and cleared by the "PRAGMA recursive_triggers" command is clear).
+  **
+  ** It is recursive invocation of triggers, at the SQL level, that is
+  ** disabled. In some cases a single trigger may generate more than one
+  ** SubProgram (if the trigger may be executed with more than one different
+  ** ON CONFLICT algorithm). SubProgram structures associated with a
+  ** single trigger all have the same value for the SubProgram.token
+  ** variable.  */
+  if( pOp->p5 ){
+    u.by.t = u.by.pProgram->token;
+    for(u.by.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.by.pFrame && u.by.pFrame->token!=u.by.t; u.by.pFrame=u.by.pFrame->pParent);
+    if( u.by.pFrame ) break;
+  }
+
+  if( p->nFrame>=db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH] ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "too many levels of trigger recursion");
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /* Register u.by.pRt is used to store the memory required to save the state
+  ** of the current program, and the memory required at runtime to execute
+  ** the trigger program. If this trigger has been fired before, then u.by.pRt
+  ** is already allocated. Otherwise, it must be initialized.  */
+  if( (u.by.pRt->flags&MEM_Frame)==0 ){
+    /* SubProgram.nMem is set to the number of memory cells used by the
+    ** program stored in SubProgram.aOp. As well as these, one memory
+    ** cell is required for each cursor used by the program. Set local
+    ** variable u.by.nMem (and later, VdbeFrame.nChildMem) to this value.
+    */
+    u.by.nMem = u.by.pProgram->nMem + u.by.pProgram->nCsr;
+    u.by.nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeFrame))
+              + u.by.nMem * sizeof(Mem)
+              + u.by.pProgram->nCsr * sizeof(VdbeCursor *);
+    u.by.pFrame = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, u.by.nByte);
+    if( !u.by.pFrame ){
+      goto no_mem;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(u.by.pRt);
+    u.by.pRt->flags = MEM_Frame;
+    u.by.pRt->u.pFrame = u.by.pFrame;
+
+    u.by.pFrame->v = p;
+    u.by.pFrame->nChildMem = u.by.nMem;
+    u.by.pFrame->nChildCsr = u.by.pProgram->nCsr;
+    u.by.pFrame->pc = pc;
+    u.by.pFrame->aMem = p->aMem;
+    u.by.pFrame->nMem = p->nMem;
+    u.by.pFrame->apCsr = p->apCsr;
+    u.by.pFrame->nCursor = p->nCursor;
+    u.by.pFrame->aOp = p->aOp;
+    u.by.pFrame->nOp = p->nOp;
+    u.by.pFrame->token = u.by.pProgram->token;
+
+    u.by.pEnd = &VdbeFrameMem(u.by.pFrame)[u.by.pFrame->nChildMem];
+    for(u.by.pMem=VdbeFrameMem(u.by.pFrame); u.by.pMem!=u.by.pEnd; u.by.pMem++){
+      u.by.pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
+      u.by.pMem->db = db;
+    }
+  }else{
+    u.by.pFrame = u.by.pRt->u.pFrame;
+    assert( u.by.pProgram->nMem+u.by.pProgram->nCsr==u.by.pFrame->nChildMem );
+    assert( u.by.pProgram->nCsr==u.by.pFrame->nChildCsr );
+    assert( pc==u.by.pFrame->pc );
+  }
+
+  p->nFrame++;
+  u.by.pFrame->pParent = p->pFrame;
+  u.by.pFrame->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  u.by.pFrame->nChange = p->nChange;
+  p->nChange = 0;
+  p->pFrame = u.by.pFrame;
+  p->aMem = aMem = &VdbeFrameMem(u.by.pFrame)[-1];
+  p->nMem = u.by.pFrame->nChildMem;
+  p->nCursor = (u16)u.by.pFrame->nChildCsr;
+  p->apCsr = (VdbeCursor **)&aMem[p->nMem+1];
+  p->aOp = aOp = u.by.pProgram->aOp;
+  p->nOp = u.by.pProgram->nOp;
+  pc = -1;
+
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: Param P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** This opcode is only ever present in sub-programs called via the 
+** OP_Program instruction. Copy a value currently stored in a memory 
+** cell of the calling (parent) frame to cell P2 in the current frames 
+** address space. This is used by trigger programs to access the new.* 
+** and old.* values.
+**
+** The address of the cell in the parent frame is determined by adding
+** the value of the P1 argument to the value of the P1 argument to the
+** calling OP_Program instruction.
+*/
+case OP_Param: {           /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bz */
+  VdbeFrame *pFrame;
+  Mem *pIn;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bz */
+  u.bz.pFrame = p->pFrame;
+  u.bz.pIn = &u.bz.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1 + u.bz.pFrame->aOp[u.bz.pFrame->pc].p1];
+  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, u.bz.pIn, MEM_Ephem);
+  break;
+}
+
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+/* Opcode: FkCounter P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Increment a "constraint counter" by P2 (P2 may be negative or positive).
+** If P1 is non-zero, the database constraint counter is incremented 
+** (deferred foreign key constraints). Otherwise, if P1 is zero, the 
+** statement counter is incremented (immediate foreign key constraints).
+*/
+case OP_FkCounter: {
+  if( pOp->p1 ){
+    db->nDeferredCons += pOp->p2;
+  }else{
+    p->nFkConstraint += pOp->p2;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: FkIfZero P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** This opcode tests if a foreign key constraint-counter is currently zero.
+** If so, jump to instruction P2. Otherwise, fall through to the next 
+** instruction.
+**
+** If P1 is non-zero, then the jump is taken if the database constraint-counter
+** is zero (the one that counts deferred constraint violations). If P1 is
+** zero, the jump is taken if the statement constraint-counter is zero
+** (immediate foreign key constraint violations).
+*/
+case OP_FkIfZero: {         /* jump */
+  if( pOp->p1 ){
+    if( db->nDeferredCons==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
+  }else{
+    if( p->nFkConstraint==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+/* Opcode: MemMax P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** P1 is a register in the root frame of this VM (the root frame is
+** different from the current frame if this instruction is being executed
+** within a sub-program). Set the value of register P1 to the maximum of 
+** its current value and the value in register P2.
+**
+** This instruction throws an error if the memory cell is not initially
+** an integer.
+*/
+case OP_MemMax: {        /* in2 */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ca */
+  Mem *pIn1;
+  VdbeFrame *pFrame;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ca */
+  if( p->pFrame ){
+    for(u.ca.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.ca.pFrame->pParent; u.ca.pFrame=u.ca.pFrame->pParent);
+    u.ca.pIn1 = &u.ca.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1];
+  }else{
+    u.ca.pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  }
+  assert( memIsValid(u.ca.pIn1) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.ca.pIn1);
+  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn2);
+  if( u.ca.pIn1->u.i<pIn2->u.i){
+    u.ca.pIn1->u.i = pIn2->u.i;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT */
+
+/* Opcode: IfPos P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** If the value of register P1 is 1 or greater, jump to P2.
+**
+** It is illegal to use this instruction on a register that does
+** not contain an integer.  An assertion fault will result if you try.
+*/
+case OP_IfPos: {        /* jump, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pIn1->flags&MEM_Int );
+  if( pIn1->u.i>0 ){
+     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: IfNeg P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** If the value of register P1 is less than zero, jump to P2. 
+**
+** It is illegal to use this instruction on a register that does
+** not contain an integer.  An assertion fault will result if you try.
+*/
+case OP_IfNeg: {        /* jump, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pIn1->flags&MEM_Int );
+  if( pIn1->u.i<0 ){
+     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: IfZero P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** The register P1 must contain an integer.  Add literal P3 to the
+** value in register P1.  If the result is exactly 0, jump to P2. 
+**
+** It is illegal to use this instruction on a register that does
+** not contain an integer.  An assertion fault will result if you try.
+*/
+case OP_IfZero: {        /* jump, in1 */
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pIn1->flags&MEM_Int );
+  pIn1->u.i += pOp->p3;
+  if( pIn1->u.i==0 ){
+     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: AggStep * P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** Execute the step function for an aggregate.  The
+** function has P5 arguments.   P4 is a pointer to the FuncDef
+** structure that specifies the function.  Use register
+** P3 as the accumulator.
+**
+** The P5 arguments are taken from register P2 and its
+** successors.
+*/
+case OP_AggStep: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cb */
+  int n;
+  int i;
+  Mem *pMem;
+  Mem *pRec;
+  sqlite3_context ctx;
+  sqlite3_value **apVal;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cb */
+
+  u.cb.n = pOp->p5;
+  assert( u.cb.n>=0 );
+  u.cb.pRec = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  u.cb.apVal = p->apArg;
+  assert( u.cb.apVal || u.cb.n==0 );
+  for(u.cb.i=0; u.cb.i<u.cb.n; u.cb.i++, u.cb.pRec++){
+    assert( memIsValid(u.cb.pRec) );
+    u.cb.apVal[u.cb.i] = u.cb.pRec;
+    memAboutToChange(p, u.cb.pRec);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cb.pRec);
+  }
+  u.cb.ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+  u.cb.ctx.pMem = u.cb.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  u.cb.pMem->n++;
+  u.cb.ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
+  u.cb.ctx.s.z = 0;
+  u.cb.ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
+  u.cb.ctx.s.xDel = 0;
+  u.cb.ctx.s.db = db;
+  u.cb.ctx.isError = 0;
+  u.cb.ctx.pColl = 0;
+  if( u.cb.ctx.pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+    assert( pOp>p->aOp );
+    assert( pOp[-1].p4type==P4_COLLSEQ );
+    assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
+    u.cb.ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
+  }
+  (u.cb.ctx.pFunc->xStep)(&u.cb.ctx, u.cb.n, u.cb.apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
+  if( u.cb.ctx.isError ){
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&u.cb.ctx.s));
+    rc = u.cb.ctx.isError;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.cb.ctx.s);
+
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode: AggFinal P1 P2 * P4 *
+**
+** Execute the finalizer function for an aggregate.  P1 is
+** the memory location that is the accumulator for the aggregate.
+**
+** P2 is the number of arguments that the step function takes and
+** P4 is a pointer to the FuncDef for this function.  The P2
+** argument is not used by this opcode.  It is only there to disambiguate
+** functions that can take varying numbers of arguments.  The
+** P4 argument is only needed for the degenerate case where
+** the step function was not previously called.
+*/
+case OP_AggFinal: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cc */
+  Mem *pMem;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cc */
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
+  u.cc.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( (u.cc.pMem->flags & ~(MEM_Null|MEM_Agg))==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(u.cc.pMem, pOp->p4.pFunc);
+  if( rc ){
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(u.cc.pMem));
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(u.cc.pMem, encoding);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.cc.pMem);
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.cc.pMem) ){
+    goto too_big;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+/* Opcode: Checkpoint P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Checkpoint database P1. This is a no-op if P1 is not currently in
+** WAL mode. Parameter P2 is one of SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, FULL
+** or RESTART.  Write 1 or 0 into mem[P3] if the checkpoint returns
+** SQLITE_BUSY or not, respectively.  Write the number of pages in the
+** WAL after the checkpoint into mem[P3+1] and the number of pages
+** in the WAL that have been checkpointed after the checkpoint
+** completes into mem[P3+2].  However on an error, mem[P3+1] and
+** mem[P3+2] are initialized to -1.
+*/
+case OP_Checkpoint: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cd */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+  int aRes[3];                    /* Results */
+  Mem *pMem;                      /* Write results here */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cd */
+
+  u.cd.aRes[0] = 0;
+  u.cd.aRes[1] = u.cd.aRes[2] = -1;
+  assert( pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE
+       || pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL
+       || pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART
+  );
+  rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, &u.cd.aRes[1], &u.cd.aRes[2]);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    u.cd.aRes[0] = 1;
+  }
+  for(u.cd.i=0, u.cd.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3]; u.cd.i<3; u.cd.i++, u.cd.pMem++){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(u.cd.pMem, (i64)u.cd.aRes[u.cd.i]);
+  }
+  break;
+};  
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PRAGMA
+/* Opcode: JournalMode P1 P2 P3 * P5
+**
+** Change the journal mode of database P1 to P3. P3 must be one of the
+** PAGER_JOURNALMODE_XXX values. If changing between the various rollback
+** modes (delete, truncate, persist, off and memory), this is a simple
+** operation. No IO is required.
+**
+** If changing into or out of WAL mode the procedure is more complicated.
+**
+** Write a string containing the final journal-mode to register P2.
+*/
+case OP_JournalMode: {    /* out2-prerelease */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ce */
+  Btree *pBt;                     /* Btree to change journal mode of */
+  Pager *pPager;                  /* Pager associated with pBt */
+  int eNew;                       /* New journal mode */
+  int eOld;                       /* The old journal mode */
+  const char *zFilename;          /* Name of database file for pPager */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ce */
+
+  u.ce.eNew = pOp->p3;
+  assert( u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE
+       || u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE
+       || u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST
+       || u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
+       || u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY
+       || u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
+       || u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY
+  );
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
+
+  u.ce.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  u.ce.pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(u.ce.pBt);
+  u.ce.eOld = sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(u.ce.pPager);
+  if( u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY ) u.ce.eNew = u.ce.eOld;
+  if( !sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(u.ce.pPager) ) u.ce.eNew = u.ce.eOld;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  u.ce.zFilename = sqlite3PagerFilename(u.ce.pPager);
+
+  /* Do not allow a transition to journal_mode=WAL for a database
+  ** in temporary storage or if the VFS does not support shared memory
+  */
+  if( u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
+   && (u.ce.zFilename[0]==0                         /* Temp file */
+       || !sqlite3PagerWalSupported(u.ce.pPager))   /* No shared-memory support */
+  ){
+    u.ce.eNew = u.ce.eOld;
+  }
+
+  if( (u.ce.eNew!=u.ce.eOld)
+   && (u.ce.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL || u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL)
+  ){
+    if( !db->autoCommit || db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
+          "cannot change %s wal mode from within a transaction",
+          (u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? "into" : "out of")
+      );
+      break;
+    }else{
+
+      if( u.ce.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
+        /* If leaving WAL mode, close the log file. If successful, the call
+        ** to PagerCloseWal() checkpoints and deletes the write-ahead-log
+        ** file. An EXCLUSIVE lock may still be held on the database file
+        ** after a successful return.
+        */
+        rc = sqlite3PagerCloseWal(u.ce.pPager);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ce.pPager, u.ce.eNew);
+        }
+      }else if( u.ce.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){
+        /* Cannot transition directly from MEMORY to WAL.  Use mode OFF
+        ** as an intermediate */
+        sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ce.pPager, PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF);
+      }
+
+      /* Open a transaction on the database file. Regardless of the journal
+      ** mode, this transaction always uses a rollback journal.
+      */
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(u.ce.pBt)==0 );
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(u.ce.pBt, (u.ce.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? 2 : 1));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
+  if( rc ){
+    u.ce.eNew = u.ce.eOld;
+  }
+  u.ce.eNew = sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ce.pPager, u.ce.eNew);
+
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Static|MEM_Term;
+  pOut->z = (char *)sqlite3JournalModename(u.ce.eNew);
+  pOut->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pOut->z);
+  pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pOut, encoding);
+  break;
+};
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PRAGMA */
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_ATTACH)
+/* Opcode: Vacuum * * * * *
+**
+** Vacuum the entire database.  This opcode will cause other virtual
+** machines to be created and run.  It may not be called from within
+** a transaction.
+*/
+case OP_Vacuum: {
+  rc = sqlite3RunVacuum(&p->zErrMsg, db);
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM)
+/* Opcode: IncrVacuum P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Perform a single step of the incremental vacuum procedure on
+** the P1 database. If the vacuum has finished, jump to instruction
+** P2. Otherwise, fall through to the next instruction.
+*/
+case OP_IncrVacuum: {        /* jump */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cf */
+  Btree *pBt;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cf */
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  u.cf.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(u.cf.pBt);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Opcode: Expire P1 * * * *
+**
+** Cause precompiled statements to become expired. An expired statement
+** fails with an error code of SQLITE_SCHEMA if it is ever executed 
+** (via sqlite3_step()).
+** 
+** If P1 is 0, then all SQL statements become expired. If P1 is non-zero,
+** then only the currently executing statement is affected. 
+*/
+case OP_Expire: {
+  if( !pOp->p1 ){
+    sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+  }else{
+    p->expired = 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+/* Opcode: TableLock P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** Obtain a lock on a particular table. This instruction is only used when
+** the shared-cache feature is enabled. 
+**
+** P1 is the index of the database in sqlite3.aDb[] of the database
+** on which the lock is acquired.  A readlock is obtained if P3==0 or
+** a write lock if P3==1.
+**
+** P2 contains the root-page of the table to lock.
+**
+** P4 contains a pointer to the name of the table being locked. This is only
+** used to generate an error message if the lock cannot be obtained.
+*/
+case OP_TableLock: {
+  u8 isWriteLock = (u8)pOp->p3;
+  if( isWriteLock || 0==(db->flags&SQLITE_ReadUncommitted) ){
+    int p1 = pOp->p1; 
+    assert( p1>=0 && p1<db->nDb );
+    assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<p1))!=0 );
+    assert( isWriteLock==0 || isWriteLock==1 );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeLockTable(db->aDb[p1].pBt, pOp->p2, isWriteLock);
+    if( (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_LOCKED ){
+      const char *z = pOp->p4.z;
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "database table is locked: %s", z);
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Opcode: VBegin * * * P4 *
+**
+** P4 may be a pointer to an sqlite3_vtab structure. If so, call the 
+** xBegin method for that table.
+**
+** Also, whether or not P4 is set, check that this is not being called from
+** within a callback to a virtual table xSync() method. If it is, the error
+** code will be set to SQLITE_LOCKED.
+*/
+case OP_VBegin: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cg */
+  VTable *pVTab;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cg */
+  u.cg.pVTab = pOp->p4.pVtab;
+  rc = sqlite3VtabBegin(db, u.cg.pVTab);
+  if( u.cg.pVTab ) importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cg.pVTab->pVtab);
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Opcode: VCreate P1 * * P4 *
+**
+** P4 is the name of a virtual table in database P1. Call the xCreate method
+** for that table.
+*/
+case OP_VCreate: {
+  rc = sqlite3VtabCallCreate(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p4.z, &p->zErrMsg);
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Opcode: VDestroy P1 * * P4 *
+**
+** P4 is the name of a virtual table in database P1.  Call the xDestroy method
+** of that table.
+*/
+case OP_VDestroy: {
+  p->inVtabMethod = 2;
+  rc = sqlite3VtabCallDestroy(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p4.z);
+  p->inVtabMethod = 0;
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Opcode: VOpen P1 * * P4 *
+**
+** P4 is a pointer to a virtual table object, an sqlite3_vtab structure.
+** P1 is a cursor number.  This opcode opens a cursor to the virtual
+** table and stores that cursor in P1.
+*/
+case OP_VOpen: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ch */
+  VdbeCursor *pCur;
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+  sqlite3_module *pModule;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ch */
+
+  u.ch.pCur = 0;
+  u.ch.pVtabCursor = 0;
+  u.ch.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  u.ch.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.ch.pVtab->pModule;
+  assert(u.ch.pVtab && u.ch.pModule);
+  rc = u.ch.pModule->xOpen(u.ch.pVtab, &u.ch.pVtabCursor);
+  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.ch.pVtab);
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    /* Initialize sqlite3_vtab_cursor base class */
+    u.ch.pVtabCursor->pVtab = u.ch.pVtab;
+
+    /* Initialise vdbe cursor object */
+    u.ch.pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, 0, -1, 0);
+    if( u.ch.pCur ){
+      u.ch.pCur->pVtabCursor = u.ch.pVtabCursor;
+      u.ch.pCur->pModule = u.ch.pVtabCursor->pVtab->pModule;
+    }else{
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      u.ch.pModule->xClose(u.ch.pVtabCursor);
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Opcode: VFilter P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** P1 is a cursor opened using VOpen.  P2 is an address to jump to if
+** the filtered result set is empty.
+**
+** P4 is either NULL or a string that was generated by the xBestIndex
+** method of the module.  The interpretation of the P4 string is left
+** to the module implementation.
+**
+** This opcode invokes the xFilter method on the virtual table specified
+** by P1.  The integer query plan parameter to xFilter is stored in register
+** P3. Register P3+1 stores the argc parameter to be passed to the
+** xFilter method. Registers P3+2..P3+1+argc are the argc
+** additional parameters which are passed to
+** xFilter as argv. Register P3+2 becomes argv[0] when passed to xFilter.
+**
+** A jump is made to P2 if the result set after filtering would be empty.
+*/
+case OP_VFilter: {   /* jump */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ci */
+  int nArg;
+  int iQuery;
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;
+  Mem *pQuery;
+  Mem *pArgc;
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+  VdbeCursor *pCur;
+  int res;
+  int i;
+  Mem **apArg;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ci */
+
+  u.ci.pQuery = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  u.ci.pArgc = &u.ci.pQuery[1];
+  u.ci.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( memIsValid(u.ci.pQuery) );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.ci.pQuery);
+  assert( u.ci.pCur->pVtabCursor );
+  u.ci.pVtabCursor = u.ci.pCur->pVtabCursor;
+  u.ci.pVtab = u.ci.pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  u.ci.pModule = u.ci.pVtab->pModule;
+
+  /* Grab the index number and argc parameters */
+  assert( (u.ci.pQuery->flags&MEM_Int)!=0 && u.ci.pArgc->flags==MEM_Int );
+  u.ci.nArg = (int)u.ci.pArgc->u.i;
+  u.ci.iQuery = (int)u.ci.pQuery->u.i;
+
+  /* Invoke the xFilter method */
+  {
+    u.ci.res = 0;
+    u.ci.apArg = p->apArg;
+    for(u.ci.i = 0; u.ci.i<u.ci.nArg; u.ci.i++){
+      u.ci.apArg[u.ci.i] = &u.ci.pArgc[u.ci.i+1];
+      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.ci.apArg[u.ci.i]);
+    }
+
+    p->inVtabMethod = 1;
+    rc = u.ci.pModule->xFilter(u.ci.pVtabCursor, u.ci.iQuery, pOp->p4.z, u.ci.nArg, u.ci.apArg);
+    p->inVtabMethod = 0;
+    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.ci.pVtab);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      u.ci.res = u.ci.pModule->xEof(u.ci.pVtabCursor);
+    }
+
+    if( u.ci.res ){
+      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    }
+  }
+  u.ci.pCur->nullRow = 0;
+
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Opcode: VColumn P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Store the value of the P2-th column of
+** the row of the virtual-table that the 
+** P1 cursor is pointing to into register P3.
+*/
+case OP_VColumn: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cj */
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;
+  Mem *pDest;
+  sqlite3_context sContext;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cj */
+
+  VdbeCursor *pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pCur->pVtabCursor );
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+  u.cj.pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, u.cj.pDest);
+  if( pCur->nullRow ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(u.cj.pDest);
+    break;
+  }
+  u.cj.pVtab = pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  u.cj.pModule = u.cj.pVtab->pModule;
+  assert( u.cj.pModule->xColumn );
+  memset(&u.cj.sContext, 0, sizeof(u.cj.sContext));
+
+  /* The output cell may already have a buffer allocated. Move
+  ** the current contents to u.cj.sContext.s so in case the user-function
+  ** can use the already allocated buffer instead of allocating a
+  ** new one.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.cj.sContext.s, u.cj.pDest);
+  MemSetTypeFlag(&u.cj.sContext.s, MEM_Null);
+
+  rc = u.cj.pModule->xColumn(pCur->pVtabCursor, &u.cj.sContext, pOp->p2);
+  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cj.pVtab);
+  if( u.cj.sContext.isError ){
+    rc = u.cj.sContext.isError;
+  }
+
+  /* Copy the result of the function to the P3 register. We
+  ** do this regardless of whether or not an error occurred to ensure any
+  ** dynamic allocation in u.cj.sContext.s (a Mem struct) is  released.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&u.cj.sContext.s, encoding);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(u.cj.pDest, &u.cj.sContext.s);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.cj.pDest);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.cj.pDest);
+
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.cj.pDest) ){
+    goto too_big;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Opcode: VNext P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Advance virtual table P1 to the next row in its result set and
+** jump to instruction P2.  Or, if the virtual table has reached
+** the end of its result set, then fall through to the next instruction.
+*/
+case OP_VNext: {   /* jump */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ck */
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;
+  int res;
+  VdbeCursor *pCur;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ck */
+
+  u.ck.res = 0;
+  u.ck.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.ck.pCur->pVtabCursor );
+  if( u.ck.pCur->nullRow ){
+    break;
+  }
+  u.ck.pVtab = u.ck.pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  u.ck.pModule = u.ck.pVtab->pModule;
+  assert( u.ck.pModule->xNext );
+
+  /* Invoke the xNext() method of the module. There is no way for the
+  ** underlying implementation to return an error if one occurs during
+  ** xNext(). Instead, if an error occurs, true is returned (indicating that
+  ** data is available) and the error code returned when xColumn or
+  ** some other method is next invoked on the save virtual table cursor.
+  */
+  p->inVtabMethod = 1;
+  rc = u.ck.pModule->xNext(u.ck.pCur->pVtabCursor);
+  p->inVtabMethod = 0;
+  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.ck.pVtab);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    u.ck.res = u.ck.pModule->xEof(u.ck.pCur->pVtabCursor);
+  }
+
+  if( !u.ck.res ){
+    /* If there is data, jump to P2 */
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Opcode: VRename P1 * * P4 *
+**
+** P4 is a pointer to a virtual table object, an sqlite3_vtab structure.
+** This opcode invokes the corresponding xRename method. The value
+** in register P1 is passed as the zName argument to the xRename method.
+*/
+case OP_VRename: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cl */
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+  Mem *pName;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cl */
+
+  u.cl.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  u.cl.pName = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.cl.pVtab->pModule->xRename );
+  assert( memIsValid(u.cl.pName) );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, u.cl.pName);
+  assert( u.cl.pName->flags & MEM_Str );
+  rc = u.cl.pVtab->pModule->xRename(u.cl.pVtab, u.cl.pName->z);
+  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cl.pVtab);
+  p->expired = 0;
+
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Opcode: VUpdate P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+**
+** P4 is a pointer to a virtual table object, an sqlite3_vtab structure.
+** This opcode invokes the corresponding xUpdate method. P2 values
+** are contiguous memory cells starting at P3 to pass to the xUpdate 
+** invocation. The value in register (P3+P2-1) corresponds to the 
+** p2th element of the argv array passed to xUpdate.
+**
+** The xUpdate method will do a DELETE or an INSERT or both.
+** The argv[0] element (which corresponds to memory cell P3)
+** is the rowid of a row to delete.  If argv[0] is NULL then no 
+** deletion occurs.  The argv[1] element is the rowid of the new 
+** row.  This can be NULL to have the virtual table select the new 
+** rowid for itself.  The subsequent elements in the array are 
+** the values of columns in the new row.
+**
+** If P2==1 then no insert is performed.  argv[0] is the rowid of
+** a row to delete.
+**
+** P1 is a boolean flag. If it is set to true and the xUpdate call
+** is successful, then the value returned by sqlite3_last_insert_rowid() 
+** is set to the value of the rowid for the row just inserted.
+*/
+case OP_VUpdate: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cm */
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+  sqlite3_module *pModule;
+  int nArg;
+  int i;
+  sqlite_int64 rowid;
+  Mem **apArg;
+  Mem *pX;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cm */
+
+  assert( pOp->p2==1        || pOp->p5==OE_Fail   || pOp->p5==OE_Rollback
+       || pOp->p5==OE_Abort || pOp->p5==OE_Ignore || pOp->p5==OE_Replace
+  );
+  u.cm.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  u.cm.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.cm.pVtab->pModule;
+  u.cm.nArg = pOp->p2;
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_VTAB );
+  if( ALWAYS(u.cm.pModule->xUpdate) ){
+    u8 vtabOnConflict = db->vtabOnConflict;
+    u.cm.apArg = p->apArg;
+    u.cm.pX = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    for(u.cm.i=0; u.cm.i<u.cm.nArg; u.cm.i++){
+      assert( memIsValid(u.cm.pX) );
+      memAboutToChange(p, u.cm.pX);
+      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cm.pX);
+      u.cm.apArg[u.cm.i] = u.cm.pX;
+      u.cm.pX++;
+    }
+    db->vtabOnConflict = pOp->p5;
+    rc = u.cm.pModule->xUpdate(u.cm.pVtab, u.cm.nArg, u.cm.apArg, &u.cm.rowid);
+    db->vtabOnConflict = vtabOnConflict;
+    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cm.pVtab);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pOp->p1 ){
+      assert( u.cm.nArg>1 && u.cm.apArg[0] && (u.cm.apArg[0]->flags&MEM_Null) );
+      db->lastRowid = lastRowid = u.cm.rowid;
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p4.pVtab->bConstraint ){
+      if( pOp->p5==OE_Ignore ){
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }else{
+        p->errorAction = ((pOp->p5==OE_Replace) ? OE_Abort : pOp->p5);
+      }
+    }else{
+      p->nChange++;
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+#ifndef  SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+/* Opcode: Pagecount P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Write the current number of pages in database P1 to memory cell P2.
+*/
+case OP_Pagecount: {            /* out2-prerelease */
+  pOut->u.i = sqlite3BtreeLastPage(db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt);
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef  SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+/* Opcode: MaxPgcnt P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Try to set the maximum page count for database P1 to the value in P3.
+** Do not let the maximum page count fall below the current page count and
+** do not change the maximum page count value if P3==0.
+**
+** Store the maximum page count after the change in register P2.
+*/
+case OP_MaxPgcnt: {            /* out2-prerelease */
+  unsigned int newMax;
+  Btree *pBt;
+
+  pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  newMax = 0;
+  if( pOp->p3 ){
+    newMax = sqlite3BtreeLastPage(pBt);
+    if( newMax < (unsigned)pOp->p3 ) newMax = (unsigned)pOp->p3;
+  }
+  pOut->u.i = sqlite3BtreeMaxPageCount(pBt, newMax);
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+/* Opcode: Trace * * * P4 *
+**
+** If tracing is enabled (by the sqlite3_trace()) interface, then
+** the UTF-8 string contained in P4 is emitted on the trace callback.
+*/
+case OP_Trace: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cn */
+  char *zTrace;
+  char *z;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cn */
+
+  if( db->xTrace && (u.cn.zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0 ){
+    u.cn.z = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(p, u.cn.zTrace);
+    db->xTrace(db->pTraceArg, u.cn.z);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, u.cn.z);
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( (db->flags & SQLITE_SqlTrace)!=0
+   && (u.cn.zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0
+  ){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("SQL-trace: %s\n", u.cn.zTrace);
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/* Opcode: Noop * * * * *
+**
+** Do nothing.  This instruction is often useful as a jump
+** destination.
+*/
+/*
+** The magic Explain opcode are only inserted when explain==2 (which
+** is to say when the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN syntax is used.)
+** This opcode records information from the optimizer.  It is the
+** the same as a no-op.  This opcodesnever appears in a real VM program.
+*/
+default: {          /* This is really OP_Noop and OP_Explain */
+  assert( pOp->opcode==OP_Noop || pOp->opcode==OP_Explain );
+  break;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+** The cases of the switch statement above this line should all be indented
+** by 6 spaces.  But the left-most 6 spaces have been removed to improve the
+** readability.  From this point on down, the normal indentation rules are
+** restored.
+*****************************************************************************/
+    }
+
+#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
+    {
+      u64 elapsed = sqlite3Hwtime() - start;
+      pOp->cycles += elapsed;
+      pOp->cnt++;
+#if 0
+        fprintf(stdout, "%10llu ", elapsed);
+        sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, origPc, &aOp[origPc]);
+#endif
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* The following code adds nothing to the actual functionality
+    ** of the program.  It is only here for testing and debugging.
+    ** On the other hand, it does burn CPU cycles every time through
+    ** the evaluator loop.  So we can leave it out when NDEBUG is defined.
+    */
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    assert( pc>=-1 && pc<p->nOp );
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    if( p->trace ){
+      if( rc!=0 ) fprintf(p->trace,"rc=%d\n",rc);
+      if( pOp->opflags & (OPFLG_OUT2_PRERELEASE|OPFLG_OUT2) ){
+        registerTrace(p->trace, pOp->p2, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
+      }
+      if( pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT3 ){
+        registerTrace(p->trace, pOp->p3, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
+      }
+    }
+#endif  /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+#endif  /* NDEBUG */
+  }  /* The end of the for(;;) loop the loops through opcodes */
+
+  /* If we reach this point, it means that execution is finished with
+  ** an error of some kind.
+  */
+vdbe_error_halt:
+  assert( rc );
+  p->rc = rc;
+  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+  sqlite3_log(rc, "statement aborts at %d: [%s] %s", 
+                   pc, p->zSql, p->zErrMsg);
+  sqlite3VdbeHalt(p);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  if( resetSchemaOnFault>0 ){
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, resetSchemaOnFault-1);
+  }
+
+  /* This is the only way out of this procedure.  We have to
+  ** release the mutexes on btrees that were acquired at the
+  ** top. */
+vdbe_return:
+  db->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+
+  /* Jump to here if a string or blob larger than SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH
+  ** is encountered.
+  */
+too_big:
+  sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "string or blob too big");
+  rc = SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+  goto vdbe_error_halt;
+
+  /* Jump to here if a malloc() fails.
+  */
+no_mem:
+  db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "out of memory");
+  rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  goto vdbe_error_halt;
+
+  /* Jump to here for any other kind of fatal error.  The "rc" variable
+  ** should hold the error number.
+  */
+abort_due_to_error:
+  assert( p->zErrMsg==0 );
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(rc));
+  }
+  goto vdbe_error_halt;
+
+  /* Jump to here if the sqlite3_interrupt() API sets the interrupt
+  ** flag.
+  */
+abort_due_to_interrupt:
+  assert( db->u1.isInterrupted );
+  rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
+  p->rc = rc;
+  sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(rc));
+  goto vdbe_error_halt;
+}
+
+/************** End of vdbe.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file vdbeblob.c ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 May 1
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code used to implement incremental BLOB I/O.
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+
+/*
+** Valid sqlite3_blob* handles point to Incrblob structures.
+*/
+typedef struct Incrblob Incrblob;
+struct Incrblob {
+  int flags;              /* Copy of "flags" passed to sqlite3_blob_open() */
+  int nByte;              /* Size of open blob, in bytes */
+  int iOffset;            /* Byte offset of blob in cursor data */
+  int iCol;               /* Table column this handle is open on */
+  BtCursor *pCsr;         /* Cursor pointing at blob row */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;    /* Statement holding cursor open */
+  sqlite3 *db;            /* The associated database */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** This function is used by both blob_open() and blob_reopen(). It seeks
+** the b-tree cursor associated with blob handle p to point to row iRow.
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned and subsequent calls to
+** sqlite3_blob_read() or sqlite3_blob_write() access the specified row.
+**
+** If an error occurs, or if the specified row does not exist or does not
+** contain a value of type TEXT or BLOB in the column nominated when the
+** blob handle was opened, then an error code is returned and *pzErr may
+** be set to point to a buffer containing an error message. It is the
+** responsibility of the caller to free the error message buffer using
+** sqlite3DbFree().
+**
+** If an error does occur, then the b-tree cursor is closed. All subsequent
+** calls to sqlite3_blob_read(), blob_write() or blob_reopen() will 
+** immediately return SQLITE_ABORT.
+*/
+static int blobSeekToRow(Incrblob *p, sqlite3_int64 iRow, char **pzErr){
+  int rc;                         /* Error code */
+  char *zErr = 0;                 /* Error message */
+  Vdbe *v = (Vdbe *)p->pStmt;
+
+  /* Set the value of the SQL statements only variable to integer iRow. 
+  ** This is done directly instead of using sqlite3_bind_int64() to avoid 
+  ** triggering asserts related to mutexes.
+  */
+  assert( v->aVar[0].flags&MEM_Int );
+  v->aVar[0].u.i = iRow;
+
+  rc = sqlite3_step(p->pStmt);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    u32 type = v->apCsr[0]->aType[p->iCol];
+    if( type<12 ){
+      zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(p->db, "cannot open value of type %s",
+          type==0?"null": type==7?"real": "integer"
+      );
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      sqlite3_finalize(p->pStmt);
+      p->pStmt = 0;
+    }else{
+      p->iOffset = v->apCsr[0]->aOffset[p->iCol];
+      p->nByte = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(type);
+      p->pCsr =  v->apCsr[0]->pCursor;
+      sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(p->pCsr);
+      sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(p->pCsr);
+      sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(p->pCsr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else if( p->pStmt ){
+    rc = sqlite3_finalize(p->pStmt);
+    p->pStmt = 0;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(p->db, "no such rowid: %lld", iRow);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }else{
+      zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(p->db, "%s", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || zErr==0 );
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_ROW && rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
+
+  *pzErr = zErr;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Open a blob handle.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
+  sqlite3* db,            /* The database connection */
+  const char *zDb,        /* The attached database containing the blob */
+  const char *zTable,     /* The table containing the blob */
+  const char *zColumn,    /* The column containing the blob */
+  sqlite_int64 iRow,      /* The row containing the glob */
+  int flags,              /* True -> read/write access, false -> read-only */
+  sqlite3_blob **ppBlob   /* Handle for accessing the blob returned here */
+){
+  int nAttempt = 0;
+  int iCol;               /* Index of zColumn in row-record */
+
+  /* This VDBE program seeks a btree cursor to the identified 
+  ** db/table/row entry. The reason for using a vdbe program instead
+  ** of writing code to use the b-tree layer directly is that the
+  ** vdbe program will take advantage of the various transaction,
+  ** locking and error handling infrastructure built into the vdbe.
+  **
+  ** After seeking the cursor, the vdbe executes an OP_ResultRow.
+  ** Code external to the Vdbe then "borrows" the b-tree cursor and
+  ** uses it to implement the blob_read(), blob_write() and 
+  ** blob_bytes() functions.
+  **
+  ** The sqlite3_blob_close() function finalizes the vdbe program,
+  ** which closes the b-tree cursor and (possibly) commits the 
+  ** transaction.
+  */
+  static const VdbeOpList openBlob[] = {
+    {OP_Transaction, 0, 0, 0},     /* 0: Start a transaction */
+    {OP_VerifyCookie, 0, 0, 0},    /* 1: Check the schema cookie */
+    {OP_TableLock, 0, 0, 0},       /* 2: Acquire a read or write lock */
+
+    /* One of the following two instructions is replaced by an OP_Noop. */
+    {OP_OpenRead, 0, 0, 0},        /* 3: Open cursor 0 for reading */
+    {OP_OpenWrite, 0, 0, 0},       /* 4: Open cursor 0 for read/write */
+
+    {OP_Variable, 1, 1, 1},        /* 5: Push the rowid to the stack */
+    {OP_NotExists, 0, 10, 1},      /* 6: Seek the cursor */
+    {OP_Column, 0, 0, 1},          /* 7  */
+    {OP_ResultRow, 1, 0, 0},       /* 8  */
+    {OP_Goto, 0, 5, 0},            /* 9  */
+    {OP_Close, 0, 0, 0},           /* 10 */
+    {OP_Halt, 0, 0, 0},            /* 11 */
+  };
+
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  char *zErr = 0;
+  Table *pTab;
+  Parse *pParse = 0;
+  Incrblob *pBlob = 0;
+
+  flags = !!flags;                /* flags = (flags ? 1 : 0); */
+  *ppBlob = 0;
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+
+  pBlob = (Incrblob *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Incrblob));
+  if( !pBlob ) goto blob_open_out;
+  pParse = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(db, sizeof(*pParse));
+  if( !pParse ) goto blob_open_out;
+
+  do {
+    memset(pParse, 0, sizeof(Parse));
+    pParse->db = db;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+    zErr = 0;
+
+    sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+    pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, zTable, zDb);
+    if( pTab && IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      pTab = 0;
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot open virtual table: %s", zTable);
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+    if( pTab && pTab->pSelect ){
+      pTab = 0;
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot open view: %s", zTable);
+    }
+#endif
+    if( !pTab ){
+      if( pParse->zErrMsg ){
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+        zErr = pParse->zErrMsg;
+        pParse->zErrMsg = 0;
+      }
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+      goto blob_open_out;
+    }
+
+    /* Now search pTab for the exact column. */
+    for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++) {
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(pTab->aCol[iCol].zName, zColumn)==0 ){
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if( iCol==pTab->nCol ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+      zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "no such column: \"%s\"", zColumn);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+      goto blob_open_out;
+    }
+
+    /* If the value is being opened for writing, check that the
+    ** column is not indexed, and that it is not part of a foreign key. 
+    ** It is against the rules to open a column to which either of these
+    ** descriptions applies for writing.  */
+    if( flags ){
+      const char *zFault = 0;
+      Index *pIdx;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+      if( db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys ){
+        /* Check that the column is not part of an FK child key definition. It
+        ** is not necessary to check if it is part of a parent key, as parent
+        ** key columns must be indexed. The check below will pick up this 
+        ** case.  */
+        FKey *pFKey;
+        for(pFKey=pTab->pFKey; pFKey; pFKey=pFKey->pNextFrom){
+          int j;
+          for(j=0; j<pFKey->nCol; j++){
+            if( pFKey->aCol[j].iFrom==iCol ){
+              zFault = "foreign key";
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+#endif
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        int j;
+        for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
+          if( pIdx->aiColumn[j]==iCol ){
+            zFault = "indexed";
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if( zFault ){
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+        zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "cannot open %s column for writing", zFault);
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+        goto blob_open_out;
+      }
+    }
+
+    pBlob->pStmt = (sqlite3_stmt *)sqlite3VdbeCreate(db);
+    assert( pBlob->pStmt || db->mallocFailed );
+    if( pBlob->pStmt ){
+      Vdbe *v = (Vdbe *)pBlob->pStmt;
+      int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, sizeof(openBlob)/sizeof(VdbeOpList), openBlob);
+
+
+      /* Configure the OP_Transaction */
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 0, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 0, flags);
+
+      /* Configure the OP_VerifyCookie */
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 1, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 1, pTab->pSchema->schema_cookie);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 1, pTab->pSchema->iGeneration);
+
+      /* Make sure a mutex is held on the table to be accessed */
+      sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb); 
+
+      /* Configure the OP_TableLock instruction */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 2, 1);
+#else
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 2, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 2, pTab->tnum);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 2, flags);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 2, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+#endif
+
+      /* Remove either the OP_OpenWrite or OpenRead. Set the P2 
+      ** parameter of the other to pTab->tnum.  */
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 4 - flags, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 3 + flags, pTab->tnum);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 3 + flags, iDb);
+
+      /* Configure the number of columns. Configure the cursor to
+      ** think that the table has one more column than it really
+      ** does. An OP_Column to retrieve this imaginary column will
+      ** always return an SQL NULL. This is useful because it means
+      ** we can invoke OP_Column to fill in the vdbe cursors type 
+      ** and offset cache without causing any IO.
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 3+flags, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(pTab->nCol+1),P4_INT32);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 7, pTab->nCol);
+      if( !db->mallocFailed ){
+        pParse->nVar = 1;
+        pParse->nMem = 1;
+        pParse->nTab = 1;
+        sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(v, pParse);
+      }
+    }
+   
+    pBlob->flags = flags;
+    pBlob->iCol = iCol;
+    pBlob->db = db;
+    sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+    if( db->mallocFailed ){
+      goto blob_open_out;
+    }
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pBlob->pStmt, 1, iRow);
+    rc = blobSeekToRow(pBlob, iRow, &zErr);
+  } while( (++nAttempt)<5 && rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA );
+
+blob_open_out:
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->mallocFailed==0 ){
+    *ppBlob = (sqlite3_blob *)pBlob;
+  }else{
+    if( pBlob && pBlob->pStmt ) sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe *)pBlob->pStmt);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pBlob);
+  }
+  sqlite3Error(db, rc, (zErr ? "%s" : 0), zErr);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+  sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a blob handle that was previously created using
+** sqlite3_blob_open().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_close(sqlite3_blob *pBlob){
+  Incrblob *p = (Incrblob *)pBlob;
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+
+  if( p ){
+    db = p->db;
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+    rc = sqlite3_finalize(p->pStmt);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Perform a read or write operation on a blob
+*/
+static int blobReadWrite(
+  sqlite3_blob *pBlob, 
+  void *z, 
+  int n, 
+  int iOffset, 
+  int (*xCall)(BtCursor*, u32, u32, void*)
+){
+  int rc;
+  Incrblob *p = (Incrblob *)pBlob;
+  Vdbe *v;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  db = p->db;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  v = (Vdbe*)p->pStmt;
+
+  if( n<0 || iOffset<0 || (iOffset+n)>p->nByte ){
+    /* Request is out of range. Return a transient error. */
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_ERROR, 0);
+  }else if( v==0 ){
+    /* If there is no statement handle, then the blob-handle has
+    ** already been invalidated. Return SQLITE_ABORT in this case.
+    */
+    rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
+  }else{
+    /* Call either BtreeData() or BtreePutData(). If SQLITE_ABORT is
+    ** returned, clean-up the statement handle.
+    */
+    assert( db == v->db );
+    sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(p->pCsr);
+    rc = xCall(p->pCsr, iOffset+p->iOffset, n, z);
+    sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(p->pCsr);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_ABORT ){
+      sqlite3VdbeFinalize(v);
+      p->pStmt = 0;
+    }else{
+      db->errCode = rc;
+      v->rc = rc;
+    }
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read data from a blob handle.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_read(sqlite3_blob *pBlob, void *z, int n, int iOffset){
+  return blobReadWrite(pBlob, z, n, iOffset, sqlite3BtreeData);
+}
+
+/*
+** Write data to a blob handle.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_write(sqlite3_blob *pBlob, const void *z, int n, int iOffset){
+  return blobReadWrite(pBlob, (void *)z, n, iOffset, sqlite3BtreePutData);
+}
+
+/*
+** Query a blob handle for the size of the data.
+**
+** The Incrblob.nByte field is fixed for the lifetime of the Incrblob
+** so no mutex is required for access.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_bytes(sqlite3_blob *pBlob){
+  Incrblob *p = (Incrblob *)pBlob;
+  return (p && p->pStmt) ? p->nByte : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Move an existing blob handle to point to a different row of the same
+** database table.
+**
+** If an error occurs, or if the specified row does not exist or does not
+** contain a blob or text value, then an error code is returned and the
+** database handle error code and message set. If this happens, then all 
+** subsequent calls to sqlite3_blob_xxx() functions (except blob_close()) 
+** immediately return SQLITE_ABORT.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_reopen(sqlite3_blob *pBlob, sqlite3_int64 iRow){
+  int rc;
+  Incrblob *p = (Incrblob *)pBlob;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  db = p->db;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+
+  if( p->pStmt==0 ){
+    /* If there is no statement handle, then the blob-handle has
+    ** already been invalidated. Return SQLITE_ABORT in this case.
+    */
+    rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
+  }else{
+    char *zErr;
+    rc = blobSeekToRow(p, iRow, &zErr);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3Error(db, rc, (zErr ? "%s" : 0), zErr);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+    }
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_SCHEMA );
+  }
+
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || p->pStmt==0 );
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB */
+
+/************** End of vdbeblob.c ********************************************/
+/************** Begin file journal.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 August 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file implements a special kind of sqlite3_file object used
+** by SQLite to create journal files if the atomic-write optimization
+** is enabled.
+**
+** The distinctive characteristic of this sqlite3_file is that the
+** actual on disk file is created lazily. When the file is created,
+** the caller specifies a buffer size for an in-memory buffer to
+** be used to service read() and write() requests. The actual file
+** on disk is not created or populated until either:
+**
+**   1) The in-memory representation grows too large for the allocated 
+**      buffer, or
+**   2) The sqlite3JournalCreate() function is called.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+
+
+/*
+** A JournalFile object is a subclass of sqlite3_file used by
+** as an open file handle for journal files.
+*/
+struct JournalFile {
+  sqlite3_io_methods *pMethod;    /* I/O methods on journal files */
+  int nBuf;                       /* Size of zBuf[] in bytes */
+  char *zBuf;                     /* Space to buffer journal writes */
+  int iSize;                      /* Amount of zBuf[] currently used */
+  int flags;                      /* xOpen flags */
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;              /* The "real" underlying VFS */
+  sqlite3_file *pReal;            /* The "real" underlying file descriptor */
+  const char *zJournal;           /* Name of the journal file */
+};
+typedef struct JournalFile JournalFile;
+
+/*
+** If it does not already exists, create and populate the on-disk file 
+** for JournalFile p.
+*/
+static int createFile(JournalFile *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( !p->pReal ){
+    sqlite3_file *pReal = (sqlite3_file *)&p[1];
+    rc = sqlite3OsOpen(p->pVfs, p->zJournal, pReal, p->flags, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->pReal = pReal;
+      if( p->iSize>0 ){
+        assert(p->iSize<=p->nBuf);
+        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(p->pReal, p->zBuf, p->iSize, 0);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close the file.
+*/
+static int jrnlClose(sqlite3_file *pJfd){
+  JournalFile *p = (JournalFile *)pJfd;
+  if( p->pReal ){
+    sqlite3OsClose(p->pReal);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(p->zBuf);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read data from the file.
+*/
+static int jrnlRead(
+  sqlite3_file *pJfd,    /* The journal file from which to read */
+  void *zBuf,            /* Put the results here */
+  int iAmt,              /* Number of bytes to read */
+  sqlite_int64 iOfst     /* Begin reading at this offset */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  JournalFile *p = (JournalFile *)pJfd;
+  if( p->pReal ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsRead(p->pReal, zBuf, iAmt, iOfst);
+  }else if( (iAmt+iOfst)>p->iSize ){
+    rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ;
+  }else{
+    memcpy(zBuf, &p->zBuf[iOfst], iAmt);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write data to the file.
+*/
+static int jrnlWrite(
+  sqlite3_file *pJfd,    /* The journal file into which to write */
+  const void *zBuf,      /* Take data to be written from here */
+  int iAmt,              /* Number of bytes to write */
+  sqlite_int64 iOfst     /* Begin writing at this offset into the file */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  JournalFile *p = (JournalFile *)pJfd;
+  if( !p->pReal && (iOfst+iAmt)>p->nBuf ){
+    rc = createFile(p);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( p->pReal ){
+      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(p->pReal, zBuf, iAmt, iOfst);
+    }else{
+      memcpy(&p->zBuf[iOfst], zBuf, iAmt);
+      if( p->iSize<(iOfst+iAmt) ){
+        p->iSize = (iOfst+iAmt);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Truncate the file.
+*/
+static int jrnlTruncate(sqlite3_file *pJfd, sqlite_int64 size){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  JournalFile *p = (JournalFile *)pJfd;
+  if( p->pReal ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(p->pReal, size);
+  }else if( size<p->iSize ){
+    p->iSize = size;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Sync the file.
+*/
+static int jrnlSync(sqlite3_file *pJfd, int flags){
+  int rc;
+  JournalFile *p = (JournalFile *)pJfd;
+  if( p->pReal ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsSync(p->pReal, flags);
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Query the size of the file in bytes.
+*/
+static int jrnlFileSize(sqlite3_file *pJfd, sqlite_int64 *pSize){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  JournalFile *p = (JournalFile *)pJfd;
+  if( p->pReal ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(p->pReal, pSize);
+  }else{
+    *pSize = (sqlite_int64) p->iSize;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Table of methods for JournalFile sqlite3_file object.
+*/
+static struct sqlite3_io_methods JournalFileMethods = {
+  1,             /* iVersion */
+  jrnlClose,     /* xClose */
+  jrnlRead,      /* xRead */
+  jrnlWrite,     /* xWrite */
+  jrnlTruncate,  /* xTruncate */
+  jrnlSync,      /* xSync */
+  jrnlFileSize,  /* xFileSize */
+  0,             /* xLock */
+  0,             /* xUnlock */
+  0,             /* xCheckReservedLock */
+  0,             /* xFileControl */
+  0,             /* xSectorSize */
+  0,             /* xDeviceCharacteristics */
+  0,             /* xShmMap */
+  0,             /* xShmLock */
+  0,             /* xShmBarrier */
+  0              /* xShmUnmap */
+};
+
+/* 
+** Open a journal file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3JournalOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,         /* The VFS to use for actual file I/O */
+  const char *zName,         /* Name of the journal file */
+  sqlite3_file *pJfd,        /* Preallocated, blank file handle */
+  int flags,                 /* Opening flags */
+  int nBuf                   /* Bytes buffered before opening the file */
+){
+  JournalFile *p = (JournalFile *)pJfd;
+  memset(p, 0, sqlite3JournalSize(pVfs));
+  if( nBuf>0 ){
+    p->zBuf = sqlite3MallocZero(nBuf);
+    if( !p->zBuf ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }else{
+    return sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, zName, pJfd, flags, 0);
+  }
+  p->pMethod = &JournalFileMethods;
+  p->nBuf = nBuf;
+  p->flags = flags;
+  p->zJournal = zName;
+  p->pVfs = pVfs;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the argument p points to a JournalFile structure, and the underlying
+** file has not yet been created, create it now.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3JournalCreate(sqlite3_file *p){
+  if( p->pMethods!=&JournalFileMethods ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  return createFile((JournalFile *)p);
+}
+
+/* 
+** Return the number of bytes required to store a JournalFile that uses vfs
+** pVfs to create the underlying on-disk files.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3JournalSize(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs){
+  return (pVfs->szOsFile+sizeof(JournalFile));
+}
+#endif
+
+/************** End of journal.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file memjournal.c **************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 October 7
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code use to implement an in-memory rollback journal.
+** The in-memory rollback journal is used to journal transactions for
+** ":memory:" databases and when the journal_mode=MEMORY pragma is used.
+*/
+
+/* Forward references to internal structures */
+typedef struct MemJournal MemJournal;
+typedef struct FilePoint FilePoint;
+typedef struct FileChunk FileChunk;
+
+/* Space to hold the rollback journal is allocated in increments of
+** this many bytes.
+**
+** The size chosen is a little less than a power of two.  That way,
+** the FileChunk object will have a size that almost exactly fills
+** a power-of-two allocation.  This mimimizes wasted space in power-of-two
+** memory allocators.
+*/
+#define JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE ((int)(1024-sizeof(FileChunk*)))
+
+/* Macro to find the minimum of two numeric values.
+*/
+#ifndef MIN
+# define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The rollback journal is composed of a linked list of these structures.
+*/
+struct FileChunk {
+  FileChunk *pNext;               /* Next chunk in the journal */
+  u8 zChunk[JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE];   /* Content of this chunk */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of this object serves as a cursor into the rollback journal.
+** The cursor can be either for reading or writing.
+*/
+struct FilePoint {
+  sqlite3_int64 iOffset;          /* Offset from the beginning of the file */
+  FileChunk *pChunk;              /* Specific chunk into which cursor points */
+};
+
+/*
+** This subclass is a subclass of sqlite3_file.  Each open memory-journal
+** is an instance of this class.
+*/
+struct MemJournal {
+  sqlite3_io_methods *pMethod;    /* Parent class. MUST BE FIRST */
+  FileChunk *pFirst;              /* Head of in-memory chunk-list */
+  FilePoint endpoint;             /* Pointer to the end of the file */
+  FilePoint readpoint;            /* Pointer to the end of the last xRead() */
+};
+
+/*
+** Read data from the in-memory journal file.  This is the implementation
+** of the sqlite3_vfs.xRead method.
+*/
+static int memjrnlRead(
+  sqlite3_file *pJfd,    /* The journal file from which to read */
+  void *zBuf,            /* Put the results here */
+  int iAmt,              /* Number of bytes to read */
+  sqlite_int64 iOfst     /* Begin reading at this offset */
+){
+  MemJournal *p = (MemJournal *)pJfd;
+  u8 *zOut = zBuf;
+  int nRead = iAmt;
+  int iChunkOffset;
+  FileChunk *pChunk;
+
+  /* SQLite never tries to read past the end of a rollback journal file */
+  assert( iOfst+iAmt<=p->endpoint.iOffset );
+
+  if( p->readpoint.iOffset!=iOfst || iOfst==0 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iOff = 0;
+    for(pChunk=p->pFirst; 
+        ALWAYS(pChunk) && (iOff+JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE)<=iOfst;
+        pChunk=pChunk->pNext
+    ){
+      iOff += JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE;
+    }
+  }else{
+    pChunk = p->readpoint.pChunk;
+  }
+
+  iChunkOffset = (int)(iOfst%JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE);
+  do {
+    int iSpace = JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE - iChunkOffset;
+    int nCopy = MIN(nRead, (JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE - iChunkOffset));
+    memcpy(zOut, &pChunk->zChunk[iChunkOffset], nCopy);
+    zOut += nCopy;
+    nRead -= iSpace;
+    iChunkOffset = 0;
+  } while( nRead>=0 && (pChunk=pChunk->pNext)!=0 && nRead>0 );
+  p->readpoint.iOffset = iOfst+iAmt;
+  p->readpoint.pChunk = pChunk;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write data to the file.
+*/
+static int memjrnlWrite(
+  sqlite3_file *pJfd,    /* The journal file into which to write */
+  const void *zBuf,      /* Take data to be written from here */
+  int iAmt,              /* Number of bytes to write */
+  sqlite_int64 iOfst     /* Begin writing at this offset into the file */
+){
+  MemJournal *p = (MemJournal *)pJfd;
+  int nWrite = iAmt;
+  u8 *zWrite = (u8 *)zBuf;
+
+  /* An in-memory journal file should only ever be appended to. Random
+  ** access writes are not required by sqlite.
+  */
+  assert( iOfst==p->endpoint.iOffset );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iOfst);
+
+  while( nWrite>0 ){
+    FileChunk *pChunk = p->endpoint.pChunk;
+    int iChunkOffset = (int)(p->endpoint.iOffset%JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE);
+    int iSpace = MIN(nWrite, JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE - iChunkOffset);
+
+    if( iChunkOffset==0 ){
+      /* New chunk is required to extend the file. */
+      FileChunk *pNew = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(FileChunk));
+      if( !pNew ){
+        return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+      }
+      pNew->pNext = 0;
+      if( pChunk ){
+        assert( p->pFirst );
+        pChunk->pNext = pNew;
+      }else{
+        assert( !p->pFirst );
+        p->pFirst = pNew;
+      }
+      p->endpoint.pChunk = pNew;
+    }
+
+    memcpy(&p->endpoint.pChunk->zChunk[iChunkOffset], zWrite, iSpace);
+    zWrite += iSpace;
+    nWrite -= iSpace;
+    p->endpoint.iOffset += iSpace;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Truncate the file.
+*/
+static int memjrnlTruncate(sqlite3_file *pJfd, sqlite_int64 size){
+  MemJournal *p = (MemJournal *)pJfd;
+  FileChunk *pChunk;
+  assert(size==0);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(size);
+  pChunk = p->pFirst;
+  while( pChunk ){
+    FileChunk *pTmp = pChunk;
+    pChunk = pChunk->pNext;
+    sqlite3_free(pTmp);
+  }
+  sqlite3MemJournalOpen(pJfd);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close the file.
+*/
+static int memjrnlClose(sqlite3_file *pJfd){
+  memjrnlTruncate(pJfd, 0);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Sync the file.
+**
+** Syncing an in-memory journal is a no-op.  And, in fact, this routine
+** is never called in a working implementation.  This implementation
+** exists purely as a contingency, in case some malfunction in some other
+** part of SQLite causes Sync to be called by mistake.
+*/
+static int memjrnlSync(sqlite3_file *NotUsed, int NotUsed2){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Query the size of the file in bytes.
+*/
+static int memjrnlFileSize(sqlite3_file *pJfd, sqlite_int64 *pSize){
+  MemJournal *p = (MemJournal *)pJfd;
+  *pSize = (sqlite_int64) p->endpoint.iOffset;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Table of methods for MemJournal sqlite3_file object.
+*/
+static const struct sqlite3_io_methods MemJournalMethods = {
+  1,                /* iVersion */
+  memjrnlClose,     /* xClose */
+  memjrnlRead,      /* xRead */
+  memjrnlWrite,     /* xWrite */
+  memjrnlTruncate,  /* xTruncate */
+  memjrnlSync,      /* xSync */
+  memjrnlFileSize,  /* xFileSize */
+  0,                /* xLock */
+  0,                /* xUnlock */
+  0,                /* xCheckReservedLock */
+  0,                /* xFileControl */
+  0,                /* xSectorSize */
+  0,                /* xDeviceCharacteristics */
+  0,                /* xShmMap */
+  0,                /* xShmLock */
+  0,                /* xShmBarrier */
+  0                 /* xShmUnlock */
+};
+
+/* 
+** Open a journal file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemJournalOpen(sqlite3_file *pJfd){
+  MemJournal *p = (MemJournal *)pJfd;
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(p) );
+  memset(p, 0, sqlite3MemJournalSize());
+  p->pMethod = (sqlite3_io_methods*)&MemJournalMethods;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the file-handle passed as an argument is 
+** an in-memory journal 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsMemJournal(sqlite3_file *pJfd){
+  return pJfd->pMethods==&MemJournalMethods;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Return the number of bytes required to store a MemJournal file descriptor.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemJournalSize(void){
+  return sizeof(MemJournal);
+}
+
+/************** End of memjournal.c ******************************************/
+/************** Begin file walker.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 August 16
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains routines used for walking the parser tree for
+** an SQL statement.
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** Walk an expression tree.  Invoke the callback once for each node
+** of the expression, while decending.  (In other words, the callback
+** is invoked before visiting children.)
+**
+** The return value from the callback should be one of the WRC_*
+** constants to specify how to proceed with the walk.
+**
+**    WRC_Continue      Continue descending down the tree.
+**
+**    WRC_Prune         Do not descend into child nodes.  But allow
+**                      the walk to continue with sibling nodes.
+**
+**    WRC_Abort         Do no more callbacks.  Unwind the stack and
+**                      return the top-level walk call.
+**
+** The return value from this routine is WRC_Abort to abandon the tree walk
+** and WRC_Continue to continue.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkExpr(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
+  int rc;
+  if( pExpr==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  testcase( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) );
+  testcase( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Reduced) );
+  rc = pWalker->xExprCallback(pWalker, pExpr);
+  if( rc==WRC_Continue
+              && !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr,EP_TokenOnly) ){
+    if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, pExpr->pLeft) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, pExpr->pRight) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+      if( sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pExpr->x.pSelect) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    }else{
+      if( sqlite3WalkExprList(pWalker, pExpr->x.pList) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc & WRC_Abort;
+}
+
+/*
+** Call sqlite3WalkExpr() for every expression in list p or until
+** an abort request is seen.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkExprList(Walker *pWalker, ExprList *p){
+  int i;
+  struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+  if( p ){
+    for(i=p->nExpr, pItem=p->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
+      if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, pItem->pExpr) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+  }
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+/*
+** Walk all expressions associated with SELECT statement p.  Do
+** not invoke the SELECT callback on p, but do (of course) invoke
+** any expr callbacks and SELECT callbacks that come from subqueries.
+** Return WRC_Abort or WRC_Continue.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelectExpr(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  if( sqlite3WalkExprList(pWalker, p->pEList) ) return WRC_Abort;
+  if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, p->pWhere) ) return WRC_Abort;
+  if( sqlite3WalkExprList(pWalker, p->pGroupBy) ) return WRC_Abort;
+  if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, p->pHaving) ) return WRC_Abort;
+  if( sqlite3WalkExprList(pWalker, p->pOrderBy) ) return WRC_Abort;
+  if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, p->pLimit) ) return WRC_Abort;
+  if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, p->pOffset) ) return WRC_Abort;
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+/*
+** Walk the parse trees associated with all subqueries in the
+** FROM clause of SELECT statement p.  Do not invoke the select
+** callback on p, but do invoke it on each FROM clause subquery
+** and on any subqueries further down in the tree.  Return 
+** WRC_Abort or WRC_Continue;
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelectFrom(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  SrcList *pSrc;
+  int i;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+
+  pSrc = p->pSrc;
+  if( ALWAYS(pSrc) ){
+    for(i=pSrc->nSrc, pItem=pSrc->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
+      if( sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pItem->pSelect) ){
+        return WRC_Abort;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return WRC_Continue;
+} 
+
+/*
+** Call sqlite3WalkExpr() for every expression in Select statement p.
+** Invoke sqlite3WalkSelect() for subqueries in the FROM clause and
+** on the compound select chain, p->pPrior.
+**
+** Return WRC_Continue under normal conditions.  Return WRC_Abort if
+** there is an abort request.
+**
+** If the Walker does not have an xSelectCallback() then this routine
+** is a no-op returning WRC_Continue.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelect(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  int rc;
+  if( p==0 || pWalker->xSelectCallback==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  rc = WRC_Continue;
+  while( p  ){
+    rc = pWalker->xSelectCallback(pWalker, p);
+    if( rc ) break;
+    if( sqlite3WalkSelectExpr(pWalker, p) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    if( sqlite3WalkSelectFrom(pWalker, p) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    p = p->pPrior;
+  }
+  return rc & WRC_Abort;
+}
+
+/************** End of walker.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file resolve.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 August 18
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains routines used for walking the parser tree and
+** resolve all identifiers by associating them with a particular
+** table and column.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Turn the pExpr expression into an alias for the iCol-th column of the
+** result set in pEList.
+**
+** If the result set column is a simple column reference, then this routine
+** makes an exact copy.  But for any other kind of expression, this
+** routine make a copy of the result set column as the argument to the
+** TK_AS operator.  The TK_AS operator causes the expression to be
+** evaluated just once and then reused for each alias.
+**
+** The reason for suppressing the TK_AS term when the expression is a simple
+** column reference is so that the column reference will be recognized as
+** usable by indices within the WHERE clause processing logic. 
+**
+** Hack:  The TK_AS operator is inhibited if zType[0]=='G'.  This means
+** that in a GROUP BY clause, the expression is evaluated twice.  Hence:
+**
+**     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY x
+**
+** Is equivalent to:
+**
+**     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY random()%5
+**
+** The result of random()%5 in the GROUP BY clause is probably different
+** from the result in the result-set.  We might fix this someday.  Or
+** then again, we might not...
+*/
+static void resolveAlias(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pEList,      /* A result set */
+  int iCol,              /* A column in the result set.  0..pEList->nExpr-1 */
+  Expr *pExpr,           /* Transform this into an alias to the result set */
+  const char *zType      /* "GROUP" or "ORDER" or "" */
+){
+  Expr *pOrig;           /* The iCol-th column of the result set */
+  Expr *pDup;            /* Copy of pOrig */
+  sqlite3 *db;           /* The database connection */
+
+  assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pEList->nExpr );
+  pOrig = pEList->a[iCol].pExpr;
+  assert( pOrig!=0 );
+  assert( pOrig->flags & EP_Resolved );
+  db = pParse->db;
+  if( pOrig->op!=TK_COLUMN && zType[0]!='G' ){
+    pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
+    pDup = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_AS, pDup, 0, 0);
+    if( pDup==0 ) return;
+    if( pEList->a[iCol].iAlias==0 ){
+      pEList->a[iCol].iAlias = (u16)(++pParse->nAlias);
+    }
+    pDup->iTable = pEList->a[iCol].iAlias;
+  }else if( ExprHasProperty(pOrig, EP_IntValue) || pOrig->u.zToken==0 ){
+    pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
+    if( pDup==0 ) return;
+  }else{
+    char *zToken = pOrig->u.zToken;
+    assert( zToken!=0 );
+    pOrig->u.zToken = 0;
+    pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
+    pOrig->u.zToken = zToken;
+    if( pDup==0 ) return;
+    assert( (pDup->flags & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly))==0 );
+    pDup->flags2 |= EP2_MallocedToken;
+    pDup->u.zToken = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zToken);
+  }
+  if( pExpr->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
+    pDup->pColl = pExpr->pColl;
+    pDup->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
+  }
+
+  /* Before calling sqlite3ExprDelete(), set the EP_Static flag. This 
+  ** prevents ExprDelete() from deleting the Expr structure itself,
+  ** allowing it to be repopulated by the memcpy() on the following line.
+  */
+  ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Static);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
+  memcpy(pExpr, pDup, sizeof(*pExpr));
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pDup);
+}
+
+/*
+** Given the name of a column of the form X.Y.Z or Y.Z or just Z, look up
+** that name in the set of source tables in pSrcList and make the pExpr 
+** expression node refer back to that source column.  The following changes
+** are made to pExpr:
+**
+**    pExpr->iDb           Set the index in db->aDb[] of the database X
+**                         (even if X is implied).
+**    pExpr->iTable        Set to the cursor number for the table obtained
+**                         from pSrcList.
+**    pExpr->pTab          Points to the Table structure of X.Y (even if
+**                         X and/or Y are implied.)
+**    pExpr->iColumn       Set to the column number within the table.
+**    pExpr->op            Set to TK_COLUMN.
+**    pExpr->pLeft         Any expression this points to is deleted
+**    pExpr->pRight        Any expression this points to is deleted.
+**
+** The zDb variable is the name of the database (the "X").  This value may be
+** NULL meaning that name is of the form Y.Z or Z.  Any available database
+** can be used.  The zTable variable is the name of the table (the "Y").  This
+** value can be NULL if zDb is also NULL.  If zTable is NULL it
+** means that the form of the name is Z and that columns from any table
+** can be used.
+**
+** If the name cannot be resolved unambiguously, leave an error message
+** in pParse and return WRC_Abort.  Return WRC_Prune on success.
+*/
+static int lookupName(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* The parsing context */
+  const char *zDb,     /* Name of the database containing table, or NULL */
+  const char *zTab,    /* Name of table containing column, or NULL */
+  const char *zCol,    /* Name of the column. */
+  NameContext *pNC,    /* The name context used to resolve the name */
+  Expr *pExpr          /* Make this EXPR node point to the selected column */
+){
+  int i, j;            /* Loop counters */
+  int cnt = 0;                      /* Number of matching column names */
+  int cntTab = 0;                   /* Number of matching table names */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;         /* The database connection */
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;       /* Use for looping over pSrcList items */
+  struct SrcList_item *pMatch = 0;  /* The matching pSrcList item */
+  NameContext *pTopNC = pNC;        /* First namecontext in the list */
+  Schema *pSchema = 0;              /* Schema of the expression */
+  int isTrigger = 0;
+
+  assert( pNC );     /* the name context cannot be NULL. */
+  assert( zCol );    /* The Z in X.Y.Z cannot be NULL */
+  assert( ~ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+
+  /* Initialize the node to no-match */
+  pExpr->iTable = -1;
+  pExpr->pTab = 0;
+  ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+
+  /* Start at the inner-most context and move outward until a match is found */
+  while( pNC && cnt==0 ){
+    ExprList *pEList;
+    SrcList *pSrcList = pNC->pSrcList;
+
+    if( pSrcList ){
+      for(i=0, pItem=pSrcList->a; i<pSrcList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
+        Table *pTab;
+        int iDb;
+        Column *pCol;
+  
+        pTab = pItem->pTab;
+        assert( pTab!=0 && pTab->zName!=0 );
+        iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+        assert( pTab->nCol>0 );
+        if( zTab ){
+          if( pItem->zAlias ){
+            char *zTabName = pItem->zAlias;
+            if( sqlite3StrICmp(zTabName, zTab)!=0 ) continue;
+          }else{
+            char *zTabName = pTab->zName;
+            if( NEVER(zTabName==0) || sqlite3StrICmp(zTabName, zTab)!=0 ){
+              continue;
+            }
+            if( zDb!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[iDb].zName, zDb)!=0 ){
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if( 0==(cntTab++) ){
+          pExpr->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
+          pExpr->pTab = pTab;
+          pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
+          pMatch = pItem;
+        }
+        for(j=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; j<pTab->nCol; j++, pCol++){
+          if( sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zCol)==0 ){
+            IdList *pUsing;
+            cnt++;
+            pExpr->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
+            pExpr->pTab = pTab;
+            pMatch = pItem;
+            pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
+            /* Substitute the rowid (column -1) for the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
+            pExpr->iColumn = j==pTab->iPKey ? -1 : (i16)j;
+            if( i<pSrcList->nSrc-1 ){
+              if( pItem[1].jointype & JT_NATURAL ){
+                /* If this match occurred in the left table of a natural join,
+                ** then skip the right table to avoid a duplicate match */
+                pItem++;
+                i++;
+              }else if( (pUsing = pItem[1].pUsing)!=0 ){
+                /* If this match occurs on a column that is in the USING clause
+                ** of a join, skip the search of the right table of the join
+                ** to avoid a duplicate match there. */
+                int k;
+                for(k=0; k<pUsing->nId; k++){
+                  if( sqlite3StrICmp(pUsing->a[k].zName, zCol)==0 ){
+                    pItem++;
+                    i++;
+                    break;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+    /* If we have not already resolved the name, then maybe 
+    ** it is a new.* or old.* trigger argument reference
+    */
+    if( zDb==0 && zTab!=0 && cnt==0 && pParse->pTriggerTab!=0 ){
+      int op = pParse->eTriggerOp;
+      Table *pTab = 0;
+      assert( op==TK_DELETE || op==TK_UPDATE || op==TK_INSERT );
+      if( op!=TK_DELETE && sqlite3StrICmp("new",zTab) == 0 ){
+        pExpr->iTable = 1;
+        pTab = pParse->pTriggerTab;
+      }else if( op!=TK_INSERT && sqlite3StrICmp("old",zTab)==0 ){
+        pExpr->iTable = 0;
+        pTab = pParse->pTriggerTab;
+      }
+
+      if( pTab ){ 
+        int iCol;
+        pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
+        cntTab++;
+        for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
+          Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
+          if( sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zCol)==0 ){
+            if( iCol==pTab->iPKey ){
+              iCol = -1;
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if( iCol>=pTab->nCol && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) ){
+          iCol = -1;        /* IMP: R-44911-55124 */
+        }
+        if( iCol<pTab->nCol ){
+          cnt++;
+          if( iCol<0 ){
+            pExpr->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+          }else if( pExpr->iTable==0 ){
+            testcase( iCol==31 );
+            testcase( iCol==32 );
+            pParse->oldmask |= (iCol>=32 ? 0xffffffff : (((u32)1)<<iCol));
+          }else{
+            testcase( iCol==31 );
+            testcase( iCol==32 );
+            pParse->newmask |= (iCol>=32 ? 0xffffffff : (((u32)1)<<iCol));
+          }
+          pExpr->iColumn = (i16)iCol;
+          pExpr->pTab = pTab;
+          isTrigger = 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER) */
+
+    /*
+    ** Perhaps the name is a reference to the ROWID
+    */
+    if( cnt==0 && cntTab==1 && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) ){
+      cnt = 1;
+      pExpr->iColumn = -1;     /* IMP: R-44911-55124 */
+      pExpr->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    ** If the input is of the form Z (not Y.Z or X.Y.Z) then the name Z
+    ** might refer to an result-set alias.  This happens, for example, when
+    ** we are resolving names in the WHERE clause of the following command:
+    **
+    **     SELECT a+b AS x FROM table WHERE x<10;
+    **
+    ** In cases like this, replace pExpr with a copy of the expression that
+    ** forms the result set entry ("a+b" in the example) and return immediately.
+    ** Note that the expression in the result set should have already been
+    ** resolved by the time the WHERE clause is resolved.
+    */
+    if( cnt==0 && (pEList = pNC->pEList)!=0 && zTab==0 ){
+      for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){
+        char *zAs = pEList->a[j].zName;
+        if( zAs!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(zAs, zCol)==0 ){
+          Expr *pOrig;
+          assert( pExpr->pLeft==0 && pExpr->pRight==0 );
+          assert( pExpr->x.pList==0 );
+          assert( pExpr->x.pSelect==0 );
+          pOrig = pEList->a[j].pExpr;
+          if( !pNC->allowAgg && ExprHasProperty(pOrig, EP_Agg) ){
+            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "misuse of aliased aggregate %s", zAs);
+            return WRC_Abort;
+          }
+          resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, j, pExpr, "");
+          cnt = 1;
+          pMatch = 0;
+          assert( zTab==0 && zDb==0 );
+          goto lookupname_end;
+        }
+      } 
+    }
+
+    /* Advance to the next name context.  The loop will exit when either
+    ** we have a match (cnt>0) or when we run out of name contexts.
+    */
+    if( cnt==0 ){
+      pNC = pNC->pNext;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** If X and Y are NULL (in other words if only the column name Z is
+  ** supplied) and the value of Z is enclosed in double-quotes, then
+  ** Z is a string literal if it doesn't match any column names.  In that
+  ** case, we need to return right away and not make any changes to
+  ** pExpr.
+  **
+  ** Because no reference was made to outer contexts, the pNC->nRef
+  ** fields are not changed in any context.
+  */
+  if( cnt==0 && zTab==0 && ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_DblQuoted) ){
+    pExpr->op = TK_STRING;
+    pExpr->pTab = 0;
+    return WRC_Prune;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** cnt==0 means there was not match.  cnt>1 means there were two or
+  ** more matches.  Either way, we have an error.
+  */
+  if( cnt!=1 ){
+    const char *zErr;
+    zErr = cnt==0 ? "no such column" : "ambiguous column name";
+    if( zDb ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s: %s.%s.%s", zErr, zDb, zTab, zCol);
+    }else if( zTab ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s: %s.%s", zErr, zTab, zCol);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s: %s", zErr, zCol);
+    }
+    pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+    pTopNC->nErr++;
+  }
+
+  /* If a column from a table in pSrcList is referenced, then record
+  ** this fact in the pSrcList.a[].colUsed bitmask.  Column 0 causes
+  ** bit 0 to be set.  Column 1 sets bit 1.  And so forth.  If the
+  ** column number is greater than the number of bits in the bitmask
+  ** then set the high-order bit of the bitmask.
+  */
+  if( pExpr->iColumn>=0 && pMatch!=0 ){
+    int n = pExpr->iColumn;
+    testcase( n==BMS-1 );
+    if( n>=BMS ){
+      n = BMS-1;
+    }
+    assert( pMatch->iCursor==pExpr->iTable );
+    pMatch->colUsed |= ((Bitmask)1)<<n;
+  }
+
+  /* Clean up and return
+  */
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pLeft);
+  pExpr->pLeft = 0;
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pRight);
+  pExpr->pRight = 0;
+  pExpr->op = (isTrigger ? TK_TRIGGER : TK_COLUMN);
+lookupname_end:
+  if( cnt==1 ){
+    assert( pNC!=0 );
+    sqlite3AuthRead(pParse, pExpr, pSchema, pNC->pSrcList);
+    /* Increment the nRef value on all name contexts from TopNC up to
+    ** the point where the name matched. */
+    for(;;){
+      assert( pTopNC!=0 );
+      pTopNC->nRef++;
+      if( pTopNC==pNC ) break;
+      pTopNC = pTopNC->pNext;
+    }
+    return WRC_Prune;
+  } else {
+    return WRC_Abort;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate and return a pointer to an expression to load the column iCol
+** from datasource iSrc in SrcList pSrc.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3CreateColumnExpr(sqlite3 *db, SrcList *pSrc, int iSrc, int iCol){
+  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAlloc(db, TK_COLUMN, 0, 0);
+  if( p ){
+    struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pSrc->a[iSrc];
+    p->pTab = pItem->pTab;
+    p->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
+    if( p->pTab->iPKey==iCol ){
+      p->iColumn = -1;
+    }else{
+      p->iColumn = (ynVar)iCol;
+      testcase( iCol==BMS );
+      testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
+      pItem->colUsed |= ((Bitmask)1)<<(iCol>=BMS ? BMS-1 : iCol);
+    }
+    ExprSetProperty(p, EP_Resolved);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is callback for sqlite3WalkExpr().
+**
+** Resolve symbolic names into TK_COLUMN operators for the current
+** node in the expression tree.  Return 0 to continue the search down
+** the tree or 2 to abort the tree walk.
+**
+** This routine also does error checking and name resolution for
+** function names.  The operator for aggregate functions is changed
+** to TK_AGG_FUNCTION.
+*/
+static int resolveExprStep(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
+  NameContext *pNC;
+  Parse *pParse;
+
+  pNC = pWalker->u.pNC;
+  assert( pNC!=0 );
+  pParse = pNC->pParse;
+  assert( pParse==pWalker->pParse );
+
+  if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_Resolved) ) return WRC_Prune;
+  ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Resolved);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if( pNC->pSrcList && pNC->pSrcList->nAlloc>0 ){
+    SrcList *pSrcList = pNC->pSrcList;
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pNC->pSrcList->nSrc; i++){
+      assert( pSrcList->a[i].iCursor>=0 && pSrcList->a[i].iCursor<pParse->nTab);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  switch( pExpr->op ){
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
+    /* The special operator TK_ROW means use the rowid for the first
+    ** column in the FROM clause.  This is used by the LIMIT and ORDER BY
+    ** clause processing on UPDATE and DELETE statements.
+    */
+    case TK_ROW: {
+      SrcList *pSrcList = pNC->pSrcList;
+      struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+      assert( pSrcList && pSrcList->nSrc==1 );
+      pItem = pSrcList->a; 
+      pExpr->op = TK_COLUMN;
+      pExpr->pTab = pItem->pTab;
+      pExpr->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
+      pExpr->iColumn = -1;
+      pExpr->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+      break;
+    }
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) */
+
+    /* A lone identifier is the name of a column.
+    */
+    case TK_ID: {
+      return lookupName(pParse, 0, 0, pExpr->u.zToken, pNC, pExpr);
+    }
+  
+    /* A table name and column name:     ID.ID
+    ** Or a database, table and column:  ID.ID.ID
+    */
+    case TK_DOT: {
+      const char *zColumn;
+      const char *zTable;
+      const char *zDb;
+      Expr *pRight;
+
+      /* if( pSrcList==0 ) break; */
+      pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+      if( pRight->op==TK_ID ){
+        zDb = 0;
+        zTable = pExpr->pLeft->u.zToken;
+        zColumn = pRight->u.zToken;
+      }else{
+        assert( pRight->op==TK_DOT );
+        zDb = pExpr->pLeft->u.zToken;
+        zTable = pRight->pLeft->u.zToken;
+        zColumn = pRight->pRight->u.zToken;
+      }
+      return lookupName(pParse, zDb, zTable, zColumn, pNC, pExpr);
+    }
+
+    /* Resolve function names
+    */
+    case TK_CONST_FUNC:
+    case TK_FUNCTION: {
+      ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;    /* The argument list */
+      int n = pList ? pList->nExpr : 0;    /* Number of arguments */
+      int no_such_func = 0;       /* True if no such function exists */
+      int wrong_num_args = 0;     /* True if wrong number of arguments */
+      int is_agg = 0;             /* True if is an aggregate function */
+      int auth;                   /* Authorization to use the function */
+      int nId;                    /* Number of characters in function name */
+      const char *zId;            /* The function name. */
+      FuncDef *pDef;              /* Information about the function */
+      u8 enc = ENC(pParse->db);   /* The database encoding */
+
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_CONST_FUNC );
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      zId = pExpr->u.zToken;
+      nId = sqlite3Strlen30(zId);
+      pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(pParse->db, zId, nId, n, enc, 0);
+      if( pDef==0 ){
+        pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(pParse->db, zId, nId, -1, enc, 0);
+        if( pDef==0 ){
+          no_such_func = 1;
+        }else{
+          wrong_num_args = 1;
+        }
+      }else{
+        is_agg = pDef->xFunc==0;
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+      if( pDef ){
+        auth = sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_FUNCTION, 0, pDef->zName, 0);
+        if( auth!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          if( auth==SQLITE_DENY ){
+            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "not authorized to use function: %s",
+                                    pDef->zName);
+            pNC->nErr++;
+          }
+          pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
+          return WRC_Prune;
+        }
+      }
+#endif
+      if( is_agg && !pNC->allowAgg ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "misuse of aggregate function %.*s()", nId,zId);
+        pNC->nErr++;
+        is_agg = 0;
+      }else if( no_such_func ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such function: %.*s", nId, zId);
+        pNC->nErr++;
+      }else if( wrong_num_args ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"wrong number of arguments to function %.*s()",
+             nId, zId);
+        pNC->nErr++;
+      }
+      if( is_agg ){
+        pExpr->op = TK_AGG_FUNCTION;
+        pNC->hasAgg = 1;
+      }
+      if( is_agg ) pNC->allowAgg = 0;
+      sqlite3WalkExprList(pWalker, pList);
+      if( is_agg ) pNC->allowAgg = 1;
+      /* FIX ME:  Compute pExpr->affinity based on the expected return
+      ** type of the function 
+      */
+      return WRC_Prune;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+    case TK_SELECT:
+    case TK_EXISTS:  testcase( pExpr->op==TK_EXISTS );
+#endif
+    case TK_IN: {
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_IN );
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+        int nRef = pNC->nRef;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+        if( pNC->isCheck ){
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"subqueries prohibited in CHECK constraints");
+        }
+#endif
+        sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pExpr->x.pSelect);
+        assert( pNC->nRef>=nRef );
+        if( nRef!=pNC->nRef ){
+          ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_VarSelect);
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+    case TK_VARIABLE: {
+      if( pNC->isCheck ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"parameters prohibited in CHECK constraints");
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return (pParse->nErr || pParse->db->mallocFailed) ? WRC_Abort : WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+/*
+** pEList is a list of expressions which are really the result set of the
+** a SELECT statement.  pE is a term in an ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause.
+** This routine checks to see if pE is a simple identifier which corresponds
+** to the AS-name of one of the terms of the expression list.  If it is,
+** this routine return an integer between 1 and N where N is the number of
+** elements in pEList, corresponding to the matching entry.  If there is
+** no match, or if pE is not a simple identifier, then this routine
+** return 0.
+**
+** pEList has been resolved.  pE has not.
+*/
+static int resolveAsName(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context for error messages */
+  ExprList *pEList,  /* List of expressions to scan */
+  Expr *pE           /* Expression we are trying to match */
+){
+  int i;             /* Loop counter */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pParse);
+
+  if( pE->op==TK_ID ){
+    char *zCol = pE->u.zToken;
+    for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
+      char *zAs = pEList->a[i].zName;
+      if( zAs!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(zAs, zCol)==0 ){
+        return i+1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** pE is a pointer to an expression which is a single term in the
+** ORDER BY of a compound SELECT.  The expression has not been
+** name resolved.
+**
+** At the point this routine is called, we already know that the
+** ORDER BY term is not an integer index into the result set.  That
+** case is handled by the calling routine.
+**
+** Attempt to match pE against result set columns in the left-most
+** SELECT statement.  Return the index i of the matching column,
+** as an indication to the caller that it should sort by the i-th column.
+** The left-most column is 1.  In other words, the value returned is the
+** same integer value that would be used in the SQL statement to indicate
+** the column.
+**
+** If there is no match, return 0.  Return -1 if an error occurs.
+*/
+static int resolveOrderByTermToExprList(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context for error messages */
+  Select *pSelect,   /* The SELECT statement with the ORDER BY clause */
+  Expr *pE           /* The specific ORDER BY term */
+){
+  int i;             /* Loop counter */
+  ExprList *pEList;  /* The columns of the result set */
+  NameContext nc;    /* Name context for resolving pE */
+  sqlite3 *db;       /* Database connection */
+  int rc;            /* Return code from subprocedures */
+  u8 savedSuppErr;   /* Saved value of db->suppressErr */
+
+  assert( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE, &i)==0 );
+  pEList = pSelect->pEList;
+
+  /* Resolve all names in the ORDER BY term expression
+  */
+  memset(&nc, 0, sizeof(nc));
+  nc.pParse = pParse;
+  nc.pSrcList = pSelect->pSrc;
+  nc.pEList = pEList;
+  nc.allowAgg = 1;
+  nc.nErr = 0;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  savedSuppErr = db->suppressErr;
+  db->suppressErr = 1;
+  rc = sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&nc, pE);
+  db->suppressErr = savedSuppErr;
+  if( rc ) return 0;
+
+  /* Try to match the ORDER BY expression against an expression
+  ** in the result set.  Return an 1-based index of the matching
+  ** result-set entry.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pEList->a[i].pExpr, pE)<2 ){
+      return i+1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If no match, return 0. */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate an ORDER BY or GROUP BY term out-of-range error.
+*/
+static void resolveOutOfRangeError(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* The error context into which to write the error */
+  const char *zType,     /* "ORDER" or "GROUP" */
+  int i,                 /* The index (1-based) of the term out of range */
+  int mx                 /* Largest permissible value of i */
+){
+  sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+    "%r %s BY term out of range - should be "
+    "between 1 and %d", i, zType, mx);
+}
+
+/*
+** Analyze the ORDER BY clause in a compound SELECT statement.   Modify
+** each term of the ORDER BY clause is a constant integer between 1
+** and N where N is the number of columns in the compound SELECT.
+**
+** ORDER BY terms that are already an integer between 1 and N are
+** unmodified.  ORDER BY terms that are integers outside the range of
+** 1 through N generate an error.  ORDER BY terms that are expressions
+** are matched against result set expressions of compound SELECT
+** beginning with the left-most SELECT and working toward the right.
+** At the first match, the ORDER BY expression is transformed into
+** the integer column number.
+**
+** Return the number of errors seen.
+*/
+static int resolveCompoundOrderBy(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context.  Leave error messages here */
+  Select *pSelect       /* The SELECT statement containing the ORDER BY */
+){
+  int i;
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;
+  ExprList *pEList;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  int moreToDo = 1;
+
+  pOrderBy = pSelect->pOrderBy;
+  if( pOrderBy==0 ) return 0;
+  db = pParse->db;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN
+  if( pOrderBy->nExpr>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN] ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many terms in ORDER BY clause");
+    return 1;
+  }
+#endif
+  for(i=0; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++){
+    pOrderBy->a[i].done = 0;
+  }
+  pSelect->pNext = 0;
+  while( pSelect->pPrior ){
+    pSelect->pPrior->pNext = pSelect;
+    pSelect = pSelect->pPrior;
+  }
+  while( pSelect && moreToDo ){
+    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+    moreToDo = 0;
+    pEList = pSelect->pEList;
+    assert( pEList!=0 );
+    for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+      int iCol = -1;
+      Expr *pE, *pDup;
+      if( pItem->done ) continue;
+      pE = pItem->pExpr;
+      if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE, &iCol) ){
+        if( iCol<=0 || iCol>pEList->nExpr ){
+          resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, "ORDER", i+1, pEList->nExpr);
+          return 1;
+        }
+      }else{
+        iCol = resolveAsName(pParse, pEList, pE);
+        if( iCol==0 ){
+          pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pE, 0);
+          if( !db->mallocFailed ){
+            assert(pDup);
+            iCol = resolveOrderByTermToExprList(pParse, pSelect, pDup);
+          }
+          sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pDup);
+        }
+      }
+      if( iCol>0 ){
+        CollSeq *pColl = pE->pColl;
+        int flags = pE->flags & EP_ExpCollate;
+        sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pE);
+        pItem->pExpr = pE = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_INTEGER, 0);
+        if( pE==0 ) return 1;
+        pE->pColl = pColl;
+        pE->flags |= EP_IntValue | flags;
+        pE->u.iValue = iCol;
+        pItem->iCol = (u16)iCol;
+        pItem->done = 1;
+      }else{
+        moreToDo = 1;
+      }
+    }
+    pSelect = pSelect->pNext;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++){
+    if( pOrderBy->a[i].done==0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%r ORDER BY term does not match any "
+            "column in the result set", i+1);
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check every term in the ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause pOrderBy of
+** the SELECT statement pSelect.  If any term is reference to a
+** result set expression (as determined by the ExprList.a.iCol field)
+** then convert that term into a copy of the corresponding result set
+** column.
+**
+** If any errors are detected, add an error message to pParse and
+** return non-zero.  Return zero if no errors are seen.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context.  Leave error messages here */
+  Select *pSelect,      /* The SELECT statement containing the clause */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* The ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause to be processed */
+  const char *zType     /* "ORDER" or "GROUP" */
+){
+  int i;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  ExprList *pEList;
+  struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+
+  if( pOrderBy==0 || pParse->db->mallocFailed ) return 0;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN
+  if( pOrderBy->nExpr>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN] ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many terms in %s BY clause", zType);
+    return 1;
+  }
+#endif
+  pEList = pSelect->pEList;
+  assert( pEList!=0 );  /* sqlite3SelectNew() guarantees this */
+  for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+    if( pItem->iCol ){
+      if( pItem->iCol>pEList->nExpr ){
+        resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, zType, i+1, pEList->nExpr);
+        return 1;
+      }
+      resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, pItem->iCol-1, pItem->pExpr, zType);
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** pOrderBy is an ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause in SELECT statement pSelect.
+** The Name context of the SELECT statement is pNC.  zType is either
+** "ORDER" or "GROUP" depending on which type of clause pOrderBy is.
+**
+** This routine resolves each term of the clause into an expression.
+** If the order-by term is an integer I between 1 and N (where N is the
+** number of columns in the result set of the SELECT) then the expression
+** in the resolution is a copy of the I-th result-set expression.  If
+** the order-by term is an identify that corresponds to the AS-name of
+** a result-set expression, then the term resolves to a copy of the
+** result-set expression.  Otherwise, the expression is resolved in
+** the usual way - using sqlite3ResolveExprNames().
+**
+** This routine returns the number of errors.  If errors occur, then
+** an appropriate error message might be left in pParse.  (OOM errors
+** excepted.)
+*/
+static int resolveOrderGroupBy(
+  NameContext *pNC,     /* The name context of the SELECT statement */
+  Select *pSelect,      /* The SELECT statement holding pOrderBy */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* An ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause to resolve */
+  const char *zType     /* Either "ORDER" or "GROUP", as appropriate */
+){
+  int i;                         /* Loop counter */
+  int iCol;                      /* Column number */
+  struct ExprList_item *pItem;   /* A term of the ORDER BY clause */
+  Parse *pParse;                 /* Parsing context */
+  int nResult;                   /* Number of terms in the result set */
+
+  if( pOrderBy==0 ) return 0;
+  nResult = pSelect->pEList->nExpr;
+  pParse = pNC->pParse;
+  for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+    Expr *pE = pItem->pExpr;
+    iCol = resolveAsName(pParse, pSelect->pEList, pE);
+    if( iCol>0 ){
+      /* If an AS-name match is found, mark this ORDER BY column as being
+      ** a copy of the iCol-th result-set column.  The subsequent call to
+      ** sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the expression to a
+      ** copy of the iCol-th result-set expression. */
+      pItem->iCol = (u16)iCol;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE, &iCol) ){
+      /* The ORDER BY term is an integer constant.  Again, set the column
+      ** number so that sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the
+      ** order-by term to a copy of the result-set expression */
+      if( iCol<1 ){
+        resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, zType, i+1, nResult);
+        return 1;
+      }
+      pItem->iCol = (u16)iCol;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise, treat the ORDER BY term as an ordinary expression */
+    pItem->iCol = 0;
+    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(pNC, pE) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, pSelect, pOrderBy, zType);
+}
+
+/*
+** Resolve names in the SELECT statement p and all of its descendents.
+*/
+static int resolveSelectStep(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  NameContext *pOuterNC;  /* Context that contains this SELECT */
+  NameContext sNC;        /* Name context of this SELECT */
+  int isCompound;         /* True if p is a compound select */
+  int nCompound;          /* Number of compound terms processed so far */
+  Parse *pParse;          /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pEList;       /* Result set expression list */
+  int i;                  /* Loop counter */
+  ExprList *pGroupBy;     /* The GROUP BY clause */
+  Select *pLeftmost;      /* Left-most of SELECT of a compound */
+  sqlite3 *db;            /* Database connection */
+  
+
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  if( p->selFlags & SF_Resolved ){
+    return WRC_Prune;
+  }
+  pOuterNC = pWalker->u.pNC;
+  pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+  db = pParse->db;
+
+  /* Normally sqlite3SelectExpand() will be called first and will have
+  ** already expanded this SELECT.  However, if this is a subquery within
+  ** an expression, sqlite3ResolveExprNames() will be called without a
+  ** prior call to sqlite3SelectExpand().  When that happens, let
+  ** sqlite3SelectPrep() do all of the processing for this SELECT.
+  ** sqlite3SelectPrep() will invoke both sqlite3SelectExpand() and
+  ** this routine in the correct order.
+  */
+  if( (p->selFlags & SF_Expanded)==0 ){
+    sqlite3SelectPrep(pParse, p, pOuterNC);
+    return (pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed) ? WRC_Abort : WRC_Prune;
+  }
+
+  isCompound = p->pPrior!=0;
+  nCompound = 0;
+  pLeftmost = p;
+  while( p ){
+    assert( (p->selFlags & SF_Expanded)!=0 );
+    assert( (p->selFlags & SF_Resolved)==0 );
+    p->selFlags |= SF_Resolved;
+
+    /* Resolve the expressions in the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses. These
+    ** are not allowed to refer to any names, so pass an empty NameContext.
+    */
+    memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+    sNC.pParse = pParse;
+    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pLimit) ||
+        sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pOffset) ){
+      return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+  
+    /* Set up the local name-context to pass to sqlite3ResolveExprNames() to
+    ** resolve the result-set expression list.
+    */
+    sNC.allowAgg = 1;
+    sNC.pSrcList = p->pSrc;
+    sNC.pNext = pOuterNC;
+  
+    /* Resolve names in the result set. */
+    pEList = p->pEList;
+    assert( pEList!=0 );
+    for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
+      Expr *pX = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
+      if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pX) ){
+        return WRC_Abort;
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* Recursively resolve names in all subqueries
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<p->pSrc->nSrc; i++){
+      struct SrcList_item *pItem = &p->pSrc->a[i];
+      if( pItem->pSelect ){
+        const char *zSavedContext = pParse->zAuthContext;
+        if( pItem->zName ) pParse->zAuthContext = pItem->zName;
+        sqlite3ResolveSelectNames(pParse, pItem->pSelect, pOuterNC);
+        pParse->zAuthContext = zSavedContext;
+        if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ) return WRC_Abort;
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* If there are no aggregate functions in the result-set, and no GROUP BY 
+    ** expression, do not allow aggregates in any of the other expressions.
+    */
+    assert( (p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)==0 );
+    pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
+    if( pGroupBy || sNC.hasAgg ){
+      p->selFlags |= SF_Aggregate;
+    }else{
+      sNC.allowAgg = 0;
+    }
+  
+    /* If a HAVING clause is present, then there must be a GROUP BY clause.
+    */
+    if( p->pHaving && !pGroupBy ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "a GROUP BY clause is required before HAVING");
+      return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+  
+    /* Add the expression list to the name-context before parsing the
+    ** other expressions in the SELECT statement. This is so that
+    ** expressions in the WHERE clause (etc.) can refer to expressions by
+    ** aliases in the result set.
+    **
+    ** Minor point: If this is the case, then the expression will be
+    ** re-evaluated for each reference to it.
+    */
+    sNC.pEList = p->pEList;
+    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pWhere) ||
+       sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pHaving)
+    ){
+      return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+
+    /* The ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses may not refer to terms in
+    ** outer queries 
+    */
+    sNC.pNext = 0;
+    sNC.allowAgg = 1;
+
+    /* Process the ORDER BY clause for singleton SELECT statements.
+    ** The ORDER BY clause for compounds SELECT statements is handled
+    ** below, after all of the result-sets for all of the elements of
+    ** the compound have been resolved.
+    */
+    if( !isCompound && resolveOrderGroupBy(&sNC, p, p->pOrderBy, "ORDER") ){
+      return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+    if( db->mallocFailed ){
+      return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+  
+    /* Resolve the GROUP BY clause.  At the same time, make sure 
+    ** the GROUP BY clause does not contain aggregate functions.
+    */
+    if( pGroupBy ){
+      struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+    
+      if( resolveOrderGroupBy(&sNC, p, pGroupBy, "GROUP") || db->mallocFailed ){
+        return WRC_Abort;
+      }
+      for(i=0, pItem=pGroupBy->a; i<pGroupBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+        if( ExprHasProperty(pItem->pExpr, EP_Agg) ){
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "aggregate functions are not allowed in "
+              "the GROUP BY clause");
+          return WRC_Abort;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Advance to the next term of the compound
+    */
+    p = p->pPrior;
+    nCompound++;
+  }
+
+  /* Resolve the ORDER BY on a compound SELECT after all terms of
+  ** the compound have been resolved.
+  */
+  if( isCompound && resolveCompoundOrderBy(pParse, pLeftmost) ){
+    return WRC_Abort;
+  }
+
+  return WRC_Prune;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine walks an expression tree and resolves references to
+** table columns and result-set columns.  At the same time, do error
+** checking on function usage and set a flag if any aggregate functions
+** are seen.
+**
+** To resolve table columns references we look for nodes (or subtrees) of the 
+** form X.Y.Z or Y.Z or just Z where
+**
+**      X:   The name of a database.  Ex:  "main" or "temp" or
+**           the symbolic name assigned to an ATTACH-ed database.
+**
+**      Y:   The name of a table in a FROM clause.  Or in a trigger
+**           one of the special names "old" or "new".
+**
+**      Z:   The name of a column in table Y.
+**
+** The node at the root of the subtree is modified as follows:
+**
+**    Expr.op        Changed to TK_COLUMN
+**    Expr.pTab      Points to the Table object for X.Y
+**    Expr.iColumn   The column index in X.Y.  -1 for the rowid.
+**    Expr.iTable    The VDBE cursor number for X.Y
+**
+**
+** To resolve result-set references, look for expression nodes of the
+** form Z (with no X and Y prefix) where the Z matches the right-hand
+** size of an AS clause in the result-set of a SELECT.  The Z expression
+** is replaced by a copy of the left-hand side of the result-set expression.
+** Table-name and function resolution occurs on the substituted expression
+** tree.  For example, in:
+**
+**      SELECT a+b AS x, c+d AS y FROM t1 ORDER BY x;
+**
+** The "x" term of the order by is replaced by "a+b" to render:
+**
+**      SELECT a+b AS x, c+d AS y FROM t1 ORDER BY a+b;
+**
+** Function calls are checked to make sure that the function is 
+** defined and that the correct number of arguments are specified.
+** If the function is an aggregate function, then the pNC->hasAgg is
+** set and the opcode is changed from TK_FUNCTION to TK_AGG_FUNCTION.
+** If an expression contains aggregate functions then the EP_Agg
+** property on the expression is set.
+**
+** An error message is left in pParse if anything is amiss.  The number
+** if errors is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprNames( 
+  NameContext *pNC,       /* Namespace to resolve expressions in. */
+  Expr *pExpr             /* The expression to be analyzed. */
+){
+  int savedHasAgg;
+  Walker w;
+
+  if( pExpr==0 ) return 0;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
+  {
+    Parse *pParse = pNC->pParse;
+    if( sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(pParse, pExpr->nHeight+pNC->pParse->nHeight) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    pParse->nHeight += pExpr->nHeight;
+  }
+#endif
+  savedHasAgg = pNC->hasAgg;
+  pNC->hasAgg = 0;
+  w.xExprCallback = resolveExprStep;
+  w.xSelectCallback = resolveSelectStep;
+  w.pParse = pNC->pParse;
+  w.u.pNC = pNC;
+  sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, pExpr);
+#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
+  pNC->pParse->nHeight -= pExpr->nHeight;
+#endif
+  if( pNC->nErr>0 || w.pParse->nErr>0 ){
+    ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Error);
+  }
+  if( pNC->hasAgg ){
+    ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Agg);
+  }else if( savedHasAgg ){
+    pNC->hasAgg = 1;
+  }
+  return ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Error);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Resolve all names in all expressions of a SELECT and in all
+** decendents of the SELECT, including compounds off of p->pPrior,
+** subqueries in expressions, and subqueries used as FROM clause
+** terms.
+**
+** See sqlite3ResolveExprNames() for a description of the kinds of
+** transformations that occur.
+**
+** All SELECT statements should have been expanded using
+** sqlite3SelectExpand() prior to invoking this routine.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelectNames(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* The parser context */
+  Select *p,             /* The SELECT statement being coded. */
+  NameContext *pOuterNC  /* Name context for parent SELECT statement */
+){
+  Walker w;
+
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  w.xExprCallback = resolveExprStep;
+  w.xSelectCallback = resolveSelectStep;
+  w.pParse = pParse;
+  w.u.pNC = pOuterNC;
+  sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, p);
+}
+
+/************** End of resolve.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file expr.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains routines used for analyzing expressions and
+** for generating VDBE code that evaluates expressions in SQLite.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Return the 'affinity' of the expression pExpr if any.
+**
+** If pExpr is a column, a reference to a column via an 'AS' alias,
+** or a sub-select with a column as the return value, then the 
+** affinity of that column is returned. Otherwise, 0x00 is returned,
+** indicating no affinity for the expression.
+**
+** i.e. the WHERE clause expresssions in the following statements all
+** have an affinity:
+**
+** CREATE TABLE t1(a);
+** SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a;
+** SELECT a AS b FROM t1 WHERE b;
+** SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (select a from t1);
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(Expr *pExpr){
+  int op = pExpr->op;
+  if( op==TK_SELECT ){
+    assert( pExpr->flags&EP_xIsSelect );
+    return sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr->x.pSelect->pEList->a[0].pExpr);
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
+  if( op==TK_CAST ){
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+    return sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken);
+  }
+#endif
+  if( (op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN || op==TK_REGISTER) 
+   && pExpr->pTab!=0
+  ){
+    /* op==TK_REGISTER && pExpr->pTab!=0 happens when pExpr was originally
+    ** a TK_COLUMN but was previously evaluated and cached in a register */
+    int j = pExpr->iColumn;
+    if( j<0 ) return SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+    assert( pExpr->pTab && j<pExpr->pTab->nCol );
+    return pExpr->pTab->aCol[j].affinity;
+  }
+  return pExpr->affinity;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the explicit collating sequence for an expression to the
+** collating sequence supplied in the second argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetColl(Expr *pExpr, CollSeq *pColl){
+  if( pExpr && pColl ){
+    pExpr->pColl = pColl;
+    pExpr->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
+  }
+  return pExpr;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the collating sequence for expression pExpr to be the collating
+** sequence named by pToken.   Return a pointer to the revised expression.
+** The collating sequence is marked as "explicit" using the EP_ExpCollate
+** flag.  An explicit collating sequence will override implicit
+** collating sequences.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, Token *pCollName){
+  char *zColl = 0;            /* Dequoted name of collation sequence */
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  zColl = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pCollName);
+  pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl);
+  sqlite3ExprSetColl(pExpr, pColl);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zColl);
+  return pExpr;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the default collation sequence for the expression pExpr. If
+** there is no default collation type, return 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
+  CollSeq *pColl = 0;
+  Expr *p = pExpr;
+  while( p ){
+    int op;
+    pColl = p->pColl;
+    if( pColl ) break;
+    op = p->op;
+    if( p->pTab!=0 && (
+        op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN || op==TK_REGISTER || op==TK_TRIGGER
+    )){
+      /* op==TK_REGISTER && p->pTab!=0 happens when pExpr was originally
+      ** a TK_COLUMN but was previously evaluated and cached in a register */
+      const char *zColl;
+      int j = p->iColumn;
+      if( j>=0 ){
+        sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+        zColl = p->pTab->aCol[j].zColl;
+        pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, ENC(db), zColl, 0);
+        pExpr->pColl = pColl;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    if( op!=TK_CAST && op!=TK_UPLUS ){
+      break;
+    }
+    p = p->pLeft;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3CheckCollSeq(pParse, pColl) ){ 
+    pColl = 0;
+  }
+  return pColl;
+}
+
+/*
+** pExpr is an operand of a comparison operator.  aff2 is the
+** type affinity of the other operand.  This routine returns the
+** type affinity that should be used for the comparison operator.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3CompareAffinity(Expr *pExpr, char aff2){
+  char aff1 = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr);
+  if( aff1 && aff2 ){
+    /* Both sides of the comparison are columns. If one has numeric
+    ** affinity, use that. Otherwise use no affinity.
+    */
+    if( sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(aff1) || sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(aff2) ){
+      return SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC;
+    }else{
+      return SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+    }
+  }else if( !aff1 && !aff2 ){
+    /* Neither side of the comparison is a column.  Compare the
+    ** results directly.
+    */
+    return SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+  }else{
+    /* One side is a column, the other is not. Use the columns affinity. */
+    assert( aff1==0 || aff2==0 );
+    return (aff1 + aff2);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** pExpr is a comparison operator.  Return the type affinity that should
+** be applied to both operands prior to doing the comparison.
+*/
+static char comparisonAffinity(Expr *pExpr){
+  char aff;
+  assert( pExpr->op==TK_EQ || pExpr->op==TK_IN || pExpr->op==TK_LT ||
+          pExpr->op==TK_GT || pExpr->op==TK_GE || pExpr->op==TK_LE ||
+          pExpr->op==TK_NE || pExpr->op==TK_IS || pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT );
+  assert( pExpr->pLeft );
+  aff = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr->pLeft);
+  if( pExpr->pRight ){
+    aff = sqlite3CompareAffinity(pExpr->pRight, aff);
+  }else if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+    aff = sqlite3CompareAffinity(pExpr->x.pSelect->pEList->a[0].pExpr, aff);
+  }else if( !aff ){
+    aff = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+  }
+  return aff;
+}
+
+/*
+** pExpr is a comparison expression, eg. '=', '<', IN(...) etc.
+** idx_affinity is the affinity of an indexed column. Return true
+** if the index with affinity idx_affinity may be used to implement
+** the comparison in pExpr.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(Expr *pExpr, char idx_affinity){
+  char aff = comparisonAffinity(pExpr);
+  switch( aff ){
+    case SQLITE_AFF_NONE:
+      return 1;
+    case SQLITE_AFF_TEXT:
+      return idx_affinity==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
+    default:
+      return sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(idx_affinity);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the P5 value that should be used for a binary comparison
+** opcode (OP_Eq, OP_Ge etc.) used to compare pExpr1 and pExpr2.
+*/
+static u8 binaryCompareP5(Expr *pExpr1, Expr *pExpr2, int jumpIfNull){
+  u8 aff = (char)sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr2);
+  aff = (u8)sqlite3CompareAffinity(pExpr1, aff) | (u8)jumpIfNull;
+  return aff;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the collation sequence that should be used by
+** a binary comparison operator comparing pLeft and pRight.
+**
+** If the left hand expression has a collating sequence type, then it is
+** used. Otherwise the collation sequence for the right hand expression
+** is used, or the default (BINARY) if neither expression has a collating
+** type.
+**
+** Argument pRight (but not pLeft) may be a null pointer. In this case,
+** it is not considered.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(
+  Parse *pParse, 
+  Expr *pLeft, 
+  Expr *pRight
+){
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+  assert( pLeft );
+  if( pLeft->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
+    assert( pLeft->pColl );
+    pColl = pLeft->pColl;
+  }else if( pRight && pRight->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
+    assert( pRight->pColl );
+    pColl = pRight->pColl;
+  }else{
+    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pLeft);
+    if( !pColl ){
+      pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pRight);
+    }
+  }
+  return pColl;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code for a comparison operator.
+*/
+static int codeCompare(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* The parsing (and code generating) context */
+  Expr *pLeft,      /* The left operand */
+  Expr *pRight,     /* The right operand */
+  int opcode,       /* The comparison opcode */
+  int in1, int in2, /* Register holding operands */
+  int dest,         /* Jump here if true.  */
+  int jumpIfNull    /* If true, jump if either operand is NULL */
+){
+  int p5;
+  int addr;
+  CollSeq *p4;
+
+  p4 = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pLeft, pRight);
+  p5 = binaryCompareP5(pLeft, pRight, jumpIfNull);
+  addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(pParse->pVdbe, opcode, in2, dest, in1,
+                           (void*)p4, P4_COLLSEQ);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(pParse->pVdbe, (u8)p5);
+  return addr;
+}
+
+#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
+/*
+** Check that argument nHeight is less than or equal to the maximum
+** expression depth allowed. If it is not, leave an error message in
+** pParse.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(Parse *pParse, int nHeight){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int mxHeight = pParse->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH];
+  if( nHeight>mxHeight ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+       "Expression tree is too large (maximum depth %d)", mxHeight
+    );
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* The following three functions, heightOfExpr(), heightOfExprList()
+** and heightOfSelect(), are used to determine the maximum height
+** of any expression tree referenced by the structure passed as the
+** first argument.
+**
+** If this maximum height is greater than the current value pointed
+** to by pnHeight, the second parameter, then set *pnHeight to that
+** value.
+*/
+static void heightOfExpr(Expr *p, int *pnHeight){
+  if( p ){
+    if( p->nHeight>*pnHeight ){
+      *pnHeight = p->nHeight;
+    }
+  }
+}
+static void heightOfExprList(ExprList *p, int *pnHeight){
+  if( p ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<p->nExpr; i++){
+      heightOfExpr(p->a[i].pExpr, pnHeight);
+    }
+  }
+}
+static void heightOfSelect(Select *p, int *pnHeight){
+  if( p ){
+    heightOfExpr(p->pWhere, pnHeight);
+    heightOfExpr(p->pHaving, pnHeight);
+    heightOfExpr(p->pLimit, pnHeight);
+    heightOfExpr(p->pOffset, pnHeight);
+    heightOfExprList(p->pEList, pnHeight);
+    heightOfExprList(p->pGroupBy, pnHeight);
+    heightOfExprList(p->pOrderBy, pnHeight);
+    heightOfSelect(p->pPrior, pnHeight);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the Expr.nHeight variable in the structure passed as an 
+** argument. An expression with no children, Expr.pList or 
+** Expr.pSelect member has a height of 1. Any other expression
+** has a height equal to the maximum height of any other 
+** referenced Expr plus one.
+*/
+static void exprSetHeight(Expr *p){
+  int nHeight = 0;
+  heightOfExpr(p->pLeft, &nHeight);
+  heightOfExpr(p->pRight, &nHeight);
+  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+    heightOfSelect(p->x.pSelect, &nHeight);
+  }else{
+    heightOfExprList(p->x.pList, &nHeight);
+  }
+  p->nHeight = nHeight + 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the Expr.nHeight variable using the exprSetHeight() function. If
+** the height is greater than the maximum allowed expression depth,
+** leave an error in pParse.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprSetHeight(Parse *pParse, Expr *p){
+  exprSetHeight(p);
+  sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(pParse, p->nHeight);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the maximum height of any expression tree referenced
+** by the select statement passed as an argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SelectExprHeight(Select *p){
+  int nHeight = 0;
+  heightOfSelect(p, &nHeight);
+  return nHeight;
+}
+#else
+  #define exprSetHeight(y)
+#endif /* SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0 */
+
+/*
+** This routine is the core allocator for Expr nodes.
+**
+** Construct a new expression node and return a pointer to it.  Memory
+** for this node and for the pToken argument is a single allocation
+** obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc().  The calling function
+** is responsible for making sure the node eventually gets freed.
+**
+** If dequote is true, then the token (if it exists) is dequoted.
+** If dequote is false, no dequoting is performance.  The deQuote
+** parameter is ignored if pToken is NULL or if the token does not
+** appear to be quoted.  If the quotes were of the form "..." (double-quotes)
+** then the EP_DblQuoted flag is set on the expression node.
+**
+** Special case:  If op==TK_INTEGER and pToken points to a string that
+** can be translated into a 32-bit integer, then the token is not
+** stored in u.zToken.  Instead, the integer values is written
+** into u.iValue and the EP_IntValue flag is set.  No extra storage
+** is allocated to hold the integer text and the dequote flag is ignored.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAlloc(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Handle for sqlite3DbMallocZero() (may be null) */
+  int op,                 /* Expression opcode */
+  const Token *pToken,    /* Token argument.  Might be NULL */
+  int dequote             /* True to dequote */
+){
+  Expr *pNew;
+  int nExtra = 0;
+  int iValue = 0;
+
+  if( pToken ){
+    if( op!=TK_INTEGER || pToken->z==0
+          || sqlite3GetInt32(pToken->z, &iValue)==0 ){
+      nExtra = pToken->n+1;
+      assert( iValue>=0 );
+    }
+  }
+  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Expr)+nExtra);
+  if( pNew ){
+    pNew->op = (u8)op;
+    pNew->iAgg = -1;
+    if( pToken ){
+      if( nExtra==0 ){
+        pNew->flags |= EP_IntValue;
+        pNew->u.iValue = iValue;
+      }else{
+        int c;
+        pNew->u.zToken = (char*)&pNew[1];
+        memcpy(pNew->u.zToken, pToken->z, pToken->n);
+        pNew->u.zToken[pToken->n] = 0;
+        if( dequote && nExtra>=3 
+             && ((c = pToken->z[0])=='\'' || c=='"' || c=='[' || c=='`') ){
+          sqlite3Dequote(pNew->u.zToken);
+          if( c=='"' ) pNew->flags |= EP_DblQuoted;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
+    pNew->nHeight = 1;
+#endif  
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new expression node from a zero-terminated token that has
+** already been dequoted.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3Expr(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Handle for sqlite3DbMallocZero() (may be null) */
+  int op,                 /* Expression opcode */
+  const char *zToken      /* Token argument.  Might be NULL */
+){
+  Token x;
+  x.z = zToken;
+  x.n = zToken ? sqlite3Strlen30(zToken) : 0;
+  return sqlite3ExprAlloc(db, op, &x, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Attach subtrees pLeft and pRight to the Expr node pRoot.
+**
+** If pRoot==NULL that means that a memory allocation error has occurred.
+** In that case, delete the subtrees pLeft and pRight.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  Expr *pRoot,
+  Expr *pLeft,
+  Expr *pRight
+){
+  if( pRoot==0 ){
+    assert( db->mallocFailed );
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pLeft);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pRight);
+  }else{
+    if( pRight ){
+      pRoot->pRight = pRight;
+      if( pRight->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
+        pRoot->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
+        pRoot->pColl = pRight->pColl;
+      }
+    }
+    if( pLeft ){
+      pRoot->pLeft = pLeft;
+      if( pLeft->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
+        pRoot->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
+        pRoot->pColl = pLeft->pColl;
+      }
+    }
+    exprSetHeight(pRoot);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate a Expr node which joins as many as two subtrees.
+**
+** One or both of the subtrees can be NULL.  Return a pointer to the new
+** Expr node.  Or, if an OOM error occurs, set pParse->db->mallocFailed,
+** free the subtrees and return NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3PExpr(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  int op,                 /* Expression opcode */
+  Expr *pLeft,            /* Left operand */
+  Expr *pRight,           /* Right operand */
+  const Token *pToken     /* Argument token */
+){
+  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, op, pToken, 1);
+  sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(pParse->db, p, pLeft, pRight);
+  if( p ) {
+    sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(pParse, p->nHeight);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Join two expressions using an AND operator.  If either expression is
+** NULL, then just return the other expression.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAnd(sqlite3 *db, Expr *pLeft, Expr *pRight){
+  if( pLeft==0 ){
+    return pRight;
+  }else if( pRight==0 ){
+    return pLeft;
+  }else{
+    Expr *pNew = sqlite3ExprAlloc(db, TK_AND, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(db, pNew, pLeft, pRight);
+    return pNew;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Construct a new expression node for a function with multiple
+** arguments.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprFunction(Parse *pParse, ExprList *pList, Token *pToken){
+  Expr *pNew;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  assert( pToken );
+  pNew = sqlite3ExprAlloc(db, TK_FUNCTION, pToken, 1);
+  if( pNew==0 ){
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList); /* Avoid memory leak when malloc fails */
+    return 0;
+  }
+  pNew->x.pList = pList;
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pNew, EP_xIsSelect) );
+  sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, pNew);
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Assign a variable number to an expression that encodes a wildcard
+** in the original SQL statement.  
+**
+** Wildcards consisting of a single "?" are assigned the next sequential
+** variable number.
+**
+** Wildcards of the form "?nnn" are assigned the number "nnn".  We make
+** sure "nnn" is not too be to avoid a denial of service attack when
+** the SQL statement comes from an external source.
+**
+** Wildcards of the form ":aaa", "@aaa", or "$aaa" are assigned the same number
+** as the previous instance of the same wildcard.  Or if this is the first
+** instance of the wildcard, the next sequenial variable number is
+** assigned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  const char *z;
+
+  if( pExpr==0 ) return;
+  assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue|EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) );
+  z = pExpr->u.zToken;
+  assert( z!=0 );
+  assert( z[0]!=0 );
+  if( z[1]==0 ){
+    /* Wildcard of the form "?".  Assign the next variable number */
+    assert( z[0]=='?' );
+    pExpr->iColumn = (ynVar)(++pParse->nVar);
+  }else{
+    ynVar x = 0;
+    u32 n = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+    if( z[0]=='?' ){
+      /* Wildcard of the form "?nnn".  Convert "nnn" to an integer and
+      ** use it as the variable number */
+      i64 i;
+      int bOk = 0==sqlite3Atoi64(&z[1], &i, n-1, SQLITE_UTF8);
+      pExpr->iColumn = x = (ynVar)i;
+      testcase( i==0 );
+      testcase( i==1 );
+      testcase( i==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]-1 );
+      testcase( i==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] );
+      if( bOk==0 || i<1 || i>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "variable number must be between ?1 and ?%d",
+            db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]);
+        x = 0;
+      }
+      if( i>pParse->nVar ){
+        pParse->nVar = (int)i;
+      }
+    }else{
+      /* Wildcards like ":aaa", "$aaa" or "@aaa".  Reuse the same variable
+      ** number as the prior appearance of the same name, or if the name
+      ** has never appeared before, reuse the same variable number
+      */
+      ynVar i;
+      for(i=0; i<pParse->nzVar; i++){
+        if( pParse->azVar[i] && memcmp(pParse->azVar[i],z,n+1)==0 ){
+          pExpr->iColumn = x = (ynVar)i+1;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( x==0 ) x = pExpr->iColumn = (ynVar)(++pParse->nVar);
+    }
+    if( x>0 ){
+      if( x>pParse->nzVar ){
+        char **a;
+        a = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, pParse->azVar, x*sizeof(a[0]));
+        if( a==0 ) return;  /* Error reported through db->mallocFailed */
+        pParse->azVar = a;
+        memset(&a[pParse->nzVar], 0, (x-pParse->nzVar)*sizeof(a[0]));
+        pParse->nzVar = x;
+      }
+      if( z[0]!='?' || pParse->azVar[x-1]==0 ){
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar[x-1]);
+        pParse->azVar[x-1] = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, z, n);
+      }
+    }
+  } 
+  if( !pParse->nErr && pParse->nVar>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many SQL variables");
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Recursively delete an expression tree.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprDelete(sqlite3 *db, Expr *p){
+  if( p==0 ) return;
+  /* Sanity check: Assert that the IntValue is non-negative if it exists */
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_IntValue) || p->u.iValue>=0 );
+  if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLeft);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pRight);
+    if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Reduced) && (p->flags2 & EP2_MallocedToken)!=0 ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.zToken);
+    }
+    if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(db, p->x.pSelect);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->x.pList);
+    }
+  }
+  if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Static) ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of bytes allocated for the expression structure 
+** passed as the first argument. This is always one of EXPR_FULLSIZE,
+** EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE or EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE.
+*/
+static int exprStructSize(Expr *p){
+  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ) return EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE;
+  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Reduced) ) return EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE;
+  return EXPR_FULLSIZE;
+}
+
+/*
+** The dupedExpr*Size() routines each return the number of bytes required
+** to store a copy of an expression or expression tree.  They differ in
+** how much of the tree is measured.
+**
+**     dupedExprStructSize()     Size of only the Expr structure 
+**     dupedExprNodeSize()       Size of Expr + space for token
+**     dupedExprSize()           Expr + token + subtree components
+**
+***************************************************************************
+**
+** The dupedExprStructSize() function returns two values OR-ed together:  
+** (1) the space required for a copy of the Expr structure only and 
+** (2) the EP_xxx flags that indicate what the structure size should be.
+** The return values is always one of:
+**
+**      EXPR_FULLSIZE
+**      EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE   | EP_Reduced
+**      EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE | EP_TokenOnly
+**
+** The size of the structure can be found by masking the return value
+** of this routine with 0xfff.  The flags can be found by masking the
+** return value with EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly.
+**
+** Note that with flags==EXPRDUP_REDUCE, this routines works on full-size
+** (unreduced) Expr objects as they or originally constructed by the parser.
+** During expression analysis, extra information is computed and moved into
+** later parts of teh Expr object and that extra information might get chopped
+** off if the expression is reduced.  Note also that it does not work to
+** make a EXPRDUP_REDUCE copy of a reduced expression.  It is only legal
+** to reduce a pristine expression tree from the parser.  The implementation
+** of dupedExprStructSize() contain multiple assert() statements that attempt
+** to enforce this constraint.
+*/
+static int dupedExprStructSize(Expr *p, int flags){
+  int nSize;
+  assert( flags==EXPRDUP_REDUCE || flags==0 ); /* Only one flag value allowed */
+  if( 0==(flags&EXPRDUP_REDUCE) ){
+    nSize = EXPR_FULLSIZE;
+  }else{
+    assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin) ); 
+    assert( (p->flags2 & EP2_MallocedToken)==0 );
+    assert( (p->flags2 & EP2_Irreducible)==0 );
+    if( p->pLeft || p->pRight || p->pColl || p->x.pList ){
+      nSize = EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE | EP_Reduced;
+    }else{
+      nSize = EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE | EP_TokenOnly;
+    }
+  }
+  return nSize;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function returns the space in bytes required to store the copy 
+** of the Expr structure and a copy of the Expr.u.zToken string (if that
+** string is defined.)
+*/
+static int dupedExprNodeSize(Expr *p, int flags){
+  int nByte = dupedExprStructSize(p, flags) & 0xfff;
+  if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_IntValue) && p->u.zToken ){
+    nByte += sqlite3Strlen30(p->u.zToken)+1;
+  }
+  return ROUND8(nByte);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of bytes required to create a duplicate of the 
+** expression passed as the first argument. The second argument is a
+** mask containing EXPRDUP_XXX flags.
+**
+** The value returned includes space to create a copy of the Expr struct
+** itself and the buffer referred to by Expr.u.zToken, if any.
+**
+** If the EXPRDUP_REDUCE flag is set, then the return value includes 
+** space to duplicate all Expr nodes in the tree formed by Expr.pLeft 
+** and Expr.pRight variables (but not for any structures pointed to or 
+** descended from the Expr.x.pList or Expr.x.pSelect variables).
+*/
+static int dupedExprSize(Expr *p, int flags){
+  int nByte = 0;
+  if( p ){
+    nByte = dupedExprNodeSize(p, flags);
+    if( flags&EXPRDUP_REDUCE ){
+      nByte += dupedExprSize(p->pLeft, flags) + dupedExprSize(p->pRight, flags);
+    }
+  }
+  return nByte;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is similar to sqlite3ExprDup(), except that if pzBuffer 
+** is not NULL then *pzBuffer is assumed to point to a buffer large enough 
+** to store the copy of expression p, the copies of p->u.zToken
+** (if applicable), and the copies of the p->pLeft and p->pRight expressions,
+** if any. Before returning, *pzBuffer is set to the first byte passed the
+** portion of the buffer copied into by this function.
+*/
+static Expr *exprDup(sqlite3 *db, Expr *p, int flags, u8 **pzBuffer){
+  Expr *pNew = 0;                      /* Value to return */
+  if( p ){
+    const int isReduced = (flags&EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+    u8 *zAlloc;
+    u32 staticFlag = 0;
+
+    assert( pzBuffer==0 || isReduced );
+
+    /* Figure out where to write the new Expr structure. */
+    if( pzBuffer ){
+      zAlloc = *pzBuffer;
+      staticFlag = EP_Static;
+    }else{
+      zAlloc = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, dupedExprSize(p, flags));
+    }
+    pNew = (Expr *)zAlloc;
+
+    if( pNew ){
+      /* Set nNewSize to the size allocated for the structure pointed to
+      ** by pNew. This is either EXPR_FULLSIZE, EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE or
+      ** EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE. nToken is set to the number of bytes consumed
+      ** by the copy of the p->u.zToken string (if any).
+      */
+      const unsigned nStructSize = dupedExprStructSize(p, flags);
+      const int nNewSize = nStructSize & 0xfff;
+      int nToken;
+      if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_IntValue) && p->u.zToken ){
+        nToken = sqlite3Strlen30(p->u.zToken) + 1;
+      }else{
+        nToken = 0;
+      }
+      if( isReduced ){
+        assert( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Reduced)==0 );
+        memcpy(zAlloc, p, nNewSize);
+      }else{
+        int nSize = exprStructSize(p);
+        memcpy(zAlloc, p, nSize);
+        memset(&zAlloc[nSize], 0, EXPR_FULLSIZE-nSize);
+      }
+
+      /* Set the EP_Reduced, EP_TokenOnly, and EP_Static flags appropriately. */
+      pNew->flags &= ~(EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly|EP_Static);
+      pNew->flags |= nStructSize & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly);
+      pNew->flags |= staticFlag;
+
+      /* Copy the p->u.zToken string, if any. */
+      if( nToken ){
+        char *zToken = pNew->u.zToken = (char*)&zAlloc[nNewSize];
+        memcpy(zToken, p->u.zToken, nToken);
+      }
+
+      if( 0==((p->flags|pNew->flags) & EP_TokenOnly) ){
+        /* Fill in the pNew->x.pSelect or pNew->x.pList member. */
+        if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+          pNew->x.pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, p->x.pSelect, isReduced);
+        }else{
+          pNew->x.pList = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->x.pList, isReduced);
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* Fill in pNew->pLeft and pNew->pRight. */
+      if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pNew, EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) ){
+        zAlloc += dupedExprNodeSize(p, flags);
+        if( ExprHasProperty(pNew, EP_Reduced) ){
+          pNew->pLeft = exprDup(db, p->pLeft, EXPRDUP_REDUCE, &zAlloc);
+          pNew->pRight = exprDup(db, p->pRight, EXPRDUP_REDUCE, &zAlloc);
+        }
+        if( pzBuffer ){
+          *pzBuffer = zAlloc;
+        }
+      }else{
+        pNew->flags2 = 0;
+        if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+          pNew->pLeft = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pLeft, 0);
+          pNew->pRight = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pRight, 0);
+        }
+      }
+
+    }
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** The following group of routines make deep copies of expressions,
+** expression lists, ID lists, and select statements.  The copies can
+** be deleted (by being passed to their respective ...Delete() routines)
+** without effecting the originals.
+**
+** The expression list, ID, and source lists return by sqlite3ExprListDup(),
+** sqlite3IdListDup(), and sqlite3SrcListDup() can not be further expanded 
+** by subsequent calls to sqlite*ListAppend() routines.
+**
+** Any tables that the SrcList might point to are not duplicated.
+**
+** The flags parameter contains a combination of the EXPRDUP_XXX flags.
+** If the EXPRDUP_REDUCE flag is set, then the structure returned is a
+** truncated version of the usual Expr structure that will be stored as
+** part of the in-memory representation of the database schema.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprDup(sqlite3 *db, Expr *p, int flags){
+  return exprDup(db, p, flags, 0);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE ExprList *sqlite3ExprListDup(sqlite3 *db, ExprList *p, int flags){
+  ExprList *pNew;
+  struct ExprList_item *pItem, *pOldItem;
+  int i;
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;
+  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pNew) );
+  if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
+  pNew->iECursor = 0;
+  pNew->nExpr = pNew->nAlloc = p->nExpr;
+  pNew->a = pItem = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db,  p->nExpr*sizeof(p->a[0]) );
+  if( pItem==0 ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pNew);
+    return 0;
+  } 
+  pOldItem = p->a;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nExpr; i++, pItem++, pOldItem++){
+    Expr *pOldExpr = pOldItem->pExpr;
+    pItem->pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOldExpr, flags);
+    pItem->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zName);
+    pItem->zSpan = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zSpan);
+    pItem->sortOrder = pOldItem->sortOrder;
+    pItem->done = 0;
+    pItem->iCol = pOldItem->iCol;
+    pItem->iAlias = pOldItem->iAlias;
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** If cursors, triggers, views and subqueries are all omitted from
+** the build, then none of the following routines, except for 
+** sqlite3SelectDup(), can be called. sqlite3SelectDup() is sometimes
+** called with a NULL argument.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER) \
+ || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListDup(sqlite3 *db, SrcList *p, int flags){
+  SrcList *pNew;
+  int i;
+  int nByte;
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;
+  nByte = sizeof(*p) + (p->nSrc>0 ? sizeof(p->a[0]) * (p->nSrc-1) : 0);
+  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nByte );
+  if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
+  pNew->nSrc = pNew->nAlloc = p->nSrc;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nSrc; i++){
+    struct SrcList_item *pNewItem = &pNew->a[i];
+    struct SrcList_item *pOldItem = &p->a[i];
+    Table *pTab;
+    pNewItem->zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zDatabase);
+    pNewItem->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zName);
+    pNewItem->zAlias = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zAlias);
+    pNewItem->jointype = pOldItem->jointype;
+    pNewItem->iCursor = pOldItem->iCursor;
+    pNewItem->isPopulated = pOldItem->isPopulated;
+    pNewItem->zIndex = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zIndex);
+    pNewItem->notIndexed = pOldItem->notIndexed;
+    pNewItem->pIndex = pOldItem->pIndex;
+    pTab = pNewItem->pTab = pOldItem->pTab;
+    if( pTab ){
+      pTab->nRef++;
+    }
+    pNewItem->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pOldItem->pSelect, flags);
+    pNewItem->pOn = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOldItem->pOn, flags);
+    pNewItem->pUsing = sqlite3IdListDup(db, pOldItem->pUsing);
+    pNewItem->colUsed = pOldItem->colUsed;
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListDup(sqlite3 *db, IdList *p){
+  IdList *pNew;
+  int i;
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;
+  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pNew) );
+  if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
+  pNew->nId = pNew->nAlloc = p->nId;
+  pNew->a = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, p->nId*sizeof(p->a[0]) );
+  if( pNew->a==0 ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pNew);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<p->nId; i++){
+    struct IdList_item *pNewItem = &pNew->a[i];
+    struct IdList_item *pOldItem = &p->a[i];
+    pNewItem->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zName);
+    pNewItem->idx = pOldItem->idx;
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectDup(sqlite3 *db, Select *p, int flags){
+  Select *pNew;
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;
+  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*p) );
+  if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
+  pNew->pEList = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pEList, flags);
+  pNew->pSrc = sqlite3SrcListDup(db, p->pSrc, flags);
+  pNew->pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pWhere, flags);
+  pNew->pGroupBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pGroupBy, flags);
+  pNew->pHaving = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pHaving, flags);
+  pNew->pOrderBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pOrderBy, flags);
+  pNew->op = p->op;
+  pNew->pPrior = sqlite3SelectDup(db, p->pPrior, flags);
+  pNew->pLimit = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pLimit, flags);
+  pNew->pOffset = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pOffset, flags);
+  pNew->iLimit = 0;
+  pNew->iOffset = 0;
+  pNew->selFlags = p->selFlags & ~SF_UsesEphemeral;
+  pNew->pRightmost = 0;
+  pNew->addrOpenEphm[0] = -1;
+  pNew->addrOpenEphm[1] = -1;
+  pNew->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
+  return pNew;
+}
+#else
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectDup(sqlite3 *db, Select *p, int flags){
+  assert( p==0 );
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Add a new element to the end of an expression list.  If pList is
+** initially NULL, then create a new expression list.
+**
+** If a memory allocation error occurs, the entire list is freed and
+** NULL is returned.  If non-NULL is returned, then it is guaranteed
+** that the new entry was successfully appended.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE ExprList *sqlite3ExprListAppend(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pList,        /* List to which to append. Might be NULL */
+  Expr *pExpr             /* Expression to be appended. Might be NULL */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  if( pList==0 ){
+    pList = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(ExprList) );
+    if( pList==0 ){
+      goto no_mem;
+    }
+    assert( pList->nAlloc==0 );
+  }
+  if( pList->nAlloc<=pList->nExpr ){
+    struct ExprList_item *a;
+    int n = pList->nAlloc*2 + 4;
+    a = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, pList->a, n*sizeof(pList->a[0]));
+    if( a==0 ){
+      goto no_mem;
+    }
+    pList->a = a;
+    pList->nAlloc = sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, a)/sizeof(a[0]);
+  }
+  assert( pList->a!=0 );
+  if( 1 ){
+    struct ExprList_item *pItem = &pList->a[pList->nExpr++];
+    memset(pItem, 0, sizeof(*pItem));
+    pItem->pExpr = pExpr;
+  }
+  return pList;
+
+no_mem:     
+  /* Avoid leaking memory if malloc has failed. */
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the ExprList.a[].zName element of the most recently added item
+** on the expression list.
+**
+** pList might be NULL following an OOM error.  But pName should never be
+** NULL.  If a memory allocation fails, the pParse->db->mallocFailed flag
+** is set.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListSetName(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pList,        /* List to which to add the span. */
+  Token *pName,           /* Name to be added */
+  int dequote             /* True to cause the name to be dequoted */
+){
+  assert( pList!=0 || pParse->db->mallocFailed!=0 );
+  if( pList ){
+    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+    assert( pList->nExpr>0 );
+    pItem = &pList->a[pList->nExpr-1];
+    assert( pItem->zName==0 );
+    pItem->zName = sqlite3DbStrNDup(pParse->db, pName->z, pName->n);
+    if( dequote && pItem->zName ) sqlite3Dequote(pItem->zName);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the ExprList.a[].zSpan element of the most recently added item
+** on the expression list.
+**
+** pList might be NULL following an OOM error.  But pSpan should never be
+** NULL.  If a memory allocation fails, the pParse->db->mallocFailed flag
+** is set.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pList,        /* List to which to add the span. */
+  ExprSpan *pSpan         /* The span to be added */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  assert( pList!=0 || db->mallocFailed!=0 );
+  if( pList ){
+    struct ExprList_item *pItem = &pList->a[pList->nExpr-1];
+    assert( pList->nExpr>0 );
+    assert( db->mallocFailed || pItem->pExpr==pSpan->pExpr );
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->zSpan);
+    pItem->zSpan = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, (char*)pSpan->zStart,
+                                    (int)(pSpan->zEnd - pSpan->zStart));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If the expression list pEList contains more than iLimit elements,
+** leave an error message in pParse.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(
+  Parse *pParse,
+  ExprList *pEList,
+  const char *zObject
+){
+  int mx = pParse->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN];
+  testcase( pEList && pEList->nExpr==mx );
+  testcase( pEList && pEList->nExpr==mx+1 );
+  if( pEList && pEList->nExpr>mx ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many columns in %s", zObject);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete an entire expression list.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListDelete(sqlite3 *db, ExprList *pList){
+  int i;
+  struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+  if( pList==0 ) return;
+  assert( pList->a!=0 || (pList->nExpr==0 && pList->nAlloc==0) );
+  assert( pList->nExpr<=pList->nAlloc );
+  for(pItem=pList->a, i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pItem->pExpr);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->zName);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->zSpan);
+  }
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pList->a);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pList);
+}
+
+/*
+** These routines are Walker callbacks.  Walker.u.pi is a pointer
+** to an integer.  These routines are checking an expression to see
+** if it is a constant.  Set *Walker.u.pi to 0 if the expression is
+** not constant.
+**
+** These callback routines are used to implement the following:
+**
+**     sqlite3ExprIsConstant()
+**     sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin()
+**     sqlite3ExprIsConstantOrFunction()
+**
+*/
+static int exprNodeIsConstant(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
+
+  /* If pWalker->u.i is 3 then any term of the expression that comes from
+  ** the ON or USING clauses of a join disqualifies the expression
+  ** from being considered constant. */
+  if( pWalker->u.i==3 && ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
+    pWalker->u.i = 0;
+    return WRC_Abort;
+  }
+
+  switch( pExpr->op ){
+    /* Consider functions to be constant if all their arguments are constant
+    ** and pWalker->u.i==2 */
+    case TK_FUNCTION:
+      if( pWalker->u.i==2 ) return 0;
+      /* Fall through */
+    case TK_ID:
+    case TK_COLUMN:
+    case TK_AGG_FUNCTION:
+    case TK_AGG_COLUMN:
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_ID );
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN );
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION );
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_COLUMN );
+      pWalker->u.i = 0;
+      return WRC_Abort;
+    default:
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_SELECT ); /* selectNodeIsConstant will disallow */
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_EXISTS ); /* selectNodeIsConstant will disallow */
+      return WRC_Continue;
+  }
+}
+static int selectNodeIsConstant(Walker *pWalker, Select *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  pWalker->u.i = 0;
+  return WRC_Abort;
+}
+static int exprIsConst(Expr *p, int initFlag){
+  Walker w;
+  w.u.i = initFlag;
+  w.xExprCallback = exprNodeIsConstant;
+  w.xSelectCallback = selectNodeIsConstant;
+  sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, p);
+  return w.u.i;
+}
+
+/*
+** Walk an expression tree.  Return 1 if the expression is constant
+** and 0 if it involves variables or function calls.
+**
+** For the purposes of this function, a double-quoted string (ex: "abc")
+** is considered a variable but a single-quoted string (ex: 'abc') is
+** a constant.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstant(Expr *p){
+  return exprIsConst(p, 1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Walk an expression tree.  Return 1 if the expression is constant
+** that does no originate from the ON or USING clauses of a join.
+** Return 0 if it involves variables or function calls or terms from
+** an ON or USING clause.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(Expr *p){
+  return exprIsConst(p, 3);
+}
+
+/*
+** Walk an expression tree.  Return 1 if the expression is constant
+** or a function call with constant arguments.  Return and 0 if there
+** are any variables.
+**
+** For the purposes of this function, a double-quoted string (ex: "abc")
+** is considered a variable but a single-quoted string (ex: 'abc') is
+** a constant.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantOrFunction(Expr *p){
+  return exprIsConst(p, 2);
+}
+
+/*
+** If the expression p codes a constant integer that is small enough
+** to fit in a 32-bit integer, return 1 and put the value of the integer
+** in *pValue.  If the expression is not an integer or if it is too big
+** to fit in a signed 32-bit integer, return 0 and leave *pValue unchanged.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsInteger(Expr *p, int *pValue){
+  int rc = 0;
+
+  /* If an expression is an integer literal that fits in a signed 32-bit
+  ** integer, then the EP_IntValue flag will have already been set */
+  assert( p->op!=TK_INTEGER || (p->flags & EP_IntValue)!=0
+           || sqlite3GetInt32(p->u.zToken, &rc)==0 );
+
+  if( p->flags & EP_IntValue ){
+    *pValue = p->u.iValue;
+    return 1;
+  }
+  switch( p->op ){
+    case TK_UPLUS: {
+      rc = sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p->pLeft, pValue);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_UMINUS: {
+      int v;
+      if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p->pLeft, &v) ){
+        *pValue = -v;
+        rc = 1;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: break;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return FALSE if there is no chance that the expression can be NULL.
+**
+** If the expression might be NULL or if the expression is too complex
+** to tell return TRUE.  
+**
+** This routine is used as an optimization, to skip OP_IsNull opcodes
+** when we know that a value cannot be NULL.  Hence, a false positive
+** (returning TRUE when in fact the expression can never be NULL) might
+** be a small performance hit but is otherwise harmless.  On the other
+** hand, a false negative (returning FALSE when the result could be NULL)
+** will likely result in an incorrect answer.  So when in doubt, return
+** TRUE.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(const Expr *p){
+  u8 op;
+  while( p->op==TK_UPLUS || p->op==TK_UMINUS ){ p = p->pLeft; }
+  op = p->op;
+  if( op==TK_REGISTER ) op = p->op2;
+  switch( op ){
+    case TK_INTEGER:
+    case TK_STRING:
+    case TK_FLOAT:
+    case TK_BLOB:
+      return 0;
+    default:
+      return 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate an OP_IsNull instruction that tests register iReg and jumps
+** to location iDest if the value in iReg is NULL.  The value in iReg 
+** was computed by pExpr.  If we can look at pExpr at compile-time and
+** determine that it can never generate a NULL, then the OP_IsNull operation
+** can be omitted.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(
+  Vdbe *v,            /* The VDBE under construction */
+  const Expr *pExpr,  /* Only generate OP_IsNull if this expr can be NULL */
+  int iReg,           /* Test the value in this register for NULL */
+  int iDest           /* Jump here if the value is null */
+){
+  if( sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pExpr) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iDest);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the given expression is a constant which would be
+** unchanged by OP_Affinity with the affinity given in the second
+** argument.
+**
+** This routine is used to determine if the OP_Affinity operation
+** can be omitted.  When in doubt return FALSE.  A false negative
+** is harmless.  A false positive, however, can result in the wrong
+** answer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(const Expr *p, char aff){
+  u8 op;
+  if( aff==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ) return 1;
+  while( p->op==TK_UPLUS || p->op==TK_UMINUS ){ p = p->pLeft; }
+  op = p->op;
+  if( op==TK_REGISTER ) op = p->op2;
+  switch( op ){
+    case TK_INTEGER: {
+      return aff==SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER || aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC;
+    }
+    case TK_FLOAT: {
+      return aff==SQLITE_AFF_REAL || aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC;
+    }
+    case TK_STRING: {
+      return aff==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
+    }
+    case TK_BLOB: {
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case TK_COLUMN: {
+      assert( p->iTable>=0 );  /* p cannot be part of a CHECK constraint */
+      return p->iColumn<0
+          && (aff==SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER || aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC);
+    }
+    default: {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the given string is a row-id column name.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsRowid(const char *z){
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(z, "_ROWID_")==0 ) return 1;
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(z, "ROWID")==0 ) return 1;
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(z, "OID")==0 ) return 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if we are able to the IN operator optimization on a
+** query of the form
+**
+**       x IN (SELECT ...)
+**
+** Where the SELECT... clause is as specified by the parameter to this
+** routine.
+**
+** The Select object passed in has already been preprocessed and no
+** errors have been found.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+static int isCandidateForInOpt(Select *p){
+  SrcList *pSrc;
+  ExprList *pEList;
+  Table *pTab;
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;                   /* right-hand side of IN is SELECT */
+  if( p->pPrior ) return 0;              /* Not a compound SELECT */
+  if( p->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate) ){
+    testcase( (p->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Distinct );
+    testcase( (p->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Aggregate );
+    return 0; /* No DISTINCT keyword and no aggregate functions */
+  }
+  assert( p->pGroupBy==0 );              /* Has no GROUP BY clause */
+  if( p->pLimit ) return 0;              /* Has no LIMIT clause */
+  assert( p->pOffset==0 );               /* No LIMIT means no OFFSET */
+  if( p->pWhere ) return 0;              /* Has no WHERE clause */
+  pSrc = p->pSrc;
+  assert( pSrc!=0 );
+  if( pSrc->nSrc!=1 ) return 0;          /* Single term in FROM clause */
+  if( pSrc->a[0].pSelect ) return 0;     /* FROM is not a subquery or view */
+  pTab = pSrc->a[0].pTab;
+  if( NEVER(pTab==0) ) return 0;
+  assert( pTab->pSelect==0 );            /* FROM clause is not a view */
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;        /* FROM clause not a virtual table */
+  pEList = p->pEList;
+  if( pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return 0;       /* One column in the result set */
+  if( pEList->a[0].pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return 0; /* Result is a column */
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
+
+/*
+** This function is used by the implementation of the IN (...) operator.
+** It's job is to find or create a b-tree structure that may be used
+** either to test for membership of the (...) set or to iterate through
+** its members, skipping duplicates.
+**
+** The index of the cursor opened on the b-tree (database table, database index 
+** or ephermal table) is stored in pX->iTable before this function returns.
+** The returned value of this function indicates the b-tree type, as follows:
+**
+**   IN_INDEX_ROWID - The cursor was opened on a database table.
+**   IN_INDEX_INDEX - The cursor was opened on a database index.
+**   IN_INDEX_EPH -   The cursor was opened on a specially created and
+**                    populated epheremal table.
+**
+** An existing b-tree may only be used if the SELECT is of the simple
+** form:
+**
+**     SELECT <column> FROM <table>
+**
+** If the prNotFound parameter is 0, then the b-tree will be used to iterate
+** through the set members, skipping any duplicates. In this case an
+** epheremal table must be used unless the selected <column> is guaranteed
+** to be unique - either because it is an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY or it
+** has a UNIQUE constraint or UNIQUE index.
+**
+** If the prNotFound parameter is not 0, then the b-tree will be used 
+** for fast set membership tests. In this case an epheremal table must 
+** be used unless <column> is an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY or an index can 
+** be found with <column> as its left-most column.
+**
+** When the b-tree is being used for membership tests, the calling function
+** needs to know whether or not the structure contains an SQL NULL 
+** value in order to correctly evaluate expressions like "X IN (Y, Z)".
+** If there is any chance that the (...) might contain a NULL value at
+** runtime, then a register is allocated and the register number written
+** to *prNotFound. If there is no chance that the (...) contains a
+** NULL value, then *prNotFound is left unchanged.
+**
+** If a register is allocated and its location stored in *prNotFound, then
+** its initial value is NULL.  If the (...) does not remain constant
+** for the duration of the query (i.e. the SELECT within the (...)
+** is a correlated subquery) then the value of the allocated register is
+** reset to NULL each time the subquery is rerun. This allows the
+** caller to use vdbe code equivalent to the following:
+**
+**   if( register==NULL ){
+**     has_null = <test if data structure contains null>
+**     register = 1
+**   }
+**
+** in order to avoid running the <test if data structure contains null>
+** test more often than is necessary.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *pParse, Expr *pX, int *prNotFound){
+  Select *p;                            /* SELECT to the right of IN operator */
+  int eType = 0;                        /* Type of RHS table. IN_INDEX_* */
+  int iTab = pParse->nTab++;            /* Cursor of the RHS table */
+  int mustBeUnique = (prNotFound==0);   /* True if RHS must be unique */
+
+  assert( pX->op==TK_IN );
+
+  /* Check to see if an existing table or index can be used to
+  ** satisfy the query.  This is preferable to generating a new 
+  ** ephemeral table.
+  */
+  p = (ExprHasProperty(pX, EP_xIsSelect) ? pX->x.pSelect : 0);
+  if( ALWAYS(pParse->nErr==0) && isCandidateForInOpt(p) ){
+    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;              /* Database connection */
+    Expr *pExpr = p->pEList->a[0].pExpr;   /* Expression <column> */
+    int iCol = pExpr->iColumn;             /* Index of column <column> */
+    Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);      /* Virtual machine being coded */
+    Table *pTab = p->pSrc->a[0].pTab;      /* Table <table>. */
+    int iDb;                               /* Database idx for pTab */
+   
+    /* Code an OP_VerifyCookie and OP_TableLock for <table>. */
+    iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+    sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
+
+    /* This function is only called from two places. In both cases the vdbe
+    ** has already been allocated. So assume sqlite3GetVdbe() is always
+    ** successful here.
+    */
+    assert(v);
+    if( iCol<0 ){
+      int iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
+      int iAddr;
+
+      iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, iMem);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, iMem);
+
+      sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTab, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
+      eType = IN_INDEX_ROWID;
+
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iAddr);
+    }else{
+      Index *pIdx;                         /* Iterator variable */
+
+      /* The collation sequence used by the comparison. If an index is to
+      ** be used in place of a temp-table, it must be ordered according
+      ** to this collation sequence.  */
+      CollSeq *pReq = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pExpr);
+
+      /* Check that the affinity that will be used to perform the 
+      ** comparison is the same as the affinity of the column. If
+      ** it is not, it is not possible to use any index.
+      */
+      char aff = comparisonAffinity(pX);
+      int affinity_ok = (pTab->aCol[iCol].affinity==aff||aff==SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
+
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx && eType==0 && affinity_ok; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        if( (pIdx->aiColumn[0]==iCol)
+         && sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, ENC(db), pIdx->azColl[0], 0)==pReq
+         && (!mustBeUnique || (pIdx->nColumn==1 && pIdx->onError!=OE_None))
+        ){
+          int iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
+          int iAddr;
+          char *pKey;
+  
+          pKey = (char *)sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
+          iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, iMem);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, iMem);
+  
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iTab, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
+                               pKey,P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+          VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
+          eType = IN_INDEX_INDEX;
+
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iAddr);
+          if( prNotFound && !pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull ){
+            *prNotFound = ++pParse->nMem;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( eType==0 ){
+    /* Could not found an existing table or index to use as the RHS b-tree.
+    ** We will have to generate an ephemeral table to do the job.
+    */
+    double savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
+    int rMayHaveNull = 0;
+    eType = IN_INDEX_EPH;
+    if( prNotFound ){
+      *prNotFound = rMayHaveNull = ++pParse->nMem;
+    }else{
+      testcase( pParse->nQueryLoop>(double)1 );
+      pParse->nQueryLoop = (double)1;
+      if( pX->pLeft->iColumn<0 && !ExprHasAnyProperty(pX, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+        eType = IN_INDEX_ROWID;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3CodeSubselect(pParse, pX, rMayHaveNull, eType==IN_INDEX_ROWID);
+    pParse->nQueryLoop = savedNQueryLoop;
+  }else{
+    pX->iTable = iTab;
+  }
+  return eType;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Generate code for scalar subqueries used as a subquery expression, EXISTS,
+** or IN operators.  Examples:
+**
+**     (SELECT a FROM b)          -- subquery
+**     EXISTS (SELECT a FROM b)   -- EXISTS subquery
+**     x IN (4,5,11)              -- IN operator with list on right-hand side
+**     x IN (SELECT a FROM b)     -- IN operator with subquery on the right
+**
+** The pExpr parameter describes the expression that contains the IN
+** operator or subquery.
+**
+** If parameter isRowid is non-zero, then expression pExpr is guaranteed
+** to be of the form "<rowid> IN (?, ?, ?)", where <rowid> is a reference
+** to some integer key column of a table B-Tree. In this case, use an
+** intkey B-Tree to store the set of IN(...) values instead of the usual
+** (slower) variable length keys B-Tree.
+**
+** If rMayHaveNull is non-zero, that means that the operation is an IN
+** (not a SELECT or EXISTS) and that the RHS might contains NULLs.
+** Furthermore, the IN is in a WHERE clause and that we really want
+** to iterate over the RHS of the IN operator in order to quickly locate
+** all corresponding LHS elements.  All this routine does is initialize
+** the register given by rMayHaveNull to NULL.  Calling routines will take
+** care of changing this register value to non-NULL if the RHS is NULL-free.
+**
+** If rMayHaveNull is zero, that means that the subquery is being used
+** for membership testing only.  There is no need to initialize any
+** registers to indicate the presense or absence of NULLs on the RHS.
+**
+** For a SELECT or EXISTS operator, return the register that holds the
+** result.  For IN operators or if an error occurs, the return value is 0.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  Expr *pExpr,            /* The IN, SELECT, or EXISTS operator */
+  int rMayHaveNull,       /* Register that records whether NULLs exist in RHS */
+  int isRowid             /* If true, LHS of IN operator is a rowid */
+){
+  int testAddr = 0;                       /* One-time test address */
+  int rReg = 0;                           /* Register storing resulting */
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return 0;
+  sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+
+  /* This code must be run in its entirety every time it is encountered
+  ** if any of the following is true:
+  **
+  **    *  The right-hand side is a correlated subquery
+  **    *  The right-hand side is an expression list containing variables
+  **    *  We are inside a trigger
+  **
+  ** If all of the above are false, then we can run this code just once
+  ** save the results, and reuse the same result on subsequent invocations.
+  */
+  if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_VarSelect) && !pParse->pTriggerTab ){
+    int mem = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, mem);
+    testAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, mem);
+    assert( testAddr>0 || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(
+        pParse->db, "EXECUTE %s%s SUBQUERY %d", testAddr?"":"CORRELATED ",
+        pExpr->op==TK_IN?"LIST":"SCALAR", pParse->iNextSelectId
+    );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  switch( pExpr->op ){
+    case TK_IN: {
+      char affinity;              /* Affinity of the LHS of the IN */
+      KeyInfo keyInfo;            /* Keyinfo for the generated table */
+      int addr;                   /* Address of OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
+      Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft; /* the LHS of the IN operator */
+
+      if( rMayHaveNull ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, rMayHaveNull);
+      }
+
+      affinity = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft);
+
+      /* Whether this is an 'x IN(SELECT...)' or an 'x IN(<exprlist>)'
+      ** expression it is handled the same way.  An ephemeral table is 
+      ** filled with single-field index keys representing the results
+      ** from the SELECT or the <exprlist>.
+      **
+      ** If the 'x' expression is a column value, or the SELECT...
+      ** statement returns a column value, then the affinity of that
+      ** column is used to build the index keys. If both 'x' and the
+      ** SELECT... statement are columns, then numeric affinity is used
+      ** if either column has NUMERIC or INTEGER affinity. If neither
+      ** 'x' nor the SELECT... statement are columns, then numeric affinity
+      ** is used.
+      */
+      pExpr->iTable = pParse->nTab++;
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pExpr->iTable, !isRowid);
+      if( rMayHaveNull==0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
+      memset(&keyInfo, 0, sizeof(keyInfo));
+      keyInfo.nField = 1;
+
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+        /* Case 1:     expr IN (SELECT ...)
+        **
+        ** Generate code to write the results of the select into the temporary
+        ** table allocated and opened above.
+        */
+        SelectDest dest;
+        ExprList *pEList;
+
+        assert( !isRowid );
+        sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Set, pExpr->iTable);
+        dest.affinity = (u8)affinity;
+        assert( (pExpr->iTable&0x0000FFFF)==pExpr->iTable );
+        pExpr->x.pSelect->iLimit = 0;
+        if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pExpr->x.pSelect, &dest) ){
+          return 0;
+        }
+        pEList = pExpr->x.pSelect->pEList;
+        if( ALWAYS(pEList!=0 && pEList->nExpr>0) ){ 
+          keyInfo.aColl[0] = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft,
+              pEList->a[0].pExpr);
+        }
+      }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList!=0) ){
+        /* Case 2:     expr IN (exprlist)
+        **
+        ** For each expression, build an index key from the evaluation and
+        ** store it in the temporary table. If <expr> is a column, then use
+        ** that columns affinity when building index keys. If <expr> is not
+        ** a column, use numeric affinity.
+        */
+        int i;
+        ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
+        struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+        int r1, r2, r3;
+
+        if( !affinity ){
+          affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+        }
+        keyInfo.aColl[0] = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
+
+        /* Loop through each expression in <exprlist>. */
+        r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+        r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, r2);
+        for(i=pList->nExpr, pItem=pList->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
+          Expr *pE2 = pItem->pExpr;
+          int iValToIns;
+
+          /* If the expression is not constant then we will need to
+          ** disable the test that was generated above that makes sure
+          ** this code only executes once.  Because for a non-constant
+          ** expression we need to rerun this code each time.
+          */
+          if( testAddr && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pE2) ){
+            sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, testAddr-1, 2);
+            testAddr = 0;
+          }
+
+          /* Evaluate the expression and insert it into the temp table */
+          if( isRowid && sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE2, &iValToIns) ){
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InsertInt, pExpr->iTable, r2, iValToIns);
+          }else{
+            r3 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pE2, r1);
+            if( isRowid ){
+              sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, r3,
+                                sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
+              sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, pExpr->iTable, r2, r3);
+            }else{
+              sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, r3, 1, r2, &affinity, 1);
+              sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, r3, 1);
+              sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pExpr->iTable, r2);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+        sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r2);
+      }
+      if( !isRowid ){
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (void *)&keyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case TK_EXISTS:
+    case TK_SELECT:
+    default: {
+      /* If this has to be a scalar SELECT.  Generate code to put the
+      ** value of this select in a memory cell and record the number
+      ** of the memory cell in iColumn.  If this is an EXISTS, write
+      ** an integer 0 (not exists) or 1 (exists) into a memory cell
+      ** and record that memory cell in iColumn.
+      */
+      Select *pSel;                         /* SELECT statement to encode */
+      SelectDest dest;                      /* How to deal with SELECt result */
+
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_EXISTS );
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_SELECT );
+      assert( pExpr->op==TK_EXISTS || pExpr->op==TK_SELECT );
+
+      assert( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      pSel = pExpr->x.pSelect;
+      sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, 0, ++pParse->nMem);
+      if( pExpr->op==TK_SELECT ){
+        dest.eDest = SRT_Mem;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, dest.iParm);
+        VdbeComment((v, "Init subquery result"));
+      }else{
+        dest.eDest = SRT_Exists;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, dest.iParm);
+        VdbeComment((v, "Init EXISTS result"));
+      }
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pSel->pLimit);
+      pSel->pLimit = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_INTEGER, 0, 0,
+                                  &sqlite3IntTokens[1]);
+      pSel->iLimit = 0;
+      if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pSel, &dest) ){
+        return 0;
+      }
+      rReg = dest.iParm;
+      ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( testAddr ){
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, testAddr-1);
+  }
+  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+
+  return rReg;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+/*
+** Generate code for an IN expression.
+**
+**      x IN (SELECT ...)
+**      x IN (value, value, ...)
+**
+** The left-hand side (LHS) is a scalar expression.  The right-hand side (RHS)
+** is an array of zero or more values.  The expression is true if the LHS is
+** contained within the RHS.  The value of the expression is unknown (NULL)
+** if the LHS is NULL or if the LHS is not contained within the RHS and the
+** RHS contains one or more NULL values.
+**
+** This routine generates code will jump to destIfFalse if the LHS is not 
+** contained within the RHS.  If due to NULLs we cannot determine if the LHS
+** is contained in the RHS then jump to destIfNull.  If the LHS is contained
+** within the RHS then fall through.
+*/
+static void sqlite3ExprCodeIN(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  Expr *pExpr,          /* The IN expression */
+  int destIfFalse,      /* Jump here if LHS is not contained in the RHS */
+  int destIfNull        /* Jump here if the results are unknown due to NULLs */
+){
+  int rRhsHasNull = 0;  /* Register that is true if RHS contains NULL values */
+  char affinity;        /* Comparison affinity to use */
+  int eType;            /* Type of the RHS */
+  int r1;               /* Temporary use register */
+  Vdbe *v;              /* Statement under construction */
+
+  /* Compute the RHS.   After this step, the table with cursor
+  ** pExpr->iTable will contains the values that make up the RHS.
+  */
+  v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  assert( v!=0 );       /* OOM detected prior to this routine */
+  VdbeNoopComment((v, "begin IN expr"));
+  eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pExpr, &rRhsHasNull);
+
+  /* Figure out the affinity to use to create a key from the results
+  ** of the expression. affinityStr stores a static string suitable for
+  ** P4 of OP_MakeRecord.
+  */
+  affinity = comparisonAffinity(pExpr);
+
+  /* Code the LHS, the <expr> from "<expr> IN (...)".
+  */
+  sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+  r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, r1);
+
+  /* If the LHS is NULL, then the result is either false or NULL depending
+  ** on whether the RHS is empty or not, respectively.
+  */
+  if( destIfNull==destIfFalse ){
+    /* Shortcut for the common case where the false and NULL outcomes are
+    ** the same. */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1, destIfNull);
+  }else{
+    int addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, r1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfNull);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+  }
+
+  if( eType==IN_INDEX_ROWID ){
+    /* In this case, the RHS is the ROWID of table b-tree
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, r1, destIfFalse);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1);
+  }else{
+    /* In this case, the RHS is an index b-tree.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, r1, 1, 0, &affinity, 1);
+
+    /* If the set membership test fails, then the result of the 
+    ** "x IN (...)" expression must be either 0 or NULL. If the set
+    ** contains no NULL values, then the result is 0. If the set 
+    ** contains one or more NULL values, then the result of the
+    ** expression is also NULL.
+    */
+    if( rRhsHasNull==0 || destIfFalse==destIfNull ){
+      /* This branch runs if it is known at compile time that the RHS
+      ** cannot contain NULL values. This happens as the result
+      ** of a "NOT NULL" constraint in the database schema.
+      **
+      ** Also run this branch if NULL is equivalent to FALSE
+      ** for this particular IN operator.
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1, 1);
+
+    }else{
+      /* In this branch, the RHS of the IN might contain a NULL and
+      ** the presence of a NULL on the RHS makes a difference in the
+      ** outcome.
+      */
+      int j1, j2, j3;
+
+      /* First check to see if the LHS is contained in the RHS.  If so,
+      ** then the presence of NULLs in the RHS does not matter, so jump
+      ** over all of the code that follows.
+      */
+      j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pExpr->iTable, 0, r1, 1);
+
+      /* Here we begin generating code that runs if the LHS is not
+      ** contained within the RHS.  Generate additional code that
+      ** tests the RHS for NULLs.  If the RHS contains a NULL then
+      ** jump to destIfNull.  If there are no NULLs in the RHS then
+      ** jump to destIfFalse.
+      */
+      j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, rRhsHasNull);
+      j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pExpr->iTable, 0, rRhsHasNull, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, rRhsHasNull);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, rRhsHasNull, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
+
+      /* Jump to the appropriate target depending on whether or not
+      ** the RHS contains a NULL
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, rRhsHasNull, destIfNull);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfFalse);
+
+      /* The OP_Found at the top of this branch jumps here when true, 
+      ** causing the overall IN expression evaluation to fall through.
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+  VdbeComment((v, "end IN expr"));
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
+
+/*
+** Duplicate an 8-byte value
+*/
+static char *dup8bytes(Vdbe *v, const char *in){
+  char *out = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(sqlite3VdbeDb(v), 8);
+  if( out ){
+    memcpy(out, in, 8);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+/*
+** Generate an instruction that will put the floating point
+** value described by z[0..n-1] into register iMem.
+**
+** The z[] string will probably not be zero-terminated.  But the 
+** z[n] character is guaranteed to be something that does not look
+** like the continuation of the number.
+*/
+static void codeReal(Vdbe *v, const char *z, int negateFlag, int iMem){
+  if( ALWAYS(z!=0) ){
+    double value;
+    char *zV;
+    sqlite3AtoF(z, &value, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8);
+    assert( !sqlite3IsNaN(value) ); /* The new AtoF never returns NaN */
+    if( negateFlag ) value = -value;
+    zV = dup8bytes(v, (char*)&value);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Real, 0, iMem, 0, zV, P4_REAL);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Generate an instruction that will put the integer describe by
+** text z[0..n-1] into register iMem.
+**
+** Expr.u.zToken is always UTF8 and zero-terminated.
+*/
+static void codeInteger(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int negFlag, int iMem){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  if( pExpr->flags & EP_IntValue ){
+    int i = pExpr->u.iValue;
+    assert( i>=0 );
+    if( negFlag ) i = -i;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, iMem);
+  }else{
+    int c;
+    i64 value;
+    const char *z = pExpr->u.zToken;
+    assert( z!=0 );
+    c = sqlite3Atoi64(z, &value, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8);
+    if( c==0 || (c==2 && negFlag) ){
+      char *zV;
+      if( negFlag ){ value = c==2 ? SMALLEST_INT64 : -value; }
+      zV = dup8bytes(v, (char*)&value);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Int64, 0, iMem, 0, zV, P4_INT64);
+    }else{
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "oversized integer: %s%s", negFlag ? "-" : "", z);
+#else
+      codeReal(v, z, negFlag, iMem);
+#endif
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear a cache entry.
+*/
+static void cacheEntryClear(Parse *pParse, struct yColCache *p){
+  if( p->tempReg ){
+    if( pParse->nTempReg<ArraySize(pParse->aTempReg) ){
+      pParse->aTempReg[pParse->nTempReg++] = p->iReg;
+    }
+    p->tempReg = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Record in the column cache that a particular column from a
+** particular table is stored in a particular register.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheStore(Parse *pParse, int iTab, int iCol, int iReg){
+  int i;
+  int minLru;
+  int idxLru;
+  struct yColCache *p;
+
+  assert( iReg>0 );  /* Register numbers are always positive */
+  assert( iCol>=-1 && iCol<32768 );  /* Finite column numbers */
+
+  /* The SQLITE_ColumnCache flag disables the column cache.  This is used
+  ** for testing only - to verify that SQLite always gets the same answer
+  ** with and without the column cache.
+  */
+  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_ColumnCache ) return;
+
+  /* First replace any existing entry.
+  **
+  ** Actually, the way the column cache is currently used, we are guaranteed
+  ** that the object will never already be in cache.  Verify this guarantee.
+  */
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+#if 0 /* This code wold remove the entry from the cache if it existed */
+    if( p->iReg && p->iTable==iTab && p->iColumn==iCol ){
+      cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
+      p->iLevel = pParse->iCacheLevel;
+      p->iReg = iReg;
+      p->lru = pParse->iCacheCnt++;
+      return;
+    }
+#endif
+    assert( p->iReg==0 || p->iTable!=iTab || p->iColumn!=iCol );
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Find an empty slot and replace it */
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+    if( p->iReg==0 ){
+      p->iLevel = pParse->iCacheLevel;
+      p->iTable = iTab;
+      p->iColumn = iCol;
+      p->iReg = iReg;
+      p->tempReg = 0;
+      p->lru = pParse->iCacheCnt++;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Replace the last recently used */
+  minLru = 0x7fffffff;
+  idxLru = -1;
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+    if( p->lru<minLru ){
+      idxLru = i;
+      minLru = p->lru;
+    }
+  }
+  if( ALWAYS(idxLru>=0) ){
+    p = &pParse->aColCache[idxLru];
+    p->iLevel = pParse->iCacheLevel;
+    p->iTable = iTab;
+    p->iColumn = iCol;
+    p->iReg = iReg;
+    p->tempReg = 0;
+    p->lru = pParse->iCacheCnt++;
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Indicate that registers between iReg..iReg+nReg-1 are being overwritten.
+** Purge the range of registers from the column cache.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(Parse *pParse, int iReg, int nReg){
+  int i;
+  int iLast = iReg + nReg - 1;
+  struct yColCache *p;
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+    int r = p->iReg;
+    if( r>=iReg && r<=iLast ){
+      cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
+      p->iReg = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Remember the current column cache context.  Any new entries added
+** added to the column cache after this call are removed when the
+** corresponding pop occurs.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePush(Parse *pParse){
+  pParse->iCacheLevel++;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove from the column cache any entries that were added since the
+** the previous N Push operations.  In other words, restore the cache
+** to the state it was in N Pushes ago.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse *pParse, int N){
+  int i;
+  struct yColCache *p;
+  assert( N>0 );
+  assert( pParse->iCacheLevel>=N );
+  pParse->iCacheLevel -= N;
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+    if( p->iReg && p->iLevel>pParse->iCacheLevel ){
+      cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
+      p->iReg = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** When a cached column is reused, make sure that its register is
+** no longer available as a temp register.  ticket #3879:  that same
+** register might be in the cache in multiple places, so be sure to
+** get them all.
+*/
+static void sqlite3ExprCachePinRegister(Parse *pParse, int iReg){
+  int i;
+  struct yColCache *p;
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+    if( p->iReg==iReg ){
+      p->tempReg = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code to extract the value of the iCol-th column of a table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(
+  Vdbe *v,        /* The VDBE under construction */
+  Table *pTab,    /* The table containing the value */
+  int iTabCur,    /* The cursor for this table */
+  int iCol,       /* Index of the column to extract */
+  int regOut      /* Extract the valud into this register */
+){
+  if( iCol<0 || iCol==pTab->iPKey ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iTabCur, regOut);
+  }else{
+    int op = IsVirtual(pTab) ? OP_VColumn : OP_Column;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iTabCur, iCol, regOut);
+  }
+  if( iCol>=0 ){
+    sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, iCol, regOut);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will extract the iColumn-th column from
+** table pTab and store the column value in a register.  An effort
+** is made to store the column value in register iReg, but this is
+** not guaranteed.  The location of the column value is returned.
+**
+** There must be an open cursor to pTab in iTable when this routine
+** is called.  If iColumn<0 then code is generated that extracts the rowid.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(
+  Parse *pParse,   /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  Table *pTab,     /* Description of the table we are reading from */
+  int iColumn,     /* Index of the table column */
+  int iTable,      /* The cursor pointing to the table */
+  int iReg         /* Store results here */
+){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int i;
+  struct yColCache *p;
+
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+    if( p->iReg>0 && p->iTable==iTable && p->iColumn==iColumn ){
+      p->lru = pParse->iCacheCnt++;
+      sqlite3ExprCachePinRegister(pParse, p->iReg);
+      return p->iReg;
+    }
+  }  
+  assert( v!=0 );
+  sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iTable, iColumn, iReg);
+  sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iTable, iColumn, iReg);
+  return iReg;
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear all column cache entries.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheClear(Parse *pParse){
+  int i;
+  struct yColCache *p;
+
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+    if( p->iReg ){
+      cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
+      p->iReg = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Record the fact that an affinity change has occurred on iCount
+** registers starting with iStart.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(Parse *pParse, int iStart, int iCount){
+  sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(pParse, iStart, iCount);
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code to move content from registers iFrom...iFrom+nReg-1
+** over to iTo..iTo+nReg-1. Keep the column cache up-to-date.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeMove(Parse *pParse, int iFrom, int iTo, int nReg){
+  int i;
+  struct yColCache *p;
+  if( NEVER(iFrom==iTo) ) return;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Move, iFrom, iTo, nReg);
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+    int x = p->iReg;
+    if( x>=iFrom && x<iFrom+nReg ){
+      p->iReg += iTo-iFrom;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code to copy content from registers iFrom...iFrom+nReg-1
+** over to iTo..iTo+nReg-1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(Parse *pParse, int iFrom, int iTo, int nReg){
+  int i;
+  if( NEVER(iFrom==iTo) ) return;
+  for(i=0; i<nReg; i++){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Copy, iFrom+i, iTo+i);
+  }
+}
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+/*
+** Return true if any register in the range iFrom..iTo (inclusive)
+** is used as part of the column cache.
+**
+** This routine is used within assert() and testcase() macros only
+** and does not appear in a normal build.
+*/
+static int usedAsColumnCache(Parse *pParse, int iFrom, int iTo){
+  int i;
+  struct yColCache *p;
+  for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+    int r = p->iReg;
+    if( r>=iFrom && r<=iTo ) return 1;    /*NO_TEST*/
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG || SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST */
+
+/*
+** Generate code into the current Vdbe to evaluate the given
+** expression.  Attempt to store the results in register "target".
+** Return the register where results are stored.
+**
+** With this routine, there is no guarantee that results will
+** be stored in target.  The result might be stored in some other
+** register if it is convenient to do so.  The calling function
+** must check the return code and move the results to the desired
+** register.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;  /* The VM under construction */
+  int op;                   /* The opcode being coded */
+  int inReg = target;       /* Results stored in register inReg */
+  int regFree1 = 0;         /* If non-zero free this temporary register */
+  int regFree2 = 0;         /* If non-zero free this temporary register */
+  int r1, r2, r3, r4;       /* Various register numbers */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db; /* The database connection */
+
+  assert( target>0 && target<=pParse->nMem );
+  if( v==0 ){
+    assert( pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if( pExpr==0 ){
+    op = TK_NULL;
+  }else{
+    op = pExpr->op;
+  }
+  switch( op ){
+    case TK_AGG_COLUMN: {
+      AggInfo *pAggInfo = pExpr->pAggInfo;
+      struct AggInfo_col *pCol = &pAggInfo->aCol[pExpr->iAgg];
+      if( !pAggInfo->directMode ){
+        assert( pCol->iMem>0 );
+        inReg = pCol->iMem;
+        break;
+      }else if( pAggInfo->useSortingIdx ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pAggInfo->sortingIdx,
+                              pCol->iSorterColumn, target);
+        break;
+      }
+      /* Otherwise, fall thru into the TK_COLUMN case */
+    }
+    case TK_COLUMN: {
+      if( pExpr->iTable<0 ){
+        /* This only happens when coding check constraints */
+        assert( pParse->ckBase>0 );
+        inReg = pExpr->iColumn + pParse->ckBase;
+      }else{
+        inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pExpr->pTab,
+                                 pExpr->iColumn, pExpr->iTable, target);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_INTEGER: {
+      codeInteger(pParse, pExpr, 0, target);
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+    case TK_FLOAT: {
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+      codeReal(v, pExpr->u.zToken, 0, target);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+    case TK_STRING: {
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, target, 0, pExpr->u.zToken, 0);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_NULL: {
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, target);
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
+    case TK_BLOB: {
+      int n;
+      const char *z;
+      char *zBlob;
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+      assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='x' || pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='X' );
+      assert( pExpr->u.zToken[1]=='\'' );
+      z = &pExpr->u.zToken[2];
+      n = sqlite3Strlen30(z) - 1;
+      assert( z[n]=='\'' );
+      zBlob = sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3VdbeDb(v), z, n);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Blob, n/2, target, 0, zBlob, P4_DYNAMIC);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+    case TK_VARIABLE: {
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+      assert( pExpr->u.zToken!=0 );
+      assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]!=0 );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Variable, pExpr->iColumn, target);
+      if( pExpr->u.zToken[1]!=0 ){
+        assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='?' 
+             || strcmp(pExpr->u.zToken, pParse->azVar[pExpr->iColumn-1])==0 );
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pParse->azVar[pExpr->iColumn-1], P4_STATIC);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_REGISTER: {
+      inReg = pExpr->iTable;
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_AS: {
+      inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, target);
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
+    case TK_CAST: {
+      /* Expressions of the form:   CAST(pLeft AS token) */
+      int aff, to_op;
+      inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, target);
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+      aff = sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken);
+      to_op = aff - SQLITE_AFF_TEXT + OP_ToText;
+      assert( to_op==OP_ToText    || aff!=SQLITE_AFF_TEXT    );
+      assert( to_op==OP_ToBlob    || aff!=SQLITE_AFF_NONE    );
+      assert( to_op==OP_ToNumeric || aff!=SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC );
+      assert( to_op==OP_ToInt     || aff!=SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER );
+      assert( to_op==OP_ToReal    || aff!=SQLITE_AFF_REAL    );
+      testcase( to_op==OP_ToText );
+      testcase( to_op==OP_ToBlob );
+      testcase( to_op==OP_ToNumeric );
+      testcase( to_op==OP_ToInt );
+      testcase( to_op==OP_ToReal );
+      if( inReg!=target ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, inReg, target);
+        inReg = target;
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, to_op, inReg);
+      testcase( usedAsColumnCache(pParse, inReg, inReg) );
+      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, inReg, 1);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_CAST */
+    case TK_LT:
+    case TK_LE:
+    case TK_GT:
+    case TK_GE:
+    case TK_NE:
+    case TK_EQ: {
+      assert( TK_LT==OP_Lt );
+      assert( TK_LE==OP_Le );
+      assert( TK_GT==OP_Gt );
+      assert( TK_GE==OP_Ge );
+      assert( TK_EQ==OP_Eq );
+      assert( TK_NE==OP_Ne );
+      testcase( op==TK_LT );
+      testcase( op==TK_LE );
+      testcase( op==TK_GT );
+      testcase( op==TK_GE );
+      testcase( op==TK_EQ );
+      testcase( op==TK_NE );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
+      codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
+                  r1, r2, inReg, SQLITE_STOREP2);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_IS:
+    case TK_ISNOT: {
+      testcase( op==TK_IS );
+      testcase( op==TK_ISNOT );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
+      op = (op==TK_IS) ? TK_EQ : TK_NE;
+      codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
+                  r1, r2, inReg, SQLITE_STOREP2 | SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_AND:
+    case TK_OR:
+    case TK_PLUS:
+    case TK_STAR:
+    case TK_MINUS:
+    case TK_REM:
+    case TK_BITAND:
+    case TK_BITOR:
+    case TK_SLASH:
+    case TK_LSHIFT:
+    case TK_RSHIFT: 
+    case TK_CONCAT: {
+      assert( TK_AND==OP_And );
+      assert( TK_OR==OP_Or );
+      assert( TK_PLUS==OP_Add );
+      assert( TK_MINUS==OP_Subtract );
+      assert( TK_REM==OP_Remainder );
+      assert( TK_BITAND==OP_BitAnd );
+      assert( TK_BITOR==OP_BitOr );
+      assert( TK_SLASH==OP_Divide );
+      assert( TK_LSHIFT==OP_ShiftLeft );
+      assert( TK_RSHIFT==OP_ShiftRight );
+      assert( TK_CONCAT==OP_Concat );
+      testcase( op==TK_AND );
+      testcase( op==TK_OR );
+      testcase( op==TK_PLUS );
+      testcase( op==TK_MINUS );
+      testcase( op==TK_REM );
+      testcase( op==TK_BITAND );
+      testcase( op==TK_BITOR );
+      testcase( op==TK_SLASH );
+      testcase( op==TK_LSHIFT );
+      testcase( op==TK_RSHIFT );
+      testcase( op==TK_CONCAT );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, r2, r1, target);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_UMINUS: {
+      Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+      assert( pLeft );
+      if( pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER ){
+        codeInteger(pParse, pLeft, 1, target);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+      }else if( pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT ){
+        assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+        codeReal(v, pLeft->u.zToken, 1, target);
+#endif
+      }else{
+        regFree1 = r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, r1);
+        r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree2);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Subtract, r2, r1, target);
+        testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      }
+      inReg = target;
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_BITNOT:
+    case TK_NOT: {
+      assert( TK_BITNOT==OP_BitNot );
+      assert( TK_NOT==OP_Not );
+      testcase( op==TK_BITNOT );
+      testcase( op==TK_NOT );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      inReg = target;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, r1, inReg);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_ISNULL:
+    case TK_NOTNULL: {
+      int addr;
+      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );
+      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull );
+      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
+      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, target);
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, op, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, target, -1);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_AGG_FUNCTION: {
+      AggInfo *pInfo = pExpr->pAggInfo;
+      if( pInfo==0 ){
+        assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "misuse of aggregate: %s()", pExpr->u.zToken);
+      }else{
+        inReg = pInfo->aFunc[pExpr->iAgg].iMem;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_CONST_FUNC:
+    case TK_FUNCTION: {
+      ExprList *pFarg;       /* List of function arguments */
+      int nFarg;             /* Number of function arguments */
+      FuncDef *pDef;         /* The function definition object */
+      int nId;               /* Length of the function name in bytes */
+      const char *zId;       /* The function name */
+      int constMask = 0;     /* Mask of function arguments that are constant */
+      int i;                 /* Loop counter */
+      u8 enc = ENC(db);      /* The text encoding used by this database */
+      CollSeq *pColl = 0;    /* A collating sequence */
+
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      testcase( op==TK_CONST_FUNC );
+      testcase( op==TK_FUNCTION );
+      if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+        pFarg = 0;
+      }else{
+        pFarg = pExpr->x.pList;
+      }
+      nFarg = pFarg ? pFarg->nExpr : 0;
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+      zId = pExpr->u.zToken;
+      nId = sqlite3Strlen30(zId);
+      pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zId, nId, nFarg, enc, 0);
+      if( pDef==0 ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unknown function: %.*s()", nId, zId);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* Attempt a direct implementation of the built-in COALESCE() and
+      ** IFNULL() functions.  This avoids unnecessary evalation of
+      ** arguments past the first non-NULL argument.
+      */
+      if( pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE ){
+        int endCoalesce = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+        assert( nFarg>=2 );
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[0].pExpr, target);
+        for(i=1; i<nFarg; i++){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NotNull, target, endCoalesce);
+          sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(pParse, target, 1);
+          sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+          sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr, target);
+          sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endCoalesce);
+        break;
+      }
+
+
+      if( pFarg ){
+        r1 = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nFarg);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);     /* Ticket 2ea2425d34be */
+        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pFarg, r1, 1);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);   /* Ticket 2ea2425d34be */
+      }else{
+        r1 = 0;
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+      /* Possibly overload the function if the first argument is
+      ** a virtual table column.
+      **
+      ** For infix functions (LIKE, GLOB, REGEXP, and MATCH) use the
+      ** second argument, not the first, as the argument to test to
+      ** see if it is a column in a virtual table.  This is done because
+      ** the left operand of infix functions (the operand we want to
+      ** control overloading) ends up as the second argument to the
+      ** function.  The expression "A glob B" is equivalent to 
+      ** "glob(B,A).  We want to use the A in "A glob B" to test
+      ** for function overloading.  But we use the B term in "glob(B,A)".
+      */
+      if( nFarg>=2 && (pExpr->flags & EP_InfixFunc) ){
+        pDef = sqlite3VtabOverloadFunction(db, pDef, nFarg, pFarg->a[1].pExpr);
+      }else if( nFarg>0 ){
+        pDef = sqlite3VtabOverloadFunction(db, pDef, nFarg, pFarg->a[0].pExpr);
+      }
+#endif
+      for(i=0; i<nFarg; i++){
+        if( i<32 && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pFarg->a[i].pExpr) ){
+          constMask |= (1<<i);
+        }
+        if( (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL)!=0 && !pColl ){
+          pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr);
+        }
+      }
+      if( pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+        if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl; 
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_CollSeq, 0, 0, 0, (char *)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, constMask, r1, target,
+                        (char*)pDef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, (u8)nFarg);
+      if( nFarg ){
+        sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, r1, nFarg);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+    case TK_EXISTS:
+    case TK_SELECT: {
+      testcase( op==TK_EXISTS );
+      testcase( op==TK_SELECT );
+      inReg = sqlite3CodeSubselect(pParse, pExpr, 0, 0);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_IN: {
+      int destIfFalse = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      int destIfNull = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, target);
+      sqlite3ExprCodeIN(pParse, pExpr, destIfFalse, destIfNull);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, target);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, destIfFalse);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, target, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, destIfNull);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
+
+
+    /*
+    **    x BETWEEN y AND z
+    **
+    ** This is equivalent to
+    **
+    **    x>=y AND x<=z
+    **
+    ** X is stored in pExpr->pLeft.
+    ** Y is stored in pExpr->pList->a[0].pExpr.
+    ** Z is stored in pExpr->pList->a[1].pExpr.
+    */
+    case TK_BETWEEN: {
+      Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+      struct ExprList_item *pLItem = pExpr->x.pList->a;
+      Expr *pRight = pLItem->pExpr;
+
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pLeft, &regFree1);
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pRight, &regFree2);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      r3 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      r4 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      codeCompare(pParse, pLeft, pRight, OP_Ge,
+                  r1, r2, r3, SQLITE_STOREP2);
+      pLItem++;
+      pRight = pLItem->pExpr;
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree2);
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pRight, &regFree2);
+      testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      codeCompare(pParse, pLeft, pRight, OP_Le, r1, r2, r4, SQLITE_STOREP2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_And, r3, r4, target);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r3);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r4);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_UPLUS: {
+      inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, target);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case TK_TRIGGER: {
+      /* If the opcode is TK_TRIGGER, then the expression is a reference
+      ** to a column in the new.* or old.* pseudo-tables available to
+      ** trigger programs. In this case Expr.iTable is set to 1 for the
+      ** new.* pseudo-table, or 0 for the old.* pseudo-table. Expr.iColumn
+      ** is set to the column of the pseudo-table to read, or to -1 to
+      ** read the rowid field.
+      **
+      ** The expression is implemented using an OP_Param opcode. The p1
+      ** parameter is set to 0 for an old.rowid reference, or to (i+1)
+      ** to reference another column of the old.* pseudo-table, where 
+      ** i is the index of the column. For a new.rowid reference, p1 is
+      ** set to (n+1), where n is the number of columns in each pseudo-table.
+      ** For a reference to any other column in the new.* pseudo-table, p1
+      ** is set to (n+2+i), where n and i are as defined previously. For
+      ** example, if the table on which triggers are being fired is
+      ** declared as:
+      **
+      **   CREATE TABLE t1(a, b);
+      **
+      ** Then p1 is interpreted as follows:
+      **
+      **   p1==0   ->    old.rowid     p1==3   ->    new.rowid
+      **   p1==1   ->    old.a         p1==4   ->    new.a
+      **   p1==2   ->    old.b         p1==5   ->    new.b       
+      */
+      Table *pTab = pExpr->pTab;
+      int p1 = pExpr->iTable * (pTab->nCol+1) + 1 + pExpr->iColumn;
+
+      assert( pExpr->iTable==0 || pExpr->iTable==1 );
+      assert( pExpr->iColumn>=-1 && pExpr->iColumn<pTab->nCol );
+      assert( pTab->iPKey<0 || pExpr->iColumn!=pTab->iPKey );
+      assert( p1>=0 && p1<(pTab->nCol*2+2) );
+
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Param, p1, target);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s.%s -> $%d",
+        (pExpr->iTable ? "new" : "old"),
+        (pExpr->iColumn<0 ? "rowid" : pExpr->pTab->aCol[pExpr->iColumn].zName),
+        target
+      ));
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+      /* If the column has REAL affinity, it may currently be stored as an
+      ** integer. Use OP_RealAffinity to make sure it is really real.  */
+      if( pExpr->iColumn>=0 
+       && pTab->aCol[pExpr->iColumn].affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL
+      ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_RealAffinity, target);
+      }
+#endif
+      break;
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+    ** Form A:
+    **   CASE x WHEN e1 THEN r1 WHEN e2 THEN r2 ... WHEN eN THEN rN ELSE y END
+    **
+    ** Form B:
+    **   CASE WHEN e1 THEN r1 WHEN e2 THEN r2 ... WHEN eN THEN rN ELSE y END
+    **
+    ** Form A is can be transformed into the equivalent form B as follows:
+    **   CASE WHEN x=e1 THEN r1 WHEN x=e2 THEN r2 ...
+    **        WHEN x=eN THEN rN ELSE y END
+    **
+    ** X (if it exists) is in pExpr->pLeft.
+    ** Y is in pExpr->pRight.  The Y is also optional.  If there is no
+    ** ELSE clause and no other term matches, then the result of the
+    ** exprssion is NULL.
+    ** Ei is in pExpr->pList->a[i*2] and Ri is pExpr->pList->a[i*2+1].
+    **
+    ** The result of the expression is the Ri for the first matching Ei,
+    ** or if there is no matching Ei, the ELSE term Y, or if there is
+    ** no ELSE term, NULL.
+    */
+    default: assert( op==TK_CASE ); {
+      int endLabel;                     /* GOTO label for end of CASE stmt */
+      int nextCase;                     /* GOTO label for next WHEN clause */
+      int nExpr;                        /* 2x number of WHEN terms */
+      int i;                            /* Loop counter */
+      ExprList *pEList;                 /* List of WHEN terms */
+      struct ExprList_item *aListelem;  /* Array of WHEN terms */
+      Expr opCompare;                   /* The X==Ei expression */
+      Expr cacheX;                      /* Cached expression X */
+      Expr *pX;                         /* The X expression */
+      Expr *pTest = 0;                  /* X==Ei (form A) or just Ei (form B) */
+      VVA_ONLY( int iCacheLevel = pParse->iCacheLevel; )
+
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) && pExpr->x.pList );
+      assert((pExpr->x.pList->nExpr % 2) == 0);
+      assert(pExpr->x.pList->nExpr > 0);
+      pEList = pExpr->x.pList;
+      aListelem = pEList->a;
+      nExpr = pEList->nExpr;
+      endLabel = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      if( (pX = pExpr->pLeft)!=0 ){
+        cacheX = *pX;
+        testcase( pX->op==TK_COLUMN );
+        testcase( pX->op==TK_REGISTER );
+        cacheX.iTable = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pX, &regFree1);
+        testcase( regFree1==0 );
+        cacheX.op = TK_REGISTER;
+        opCompare.op = TK_EQ;
+        opCompare.pLeft = &cacheX;
+        pTest = &opCompare;
+        /* Ticket b351d95f9cd5ef17e9d9dbae18f5ca8611190001:
+        ** The value in regFree1 might get SCopy-ed into the file result.
+        ** So make sure that the regFree1 register is not reused for other
+        ** purposes and possibly overwritten.  */
+        regFree1 = 0;
+      }
+      for(i=0; i<nExpr; i=i+2){
+        sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+        if( pX ){
+          assert( pTest!=0 );
+          opCompare.pRight = aListelem[i].pExpr;
+        }else{
+          pTest = aListelem[i].pExpr;
+        }
+        nextCase = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+        testcase( pTest->op==TK_COLUMN );
+        sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pTest, nextCase, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+        testcase( aListelem[i+1].pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN );
+        testcase( aListelem[i+1].pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER );
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, aListelem[i+1].pExpr, target);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, endLabel);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, nextCase);
+      }
+      if( pExpr->pRight ){
+        sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr->pRight, target);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, target);
+      }
+      assert( db->mallocFailed || pParse->nErr>0 
+           || pParse->iCacheLevel==iCacheLevel );
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endLabel);
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+    case TK_RAISE: {
+      assert( pExpr->affinity==OE_Rollback 
+           || pExpr->affinity==OE_Abort
+           || pExpr->affinity==OE_Fail
+           || pExpr->affinity==OE_Ignore
+      );
+      if( !pParse->pTriggerTab ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
+                       "RAISE() may only be used within a trigger-program");
+        return 0;
+      }
+      if( pExpr->affinity==OE_Abort ){
+        sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+      }
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+      if( pExpr->affinity==OE_Ignore ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
+            v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_OK, OE_Ignore, 0, pExpr->u.zToken,0);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, pExpr->affinity, pExpr->u.zToken, 0);
+      }
+
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree1);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree2);
+  return inReg;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code to evaluate an expression and store the results
+** into a register.  Return the register number where the results
+** are stored.
+**
+** If the register is a temporary register that can be deallocated,
+** then write its number into *pReg.  If the result register is not
+** a temporary, then set *pReg to zero.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int *pReg){
+  int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  int r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
+  if( r2==r1 ){
+    *pReg = r1;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+    *pReg = 0;
+  }
+  return r2;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will evaluate expression pExpr and store the
+** results in register target.  The results are guaranteed to appear
+** in register target.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCode(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
+  int inReg;
+
+  assert( target>0 && target<=pParse->nMem );
+  if( pExpr && pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Copy, pExpr->iTable, target);
+  }else{
+    inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target);
+    assert( pParse->pVdbe || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+    if( inReg!=target && pParse->pVdbe ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_SCopy, inReg, target);
+    }
+  }
+  return target;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that evalutes the given expression and puts the result
+** in register target.
+**
+** Also make a copy of the expression results into another "cache" register
+** and modify the expression so that the next time it is evaluated,
+** the result is a copy of the cache register.
+**
+** This routine is used for expressions that are used multiple 
+** times.  They are evaluated once and the results of the expression
+** are reused.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int inReg;
+  inReg = sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr, target);
+  assert( target>0 );
+  /* This routine is called for terms to INSERT or UPDATE.  And the only
+  ** other place where expressions can be converted into TK_REGISTER is
+  ** in WHERE clause processing.  So as currently implemented, there is
+  ** no way for a TK_REGISTER to exist here.  But it seems prudent to
+  ** keep the ALWAYS() in case the conditions above change with future
+  ** modifications or enhancements. */
+  if( ALWAYS(pExpr->op!=TK_REGISTER) ){  
+    int iMem;
+    iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, inReg, iMem);
+    pExpr->iTable = iMem;
+    pExpr->op2 = pExpr->op;
+    pExpr->op = TK_REGISTER;
+  }
+  return inReg;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if pExpr is an constant expression that is appropriate
+** for factoring out of a loop.  Appropriate expressions are:
+**
+**    *  Any expression that evaluates to two or more opcodes.
+**
+**    *  Any OP_Integer, OP_Real, OP_String, OP_Blob, OP_Null, 
+**       or OP_Variable that does not need to be placed in a 
+**       specific register.
+**
+** There is no point in factoring out single-instruction constant
+** expressions that need to be placed in a particular register.  
+** We could factor them out, but then we would end up adding an
+** OP_SCopy instruction to move the value into the correct register
+** later.  We might as well just use the original instruction and
+** avoid the OP_SCopy.
+*/
+static int isAppropriateForFactoring(Expr *p){
+  if( !sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(p) ){
+    return 0;  /* Only constant expressions are appropriate for factoring */
+  }
+  if( (p->flags & EP_FixedDest)==0 ){
+    return 1;  /* Any constant without a fixed destination is appropriate */
+  }
+  while( p->op==TK_UPLUS ) p = p->pLeft;
+  switch( p->op ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
+    case TK_BLOB:
+#endif
+    case TK_VARIABLE:
+    case TK_INTEGER:
+    case TK_FLOAT:
+    case TK_NULL:
+    case TK_STRING: {
+      testcase( p->op==TK_BLOB );
+      testcase( p->op==TK_VARIABLE );
+      testcase( p->op==TK_INTEGER );
+      testcase( p->op==TK_FLOAT );
+      testcase( p->op==TK_NULL );
+      testcase( p->op==TK_STRING );
+      /* Single-instruction constants with a fixed destination are
+      ** better done in-line.  If we factor them, they will just end
+      ** up generating an OP_SCopy to move the value to the destination
+      ** register. */
+      return 0;
+    }
+    case TK_UMINUS: {
+      if( p->pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT || p->pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER ){
+        return 0;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** If pExpr is a constant expression that is appropriate for
+** factoring out of a loop, then evaluate the expression
+** into a register and convert the expression into a TK_REGISTER
+** expression.
+*/
+static int evalConstExpr(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
+  Parse *pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+  switch( pExpr->op ){
+    case TK_IN:
+    case TK_REGISTER: {
+      return WRC_Prune;
+    }
+    case TK_FUNCTION:
+    case TK_AGG_FUNCTION:
+    case TK_CONST_FUNC: {
+      /* The arguments to a function have a fixed destination.
+      ** Mark them this way to avoid generated unneeded OP_SCopy
+      ** instructions. 
+      */
+      ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      if( pList ){
+        int i = pList->nExpr;
+        struct ExprList_item *pItem = pList->a;
+        for(; i>0; i--, pItem++){
+          if( ALWAYS(pItem->pExpr) ) pItem->pExpr->flags |= EP_FixedDest;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if( isAppropriateForFactoring(pExpr) ){
+    int r1 = ++pParse->nMem;
+    int r2;
+    r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
+    if( NEVER(r1!=r2) ) sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+    pExpr->op2 = pExpr->op;
+    pExpr->op = TK_REGISTER;
+    pExpr->iTable = r2;
+    return WRC_Prune;
+  }
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+/*
+** Preevaluate constant subexpressions within pExpr and store the
+** results in registers.  Modify pExpr so that the constant subexpresions
+** are TK_REGISTER opcodes that refer to the precomputed values.
+**
+** This routine is a no-op if the jump to the cookie-check code has
+** already occur.  Since the cookie-check jump is generated prior to
+** any other serious processing, this check ensures that there is no
+** way to accidently bypass the constant initializations.
+**
+** This routine is also a no-op if the SQLITE_FactorOutConst optimization
+** is disabled via the sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS)
+** interface.  This allows test logic to verify that the same answer is
+** obtained for queries regardless of whether or not constants are
+** precomputed into registers or if they are inserted in-line.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
+  Walker w;
+  if( pParse->cookieGoto ) return;
+  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_FactorOutConst)!=0 ) return;
+  w.xExprCallback = evalConstExpr;
+  w.xSelectCallback = 0;
+  w.pParse = pParse;
+  sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, pExpr);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Generate code that pushes the value of every element of the given
+** expression list into a sequence of registers beginning at target.
+**
+** Return the number of elements evaluated.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pList,   /* The expression list to be coded */
+  int target,        /* Where to write results */
+  int doHardCopy     /* Make a hard copy of every element */
+){
+  struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+  int i, n;
+  assert( pList!=0 );
+  assert( target>0 );
+  assert( pParse->pVdbe!=0 );  /* Never gets this far otherwise */
+  n = pList->nExpr;
+  for(pItem=pList->a, i=0; i<n; i++, pItem++){
+    Expr *pExpr = pItem->pExpr;
+    int inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
+    if( inReg!=target+i ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, doHardCopy ? OP_Copy : OP_SCopy,
+                        inReg, target+i);
+    }
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code for a BETWEEN operator.
+**
+**    x BETWEEN y AND z
+**
+** The above is equivalent to 
+**
+**    x>=y AND x<=z
+**
+** Code it as such, taking care to do the common subexpression
+** elementation of x.
+*/
+static void exprCodeBetween(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  Expr *pExpr,      /* The BETWEEN expression */
+  int dest,         /* Jump here if the jump is taken */
+  int jumpIfTrue,   /* Take the jump if the BETWEEN is true */
+  int jumpIfNull    /* Take the jump if the BETWEEN is NULL */
+){
+  Expr exprAnd;     /* The AND operator in  x>=y AND x<=z  */
+  Expr compLeft;    /* The  x>=y  term */
+  Expr compRight;   /* The  x<=z  term */
+  Expr exprX;       /* The  x  subexpression */
+  int regFree1 = 0; /* Temporary use register */
+
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+  exprX = *pExpr->pLeft;
+  exprAnd.op = TK_AND;
+  exprAnd.pLeft = &compLeft;
+  exprAnd.pRight = &compRight;
+  compLeft.op = TK_GE;
+  compLeft.pLeft = &exprX;
+  compLeft.pRight = pExpr->x.pList->a[0].pExpr;
+  compRight.op = TK_LE;
+  compRight.pLeft = &exprX;
+  compRight.pRight = pExpr->x.pList->a[1].pExpr;
+  exprX.iTable = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, &exprX, &regFree1);
+  exprX.op = TK_REGISTER;
+  if( jumpIfTrue ){
+    sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, &exprAnd, dest, jumpIfNull);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, &exprAnd, dest, jumpIfNull);
+  }
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree1);
+
+  /* Ensure adequate test coverage */
+  testcase( jumpIfTrue==0 && jumpIfNull==0 && regFree1==0 );
+  testcase( jumpIfTrue==0 && jumpIfNull==0 && regFree1!=0 );
+  testcase( jumpIfTrue==0 && jumpIfNull!=0 && regFree1==0 );
+  testcase( jumpIfTrue==0 && jumpIfNull!=0 && regFree1!=0 );
+  testcase( jumpIfTrue!=0 && jumpIfNull==0 && regFree1==0 );
+  testcase( jumpIfTrue!=0 && jumpIfNull==0 && regFree1!=0 );
+  testcase( jumpIfTrue!=0 && jumpIfNull!=0 && regFree1==0 );
+  testcase( jumpIfTrue!=0 && jumpIfNull!=0 && regFree1!=0 );
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code for a boolean expression such that a jump is made
+** to the label "dest" if the expression is true but execution
+** continues straight thru if the expression is false.
+**
+** If the expression evaluates to NULL (neither true nor false), then
+** take the jump if the jumpIfNull flag is SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL.
+**
+** This code depends on the fact that certain token values (ex: TK_EQ)
+** are the same as opcode values (ex: OP_Eq) that implement the corresponding
+** operation.  Special comments in vdbe.c and the mkopcodeh.awk script in
+** the make process cause these values to align.  Assert()s in the code
+** below verify that the numbers are aligned correctly.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfTrue(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int dest, int jumpIfNull){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int op = 0;
+  int regFree1 = 0;
+  int regFree2 = 0;
+  int r1, r2;
+
+  assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
+  if( NEVER(v==0) )     return;  /* Existance of VDBE checked by caller */
+  if( NEVER(pExpr==0) ) return;  /* No way this can happen */
+  op = pExpr->op;
+  switch( op ){
+    case TK_AND: {
+      int d2 = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, d2,jumpIfNull^SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, d2);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_OR: {
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_NOT: {
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_LT:
+    case TK_LE:
+    case TK_GT:
+    case TK_GE:
+    case TK_NE:
+    case TK_EQ: {
+      assert( TK_LT==OP_Lt );
+      assert( TK_LE==OP_Le );
+      assert( TK_GT==OP_Gt );
+      assert( TK_GE==OP_Ge );
+      assert( TK_EQ==OP_Eq );
+      assert( TK_NE==OP_Ne );
+      testcase( op==TK_LT );
+      testcase( op==TK_LE );
+      testcase( op==TK_GT );
+      testcase( op==TK_GE );
+      testcase( op==TK_EQ );
+      testcase( op==TK_NE );
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
+      codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
+                  r1, r2, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_IS:
+    case TK_ISNOT: {
+      testcase( op==TK_IS );
+      testcase( op==TK_ISNOT );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
+      op = (op==TK_IS) ? TK_EQ : TK_NE;
+      codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
+                  r1, r2, dest, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_ISNULL:
+    case TK_NOTNULL: {
+      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );
+      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull );
+      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
+      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, r1, dest);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_BETWEEN: {
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      exprCodeBetween(pParse, pExpr, dest, 1, jumpIfNull);
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+    case TK_IN: {
+      int destIfFalse = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      int destIfNull = jumpIfNull ? dest : destIfFalse;
+      sqlite3ExprCodeIN(pParse, pExpr, destIfFalse, destIfNull);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, dest);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, destIfFalse);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+    default: {
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_If, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree1);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree2);  
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code for a boolean expression such that a jump is made
+** to the label "dest" if the expression is false but execution
+** continues straight thru if the expression is true.
+**
+** If the expression evaluates to NULL (neither true nor false) then
+** jump if jumpIfNull is SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL or fall through if jumpIfNull
+** is 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfFalse(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int dest, int jumpIfNull){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int op = 0;
+  int regFree1 = 0;
+  int regFree2 = 0;
+  int r1, r2;
+
+  assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
+  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return; /* Existance of VDBE checked by caller */
+  if( pExpr==0 )    return;
+
+  /* The value of pExpr->op and op are related as follows:
+  **
+  **       pExpr->op            op
+  **       ---------          ----------
+  **       TK_ISNULL          OP_NotNull
+  **       TK_NOTNULL         OP_IsNull
+  **       TK_NE              OP_Eq
+  **       TK_EQ              OP_Ne
+  **       TK_GT              OP_Le
+  **       TK_LE              OP_Gt
+  **       TK_GE              OP_Lt
+  **       TK_LT              OP_Ge
+  **
+  ** For other values of pExpr->op, op is undefined and unused.
+  ** The value of TK_ and OP_ constants are arranged such that we
+  ** can compute the mapping above using the following expression.
+  ** Assert()s verify that the computation is correct.
+  */
+  op = ((pExpr->op+(TK_ISNULL&1))^1)-(TK_ISNULL&1);
+
+  /* Verify correct alignment of TK_ and OP_ constants
+  */
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_ISNULL || op==OP_NotNull );
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_NOTNULL || op==OP_IsNull );
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_NE || op==OP_Eq );
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_EQ || op==OP_Ne );
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_LT || op==OP_Ge );
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_LE || op==OP_Gt );
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_GT || op==OP_Le );
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_GE || op==OP_Lt );
+
+  switch( pExpr->op ){
+    case TK_AND: {
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_OR: {
+      int d2 = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+      sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, d2, jumpIfNull^SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, d2);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_NOT: {
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_LT:
+    case TK_LE:
+    case TK_GT:
+    case TK_GE:
+    case TK_NE:
+    case TK_EQ: {
+      testcase( op==TK_LT );
+      testcase( op==TK_LE );
+      testcase( op==TK_GT );
+      testcase( op==TK_GE );
+      testcase( op==TK_EQ );
+      testcase( op==TK_NE );
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
+      codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
+                  r1, r2, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_IS:
+    case TK_ISNOT: {
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_IS );
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
+      op = (pExpr->op==TK_IS) ? TK_NE : TK_EQ;
+      codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
+                  r1, r2, dest, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( regFree2==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_ISNULL:
+    case TK_NOTNULL: {
+      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
+      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, r1, dest);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_BETWEEN: {
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      exprCodeBetween(pParse, pExpr, dest, 0, jumpIfNull);
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+    case TK_IN: {
+      if( jumpIfNull ){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeIN(pParse, pExpr, dest, dest);
+      }else{
+        int destIfNull = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+        sqlite3ExprCodeIN(pParse, pExpr, dest, destIfNull);
+        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, destIfNull);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+    default: {
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfNot, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
+      testcase( regFree1==0 );
+      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree1);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree2);
+}
+
+/*
+** Do a deep comparison of two expression trees.  Return 0 if the two
+** expressions are completely identical.  Return 1 if they differ only
+** by a COLLATE operator at the top level.  Return 2 if there are differences
+** other than the top-level COLLATE operator.
+**
+** Sometimes this routine will return 2 even if the two expressions
+** really are equivalent.  If we cannot prove that the expressions are
+** identical, we return 2 just to be safe.  So if this routine
+** returns 2, then you do not really know for certain if the two
+** expressions are the same.  But if you get a 0 or 1 return, then you
+** can be sure the expressions are the same.  In the places where
+** this routine is used, it does not hurt to get an extra 2 - that
+** just might result in some slightly slower code.  But returning
+** an incorrect 0 or 1 could lead to a malfunction.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr *pA, Expr *pB){
+  if( pA==0||pB==0 ){
+    return pB==pA ? 0 : 2;
+  }
+  assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pA, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+  assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pB, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+  if( ExprHasProperty(pA, EP_xIsSelect) || ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+    return 2;
+  }
+  if( (pA->flags & EP_Distinct)!=(pB->flags & EP_Distinct) ) return 2;
+  if( pA->op!=pB->op ) return 2;
+  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pLeft, pB->pLeft) ) return 2;
+  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pRight, pB->pRight) ) return 2;
+  if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(pA->x.pList, pB->x.pList) ) return 2;
+  if( pA->iTable!=pB->iTable || pA->iColumn!=pB->iColumn ) return 2;
+  if( ExprHasProperty(pA, EP_IntValue) ){
+    if( !ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_IntValue) || pA->u.iValue!=pB->u.iValue ){
+      return 2;
+    }
+  }else if( pA->op!=TK_COLUMN && pA->u.zToken ){
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_IntValue) || NEVER(pB->u.zToken==0) ) return 2;
+    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pA->u.zToken,pB->u.zToken)!=0 ){
+      return 2;
+    }
+  }
+  if( (pA->flags & EP_ExpCollate)!=(pB->flags & EP_ExpCollate) ) return 1;
+  if( (pA->flags & EP_ExpCollate)!=0 && pA->pColl!=pB->pColl ) return 2;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare two ExprList objects.  Return 0 if they are identical and 
+** non-zero if they differ in any way.
+**
+** This routine might return non-zero for equivalent ExprLists.  The
+** only consequence will be disabled optimizations.  But this routine
+** must never return 0 if the two ExprList objects are different, or
+** a malfunction will result.
+**
+** Two NULL pointers are considered to be the same.  But a NULL pointer
+** always differs from a non-NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList *pA, ExprList *pB){
+  int i;
+  if( pA==0 && pB==0 ) return 0;
+  if( pA==0 || pB==0 ) return 1;
+  if( pA->nExpr!=pB->nExpr ) return 1;
+  for(i=0; i<pA->nExpr; i++){
+    Expr *pExprA = pA->a[i].pExpr;
+    Expr *pExprB = pB->a[i].pExpr;
+    if( pA->a[i].sortOrder!=pB->a[i].sortOrder ) return 1;
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pExprA, pExprB) ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a new element to the pAggInfo->aCol[] array.  Return the index of
+** the new element.  Return a negative number if malloc fails.
+*/
+static int addAggInfoColumn(sqlite3 *db, AggInfo *pInfo){
+  int i;
+  pInfo->aCol = sqlite3ArrayAllocate(
+       db,
+       pInfo->aCol,
+       sizeof(pInfo->aCol[0]),
+       3,
+       &pInfo->nColumn,
+       &pInfo->nColumnAlloc,
+       &i
+  );
+  return i;
+}    
+
+/*
+** Add a new element to the pAggInfo->aFunc[] array.  Return the index of
+** the new element.  Return a negative number if malloc fails.
+*/
+static int addAggInfoFunc(sqlite3 *db, AggInfo *pInfo){
+  int i;
+  pInfo->aFunc = sqlite3ArrayAllocate(
+       db, 
+       pInfo->aFunc,
+       sizeof(pInfo->aFunc[0]),
+       3,
+       &pInfo->nFunc,
+       &pInfo->nFuncAlloc,
+       &i
+  );
+  return i;
+}    
+
+/*
+** This is the xExprCallback for a tree walker.  It is used to
+** implement sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates().  See sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates
+** for additional information.
+*/
+static int analyzeAggregate(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
+  int i;
+  NameContext *pNC = pWalker->u.pNC;
+  Parse *pParse = pNC->pParse;
+  SrcList *pSrcList = pNC->pSrcList;
+  AggInfo *pAggInfo = pNC->pAggInfo;
+
+  switch( pExpr->op ){
+    case TK_AGG_COLUMN:
+    case TK_COLUMN: {
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_COLUMN );
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN );
+      /* Check to see if the column is in one of the tables in the FROM
+      ** clause of the aggregate query */
+      if( ALWAYS(pSrcList!=0) ){
+        struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrcList->a;
+        for(i=0; i<pSrcList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
+          struct AggInfo_col *pCol;
+          assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+          if( pExpr->iTable==pItem->iCursor ){
+            /* If we reach this point, it means that pExpr refers to a table
+            ** that is in the FROM clause of the aggregate query.  
+            **
+            ** Make an entry for the column in pAggInfo->aCol[] if there
+            ** is not an entry there already.
+            */
+            int k;
+            pCol = pAggInfo->aCol;
+            for(k=0; k<pAggInfo->nColumn; k++, pCol++){
+              if( pCol->iTable==pExpr->iTable &&
+                  pCol->iColumn==pExpr->iColumn ){
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if( (k>=pAggInfo->nColumn)
+             && (k = addAggInfoColumn(pParse->db, pAggInfo))>=0 
+            ){
+              pCol = &pAggInfo->aCol[k];
+              pCol->pTab = pExpr->pTab;
+              pCol->iTable = pExpr->iTable;
+              pCol->iColumn = pExpr->iColumn;
+              pCol->iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
+              pCol->iSorterColumn = -1;
+              pCol->pExpr = pExpr;
+              if( pAggInfo->pGroupBy ){
+                int j, n;
+                ExprList *pGB = pAggInfo->pGroupBy;
+                struct ExprList_item *pTerm = pGB->a;
+                n = pGB->nExpr;
+                for(j=0; j<n; j++, pTerm++){
+                  Expr *pE = pTerm->pExpr;
+                  if( pE->op==TK_COLUMN && pE->iTable==pExpr->iTable &&
+                      pE->iColumn==pExpr->iColumn ){
+                    pCol->iSorterColumn = j;
+                    break;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+              if( pCol->iSorterColumn<0 ){
+                pCol->iSorterColumn = pAggInfo->nSortingColumn++;
+              }
+            }
+            /* There is now an entry for pExpr in pAggInfo->aCol[] (either
+            ** because it was there before or because we just created it).
+            ** Convert the pExpr to be a TK_AGG_COLUMN referring to that
+            ** pAggInfo->aCol[] entry.
+            */
+            ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+            pExpr->pAggInfo = pAggInfo;
+            pExpr->op = TK_AGG_COLUMN;
+            pExpr->iAgg = (i16)k;
+            break;
+          } /* endif pExpr->iTable==pItem->iCursor */
+        } /* end loop over pSrcList */
+      }
+      return WRC_Prune;
+    }
+    case TK_AGG_FUNCTION: {
+      /* The pNC->nDepth==0 test causes aggregate functions in subqueries
+      ** to be ignored */
+      if( pNC->nDepth==0 ){
+        /* Check to see if pExpr is a duplicate of another aggregate 
+        ** function that is already in the pAggInfo structure
+        */
+        struct AggInfo_func *pItem = pAggInfo->aFunc;
+        for(i=0; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pItem++){
+          if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pItem->pExpr, pExpr)==0 ){
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if( i>=pAggInfo->nFunc ){
+          /* pExpr is original.  Make a new entry in pAggInfo->aFunc[]
+          */
+          u8 enc = ENC(pParse->db);
+          i = addAggInfoFunc(pParse->db, pAggInfo);
+          if( i>=0 ){
+            assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+            pItem = &pAggInfo->aFunc[i];
+            pItem->pExpr = pExpr;
+            pItem->iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
+            assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+            pItem->pFunc = sqlite3FindFunction(pParse->db,
+                   pExpr->u.zToken, sqlite3Strlen30(pExpr->u.zToken),
+                   pExpr->x.pList ? pExpr->x.pList->nExpr : 0, enc, 0);
+            if( pExpr->flags & EP_Distinct ){
+              pItem->iDistinct = pParse->nTab++;
+            }else{
+              pItem->iDistinct = -1;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        /* Make pExpr point to the appropriate pAggInfo->aFunc[] entry
+        */
+        assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+        ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+        pExpr->iAgg = (i16)i;
+        pExpr->pAggInfo = pAggInfo;
+        return WRC_Prune;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+static int analyzeAggregatesInSelect(Walker *pWalker, Select *pSelect){
+  NameContext *pNC = pWalker->u.pNC;
+  if( pNC->nDepth==0 ){
+    pNC->nDepth++;
+    sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pSelect);
+    pNC->nDepth--;
+    return WRC_Prune;
+  }else{
+    return WRC_Continue;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Analyze the given expression looking for aggregate functions and
+** for variables that need to be added to the pParse->aAgg[] array.
+** Make additional entries to the pParse->aAgg[] array as necessary.
+**
+** This routine should only be called after the expression has been
+** analyzed by sqlite3ResolveExprNames().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(NameContext *pNC, Expr *pExpr){
+  Walker w;
+  w.xExprCallback = analyzeAggregate;
+  w.xSelectCallback = analyzeAggregatesInSelect;
+  w.u.pNC = pNC;
+  assert( pNC->pSrcList!=0 );
+  sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, pExpr);
+}
+
+/*
+** Call sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates() for every expression in an
+** expression list.  Return the number of errors.
+**
+** If an error is found, the analysis is cut short.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(NameContext *pNC, ExprList *pList){
+  struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+  int i;
+  if( pList ){
+    for(pItem=pList->a, i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+      sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(pNC, pItem->pExpr);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate a single new register for use to hold some intermediate result.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetTempReg(Parse *pParse){
+  if( pParse->nTempReg==0 ){
+    return ++pParse->nMem;
+  }
+  return pParse->aTempReg[--pParse->nTempReg];
+}
+
+/*
+** Deallocate a register, making available for reuse for some other
+** purpose.
+**
+** If a register is currently being used by the column cache, then
+** the dallocation is deferred until the column cache line that uses
+** the register becomes stale.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(Parse *pParse, int iReg){
+  if( iReg && pParse->nTempReg<ArraySize(pParse->aTempReg) ){
+    int i;
+    struct yColCache *p;
+    for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
+      if( p->iReg==iReg ){
+        p->tempReg = 1;
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    pParse->aTempReg[pParse->nTempReg++] = iReg;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate or deallocate a block of nReg consecutive registers
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetTempRange(Parse *pParse, int nReg){
+  int i, n;
+  i = pParse->iRangeReg;
+  n = pParse->nRangeReg;
+  if( nReg<=n ){
+    assert( !usedAsColumnCache(pParse, i, i+n-1) );
+    pParse->iRangeReg += nReg;
+    pParse->nRangeReg -= nReg;
+  }else{
+    i = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += nReg;
+  }
+  return i;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(Parse *pParse, int iReg, int nReg){
+  sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(pParse, iReg, nReg);
+  if( nReg>pParse->nRangeReg ){
+    pParse->nRangeReg = nReg;
+    pParse->iRangeReg = iReg;
+  }
+}
+
+/************** End of expr.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file alter.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2005 February 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains C code routines that used to generate VDBE code
+** that implements the ALTER TABLE command.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The code in this file only exists if we are not omitting the
+** ALTER TABLE logic from the build.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
+
+
+/*
+** This function is used by SQL generated to implement the 
+** ALTER TABLE command. The first argument is the text of a CREATE TABLE or
+** CREATE INDEX command. The second is a table name. The table name in 
+** the CREATE TABLE or CREATE INDEX statement is replaced with the third
+** argument and the result returned. Examples:
+**
+** sqlite_rename_table('CREATE TABLE abc(a, b, c)', 'def')
+**     -> 'CREATE TABLE def(a, b, c)'
+**
+** sqlite_rename_table('CREATE INDEX i ON abc(a)', 'def')
+**     -> 'CREATE INDEX i ON def(a, b, c)'
+*/
+static void renameTableFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  unsigned char const *zSql = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  unsigned char const *zTableName = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+
+  int token;
+  Token tname;
+  unsigned char const *zCsr = zSql;
+  int len = 0;
+  char *zRet;
+
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+
+  /* The principle used to locate the table name in the CREATE TABLE 
+  ** statement is that the table name is the first non-space token that
+  ** is immediately followed by a TK_LP or TK_USING token.
+  */
+  if( zSql ){
+    do {
+      if( !*zCsr ){
+        /* Ran out of input before finding an opening bracket. Return NULL. */
+        return;
+      }
+
+      /* Store the token that zCsr points to in tname. */
+      tname.z = (char*)zCsr;
+      tname.n = len;
+
+      /* Advance zCsr to the next token. Store that token type in 'token',
+      ** and its length in 'len' (to be used next iteration of this loop).
+      */
+      do {
+        zCsr += len;
+        len = sqlite3GetToken(zCsr, &token);
+      } while( token==TK_SPACE );
+      assert( len>0 );
+    } while( token!=TK_LP && token!=TK_USING );
+
+    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", ((u8*)tname.z) - zSql, zSql, 
+       zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This C function implements an SQL user function that is used by SQL code
+** generated by the ALTER TABLE ... RENAME command to modify the definition
+** of any foreign key constraints that use the table being renamed as the 
+** parent table. It is passed three arguments:
+**
+**   1) The complete text of the CREATE TABLE statement being modified,
+**   2) The old name of the table being renamed, and
+**   3) The new name of the table being renamed.
+**
+** It returns the new CREATE TABLE statement. For example:
+**
+**   sqlite_rename_parent('CREATE TABLE t1(a REFERENCES t2)', 't2', 't3')
+**       -> 'CREATE TABLE t1(a REFERENCES t3)'
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+static void renameParentFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  char *zOutput = 0;
+  char *zResult;
+  unsigned char const *zInput = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  unsigned char const *zOld = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+  unsigned char const *zNew = sqlite3_value_text(argv[2]);
+
+  unsigned const char *z;         /* Pointer to token */
+  int n;                          /* Length of token z */
+  int token;                      /* Type of token */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  for(z=zInput; *z; z=z+n){
+    n = sqlite3GetToken(z, &token);
+    if( token==TK_REFERENCES ){
+      char *zParent;
+      do {
+        z += n;
+        n = sqlite3GetToken(z, &token);
+      }while( token==TK_SPACE );
+
+      zParent = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, (const char *)z, n);
+      if( zParent==0 ) break;
+      sqlite3Dequote(zParent);
+      if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp((const char *)zOld, zParent) ){
+        char *zOut = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%.*s\"%w\"", 
+            (zOutput?zOutput:""), z-zInput, zInput, (const char *)zNew
+        );
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, zOutput);
+        zOutput = zOut;
+        zInput = &z[n];
+      }
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zParent);
+    }
+  }
+
+  zResult = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%s", (zOutput?zOutput:""), zInput), 
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, zResult, -1, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zOutput);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+/* This function is used by SQL generated to implement the
+** ALTER TABLE command. The first argument is the text of a CREATE TRIGGER 
+** statement. The second is a table name. The table name in the CREATE 
+** TRIGGER statement is replaced with the third argument and the result 
+** returned. This is analagous to renameTableFunc() above, except for CREATE
+** TRIGGER, not CREATE INDEX and CREATE TABLE.
+*/
+static void renameTriggerFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  unsigned char const *zSql = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  unsigned char const *zTableName = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+
+  int token;
+  Token tname;
+  int dist = 3;
+  unsigned char const *zCsr = zSql;
+  int len = 0;
+  char *zRet;
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+
+  /* The principle used to locate the table name in the CREATE TRIGGER 
+  ** statement is that the table name is the first token that is immediatedly
+  ** preceded by either TK_ON or TK_DOT and immediatedly followed by one
+  ** of TK_WHEN, TK_BEGIN or TK_FOR.
+  */
+  if( zSql ){
+    do {
+
+      if( !*zCsr ){
+        /* Ran out of input before finding the table name. Return NULL. */
+        return;
+      }
+
+      /* Store the token that zCsr points to in tname. */
+      tname.z = (char*)zCsr;
+      tname.n = len;
+
+      /* Advance zCsr to the next token. Store that token type in 'token',
+      ** and its length in 'len' (to be used next iteration of this loop).
+      */
+      do {
+        zCsr += len;
+        len = sqlite3GetToken(zCsr, &token);
+      }while( token==TK_SPACE );
+      assert( len>0 );
+
+      /* Variable 'dist' stores the number of tokens read since the most
+      ** recent TK_DOT or TK_ON. This means that when a WHEN, FOR or BEGIN 
+      ** token is read and 'dist' equals 2, the condition stated above
+      ** to be met.
+      **
+      ** Note that ON cannot be a database, table or column name, so
+      ** there is no need to worry about syntax like 
+      ** "CREATE TRIGGER ... ON ON.ON BEGIN ..." etc.
+      */
+      dist++;
+      if( token==TK_DOT || token==TK_ON ){
+        dist = 0;
+      }
+    } while( dist!=2 || (token!=TK_WHEN && token!=TK_FOR && token!=TK_BEGIN) );
+
+    /* Variable tname now contains the token that is the old table-name
+    ** in the CREATE TRIGGER statement.
+    */
+    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", ((u8*)tname.z) - zSql, zSql, 
+       zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+#endif   /* !SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER */
+
+/*
+** Register built-in functions used to help implement ALTER TABLE
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterFunctions(void){
+  static SQLITE_WSD FuncDef aAlterTableFuncs[] = {
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_rename_table,   2, 0, 0, renameTableFunc),
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_rename_trigger, 2, 0, 0, renameTriggerFunc),
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_rename_parent,  3, 0, 0, renameParentFunc),
+#endif
+  };
+  int i;
+  FuncDefHash *pHash = &GLOBAL(FuncDefHash, sqlite3GlobalFunctions);
+  FuncDef *aFunc = (FuncDef*)&GLOBAL(FuncDef, aAlterTableFuncs);
+
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aAlterTableFuncs); i++){
+    sqlite3FuncDefInsert(pHash, &aFunc[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to create the text of expressions of the form:
+**
+**   name=<constant1> OR name=<constant2> OR ...
+**
+** If argument zWhere is NULL, then a pointer string containing the text 
+** "name=<constant>" is returned, where <constant> is the quoted version
+** of the string passed as argument zConstant. The returned buffer is
+** allocated using sqlite3DbMalloc(). It is the responsibility of the
+** caller to ensure that it is eventually freed.
+**
+** If argument zWhere is not NULL, then the string returned is 
+** "<where> OR name=<constant>", where <where> is the contents of zWhere.
+** In this case zWhere is passed to sqlite3DbFree() before returning.
+** 
+*/
+static char *whereOrName(sqlite3 *db, char *zWhere, char *zConstant){
+  char *zNew;
+  if( !zWhere ){
+    zNew = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "name=%Q", zConstant);
+  }else{
+    zNew = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s OR name=%Q", zWhere, zConstant);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zWhere);
+  }
+  return zNew;
+}
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+/*
+** Generate the text of a WHERE expression which can be used to select all
+** tables that have foreign key constraints that refer to table pTab (i.e.
+** constraints for which pTab is the parent table) from the sqlite_master
+** table.
+*/
+static char *whereForeignKeys(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
+  FKey *p;
+  char *zWhere = 0;
+  for(p=sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); p; p=p->pNextTo){
+    zWhere = whereOrName(pParse->db, zWhere, p->pFrom->zName);
+  }
+  return zWhere;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Generate the text of a WHERE expression which can be used to select all
+** temporary triggers on table pTab from the sqlite_temp_master table. If
+** table pTab has no temporary triggers, or is itself stored in the 
+** temporary database, NULL is returned.
+*/
+static char *whereTempTriggers(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
+  Trigger *pTrig;
+  char *zWhere = 0;
+  const Schema *pTempSchema = pParse->db->aDb[1].pSchema; /* Temp db schema */
+
+  /* If the table is not located in the temp-db (in which case NULL is 
+  ** returned, loop through the tables list of triggers. For each trigger
+  ** that is not part of the temp-db schema, add a clause to the WHERE 
+  ** expression being built up in zWhere.
+  */
+  if( pTab->pSchema!=pTempSchema ){
+    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+    for(pTrig=sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pTab); pTrig; pTrig=pTrig->pNext){
+      if( pTrig->pSchema==pTempSchema ){
+        zWhere = whereOrName(db, zWhere, pTrig->zName);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( zWhere ){
+    char *zNew = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "type='trigger' AND (%s)", zWhere);
+    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, zWhere);
+    zWhere = zNew;
+  }
+  return zWhere;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code to drop and reload the internal representation of table
+** pTab from the database, including triggers and temporary triggers.
+** Argument zName is the name of the table in the database schema at
+** the time the generated code is executed. This can be different from
+** pTab->zName if this function is being called to code part of an 
+** "ALTER TABLE RENAME TO" statement.
+*/
+static void reloadTableSchema(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab, const char *zName){
+  Vdbe *v;
+  char *zWhere;
+  int iDb;                   /* Index of database containing pTab */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  Trigger *pTrig;
+#endif
+
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return;
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(pParse->db) );
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+  assert( iDb>=0 );
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  /* Drop any table triggers from the internal schema. */
+  for(pTrig=sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pTab); pTrig; pTrig=pTrig->pNext){
+    int iTrigDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTrig->pSchema);
+    assert( iTrigDb==iDb || iTrigDb==1 );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_DropTrigger, iTrigDb, 0, 0, pTrig->zName, 0);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Drop the table and index from the internal schema.  */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_DropTable, iDb, 0, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+
+  /* Reload the table, index and permanent trigger schemas. */
+  zWhere = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "tbl_name=%Q", zName);
+  if( !zWhere ) return;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb, zWhere);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  /* Now, if the table is not stored in the temp database, reload any temp 
+  ** triggers. Don't use IN(...) in case SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY is defined. 
+  */
+  if( (zWhere=whereTempTriggers(pParse, pTab))!=0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, 1, zWhere);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Parameter zName is the name of a table that is about to be altered
+** (either with ALTER TABLE ... RENAME TO or ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN).
+** If the table is a system table, this function leaves an error message
+** in pParse->zErr (system tables may not be altered) and returns non-zero.
+**
+** Or, if zName is not a system table, zero is returned.
+*/
+static int isSystemTable(Parse *pParse, const char *zName){
+  if( sqlite3Strlen30(zName)>6 && 0==sqlite3StrNICmp(zName, "sqlite_", 7) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s may not be altered", zName);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code to implement the "ALTER TABLE xxx RENAME TO yyy" 
+** command. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterRenameTable(
+  Parse *pParse,            /* Parser context. */
+  SrcList *pSrc,            /* The table to rename. */
+  Token *pName              /* The new table name. */
+){
+  int iDb;                  /* Database that contains the table */
+  char *zDb;                /* Name of database iDb */
+  Table *pTab;              /* Table being renamed */
+  char *zName = 0;          /* NULL-terminated version of pName */ 
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db; /* Database connection */
+  int nTabName;             /* Number of UTF-8 characters in zTabName */
+  const char *zTabName;     /* Original name of the table */
+  Vdbe *v;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  char *zWhere = 0;         /* Where clause to locate temp triggers */
+#endif
+  VTable *pVTab = 0;        /* Non-zero if this is a v-tab with an xRename() */
+  int savedDbFlags;         /* Saved value of db->flags */
+
+  savedDbFlags = db->flags;  
+  if( NEVER(db->mallocFailed) ) goto exit_rename_table;
+  assert( pSrc->nSrc==1 );
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(pParse->db) );
+
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pSrc->a[0].zName, pSrc->a[0].zDatabase);
+  if( !pTab ) goto exit_rename_table;
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+  zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  db->flags |= SQLITE_PreferBuiltin;
+
+  /* Get a NULL terminated version of the new table name. */
+  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName);
+  if( !zName ) goto exit_rename_table;
+
+  /* Check that a table or index named 'zName' does not already exist
+  ** in database iDb. If so, this is an error.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, zDb) || sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, zDb) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+        "there is already another table or index with this name: %s", zName);
+    goto exit_rename_table;
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure it is not a system table being altered, or a reserved name
+  ** that the table is being renamed to.
+  */
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=isSystemTable(pParse, pTab->zName) ){
+    goto exit_rename_table;
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3CheckObjectName(pParse, zName) ){ goto
+    exit_rename_table;
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+  if( pTab->pSelect ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "view %s may not be altered", pTab->zName);
+    goto exit_rename_table;
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  /* Invoke the authorization callback. */
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_ALTER_TABLE, zDb, pTab->zName, 0) ){
+    goto exit_rename_table;
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ){
+    goto exit_rename_table;
+  }
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    pVTab = sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
+    if( pVTab->pVtab->pModule->xRename==0 ){
+      pVTab = 0;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Begin a transaction and code the VerifyCookie for database iDb. 
+  ** Then modify the schema cookie (since the ALTER TABLE modifies the
+  ** schema). Open a statement transaction if the table is a virtual
+  ** table.
+  */
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v==0 ){
+    goto exit_rename_table;
+  }
+  sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, pVTab!=0, iDb);
+  sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+
+  /* If this is a virtual table, invoke the xRename() function if
+  ** one is defined. The xRename() callback will modify the names
+  ** of any resources used by the v-table implementation (including other
+  ** SQLite tables) that are identified by the name of the virtual table.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( pVTab ){
+    int i = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, i, 0, zName, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VRename, i, 0, 0,(const char*)pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+    sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* figure out how many UTF-8 characters are in zName */
+  zTabName = pTab->zName;
+  nTabName = sqlite3Utf8CharLen(zTabName, -1);
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  if( db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys ){
+    /* If foreign-key support is enabled, rewrite the CREATE TABLE 
+    ** statements corresponding to all child tables of foreign key constraints
+    ** for which the renamed table is the parent table.  */
+    if( (zWhere=whereForeignKeys(pParse, pTab))!=0 ){
+      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, 
+          "UPDATE \"%w\".%s SET "
+              "sql = sqlite_rename_parent(sql, %Q, %Q) "
+              "WHERE %s;", zDb, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), zTabName, zName, zWhere);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zWhere);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Modify the sqlite_master table to use the new table name. */
+  sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+      "UPDATE %Q.%s SET "
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+          "sql = sqlite_rename_table(sql, %Q), "
+#else
+          "sql = CASE "
+            "WHEN type = 'trigger' THEN sqlite_rename_trigger(sql, %Q)"
+            "ELSE sqlite_rename_table(sql, %Q) END, "
+#endif
+          "tbl_name = %Q, "
+          "name = CASE "
+            "WHEN type='table' THEN %Q "
+            "WHEN name LIKE 'sqlite_autoindex%%' AND type='index' THEN "
+             "'sqlite_autoindex_' || %Q || substr(name,%d+18) "
+            "ELSE name END "
+      "WHERE tbl_name=%Q AND "
+          "(type='table' OR type='index' OR type='trigger');", 
+      zDb, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), zName, zName, zName, 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+      zName,
+#endif
+      zName, nTabName, zTabName
+  );
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+  /* If the sqlite_sequence table exists in this database, then update 
+  ** it with the new table name.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_sequence", zDb) ){
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+        "UPDATE \"%w\".sqlite_sequence set name = %Q WHERE name = %Q",
+        zDb, zName, pTab->zName);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  /* If there are TEMP triggers on this table, modify the sqlite_temp_master
+  ** table. Don't do this if the table being ALTERed is itself located in
+  ** the temp database.
+  */
+  if( (zWhere=whereTempTriggers(pParse, pTab))!=0 ){
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, 
+        "UPDATE sqlite_temp_master SET "
+            "sql = sqlite_rename_trigger(sql, %Q), "
+            "tbl_name = %Q "
+            "WHERE %s;", zName, zName, zWhere);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zWhere);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  if( db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys ){
+    FKey *p;
+    for(p=sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); p; p=p->pNextTo){
+      Table *pFrom = p->pFrom;
+      if( pFrom!=pTab ){
+        reloadTableSchema(pParse, p->pFrom, pFrom->zName);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Drop and reload the internal table schema. */
+  reloadTableSchema(pParse, pTab, zName);
+
+exit_rename_table:
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pSrc);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
+  db->flags = savedDbFlags;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Generate code to make sure the file format number is at least minFormat.
+** The generated code will increase the file format number if necessary.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MinimumFileFormat(Parse *pParse, int iDb, int minFormat){
+  Vdbe *v;
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  /* The VDBE should have been allocated before this routine is called.
+  ** If that allocation failed, we would have quit before reaching this
+  ** point */
+  if( ALWAYS(v) ){
+    int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    int r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    int j1;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_ReadCookie, iDb, r1, BTREE_FILE_FORMAT);
+    sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, minFormat, r2);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ge, r2, 0, r1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SetCookie, iDb, BTREE_FILE_FORMAT, r2);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r2);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called after an "ALTER TABLE ... ADD" statement
+** has been parsed. Argument pColDef contains the text of the new
+** column definition.
+**
+** The Table structure pParse->pNewTable was extended to include
+** the new column during parsing.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn(Parse *pParse, Token *pColDef){
+  Table *pNew;              /* Copy of pParse->pNewTable */
+  Table *pTab;              /* Table being altered */
+  int iDb;                  /* Database number */
+  const char *zDb;          /* Database name */
+  const char *zTab;         /* Table name */
+  char *zCol;               /* Null-terminated column definition */
+  Column *pCol;             /* The new column */
+  Expr *pDflt;              /* Default value for the new column */
+  sqlite3 *db;              /* The database connection; */
+
+  db = pParse->db;
+  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ) return;
+  pNew = pParse->pNewTable;
+  assert( pNew );
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pNew->pSchema);
+  zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  zTab = &pNew->zName[16];  /* Skip the "sqlite_altertab_" prefix on the name */
+  pCol = &pNew->aCol[pNew->nCol-1];
+  pDflt = pCol->pDflt;
+  pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zTab, zDb);
+  assert( pTab );
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  /* Invoke the authorization callback. */
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_ALTER_TABLE, zDb, pTab->zName, 0) ){
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If the default value for the new column was specified with a 
+  ** literal NULL, then set pDflt to 0. This simplifies checking
+  ** for an SQL NULL default below.
+  */
+  if( pDflt && pDflt->op==TK_NULL ){
+    pDflt = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Check that the new column is not specified as PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE.
+  ** If there is a NOT NULL constraint, then the default value for the
+  ** column must not be NULL.
+  */
+  if( pCol->isPrimKey ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a PRIMARY KEY column");
+    return;
+  }
+  if( pNew->pIndex ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a UNIQUE column");
+    return;
+  }
+  if( (db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys) && pNew->pFKey && pDflt ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+        "Cannot add a REFERENCES column with non-NULL default value");
+    return;
+  }
+  if( pCol->notNull && !pDflt ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+        "Cannot add a NOT NULL column with default value NULL");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Ensure the default expression is something that sqlite3ValueFromExpr()
+  ** can handle (i.e. not CURRENT_TIME etc.)
+  */
+  if( pDflt ){
+    sqlite3_value *pVal;
+    if( sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db, pDflt, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_AFF_NONE, &pVal) ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      return;
+    }
+    if( !pVal ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a column with non-constant default");
+      return;
+    }
+    sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+  }
+
+  /* Modify the CREATE TABLE statement. */
+  zCol = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, (char*)pColDef->z, pColDef->n);
+  if( zCol ){
+    char *zEnd = &zCol[pColDef->n-1];
+    int savedDbFlags = db->flags;
+    while( zEnd>zCol && (*zEnd==';' || sqlite3Isspace(*zEnd)) ){
+      *zEnd-- = '\0';
+    }
+    db->flags |= SQLITE_PreferBuiltin;
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, 
+        "UPDATE \"%w\".%s SET "
+          "sql = substr(sql,1,%d) || ', ' || %Q || substr(sql,%d) "
+        "WHERE type = 'table' AND name = %Q", 
+      zDb, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), pNew->addColOffset, zCol, pNew->addColOffset+1,
+      zTab
+    );
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zCol);
+    db->flags = savedDbFlags;
+  }
+
+  /* If the default value of the new column is NULL, then set the file
+  ** format to 2. If the default value of the new column is not NULL,
+  ** the file format becomes 3.
+  */
+  sqlite3MinimumFileFormat(pParse, iDb, pDflt ? 3 : 2);
+
+  /* Reload the schema of the modified table. */
+  reloadTableSchema(pParse, pTab, pTab->zName);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called by the parser after the table-name in
+** an "ALTER TABLE <table-name> ADD" statement is parsed. Argument 
+** pSrc is the full-name of the table being altered.
+**
+** This routine makes a (partial) copy of the Table structure
+** for the table being altered and sets Parse.pNewTable to point
+** to it. Routines called by the parser as the column definition
+** is parsed (i.e. sqlite3AddColumn()) add the new Column data to 
+** the copy. The copy of the Table structure is deleted by tokenize.c 
+** after parsing is finished.
+**
+** Routine sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn() will be called to complete
+** coding the "ALTER TABLE ... ADD" statement.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pSrc){
+  Table *pNew;
+  Table *pTab;
+  Vdbe *v;
+  int iDb;
+  int i;
+  int nAlloc;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  /* Look up the table being altered. */
+  assert( pParse->pNewTable==0 );
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) goto exit_begin_add_column;
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pSrc->a[0].zName, pSrc->a[0].zDatabase);
+  if( !pTab ) goto exit_begin_add_column;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "virtual tables may not be altered");
+    goto exit_begin_add_column;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Make sure this is not an attempt to ALTER a view. */
+  if( pTab->pSelect ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a column to a view");
+    goto exit_begin_add_column;
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=isSystemTable(pParse, pTab->zName) ){
+    goto exit_begin_add_column;
+  }
+
+  assert( pTab->addColOffset>0 );
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+
+  /* Put a copy of the Table struct in Parse.pNewTable for the
+  ** sqlite3AddColumn() function and friends to modify.  But modify
+  ** the name by adding an "sqlite_altertab_" prefix.  By adding this
+  ** prefix, we insure that the name will not collide with an existing
+  ** table because user table are not allowed to have the "sqlite_"
+  ** prefix on their name.
+  */
+  pNew = (Table*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table));
+  if( !pNew ) goto exit_begin_add_column;
+  pParse->pNewTable = pNew;
+  pNew->nRef = 1;
+  pNew->nCol = pTab->nCol;
+  assert( pNew->nCol>0 );
+  nAlloc = (((pNew->nCol-1)/8)*8)+8;
+  assert( nAlloc>=pNew->nCol && nAlloc%8==0 && nAlloc-pNew->nCol<8 );
+  pNew->aCol = (Column*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Column)*nAlloc);
+  pNew->zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "sqlite_altertab_%s", pTab->zName);
+  if( !pNew->aCol || !pNew->zName ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    goto exit_begin_add_column;
+  }
+  memcpy(pNew->aCol, pTab->aCol, sizeof(Column)*pNew->nCol);
+  for(i=0; i<pNew->nCol; i++){
+    Column *pCol = &pNew->aCol[i];
+    pCol->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pCol->zName);
+    pCol->zColl = 0;
+    pCol->zType = 0;
+    pCol->pDflt = 0;
+    pCol->zDflt = 0;
+  }
+  pNew->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
+  pNew->addColOffset = pTab->addColOffset;
+  pNew->nRef = 1;
+
+  /* Begin a transaction and increment the schema cookie.  */
+  sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( !v ) goto exit_begin_add_column;
+  sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+
+exit_begin_add_column:
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pSrc);
+  return;
+}
+#endif  /* SQLITE_ALTER_TABLE */
+
+/************** End of alter.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file analyze.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2005 July 8
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code associated with the ANALYZE command.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE
+
+/*
+** This routine generates code that opens the sqlite_stat1 table for
+** writing with cursor iStatCur. If the library was built with the
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 macro defined, then the sqlite_stat2 table is
+** opened for writing using cursor (iStatCur+1)
+**
+** If the sqlite_stat1 tables does not previously exist, it is created.
+** Similarly, if the sqlite_stat2 table does not exist and the library
+** is compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 defined, it is created. 
+**
+** Argument zWhere may be a pointer to a buffer containing a table name,
+** or it may be a NULL pointer. If it is not NULL, then all entries in
+** the sqlite_stat1 and (if applicable) sqlite_stat2 tables associated
+** with the named table are deleted. If zWhere==0, then code is generated
+** to delete all stat table entries.
+*/
+static void openStatTable(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  int iDb,                /* The database we are looking in */
+  int iStatCur,           /* Open the sqlite_stat1 table on this cursor */
+  const char *zWhere,     /* Delete entries for this table or index */
+  const char *zWhereType  /* Either "tbl" or "idx" */
+){
+  static const struct {
+    const char *zName;
+    const char *zCols;
+  } aTable[] = {
+    { "sqlite_stat1", "tbl,idx,stat" },
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+    { "sqlite_stat2", "tbl,idx,sampleno,sample" },
+#endif
+  };
+
+  int aRoot[] = {0, 0};
+  u8 aCreateTbl[] = {0, 0};
+
+  int i;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Db *pDb;
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v==0 ) return;
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  assert( sqlite3VdbeDb(v)==db );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aTable); i++){
+    const char *zTab = aTable[i].zName;
+    Table *pStat;
+    if( (pStat = sqlite3FindTable(db, zTab, pDb->zName))==0 ){
+      /* The sqlite_stat[12] table does not exist. Create it. Note that a 
+      ** side-effect of the CREATE TABLE statement is to leave the rootpage 
+      ** of the new table in register pParse->regRoot. This is important 
+      ** because the OpenWrite opcode below will be needing it. */
+      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+          "CREATE TABLE %Q.%s(%s)", pDb->zName, zTab, aTable[i].zCols
+      );
+      aRoot[i] = pParse->regRoot;
+      aCreateTbl[i] = 1;
+    }else{
+      /* The table already exists. If zWhere is not NULL, delete all entries 
+      ** associated with the table zWhere. If zWhere is NULL, delete the
+      ** entire contents of the table. */
+      aRoot[i] = pStat->tnum;
+      sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, aRoot[i], 1, zTab);
+      if( zWhere ){
+        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+           "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE %s=%Q", pDb->zName, zTab, zWhereType, zWhere
+        );
+      }else{
+        /* The sqlite_stat[12] table already exists.  Delete all rows. */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, aRoot[i], iDb);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Open the sqlite_stat[12] tables for writing. */
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aTable); i++){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, iStatCur+i, aRoot[i], iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)3, P4_INT32);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, aCreateTbl[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code to do an analysis of all indices associated with
+** a single table.
+*/
+static void analyzeOneTable(
+  Parse *pParse,   /* Parser context */
+  Table *pTab,     /* Table whose indices are to be analyzed */
+  Index *pOnlyIdx, /* If not NULL, only analyze this one index */
+  int iStatCur,    /* Index of VdbeCursor that writes the sqlite_stat1 table */
+  int iMem         /* Available memory locations begin here */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;    /* Database handle */
+  Index *pIdx;                 /* An index to being analyzed */
+  int iIdxCur;                 /* Cursor open on index being analyzed */
+  Vdbe *v;                     /* The virtual machine being built up */
+  int i;                       /* Loop counter */
+  int topOfLoop;               /* The top of the loop */
+  int endOfLoop;               /* The end of the loop */
+  int jZeroRows = -1;          /* Jump from here if number of rows is zero */
+  int iDb;                     /* Index of database containing pTab */
+  int regTabname = iMem++;     /* Register containing table name */
+  int regIdxname = iMem++;     /* Register containing index name */
+  int regSampleno = iMem++;    /* Register containing next sample number */
+  int regCol = iMem++;         /* Content of a column analyzed table */
+  int regRec = iMem++;         /* Register holding completed record */
+  int regTemp = iMem++;        /* Temporary use register */
+  int regRowid = iMem++;       /* Rowid for the inserted record */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+  int addr = 0;                /* Instruction address */
+  int regTemp2 = iMem++;       /* Temporary use register */
+  int regSamplerecno = iMem++; /* Index of next sample to record */
+  int regRecno = iMem++;       /* Current sample index */
+  int regLast = iMem++;        /* Index of last sample to record */
+  int regFirst = iMem++;       /* Index of first sample to record */
+#endif
+
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v==0 || NEVER(pTab==0) ){
+    return;
+  }
+  if( pTab->tnum==0 ){
+    /* Do not gather statistics on views or virtual tables */
+    return;
+  }
+  if( memcmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
+    /* Do not gather statistics on system tables */
+    return;
+  }
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+  assert( iDb>=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_ANALYZE, pTab->zName, 0,
+      db->aDb[iDb].zName ) ){
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Establish a read-lock on the table at the shared-cache level. */
+  sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
+
+  iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regTabname, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    int nCol;
+    KeyInfo *pKey;
+
+    if( pOnlyIdx && pOnlyIdx!=pIdx ) continue;
+    nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
+    if( iMem+1+(nCol*2)>pParse->nMem ){
+      pParse->nMem = iMem+1+(nCol*2);
+    }
+
+    /* Open a cursor to the index to be analyzed. */
+    assert( iDb==sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIdx->pSchema) );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
+        (char *)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
+
+    /* Populate the register containing the index name. */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regIdxname, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+
+    /* If this iteration of the loop is generating code to analyze the
+    ** first index in the pTab->pIndex list, then register regLast has
+    ** not been populated. In this case populate it now.  */
+    if( pTab->pIndex==pIdx ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES, regSamplerecno);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES*2-1, regTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES*2, regTemp2);
+
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regLast);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regFirst);
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Lt, regSamplerecno, 0, regLast);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide, regTemp2, regLast, regFirst);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Multiply, regLast, regTemp, regLast);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regLast, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES*2-2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide,  regTemp2, regLast, regLast);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+    }
+
+    /* Zero the regSampleno and regRecno registers. */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regSampleno);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regRecno);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, regFirst, regSamplerecno);
+#endif
+
+    /* The block of memory cells initialized here is used as follows.
+    **
+    **    iMem:                
+    **        The total number of rows in the table.
+    **
+    **    iMem+1 .. iMem+nCol: 
+    **        Number of distinct entries in index considering the 
+    **        left-most N columns only, where N is between 1 and nCol, 
+    **        inclusive.
+    **
+    **    iMem+nCol+1 .. Mem+2*nCol:  
+    **        Previous value of indexed columns, from left to right.
+    **
+    ** Cells iMem through iMem+nCol are initialized to 0. The others are 
+    ** initialized to contain an SQL NULL.
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<=nCol; i++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iMem+i);
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iMem+nCol+i+1);
+    }
+
+    /* Start the analysis loop. This loop runs through all the entries in
+    ** the index b-tree.  */
+    endOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iIdxCur, endOfLoop);
+    topOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iMem, 1);
+
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      CollSeq *pColl;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regCol);
+      if( i==0 ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+        /* Check if the record that cursor iIdxCur points to contains a
+        ** value that should be stored in the sqlite_stat2 table. If so,
+        ** store it.  */
+        int ne = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, regRecno, 0, regSamplerecno);
+        assert( regTabname+1==regIdxname 
+             && regTabname+2==regSampleno
+             && regTabname+3==regCol
+        );
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 4, regRec, "aaab", 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur+1, regRowid);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur+1, regRec, regRowid);
+
+        /* Calculate new values for regSamplerecno and regSampleno.
+        **
+        **   sampleno = sampleno + 1
+        **   samplerecno = samplerecno+(remaining records)/(remaining samples)
+        */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regSampleno, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Subtract, regRecno, regLast, regTemp);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regTemp, -1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES, regTemp2);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Subtract, regSampleno, regTemp2, regTemp2);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide, regTemp2, regTemp, regTemp);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, regSamplerecno, regTemp, regSamplerecno);
+
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, ne);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regRecno, 1);
+#endif
+
+        /* Always record the very first row */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, iMem+1);
+      }
+      assert( pIdx->azColl!=0 );
+      assert( pIdx->azColl[i]!=0 );
+      pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pIdx->azColl[i]);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, regCol, 0, iMem+nCol+i+1,
+                       (char*)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+    }
+    if( db->mallocFailed ){
+      /* If a malloc failure has occurred, then the result of the expression 
+      ** passed as the second argument to the call to sqlite3VdbeJumpHere() 
+      ** below may be negative. Which causes an assert() to fail (or an
+      ** out-of-bounds write if SQLITE_DEBUG is not defined).  */
+      return;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, endOfLoop);
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      int addr2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) - (nCol*2);
+      if( i==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2-1);  /* Set jump dest for the OP_IfNot */
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);      /* Set jump dest for the OP_Ne */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iMem+i+1, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, iMem+nCol+i+1);
+    }
+
+    /* End of the analysis loop. */
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endOfLoop);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur, topOfLoop);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur);
+
+    /* Store the results in sqlite_stat1.
+    **
+    ** The result is a single row of the sqlite_stat1 table.  The first
+    ** two columns are the names of the table and index.  The third column
+    ** is a string composed of a list of integer statistics about the
+    ** index.  The first integer in the list is the total number of entries
+    ** in the index.  There is one additional integer in the list for each
+    ** column of the table.  This additional integer is a guess of how many
+    ** rows of the table the index will select.  If D is the count of distinct
+    ** values and K is the total number of rows, then the integer is computed
+    ** as:
+    **
+    **        I = (K+D-1)/D
+    **
+    ** If K==0 then no entry is made into the sqlite_stat1 table.  
+    ** If K>0 then it is always the case the D>0 so division by zero
+    ** is never possible.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, iMem, regSampleno);
+    if( jZeroRows<0 ){
+      jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, iMem);
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regTemp, 0, " ", 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regSampleno, regSampleno);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, iMem, iMem+i+1, regTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regTemp, -1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide, iMem+i+1, regTemp, regTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_ToInt, regTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regSampleno, regSampleno);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regRec, "aaa", 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regRec, regRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+  }
+
+  /* If the table has no indices, create a single sqlite_stat1 entry
+  ** containing NULL as the index name and the row count as the content.
+  */
+  if( pTab->pIndex==0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pTab->tnum, iDb);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regSampleno);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur);
+    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regSampleno);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jZeroRows);
+    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regIdxname);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regRec, "aaa", 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regRowid);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regRec, regRowid);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+  if( pParse->nMem<regRec ) pParse->nMem = regRec;
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jZeroRows);
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will cause the most recent index analysis to
+** be loaded into internal hash tables where is can be used.
+*/
+static void loadAnalysis(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_LoadAnalysis, iDb);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will do an analysis of an entire database
+*/
+static void analyzeDatabase(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Schema *pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;    /* Schema of database iDb */
+  HashElem *k;
+  int iStatCur;
+  int iMem;
+
+  sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+  iStatCur = pParse->nTab;
+  pParse->nTab += 2;
+  openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, 0, 0);
+  iMem = pParse->nMem+1;
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->tblHash); k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
+    Table *pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
+    analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, 0, iStatCur, iMem);
+  }
+  loadAnalysis(pParse, iDb);
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will do an analysis of a single table in
+** a database.  If pOnlyIdx is not NULL then it is a single index
+** in pTab that should be analyzed.
+*/
+static void analyzeTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab, Index *pOnlyIdx){
+  int iDb;
+  int iStatCur;
+
+  assert( pTab!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(pParse->db) );
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+  sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+  iStatCur = pParse->nTab;
+  pParse->nTab += 2;
+  if( pOnlyIdx ){
+    openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, pOnlyIdx->zName, "idx");
+  }else{
+    openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, pTab->zName, "tbl");
+  }
+  analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, pOnlyIdx, iStatCur, pParse->nMem+1);
+  loadAnalysis(pParse, iDb);
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code for the ANALYZE command.  The parser calls this routine
+** when it recognizes an ANALYZE command.
+**
+**        ANALYZE                            -- 1
+**        ANALYZE  <database>                -- 2
+**        ANALYZE  ?<database>.?<tablename>  -- 3
+**
+** Form 1 causes all indices in all attached databases to be analyzed.
+** Form 2 analyzes all indices the single database named.
+** Form 3 analyzes all indices associated with the named table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Analyze(Parse *pParse, Token *pName1, Token *pName2){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int iDb;
+  int i;
+  char *z, *zDb;
+  Table *pTab;
+  Index *pIdx;
+  Token *pTableName;
+
+  /* Read the database schema. If an error occurs, leave an error message
+  ** and code in pParse and return NULL. */
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(pParse->db) );
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+    return;
+  }
+
+  assert( pName2!=0 || pName1==0 );
+  if( pName1==0 ){
+    /* Form 1:  Analyze everything */
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+      if( i==1 ) continue;  /* Do not analyze the TEMP database */
+      analyzeDatabase(pParse, i);
+    }
+  }else if( pName2->n==0 ){
+    /* Form 2:  Analyze the database or table named */
+    iDb = sqlite3FindDb(db, pName1);
+    if( iDb>=0 ){
+      analyzeDatabase(pParse, iDb);
+    }else{
+      z = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName1);
+      if( z ){
+        if( (pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, z, 0))!=0 ){
+          analyzeTable(pParse, pIdx->pTable, pIdx);
+        }else if( (pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, z, 0))!=0 ){
+          analyzeTable(pParse, pTab, 0);
+        }
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* Form 3: Analyze the fully qualified table name */
+    iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pTableName);
+    if( iDb>=0 ){
+      zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+      z = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pTableName);
+      if( z ){
+        if( (pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, z, zDb))!=0 ){
+          analyzeTable(pParse, pIdx->pTable, pIdx);
+        }else if( (pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, z, zDb))!=0 ){
+          analyzeTable(pParse, pTab, 0);
+        }
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
+      }
+    }   
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Used to pass information from the analyzer reader through to the
+** callback routine.
+*/
+typedef struct analysisInfo analysisInfo;
+struct analysisInfo {
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  const char *zDatabase;
+};
+
+/*
+** This callback is invoked once for each index when reading the
+** sqlite_stat1 table.  
+**
+**     argv[0] = name of the table
+**     argv[1] = name of the index (might be NULL)
+**     argv[2] = results of analysis - on integer for each column
+**
+** Entries for which argv[1]==NULL simply record the number of rows in
+** the table.
+*/
+static int analysisLoader(void *pData, int argc, char **argv, char **NotUsed){
+  analysisInfo *pInfo = (analysisInfo*)pData;
+  Index *pIndex;
+  Table *pTable;
+  int i, c, n;
+  unsigned int v;
+  const char *z;
+
+  assert( argc==3 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, argc);
+
+  if( argv==0 || argv[0]==0 || argv[2]==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  pTable = sqlite3FindTable(pInfo->db, argv[0], pInfo->zDatabase);
+  if( pTable==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( argv[1] ){
+    pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(pInfo->db, argv[1], pInfo->zDatabase);
+  }else{
+    pIndex = 0;
+  }
+  n = pIndex ? pIndex->nColumn : 0;
+  z = argv[2];
+  for(i=0; *z && i<=n; i++){
+    v = 0;
+    while( (c=z[0])>='0' && c<='9' ){
+      v = v*10 + c - '0';
+      z++;
+    }
+    if( i==0 ) pTable->nRowEst = v;
+    if( pIndex==0 ) break;
+    pIndex->aiRowEst[i] = v;
+    if( *z==' ' ) z++;
+    if( memcmp(z, "unordered", 10)==0 ){
+      pIndex->bUnordered = 1;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the Index.aSample variable is not NULL, delete the aSample[] array
+** and its contents.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(sqlite3 *db, Index *pIdx){
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+  if( pIdx->aSample ){
+    int j;
+    for(j=0; j<SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES; j++){
+      IndexSample *p = &pIdx->aSample[j];
+      if( p->eType==SQLITE_TEXT || p->eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.z);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx->aSample);
+  }
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pIdx);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Load the content of the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat2 tables. The
+** contents of sqlite_stat1 are used to populate the Index.aiRowEst[]
+** arrays. The contents of sqlite_stat2 are used to populate the
+** Index.aSample[] arrays.
+**
+** If the sqlite_stat1 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR
+** is returned. In this case, even if SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 was defined 
+** during compilation and the sqlite_stat2 table is present, no data is 
+** read from it.
+**
+** If SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 was defined during compilation and the 
+** sqlite_stat2 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR is
+** returned. However, in this case, data is read from the sqlite_stat1
+** table (if it is present) before returning.
+**
+** If an OOM error occurs, this function always sets db->mallocFailed.
+** This means if the caller does not care about other errors, the return
+** code may be ignored.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AnalysisLoad(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
+  analysisInfo sInfo;
+  HashElem *i;
+  char *zSql;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 );
+
+  /* Clear any prior statistics */
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->idxHash);i;i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
+    Index *pIdx = sqliteHashData(i);
+    sqlite3DefaultRowEst(pIdx);
+    sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(db, pIdx);
+    pIdx->aSample = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Check to make sure the sqlite_stat1 table exists */
+  sInfo.db = db;
+  sInfo.zDatabase = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  if( sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat1", sInfo.zDatabase)==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  /* Load new statistics out of the sqlite_stat1 table */
+  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
+      "SELECT tbl, idx, stat FROM %Q.sqlite_stat1", sInfo.zDatabase);
+  if( zSql==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(db, zSql, analysisLoader, &sInfo, 0);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql);
+  }
+
+
+  /* Load the statistics from the sqlite_stat2 table. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat2", sInfo.zDatabase) ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+
+    zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
+        "SELECT idx,sampleno,sample FROM %Q.sqlite_stat2", sInfo.zDatabase);
+    if( !zSql ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql);
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+        char *zIndex;   /* Index name */
+        Index *pIdx;    /* Pointer to the index object */
+
+        zIndex = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
+        pIdx = zIndex ? sqlite3FindIndex(db, zIndex, sInfo.zDatabase) : 0;
+        if( pIdx ){
+          int iSample = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 1);
+          if( iSample<SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES && iSample>=0 ){
+            int eType = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 2);
+
+            if( pIdx->aSample==0 ){
+              static const int sz = sizeof(IndexSample)*SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES;
+              pIdx->aSample = (IndexSample *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, sz);
+              if( pIdx->aSample==0 ){
+                db->mallocFailed = 1;
+                break;
+              }
+	      memset(pIdx->aSample, 0, sz);
+            }
+
+            assert( pIdx->aSample );
+            {
+              IndexSample *pSample = &pIdx->aSample[iSample];
+              pSample->eType = (u8)eType;
+              if( eType==SQLITE_INTEGER || eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
+                pSample->u.r = sqlite3_column_double(pStmt, 2);
+              }else if( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
+                const char *z = (const char *)(
+                    (eType==SQLITE_BLOB) ?
+                    sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 2):
+                    sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 2)
+                );
+                int n = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 2);
+                if( n>24 ){
+                  n = 24;
+                }
+                pSample->nByte = (u8)n;
+                if( n < 1){
+                  pSample->u.z = 0;
+                }else{
+                  pSample->u.z = sqlite3DbStrNDup(0, z, n);
+                  if( pSample->u.z==0 ){
+                    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+                    break;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE */
+
+/************** End of analyze.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file attach.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2003 April 6
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code used to implement the ATTACH and DETACH commands.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ATTACH
+/*
+** Resolve an expression that was part of an ATTACH or DETACH statement. This
+** is slightly different from resolving a normal SQL expression, because simple
+** identifiers are treated as strings, not possible column names or aliases.
+**
+** i.e. if the parser sees:
+**
+**     ATTACH DATABASE abc AS def
+**
+** it treats the two expressions as literal strings 'abc' and 'def' instead of
+** looking for columns of the same name.
+**
+** This only applies to the root node of pExpr, so the statement:
+**
+**     ATTACH DATABASE abc||def AS 'db2'
+**
+** will fail because neither abc or def can be resolved.
+*/
+static int resolveAttachExpr(NameContext *pName, Expr *pExpr)
+{
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pExpr ){
+    if( pExpr->op!=TK_ID ){
+      rc = sqlite3ResolveExprNames(pName, pExpr);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pExpr) ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pName->pParse, "invalid name: \"%s\"", pExpr->u.zToken);
+        return SQLITE_ERROR;
+      }
+    }else{
+      pExpr->op = TK_STRING;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** An SQL user-function registered to do the work of an ATTACH statement. The
+** three arguments to the function come directly from an attach statement:
+**
+**     ATTACH DATABASE x AS y KEY z
+**
+**     SELECT sqlite_attach(x, y, z)
+**
+** If the optional "KEY z" syntax is omitted, an SQL NULL is passed as the
+** third argument.
+*/
+static void attachFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  int i;
+  int rc = 0;
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  const char *zName;
+  const char *zFile;
+  char *zPath = 0;
+  char *zErr = 0;
+  unsigned int flags;
+  Db *aNew;
+  char *zErrDyn = 0;
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+
+  zFile = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  zName = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+  if( zFile==0 ) zFile = "";
+  if( zName==0 ) zName = "";
+
+  /* Check for the following errors:
+  **
+  **     * Too many attached databases,
+  **     * Transaction currently open
+  **     * Specified database name already being used.
+  */
+  if( db->nDb>=db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]+2 ){
+    zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "too many attached databases - max %d", 
+      db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]
+    );
+    goto attach_error;
+  }
+  if( !db->autoCommit ){
+    zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "cannot ATTACH database within transaction");
+    goto attach_error;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    char *z = db->aDb[i].zName;
+    assert( z && zName );
+    if( sqlite3StrICmp(z, zName)==0 ){
+      zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "database %s is already in use", zName);
+      goto attach_error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate the new entry in the db->aDb[] array and initialise the schema
+  ** hash tables.
+  */
+  if( db->aDb==db->aDbStatic ){
+    aNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(db->aDb[0])*3 );
+    if( aNew==0 ) return;
+    memcpy(aNew, db->aDb, sizeof(db->aDb[0])*2);
+  }else{
+    aNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, db->aDb, sizeof(db->aDb[0])*(db->nDb+1) );
+    if( aNew==0 ) return;
+  }
+  db->aDb = aNew;
+  aNew = &db->aDb[db->nDb];
+  memset(aNew, 0, sizeof(*aNew));
+
+  /* Open the database file. If the btree is successfully opened, use
+  ** it to obtain the database schema. At this point the schema may
+  ** or may not be initialised.
+  */
+  flags = db->openFlags;
+  rc = sqlite3ParseUri(db->pVfs->zName, zFile, &flags, &pVfs, &zPath, &zErr);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, zErr, -1);
+    sqlite3_free(zErr);
+    return;
+  }
+  assert( pVfs );
+  flags |= SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(pVfs, zPath, db, &aNew->pBt, 0, flags);
+  sqlite3_free( zPath );
+  db->nDb++;
+  if( rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "database is already attached");
+  }else if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    Pager *pPager;
+    aNew->pSchema = sqlite3SchemaGet(db, aNew->pBt);
+    if( !aNew->pSchema ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else if( aNew->pSchema->file_format && aNew->pSchema->enc!=ENC(db) ){
+      zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
+        "attached databases must use the same text encoding as main database");
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(aNew->pBt);
+    sqlite3PagerLockingMode(pPager, db->dfltLockMode);
+    sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(aNew->pBt,
+                             sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(db->aDb[0].pBt,-1) );
+  }
+  aNew->safety_level = 3;
+  aNew->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zName);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && aNew->zName==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    extern int sqlite3CodecAttach(sqlite3*, int, const void*, int);
+    extern void sqlite3CodecGetKey(sqlite3*, int, void**, int*);
+    int nKey;
+    char *zKey;
+    int t = sqlite3_value_type(argv[2]);
+    switch( t ){
+      case SQLITE_INTEGER:
+      case SQLITE_FLOAT:
+        zErrDyn = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, "Invalid key value");
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        break;
+        
+      case SQLITE_TEXT:
+      case SQLITE_BLOB:
+        nKey = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[2]);
+        zKey = (char *)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[2]);
+        rc = sqlite3CodecAttach(db, db->nDb-1, zKey, nKey);
+        break;
+
+      case SQLITE_NULL:
+        /* No key specified.  Use the key from the main database */
+        sqlite3CodecGetKey(db, 0, (void**)&zKey, &nKey);
+        if( nKey>0 || sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(db->aDb[0].pBt)>0 ){
+          rc = sqlite3CodecAttach(db, db->nDb-1, zKey, nKey);
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If the file was opened successfully, read the schema for the new database.
+  ** If this fails, or if opening the file failed, then close the file and 
+  ** remove the entry from the db->aDb[] array. i.e. put everything back the way
+  ** we found it.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+    rc = sqlite3Init(db, &zErrDyn);
+    sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+  }
+  if( rc ){
+    int iDb = db->nDb - 1;
+    assert( iDb>=2 );
+    if( db->aDb[iDb].pBt ){
+      sqlite3BtreeClose(db->aDb[iDb].pBt);
+      db->aDb[iDb].pBt = 0;
+      db->aDb[iDb].pSchema = 0;
+    }
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+    db->nDb = iDb;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zErrDyn);
+      zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "out of memory");
+    }else if( zErrDyn==0 ){
+      zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "unable to open database: %s", zFile);
+    }
+    goto attach_error;
+  }
+  
+  return;
+
+attach_error:
+  /* Return an error if we get here */
+  if( zErrDyn ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, zErrDyn, -1);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zErrDyn);
+  }
+  if( rc ) sqlite3_result_error_code(context, rc);
+}
+
+/*
+** An SQL user-function registered to do the work of an DETACH statement. The
+** three arguments to the function come directly from a detach statement:
+**
+**     DETACH DATABASE x
+**
+**     SELECT sqlite_detach(x)
+*/
+static void detachFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const char *zName = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  int i;
+  Db *pDb = 0;
+  char zErr[128];
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+
+  if( zName==0 ) zName = "";
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    pDb = &db->aDb[i];
+    if( pDb->pBt==0 ) continue;
+    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pDb->zName, zName)==0 ) break;
+  }
+
+  if( i>=db->nDb ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zErr),zErr, "no such database: %s", zName);
+    goto detach_error;
+  }
+  if( i<2 ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zErr),zErr, "cannot detach database %s", zName);
+    goto detach_error;
+  }
+  if( !db->autoCommit ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zErr), zErr,
+                     "cannot DETACH database within transaction");
+    goto detach_error;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3BtreeIsInReadTrans(pDb->pBt) || sqlite3BtreeIsInBackup(pDb->pBt) ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zErr),zErr, "database %s is locked", zName);
+    goto detach_error;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3BtreeClose(pDb->pBt);
+  pDb->pBt = 0;
+  pDb->pSchema = 0;
+  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  return;
+
+detach_error:
+  sqlite3_result_error(context, zErr, -1);
+}
+
+/*
+** This procedure generates VDBE code for a single invocation of either the
+** sqlite_detach() or sqlite_attach() SQL user functions.
+*/
+static void codeAttach(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* The parser context */
+  int type,            /* Either SQLITE_ATTACH or SQLITE_DETACH */
+  FuncDef const *pFunc,/* FuncDef wrapper for detachFunc() or attachFunc() */
+  Expr *pAuthArg,      /* Expression to pass to authorization callback */
+  Expr *pFilename,     /* Name of database file */
+  Expr *pDbname,       /* Name of the database to use internally */
+  Expr *pKey           /* Database key for encryption extension */
+){
+  int rc;
+  NameContext sName;
+  Vdbe *v;
+  sqlite3* db = pParse->db;
+  int regArgs;
+
+  memset(&sName, 0, sizeof(NameContext));
+  sName.pParse = pParse;
+
+  if( 
+      SQLITE_OK!=(rc = resolveAttachExpr(&sName, pFilename)) ||
+      SQLITE_OK!=(rc = resolveAttachExpr(&sName, pDbname)) ||
+      SQLITE_OK!=(rc = resolveAttachExpr(&sName, pKey))
+  ){
+    pParse->nErr++;
+    goto attach_end;
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  if( pAuthArg ){
+    char *zAuthArg;
+    if( pAuthArg->op==TK_STRING ){
+      zAuthArg = pAuthArg->u.zToken;
+    }else{
+      zAuthArg = 0;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, type, zAuthArg, 0, 0);
+    if(rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto attach_end;
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION */
+
+
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  regArgs = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, 4);
+  sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFilename, regArgs);
+  sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pDbname, regArgs+1);
+  sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pKey, regArgs+2);
+
+  assert( v || db->mallocFailed );
+  if( v ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Function, 0, regArgs+3-pFunc->nArg, regArgs+3);
+    assert( pFunc->nArg==-1 || (pFunc->nArg&0xff)==pFunc->nArg );
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, (u8)(pFunc->nArg));
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)pFunc, P4_FUNCDEF);
+
+    /* Code an OP_Expire. For an ATTACH statement, set P1 to true (expire this
+    ** statement only). For DETACH, set it to false (expire all existing
+    ** statements).
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Expire, (type==SQLITE_ATTACH));
+  }
+  
+attach_end:
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pFilename);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pDbname);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pKey);
+}
+
+/*
+** Called by the parser to compile a DETACH statement.
+**
+**     DETACH pDbname
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse *pParse, Expr *pDbname){
+  static const FuncDef detach_func = {
+    1,                /* nArg */
+    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
+    0,                /* flags */
+    0,                /* pUserData */
+    0,                /* pNext */
+    detachFunc,       /* xFunc */
+    0,                /* xStep */
+    0,                /* xFinalize */
+    "sqlite_detach",  /* zName */
+    0,                /* pHash */
+    0                 /* pDestructor */
+  };
+  codeAttach(pParse, SQLITE_DETACH, &detach_func, pDbname, 0, 0, pDbname);
+}
+
+/*
+** Called by the parser to compile an ATTACH statement.
+**
+**     ATTACH p AS pDbname KEY pKey
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse *pParse, Expr *p, Expr *pDbname, Expr *pKey){
+  static const FuncDef attach_func = {
+    3,                /* nArg */
+    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
+    0,                /* flags */
+    0,                /* pUserData */
+    0,                /* pNext */
+    attachFunc,       /* xFunc */
+    0,                /* xStep */
+    0,                /* xFinalize */
+    "sqlite_attach",  /* zName */
+    0,                /* pHash */
+    0                 /* pDestructor */
+  };
+  codeAttach(pParse, SQLITE_ATTACH, &attach_func, p, p, pDbname, pKey);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_ATTACH */
+
+/*
+** Initialize a DbFixer structure.  This routine must be called prior
+** to passing the structure to one of the sqliteFixAAAA() routines below.
+**
+** The return value indicates whether or not fixation is required.  TRUE
+** means we do need to fix the database references, FALSE means we do not.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixInit(
+  DbFixer *pFix,      /* The fixer to be initialized */
+  Parse *pParse,      /* Error messages will be written here */
+  int iDb,            /* This is the database that must be used */
+  const char *zType,  /* "view", "trigger", or "index" */
+  const Token *pName  /* Name of the view, trigger, or index */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+
+  if( NEVER(iDb<0) || iDb==1 ) return 0;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  assert( db->nDb>iDb );
+  pFix->pParse = pParse;
+  pFix->zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  pFix->zType = zType;
+  pFix->pName = pName;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** The following set of routines walk through the parse tree and assign
+** a specific database to all table references where the database name
+** was left unspecified in the original SQL statement.  The pFix structure
+** must have been initialized by a prior call to sqlite3FixInit().
+**
+** These routines are used to make sure that an index, trigger, or
+** view in one database does not refer to objects in a different database.
+** (Exception: indices, triggers, and views in the TEMP database are
+** allowed to refer to anything.)  If a reference is explicitly made
+** to an object in a different database, an error message is added to
+** pParse->zErrMsg and these routines return non-zero.  If everything
+** checks out, these routines return 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSrcList(
+  DbFixer *pFix,       /* Context of the fixation */
+  SrcList *pList       /* The Source list to check and modify */
+){
+  int i;
+  const char *zDb;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+
+  if( NEVER(pList==0) ) return 0;
+  zDb = pFix->zDb;
+  for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<pList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
+    if( pItem->zDatabase==0 ){
+      pItem->zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(pFix->pParse->db, zDb);
+    }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(pItem->zDatabase,zDb)!=0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pFix->pParse,
+         "%s %T cannot reference objects in database %s",
+         pFix->zType, pFix->pName, pItem->zDatabase);
+      return 1;
+    }
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+    if( sqlite3FixSelect(pFix, pItem->pSelect) ) return 1;
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pItem->pOn) ) return 1;
+#endif
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSelect(
+  DbFixer *pFix,       /* Context of the fixation */
+  Select *pSelect      /* The SELECT statement to be fixed to one database */
+){
+  while( pSelect ){
+    if( sqlite3FixExprList(pFix, pSelect->pEList) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixSrcList(pFix, pSelect->pSrc) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pWhere) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pHaving) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    pSelect = pSelect->pPrior;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExpr(
+  DbFixer *pFix,     /* Context of the fixation */
+  Expr *pExpr        /* The expression to be fixed to one database */
+){
+  while( pExpr ){
+    if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ) break;
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+      if( sqlite3FixSelect(pFix, pExpr->x.pSelect) ) return 1;
+    }else{
+      if( sqlite3FixExprList(pFix, pExpr->x.pList) ) return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pExpr->pRight) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExprList(
+  DbFixer *pFix,     /* Context of the fixation */
+  ExprList *pList    /* The expression to be fixed to one database */
+){
+  int i;
+  struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+  if( pList==0 ) return 0;
+  for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<pList->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pItem->pExpr) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixTriggerStep(
+  DbFixer *pFix,     /* Context of the fixation */
+  TriggerStep *pStep /* The trigger step be fixed to one database */
+){
+  while( pStep ){
+    if( sqlite3FixSelect(pFix, pStep->pSelect) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pStep->pWhere) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixExprList(pFix, pStep->pExprList) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    pStep = pStep->pNext;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+/************** End of attach.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file auth.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2003 January 11
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code used to implement the sqlite3_set_authorizer()
+** API.  This facility is an optional feature of the library.  Embedded
+** systems that do not need this facility may omit it by recompiling
+** the library with -DSQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION=1
+*/
+
+/*
+** All of the code in this file may be omitted by defining a single
+** macro.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+
+/*
+** Set or clear the access authorization function.
+**
+** The access authorization function is be called during the compilation
+** phase to verify that the user has read and/or write access permission on
+** various fields of the database.  The first argument to the auth function
+** is a copy of the 3rd argument to this routine.  The second argument
+** to the auth function is one of these constants:
+**
+**       SQLITE_CREATE_INDEX
+**       SQLITE_CREATE_TABLE
+**       SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_INDEX
+**       SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TABLE
+**       SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TRIGGER
+**       SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_VIEW
+**       SQLITE_CREATE_TRIGGER
+**       SQLITE_CREATE_VIEW
+**       SQLITE_DELETE
+**       SQLITE_DROP_INDEX
+**       SQLITE_DROP_TABLE
+**       SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_INDEX
+**       SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TABLE
+**       SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TRIGGER
+**       SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_VIEW
+**       SQLITE_DROP_TRIGGER
+**       SQLITE_DROP_VIEW
+**       SQLITE_INSERT
+**       SQLITE_PRAGMA
+**       SQLITE_READ
+**       SQLITE_SELECT
+**       SQLITE_TRANSACTION
+**       SQLITE_UPDATE
+**
+** The third and fourth arguments to the auth function are the name of
+** the table and the column that are being accessed.  The auth function
+** should return either SQLITE_OK, SQLITE_DENY, or SQLITE_IGNORE.  If
+** SQLITE_OK is returned, it means that access is allowed.  SQLITE_DENY
+** means that the SQL statement will never-run - the sqlite3_exec() call
+** will return with an error.  SQLITE_IGNORE means that the SQL statement
+** should run but attempts to read the specified column will return NULL
+** and attempts to write the column will be ignored.
+**
+** Setting the auth function to NULL disables this hook.  The default
+** setting of the auth function is NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_set_authorizer(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  int (*xAuth)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*),
+  void *pArg
+){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  db->xAuth = xAuth;
+  db->pAuthArg = pArg;
+  sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write an error message into pParse->zErrMsg that explains that the
+** user-supplied authorization function returned an illegal value.
+*/
+static void sqliteAuthBadReturnCode(Parse *pParse){
+  sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "authorizer malfunction");
+  pParse->rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke the authorization callback for permission to read column zCol from
+** table zTab in database zDb. This function assumes that an authorization
+** callback has been registered (i.e. that sqlite3.xAuth is not NULL).
+**
+** If SQLITE_IGNORE is returned and pExpr is not NULL, then pExpr is changed
+** to an SQL NULL expression. Otherwise, if pExpr is NULL, then SQLITE_IGNORE
+** is treated as SQLITE_DENY. In this case an error is left in pParse.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AuthReadCol(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* The parser context */
+  const char *zTab,               /* Table name */
+  const char *zCol,               /* Column name */
+  int iDb                         /* Index of containing database. */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database handle */
+  char *zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName; /* Name of attached database */
+  int rc;                         /* Auth callback return code */
+
+  rc = db->xAuth(db->pAuthArg, SQLITE_READ, zTab,zCol,zDb,pParse->zAuthContext);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_DENY ){
+    if( db->nDb>2 || iDb!=0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "access to %s.%s.%s is prohibited",zDb,zTab,zCol);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "access to %s.%s is prohibited", zTab, zCol);
+    }
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_AUTH;
+  }else if( rc!=SQLITE_IGNORE && rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqliteAuthBadReturnCode(pParse);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The pExpr should be a TK_COLUMN expression.  The table referred to
+** is in pTabList or else it is the NEW or OLD table of a trigger.  
+** Check to see if it is OK to read this particular column.
+**
+** If the auth function returns SQLITE_IGNORE, change the TK_COLUMN 
+** instruction into a TK_NULL.  If the auth function returns SQLITE_DENY,
+** then generate an error.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AuthRead(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* The parser context */
+  Expr *pExpr,          /* The expression to check authorization on */
+  Schema *pSchema,      /* The schema of the expression */
+  SrcList *pTabList     /* All table that pExpr might refer to */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Table *pTab = 0;      /* The table being read */
+  const char *zCol;     /* Name of the column of the table */
+  int iSrc;             /* Index in pTabList->a[] of table being read */
+  int iDb;              /* The index of the database the expression refers to */
+  int iCol;             /* Index of column in table */
+
+  if( db->xAuth==0 ) return;
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pSchema);
+  if( iDb<0 ){
+    /* An attempt to read a column out of a subquery or other
+    ** temporary table. */
+    return;
+  }
+
+  assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN || pExpr->op==TK_TRIGGER );
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_TRIGGER ){
+    pTab = pParse->pTriggerTab;
+  }else{
+    assert( pTabList );
+    for(iSrc=0; ALWAYS(iSrc<pTabList->nSrc); iSrc++){
+      if( pExpr->iTable==pTabList->a[iSrc].iCursor ){
+        pTab = pTabList->a[iSrc].pTab;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  iCol = pExpr->iColumn;
+  if( NEVER(pTab==0) ) return;
+
+  if( iCol>=0 ){
+    assert( iCol<pTab->nCol );
+    zCol = pTab->aCol[iCol].zName;
+  }else if( pTab->iPKey>=0 ){
+    assert( pTab->iPKey<pTab->nCol );
+    zCol = pTab->aCol[pTab->iPKey].zName;
+  }else{
+    zCol = "ROWID";
+  }
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  if( SQLITE_IGNORE==sqlite3AuthReadCol(pParse, pTab->zName, zCol, iDb) ){
+    pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Do an authorization check using the code and arguments given.  Return
+** either SQLITE_OK (zero) or SQLITE_IGNORE or SQLITE_DENY.  If SQLITE_DENY
+** is returned, then the error count and error message in pParse are
+** modified appropriately.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AuthCheck(
+  Parse *pParse,
+  int code,
+  const char *zArg1,
+  const char *zArg2,
+  const char *zArg3
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int rc;
+
+  /* Don't do any authorization checks if the database is initialising
+  ** or if the parser is being invoked from within sqlite3_declare_vtab.
+  */
+  if( db->init.busy || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  if( db->xAuth==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  rc = db->xAuth(db->pAuthArg, code, zArg1, zArg2, zArg3, pParse->zAuthContext);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_DENY ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "not authorized");
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_AUTH;
+  }else if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_IGNORE ){
+    rc = SQLITE_DENY;
+    sqliteAuthBadReturnCode(pParse);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Push an authorization context.  After this routine is called, the
+** zArg3 argument to authorization callbacks will be zContext until
+** popped.  Or if pParse==0, this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AuthContextPush(
+  Parse *pParse,
+  AuthContext *pContext, 
+  const char *zContext
+){
+  assert( pParse );
+  pContext->pParse = pParse;
+  pContext->zAuthContext = pParse->zAuthContext;
+  pParse->zAuthContext = zContext;
+}
+
+/*
+** Pop an authorization context that was previously pushed
+** by sqlite3AuthContextPush
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AuthContextPop(AuthContext *pContext){
+  if( pContext->pParse ){
+    pContext->pParse->zAuthContext = pContext->zAuthContext;
+    pContext->pParse = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION */
+
+/************** End of auth.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file build.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains C code routines that are called by the SQLite parser
+** when syntax rules are reduced.  The routines in this file handle the
+** following kinds of SQL syntax:
+**
+**     CREATE TABLE
+**     DROP TABLE
+**     CREATE INDEX
+**     DROP INDEX
+**     creating ID lists
+**     BEGIN TRANSACTION
+**     COMMIT
+**     ROLLBACK
+*/
+
+/*
+** This routine is called when a new SQL statement is beginning to
+** be parsed.  Initialize the pParse structure as needed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginParse(Parse *pParse, int explainFlag){
+  pParse->explain = (u8)explainFlag;
+  pParse->nVar = 0;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+/*
+** The TableLock structure is only used by the sqlite3TableLock() and
+** codeTableLocks() functions.
+*/
+struct TableLock {
+  int iDb;             /* The database containing the table to be locked */
+  int iTab;            /* The root page of the table to be locked */
+  u8 isWriteLock;      /* True for write lock.  False for a read lock */
+  const char *zName;   /* Name of the table */
+};
+
+/*
+** Record the fact that we want to lock a table at run-time.  
+**
+** The table to be locked has root page iTab and is found in database iDb.
+** A read or a write lock can be taken depending on isWritelock.
+**
+** This routine just records the fact that the lock is desired.  The
+** code to make the lock occur is generated by a later call to
+** codeTableLocks() which occurs during sqlite3FinishCoding().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableLock(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
+  int iDb,           /* Index of the database containing the table to lock */
+  int iTab,          /* Root page number of the table to be locked */
+  u8 isWriteLock,    /* True for a write lock */
+  const char *zName  /* Name of the table to be locked */
+){
+  Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+  int i;
+  int nBytes;
+  TableLock *p;
+  assert( iDb>=0 );
+
+  for(i=0; i<pToplevel->nTableLock; i++){
+    p = &pToplevel->aTableLock[i];
+    if( p->iDb==iDb && p->iTab==iTab ){
+      p->isWriteLock = (p->isWriteLock || isWriteLock);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  nBytes = sizeof(TableLock) * (pToplevel->nTableLock+1);
+  pToplevel->aTableLock =
+      sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(pToplevel->db, pToplevel->aTableLock, nBytes);
+  if( pToplevel->aTableLock ){
+    p = &pToplevel->aTableLock[pToplevel->nTableLock++];
+    p->iDb = iDb;
+    p->iTab = iTab;
+    p->isWriteLock = isWriteLock;
+    p->zName = zName;
+  }else{
+    pToplevel->nTableLock = 0;
+    pToplevel->db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Code an OP_TableLock instruction for each table locked by the
+** statement (configured by calls to sqlite3TableLock()).
+*/
+static void codeTableLocks(Parse *pParse){
+  int i;
+  Vdbe *pVdbe; 
+
+  pVdbe = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  assert( pVdbe!=0 ); /* sqlite3GetVdbe cannot fail: VDBE already allocated */
+
+  for(i=0; i<pParse->nTableLock; i++){
+    TableLock *p = &pParse->aTableLock[i];
+    int p1 = p->iDb;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(pVdbe, OP_TableLock, p1, p->iTab, p->isWriteLock,
+                      p->zName, P4_STATIC);
+  }
+}
+#else
+  #define codeTableLocks(x)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This routine is called after a single SQL statement has been
+** parsed and a VDBE program to execute that statement has been
+** prepared.  This routine puts the finishing touches on the
+** VDBE program and resets the pParse structure for the next
+** parse.
+**
+** Note that if an error occurred, it might be the case that
+** no VDBE code was generated.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FinishCoding(Parse *pParse){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  Vdbe *v;
+
+  db = pParse->db;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
+  if( pParse->nested ) return;
+  if( pParse->nErr ) return;
+
+  /* Begin by generating some termination code at the end of the
+  ** vdbe program
+  */
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  assert( !pParse->isMultiWrite 
+       || sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(v, pParse->mayAbort));
+  if( v ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Halt);
+
+    /* The cookie mask contains one bit for each database file open.
+    ** (Bit 0 is for main, bit 1 is for temp, and so forth.)  Bits are
+    ** set for each database that is used.  Generate code to start a
+    ** transaction on each used database and to verify the schema cookie
+    ** on each used database.
+    */
+    if( pParse->cookieGoto>0 ){
+      yDbMask mask;
+      int iDb;
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pParse->cookieGoto-1);
+      for(iDb=0, mask=1; iDb<db->nDb; mask<<=1, iDb++){
+        if( (mask & pParse->cookieMask)==0 ) continue;
+        sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v,OP_Transaction, iDb, (mask & pParse->writeMask)!=0);
+        if( db->init.busy==0 ){
+          assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_VerifyCookie,
+                            iDb, pParse->cookieValue[iDb],
+                            db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->iGeneration);
+        }
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+      {
+        int i;
+        for(i=0; i<pParse->nVtabLock; i++){
+          char *vtab = (char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pParse->apVtabLock[i]);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VBegin, 0, 0, 0, vtab, P4_VTAB);
+        }
+        pParse->nVtabLock = 0;
+      }
+#endif
+
+      /* Once all the cookies have been verified and transactions opened, 
+      ** obtain the required table-locks. This is a no-op unless the 
+      ** shared-cache feature is enabled.
+      */
+      codeTableLocks(pParse);
+
+      /* Initialize any AUTOINCREMENT data structures required.
+      */
+      sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(pParse);
+
+      /* Finally, jump back to the beginning of the executable code. */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pParse->cookieGoto);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /* Get the VDBE program ready for execution
+  */
+  if( v && ALWAYS(pParse->nErr==0) && !db->mallocFailed ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    FILE *trace = (db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace)!=0 ? stdout : 0;
+    sqlite3VdbeTrace(v, trace);
+#endif
+    assert( pParse->iCacheLevel==0 );  /* Disables and re-enables match */
+    /* A minimum of one cursor is required if autoincrement is used
+    *  See ticket [a696379c1f08866] */
+    if( pParse->pAinc!=0 && pParse->nTab==0 ) pParse->nTab = 1;
+    sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(v, pParse);
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+    pParse->colNamesSet = 0;
+  }else{
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  pParse->nTab = 0;
+  pParse->nMem = 0;
+  pParse->nSet = 0;
+  pParse->nVar = 0;
+  pParse->cookieMask = 0;
+  pParse->cookieGoto = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Run the parser and code generator recursively in order to generate
+** code for the SQL statement given onto the end of the pParse context
+** currently under construction.  When the parser is run recursively
+** this way, the final OP_Halt is not appended and other initialization
+** and finalization steps are omitted because those are handling by the
+** outermost parser.
+**
+** Not everything is nestable.  This facility is designed to permit
+** INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations against SQLITE_MASTER.  Use
+** care if you decide to try to use this routine for some other purposes.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3NestedParse(Parse *pParse, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  char *zSql;
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+# define SAVE_SZ  (sizeof(Parse) - offsetof(Parse,nVar))
+  char saveBuf[SAVE_SZ];
+
+  if( pParse->nErr ) return;
+  assert( pParse->nested<10 );  /* Nesting should only be of limited depth */
+  va_start(ap, zFormat);
+  zSql = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  if( zSql==0 ){
+    return;   /* A malloc must have failed */
+  }
+  pParse->nested++;
+  memcpy(saveBuf, &pParse->nVar, SAVE_SZ);
+  memset(&pParse->nVar, 0, SAVE_SZ);
+  sqlite3RunParser(pParse, zSql, &zErrMsg);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zErrMsg);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql);
+  memcpy(&pParse->nVar, saveBuf, SAVE_SZ);
+  pParse->nested--;
+}
+
+/*
+** Locate the in-memory structure that describes a particular database
+** table given the name of that table and (optionally) the name of the
+** database containing the table.  Return NULL if not found.
+**
+** If zDatabase is 0, all databases are searched for the table and the
+** first matching table is returned.  (No checking for duplicate table
+** names is done.)  The search order is TEMP first, then MAIN, then any
+** auxiliary databases added using the ATTACH command.
+**
+** See also sqlite3LocateTable().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3FindTable(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName, const char *zDatabase){
+  Table *p = 0;
+  int i;
+  int nName;
+  assert( zName!=0 );
+  nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  /* All mutexes are required for schema access.  Make sure we hold them. */
+  assert( zDatabase!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;   /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
+    if( zDatabase!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(zDatabase, db->aDb[j].zName) ) continue;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
+    p = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aDb[j].pSchema->tblHash, zName, nName);
+    if( p ) break;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Locate the in-memory structure that describes a particular database
+** table given the name of that table and (optionally) the name of the
+** database containing the table.  Return NULL if not found.  Also leave an
+** error message in pParse->zErrMsg.
+**
+** The difference between this routine and sqlite3FindTable() is that this
+** routine leaves an error message in pParse->zErrMsg where
+** sqlite3FindTable() does not.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3LocateTable(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* context in which to report errors */
+  int isView,            /* True if looking for a VIEW rather than a TABLE */
+  const char *zName,     /* Name of the table we are looking for */
+  const char *zDbase     /* Name of the database.  Might be NULL */
+){
+  Table *p;
+
+  /* Read the database schema. If an error occurs, leave an error message
+  ** and code in pParse and return NULL. */
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  p = sqlite3FindTable(pParse->db, zName, zDbase);
+  if( p==0 ){
+    const char *zMsg = isView ? "no such view" : "no such table";
+    if( zDbase ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s: %s.%s", zMsg, zDbase, zName);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s: %s", zMsg, zName);
+    }
+    pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Locate the in-memory structure that describes 
+** a particular index given the name of that index
+** and the name of the database that contains the index.
+** Return NULL if not found.
+**
+** If zDatabase is 0, all databases are searched for the
+** table and the first matching index is returned.  (No checking
+** for duplicate index names is done.)  The search order is
+** TEMP first, then MAIN, then any auxiliary databases added
+** using the ATTACH command.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3FindIndex(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName, const char *zDb){
+  Index *p = 0;
+  int i;
+  int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  /* All mutexes are required for schema access.  Make sure we hold them. */
+  assert( zDb!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;  /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
+    Schema *pSchema = db->aDb[j].pSchema;
+    assert( pSchema );
+    if( zDb && sqlite3StrICmp(zDb, db->aDb[j].zName) ) continue;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
+    p = sqlite3HashFind(&pSchema->idxHash, zName, nName);
+    if( p ) break;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Reclaim the memory used by an index
+*/
+static void freeIndex(sqlite3 *db, Index *p){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE
+  sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(db, p);
+#endif
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zColAff);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+}
+
+/*
+** For the index called zIdxName which is found in the database iDb,
+** unlike that index from its Table then remove the index from
+** the index hash table and free all memory structures associated
+** with the index.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteIndex(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zIdxName){
+  Index *pIndex;
+  int len;
+  Hash *pHash;
+
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  pHash = &db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->idxHash;
+  len = sqlite3Strlen30(zIdxName);
+  pIndex = sqlite3HashInsert(pHash, zIdxName, len, 0);
+  if( ALWAYS(pIndex) ){
+    if( pIndex->pTable->pIndex==pIndex ){
+      pIndex->pTable->pIndex = pIndex->pNext;
+    }else{
+      Index *p;
+      /* Justification of ALWAYS();  The index must be on the list of
+      ** indices. */
+      p = pIndex->pTable->pIndex;
+      while( ALWAYS(p) && p->pNext!=pIndex ){ p = p->pNext; }
+      if( ALWAYS(p && p->pNext==pIndex) ){
+        p->pNext = pIndex->pNext;
+      }
+    }
+    freeIndex(db, pIndex);
+  }
+  db->flags |= SQLITE_InternChanges;
+}
+
+/*
+** Erase all schema information from the in-memory hash tables of
+** a single database.  This routine is called to reclaim memory
+** before the database closes.  It is also called during a rollback
+** if there were schema changes during the transaction or if a
+** schema-cookie mismatch occurs.
+**
+** If iDb<0 then reset the internal schema tables for all database
+** files.  If iDb>=0 then reset the internal schema for only the
+** single file indicated.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
+  int i, j;
+  assert( iDb<db->nDb );
+
+  if( iDb>=0 ){
+    /* Case 1:  Reset the single schema identified by iDb */
+    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
+    sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+
+    /* If any database other than TEMP is reset, then also reset TEMP
+    ** since TEMP might be holding triggers that reference tables in the
+    ** other database.
+    */
+    if( iDb!=1 ){
+      pDb = &db->aDb[1];
+      assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
+      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  /* Case 2 (from here to the end): Reset all schemas for all attached
+  ** databases. */
+  assert( iDb<0 );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
+    if( pDb->pSchema ){
+      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+    }
+  }
+  db->flags &= ~SQLITE_InternChanges;
+  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+
+  /* If one or more of the auxiliary database files has been closed,
+  ** then remove them from the auxiliary database list.  We take the
+  ** opportunity to do this here since we have just deleted all of the
+  ** schema hash tables and therefore do not have to make any changes
+  ** to any of those tables.
+  */
+  for(i=j=2; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    struct Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
+    if( pDb->pBt==0 ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pDb->zName);
+      pDb->zName = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if( j<i ){
+      db->aDb[j] = db->aDb[i];
+    }
+    j++;
+  }
+  memset(&db->aDb[j], 0, (db->nDb-j)*sizeof(db->aDb[j]));
+  db->nDb = j;
+  if( db->nDb<=2 && db->aDb!=db->aDbStatic ){
+    memcpy(db->aDbStatic, db->aDb, 2*sizeof(db->aDb[0]));
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, db->aDb);
+    db->aDb = db->aDbStatic;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called when a commit occurs.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(sqlite3 *db){
+  db->flags &= ~SQLITE_InternChanges;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete memory allocated for the column names of a table or view (the
+** Table.aCol[] array).
+*/
+static void sqliteDeleteColumnNames(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTable){
+  int i;
+  Column *pCol;
+  assert( pTable!=0 );
+  if( (pCol = pTable->aCol)!=0 ){
+    for(i=0; i<pTable->nCol; i++, pCol++){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCol->zName);
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pCol->pDflt);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCol->zDflt);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCol->zType);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCol->zColl);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable->aCol);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove the memory data structures associated with the given
+** Table.  No changes are made to disk by this routine.
+**
+** This routine just deletes the data structure.  It does not unlink
+** the table data structure from the hash table.  But it does destroy
+** memory structures of the indices and foreign keys associated with 
+** the table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTable(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTable){
+  Index *pIndex, *pNext;
+
+  assert( !pTable || pTable->nRef>0 );
+
+  /* Do not delete the table until the reference count reaches zero. */
+  if( !pTable ) return;
+  if( ((!db || db->pnBytesFreed==0) && (--pTable->nRef)>0) ) return;
+
+  /* Delete all indices associated with this table. */
+  for(pIndex = pTable->pIndex; pIndex; pIndex=pNext){
+    pNext = pIndex->pNext;
+    assert( pIndex->pSchema==pTable->pSchema );
+    if( !db || db->pnBytesFreed==0 ){
+      char *zName = pIndex->zName; 
+      TESTONLY ( Index *pOld = ) sqlite3HashInsert(
+	  &pIndex->pSchema->idxHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), 0
+      );
+      assert( db==0 || sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pIndex->pSchema) );
+      assert( pOld==pIndex || pOld==0 );
+    }
+    freeIndex(db, pIndex);
+  }
+
+  /* Delete any foreign keys attached to this table. */
+  sqlite3FkDelete(db, pTable);
+
+  /* Delete the Table structure itself.
+  */
+  sqliteDeleteColumnNames(db, pTable);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable->zName);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable->zColAff);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pTable->pSelect);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pTable->pCheck);
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  sqlite3VtabClear(db, pTable);
+#endif
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable);
+}
+
+/*
+** Unlink the given table from the hash tables and the delete the
+** table structure with all its indices and foreign keys.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTable(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zTabName){
+  Table *p;
+  Db *pDb;
+
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( zTabName );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  testcase( zTabName[0]==0 );  /* Zero-length table names are allowed */
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+  p = sqlite3HashInsert(&pDb->pSchema->tblHash, zTabName,
+                        sqlite3Strlen30(zTabName),0);
+  sqlite3DeleteTable(db, p);
+  db->flags |= SQLITE_InternChanges;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a token, return a string that consists of the text of that
+** token.  Space to hold the returned string
+** is obtained from sqliteMalloc() and must be freed by the calling
+** function.
+**
+** Any quotation marks (ex:  "name", 'name', [name], or `name`) that
+** surround the body of the token are removed.
+**
+** Tokens are often just pointers into the original SQL text and so
+** are not \000 terminated and are not persistent.  The returned string
+** is \000 terminated and is persistent.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3NameFromToken(sqlite3 *db, Token *pName){
+  char *zName;
+  if( pName ){
+    zName = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, (char*)pName->z, pName->n);
+    sqlite3Dequote(zName);
+  }else{
+    zName = 0;
+  }
+  return zName;
+}
+
+/*
+** Open the sqlite_master table stored in database number iDb for
+** writing. The table is opened using cursor 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenMasterTable(Parse *p, int iDb){
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(p);
+  sqlite3TableLock(p, iDb, MASTER_ROOT, 1, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb));
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, 0, MASTER_ROOT, iDb);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)5, P4_INT32);  /* 5 column table */
+  if( p->nTab==0 ){
+    p->nTab = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Parameter zName points to a nul-terminated buffer containing the name
+** of a database ("main", "temp" or the name of an attached db). This
+** function returns the index of the named database in db->aDb[], or
+** -1 if the named db cannot be found.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDbName(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName){
+  int i = -1;         /* Database number */
+  if( zName ){
+    Db *pDb;
+    int n = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+    for(i=(db->nDb-1), pDb=&db->aDb[i]; i>=0; i--, pDb--){
+      if( (!OMIT_TEMPDB || i!=1 ) && n==sqlite3Strlen30(pDb->zName) && 
+          0==sqlite3StrICmp(pDb->zName, zName) ){
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return i;
+}
+
+/*
+** The token *pName contains the name of a database (either "main" or
+** "temp" or the name of an attached db). This routine returns the
+** index of the named database in db->aDb[], or -1 if the named db 
+** does not exist.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDb(sqlite3 *db, Token *pName){
+  int i;                               /* Database number */
+  char *zName;                         /* Name we are searching for */
+  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName);
+  i = sqlite3FindDbName(db, zName);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
+  return i;
+}
+
+/* The table or view or trigger name is passed to this routine via tokens
+** pName1 and pName2. If the table name was fully qualified, for example:
+**
+** CREATE TABLE xxx.yyy (...);
+** 
+** Then pName1 is set to "xxx" and pName2 "yyy". On the other hand if
+** the table name is not fully qualified, i.e.:
+**
+** CREATE TABLE yyy(...);
+**
+** Then pName1 is set to "yyy" and pName2 is "".
+**
+** This routine sets the *ppUnqual pointer to point at the token (pName1 or
+** pName2) that stores the unqualified table name.  The index of the
+** database "xxx" is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TwoPartName(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  Token *pName1,      /* The "xxx" in the name "xxx.yyy" or "xxx" */
+  Token *pName2,      /* The "yyy" in the name "xxx.yyy" */
+  Token **pUnqual     /* Write the unqualified object name here */
+){
+  int iDb;                    /* Database holding the object */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  if( ALWAYS(pName2!=0) && pName2->n>0 ){
+    if( db->init.busy ) {
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "corrupt database");
+      pParse->nErr++;
+      return -1;
+    }
+    *pUnqual = pName2;
+    iDb = sqlite3FindDb(db, pName1);
+    if( iDb<0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unknown database %T", pName1);
+      pParse->nErr++;
+      return -1;
+    }
+  }else{
+    assert( db->init.iDb==0 || db->init.busy );
+    iDb = db->init.iDb;
+    *pUnqual = pName1;
+  }
+  return iDb;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is used to check if the UTF-8 string zName is a legal
+** unqualified name for a new schema object (table, index, view or
+** trigger). All names are legal except those that begin with the string
+** "sqlite_" (in upper, lower or mixed case). This portion of the namespace
+** is reserved for internal use.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckObjectName(Parse *pParse, const char *zName){
+  if( !pParse->db->init.busy && pParse->nested==0 
+          && (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_WriteSchema)==0
+          && 0==sqlite3StrNICmp(zName, "sqlite_", 7) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "object name reserved for internal use: %s", zName);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Begin constructing a new table representation in memory.  This is
+** the first of several action routines that get called in response
+** to a CREATE TABLE statement.  In particular, this routine is called
+** after seeing tokens "CREATE" and "TABLE" and the table name. The isTemp
+** flag is true if the table should be stored in the auxiliary database
+** file instead of in the main database file.  This is normally the case
+** when the "TEMP" or "TEMPORARY" keyword occurs in between
+** CREATE and TABLE.
+**
+** The new table record is initialized and put in pParse->pNewTable.
+** As more of the CREATE TABLE statement is parsed, additional action
+** routines will be called to add more information to this record.
+** At the end of the CREATE TABLE statement, the sqlite3EndTable() routine
+** is called to complete the construction of the new table record.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StartTable(
+  Parse *pParse,   /* Parser context */
+  Token *pName1,   /* First part of the name of the table or view */
+  Token *pName2,   /* Second part of the name of the table or view */
+  int isTemp,      /* True if this is a TEMP table */
+  int isView,      /* True if this is a VIEW */
+  int isVirtual,   /* True if this is a VIRTUAL table */
+  int noErr        /* Do nothing if table already exists */
+){
+  Table *pTable;
+  char *zName = 0; /* The name of the new table */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Vdbe *v;
+  int iDb;         /* Database number to create the table in */
+  Token *pName;    /* Unqualified name of the table to create */
+
+  /* The table or view name to create is passed to this routine via tokens
+  ** pName1 and pName2. If the table name was fully qualified, for example:
+  **
+  ** CREATE TABLE xxx.yyy (...);
+  ** 
+  ** Then pName1 is set to "xxx" and pName2 "yyy". On the other hand if
+  ** the table name is not fully qualified, i.e.:
+  **
+  ** CREATE TABLE yyy(...);
+  **
+  ** Then pName1 is set to "yyy" and pName2 is "".
+  **
+  ** The call below sets the pName pointer to point at the token (pName1 or
+  ** pName2) that stores the unqualified table name. The variable iDb is
+  ** set to the index of the database that the table or view is to be
+  ** created in.
+  */
+  iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
+  if( iDb<0 ) return;
+  if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && isTemp && pName2->n>0 && iDb!=1 ){
+    /* If creating a temp table, the name may not be qualified. Unless 
+    ** the database name is "temp" anyway.  */
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "temporary table name must be unqualified");
+    return;
+  }
+  if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && isTemp ) iDb = 1;
+
+  pParse->sNameToken = *pName;
+  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName);
+  if( zName==0 ) return;
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3CheckObjectName(pParse, zName) ){
+    goto begin_table_error;
+  }
+  if( db->init.iDb==1 ) isTemp = 1;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  assert( (isTemp & 1)==isTemp );
+  {
+    int code;
+    char *zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_INSERT, SCHEMA_TABLE(isTemp), 0, zDb) ){
+      goto begin_table_error;
+    }
+    if( isView ){
+      if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && isTemp ){
+        code = SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_VIEW;
+      }else{
+        code = SQLITE_CREATE_VIEW;
+      }
+    }else{
+      if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && isTemp ){
+        code = SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TABLE;
+      }else{
+        code = SQLITE_CREATE_TABLE;
+      }
+    }
+    if( !isVirtual && sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, code, zName, 0, zDb) ){
+      goto begin_table_error;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Make sure the new table name does not collide with an existing
+  ** index or table name in the same database.  Issue an error message if
+  ** it does. The exception is if the statement being parsed was passed
+  ** to an sqlite3_declare_vtab() call. In that case only the column names
+  ** and types will be used, so there is no need to test for namespace
+  ** collisions.
+  */
+  if( !IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
+    char *zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+    if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+      goto begin_table_error;
+    }
+    pTable = sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, zDb);
+    if( pTable ){
+      if( !noErr ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %T already exists", pName);
+      }else{
+        assert( !db->init.busy );
+        sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+      }
+      goto begin_table_error;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, zDb)!=0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "there is already an index named %s", zName);
+      goto begin_table_error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  pTable = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table));
+  if( pTable==0 ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    pParse->nErr++;
+    goto begin_table_error;
+  }
+  pTable->zName = zName;
+  pTable->iPKey = -1;
+  pTable->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
+  pTable->nRef = 1;
+  pTable->nRowEst = 1000000;
+  assert( pParse->pNewTable==0 );
+  pParse->pNewTable = pTable;
+
+  /* If this is the magic sqlite_sequence table used by autoincrement,
+  ** then record a pointer to this table in the main database structure
+  ** so that INSERT can find the table easily.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+  if( !pParse->nested && strcmp(zName, "sqlite_sequence")==0 ){
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    pTable->pSchema->pSeqTab = pTable;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Begin generating the code that will insert the table record into
+  ** the SQLITE_MASTER table.  Note in particular that we must go ahead
+  ** and allocate the record number for the table entry now.  Before any
+  ** PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE keywords are parsed.  Those keywords will cause
+  ** indices to be created and the table record must come before the 
+  ** indices.  Hence, the record number for the table must be allocated
+  ** now.
+  */
+  if( !db->init.busy && (v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse))!=0 ){
+    int j1;
+    int fileFormat;
+    int reg1, reg2, reg3;
+    sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    if( isVirtual ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_VBegin);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* If the file format and encoding in the database have not been set, 
+    ** set them now.
+    */
+    reg1 = pParse->regRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
+    reg2 = pParse->regRoot = ++pParse->nMem;
+    reg3 = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_ReadCookie, iDb, reg3, BTREE_FILE_FORMAT);
+    sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, reg3);
+    fileFormat = (db->flags & SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt)!=0 ?
+                  1 : SQLITE_MAX_FILE_FORMAT;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, fileFormat, reg3);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SetCookie, iDb, BTREE_FILE_FORMAT, reg3);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, ENC(db), reg3);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SetCookie, iDb, BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING, reg3);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+
+    /* This just creates a place-holder record in the sqlite_master table.
+    ** The record created does not contain anything yet.  It will be replaced
+    ** by the real entry in code generated at sqlite3EndTable().
+    **
+    ** The rowid for the new entry is left in register pParse->regRowid.
+    ** The root page number of the new table is left in reg pParse->regRoot.
+    ** The rowid and root page number values are needed by the code that
+    ** sqlite3EndTable will generate.
+    */
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
+    if( isView || isVirtual ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, reg2);
+    }else
+#endif
+    {
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_CreateTable, iDb, reg2);
+    }
+    sqlite3OpenMasterTable(pParse, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, 0, reg1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, reg3);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, 0, reg3, reg1);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Close);
+  }
+
+  /* Normal (non-error) return. */
+  return;
+
+  /* If an error occurs, we jump here */
+begin_table_error:
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
+  return;
+}
+
+/*
+** This macro is used to compare two strings in a case-insensitive manner.
+** It is slightly faster than calling sqlite3StrICmp() directly, but
+** produces larger code.
+**
+** WARNING: This macro is not compatible with the strcmp() family. It
+** returns true if the two strings are equal, otherwise false.
+*/
+#define STRICMP(x, y) (\
+sqlite3UpperToLower[*(unsigned char *)(x)]==   \
+sqlite3UpperToLower[*(unsigned char *)(y)]     \
+&& sqlite3StrICmp((x)+1,(y)+1)==0 )
+
+/*
+** Add a new column to the table currently being constructed.
+**
+** The parser calls this routine once for each column declaration
+** in a CREATE TABLE statement.  sqlite3StartTable() gets called
+** first to get things going.  Then this routine is called for each
+** column.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddColumn(Parse *pParse, Token *pName){
+  Table *p;
+  int i;
+  char *z;
+  Column *pCol;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  if( (p = pParse->pNewTable)==0 ) return;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN
+  if( p->nCol+1>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN] ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many columns on %s", p->zName);
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+  z = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName);
+  if( z==0 ) return;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+    if( STRICMP(z, p->aCol[i].zName) ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "duplicate column name: %s", z);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  if( (p->nCol & 0x7)==0 ){
+    Column *aNew;
+    aNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(db,p->aCol,(p->nCol+8)*sizeof(p->aCol[0]));
+    if( aNew==0 ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
+      return;
+    }
+    p->aCol = aNew;
+  }
+  pCol = &p->aCol[p->nCol];
+  memset(pCol, 0, sizeof(p->aCol[0]));
+  pCol->zName = z;
+ 
+  /* If there is no type specified, columns have the default affinity
+  ** 'NONE'. If there is a type specified, then sqlite3AddColumnType() will
+  ** be called next to set pCol->affinity correctly.
+  */
+  pCol->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+  p->nCol++;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called by the parser while in the middle of
+** parsing a CREATE TABLE statement.  A "NOT NULL" constraint has
+** been seen on a column.  This routine sets the notNull flag on
+** the column currently under construction.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddNotNull(Parse *pParse, int onError){
+  Table *p;
+  p = pParse->pNewTable;
+  if( p==0 || NEVER(p->nCol<1) ) return;
+  p->aCol[p->nCol-1].notNull = (u8)onError;
+}
+
+/*
+** Scan the column type name zType (length nType) and return the
+** associated affinity type.
+**
+** This routine does a case-independent search of zType for the 
+** substrings in the following table. If one of the substrings is
+** found, the corresponding affinity is returned. If zType contains
+** more than one of the substrings, entries toward the top of 
+** the table take priority. For example, if zType is 'BLOBINT', 
+** SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER is returned.
+**
+** Substring     | Affinity
+** --------------------------------
+** 'INT'         | SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER
+** 'CHAR'        | SQLITE_AFF_TEXT
+** 'CLOB'        | SQLITE_AFF_TEXT
+** 'TEXT'        | SQLITE_AFF_TEXT
+** 'BLOB'        | SQLITE_AFF_NONE
+** 'REAL'        | SQLITE_AFF_REAL
+** 'FLOA'        | SQLITE_AFF_REAL
+** 'DOUB'        | SQLITE_AFF_REAL
+**
+** If none of the substrings in the above table are found,
+** SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char *zIn){
+  u32 h = 0;
+  char aff = SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC;
+
+  if( zIn ) while( zIn[0] ){
+    h = (h<<8) + sqlite3UpperToLower[(*zIn)&0xff];
+    zIn++;
+    if( h==(('c'<<24)+('h'<<16)+('a'<<8)+'r') ){             /* CHAR */
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_TEXT; 
+    }else if( h==(('c'<<24)+('l'<<16)+('o'<<8)+'b') ){       /* CLOB */
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
+    }else if( h==(('t'<<24)+('e'<<16)+('x'<<8)+'t') ){       /* TEXT */
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
+    }else if( h==(('b'<<24)+('l'<<16)+('o'<<8)+'b')          /* BLOB */
+        && (aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC || aff==SQLITE_AFF_REAL) ){
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+    }else if( h==(('r'<<24)+('e'<<16)+('a'<<8)+'l')          /* REAL */
+        && aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC ){
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_REAL;
+    }else if( h==(('f'<<24)+('l'<<16)+('o'<<8)+'a')          /* FLOA */
+        && aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC ){
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_REAL;
+    }else if( h==(('d'<<24)+('o'<<16)+('u'<<8)+'b')          /* DOUB */
+        && aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC ){
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_REAL;
+#endif
+    }else if( (h&0x00FFFFFF)==(('i'<<16)+('n'<<8)+'t') ){    /* INT */
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return aff;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called by the parser while in the middle of
+** parsing a CREATE TABLE statement.  The pFirst token is the first
+** token in the sequence of tokens that describe the type of the
+** column currently under construction.   pLast is the last token
+** in the sequence.  Use this information to construct a string
+** that contains the typename of the column and store that string
+** in zType.
+*/ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddColumnType(Parse *pParse, Token *pType){
+  Table *p;
+  Column *pCol;
+
+  p = pParse->pNewTable;
+  if( p==0 || NEVER(p->nCol<1) ) return;
+  pCol = &p->aCol[p->nCol-1];
+  assert( pCol->zType==0 );
+  pCol->zType = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pType);
+  pCol->affinity = sqlite3AffinityType(pCol->zType);
+}
+
+/*
+** The expression is the default value for the most recently added column
+** of the table currently under construction.
+**
+** Default value expressions must be constant.  Raise an exception if this
+** is not the case.
+**
+** This routine is called by the parser while in the middle of
+** parsing a CREATE TABLE statement.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddDefaultValue(Parse *pParse, ExprSpan *pSpan){
+  Table *p;
+  Column *pCol;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  p = pParse->pNewTable;
+  if( p!=0 ){
+    pCol = &(p->aCol[p->nCol-1]);
+    if( !sqlite3ExprIsConstantOrFunction(pSpan->pExpr) ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "default value of column [%s] is not constant",
+          pCol->zName);
+    }else{
+      /* A copy of pExpr is used instead of the original, as pExpr contains
+      ** tokens that point to volatile memory. The 'span' of the expression
+      ** is required by pragma table_info.
+      */
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pCol->pDflt);
+      pCol->pDflt = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pSpan->pExpr, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCol->zDflt);
+      pCol->zDflt = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, (char*)pSpan->zStart,
+                                     (int)(pSpan->zEnd - pSpan->zStart));
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pSpan->pExpr);
+}
+
+/*
+** Designate the PRIMARY KEY for the table.  pList is a list of names 
+** of columns that form the primary key.  If pList is NULL, then the
+** most recently added column of the table is the primary key.
+**
+** A table can have at most one primary key.  If the table already has
+** a primary key (and this is the second primary key) then create an
+** error.
+**
+** If the PRIMARY KEY is on a single column whose datatype is INTEGER,
+** then we will try to use that column as the rowid.  Set the Table.iPKey
+** field of the table under construction to be the index of the
+** INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column.  Table.iPKey is set to -1 if there is
+** no INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.
+**
+** If the key is not an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, then create a unique
+** index for the key.  No index is created for INTEGER PRIMARY KEYs.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pList,  /* List of field names to be indexed */
+  int onError,      /* What to do with a uniqueness conflict */
+  int autoInc,      /* True if the AUTOINCREMENT keyword is present */
+  int sortOrder     /* SQLITE_SO_ASC or SQLITE_SO_DESC */
+){
+  Table *pTab = pParse->pNewTable;
+  char *zType = 0;
+  int iCol = -1, i;
+  if( pTab==0 || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ) goto primary_key_exit;
+  if( pTab->tabFlags & TF_HasPrimaryKey ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+      "table \"%s\" has more than one primary key", pTab->zName);
+    goto primary_key_exit;
+  }
+  pTab->tabFlags |= TF_HasPrimaryKey;
+  if( pList==0 ){
+    iCol = pTab->nCol - 1;
+    pTab->aCol[iCol].isPrimKey = 1;
+  }else{
+    for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+      for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pList->a[i].zName, pTab->aCol[iCol].zName)==0 ){
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( iCol<pTab->nCol ){
+        pTab->aCol[iCol].isPrimKey = 1;
+      }
+    }
+    if( pList->nExpr>1 ) iCol = -1;
+  }
+  if( iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol ){
+    zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
+  }
+  if( zType && sqlite3StrICmp(zType, "INTEGER")==0
+        && sortOrder==SQLITE_SO_ASC ){
+    pTab->iPKey = iCol;
+    pTab->keyConf = (u8)onError;
+    assert( autoInc==0 || autoInc==1 );
+    pTab->tabFlags |= autoInc*TF_Autoincrement;
+  }else if( autoInc ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "AUTOINCREMENT is only allowed on an "
+       "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY");
+#endif
+  }else{
+    Index *p;
+    p = sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, 0, 0, 0, pList, onError, 0, 0, sortOrder, 0);
+    if( p ){
+      p->autoIndex = 2;
+    }
+    pList = 0;
+  }
+
+primary_key_exit:
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, pList);
+  return;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a new CHECK constraint to the table currently under construction.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  Expr *pCheckExpr  /* The check expression */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+  Table *pTab = pParse->pNewTable;
+  if( pTab && !IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
+    pTab->pCheck = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pTab->pCheck, pCheckExpr);
+  }else
+#endif
+  {
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pCheckExpr);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the collation function of the most recently parsed table column
+** to the CollSeq given.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCollateType(Parse *pParse, Token *pToken){
+  Table *p;
+  int i;
+  char *zColl;              /* Dequoted name of collation sequence */
+  sqlite3 *db;
+
+  if( (p = pParse->pNewTable)==0 ) return;
+  i = p->nCol-1;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  zColl = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pToken);
+  if( !zColl ) return;
+
+  if( sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl) ){
+    Index *pIdx;
+    p->aCol[i].zColl = zColl;
+  
+    /* If the column is declared as "<name> PRIMARY KEY COLLATE <type>",
+    ** then an index may have been created on this column before the
+    ** collation type was added. Correct this if it is the case.
+    */
+    for(pIdx=p->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+      assert( pIdx->nColumn==1 );
+      if( pIdx->aiColumn[0]==i ){
+        pIdx->azColl[0] = p->aCol[i].zColl;
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zColl);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function returns the collation sequence for database native text
+** encoding identified by the string zName, length nName.
+**
+** If the requested collation sequence is not available, or not available
+** in the database native encoding, the collation factory is invoked to
+** request it. If the collation factory does not supply such a sequence,
+** and the sequence is available in another text encoding, then that is
+** returned instead.
+**
+** If no versions of the requested collations sequence are available, or
+** another error occurs, NULL is returned and an error message written into
+** pParse.
+**
+** This routine is a wrapper around sqlite3FindCollSeq().  This routine
+** invokes the collation factory if the named collation cannot be found
+** and generates an error message.
+**
+** See also: sqlite3FindCollSeq(), sqlite3GetCollSeq()
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3LocateCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const char *zName){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  u8 enc = ENC(db);
+  u8 initbusy = db->init.busy;
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+
+  pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, enc, zName, initbusy);
+  if( !initbusy && (!pColl || !pColl->xCmp) ){
+    pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(db, enc, pColl, zName);
+    if( !pColl ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s", zName);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return pColl;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will increment the schema cookie.
+**
+** The schema cookie is used to determine when the schema for the
+** database changes.  After each schema change, the cookie value
+** changes.  When a process first reads the schema it records the
+** cookie.  Thereafter, whenever it goes to access the database,
+** it checks the cookie to make sure the schema has not changed
+** since it was last read.
+**
+** This plan is not completely bullet-proof.  It is possible for
+** the schema to change multiple times and for the cookie to be
+** set back to prior value.  But schema changes are infrequent
+** and the probability of hitting the same cookie value is only
+** 1 chance in 2^32.  So we're safe enough.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ChangeCookie(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
+  int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie+1, r1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SetCookie, iDb, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, r1);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Measure the number of characters needed to output the given
+** identifier.  The number returned includes any quotes used
+** but does not include the null terminator.
+**
+** The estimate is conservative.  It might be larger that what is
+** really needed.
+*/
+static int identLength(const char *z){
+  int n;
+  for(n=0; *z; n++, z++){
+    if( *z=='"' ){ n++; }
+  }
+  return n + 2;
+}
+
+/*
+** The first parameter is a pointer to an output buffer. The second 
+** parameter is a pointer to an integer that contains the offset at
+** which to write into the output buffer. This function copies the
+** nul-terminated string pointed to by the third parameter, zSignedIdent,
+** to the specified offset in the buffer and updates *pIdx to refer
+** to the first byte after the last byte written before returning.
+** 
+** If the string zSignedIdent consists entirely of alpha-numeric
+** characters, does not begin with a digit and is not an SQL keyword,
+** then it is copied to the output buffer exactly as it is. Otherwise,
+** it is quoted using double-quotes.
+*/
+static void identPut(char *z, int *pIdx, char *zSignedIdent){
+  unsigned char *zIdent = (unsigned char*)zSignedIdent;
+  int i, j, needQuote;
+  i = *pIdx;
+
+  for(j=0; zIdent[j]; j++){
+    if( !sqlite3Isalnum(zIdent[j]) && zIdent[j]!='_' ) break;
+  }
+  needQuote = sqlite3Isdigit(zIdent[0]) || sqlite3KeywordCode(zIdent, j)!=TK_ID;
+  if( !needQuote ){
+    needQuote = zIdent[j];
+  }
+
+  if( needQuote ) z[i++] = '"';
+  for(j=0; zIdent[j]; j++){
+    z[i++] = zIdent[j];
+    if( zIdent[j]=='"' ) z[i++] = '"';
+  }
+  if( needQuote ) z[i++] = '"';
+  z[i] = 0;
+  *pIdx = i;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate a CREATE TABLE statement appropriate for the given
+** table.  Memory to hold the text of the statement is obtained
+** from sqliteMalloc() and must be freed by the calling function.
+*/
+static char *createTableStmt(sqlite3 *db, Table *p){
+  int i, k, n;
+  char *zStmt;
+  char *zSep, *zSep2, *zEnd;
+  Column *pCol;
+  n = 0;
+  for(pCol = p->aCol, i=0; i<p->nCol; i++, pCol++){
+    n += identLength(pCol->zName) + 5;
+  }
+  n += identLength(p->zName);
+  if( n<50 ){ 
+    zSep = "";
+    zSep2 = ",";
+    zEnd = ")";
+  }else{
+    zSep = "\n  ";
+    zSep2 = ",\n  ";
+    zEnd = "\n)";
+  }
+  n += 35 + 6*p->nCol;
+  zStmt = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, n);
+  if( zStmt==0 ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3_snprintf(n, zStmt, "CREATE TABLE ");
+  k = sqlite3Strlen30(zStmt);
+  identPut(zStmt, &k, p->zName);
+  zStmt[k++] = '(';
+  for(pCol=p->aCol, i=0; i<p->nCol; i++, pCol++){
+    static const char * const azType[] = {
+        /* SQLITE_AFF_TEXT    */ " TEXT",
+        /* SQLITE_AFF_NONE    */ "",
+        /* SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC */ " NUM",
+        /* SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER */ " INT",
+        /* SQLITE_AFF_REAL    */ " REAL"
+    };
+    int len;
+    const char *zType;
+
+    sqlite3_snprintf(n-k, &zStmt[k], zSep);
+    k += sqlite3Strlen30(&zStmt[k]);
+    zSep = zSep2;
+    identPut(zStmt, &k, pCol->zName);
+    assert( pCol->affinity-SQLITE_AFF_TEXT >= 0 );
+    assert( pCol->affinity-SQLITE_AFF_TEXT < ArraySize(azType) );
+    testcase( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT );
+    testcase( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE );
+    testcase( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC );
+    testcase( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER );
+    testcase( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL );
+    
+    zType = azType[pCol->affinity - SQLITE_AFF_TEXT];
+    len = sqlite3Strlen30(zType);
+    assert( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE 
+            || pCol->affinity==sqlite3AffinityType(zType) );
+    memcpy(&zStmt[k], zType, len);
+    k += len;
+    assert( k<=n );
+  }
+  sqlite3_snprintf(n-k, &zStmt[k], "%s", zEnd);
+  return zStmt;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called to report the final ")" that terminates
+** a CREATE TABLE statement.
+**
+** The table structure that other action routines have been building
+** is added to the internal hash tables, assuming no errors have
+** occurred.
+**
+** An entry for the table is made in the master table on disk, unless
+** this is a temporary table or db->init.busy==1.  When db->init.busy==1
+** it means we are reading the sqlite_master table because we just
+** connected to the database or because the sqlite_master table has
+** recently changed, so the entry for this table already exists in
+** the sqlite_master table.  We do not want to create it again.
+**
+** If the pSelect argument is not NULL, it means that this routine
+** was called to create a table generated from a 
+** "CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT ..." statement.  The column names of
+** the new table will match the result set of the SELECT.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parse context */
+  Token *pCons,           /* The ',' token after the last column defn. */
+  Token *pEnd,            /* The final ')' token in the CREATE TABLE */
+  Select *pSelect         /* Select from a "CREATE ... AS SELECT" */
+){
+  Table *p;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int iDb;
+
+  if( (pEnd==0 && pSelect==0) || db->mallocFailed ){
+    return;
+  }
+  p = pParse->pNewTable;
+  if( p==0 ) return;
+
+  assert( !db->init.busy || !pSelect );
+
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+  /* Resolve names in all CHECK constraint expressions.
+  */
+  if( p->pCheck ){
+    SrcList sSrc;                   /* Fake SrcList for pParse->pNewTable */
+    NameContext sNC;                /* Name context for pParse->pNewTable */
+
+    memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+    memset(&sSrc, 0, sizeof(sSrc));
+    sSrc.nSrc = 1;
+    sSrc.a[0].zName = p->zName;
+    sSrc.a[0].pTab = p;
+    sSrc.a[0].iCursor = -1;
+    sNC.pParse = pParse;
+    sNC.pSrcList = &sSrc;
+    sNC.isCheck = 1;
+    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pCheck) ){
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
+
+  /* If the db->init.busy is 1 it means we are reading the SQL off the
+  ** "sqlite_master" or "sqlite_temp_master" table on the disk.
+  ** So do not write to the disk again.  Extract the root page number
+  ** for the table from the db->init.newTnum field.  (The page number
+  ** should have been put there by the sqliteOpenCb routine.)
+  */
+  if( db->init.busy ){
+    p->tnum = db->init.newTnum;
+  }
+
+  /* If not initializing, then create a record for the new table
+  ** in the SQLITE_MASTER table of the database.
+  **
+  ** If this is a TEMPORARY table, write the entry into the auxiliary
+  ** file instead of into the main database file.
+  */
+  if( !db->init.busy ){
+    int n;
+    Vdbe *v;
+    char *zType;    /* "view" or "table" */
+    char *zType2;   /* "VIEW" or "TABLE" */
+    char *zStmt;    /* Text of the CREATE TABLE or CREATE VIEW statement */
+
+    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+    if( NEVER(v==0) ) return;
+
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, 0);
+
+    /* 
+    ** Initialize zType for the new view or table.
+    */
+    if( p->pSelect==0 ){
+      /* A regular table */
+      zType = "table";
+      zType2 = "TABLE";
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+    }else{
+      /* A view */
+      zType = "view";
+      zType2 = "VIEW";
+#endif
+    }
+
+    /* If this is a CREATE TABLE xx AS SELECT ..., execute the SELECT
+    ** statement to populate the new table. The root-page number for the
+    ** new table is in register pParse->regRoot.
+    **
+    ** Once the SELECT has been coded by sqlite3Select(), it is in a
+    ** suitable state to query for the column names and types to be used
+    ** by the new table.
+    **
+    ** A shared-cache write-lock is not required to write to the new table,
+    ** as a schema-lock must have already been obtained to create it. Since
+    ** a schema-lock excludes all other database users, the write-lock would
+    ** be redundant.
+    */
+    if( pSelect ){
+      SelectDest dest;
+      Table *pSelTab;
+
+      assert(pParse->nTab==1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, 1, pParse->regRoot, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);
+      pParse->nTab = 2;
+      sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Table, 1);
+      sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &dest);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, 1);
+      if( pParse->nErr==0 ){
+        pSelTab = sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(pParse, pSelect);
+        if( pSelTab==0 ) return;
+        assert( p->aCol==0 );
+        p->nCol = pSelTab->nCol;
+        p->aCol = pSelTab->aCol;
+        pSelTab->nCol = 0;
+        pSelTab->aCol = 0;
+        sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pSelTab);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Compute the complete text of the CREATE statement */
+    if( pSelect ){
+      zStmt = createTableStmt(db, p);
+    }else{
+      n = (int)(pEnd->z - pParse->sNameToken.z) + 1;
+      zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
+          "CREATE %s %.*s", zType2, n, pParse->sNameToken.z
+      );
+    }
+
+    /* A slot for the record has already been allocated in the 
+    ** SQLITE_MASTER table.  We just need to update that slot with all
+    ** the information we've collected.
+    */
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+      "UPDATE %Q.%s "
+         "SET type='%s', name=%Q, tbl_name=%Q, rootpage=#%d, sql=%Q "
+       "WHERE rowid=#%d",
+      db->aDb[iDb].zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb),
+      zType,
+      p->zName,
+      p->zName,
+      pParse->regRoot,
+      zStmt,
+      pParse->regRowid
+    );
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zStmt);
+    sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+    /* Check to see if we need to create an sqlite_sequence table for
+    ** keeping track of autoincrement keys.
+    */
+    if( p->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement ){
+      Db *pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+      if( pDb->pSchema->pSeqTab==0 ){
+        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+          "CREATE TABLE %Q.sqlite_sequence(name,seq)",
+          pDb->zName
+        );
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Reparse everything to update our internal data structures */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb,
+               sqlite3MPrintf(db, "tbl_name='%q'", p->zName));
+  }
+
+
+  /* Add the table to the in-memory representation of the database.
+  */
+  if( db->init.busy ){
+    Table *pOld;
+    Schema *pSchema = p->pSchema;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    pOld = sqlite3HashInsert(&pSchema->tblHash, p->zName,
+                             sqlite3Strlen30(p->zName),p);
+    if( pOld ){
+      assert( p==pOld );  /* Malloc must have failed inside HashInsert() */
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      return;
+    }
+    pParse->pNewTable = 0;
+    db->nTable++;
+    db->flags |= SQLITE_InternChanges;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
+    if( !p->pSelect ){
+      const char *zName = (const char *)pParse->sNameToken.z;
+      int nName;
+      assert( !pSelect && pCons && pEnd );
+      if( pCons->z==0 ){
+        pCons = pEnd;
+      }
+      nName = (int)((const char *)pCons->z - zName);
+      p->addColOffset = 13 + sqlite3Utf8CharLen(zName, nName);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+/*
+** The parser calls this routine in order to create a new VIEW
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateView(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* The parsing context */
+  Token *pBegin,     /* The CREATE token that begins the statement */
+  Token *pName1,     /* The token that holds the name of the view */
+  Token *pName2,     /* The token that holds the name of the view */
+  Select *pSelect,   /* A SELECT statement that will become the new view */
+  int isTemp,        /* TRUE for a TEMPORARY view */
+  int noErr          /* Suppress error messages if VIEW already exists */
+){
+  Table *p;
+  int n;
+  const char *z;
+  Token sEnd;
+  DbFixer sFix;
+  Token *pName;
+  int iDb;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  if( pParse->nVar>0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "parameters are not allowed in views");
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+    return;
+  }
+  sqlite3StartTable(pParse, pName1, pName2, isTemp, 1, 0, noErr);
+  p = pParse->pNewTable;
+  if( p==0 || pParse->nErr ){
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+    return;
+  }
+  sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema);
+  if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "view", pName)
+    && sqlite3FixSelect(&sFix, pSelect)
+  ){
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Make a copy of the entire SELECT statement that defines the view.
+  ** This will force all the Expr.token.z values to be dynamically
+  ** allocated rather than point to the input string - which means that
+  ** they will persist after the current sqlite3_exec() call returns.
+  */
+  p->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pSelect, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    return;
+  }
+  if( !db->init.busy ){
+    sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, p);
+  }
+
+  /* Locate the end of the CREATE VIEW statement.  Make sEnd point to
+  ** the end.
+  */
+  sEnd = pParse->sLastToken;
+  if( ALWAYS(sEnd.z[0]!=0) && sEnd.z[0]!=';' ){
+    sEnd.z += sEnd.n;
+  }
+  sEnd.n = 0;
+  n = (int)(sEnd.z - pBegin->z);
+  z = pBegin->z;
+  while( ALWAYS(n>0) && sqlite3Isspace(z[n-1]) ){ n--; }
+  sEnd.z = &z[n-1];
+  sEnd.n = 1;
+
+  /* Use sqlite3EndTable() to add the view to the SQLITE_MASTER table */
+  sqlite3EndTable(pParse, 0, &sEnd, 0);
+  return;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW */
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
+/*
+** The Table structure pTable is really a VIEW.  Fill in the names of
+** the columns of the view in the pTable structure.  Return the number
+** of errors.  If an error is seen leave an error message in pParse->zErrMsg.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(Parse *pParse, Table *pTable){
+  Table *pSelTab;   /* A fake table from which we get the result set */
+  Select *pSel;     /* Copy of the SELECT that implements the view */
+  int nErr = 0;     /* Number of errors encountered */
+  int n;            /* Temporarily holds the number of cursors assigned */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;  /* Database connection for malloc errors */
+  int (*xAuth)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*);
+
+  assert( pTable );
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( sqlite3VtabCallConnect(pParse, pTable) ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  if( IsVirtual(pTable) ) return 0;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+  /* A positive nCol means the columns names for this view are
+  ** already known.
+  */
+  if( pTable->nCol>0 ) return 0;
+
+  /* A negative nCol is a special marker meaning that we are currently
+  ** trying to compute the column names.  If we enter this routine with
+  ** a negative nCol, it means two or more views form a loop, like this:
+  **
+  **     CREATE VIEW one AS SELECT * FROM two;
+  **     CREATE VIEW two AS SELECT * FROM one;
+  **
+  ** Actually, the error above is now caught prior to reaching this point.
+  ** But the following test is still important as it does come up
+  ** in the following:
+  ** 
+  **     CREATE TABLE main.ex1(a);
+  **     CREATE TEMP VIEW ex1 AS SELECT a FROM ex1;
+  **     SELECT * FROM temp.ex1;
+  */
+  if( pTable->nCol<0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "view %s is circularly defined", pTable->zName);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  assert( pTable->nCol>=0 );
+
+  /* If we get this far, it means we need to compute the table names.
+  ** Note that the call to sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect() will expand any
+  ** "*" elements in the results set of the view and will assign cursors
+  ** to the elements of the FROM clause.  But we do not want these changes
+  ** to be permanent.  So the computation is done on a copy of the SELECT
+  ** statement that defines the view.
+  */
+  assert( pTable->pSelect );
+  pSel = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pTable->pSelect, 0);
+  if( pSel ){
+    u8 enableLookaside = db->lookaside.bEnabled;
+    n = pParse->nTab;
+    sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(pParse, pSel->pSrc);
+    pTable->nCol = -1;
+    db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+    xAuth = db->xAuth;
+    db->xAuth = 0;
+    pSelTab = sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(pParse, pSel);
+    db->xAuth = xAuth;
+#else
+    pSelTab = sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(pParse, pSel);
+#endif
+    db->lookaside.bEnabled = enableLookaside;
+    pParse->nTab = n;
+    if( pSelTab ){
+      assert( pTable->aCol==0 );
+      pTable->nCol = pSelTab->nCol;
+      pTable->aCol = pSelTab->aCol;
+      pSelTab->nCol = 0;
+      pSelTab->aCol = 0;
+      sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pSelTab);
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pTable->pSchema) );
+      pTable->pSchema->flags |= DB_UnresetViews;
+    }else{
+      pTable->nCol = 0;
+      nErr++;
+    }
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSel);
+  } else {
+    nErr++;
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW */
+  return nErr;  
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+/*
+** Clear the column names from every VIEW in database idx.
+*/
+static void sqliteViewResetAll(sqlite3 *db, int idx){
+  HashElem *i;
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, idx, 0) );
+  if( !DbHasProperty(db, idx, DB_UnresetViews) ) return;
+  for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[idx].pSchema->tblHash); i;i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
+    Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(i);
+    if( pTab->pSelect ){
+      sqliteDeleteColumnNames(db, pTab);
+      pTab->aCol = 0;
+      pTab->nCol = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  DbClearProperty(db, idx, DB_UnresetViews);
+}
+#else
+# define sqliteViewResetAll(A,B)
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW */
+
+/*
+** This function is called by the VDBE to adjust the internal schema
+** used by SQLite when the btree layer moves a table root page. The
+** root-page of a table or index in database iDb has changed from iFrom
+** to iTo.
+**
+** Ticket #1728:  The symbol table might still contain information
+** on tables and/or indices that are the process of being deleted.
+** If you are unlucky, one of those deleted indices or tables might
+** have the same rootpage number as the real table or index that is
+** being moved.  So we cannot stop searching after the first match 
+** because the first match might be for one of the deleted indices
+** or tables and not the table/index that is actually being moved.
+** We must continue looping until all tables and indices with
+** rootpage==iFrom have been converted to have a rootpage of iTo
+** in order to be certain that we got the right one.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RootPageMoved(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, int iFrom, int iTo){
+  HashElem *pElem;
+  Hash *pHash;
+  Db *pDb;
+
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+  pHash = &pDb->pSchema->tblHash;
+  for(pElem=sqliteHashFirst(pHash); pElem; pElem=sqliteHashNext(pElem)){
+    Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(pElem);
+    if( pTab->tnum==iFrom ){
+      pTab->tnum = iTo;
+    }
+  }
+  pHash = &pDb->pSchema->idxHash;
+  for(pElem=sqliteHashFirst(pHash); pElem; pElem=sqliteHashNext(pElem)){
+    Index *pIdx = sqliteHashData(pElem);
+    if( pIdx->tnum==iFrom ){
+      pIdx->tnum = iTo;
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Write code to erase the table with root-page iTable from database iDb.
+** Also write code to modify the sqlite_master table and internal schema
+** if a root-page of another table is moved by the btree-layer whilst
+** erasing iTable (this can happen with an auto-vacuum database).
+*/ 
+static void destroyRootPage(Parse *pParse, int iTable, int iDb){
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Destroy, iTable, r1, iDb);
+  sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  /* OP_Destroy stores an in integer r1. If this integer
+  ** is non-zero, then it is the root page number of a table moved to
+  ** location iTable. The following code modifies the sqlite_master table to
+  ** reflect this.
+  **
+  ** The "#NNN" in the SQL is a special constant that means whatever value
+  ** is in register NNN.  See grammar rules associated with the TK_REGISTER
+  ** token for additional information.
+  */
+  sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, 
+     "UPDATE %Q.%s SET rootpage=%d WHERE #%d AND rootpage=#%d",
+     pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), iTable, r1, r1);
+#endif
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Write VDBE code to erase table pTab and all associated indices on disk.
+** Code to update the sqlite_master tables and internal schema definitions
+** in case a root-page belonging to another table is moved by the btree layer
+** is also added (this can happen with an auto-vacuum database).
+*/
+static void destroyTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  Index *pIdx;
+  int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+  destroyRootPage(pParse, pTab->tnum, iDb);
+  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    destroyRootPage(pParse, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+  }
+#else
+  /* If the database may be auto-vacuum capable (if SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  ** is not defined), then it is important to call OP_Destroy on the
+  ** table and index root-pages in order, starting with the numerically 
+  ** largest root-page number. This guarantees that none of the root-pages
+  ** to be destroyed is relocated by an earlier OP_Destroy. i.e. if the
+  ** following were coded:
+  **
+  ** OP_Destroy 4 0
+  ** ...
+  ** OP_Destroy 5 0
+  **
+  ** and root page 5 happened to be the largest root-page number in the
+  ** database, then root page 5 would be moved to page 4 by the 
+  ** "OP_Destroy 4 0" opcode. The subsequent "OP_Destroy 5 0" would hit
+  ** a free-list page.
+  */
+  int iTab = pTab->tnum;
+  int iDestroyed = 0;
+
+  while( 1 ){
+    Index *pIdx;
+    int iLargest = 0;
+
+    if( iDestroyed==0 || iTab<iDestroyed ){
+      iLargest = iTab;
+    }
+    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+      int iIdx = pIdx->tnum;
+      assert( pIdx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
+      if( (iDestroyed==0 || (iIdx<iDestroyed)) && iIdx>iLargest ){
+        iLargest = iIdx;
+      }
+    }
+    if( iLargest==0 ){
+      return;
+    }else{
+      int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+      destroyRootPage(pParse, iLargest, iDb);
+      iDestroyed = iLargest;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called to do the work of a DROP TABLE statement.
+** pName is the name of the table to be dropped.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTable(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, int isView, int noErr){
+  Table *pTab;
+  Vdbe *v;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int iDb;
+
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto exit_drop_table;
+  }
+  assert( pParse->nErr==0 );
+  assert( pName->nSrc==1 );
+  if( noErr ) db->suppressErr++;
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, isView, 
+                            pName->a[0].zName, pName->a[0].zDatabase);
+  if( noErr ) db->suppressErr--;
+
+  if( pTab==0 ){
+    if( noErr ) sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(pParse, pName->a[0].zDatabase);
+    goto exit_drop_table;
+  }
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+
+  /* If pTab is a virtual table, call ViewGetColumnNames() to ensure
+  ** it is initialized.
+  */
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) && sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ){
+    goto exit_drop_table;
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  {
+    int code;
+    const char *zTab = SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb);
+    const char *zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+    const char *zArg2 = 0;
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_DELETE, zTab, 0, zDb)){
+      goto exit_drop_table;
+    }
+    if( isView ){
+      if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
+        code = SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_VIEW;
+      }else{
+        code = SQLITE_DROP_VIEW;
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    }else if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      code = SQLITE_DROP_VTABLE;
+      zArg2 = sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab)->pMod->zName;
+#endif
+    }else{
+      if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
+        code = SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TABLE;
+      }else{
+        code = SQLITE_DROP_TABLE;
+      }
+    }
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, code, pTab->zName, zArg2, zDb) ){
+      goto exit_drop_table;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_DELETE, pTab->zName, 0, zDb) ){
+      goto exit_drop_table;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  if( sqlite3StrNICmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s may not be dropped", pTab->zName);
+    goto exit_drop_table;
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+  /* Ensure DROP TABLE is not used on a view, and DROP VIEW is not used
+  ** on a table.
+  */
+  if( isView && pTab->pSelect==0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "use DROP TABLE to delete table %s", pTab->zName);
+    goto exit_drop_table;
+  }
+  if( !isView && pTab->pSelect ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "use DROP VIEW to delete view %s", pTab->zName);
+    goto exit_drop_table;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Generate code to remove the table from the master table
+  ** on disk.
+  */
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v ){
+    Trigger *pTrigger;
+    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+    sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 1, iDb);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_VBegin);
+    }
+#endif
+    sqlite3FkDropTable(pParse, pName, pTab);
+
+    /* Drop all triggers associated with the table being dropped. Code
+    ** is generated to remove entries from sqlite_master and/or
+    ** sqlite_temp_master if required.
+    */
+    pTrigger = sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pTab);
+    while( pTrigger ){
+      assert( pTrigger->pSchema==pTab->pSchema || 
+          pTrigger->pSchema==db->aDb[1].pSchema );
+      sqlite3DropTriggerPtr(pParse, pTrigger);
+      pTrigger = pTrigger->pNext;
+    }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+    /* Remove any entries of the sqlite_sequence table associated with
+    ** the table being dropped. This is done before the table is dropped
+    ** at the btree level, in case the sqlite_sequence table needs to
+    ** move as a result of the drop (can happen in auto-vacuum mode).
+    */
+    if( pTab->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement ){
+      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+        "DELETE FROM %s.sqlite_sequence WHERE name=%Q",
+        pDb->zName, pTab->zName
+      );
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Drop all SQLITE_MASTER table and index entries that refer to the
+    ** table. The program name loops through the master table and deletes
+    ** every row that refers to a table of the same name as the one being
+    ** dropped. Triggers are handled seperately because a trigger can be
+    ** created in the temp database that refers to a table in another
+    ** database.
+    */
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, 
+        "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE tbl_name=%Q and type!='trigger'",
+        pDb->zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), pTab->zName);
+
+    /* Drop any statistics from the sqlite_stat1 table, if it exists */
+    if( sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat1", db->aDb[iDb].zName) ){
+      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+        "DELETE FROM %Q.sqlite_stat1 WHERE tbl=%Q", pDb->zName, pTab->zName
+      );
+    }
+
+    if( !isView && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      destroyTable(pParse, pTab);
+    }
+
+    /* Remove the table entry from SQLite's internal schema and modify
+    ** the schema cookie.
+    */
+    if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VDestroy, iDb, 0, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_DropTable, iDb, 0, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+    sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+  }
+  sqliteViewResetAll(db, iDb);
+
+exit_drop_table:
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pName);
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called to create a new foreign key on the table
+** currently under construction.  pFromCol determines which columns
+** in the current table point to the foreign key.  If pFromCol==0 then
+** connect the key to the last column inserted.  pTo is the name of
+** the table referred to.  pToCol is a list of tables in the other
+** pTo table that the foreign key points to.  flags contains all
+** information about the conflict resolution algorithms specified
+** in the ON DELETE, ON UPDATE and ON INSERT clauses.
+**
+** An FKey structure is created and added to the table currently
+** under construction in the pParse->pNewTable field.
+**
+** The foreign key is set for IMMEDIATE processing.  A subsequent call
+** to sqlite3DeferForeignKey() might change this to DEFERRED.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateForeignKey(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pFromCol,  /* Columns in this table that point to other table */
+  Token *pTo,          /* Name of the other table */
+  ExprList *pToCol,    /* Columns in the other table */
+  int flags            /* Conflict resolution algorithms. */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  FKey *pFKey = 0;
+  FKey *pNextTo;
+  Table *p = pParse->pNewTable;
+  int nByte;
+  int i;
+  int nCol;
+  char *z;
+
+  assert( pTo!=0 );
+  if( p==0 || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ) goto fk_end;
+  if( pFromCol==0 ){
+    int iCol = p->nCol-1;
+    if( NEVER(iCol<0) ) goto fk_end;
+    if( pToCol && pToCol->nExpr!=1 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "foreign key on %s"
+         " should reference only one column of table %T",
+         p->aCol[iCol].zName, pTo);
+      goto fk_end;
+    }
+    nCol = 1;
+  }else if( pToCol && pToCol->nExpr!=pFromCol->nExpr ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
+        "number of columns in foreign key does not match the number of "
+        "columns in the referenced table");
+    goto fk_end;
+  }else{
+    nCol = pFromCol->nExpr;
+  }
+  nByte = sizeof(*pFKey) + (nCol-1)*sizeof(pFKey->aCol[0]) + pTo->n + 1;
+  if( pToCol ){
+    for(i=0; i<pToCol->nExpr; i++){
+      nByte += sqlite3Strlen30(pToCol->a[i].zName) + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  pFKey = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte );
+  if( pFKey==0 ){
+    goto fk_end;
+  }
+  pFKey->pFrom = p;
+  pFKey->pNextFrom = p->pFKey;
+  z = (char*)&pFKey->aCol[nCol];
+  pFKey->zTo = z;
+  memcpy(z, pTo->z, pTo->n);
+  z[pTo->n] = 0;
+  sqlite3Dequote(z);
+  z += pTo->n+1;
+  pFKey->nCol = nCol;
+  if( pFromCol==0 ){
+    pFKey->aCol[0].iFrom = p->nCol-1;
+  }else{
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      int j;
+      for(j=0; j<p->nCol; j++){
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(p->aCol[j].zName, pFromCol->a[i].zName)==0 ){
+          pFKey->aCol[i].iFrom = j;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( j>=p->nCol ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+          "unknown column \"%s\" in foreign key definition", 
+          pFromCol->a[i].zName);
+        goto fk_end;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( pToCol ){
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      int n = sqlite3Strlen30(pToCol->a[i].zName);
+      pFKey->aCol[i].zCol = z;
+      memcpy(z, pToCol->a[i].zName, n);
+      z[n] = 0;
+      z += n+1;
+    }
+  }
+  pFKey->isDeferred = 0;
+  pFKey->aAction[0] = (u8)(flags & 0xff);            /* ON DELETE action */
+  pFKey->aAction[1] = (u8)((flags >> 8 ) & 0xff);    /* ON UPDATE action */
+
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, p->pSchema) );
+  pNextTo = (FKey *)sqlite3HashInsert(&p->pSchema->fkeyHash, 
+      pFKey->zTo, sqlite3Strlen30(pFKey->zTo), (void *)pFKey
+  );
+  if( pNextTo==pFKey ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    goto fk_end;
+  }
+  if( pNextTo ){
+    assert( pNextTo->pPrevTo==0 );
+    pFKey->pNextTo = pNextTo;
+    pNextTo->pPrevTo = pFKey;
+  }
+
+  /* Link the foreign key to the table as the last step.
+  */
+  p->pFKey = pFKey;
+  pFKey = 0;
+
+fk_end:
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pFKey);
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) */
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pFromCol);
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pToCol);
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called when an INITIALLY IMMEDIATE or INITIALLY DEFERRED
+** clause is seen as part of a foreign key definition.  The isDeferred
+** parameter is 1 for INITIALLY DEFERRED and 0 for INITIALLY IMMEDIATE.
+** The behavior of the most recently created foreign key is adjusted
+** accordingly.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeferForeignKey(Parse *pParse, int isDeferred){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  Table *pTab;
+  FKey *pFKey;
+  if( (pTab = pParse->pNewTable)==0 || (pFKey = pTab->pFKey)==0 ) return;
+  assert( isDeferred==0 || isDeferred==1 ); /* EV: R-30323-21917 */
+  pFKey->isDeferred = (u8)isDeferred;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will erase and refill index *pIdx.  This is
+** used to initialize a newly created index or to recompute the
+** content of an index in response to a REINDEX command.
+**
+** if memRootPage is not negative, it means that the index is newly
+** created.  The register specified by memRootPage contains the
+** root page number of the index.  If memRootPage is negative, then
+** the index already exists and must be cleared before being refilled and
+** the root page number of the index is taken from pIndex->tnum.
+*/
+static void sqlite3RefillIndex(Parse *pParse, Index *pIndex, int memRootPage){
+  Table *pTab = pIndex->pTable;  /* The table that is indexed */
+  int iTab = pParse->nTab++;     /* Btree cursor used for pTab */
+  int iIdx = pParse->nTab++;     /* Btree cursor used for pIndex */
+  int addr1;                     /* Address of top of loop */
+  int tnum;                      /* Root page of index */
+  Vdbe *v;                       /* Generate code into this virtual machine */
+  KeyInfo *pKey;                 /* KeyInfo for index */
+  int regIdxKey;                 /* Registers containing the index key */
+  int regRecord;                 /* Register holding assemblied index record */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;      /* The database connection */
+  int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIndex->pSchema);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_REINDEX, pIndex->zName, 0,
+      db->aDb[iDb].zName ) ){
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Require a write-lock on the table to perform this operation */
+  sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 1, pTab->zName);
+
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v==0 ) return;
+  if( memRootPage>=0 ){
+    tnum = memRootPage;
+  }else{
+    tnum = pIndex->tnum;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, tnum, iDb);
+  }
+  pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIndex);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iIdx, tnum, iDb, 
+                    (char *)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+  if( memRootPage>=0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);
+  }
+  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTab, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
+  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iTab, 0);
+  regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  regIdxKey = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIndex, iTab, regRecord, 1);
+  if( pIndex->onError!=OE_None ){
+    const int regRowid = regIdxKey + pIndex->nColumn;
+    const int j2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 2;
+    void * const pRegKey = SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(regIdxKey);
+
+    /* The registers accessed by the OP_IsUnique opcode were allocated
+    ** using sqlite3GetTempRange() inside of the sqlite3GenerateIndexKey()
+    ** call above. Just before that function was freed they were released
+    ** (made available to the compiler for reuse) using 
+    ** sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(). So in some ways having the OP_IsUnique
+    ** opcode use the values stored within seems dangerous. However, since
+    ** we can be sure that no other temp registers have been allocated
+    ** since sqlite3ReleaseTempRange() was called, it is safe to do so.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_IsUnique, iIdx, j2, regRowid, pRegKey, P4_INT32);
+    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
+        pParse, OE_Abort, "indexed columns are not unique", P4_STATIC);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdx, regRecord);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr1+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iTab);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdx);
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new index for an SQL table.  pName1.pName2 is the name of the index 
+** and pTblList is the name of the table that is to be indexed.  Both will 
+** be NULL for a primary key or an index that is created to satisfy a
+** UNIQUE constraint.  If pTable and pIndex are NULL, use pParse->pNewTable
+** as the table to be indexed.  pParse->pNewTable is a table that is
+** currently being constructed by a CREATE TABLE statement.
+**
+** pList is a list of columns to be indexed.  pList will be NULL if this
+** is a primary key or unique-constraint on the most recent column added
+** to the table currently under construction.  
+**
+** If the index is created successfully, return a pointer to the new Index
+** structure. This is used by sqlite3AddPrimaryKey() to mark the index
+** as the tables primary key (Index.autoIndex==2).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* All information about this parse */
+  Token *pName1,     /* First part of index name. May be NULL */
+  Token *pName2,     /* Second part of index name. May be NULL */
+  SrcList *pTblName, /* Table to index. Use pParse->pNewTable if 0 */
+  ExprList *pList,   /* A list of columns to be indexed */
+  int onError,       /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
+  Token *pStart,     /* The CREATE token that begins this statement */
+  Token *pEnd,       /* The ")" that closes the CREATE INDEX statement */
+  int sortOrder,     /* Sort order of primary key when pList==NULL */
+  int ifNotExist     /* Omit error if index already exists */
+){
+  Index *pRet = 0;     /* Pointer to return */
+  Table *pTab = 0;     /* Table to be indexed */
+  Index *pIndex = 0;   /* The index to be created */
+  char *zName = 0;     /* Name of the index */
+  int nName;           /* Number of characters in zName */
+  int i, j;
+  Token nullId;        /* Fake token for an empty ID list */
+  DbFixer sFix;        /* For assigning database names to pTable */
+  int sortOrderMask;   /* 1 to honor DESC in index.  0 to ignore. */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Db *pDb;             /* The specific table containing the indexed database */
+  int iDb;             /* Index of the database that is being written */
+  Token *pName = 0;    /* Unqualified name of the index to create */
+  struct ExprList_item *pListItem; /* For looping over pList */
+  int nCol;
+  int nExtra = 0;
+  char *zExtra;
+
+  assert( pStart==0 || pEnd!=0 ); /* pEnd must be non-NULL if pStart is */
+  assert( pParse->nErr==0 );      /* Never called with prior errors */
+  if( db->mallocFailed || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
+    goto exit_create_index;
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+    goto exit_create_index;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** Find the table that is to be indexed.  Return early if not found.
+  */
+  if( pTblName!=0 ){
+
+    /* Use the two-part index name to determine the database 
+    ** to search for the table. 'Fix' the table name to this db
+    ** before looking up the table.
+    */
+    assert( pName1 && pName2 );
+    iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
+    if( iDb<0 ) goto exit_create_index;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TEMPDB
+    /* If the index name was unqualified, check if the the table
+    ** is a temp table. If so, set the database to 1. Do not do this
+    ** if initialising a database schema.
+    */
+    if( !db->init.busy ){
+      pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTblName);
+      if( pName2->n==0 && pTab && pTab->pSchema==db->aDb[1].pSchema ){
+        iDb = 1;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "index", pName) &&
+        sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTblName)
+    ){
+      /* Because the parser constructs pTblName from a single identifier,
+      ** sqlite3FixSrcList can never fail. */
+      assert(0);
+    }
+    pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pTblName->a[0].zName, 
+        pTblName->a[0].zDatabase);
+    if( !pTab || db->mallocFailed ) goto exit_create_index;
+    assert( db->aDb[iDb].pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
+  }else{
+    assert( pName==0 );
+    pTab = pParse->pNewTable;
+    if( !pTab ) goto exit_create_index;
+    iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+  }
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+
+  assert( pTab!=0 );
+  assert( pParse->nErr==0 );
+  if( sqlite3StrNICmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 
+       && memcmp(&pTab->zName[7],"altertab_",9)!=0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s may not be indexed", pTab->zName);
+    goto exit_create_index;
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+  if( pTab->pSelect ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "views may not be indexed");
+    goto exit_create_index;
+  }
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "virtual tables may not be indexed");
+    goto exit_create_index;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /*
+  ** Find the name of the index.  Make sure there is not already another
+  ** index or table with the same name.  
+  **
+  ** Exception:  If we are reading the names of permanent indices from the
+  ** sqlite_master table (because some other process changed the schema) and
+  ** one of the index names collides with the name of a temporary table or
+  ** index, then we will continue to process this index.
+  **
+  ** If pName==0 it means that we are
+  ** dealing with a primary key or UNIQUE constraint.  We have to invent our
+  ** own name.
+  */
+  if( pName ){
+    zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName);
+    if( zName==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
+    if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3CheckObjectName(pParse, zName) ){
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+    if( !db->init.busy ){
+      if( sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, 0)!=0 ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "there is already a table named %s", zName);
+        goto exit_create_index;
+      }
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, pDb->zName)!=0 ){
+      if( !ifNotExist ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "index %s already exists", zName);
+      }else{
+        assert( !db->init.busy );
+        sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+      }
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+  }else{
+    int n;
+    Index *pLoop;
+    for(pLoop=pTab->pIndex, n=1; pLoop; pLoop=pLoop->pNext, n++){}
+    zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "sqlite_autoindex_%s_%d", pTab->zName, n);
+    if( zName==0 ){
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Check for authorization to create an index.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  {
+    const char *zDb = pDb->zName;
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_INSERT, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), 0, zDb) ){
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+    i = SQLITE_CREATE_INDEX;
+    if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ) i = SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_INDEX;
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, i, zName, pTab->zName, zDb) ){
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If pList==0, it means this routine was called to make a primary
+  ** key out of the last column added to the table under construction.
+  ** So create a fake list to simulate this.
+  */
+  if( pList==0 ){
+    nullId.z = pTab->aCol[pTab->nCol-1].zName;
+    nullId.n = sqlite3Strlen30((char*)nullId.z);
+    pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, 0);
+    if( pList==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
+    sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pList, &nullId, 0);
+    pList->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)sortOrder;
+  }
+
+  /* Figure out how many bytes of space are required to store explicitly
+  ** specified collation sequence names.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+    Expr *pExpr = pList->a[i].pExpr;
+    if( pExpr ){
+      CollSeq *pColl = pExpr->pColl;
+      /* Either pColl!=0 or there was an OOM failure.  But if an OOM
+      ** failure we have quit before reaching this point. */
+      if( ALWAYS(pColl) ){
+        nExtra += (1 + sqlite3Strlen30(pColl->zName));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* 
+  ** Allocate the index structure. 
+  */
+  nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  nCol = pList->nExpr;
+  pIndex = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 
+      sizeof(Index) +              /* Index structure  */
+      sizeof(int)*nCol +           /* Index.aiColumn   */
+      sizeof(int)*(nCol+1) +       /* Index.aiRowEst   */
+      sizeof(char *)*nCol +        /* Index.azColl     */
+      sizeof(u8)*nCol +            /* Index.aSortOrder */
+      nName + 1 +                  /* Index.zName      */
+      nExtra                       /* Collation sequence names */
+  );
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto exit_create_index;
+  }
+  pIndex->azColl = (char**)(&pIndex[1]);
+  pIndex->aiColumn = (int *)(&pIndex->azColl[nCol]);
+  pIndex->aiRowEst = (unsigned *)(&pIndex->aiColumn[nCol]);
+  pIndex->aSortOrder = (u8 *)(&pIndex->aiRowEst[nCol+1]);
+  pIndex->zName = (char *)(&pIndex->aSortOrder[nCol]);
+  zExtra = (char *)(&pIndex->zName[nName+1]);
+  memcpy(pIndex->zName, zName, nName+1);
+  pIndex->pTable = pTab;
+  pIndex->nColumn = pList->nExpr;
+  pIndex->onError = (u8)onError;
+  pIndex->autoIndex = (u8)(pName==0);
+  pIndex->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+
+  /* Check to see if we should honor DESC requests on index columns
+  */
+  if( pDb->pSchema->file_format>=4 ){
+    sortOrderMask = -1;   /* Honor DESC */
+  }else{
+    sortOrderMask = 0;    /* Ignore DESC */
+  }
+
+  /* Scan the names of the columns of the table to be indexed and
+  ** load the column indices into the Index structure.  Report an error
+  ** if any column is not found.
+  **
+  ** TODO:  Add a test to make sure that the same column is not named
+  ** more than once within the same index.  Only the first instance of
+  ** the column will ever be used by the optimizer.  Note that using the
+  ** same column more than once cannot be an error because that would 
+  ** break backwards compatibility - it needs to be a warning.
+  */
+  for(i=0, pListItem=pList->a; i<pList->nExpr; i++, pListItem++){
+    const char *zColName = pListItem->zName;
+    Column *pTabCol;
+    int requestedSortOrder;
+    char *zColl;                   /* Collation sequence name */
+
+    for(j=0, pTabCol=pTab->aCol; j<pTab->nCol; j++, pTabCol++){
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(zColName, pTabCol->zName)==0 ) break;
+    }
+    if( j>=pTab->nCol ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s has no column named %s",
+        pTab->zName, zColName);
+      pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+    pIndex->aiColumn[i] = j;
+    /* Justification of the ALWAYS(pListItem->pExpr->pColl):  Because of
+    ** the way the "idxlist" non-terminal is constructed by the parser,
+    ** if pListItem->pExpr is not null then either pListItem->pExpr->pColl
+    ** must exist or else there must have been an OOM error.  But if there
+    ** was an OOM error, we would never reach this point. */
+    if( pListItem->pExpr && ALWAYS(pListItem->pExpr->pColl) ){
+      int nColl;
+      zColl = pListItem->pExpr->pColl->zName;
+      nColl = sqlite3Strlen30(zColl) + 1;
+      assert( nExtra>=nColl );
+      memcpy(zExtra, zColl, nColl);
+      zColl = zExtra;
+      zExtra += nColl;
+      nExtra -= nColl;
+    }else{
+      zColl = pTab->aCol[j].zColl;
+      if( !zColl ){
+        zColl = db->pDfltColl->zName;
+      }
+    }
+    if( !db->init.busy && !sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl) ){
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+    pIndex->azColl[i] = zColl;
+    requestedSortOrder = pListItem->sortOrder & sortOrderMask;
+    pIndex->aSortOrder[i] = (u8)requestedSortOrder;
+  }
+  sqlite3DefaultRowEst(pIndex);
+
+  if( pTab==pParse->pNewTable ){
+    /* This routine has been called to create an automatic index as a
+    ** result of a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE clause on a column definition, or
+    ** a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE clause following the column definitions.
+    ** i.e. one of:
+    **
+    ** CREATE TABLE t(x PRIMARY KEY, y);
+    ** CREATE TABLE t(x, y, UNIQUE(x, y));
+    **
+    ** Either way, check to see if the table already has such an index. If
+    ** so, don't bother creating this one. This only applies to
+    ** automatically created indices. Users can do as they wish with
+    ** explicit indices.
+    **
+    ** Two UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraints are considered equivalent
+    ** (and thus suppressing the second one) even if they have different
+    ** sort orders.
+    **
+    ** If there are different collating sequences or if the columns of
+    ** the constraint occur in different orders, then the constraints are
+    ** considered distinct and both result in separate indices.
+    */
+    Index *pIdx;
+    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+      int k;
+      assert( pIdx->onError!=OE_None );
+      assert( pIdx->autoIndex );
+      assert( pIndex->onError!=OE_None );
+
+      if( pIdx->nColumn!=pIndex->nColumn ) continue;
+      for(k=0; k<pIdx->nColumn; k++){
+        const char *z1;
+        const char *z2;
+        if( pIdx->aiColumn[k]!=pIndex->aiColumn[k] ) break;
+        z1 = pIdx->azColl[k];
+        z2 = pIndex->azColl[k];
+        if( z1!=z2 && sqlite3StrICmp(z1, z2) ) break;
+      }
+      if( k==pIdx->nColumn ){
+        if( pIdx->onError!=pIndex->onError ){
+          /* This constraint creates the same index as a previous
+          ** constraint specified somewhere in the CREATE TABLE statement.
+          ** However the ON CONFLICT clauses are different. If both this 
+          ** constraint and the previous equivalent constraint have explicit
+          ** ON CONFLICT clauses this is an error. Otherwise, use the
+          ** explicitly specified behaviour for the index.
+          */
+          if( !(pIdx->onError==OE_Default || pIndex->onError==OE_Default) ){
+            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+                "conflicting ON CONFLICT clauses specified", 0);
+          }
+          if( pIdx->onError==OE_Default ){
+            pIdx->onError = pIndex->onError;
+          }
+        }
+        goto exit_create_index;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Link the new Index structure to its table and to the other
+  ** in-memory database structures. 
+  */
+  if( db->init.busy ){
+    Index *p;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pIndex->pSchema) );
+    p = sqlite3HashInsert(&pIndex->pSchema->idxHash, 
+                          pIndex->zName, sqlite3Strlen30(pIndex->zName),
+                          pIndex);
+    if( p ){
+      assert( p==pIndex );  /* Malloc must have failed */
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+    db->flags |= SQLITE_InternChanges;
+    if( pTblName!=0 ){
+      pIndex->tnum = db->init.newTnum;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If the db->init.busy is 0 then create the index on disk.  This
+  ** involves writing the index into the master table and filling in the
+  ** index with the current table contents.
+  **
+  ** The db->init.busy is 0 when the user first enters a CREATE INDEX 
+  ** command.  db->init.busy is 1 when a database is opened and 
+  ** CREATE INDEX statements are read out of the master table.  In
+  ** the latter case the index already exists on disk, which is why
+  ** we don't want to recreate it.
+  **
+  ** If pTblName==0 it means this index is generated as a primary key
+  ** or UNIQUE constraint of a CREATE TABLE statement.  Since the table
+  ** has just been created, it contains no data and the index initialization
+  ** step can be skipped.
+  */
+  else{ /* if( db->init.busy==0 ) */
+    Vdbe *v;
+    char *zStmt;
+    int iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
+
+    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+    if( v==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
+
+
+    /* Create the rootpage for the index
+    */
+    sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 1, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_CreateIndex, iDb, iMem);
+
+    /* Gather the complete text of the CREATE INDEX statement into
+    ** the zStmt variable
+    */
+    if( pStart ){
+      assert( pEnd!=0 );
+      /* A named index with an explicit CREATE INDEX statement */
+      zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "CREATE%s INDEX %.*s",
+        onError==OE_None ? "" : " UNIQUE",
+        pEnd->z - pName->z + 1,
+        pName->z);
+    }else{
+      /* An automatic index created by a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint */
+      /* zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(""); */
+      zStmt = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Add an entry in sqlite_master for this index
+    */
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, 
+        "INSERT INTO %Q.%s VALUES('index',%Q,%Q,#%d,%Q);",
+        db->aDb[iDb].zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb),
+        pIndex->zName,
+        pTab->zName,
+        iMem,
+        zStmt
+    );
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zStmt);
+
+    /* Fill the index with data and reparse the schema. Code an OP_Expire
+    ** to invalidate all pre-compiled statements.
+    */
+    if( pTblName ){
+      sqlite3RefillIndex(pParse, pIndex, iMem);
+      sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb,
+         sqlite3MPrintf(db, "name='%q' AND type='index'", pIndex->zName));
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Expire, 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* When adding an index to the list of indices for a table, make
+  ** sure all indices labeled OE_Replace come after all those labeled
+  ** OE_Ignore.  This is necessary for the correct constraint check
+  ** processing (in sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks()) as part of
+  ** UPDATE and INSERT statements.  
+  */
+  if( db->init.busy || pTblName==0 ){
+    if( onError!=OE_Replace || pTab->pIndex==0
+         || pTab->pIndex->onError==OE_Replace){
+      pIndex->pNext = pTab->pIndex;
+      pTab->pIndex = pIndex;
+    }else{
+      Index *pOther = pTab->pIndex;
+      while( pOther->pNext && pOther->pNext->onError!=OE_Replace ){
+        pOther = pOther->pNext;
+      }
+      pIndex->pNext = pOther->pNext;
+      pOther->pNext = pIndex;
+    }
+    pRet = pIndex;
+    pIndex = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Clean up before exiting */
+exit_create_index:
+  if( pIndex ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pIndex->zColAff);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pIndex);
+  }
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTblName);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+/*
+** Fill the Index.aiRowEst[] array with default information - information
+** to be used when we have not run the ANALYZE command.
+**
+** aiRowEst[0] is suppose to contain the number of elements in the index.
+** Since we do not know, guess 1 million.  aiRowEst[1] is an estimate of the
+** number of rows in the table that match any particular value of the
+** first column of the index.  aiRowEst[2] is an estimate of the number
+** of rows that match any particular combiniation of the first 2 columns
+** of the index.  And so forth.  It must always be the case that
+*
+**           aiRowEst[N]<=aiRowEst[N-1]
+**           aiRowEst[N]>=1
+**
+** Apart from that, we have little to go on besides intuition as to
+** how aiRowEst[] should be initialized.  The numbers generated here
+** are based on typical values found in actual indices.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DefaultRowEst(Index *pIdx){
+  unsigned *a = pIdx->aiRowEst;
+  int i;
+  unsigned n;
+  assert( a!=0 );
+  a[0] = pIdx->pTable->nRowEst;
+  if( a[0]<10 ) a[0] = 10;
+  n = 10;
+  for(i=1; i<=pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+    a[i] = n;
+    if( n>5 ) n--;
+  }
+  if( pIdx->onError!=OE_None ){
+    a[pIdx->nColumn] = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine will drop an existing named index.  This routine
+** implements the DROP INDEX statement.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropIndex(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, int ifExists){
+  Index *pIndex;
+  Vdbe *v;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int iDb;
+
+  assert( pParse->nErr==0 );   /* Never called with prior errors */
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto exit_drop_index;
+  }
+  assert( pName->nSrc==1 );
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+    goto exit_drop_index;
+  }
+  pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(db, pName->a[0].zName, pName->a[0].zDatabase);
+  if( pIndex==0 ){
+    if( !ifExists ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such index: %S", pName, 0);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(pParse, pName->a[0].zDatabase);
+    }
+    pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+    goto exit_drop_index;
+  }
+  if( pIndex->autoIndex ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "index associated with UNIQUE "
+      "or PRIMARY KEY constraint cannot be dropped", 0);
+    goto exit_drop_index;
+  }
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIndex->pSchema);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  {
+    int code = SQLITE_DROP_INDEX;
+    Table *pTab = pIndex->pTable;
+    const char *zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+    const char *zTab = SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb);
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_DELETE, zTab, 0, zDb) ){
+      goto exit_drop_index;
+    }
+    if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb ) code = SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_INDEX;
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, code, pIndex->zName, pTab->zName, zDb) ){
+      goto exit_drop_index;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Generate code to remove the index and from the master table */
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v ){
+    sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 1, iDb);
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+       "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE name=%Q AND type='index'",
+       db->aDb[iDb].zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb),
+       pIndex->zName
+    );
+    if( sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat1", db->aDb[iDb].zName) ){
+      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+        "DELETE FROM %Q.sqlite_stat1 WHERE idx=%Q",
+        db->aDb[iDb].zName, pIndex->zName
+      );
+    }
+    sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+    destroyRootPage(pParse, pIndex->tnum, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_DropIndex, iDb, 0, 0, pIndex->zName, 0);
+  }
+
+exit_drop_index:
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pName);
+}
+
+/*
+** pArray is a pointer to an array of objects.  Each object in the
+** array is szEntry bytes in size.  This routine allocates a new
+** object on the end of the array.
+**
+** *pnEntry is the number of entries already in use.  *pnAlloc is
+** the previously allocated size of the array.  initSize is the
+** suggested initial array size allocation.
+**
+** The index of the new entry is returned in *pIdx.
+**
+** This routine returns a pointer to the array of objects.  This
+** might be the same as the pArray parameter or it might be a different
+** pointer if the array was resized.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ArrayAllocate(
+  sqlite3 *db,      /* Connection to notify of malloc failures */
+  void *pArray,     /* Array of objects.  Might be reallocated */
+  int szEntry,      /* Size of each object in the array */
+  int initSize,     /* Suggested initial allocation, in elements */
+  int *pnEntry,     /* Number of objects currently in use */
+  int *pnAlloc,     /* Current size of the allocation, in elements */
+  int *pIdx         /* Write the index of a new slot here */
+){
+  char *z;
+  if( *pnEntry >= *pnAlloc ){
+    void *pNew;
+    int newSize;
+    newSize = (*pnAlloc)*2 + initSize;
+    pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, pArray, newSize*szEntry);
+    if( pNew==0 ){
+      *pIdx = -1;
+      return pArray;
+    }
+    *pnAlloc = sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, pNew)/szEntry;
+    pArray = pNew;
+  }
+  z = (char*)pArray;
+  memset(&z[*pnEntry * szEntry], 0, szEntry);
+  *pIdx = *pnEntry;
+  ++*pnEntry;
+  return pArray;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append a new element to the given IdList.  Create a new IdList if
+** need be.
+**
+** A new IdList is returned, or NULL if malloc() fails.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListAppend(sqlite3 *db, IdList *pList, Token *pToken){
+  int i;
+  if( pList==0 ){
+    pList = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(IdList) );
+    if( pList==0 ) return 0;
+    pList->nAlloc = 0;
+  }
+  pList->a = sqlite3ArrayAllocate(
+      db,
+      pList->a,
+      sizeof(pList->a[0]),
+      5,
+      &pList->nId,
+      &pList->nAlloc,
+      &i
+  );
+  if( i<0 ){
+    sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pList);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  pList->a[i].zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pToken);
+  return pList;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete an IdList.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3IdListDelete(sqlite3 *db, IdList *pList){
+  int i;
+  if( pList==0 ) return;
+  for(i=0; i<pList->nId; i++){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pList->a[i].zName);
+  }
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pList->a);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pList);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the index in pList of the identifier named zId.  Return -1
+** if not found.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IdListIndex(IdList *pList, const char *zName){
+  int i;
+  if( pList==0 ) return -1;
+  for(i=0; i<pList->nId; i++){
+    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pList->a[i].zName, zName)==0 ) return i;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Expand the space allocated for the given SrcList object by
+** creating nExtra new slots beginning at iStart.  iStart is zero based.
+** New slots are zeroed.
+**
+** For example, suppose a SrcList initially contains two entries: A,B.
+** To append 3 new entries onto the end, do this:
+**
+**    sqlite3SrcListEnlarge(db, pSrclist, 3, 2);
+**
+** After the call above it would contain:  A, B, nil, nil, nil.
+** If the iStart argument had been 1 instead of 2, then the result
+** would have been:  A, nil, nil, nil, B.  To prepend the new slots,
+** the iStart value would be 0.  The result then would
+** be: nil, nil, nil, A, B.
+**
+** If a memory allocation fails the SrcList is unchanged.  The
+** db->mallocFailed flag will be set to true.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListEnlarge(
+  sqlite3 *db,       /* Database connection to notify of OOM errors */
+  SrcList *pSrc,     /* The SrcList to be enlarged */
+  int nExtra,        /* Number of new slots to add to pSrc->a[] */
+  int iStart         /* Index in pSrc->a[] of first new slot */
+){
+  int i;
+
+  /* Sanity checking on calling parameters */
+  assert( iStart>=0 );
+  assert( nExtra>=1 );
+  assert( pSrc!=0 );
+  assert( iStart<=pSrc->nSrc );
+
+  /* Allocate additional space if needed */
+  if( pSrc->nSrc+nExtra>pSrc->nAlloc ){
+    SrcList *pNew;
+    int nAlloc = pSrc->nSrc+nExtra;
+    int nGot;
+    pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, pSrc,
+               sizeof(*pSrc) + (nAlloc-1)*sizeof(pSrc->a[0]) );
+    if( pNew==0 ){
+      assert( db->mallocFailed );
+      return pSrc;
+    }
+    pSrc = pNew;
+    nGot = (sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, pNew) - sizeof(*pSrc))/sizeof(pSrc->a[0])+1;
+    pSrc->nAlloc = (u16)nGot;
+  }
+
+  /* Move existing slots that come after the newly inserted slots
+  ** out of the way */
+  for(i=pSrc->nSrc-1; i>=iStart; i--){
+    pSrc->a[i+nExtra] = pSrc->a[i];
+  }
+  pSrc->nSrc += (i16)nExtra;
+
+  /* Zero the newly allocated slots */
+  memset(&pSrc->a[iStart], 0, sizeof(pSrc->a[0])*nExtra);
+  for(i=iStart; i<iStart+nExtra; i++){
+    pSrc->a[i].iCursor = -1;
+  }
+
+  /* Return a pointer to the enlarged SrcList */
+  return pSrc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Append a new table name to the given SrcList.  Create a new SrcList if
+** need be.  A new entry is created in the SrcList even if pTable is NULL.
+**
+** A SrcList is returned, or NULL if there is an OOM error.  The returned
+** SrcList might be the same as the SrcList that was input or it might be
+** a new one.  If an OOM error does occurs, then the prior value of pList
+** that is input to this routine is automatically freed.
+**
+** If pDatabase is not null, it means that the table has an optional
+** database name prefix.  Like this:  "database.table".  The pDatabase
+** points to the table name and the pTable points to the database name.
+** The SrcList.a[].zName field is filled with the table name which might
+** come from pTable (if pDatabase is NULL) or from pDatabase.  
+** SrcList.a[].zDatabase is filled with the database name from pTable,
+** or with NULL if no database is specified.
+**
+** In other words, if call like this:
+**
+**         sqlite3SrcListAppend(D,A,B,0);
+**
+** Then B is a table name and the database name is unspecified.  If called
+** like this:
+**
+**         sqlite3SrcListAppend(D,A,B,C);
+**
+** Then C is the table name and B is the database name.  If C is defined
+** then so is B.  In other words, we never have a case where:
+**
+**         sqlite3SrcListAppend(D,A,0,C);
+**
+** Both pTable and pDatabase are assumed to be quoted.  They are dequoted
+** before being added to the SrcList.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListAppend(
+  sqlite3 *db,        /* Connection to notify of malloc failures */
+  SrcList *pList,     /* Append to this SrcList. NULL creates a new SrcList */
+  Token *pTable,      /* Table to append */
+  Token *pDatabase    /* Database of the table */
+){
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  assert( pDatabase==0 || pTable!=0 );  /* Cannot have C without B */
+  if( pList==0 ){
+    pList = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(SrcList) );
+    if( pList==0 ) return 0;
+    pList->nAlloc = 1;
+  }
+  pList = sqlite3SrcListEnlarge(db, pList, 1, pList->nSrc);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pList);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  pItem = &pList->a[pList->nSrc-1];
+  if( pDatabase && pDatabase->z==0 ){
+    pDatabase = 0;
+  }
+  if( pDatabase ){
+    Token *pTemp = pDatabase;
+    pDatabase = pTable;
+    pTable = pTemp;
+  }
+  pItem->zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pTable);
+  pItem->zDatabase = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pDatabase);
+  return pList;
+}
+
+/*
+** Assign VdbeCursor index numbers to all tables in a SrcList
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pList){
+  int i;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  assert(pList || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+  if( pList ){
+    for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<pList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
+      if( pItem->iCursor>=0 ) break;
+      pItem->iCursor = pParse->nTab++;
+      if( pItem->pSelect ){
+        sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(pParse, pItem->pSelect->pSrc);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete an entire SrcList including all its substructure.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListDelete(sqlite3 *db, SrcList *pList){
+  int i;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  if( pList==0 ) return;
+  for(pItem=pList->a, i=0; i<pList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->zDatabase);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->zName);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->zAlias);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->zIndex);
+    sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pItem->pTab);
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pItem->pSelect);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pItem->pOn);
+    sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pItem->pUsing);
+  }
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pList);
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called by the parser to add a new term to the
+** end of a growing FROM clause.  The "p" parameter is the part of
+** the FROM clause that has already been constructed.  "p" is NULL
+** if this is the first term of the FROM clause.  pTable and pDatabase
+** are the name of the table and database named in the FROM clause term.
+** pDatabase is NULL if the database name qualifier is missing - the
+** usual case.  If the term has a alias, then pAlias points to the
+** alias token.  If the term is a subquery, then pSubquery is the
+** SELECT statement that the subquery encodes.  The pTable and
+** pDatabase parameters are NULL for subqueries.  The pOn and pUsing
+** parameters are the content of the ON and USING clauses.
+**
+** Return a new SrcList which encodes is the FROM with the new
+** term added.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  SrcList *p,             /* The left part of the FROM clause already seen */
+  Token *pTable,          /* Name of the table to add to the FROM clause */
+  Token *pDatabase,       /* Name of the database containing pTable */
+  Token *pAlias,          /* The right-hand side of the AS subexpression */
+  Select *pSubquery,      /* A subquery used in place of a table name */
+  Expr *pOn,              /* The ON clause of a join */
+  IdList *pUsing          /* The USING clause of a join */
+){
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  if( !p && (pOn || pUsing) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "a JOIN clause is required before %s", 
+      (pOn ? "ON" : "USING")
+    );
+    goto append_from_error;
+  }
+  p = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, p, pTable, pDatabase);
+  if( p==0 || NEVER(p->nSrc==0) ){
+    goto append_from_error;
+  }
+  pItem = &p->a[p->nSrc-1];
+  assert( pAlias!=0 );
+  if( pAlias->n ){
+    pItem->zAlias = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pAlias);
+  }
+  pItem->pSelect = pSubquery;
+  pItem->pOn = pOn;
+  pItem->pUsing = pUsing;
+  return p;
+
+ append_from_error:
+  assert( p==0 );
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pOn);
+  sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pUsing);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSubquery);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add an INDEXED BY or NOT INDEXED clause to the most recently added 
+** element of the source-list passed as the second argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(Parse *pParse, SrcList *p, Token *pIndexedBy){
+  assert( pIndexedBy!=0 );
+  if( p && ALWAYS(p->nSrc>0) ){
+    struct SrcList_item *pItem = &p->a[p->nSrc-1];
+    assert( pItem->notIndexed==0 && pItem->zIndex==0 );
+    if( pIndexedBy->n==1 && !pIndexedBy->z ){
+      /* A "NOT INDEXED" clause was supplied. See parse.y 
+      ** construct "indexed_opt" for details. */
+      pItem->notIndexed = 1;
+    }else{
+      pItem->zIndex = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pIndexedBy);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** When building up a FROM clause in the parser, the join operator
+** is initially attached to the left operand.  But the code generator
+** expects the join operator to be on the right operand.  This routine
+** Shifts all join operators from left to right for an entire FROM
+** clause.
+**
+** Example: Suppose the join is like this:
+**
+**           A natural cross join B
+**
+** The operator is "natural cross join".  The A and B operands are stored
+** in p->a[0] and p->a[1], respectively.  The parser initially stores the
+** operator with A.  This routine shifts that operator over to B.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(SrcList *p){
+  if( p && p->a ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=p->nSrc-1; i>0; i--){
+      p->a[i].jointype = p->a[i-1].jointype;
+    }
+    p->a[0].jointype = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Begin a transaction
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginTransaction(Parse *pParse, int type){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  Vdbe *v;
+  int i;
+
+  assert( pParse!=0 );
+  db = pParse->db;
+  assert( db!=0 );
+/*  if( db->aDb[0].pBt==0 ) return; */
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_TRANSACTION, "BEGIN", 0, 0) ){
+    return;
+  }
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( !v ) return;
+  if( type!=TK_DEFERRED ){
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Transaction, i, (type==TK_EXCLUSIVE)+1);
+      sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, i);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AutoCommit, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Commit a transaction
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitTransaction(Parse *pParse){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  Vdbe *v;
+
+  assert( pParse!=0 );
+  db = pParse->db;
+  assert( db!=0 );
+/*  if( db->aDb[0].pBt==0 ) return; */
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_TRANSACTION, "COMMIT", 0, 0) ){
+    return;
+  }
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AutoCommit, 1, 0);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Rollback a transaction
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackTransaction(Parse *pParse){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  Vdbe *v;
+
+  assert( pParse!=0 );
+  db = pParse->db;
+  assert( db!=0 );
+/*  if( db->aDb[0].pBt==0 ) return; */
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_TRANSACTION, "ROLLBACK", 0, 0) ){
+    return;
+  }
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AutoCommit, 1, 1);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called by the parser when it parses a command to create,
+** release or rollback an SQL savepoint. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Savepoint(Parse *pParse, int op, Token *pName){
+  char *zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pName);
+  if( zName ){
+    Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+    static const char * const az[] = { "BEGIN", "RELEASE", "ROLLBACK" };
+    assert( !SAVEPOINT_BEGIN && SAVEPOINT_RELEASE==1 && SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK==2 );
+#endif
+    if( !v || sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SAVEPOINT, az[op], zName, 0) ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, zName);
+      return;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Savepoint, op, 0, 0, zName, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Make sure the TEMP database is open and available for use.  Return
+** the number of errors.  Leave any error messages in the pParse structure.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(Parse *pParse){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  if( db->aDb[1].pBt==0 && !pParse->explain ){
+    int rc;
+    Btree *pBt;
+    static const int flags = 
+          SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE |
+          SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE |
+          SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE |
+          SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE |
+          SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB;
+
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, 0, db, &pBt, 0, flags);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unable to open a temporary database "
+        "file for storing temporary tables");
+      pParse->rc = rc;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    db->aDb[1].pBt = pBt;
+    assert( db->aDb[1].pSchema );
+    if( SQLITE_NOMEM==sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pBt, db->nextPagesize, -1, 0) ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate VDBE code that will verify the schema cookie and start
+** a read-transaction for all named database files.
+**
+** It is important that all schema cookies be verified and all
+** read transactions be started before anything else happens in
+** the VDBE program.  But this routine can be called after much other
+** code has been generated.  So here is what we do:
+**
+** The first time this routine is called, we code an OP_Goto that
+** will jump to a subroutine at the end of the program.  Then we
+** record every database that needs its schema verified in the
+** pParse->cookieMask field.  Later, after all other code has been
+** generated, the subroutine that does the cookie verifications and
+** starts the transactions will be coded and the OP_Goto P2 value
+** will be made to point to that subroutine.  The generation of the
+** cookie verification subroutine code happens in sqlite3FinishCoding().
+**
+** If iDb<0 then code the OP_Goto only - don't set flag to verify the
+** schema on any databases.  This can be used to position the OP_Goto
+** early in the code, before we know if any database tables will be used.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
+  Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+
+  if( pToplevel->cookieGoto==0 ){
+    Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pToplevel);
+    if( v==0 ) return;  /* This only happens if there was a prior error */
+    pToplevel->cookieGoto = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0)+1;
+  }
+  if( iDb>=0 ){
+    sqlite3 *db = pToplevel->db;
+    yDbMask mask;
+
+    assert( iDb<db->nDb );
+    assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 || iDb==1 );
+    assert( iDb<SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+2 );
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    mask = ((yDbMask)1)<<iDb;
+    if( (pToplevel->cookieMask & mask)==0 ){
+      pToplevel->cookieMask |= mask;
+      pToplevel->cookieValue[iDb] = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie;
+      if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
+        sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(pToplevel);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If argument zDb is NULL, then call sqlite3CodeVerifySchema() for each 
+** attached database. Otherwise, invoke it for the database named zDb only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(Parse *pParse, const char *zDb){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
+    if( pDb->pBt && (!zDb || 0==sqlite3StrICmp(zDb, pDb->zName)) ){
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, i);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate VDBE code that prepares for doing an operation that
+** might change the database.
+**
+** This routine starts a new transaction if we are not already within
+** a transaction.  If we are already within a transaction, then a checkpoint
+** is set if the setStatement parameter is true.  A checkpoint should
+** be set for operations that might fail (due to a constraint) part of
+** the way through and which will need to undo some writes without having to
+** rollback the whole transaction.  For operations where all constraints
+** can be checked before any changes are made to the database, it is never
+** necessary to undo a write and the checkpoint should not be set.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(Parse *pParse, int setStatement, int iDb){
+  Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+  sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+  pToplevel->writeMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<iDb;
+  pToplevel->isMultiWrite |= setStatement;
+}
+
+/*
+** Indicate that the statement currently under construction might write
+** more than one entry (example: deleting one row then inserting another,
+** inserting multiple rows in a table, or inserting a row and index entries.)
+** If an abort occurs after some of these writes have completed, then it will
+** be necessary to undo the completed writes.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MultiWrite(Parse *pParse){
+  Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+  pToplevel->isMultiWrite = 1;
+}
+
+/* 
+** The code generator calls this routine if is discovers that it is
+** possible to abort a statement prior to completion.  In order to 
+** perform this abort without corrupting the database, we need to make
+** sure that the statement is protected by a statement transaction.
+**
+** Technically, we only need to set the mayAbort flag if the
+** isMultiWrite flag was previously set.  There is a time dependency
+** such that the abort must occur after the multiwrite.  This makes
+** some statements involving the REPLACE conflict resolution algorithm
+** go a little faster.  But taking advantage of this time dependency
+** makes it more difficult to prove that the code is correct (in 
+** particular, it prevents us from writing an effective
+** implementation of sqlite3AssertMayAbort()) and so we have chosen
+** to take the safe route and skip the optimization.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MayAbort(Parse *pParse){
+  Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+  pToplevel->mayAbort = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Code an OP_Halt that causes the vdbe to return an SQLITE_CONSTRAINT
+** error. The onError parameter determines which (if any) of the statement
+** and/or current transaction is rolled back.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(Parse *pParse, int onError, char *p4, int p4type){
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( onError==OE_Abort ){
+    sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, onError, 0, p4, p4type);
+}
+
+/*
+** Check to see if pIndex uses the collating sequence pColl.  Return
+** true if it does and false if it does not.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_REINDEX
+static int collationMatch(const char *zColl, Index *pIndex){
+  int i;
+  assert( zColl!=0 );
+  for(i=0; i<pIndex->nColumn; i++){
+    const char *z = pIndex->azColl[i];
+    assert( z!=0 );
+    if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, zColl) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Recompute all indices of pTab that use the collating sequence pColl.
+** If pColl==0 then recompute all indices of pTab.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_REINDEX
+static void reindexTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab, char const *zColl){
+  Index *pIndex;              /* An index associated with pTab */
+
+  for(pIndex=pTab->pIndex; pIndex; pIndex=pIndex->pNext){
+    if( zColl==0 || collationMatch(zColl, pIndex) ){
+      int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+      sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+      sqlite3RefillIndex(pParse, pIndex, -1);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Recompute all indices of all tables in all databases where the
+** indices use the collating sequence pColl.  If pColl==0 then recompute
+** all indices everywhere.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_REINDEX
+static void reindexDatabases(Parse *pParse, char const *zColl){
+  Db *pDb;                    /* A single database */
+  int iDb;                    /* The database index number */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;   /* The database connection */
+  HashElem *k;                /* For looping over tables in pDb */
+  Table *pTab;                /* A table in the database */
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );  /* Needed for schema access */
+  for(iDb=0, pDb=db->aDb; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++, pDb++){
+    assert( pDb!=0 );
+    for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pDb->pSchema->tblHash);  k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
+      pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
+      reindexTable(pParse, pTab, zColl);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Generate code for the REINDEX command.
+**
+**        REINDEX                            -- 1
+**        REINDEX  <collation>               -- 2
+**        REINDEX  ?<database>.?<tablename>  -- 3
+**        REINDEX  ?<database>.?<indexname>  -- 4
+**
+** Form 1 causes all indices in all attached databases to be rebuilt.
+** Form 2 rebuilds all indices in all databases that use the named
+** collating function.  Forms 3 and 4 rebuild the named index or all
+** indices associated with the named table.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_REINDEX
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Reindex(Parse *pParse, Token *pName1, Token *pName2){
+  CollSeq *pColl;             /* Collating sequence to be reindexed, or NULL */
+  char *z;                    /* Name of a table or index */
+  const char *zDb;            /* Name of the database */
+  Table *pTab;                /* A table in the database */
+  Index *pIndex;              /* An index associated with pTab */
+  int iDb;                    /* The database index number */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;   /* The database connection */
+  Token *pObjName;            /* Name of the table or index to be reindexed */
+
+  /* Read the database schema. If an error occurs, leave an error message
+  ** and code in pParse and return NULL. */
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if( pName1==0 ){
+    reindexDatabases(pParse, 0);
+    return;
+  }else if( NEVER(pName2==0) || pName2->z==0 ){
+    char *zColl;
+    assert( pName1->z );
+    zColl = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pName1);
+    if( !zColl ) return;
+    pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, ENC(db), zColl, 0);
+    if( pColl ){
+      reindexDatabases(pParse, zColl);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zColl);
+      return;
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zColl);
+  }
+  iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pObjName);
+  if( iDb<0 ) return;
+  z = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pObjName);
+  if( z==0 ) return;
+  zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, z, zDb);
+  if( pTab ){
+    reindexTable(pParse, pTab, 0);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
+    return;
+  }
+  pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(db, z, zDb);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
+  if( pIndex ){
+    sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+    sqlite3RefillIndex(pParse, pIndex, -1);
+    return;
+  }
+  sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unable to identify the object to be reindexed");
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return a dynamicly allocated KeyInfo structure that can be used
+** with OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite to access database index pIdx.
+**
+** If successful, a pointer to the new structure is returned. In this case
+** the caller is responsible for calling sqlite3DbFree(db, ) on the returned 
+** pointer. If an error occurs (out of memory or missing collation 
+** sequence), NULL is returned and the state of pParse updated to reflect
+** the error.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(Parse *pParse, Index *pIdx){
+  int i;
+  int nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+  int nBytes = sizeof(KeyInfo) + (nCol-1)*sizeof(CollSeq*) + nCol;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  KeyInfo *pKey = (KeyInfo *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nBytes);
+
+  if( pKey ){
+    pKey->db = pParse->db;
+    pKey->aSortOrder = (u8 *)&(pKey->aColl[nCol]);
+    assert( &pKey->aSortOrder[nCol]==&(((u8 *)pKey)[nBytes]) );
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      char *zColl = pIdx->azColl[i];
+      assert( zColl );
+      pKey->aColl[i] = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl);
+      pKey->aSortOrder[i] = pIdx->aSortOrder[i];
+    }
+    pKey->nField = (u16)nCol;
+  }
+
+  if( pParse->nErr ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pKey);
+    pKey = 0;
+  }
+  return pKey;
+}
+
+/************** End of build.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file callback.c ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2005 May 23 
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains functions used to access the internal hash tables
+** of user defined functions and collation sequences.
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** Invoke the 'collation needed' callback to request a collation sequence
+** in the encoding enc of name zName, length nName.
+*/
+static void callCollNeeded(sqlite3 *db, int enc, const char *zName){
+  assert( !db->xCollNeeded || !db->xCollNeeded16 );
+  if( db->xCollNeeded ){
+    char *zExternal = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zName);
+    if( !zExternal ) return;
+    db->xCollNeeded(db->pCollNeededArg, db, enc, zExternal);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zExternal);
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+  if( db->xCollNeeded16 ){
+    char const *zExternal;
+    sqlite3_value *pTmp = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
+    sqlite3ValueSetStr(pTmp, -1, zName, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    zExternal = sqlite3ValueText(pTmp, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
+    if( zExternal ){
+      db->xCollNeeded16(db->pCollNeededArg, db, (int)ENC(db), zExternal);
+    }
+    sqlite3ValueFree(pTmp);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called if the collation factory fails to deliver a
+** collation function in the best encoding but there may be other versions
+** of this collation function (for other text encodings) available. Use one
+** of these instead if they exist. Avoid a UTF-8 <-> UTF-16 conversion if
+** possible.
+*/
+static int synthCollSeq(sqlite3 *db, CollSeq *pColl){
+  CollSeq *pColl2;
+  char *z = pColl->zName;
+  int i;
+  static const u8 aEnc[] = { SQLITE_UTF16BE, SQLITE_UTF16LE, SQLITE_UTF8 };
+  for(i=0; i<3; i++){
+    pColl2 = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, aEnc[i], z, 0);
+    if( pColl2->xCmp!=0 ){
+      memcpy(pColl, pColl2, sizeof(CollSeq));
+      pColl->xDel = 0;         /* Do not copy the destructor */
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is responsible for invoking the collation factory callback
+** or substituting a collation sequence of a different encoding when the
+** requested collation sequence is not available in the desired encoding.
+** 
+** If it is not NULL, then pColl must point to the database native encoding 
+** collation sequence with name zName, length nName.
+**
+** The return value is either the collation sequence to be used in database
+** db for collation type name zName, length nName, or NULL, if no collation
+** sequence can be found.
+**
+** See also: sqlite3LocateCollSeq(), sqlite3FindCollSeq()
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(
+  sqlite3* db,          /* The database connection */
+  u8 enc,               /* The desired encoding for the collating sequence */
+  CollSeq *pColl,       /* Collating sequence with native encoding, or NULL */
+  const char *zName     /* Collating sequence name */
+){
+  CollSeq *p;
+
+  p = pColl;
+  if( !p ){
+    p = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, enc, zName, 0);
+  }
+  if( !p || !p->xCmp ){
+    /* No collation sequence of this type for this encoding is registered.
+    ** Call the collation factory to see if it can supply us with one.
+    */
+    callCollNeeded(db, enc, zName);
+    p = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, enc, zName, 0);
+  }
+  if( p && !p->xCmp && synthCollSeq(db, p) ){
+    p = 0;
+  }
+  assert( !p || p->xCmp );
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called on a collation sequence before it is used to
+** check that it is defined. An undefined collation sequence exists when
+** a database is loaded that contains references to collation sequences
+** that have not been defined by sqlite3_create_collation() etc.
+**
+** If required, this routine calls the 'collation needed' callback to
+** request a definition of the collating sequence. If this doesn't work, 
+** an equivalent collating sequence that uses a text encoding different
+** from the main database is substituted, if one is available.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckCollSeq(Parse *pParse, CollSeq *pColl){
+  if( pColl ){
+    const char *zName = pColl->zName;
+    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+    CollSeq *p = sqlite3GetCollSeq(db, ENC(db), pColl, zName);
+    if( !p ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s", zName);
+      pParse->nErr++;
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    assert( p==pColl );
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** Locate and return an entry from the db.aCollSeq hash table. If the entry
+** specified by zName and nName is not found and parameter 'create' is
+** true, then create a new entry. Otherwise return NULL.
+**
+** Each pointer stored in the sqlite3.aCollSeq hash table contains an
+** array of three CollSeq structures. The first is the collation sequence
+** prefferred for UTF-8, the second UTF-16le, and the third UTF-16be.
+**
+** Stored immediately after the three collation sequences is a copy of
+** the collation sequence name. A pointer to this string is stored in
+** each collation sequence structure.
+*/
+static CollSeq *findCollSeqEntry(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* Database connection */
+  const char *zName,    /* Name of the collating sequence */
+  int create            /* Create a new entry if true */
+){
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+  int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  pColl = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aCollSeq, zName, nName);
+
+  if( 0==pColl && create ){
+    pColl = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 3*sizeof(*pColl) + nName + 1 );
+    if( pColl ){
+      CollSeq *pDel = 0;
+      pColl[0].zName = (char*)&pColl[3];
+      pColl[0].enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+      pColl[1].zName = (char*)&pColl[3];
+      pColl[1].enc = SQLITE_UTF16LE;
+      pColl[2].zName = (char*)&pColl[3];
+      pColl[2].enc = SQLITE_UTF16BE;
+      memcpy(pColl[0].zName, zName, nName);
+      pColl[0].zName[nName] = 0;
+      pDel = sqlite3HashInsert(&db->aCollSeq, pColl[0].zName, nName, pColl);
+
+      /* If a malloc() failure occurred in sqlite3HashInsert(), it will 
+      ** return the pColl pointer to be deleted (because it wasn't added
+      ** to the hash table).
+      */
+      assert( pDel==0 || pDel==pColl );
+      if( pDel!=0 ){
+        db->mallocFailed = 1;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pDel);
+        pColl = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return pColl;
+}
+
+/*
+** Parameter zName points to a UTF-8 encoded string nName bytes long.
+** Return the CollSeq* pointer for the collation sequence named zName
+** for the encoding 'enc' from the database 'db'.
+**
+** If the entry specified is not found and 'create' is true, then create a
+** new entry.  Otherwise return NULL.
+**
+** A separate function sqlite3LocateCollSeq() is a wrapper around
+** this routine.  sqlite3LocateCollSeq() invokes the collation factory
+** if necessary and generates an error message if the collating sequence
+** cannot be found.
+**
+** See also: sqlite3LocateCollSeq(), sqlite3GetCollSeq()
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3FindCollSeq(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  u8 enc,
+  const char *zName,
+  int create
+){
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+  if( zName ){
+    pColl = findCollSeqEntry(db, zName, create);
+  }else{
+    pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+  }
+  assert( SQLITE_UTF8==1 && SQLITE_UTF16LE==2 && SQLITE_UTF16BE==3 );
+  assert( enc>=SQLITE_UTF8 && enc<=SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  if( pColl ) pColl += enc-1;
+  return pColl;
+}
+
+/* During the search for the best function definition, this procedure
+** is called to test how well the function passed as the first argument
+** matches the request for a function with nArg arguments in a system
+** that uses encoding enc. The value returned indicates how well the
+** request is matched. A higher value indicates a better match.
+**
+** The returned value is always between 0 and 6, as follows:
+**
+** 0: Not a match, or if nArg<0 and the function is has no implementation.
+** 1: A variable arguments function that prefers UTF-8 when a UTF-16
+**    encoding is requested, or vice versa.
+** 2: A variable arguments function that uses UTF-16BE when UTF-16LE is
+**    requested, or vice versa.
+** 3: A variable arguments function using the same text encoding.
+** 4: A function with the exact number of arguments requested that
+**    prefers UTF-8 when a UTF-16 encoding is requested, or vice versa.
+** 5: A function with the exact number of arguments requested that
+**    prefers UTF-16LE when UTF-16BE is requested, or vice versa.
+** 6: An exact match.
+**
+*/
+static int matchQuality(FuncDef *p, int nArg, u8 enc){
+  int match = 0;
+  if( p->nArg==-1 || p->nArg==nArg 
+   || (nArg==-1 && (p->xFunc!=0 || p->xStep!=0))
+  ){
+    match = 1;
+    if( p->nArg==nArg || nArg==-1 ){
+      match = 4;
+    }
+    if( enc==p->iPrefEnc ){
+      match += 2;
+    }
+    else if( (enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE && p->iPrefEnc==SQLITE_UTF16BE) ||
+             (enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE && p->iPrefEnc==SQLITE_UTF16LE) ){
+      match += 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return match;
+}
+
+/*
+** Search a FuncDefHash for a function with the given name.  Return
+** a pointer to the matching FuncDef if found, or 0 if there is no match.
+*/
+static FuncDef *functionSearch(
+  FuncDefHash *pHash,  /* Hash table to search */
+  int h,               /* Hash of the name */
+  const char *zFunc,   /* Name of function */
+  int nFunc            /* Number of bytes in zFunc */
+){
+  FuncDef *p;
+  for(p=pHash->a[h]; p; p=p->pHash){
+    if( sqlite3StrNICmp(p->zName, zFunc, nFunc)==0 && p->zName[nFunc]==0 ){
+      return p;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Insert a new FuncDef into a FuncDefHash hash table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FuncDefInsert(
+  FuncDefHash *pHash,  /* The hash table into which to insert */
+  FuncDef *pDef        /* The function definition to insert */
+){
+  FuncDef *pOther;
+  int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(pDef->zName);
+  u8 c1 = (u8)pDef->zName[0];
+  int h = (sqlite3UpperToLower[c1] + nName) % ArraySize(pHash->a);
+  pOther = functionSearch(pHash, h, pDef->zName, nName);
+  if( pOther ){
+    assert( pOther!=pDef && pOther->pNext!=pDef );
+    pDef->pNext = pOther->pNext;
+    pOther->pNext = pDef;
+  }else{
+    pDef->pNext = 0;
+    pDef->pHash = pHash->a[h];
+    pHash->a[h] = pDef;
+  }
+}
+  
+  
+
+/*
+** Locate a user function given a name, a number of arguments and a flag
+** indicating whether the function prefers UTF-16 over UTF-8.  Return a
+** pointer to the FuncDef structure that defines that function, or return
+** NULL if the function does not exist.
+**
+** If the createFlag argument is true, then a new (blank) FuncDef
+** structure is created and liked into the "db" structure if a
+** no matching function previously existed.  When createFlag is true
+** and the nArg parameter is -1, then only a function that accepts
+** any number of arguments will be returned.
+**
+** If createFlag is false and nArg is -1, then the first valid
+** function found is returned.  A function is valid if either xFunc
+** or xStep is non-zero.
+**
+** If createFlag is false, then a function with the required name and
+** number of arguments may be returned even if the eTextRep flag does not
+** match that requested.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3FindFunction(
+  sqlite3 *db,       /* An open database */
+  const char *zName, /* Name of the function.  Not null-terminated */
+  int nName,         /* Number of characters in the name */
+  int nArg,          /* Number of arguments.  -1 means any number */
+  u8 enc,            /* Preferred text encoding */
+  int createFlag     /* Create new entry if true and does not otherwise exist */
+){
+  FuncDef *p;         /* Iterator variable */
+  FuncDef *pBest = 0; /* Best match found so far */
+  int bestScore = 0;  /* Score of best match */
+  int h;              /* Hash value */
+
+
+  assert( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  h = (sqlite3UpperToLower[(u8)zName[0]] + nName) % ArraySize(db->aFunc.a);
+
+  /* First search for a match amongst the application-defined functions.
+  */
+  p = functionSearch(&db->aFunc, h, zName, nName);
+  while( p ){
+    int score = matchQuality(p, nArg, enc);
+    if( score>bestScore ){
+      pBest = p;
+      bestScore = score;
+    }
+    p = p->pNext;
+  }
+
+  /* If no match is found, search the built-in functions.
+  **
+  ** If the SQLITE_PreferBuiltin flag is set, then search the built-in
+  ** functions even if a prior app-defined function was found.  And give
+  ** priority to built-in functions.
+  **
+  ** Except, if createFlag is true, that means that we are trying to
+  ** install a new function.  Whatever FuncDef structure is returned it will
+  ** have fields overwritten with new information appropriate for the
+  ** new function.  But the FuncDefs for built-in functions are read-only.
+  ** So we must not search for built-ins when creating a new function.
+  */ 
+  if( !createFlag && (pBest==0 || (db->flags & SQLITE_PreferBuiltin)!=0) ){
+    FuncDefHash *pHash = &GLOBAL(FuncDefHash, sqlite3GlobalFunctions);
+    bestScore = 0;
+    p = functionSearch(pHash, h, zName, nName);
+    while( p ){
+      int score = matchQuality(p, nArg, enc);
+      if( score>bestScore ){
+        pBest = p;
+        bestScore = score;
+      }
+      p = p->pNext;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If the createFlag parameter is true and the search did not reveal an
+  ** exact match for the name, number of arguments and encoding, then add a
+  ** new entry to the hash table and return it.
+  */
+  if( createFlag && (bestScore<6 || pBest->nArg!=nArg) && 
+      (pBest = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pBest)+nName+1))!=0 ){
+    pBest->zName = (char *)&pBest[1];
+    pBest->nArg = (u16)nArg;
+    pBest->iPrefEnc = enc;
+    memcpy(pBest->zName, zName, nName);
+    pBest->zName[nName] = 0;
+    sqlite3FuncDefInsert(&db->aFunc, pBest);
+  }
+
+  if( pBest && (pBest->xStep || pBest->xFunc || createFlag) ){
+    return pBest;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all resources held by the schema structure. The void* argument points
+** at a Schema struct. This function does not call sqlite3DbFree(db, ) on the 
+** pointer itself, it just cleans up subsidiary resources (i.e. the contents
+** of the schema hash tables).
+**
+** The Schema.cache_size variable is not cleared.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaClear(void *p){
+  Hash temp1;
+  Hash temp2;
+  HashElem *pElem;
+  Schema *pSchema = (Schema *)p;
+
+  temp1 = pSchema->tblHash;
+  temp2 = pSchema->trigHash;
+  sqlite3HashInit(&pSchema->trigHash);
+  sqlite3HashClear(&pSchema->idxHash);
+  for(pElem=sqliteHashFirst(&temp2); pElem; pElem=sqliteHashNext(pElem)){
+    sqlite3DeleteTrigger(0, (Trigger*)sqliteHashData(pElem));
+  }
+  sqlite3HashClear(&temp2);
+  sqlite3HashInit(&pSchema->tblHash);
+  for(pElem=sqliteHashFirst(&temp1); pElem; pElem=sqliteHashNext(pElem)){
+    Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(pElem);
+    sqlite3DeleteTable(0, pTab);
+  }
+  sqlite3HashClear(&temp1);
+  sqlite3HashClear(&pSchema->fkeyHash);
+  pSchema->pSeqTab = 0;
+  if( pSchema->flags & DB_SchemaLoaded ){
+    pSchema->iGeneration++;
+    pSchema->flags &= ~DB_SchemaLoaded;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Find and return the schema associated with a BTree.  Create
+** a new one if necessary.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Schema *sqlite3SchemaGet(sqlite3 *db, Btree *pBt){
+  Schema * p;
+  if( pBt ){
+    p = (Schema *)sqlite3BtreeSchema(pBt, sizeof(Schema), sqlite3SchemaClear);
+  }else{
+    p = (Schema *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(0, sizeof(Schema));
+  }
+  if( !p ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }else if ( 0==p->file_format ){
+    sqlite3HashInit(&p->tblHash);
+    sqlite3HashInit(&p->idxHash);
+    sqlite3HashInit(&p->trigHash);
+    sqlite3HashInit(&p->fkeyHash);
+    p->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/************** End of callback.c ********************************************/
+/************** Begin file delete.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains C code routines that are called by the parser
+** in order to generate code for DELETE FROM statements.
+*/
+
+/*
+** While a SrcList can in general represent multiple tables and subqueries
+** (as in the FROM clause of a SELECT statement) in this case it contains
+** the name of a single table, as one might find in an INSERT, DELETE,
+** or UPDATE statement.  Look up that table in the symbol table and
+** return a pointer.  Set an error message and return NULL if the table 
+** name is not found or if any other error occurs.
+**
+** The following fields are initialized appropriate in pSrc:
+**
+**    pSrc->a[0].pTab       Pointer to the Table object
+**    pSrc->a[0].pIndex     Pointer to the INDEXED BY index, if there is one
+**
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3SrcListLookup(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pSrc){
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrc->a;
+  Table *pTab;
+  assert( pItem && pSrc->nSrc==1 );
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pItem->zName, pItem->zDatabase);
+  sqlite3DeleteTable(pParse->db, pItem->pTab);
+  pItem->pTab = pTab;
+  if( pTab ){
+    pTab->nRef++;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3IndexedByLookup(pParse, pItem) ){
+    pTab = 0;
+  }
+  return pTab;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check to make sure the given table is writable.  If it is not
+** writable, generate an error message and return 1.  If it is
+** writable return 0;
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsReadOnly(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab, int viewOk){
+  /* A table is not writable under the following circumstances:
+  **
+  **   1) It is a virtual table and no implementation of the xUpdate method
+  **      has been provided, or
+  **   2) It is a system table (i.e. sqlite_master), this call is not
+  **      part of a nested parse and writable_schema pragma has not 
+  **      been specified.
+  **
+  ** In either case leave an error message in pParse and return non-zero.
+  */
+  if( ( IsVirtual(pTab) 
+     && sqlite3GetVTable(pParse->db, pTab)->pMod->pModule->xUpdate==0 )
+   || ( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Readonly)!=0
+     && (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_WriteSchema)==0
+     && pParse->nested==0 )
+  ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s may not be modified", pTab->zName);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+  if( !viewOk && pTab->pSelect ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"cannot modify %s because it is a view",pTab->zName);
+    return 1;
+  }
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+/*
+** Evaluate a view and store its result in an ephemeral table.  The
+** pWhere argument is an optional WHERE clause that restricts the
+** set of rows in the view that are to be added to the ephemeral table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MaterializeView(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
+  Table *pView,        /* View definition */
+  Expr *pWhere,        /* Optional WHERE clause to be added */
+  int iCur             /* Cursor number for ephemerial table */
+){
+  SelectDest dest;
+  Select *pDup;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  pDup = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pView->pSelect, 0);
+  if( pWhere ){
+    SrcList *pFrom;
+    
+    pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhere, 0);
+    pFrom = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( pFrom ){
+      assert( pFrom->nSrc==1 );
+      pFrom->a[0].zAlias = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pView->zName);
+      pFrom->a[0].pSelect = pDup;
+      assert( pFrom->a[0].pOn==0 );
+      assert( pFrom->a[0].pUsing==0 );
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pDup);
+    }
+    pDup = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0, pFrom, pWhere, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+  }
+  sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_EphemTab, iCur);
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, pDup, &dest);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pDup);
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER) */
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
+/*
+** Generate an expression tree to implement the WHERE, ORDER BY,
+** and LIMIT/OFFSET portion of DELETE and UPDATE statements.
+**
+**     DELETE FROM table_wxyz WHERE a<5 ORDER BY a LIMIT 1;
+**                            \__________________________/
+**                               pLimitWhere (pInClause)
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3LimitWhere(
+  Parse *pParse,               /* The parser context */
+  SrcList *pSrc,               /* the FROM clause -- which tables to scan */
+  Expr *pWhere,                /* The WHERE clause.  May be null */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,          /* The ORDER BY clause.  May be null */
+  Expr *pLimit,                /* The LIMIT clause.  May be null */
+  Expr *pOffset,               /* The OFFSET clause.  May be null */
+  char *zStmtType              /* Either DELETE or UPDATE.  For error messages. */
+){
+  Expr *pWhereRowid = NULL;    /* WHERE rowid .. */
+  Expr *pInClause = NULL;      /* WHERE rowid IN ( select ) */
+  Expr *pSelectRowid = NULL;   /* SELECT rowid ... */
+  ExprList *pEList = NULL;     /* Expression list contaning only pSelectRowid */
+  SrcList *pSelectSrc = NULL;  /* SELECT rowid FROM x ... (dup of pSrc) */
+  Select *pSelect = NULL;      /* Complete SELECT tree */
+
+  /* Check that there isn't an ORDER BY without a LIMIT clause.
+  */
+  if( pOrderBy && (pLimit == 0) ) {
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "ORDER BY without LIMIT on %s", zStmtType);
+    pParse->parseError = 1;
+    goto limit_where_cleanup_2;
+  }
+
+  /* We only need to generate a select expression if there
+  ** is a limit/offset term to enforce.
+  */
+  if( pLimit == 0 ) {
+    /* if pLimit is null, pOffset will always be null as well. */
+    assert( pOffset == 0 );
+    return pWhere;
+  }
+
+  /* Generate a select expression tree to enforce the limit/offset 
+  ** term for the DELETE or UPDATE statement.  For example:
+  **   DELETE FROM table_a WHERE col1=1 ORDER BY col2 LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1
+  ** becomes:
+  **   DELETE FROM table_a WHERE rowid IN ( 
+  **     SELECT rowid FROM table_a WHERE col1=1 ORDER BY col2 LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1
+  **   );
+  */
+
+  pSelectRowid = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ROW, 0, 0, 0);
+  if( pSelectRowid == 0 ) goto limit_where_cleanup_2;
+  pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, pSelectRowid);
+  if( pEList == 0 ) goto limit_where_cleanup_2;
+
+  /* duplicate the FROM clause as it is needed by both the DELETE/UPDATE tree
+  ** and the SELECT subtree. */
+  pSelectSrc = sqlite3SrcListDup(pParse->db, pSrc, 0);
+  if( pSelectSrc == 0 ) {
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, pEList);
+    goto limit_where_cleanup_2;
+  }
+
+  /* generate the SELECT expression tree. */
+  pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,pEList,pSelectSrc,pWhere,0,0,
+                             pOrderBy,0,pLimit,pOffset);
+  if( pSelect == 0 ) return 0;
+
+  /* now generate the new WHERE rowid IN clause for the DELETE/UDPATE */
+  pWhereRowid = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ROW, 0, 0, 0);
+  if( pWhereRowid == 0 ) goto limit_where_cleanup_1;
+  pInClause = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, pWhereRowid, 0, 0);
+  if( pInClause == 0 ) goto limit_where_cleanup_1;
+
+  pInClause->x.pSelect = pSelect;
+  pInClause->flags |= EP_xIsSelect;
+  sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, pInClause);
+  return pInClause;
+
+  /* something went wrong. clean up anything allocated. */
+limit_where_cleanup_1:
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, pSelect);
+  return 0;
+
+limit_where_cleanup_2:
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pWhere);
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, pOrderBy);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pLimit);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pOffset);
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) */
+
+/*
+** Generate code for a DELETE FROM statement.
+**
+**     DELETE FROM table_wxyz WHERE a<5 AND b NOT NULL;
+**                 \________/       \________________/
+**                  pTabList              pWhere
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteFrom(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* The parser context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,     /* The table from which we should delete things */
+  Expr *pWhere           /* The WHERE clause.  May be null */
+){
+  Vdbe *v;               /* The virtual database engine */
+  Table *pTab;           /* The table from which records will be deleted */
+  const char *zDb;       /* Name of database holding pTab */
+  int end, addr = 0;     /* A couple addresses of generated code */
+  int i;                 /* Loop counter */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;     /* Information about the WHERE clause */
+  Index *pIdx;           /* For looping over indices of the table */
+  int iCur;              /* VDBE Cursor number for pTab */
+  sqlite3 *db;           /* Main database structure */
+  AuthContext sContext;  /* Authorization context */
+  NameContext sNC;       /* Name context to resolve expressions in */
+  int iDb;               /* Database number */
+  int memCnt = -1;       /* Memory cell used for change counting */
+  int rcauth;            /* Value returned by authorization callback */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  int isView;                  /* True if attempting to delete from a view */
+  Trigger *pTrigger;           /* List of table triggers, if required */
+#endif
+
+  memset(&sContext, 0, sizeof(sContext));
+  db = pParse->db;
+  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto delete_from_cleanup;
+  }
+  assert( pTabList->nSrc==1 );
+
+  /* Locate the table which we want to delete.  This table has to be
+  ** put in an SrcList structure because some of the subroutines we
+  ** will be calling are designed to work with multiple tables and expect
+  ** an SrcList* parameter instead of just a Table* parameter.
+  */
+  pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTabList);
+  if( pTab==0 )  goto delete_from_cleanup;
+
+  /* Figure out if we have any triggers and if the table being
+  ** deleted from is a view
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  pTrigger = sqlite3TriggersExist(pParse, pTab, TK_DELETE, 0, 0);
+  isView = pTab->pSelect!=0;
+#else
+# define pTrigger 0
+# define isView 0
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+# undef isView
+# define isView 0
+#endif
+
+  /* If pTab is really a view, make sure it has been initialized.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ){
+    goto delete_from_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  if( sqlite3IsReadOnly(pParse, pTab, (pTrigger?1:0)) ){
+    goto delete_from_cleanup;
+  }
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+  assert( iDb<db->nDb );
+  zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  rcauth = sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_DELETE, pTab->zName, 0, zDb);
+  assert( rcauth==SQLITE_OK || rcauth==SQLITE_DENY || rcauth==SQLITE_IGNORE );
+  if( rcauth==SQLITE_DENY ){
+    goto delete_from_cleanup;
+  }
+  assert(!isView || pTrigger);
+
+  /* Assign  cursor number to the table and all its indices.
+  */
+  assert( pTabList->nSrc==1 );
+  iCur = pTabList->a[0].iCursor = pParse->nTab++;
+  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    pParse->nTab++;
+  }
+
+  /* Start the view context
+  */
+  if( isView ){
+    sqlite3AuthContextPush(pParse, &sContext, pTab->zName);
+  }
+
+  /* Begin generating code.
+  */
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v==0 ){
+    goto delete_from_cleanup;
+  }
+  if( pParse->nested==0 ) sqlite3VdbeCountChanges(v);
+  sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 1, iDb);
+
+  /* If we are trying to delete from a view, realize that view into
+  ** a ephemeral table.
+  */
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  if( isView ){
+    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iCur);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Resolve the column names in the WHERE clause.
+  */
+  memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+  sNC.pParse = pParse;
+  sNC.pSrcList = pTabList;
+  if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pWhere) ){
+    goto delete_from_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* Initialize the counter of the number of rows deleted, if
+  ** we are counting rows.
+  */
+  if( db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows ){
+    memCnt = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, memCnt);
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRUNCATE_OPTIMIZATION
+  /* Special case: A DELETE without a WHERE clause deletes everything.
+  ** It is easier just to erase the whole table. Prior to version 3.6.5,
+  ** this optimization caused the row change count (the value returned by 
+  ** API function sqlite3_count_changes) to be set incorrectly.  */
+  if( rcauth==SQLITE_OK && pWhere==0 && !pTrigger && !IsVirtual(pTab) 
+   && 0==sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0)
+  ){
+    assert( !isView );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Clear, pTab->tnum, iDb, memCnt,
+                      pTab->zName, P4_STATIC);
+    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+      assert( pIdx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+    }
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRUNCATE_OPTIMIZATION */
+  /* The usual case: There is a WHERE clause so we have to scan through
+  ** the table and pick which records to delete.
+  */
+  {
+    int iRowSet = ++pParse->nMem;   /* Register for rowset of rows to delete */
+    int iRowid = ++pParse->nMem;    /* Used for storing rowid values. */
+    int regRowid;                   /* Actual register containing rowids */
+
+    /* Collect rowids of every row to be deleted.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iRowSet);
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere,0,WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK);
+    if( pWInfo==0 ) goto delete_from_cleanup;
+    regRowid = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, -1, iCur, iRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, iRowSet, regRowid);
+    if( db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, memCnt, 1);
+    }
+    sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+
+    /* Delete every item whose key was written to the list during the
+    ** database scan.  We have to delete items after the scan is complete
+    ** because deleting an item can change the scan order.  */
+    end = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+
+    /* Unless this is a view, open cursors for the table we are 
+    ** deleting from and all its indices. If this is a view, then the
+    ** only effect this statement has is to fire the INSTEAD OF 
+    ** triggers.  */
+    if( !isView ){
+      sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, iCur, OP_OpenWrite);
+    }
+
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, iRowSet, end, iRowid);
+
+    /* Delete the row */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
+      sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(pParse, pTab);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, 1, iRowid, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OE_Abort);
+      sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+    }else
+#endif
+    {
+      int count = (pParse->nested==0);    /* True to count changes */
+      sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, iRowid, count, pTrigger, OE_Default);
+    }
+
+    /* End of the delete loop */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addr);
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, end);
+
+    /* Close the cursors open on the table and its indexes. */
+    if( !isView && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      for(i=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur + i, pIdx->tnum);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCur);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Update the sqlite_sequence table by storing the content of the
+  ** maximum rowid counter values recorded while inserting into
+  ** autoincrement tables.
+  */
+  if( pParse->nested==0 && pParse->pTriggerTab==0 ){
+    sqlite3AutoincrementEnd(pParse);
+  }
+
+  /* Return the number of rows that were deleted. If this routine is 
+  ** generating code because of a call to sqlite3NestedParse(), do not
+  ** invoke the callback function.
+  */
+  if( (db->flags&SQLITE_CountRows) && !pParse->nested && !pParse->pTriggerTab ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, memCnt, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "rows deleted", SQLITE_STATIC);
+  }
+
+delete_from_cleanup:
+  sqlite3AuthContextPop(&sContext);
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTabList);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
+  return;
+}
+/* Make sure "isView" and other macros defined above are undefined. Otherwise
+** thely may interfere with compilation of other functions in this file
+** (or in another file, if this file becomes part of the amalgamation).  */
+#ifdef isView
+ #undef isView
+#endif
+#ifdef pTrigger
+ #undef pTrigger
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This routine generates VDBE code that causes a single row of a
+** single table to be deleted.
+**
+** The VDBE must be in a particular state when this routine is called.
+** These are the requirements:
+**
+**   1.  A read/write cursor pointing to pTab, the table containing the row
+**       to be deleted, must be opened as cursor number $iCur.
+**
+**   2.  Read/write cursors for all indices of pTab must be open as
+**       cursor number base+i for the i-th index.
+**
+**   3.  The record number of the row to be deleted must be stored in
+**       memory cell iRowid.
+**
+** This routine generates code to remove both the table record and all 
+** index entries that point to that record.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
+  Table *pTab,       /* Table containing the row to be deleted */
+  int iCur,          /* Cursor number for the table */
+  int iRowid,        /* Memory cell that contains the rowid to delete */
+  int count,         /* If non-zero, increment the row change counter */
+  Trigger *pTrigger, /* List of triggers to (potentially) fire */
+  int onconf         /* Default ON CONFLICT policy for triggers */
+){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;        /* Vdbe */
+  int iOld = 0;                   /* First register in OLD.* array */
+  int iLabel;                     /* Label resolved to end of generated code */
+
+  /* Vdbe is guaranteed to have been allocated by this stage. */
+  assert( v );
+
+  /* Seek cursor iCur to the row to delete. If this row no longer exists 
+  ** (this can happen if a trigger program has already deleted it), do
+  ** not attempt to delete it or fire any DELETE triggers.  */
+  iLabel = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, iLabel, iRowid);
+ 
+  /* If there are any triggers to fire, allocate a range of registers to
+  ** use for the old.* references in the triggers.  */
+  if( sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0) || pTrigger ){
+    u32 mask;                     /* Mask of OLD.* columns in use */
+    int iCol;                     /* Iterator used while populating OLD.* */
+
+    /* TODO: Could use temporary registers here. Also could attempt to
+    ** avoid copying the contents of the rowid register.  */
+    mask = sqlite3TriggerColmask(
+        pParse, pTrigger, 0, 0, TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, onconf
+    );
+    mask |= sqlite3FkOldmask(pParse, pTab);
+    iOld = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += (1 + pTab->nCol);
+
+    /* Populate the OLD.* pseudo-table register array. These values will be 
+    ** used by any BEFORE and AFTER triggers that exist.  */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, iRowid, iOld);
+    for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
+      if( mask==0xffffffff || mask&(1<<iCol) ){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, iCol, iOld+iCol+1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Invoke BEFORE DELETE trigger programs. */
+    sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, 
+        TK_DELETE, 0, TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, iOld, onconf, iLabel
+    );
+
+    /* Seek the cursor to the row to be deleted again. It may be that
+    ** the BEFORE triggers coded above have already removed the row
+    ** being deleted. Do not attempt to delete the row a second time, and 
+    ** do not fire AFTER triggers.  */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, iLabel, iRowid);
+
+    /* Do FK processing. This call checks that any FK constraints that
+    ** refer to this table (i.e. constraints attached to other tables) 
+    ** are not violated by deleting this row.  */
+    sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, iOld, 0);
+  }
+
+  /* Delete the index and table entries. Skip this step if pTab is really
+  ** a view (in which case the only effect of the DELETE statement is to
+  ** fire the INSTEAD OF triggers).  */ 
+  if( pTab->pSelect==0 ){
+    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iCur, (count?OPFLAG_NCHANGE:0));
+    if( count ){
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Do any ON CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT operations required to
+  ** handle rows (possibly in other tables) that refer via a foreign key
+  ** to the row just deleted. */ 
+  sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, 0, iOld);
+
+  /* Invoke AFTER DELETE trigger programs. */
+  sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, 
+      TK_DELETE, 0, TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, iOld, onconf, iLabel
+  );
+
+  /* Jump here if the row had already been deleted before any BEFORE
+  ** trigger programs were invoked. Or if a trigger program throws a 
+  ** RAISE(IGNORE) exception.  */
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iLabel);
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine generates VDBE code that causes the deletion of all
+** index entries associated with a single row of a single table.
+**
+** The VDBE must be in a particular state when this routine is called.
+** These are the requirements:
+**
+**   1.  A read/write cursor pointing to pTab, the table containing the row
+**       to be deleted, must be opened as cursor number "iCur".
+**
+**   2.  Read/write cursors for all indices of pTab must be open as
+**       cursor number iCur+i for the i-th index.
+**
+**   3.  The "iCur" cursor must be pointing to the row that is to be
+**       deleted.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  Table *pTab,       /* Table containing the row to be deleted */
+  int iCur,          /* Cursor number for the table */
+  int *aRegIdx       /* Only delete if aRegIdx!=0 && aRegIdx[i]>0 */
+){
+  int i;
+  Index *pIdx;
+  int r1;
+
+  for(i=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    if( aRegIdx!=0 && aRegIdx[i-1]==0 ) continue;
+    r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, iCur, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(pParse->pVdbe, OP_IdxDelete, iCur+i, r1,pIdx->nColumn+1);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will assemble an index key and put it in register
+** regOut.  The key with be for index pIdx which is an index on pTab.
+** iCur is the index of a cursor open on the pTab table and pointing to
+** the entry that needs indexing.
+**
+** Return a register number which is the first in a block of
+** registers that holds the elements of the index key.  The
+** block of registers has already been deallocated by the time
+** this routine returns.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
+  Index *pIdx,       /* The index for which to generate a key */
+  int iCur,          /* Cursor number for the pIdx->pTable table */
+  int regOut,        /* Write the new index key to this register */
+  int doMakeRec      /* Run the OP_MakeRecord instruction if true */
+){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int j;
+  Table *pTab = pIdx->pTable;
+  int regBase;
+  int nCol;
+
+  nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+  regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iCur, regBase+nCol);
+  for(j=0; j<nCol; j++){
+    int idx = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
+    if( idx==pTab->iPKey ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regBase+nCol, regBase+j);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, idx, regBase+j);
+      sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, idx, -1);
+    }
+  }
+  if( doMakeRec ){
+    const char *zAff;
+    if( pTab->pSelect || (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt)!=0 ){
+      zAff = 0;
+    }else{
+      zAff = sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nCol+1, regOut);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zAff, P4_TRANSIENT);
+  }
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nCol+1);
+  return regBase;
+}
+
+/************** End of delete.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file func.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2002 February 23
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the C functions that implement various SQL
+** functions of SQLite.  
+**
+** There is only one exported symbol in this file - the function
+** sqliteRegisterBuildinFunctions() found at the bottom of the file.
+** All other code has file scope.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Return the collating function associated with a function.
+*/
+static CollSeq *sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq(sqlite3_context *context){
+  return context->pColl;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the non-aggregate min() and max() functions
+*/
+static void minmaxFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  int i;
+  int mask;    /* 0 for min() or 0xffffffff for max() */
+  int iBest;
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+
+  assert( argc>1 );
+  mask = sqlite3_user_data(context)==0 ? 0 : -1;
+  pColl = sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq(context);
+  assert( pColl );
+  assert( mask==-1 || mask==0 );
+  iBest = 0;
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_NULL ) return;
+  for(i=1; i<argc; i++){
+    if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[i])==SQLITE_NULL ) return;
+    if( (sqlite3MemCompare(argv[iBest], argv[i], pColl)^mask)>=0 ){
+      testcase( mask==0 );
+      iBest = i;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[iBest]);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the type of the argument.
+*/
+static void typeofFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const char *z = 0;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  switch( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]) ){
+    case SQLITE_INTEGER: z = "integer"; break;
+    case SQLITE_TEXT:    z = "text";    break;
+    case SQLITE_FLOAT:   z = "real";    break;
+    case SQLITE_BLOB:    z = "blob";    break;
+    default:             z = "null";    break;
+  }
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, z, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the length() function
+*/
+static void lengthFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  int len;
+
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  switch( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]) ){
+    case SQLITE_BLOB:
+    case SQLITE_INTEGER:
+    case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
+      sqlite3_result_int(context, sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]));
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_TEXT: {
+      const unsigned char *z = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+      if( z==0 ) return;
+      len = 0;
+      while( *z ){
+        len++;
+        SQLITE_SKIP_UTF8(z);
+      }
+      sqlite3_result_int(context, len);
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      sqlite3_result_null(context);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the abs() function.
+**
+** IMP: R-23979-26855 The abs(X) function returns the absolute value of
+** the numeric argument X. 
+*/
+static void absFunc(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  switch( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]) ){
+    case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
+      i64 iVal = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
+      if( iVal<0 ){
+        if( (iVal<<1)==0 ){
+          /* IMP: R-35460-15084 If X is the integer -9223372036854775807 then
+          ** abs(X) throws an integer overflow error since there is no
+          ** equivalent positive 64-bit two complement value. */
+          sqlite3_result_error(context, "integer overflow", -1);
+          return;
+        }
+        iVal = -iVal;
+      } 
+      sqlite3_result_int64(context, iVal);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_NULL: {
+      /* IMP: R-37434-19929 Abs(X) returns NULL if X is NULL. */
+      sqlite3_result_null(context);
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      /* Because sqlite3_value_double() returns 0.0 if the argument is not
+      ** something that can be converted into a number, we have:
+      ** IMP: R-57326-31541 Abs(X) return 0.0 if X is a string or blob that
+      ** cannot be converted to a numeric value. 
+      */
+      double rVal = sqlite3_value_double(argv[0]);
+      if( rVal<0 ) rVal = -rVal;
+      sqlite3_result_double(context, rVal);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the substr() function.
+**
+** substr(x,p1,p2)  returns p2 characters of x[] beginning with p1.
+** p1 is 1-indexed.  So substr(x,1,1) returns the first character
+** of x.  If x is text, then we actually count UTF-8 characters.
+** If x is a blob, then we count bytes.
+**
+** If p1 is negative, then we begin abs(p1) from the end of x[].
+**
+** If p2 is negative, return the p2 characters preceeding p1.
+*/
+static void substrFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const unsigned char *z;
+  const unsigned char *z2;
+  int len;
+  int p0type;
+  i64 p1, p2;
+  int negP2 = 0;
+
+  assert( argc==3 || argc==2 );
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[1])==SQLITE_NULL
+   || (argc==3 && sqlite3_value_type(argv[2])==SQLITE_NULL)
+  ){
+    return;
+  }
+  p0type = sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]);
+  p1 = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+  if( p0type==SQLITE_BLOB ){
+    len = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+    z = sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+    if( z==0 ) return;
+    assert( len==sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]) );
+  }else{
+    z = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+    if( z==0 ) return;
+    len = 0;
+    if( p1<0 ){
+      for(z2=z; *z2; len++){
+        SQLITE_SKIP_UTF8(z2);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( argc==3 ){
+    p2 = sqlite3_value_int(argv[2]);
+    if( p2<0 ){
+      p2 = -p2;
+      negP2 = 1;
+    }
+  }else{
+    p2 = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context)->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH];
+  }
+  if( p1<0 ){
+    p1 += len;
+    if( p1<0 ){
+      p2 += p1;
+      if( p2<0 ) p2 = 0;
+      p1 = 0;
+    }
+  }else if( p1>0 ){
+    p1--;
+  }else if( p2>0 ){
+    p2--;
+  }
+  if( negP2 ){
+    p1 -= p2;
+    if( p1<0 ){
+      p2 += p1;
+      p1 = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( p1>=0 && p2>=0 );
+  if( p0type!=SQLITE_BLOB ){
+    while( *z && p1 ){
+      SQLITE_SKIP_UTF8(z);
+      p1--;
+    }
+    for(z2=z; *z2 && p2; p2--){
+      SQLITE_SKIP_UTF8(z2);
+    }
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, (char*)z, (int)(z2-z), SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }else{
+    if( p1+p2>len ){
+      p2 = len-p1;
+      if( p2<0 ) p2 = 0;
+    }
+    sqlite3_result_blob(context, (char*)&z[p1], (int)p2, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the round() function
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+static void roundFunc(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
+  int n = 0;
+  double r;
+  char *zBuf;
+  assert( argc==1 || argc==2 );
+  if( argc==2 ){
+    if( SQLITE_NULL==sqlite3_value_type(argv[1]) ) return;
+    n = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+    if( n>30 ) n = 30;
+    if( n<0 ) n = 0;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_NULL ) return;
+  r = sqlite3_value_double(argv[0]);
+  /* If Y==0 and X will fit in a 64-bit int,
+  ** handle the rounding directly,
+  ** otherwise use printf.
+  */
+  if( n==0 && r>=0 && r<LARGEST_INT64-1 ){
+    r = (double)((sqlite_int64)(r+0.5));
+  }else if( n==0 && r<0 && (-r)<LARGEST_INT64-1 ){
+    r = -(double)((sqlite_int64)((-r)+0.5));
+  }else{
+    zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%.*f",n,r);
+    if( zBuf==0 ){
+      sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+      return;
+    }
+    sqlite3AtoF(zBuf, &r, sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf), SQLITE_UTF8);
+    sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+  }
+  sqlite3_result_double(context, r);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Allocate nByte bytes of space using sqlite3_malloc(). If the
+** allocation fails, call sqlite3_result_error_nomem() to notify
+** the database handle that malloc() has failed and return NULL.
+** If nByte is larger than the maximum string or blob length, then
+** raise an SQLITE_TOOBIG exception and return NULL.
+*/
+static void *contextMalloc(sqlite3_context *context, i64 nByte){
+  char *z;
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  assert( nByte>0 );
+  testcase( nByte==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] );
+  testcase( nByte==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]+1 );
+  if( nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_toobig(context);
+    z = 0;
+  }else{
+    z = sqlite3Malloc((int)nByte);
+    if( !z ){
+      sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+    }
+  }
+  return z;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the upper() and lower() SQL functions.
+*/
+static void upperFunc(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
+  char *z1;
+  const char *z2;
+  int i, n;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  z2 = (char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  n = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+  /* Verify that the call to _bytes() does not invalidate the _text() pointer */
+  assert( z2==(char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]) );
+  if( z2 ){
+    z1 = contextMalloc(context, ((i64)n)+1);
+    if( z1 ){
+      memcpy(z1, z2, n+1);
+      for(i=0; z1[i]; i++){
+        z1[i] = (char)sqlite3Toupper(z1[i]);
+      }
+      sqlite3_result_text(context, z1, -1, sqlite3_free);
+    }
+  }
+}
+static void lowerFunc(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
+  u8 *z1;
+  const char *z2;
+  int i, n;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  z2 = (char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  n = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+  /* Verify that the call to _bytes() does not invalidate the _text() pointer */
+  assert( z2==(char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]) );
+  if( z2 ){
+    z1 = contextMalloc(context, ((i64)n)+1);
+    if( z1 ){
+      memcpy(z1, z2, n+1);
+      for(i=0; z1[i]; i++){
+        z1[i] = sqlite3Tolower(z1[i]);
+      }
+      sqlite3_result_text(context, (char *)z1, -1, sqlite3_free);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+#if 0  /* This function is never used. */
+/*
+** The COALESCE() and IFNULL() functions used to be implemented as shown
+** here.  But now they are implemented as VDBE code so that unused arguments
+** do not have to be computed.  This legacy implementation is retained as
+** comment.
+*/
+/*
+** Implementation of the IFNULL(), NVL(), and COALESCE() functions.  
+** All three do the same thing.  They return the first non-NULL
+** argument.
+*/
+static void ifnullFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
+    if( SQLITE_NULL!=sqlite3_value_type(argv[i]) ){
+      sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[i]);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif /* NOT USED */
+#define ifnullFunc versionFunc   /* Substitute function - never called */
+
+/*
+** Implementation of random().  Return a random integer.  
+*/
+static void randomFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2
+){
+  sqlite_int64 r;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(r), &r);
+  if( r<0 ){
+    /* We need to prevent a random number of 0x8000000000000000 
+    ** (or -9223372036854775808) since when you do abs() of that
+    ** number of you get the same value back again.  To do this
+    ** in a way that is testable, mask the sign bit off of negative
+    ** values, resulting in a positive value.  Then take the 
+    ** 2s complement of that positive value.  The end result can
+    ** therefore be no less than -9223372036854775807.
+    */
+    r = -(r ^ (((sqlite3_int64)1)<<63));
+  }
+  sqlite3_result_int64(context, r);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of randomblob(N).  Return a random blob
+** that is N bytes long.
+*/
+static void randomBlob(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  int n;
+  unsigned char *p;
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  n = sqlite3_value_int(argv[0]);
+  if( n<1 ){
+    n = 1;
+  }
+  p = contextMalloc(context, n);
+  if( p ){
+    sqlite3_randomness(n, p);
+    sqlite3_result_blob(context, (char*)p, n, sqlite3_free);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the last_insert_rowid() SQL function.  The return
+** value is the same as the sqlite3_last_insert_rowid() API function.
+*/
+static void last_insert_rowid(
+  sqlite3_context *context, 
+  int NotUsed, 
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  /* IMP: R-51513-12026 The last_insert_rowid() SQL function is a
+  ** wrapper around the sqlite3_last_insert_rowid() C/C++ interface
+  ** function. */
+  sqlite3_result_int64(context, sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(db));
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the changes() SQL function.
+**
+** IMP: R-62073-11209 The changes() SQL function is a wrapper
+** around the sqlite3_changes() C/C++ function and hence follows the same
+** rules for counting changes.
+*/
+static void changes(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  sqlite3_result_int(context, sqlite3_changes(db));
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the total_changes() SQL function.  The return value is
+** the same as the sqlite3_total_changes() API function.
+*/
+static void total_changes(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  /* IMP: R-52756-41993 This function is a wrapper around the
+  ** sqlite3_total_changes() C/C++ interface. */
+  sqlite3_result_int(context, sqlite3_total_changes(db));
+}
+
+/*
+** A structure defining how to do GLOB-style comparisons.
+*/
+struct compareInfo {
+  u8 matchAll;
+  u8 matchOne;
+  u8 matchSet;
+  u8 noCase;
+};
+
+/*
+** For LIKE and GLOB matching on EBCDIC machines, assume that every
+** character is exactly one byte in size.  Also, all characters are
+** able to participate in upper-case-to-lower-case mappings in EBCDIC
+** whereas only characters less than 0x80 do in ASCII.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_EBCDIC)
+# define sqlite3Utf8Read(A,C)  (*(A++))
+# define GlogUpperToLower(A)   A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]
+#else
+# define GlogUpperToLower(A)   if( !((A)&~0x7f) ){ A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]; }
+#endif
+
+static const struct compareInfo globInfo = { '*', '?', '[', 0 };
+/* The correct SQL-92 behavior is for the LIKE operator to ignore
+** case.  Thus  'a' LIKE 'A' would be true. */
+static const struct compareInfo likeInfoNorm = { '%', '_',   0, 1 };
+/* If SQLITE_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE is defined, then the LIKE operator
+** is case sensitive causing 'a' LIKE 'A' to be false */
+static const struct compareInfo likeInfoAlt = { '%', '_',   0, 0 };
+
+/*
+** Compare two UTF-8 strings for equality where the first string can
+** potentially be a "glob" expression.  Return true (1) if they
+** are the same and false (0) if they are different.
+**
+** Globbing rules:
+**
+**      '*'       Matches any sequence of zero or more characters.
+**
+**      '?'       Matches exactly one character.
+**
+**     [...]      Matches one character from the enclosed list of
+**                characters.
+**
+**     [^...]     Matches one character not in the enclosed list.
+**
+** With the [...] and [^...] matching, a ']' character can be included
+** in the list by making it the first character after '[' or '^'.  A
+** range of characters can be specified using '-'.  Example:
+** "[a-z]" matches any single lower-case letter.  To match a '-', make
+** it the last character in the list.
+**
+** This routine is usually quick, but can be N**2 in the worst case.
+**
+** Hints: to match '*' or '?', put them in "[]".  Like this:
+**
+**         abc[*]xyz        Matches "abc*xyz" only
+*/
+static int patternCompare(
+  const u8 *zPattern,              /* The glob pattern */
+  const u8 *zString,               /* The string to compare against the glob */
+  const struct compareInfo *pInfo, /* Information about how to do the compare */
+  u32 esc                          /* The escape character */
+){
+  u32 c, c2;
+  int invert;
+  int seen;
+  u8 matchOne = pInfo->matchOne;
+  u8 matchAll = pInfo->matchAll;
+  u8 matchSet = pInfo->matchSet;
+  u8 noCase = pInfo->noCase; 
+  int prevEscape = 0;     /* True if the previous character was 'escape' */
+
+  while( (c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern,&zPattern))!=0 ){
+    if( !prevEscape && c==matchAll ){
+      while( (c=sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern,&zPattern)) == matchAll
+               || c == matchOne ){
+        if( c==matchOne && sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString)==0 ){
+          return 0;
+        }
+      }
+      if( c==0 ){
+        return 1;
+      }else if( c==esc ){
+        c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+        if( c==0 ){
+          return 0;
+        }
+      }else if( c==matchSet ){
+        assert( esc==0 );         /* This is GLOB, not LIKE */
+        assert( matchSet<0x80 );  /* '[' is a single-byte character */
+        while( *zString && patternCompare(&zPattern[-1],zString,pInfo,esc)==0 ){
+          SQLITE_SKIP_UTF8(zString);
+        }
+        return *zString!=0;
+      }
+      while( (c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString,&zString))!=0 ){
+        if( noCase ){
+          GlogUpperToLower(c2);
+          GlogUpperToLower(c);
+          while( c2 != 0 && c2 != c ){
+            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+            GlogUpperToLower(c2);
+          }
+        }else{
+          while( c2 != 0 && c2 != c ){
+            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+          }
+        }
+        if( c2==0 ) return 0;
+        if( patternCompare(zPattern,zString,pInfo,esc) ) return 1;
+      }
+      return 0;
+    }else if( !prevEscape && c==matchOne ){
+      if( sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString)==0 ){
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }else if( c==matchSet ){
+      u32 prior_c = 0;
+      assert( esc==0 );    /* This only occurs for GLOB, not LIKE */
+      seen = 0;
+      invert = 0;
+      c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+      if( c==0 ) return 0;
+      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+      if( c2=='^' ){
+        invert = 1;
+        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+      }
+      if( c2==']' ){
+        if( c==']' ) seen = 1;
+        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+      }
+      while( c2 && c2!=']' ){
+        if( c2=='-' && zPattern[0]!=']' && zPattern[0]!=0 && prior_c>0 ){
+          c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+          if( c>=prior_c && c<=c2 ) seen = 1;
+          prior_c = 0;
+        }else{
+          if( c==c2 ){
+            seen = 1;
+          }
+          prior_c = c2;
+        }
+        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+      }
+      if( c2==0 || (seen ^ invert)==0 ){
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }else if( esc==c && !prevEscape ){
+      prevEscape = 1;
+    }else{
+      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+      if( noCase ){
+        GlogUpperToLower(c);
+        GlogUpperToLower(c2);
+      }
+      if( c!=c2 ){
+        return 0;
+      }
+      prevEscape = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return *zString==0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Count the number of times that the LIKE operator (or GLOB which is
+** just a variation of LIKE) gets called.  This is used for testing
+** only.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_like_count = 0;
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the like() SQL function.  This function implements
+** the build-in LIKE operator.  The first argument to the function is the
+** pattern and the second argument is the string.  So, the SQL statements:
+**
+**       A LIKE B
+**
+** is implemented as like(B,A).
+**
+** This same function (with a different compareInfo structure) computes
+** the GLOB operator.
+*/
+static void likeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context, 
+  int argc, 
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const unsigned char *zA, *zB;
+  u32 escape = 0;
+  int nPat;
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+
+  zB = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  zA = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+
+  /* Limit the length of the LIKE or GLOB pattern to avoid problems
+  ** of deep recursion and N*N behavior in patternCompare().
+  */
+  nPat = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+  testcase( nPat==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH] );
+  testcase( nPat==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH]+1 );
+  if( nPat > db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH] ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, "LIKE or GLOB pattern too complex", -1);
+    return;
+  }
+  assert( zB==sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]) );  /* Encoding did not change */
+
+  if( argc==3 ){
+    /* The escape character string must consist of a single UTF-8 character.
+    ** Otherwise, return an error.
+    */
+    const unsigned char *zEsc = sqlite3_value_text(argv[2]);
+    if( zEsc==0 ) return;
+    if( sqlite3Utf8CharLen((char*)zEsc, -1)!=1 ){
+      sqlite3_result_error(context, 
+          "ESCAPE expression must be a single character", -1);
+      return;
+    }
+    escape = sqlite3Utf8Read(zEsc, &zEsc);
+  }
+  if( zA && zB ){
+    struct compareInfo *pInfo = sqlite3_user_data(context);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+    sqlite3_like_count++;
+#endif
+    
+    sqlite3_result_int(context, patternCompare(zB, zA, pInfo, escape));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the NULLIF(x,y) function.  The result is the first
+** argument if the arguments are different.  The result is NULL if the
+** arguments are equal to each other.
+*/
+static void nullifFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq(context);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  if( sqlite3MemCompare(argv[0], argv[1], pColl)!=0 ){
+    sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[0]);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite_version() function.  The result is the version
+** of the SQLite library that is running.
+*/
+static void versionFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  /* IMP: R-48699-48617 This function is an SQL wrapper around the
+  ** sqlite3_libversion() C-interface. */
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, sqlite3_libversion(), -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite_source_id() function. The result is a string
+** that identifies the particular version of the source code used to build
+** SQLite.
+*/
+static void sourceidFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int NotUsed,
+  sqlite3_value **NotUsed2
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  /* IMP: R-24470-31136 This function is an SQL wrapper around the
+  ** sqlite3_sourceid() C interface. */
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, sqlite3_sourceid(), -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite_log() function.  This is a wrapper around
+** sqlite3_log().  The return value is NULL.  The function exists purely for
+** its side-effects.
+*/
+static void errlogFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(context);
+  sqlite3_log(sqlite3_value_int(argv[0]), "%s", sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]));
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite_compileoption_used() function.
+** The result is an integer that identifies if the compiler option
+** was used to build SQLite.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+static void compileoptionusedFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const char *zOptName;
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  /* IMP: R-39564-36305 The sqlite_compileoption_used() SQL
+  ** function is a wrapper around the sqlite3_compileoption_used() C/C++
+  ** function.
+  */
+  if( (zOptName = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]))!=0 ){
+    sqlite3_result_int(context, sqlite3_compileoption_used(zOptName));
+  }
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS */
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite_compileoption_get() function. 
+** The result is a string that identifies the compiler options 
+** used to build SQLite.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+static void compileoptiongetFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  int n;
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  /* IMP: R-04922-24076 The sqlite_compileoption_get() SQL function
+  ** is a wrapper around the sqlite3_compileoption_get() C/C++ function.
+  */
+  n = sqlite3_value_int(argv[0]);
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, sqlite3_compileoption_get(n), -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS */
+
+/* Array for converting from half-bytes (nybbles) into ASCII hex
+** digits. */
+static const char hexdigits[] = {
+  '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
+  '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' 
+};
+
+/*
+** EXPERIMENTAL - This is not an official function.  The interface may
+** change.  This function may disappear.  Do not write code that depends
+** on this function.
+**
+** Implementation of the QUOTE() function.  This function takes a single
+** argument.  If the argument is numeric, the return value is the same as
+** the argument.  If the argument is NULL, the return value is the string
+** "NULL".  Otherwise, the argument is enclosed in single quotes with
+** single-quote escapes.
+*/
+static void quoteFunc(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  switch( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]) ){
+    case SQLITE_INTEGER:
+    case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
+      sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[0]);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_BLOB: {
+      char *zText = 0;
+      char const *zBlob = sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+      int nBlob = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+      assert( zBlob==sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]) ); /* No encoding change */
+      zText = (char *)contextMalloc(context, (2*(i64)nBlob)+4); 
+      if( zText ){
+        int i;
+        for(i=0; i<nBlob; i++){
+          zText[(i*2)+2] = hexdigits[(zBlob[i]>>4)&0x0F];
+          zText[(i*2)+3] = hexdigits[(zBlob[i])&0x0F];
+        }
+        zText[(nBlob*2)+2] = '\'';
+        zText[(nBlob*2)+3] = '\0';
+        zText[0] = 'X';
+        zText[1] = '\'';
+        sqlite3_result_text(context, zText, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+        sqlite3_free(zText);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_TEXT: {
+      int i,j;
+      u64 n;
+      const unsigned char *zArg = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+      char *z;
+
+      if( zArg==0 ) return;
+      for(i=0, n=0; zArg[i]; i++){ if( zArg[i]=='\'' ) n++; }
+      z = contextMalloc(context, ((i64)i)+((i64)n)+3);
+      if( z ){
+        z[0] = '\'';
+        for(i=0, j=1; zArg[i]; i++){
+          z[j++] = zArg[i];
+          if( zArg[i]=='\'' ){
+            z[j++] = '\'';
+          }
+        }
+        z[j++] = '\'';
+        z[j] = 0;
+        sqlite3_result_text(context, z, j, sqlite3_free);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      assert( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_NULL );
+      sqlite3_result_text(context, "NULL", 4, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The hex() function.  Interpret the argument as a blob.  Return
+** a hexadecimal rendering as text.
+*/
+static void hexFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  int i, n;
+  const unsigned char *pBlob;
+  char *zHex, *z;
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  pBlob = sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+  n = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+  assert( pBlob==sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]) );  /* No encoding change */
+  z = zHex = contextMalloc(context, ((i64)n)*2 + 1);
+  if( zHex ){
+    for(i=0; i<n; i++, pBlob++){
+      unsigned char c = *pBlob;
+      *(z++) = hexdigits[(c>>4)&0xf];
+      *(z++) = hexdigits[c&0xf];
+    }
+    *z = 0;
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zHex, n*2, sqlite3_free);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The zeroblob(N) function returns a zero-filled blob of size N bytes.
+*/
+static void zeroblobFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  i64 n;
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  n = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
+  testcase( n==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] );
+  testcase( n==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]+1 );
+  if( n>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_toobig(context);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_result_zeroblob(context, (int)n); /* IMP: R-00293-64994 */
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The replace() function.  Three arguments are all strings: call
+** them A, B, and C. The result is also a string which is derived
+** from A by replacing every occurance of B with C.  The match
+** must be exact.  Collating sequences are not used.
+*/
+static void replaceFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const unsigned char *zStr;        /* The input string A */
+  const unsigned char *zPattern;    /* The pattern string B */
+  const unsigned char *zRep;        /* The replacement string C */
+  unsigned char *zOut;              /* The output */
+  int nStr;                /* Size of zStr */
+  int nPattern;            /* Size of zPattern */
+  int nRep;                /* Size of zRep */
+  i64 nOut;                /* Maximum size of zOut */
+  int loopLimit;           /* Last zStr[] that might match zPattern[] */
+  int i, j;                /* Loop counters */
+
+  assert( argc==3 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  zStr = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  if( zStr==0 ) return;
+  nStr = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+  assert( zStr==sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]) );  /* No encoding change */
+  zPattern = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+  if( zPattern==0 ){
+    assert( sqlite3_value_type(argv[1])==SQLITE_NULL
+            || sqlite3_context_db_handle(context)->mallocFailed );
+    return;
+  }
+  if( zPattern[0]==0 ){
+    assert( sqlite3_value_type(argv[1])!=SQLITE_NULL );
+    sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[0]);
+    return;
+  }
+  nPattern = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[1]);
+  assert( zPattern==sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]) );  /* No encoding change */
+  zRep = sqlite3_value_text(argv[2]);
+  if( zRep==0 ) return;
+  nRep = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[2]);
+  assert( zRep==sqlite3_value_text(argv[2]) );
+  nOut = nStr + 1;
+  assert( nOut<SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH );
+  zOut = contextMalloc(context, (i64)nOut);
+  if( zOut==0 ){
+    return;
+  }
+  loopLimit = nStr - nPattern;  
+  for(i=j=0; i<=loopLimit; i++){
+    if( zStr[i]!=zPattern[0] || memcmp(&zStr[i], zPattern, nPattern) ){
+      zOut[j++] = zStr[i];
+    }else{
+      u8 *zOld;
+      sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+      nOut += nRep - nPattern;
+      testcase( nOut-1==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] );
+      testcase( nOut-2==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] );
+      if( nOut-1>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+        sqlite3_result_error_toobig(context);
+        sqlite3_free(zOut);
+        return;
+      }
+      zOld = zOut;
+      zOut = sqlite3_realloc(zOut, (int)nOut);
+      if( zOut==0 ){
+        sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+        sqlite3_free(zOld);
+        return;
+      }
+      memcpy(&zOut[j], zRep, nRep);
+      j += nRep;
+      i += nPattern-1;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( j+nStr-i+1==nOut );
+  memcpy(&zOut[j], &zStr[i], nStr-i);
+  j += nStr - i;
+  assert( j<=nOut );
+  zOut[j] = 0;
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, (char*)zOut, j, sqlite3_free);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the TRIM(), LTRIM(), and RTRIM() functions.
+** The userdata is 0x1 for left trim, 0x2 for right trim, 0x3 for both.
+*/
+static void trimFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const unsigned char *zIn;         /* Input string */
+  const unsigned char *zCharSet;    /* Set of characters to trim */
+  int nIn;                          /* Number of bytes in input */
+  int flags;                        /* 1: trimleft  2: trimright  3: trim */
+  int i;                            /* Loop counter */
+  unsigned char *aLen = 0;          /* Length of each character in zCharSet */
+  unsigned char **azChar = 0;       /* Individual characters in zCharSet */
+  int nChar;                        /* Number of characters in zCharSet */
+
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_NULL ){
+    return;
+  }
+  zIn = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  if( zIn==0 ) return;
+  nIn = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+  assert( zIn==sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]) );
+  if( argc==1 ){
+    static const unsigned char lenOne[] = { 1 };
+    static unsigned char * const azOne[] = { (u8*)" " };
+    nChar = 1;
+    aLen = (u8*)lenOne;
+    azChar = (unsigned char **)azOne;
+    zCharSet = 0;
+  }else if( (zCharSet = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]))==0 ){
+    return;
+  }else{
+    const unsigned char *z;
+    for(z=zCharSet, nChar=0; *z; nChar++){
+      SQLITE_SKIP_UTF8(z);
+    }
+    if( nChar>0 ){
+      azChar = contextMalloc(context, ((i64)nChar)*(sizeof(char*)+1));
+      if( azChar==0 ){
+        return;
+      }
+      aLen = (unsigned char*)&azChar[nChar];
+      for(z=zCharSet, nChar=0; *z; nChar++){
+        azChar[nChar] = (unsigned char *)z;
+        SQLITE_SKIP_UTF8(z);
+        aLen[nChar] = (u8)(z - azChar[nChar]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( nChar>0 ){
+    flags = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(sqlite3_user_data(context));
+    if( flags & 1 ){
+      while( nIn>0 ){
+        int len = 0;
+        for(i=0; i<nChar; i++){
+          len = aLen[i];
+          if( len<=nIn && memcmp(zIn, azChar[i], len)==0 ) break;
+        }
+        if( i>=nChar ) break;
+        zIn += len;
+        nIn -= len;
+      }
+    }
+    if( flags & 2 ){
+      while( nIn>0 ){
+        int len = 0;
+        for(i=0; i<nChar; i++){
+          len = aLen[i];
+          if( len<=nIn && memcmp(&zIn[nIn-len],azChar[i],len)==0 ) break;
+        }
+        if( i>=nChar ) break;
+        nIn -= len;
+      }
+    }
+    if( zCharSet ){
+      sqlite3_free(azChar);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, (char*)zIn, nIn, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+}
+
+
+/* IMP: R-25361-16150 This function is omitted from SQLite by default. It
+** is only available if the SQLITE_SOUNDEX compile-time option is used
+** when SQLite is built.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_SOUNDEX
+/*
+** Compute the soundex encoding of a word.
+**
+** IMP: R-59782-00072 The soundex(X) function returns a string that is the
+** soundex encoding of the string X. 
+*/
+static void soundexFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  char zResult[8];
+  const u8 *zIn;
+  int i, j;
+  static const unsigned char iCode[] = {
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 5, 5, 0,
+    1, 2, 6, 2, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 5, 5, 0,
+    1, 2, 6, 2, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  };
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  zIn = (u8*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  if( zIn==0 ) zIn = (u8*)"";
+  for(i=0; zIn[i] && !sqlite3Isalpha(zIn[i]); i++){}
+  if( zIn[i] ){
+    u8 prevcode = iCode[zIn[i]&0x7f];
+    zResult[0] = sqlite3Toupper(zIn[i]);
+    for(j=1; j<4 && zIn[i]; i++){
+      int code = iCode[zIn[i]&0x7f];
+      if( code>0 ){
+        if( code!=prevcode ){
+          prevcode = code;
+          zResult[j++] = code + '0';
+        }
+      }else{
+        prevcode = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    while( j<4 ){
+      zResult[j++] = '0';
+    }
+    zResult[j] = 0;
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zResult, 4, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }else{
+    /* IMP: R-64894-50321 The string "?000" is returned if the argument
+    ** is NULL or contains no ASCII alphabetic characters. */
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, "?000", 4, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  }
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_SOUNDEX */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+/*
+** A function that loads a shared-library extension then returns NULL.
+*/
+static void loadExt(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
+  const char *zFile = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  const char *zProc;
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;
+
+  if( argc==2 ){
+    zProc = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+  }else{
+    zProc = 0;
+  }
+  if( zFile && sqlite3_load_extension(db, zFile, zProc, &zErrMsg) ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, zErrMsg, -1);
+    sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure holds the context of a
+** sum() or avg() aggregate computation.
+*/
+typedef struct SumCtx SumCtx;
+struct SumCtx {
+  double rSum;      /* Floating point sum */
+  i64 iSum;         /* Integer sum */   
+  i64 cnt;          /* Number of elements summed */
+  u8 overflow;      /* True if integer overflow seen */
+  u8 approx;        /* True if non-integer value was input to the sum */
+};
+
+/*
+** Routines used to compute the sum, average, and total.
+**
+** The SUM() function follows the (broken) SQL standard which means
+** that it returns NULL if it sums over no inputs.  TOTAL returns
+** 0.0 in that case.  In addition, TOTAL always returns a float where
+** SUM might return an integer if it never encounters a floating point
+** value.  TOTAL never fails, but SUM might through an exception if
+** it overflows an integer.
+*/
+static void sumStep(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
+  SumCtx *p;
+  int type;
+  assert( argc==1 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  p = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, sizeof(*p));
+  type = sqlite3_value_numeric_type(argv[0]);
+  if( p && type!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+    p->cnt++;
+    if( type==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
+      i64 v = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
+      p->rSum += v;
+      if( (p->approx|p->overflow)==0 && sqlite3AddInt64(&p->iSum, v) ){
+        p->overflow = 1;
+      }
+    }else{
+      p->rSum += sqlite3_value_double(argv[0]);
+      p->approx = 1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+static void sumFinalize(sqlite3_context *context){
+  SumCtx *p;
+  p = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, 0);
+  if( p && p->cnt>0 ){
+    if( p->overflow ){
+      sqlite3_result_error(context,"integer overflow",-1);
+    }else if( p->approx ){
+      sqlite3_result_double(context, p->rSum);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->iSum);
+    }
+  }
+}
+static void avgFinalize(sqlite3_context *context){
+  SumCtx *p;
+  p = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, 0);
+  if( p && p->cnt>0 ){
+    sqlite3_result_double(context, p->rSum/(double)p->cnt);
+  }
+}
+static void totalFinalize(sqlite3_context *context){
+  SumCtx *p;
+  p = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, 0);
+  /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
+  sqlite3_result_double(context, p ? p->rSum : (double)0);
+}
+
+/*
+** The following structure keeps track of state information for the
+** count() aggregate function.
+*/
+typedef struct CountCtx CountCtx;
+struct CountCtx {
+  i64 n;
+};
+
+/*
+** Routines to implement the count() aggregate function.
+*/
+static void countStep(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
+  CountCtx *p;
+  p = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, sizeof(*p));
+  if( (argc==0 || SQLITE_NULL!=sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])) && p ){
+    p->n++;
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+  /* The sqlite3_aggregate_count() function is deprecated.  But just to make
+  ** sure it still operates correctly, verify that its count agrees with our 
+  ** internal count when using count(*) and when the total count can be
+  ** expressed as a 32-bit integer. */
+  assert( argc==1 || p==0 || p->n>0x7fffffff
+          || p->n==sqlite3_aggregate_count(context) );
+#endif
+}   
+static void countFinalize(sqlite3_context *context){
+  CountCtx *p;
+  p = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, 0);
+  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p ? p->n : 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Routines to implement min() and max() aggregate functions.
+*/
+static void minmaxStep(
+  sqlite3_context *context, 
+  int NotUsed, 
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  Mem *pArg  = (Mem *)argv[0];
+  Mem *pBest;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_NULL ) return;
+  pBest = (Mem *)sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, sizeof(*pBest));
+  if( !pBest ) return;
+
+  if( pBest->flags ){
+    int max;
+    int cmp;
+    CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq(context);
+    /* This step function is used for both the min() and max() aggregates,
+    ** the only difference between the two being that the sense of the
+    ** comparison is inverted. For the max() aggregate, the
+    ** sqlite3_user_data() function returns (void *)-1. For min() it
+    ** returns (void *)db, where db is the sqlite3* database pointer.
+    ** Therefore the next statement sets variable 'max' to 1 for the max()
+    ** aggregate, or 0 for min().
+    */
+    max = sqlite3_user_data(context)!=0;
+    cmp = sqlite3MemCompare(pBest, pArg, pColl);
+    if( (max && cmp<0) || (!max && cmp>0) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemCopy(pBest, pArg);
+    }
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeMemCopy(pBest, pArg);
+  }
+}
+static void minMaxFinalize(sqlite3_context *context){
+  sqlite3_value *pRes;
+  pRes = (sqlite3_value *)sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, 0);
+  if( pRes ){
+    if( ALWAYS(pRes->flags) ){
+      sqlite3_result_value(context, pRes);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pRes);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** group_concat(EXPR, ?SEPARATOR?)
+*/
+static void groupConcatStep(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const char *zVal;
+  StrAccum *pAccum;
+  const char *zSep;
+  int nVal, nSep;
+  assert( argc==1 || argc==2 );
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_NULL ) return;
+  pAccum = (StrAccum*)sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, sizeof(*pAccum));
+
+  if( pAccum ){
+    sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+    int firstTerm = pAccum->useMalloc==0;
+    pAccum->useMalloc = 2;
+    pAccum->mxAlloc = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH];
+    if( !firstTerm ){
+      if( argc==2 ){
+        zSep = (char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+        nSep = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[1]);
+      }else{
+        zSep = ",";
+        nSep = 1;
+      }
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSep, nSep);
+    }
+    zVal = (char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+    nVal = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zVal, nVal);
+  }
+}
+static void groupConcatFinalize(sqlite3_context *context){
+  StrAccum *pAccum;
+  pAccum = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, 0);
+  if( pAccum ){
+    if( pAccum->tooBig ){
+      sqlite3_result_error_toobig(context);
+    }else if( pAccum->mallocFailed ){
+      sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+    }else{    
+      sqlite3_result_text(context, sqlite3StrAccumFinish(pAccum), -1, 
+                          sqlite3_free);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine does per-connection function registration.  Most
+** of the built-in functions above are part of the global function set.
+** This routine only deals with those that are not global.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterBuiltinFunctions(sqlite3 *db){
+  int rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "MATCH", 2);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the LIKEOPT flag on the 2-argument function with the given name.
+*/
+static void setLikeOptFlag(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName, u8 flagVal){
+  FuncDef *pDef;
+  pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName),
+                             2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
+  if( ALWAYS(pDef) ){
+    pDef->flags = flagVal;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Register the built-in LIKE and GLOB functions.  The caseSensitive
+** parameter determines whether or not the LIKE operator is case
+** sensitive.  GLOB is always case sensitive.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(sqlite3 *db, int caseSensitive){
+  struct compareInfo *pInfo;
+  if( caseSensitive ){
+    pInfo = (struct compareInfo*)&likeInfoAlt;
+  }else{
+    pInfo = (struct compareInfo*)&likeInfoNorm;
+  }
+  sqlite3CreateFunc(db, "like", 2, SQLITE_UTF8, pInfo, likeFunc, 0, 0, 0);
+  sqlite3CreateFunc(db, "like", 3, SQLITE_UTF8, pInfo, likeFunc, 0, 0, 0);
+  sqlite3CreateFunc(db, "glob", 2, SQLITE_UTF8, 
+      (struct compareInfo*)&globInfo, likeFunc, 0, 0, 0);
+  setLikeOptFlag(db, "glob", SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE | SQLITE_FUNC_CASE);
+  setLikeOptFlag(db, "like", 
+      caseSensitive ? (SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE | SQLITE_FUNC_CASE) : SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE);
+}
+
+/*
+** pExpr points to an expression which implements a function.  If
+** it is appropriate to apply the LIKE optimization to that function
+** then set aWc[0] through aWc[2] to the wildcard characters and
+** return TRUE.  If the function is not a LIKE-style function then
+** return FALSE.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsLikeFunction(sqlite3 *db, Expr *pExpr, int *pIsNocase, char *aWc){
+  FuncDef *pDef;
+  if( pExpr->op!=TK_FUNCTION 
+   || !pExpr->x.pList 
+   || pExpr->x.pList->nExpr!=2
+  ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+  pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, pExpr->u.zToken, 
+                             sqlite3Strlen30(pExpr->u.zToken),
+                             2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
+  if( NEVER(pDef==0) || (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE)==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* The memcpy() statement assumes that the wildcard characters are
+  ** the first three statements in the compareInfo structure.  The
+  ** asserts() that follow verify that assumption
+  */
+  memcpy(aWc, pDef->pUserData, 3);
+  assert( (char*)&likeInfoAlt == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchAll );
+  assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[1] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchOne );
+  assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[2] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchSet );
+  *pIsNocase = (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_CASE)==0;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** All all of the FuncDef structures in the aBuiltinFunc[] array above
+** to the global function hash table.  This occurs at start-time (as
+** a consequence of calling sqlite3_initialize()).
+**
+** After this routine runs
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterGlobalFunctions(void){
+  /*
+  ** The following array holds FuncDef structures for all of the functions
+  ** defined in this file.
+  **
+  ** The array cannot be constant since changes are made to the
+  ** FuncDef.pHash elements at start-time.  The elements of this array
+  ** are read-only after initialization is complete.
+  */
+  static SQLITE_WSD FuncDef aBuiltinFunc[] = {
+    FUNCTION(ltrim,              1, 1, 0, trimFunc         ),
+    FUNCTION(ltrim,              2, 1, 0, trimFunc         ),
+    FUNCTION(rtrim,              1, 2, 0, trimFunc         ),
+    FUNCTION(rtrim,              2, 2, 0, trimFunc         ),
+    FUNCTION(trim,               1, 3, 0, trimFunc         ),
+    FUNCTION(trim,               2, 3, 0, trimFunc         ),
+    FUNCTION(min,               -1, 0, 1, minmaxFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(min,                0, 0, 1, 0                ),
+    AGGREGATE(min,               1, 0, 1, minmaxStep,      minMaxFinalize ),
+    FUNCTION(max,               -1, 1, 1, minmaxFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(max,                0, 1, 1, 0                ),
+    AGGREGATE(max,               1, 1, 1, minmaxStep,      minMaxFinalize ),
+    FUNCTION(typeof,             1, 0, 0, typeofFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(length,             1, 0, 0, lengthFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(substr,             2, 0, 0, substrFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(substr,             3, 0, 0, substrFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(abs,                1, 0, 0, absFunc          ),
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+    FUNCTION(round,              1, 0, 0, roundFunc        ),
+    FUNCTION(round,              2, 0, 0, roundFunc        ),
+#endif
+    FUNCTION(upper,              1, 0, 0, upperFunc        ),
+    FUNCTION(lower,              1, 0, 0, lowerFunc        ),
+    FUNCTION(coalesce,           1, 0, 0, 0                ),
+    FUNCTION(coalesce,           0, 0, 0, 0                ),
+/*  FUNCTION(coalesce,          -1, 0, 0, ifnullFunc       ), */
+    {-1,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"coalesce",0,0},
+    FUNCTION(hex,                1, 0, 0, hexFunc          ),
+/*  FUNCTION(ifnull,             2, 0, 0, ifnullFunc       ), */
+    {2,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"ifnull",0,0},
+    FUNCTION(random,             0, 0, 0, randomFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(randomblob,         1, 0, 0, randomBlob       ),
+    FUNCTION(nullif,             2, 0, 1, nullifFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_version,     0, 0, 0, versionFunc      ),
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_source_id,   0, 0, 0, sourceidFunc     ),
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_log,         2, 0, 0, errlogFunc       ),
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_compileoption_used,1, 0, 0, compileoptionusedFunc  ),
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_compileoption_get, 1, 0, 0, compileoptiongetFunc  ),
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS */
+    FUNCTION(quote,              1, 0, 0, quoteFunc        ),
+    FUNCTION(last_insert_rowid,  0, 0, 0, last_insert_rowid),
+    FUNCTION(changes,            0, 0, 0, changes          ),
+    FUNCTION(total_changes,      0, 0, 0, total_changes    ),
+    FUNCTION(replace,            3, 0, 0, replaceFunc      ),
+    FUNCTION(zeroblob,           1, 0, 0, zeroblobFunc     ),
+  #ifdef SQLITE_SOUNDEX
+    FUNCTION(soundex,            1, 0, 0, soundexFunc      ),
+  #endif
+  #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+    FUNCTION(load_extension,     1, 0, 0, loadExt          ),
+    FUNCTION(load_extension,     2, 0, 0, loadExt          ),
+  #endif
+    AGGREGATE(sum,               1, 0, 0, sumStep,         sumFinalize    ),
+    AGGREGATE(total,             1, 0, 0, sumStep,         totalFinalize    ),
+    AGGREGATE(avg,               1, 0, 0, sumStep,         avgFinalize    ),
+ /* AGGREGATE(count,             0, 0, 0, countStep,       countFinalize  ), */
+    {0,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT,0,0,0,countStep,countFinalize,"count",0,0},
+    AGGREGATE(count,             1, 0, 0, countStep,       countFinalize  ),
+    AGGREGATE(group_concat,      1, 0, 0, groupConcatStep, groupConcatFinalize),
+    AGGREGATE(group_concat,      2, 0, 0, groupConcatStep, groupConcatFinalize),
+  
+    LIKEFUNC(glob, 2, &globInfo, SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE|SQLITE_FUNC_CASE),
+  #ifdef SQLITE_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE
+    LIKEFUNC(like, 2, &likeInfoAlt, SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE|SQLITE_FUNC_CASE),
+    LIKEFUNC(like, 3, &likeInfoAlt, SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE|SQLITE_FUNC_CASE),
+  #else
+    LIKEFUNC(like, 2, &likeInfoNorm, SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE),
+    LIKEFUNC(like, 3, &likeInfoNorm, SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE),
+  #endif
+  };
+
+  int i;
+  FuncDefHash *pHash = &GLOBAL(FuncDefHash, sqlite3GlobalFunctions);
+  FuncDef *aFunc = (FuncDef*)&GLOBAL(FuncDef, aBuiltinFunc);
+
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aBuiltinFunc); i++){
+    sqlite3FuncDefInsert(pHash, &aFunc[i]);
+  }
+  sqlite3RegisterDateTimeFunctions();
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
+  sqlite3AlterFunctions();
+#endif
+}
+
+/************** End of func.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file fkey.c ********************************************/
+/*
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code used by the compiler to add foreign key
+** support to compiled SQL statements.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+
+/*
+** Deferred and Immediate FKs
+** --------------------------
+**
+** Foreign keys in SQLite come in two flavours: deferred and immediate.
+** If an immediate foreign key constraint is violated, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT
+** is returned and the current statement transaction rolled back. If a 
+** deferred foreign key constraint is violated, no action is taken 
+** immediately. However if the application attempts to commit the 
+** transaction before fixing the constraint violation, the attempt fails.
+**
+** Deferred constraints are implemented using a simple counter associated
+** with the database handle. The counter is set to zero each time a 
+** database transaction is opened. Each time a statement is executed 
+** that causes a foreign key violation, the counter is incremented. Each
+** time a statement is executed that removes an existing violation from
+** the database, the counter is decremented. When the transaction is
+** committed, the commit fails if the current value of the counter is
+** greater than zero. This scheme has two big drawbacks:
+**
+**   * When a commit fails due to a deferred foreign key constraint, 
+**     there is no way to tell which foreign constraint is not satisfied,
+**     or which row it is not satisfied for.
+**
+**   * If the database contains foreign key violations when the 
+**     transaction is opened, this may cause the mechanism to malfunction.
+**
+** Despite these problems, this approach is adopted as it seems simpler
+** than the alternatives.
+**
+** INSERT operations:
+**
+**   I.1) For each FK for which the table is the child table, search
+**        the parent table for a match. If none is found increment the
+**        constraint counter.
+**
+**   I.2) For each FK for which the table is the parent table, 
+**        search the child table for rows that correspond to the new
+**        row in the parent table. Decrement the counter for each row
+**        found (as the constraint is now satisfied).
+**
+** DELETE operations:
+**
+**   D.1) For each FK for which the table is the child table, 
+**        search the parent table for a row that corresponds to the 
+**        deleted row in the child table. If such a row is not found, 
+**        decrement the counter.
+**
+**   D.2) For each FK for which the table is the parent table, search 
+**        the child table for rows that correspond to the deleted row 
+**        in the parent table. For each found increment the counter.
+**
+** UPDATE operations:
+**
+**   An UPDATE command requires that all 4 steps above are taken, but only
+**   for FK constraints for which the affected columns are actually 
+**   modified (values must be compared at runtime).
+**
+** Note that I.1 and D.1 are very similar operations, as are I.2 and D.2.
+** This simplifies the implementation a bit.
+**
+** For the purposes of immediate FK constraints, the OR REPLACE conflict
+** resolution is considered to delete rows before the new row is inserted.
+** If a delete caused by OR REPLACE violates an FK constraint, an exception
+** is thrown, even if the FK constraint would be satisfied after the new 
+** row is inserted.
+**
+** Immediate constraints are usually handled similarly. The only difference 
+** is that the counter used is stored as part of each individual statement
+** object (struct Vdbe). If, after the statement has run, its immediate
+** constraint counter is greater than zero, it returns SQLITE_CONSTRAINT
+** and the statement transaction is rolled back. An exception is an INSERT
+** statement that inserts a single row only (no triggers). In this case,
+** instead of using a counter, an exception is thrown immediately if the
+** INSERT violates a foreign key constraint. This is necessary as such
+** an INSERT does not open a statement transaction.
+**
+** TODO: How should dropping a table be handled? How should renaming a 
+** table be handled?
+**
+**
+** Query API Notes
+** ---------------
+**
+** Before coding an UPDATE or DELETE row operation, the code-generator
+** for those two operations needs to know whether or not the operation
+** requires any FK processing and, if so, which columns of the original
+** row are required by the FK processing VDBE code (i.e. if FKs were
+** implemented using triggers, which of the old.* columns would be 
+** accessed). No information is required by the code-generator before
+** coding an INSERT operation. The functions used by the UPDATE/DELETE
+** generation code to query for this information are:
+**
+**   sqlite3FkRequired() - Test to see if FK processing is required.
+**   sqlite3FkOldmask()  - Query for the set of required old.* columns.
+**
+**
+** Externally accessible module functions
+** --------------------------------------
+**
+**   sqlite3FkCheck()    - Check for foreign key violations.
+**   sqlite3FkActions()  - Code triggers for ON UPDATE/ON DELETE actions.
+**   sqlite3FkDelete()   - Delete an FKey structure.
+*/
+
+/*
+** VDBE Calling Convention
+** -----------------------
+**
+** Example:
+**
+**   For the following INSERT statement:
+**
+**     CREATE TABLE t1(a, b INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, c);
+**     INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1, 2, 3.1);
+**
+**   Register (x):        2    (type integer)
+**   Register (x+1):      1    (type integer)
+**   Register (x+2):      NULL (type NULL)
+**   Register (x+3):      3.1  (type real)
+*/
+
+/*
+** A foreign key constraint requires that the key columns in the parent
+** table are collectively subject to a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint.
+** Given that pParent is the parent table for foreign key constraint pFKey, 
+** search the schema a unique index on the parent key columns. 
+**
+** If successful, zero is returned. If the parent key is an INTEGER PRIMARY 
+** KEY column, then output variable *ppIdx is set to NULL. Otherwise, *ppIdx 
+** is set to point to the unique index. 
+** 
+** If the parent key consists of a single column (the foreign key constraint
+** is not a composite foreign key), output variable *paiCol is set to NULL.
+** Otherwise, it is set to point to an allocated array of size N, where
+** N is the number of columns in the parent key. The first element of the
+** array is the index of the child table column that is mapped by the FK
+** constraint to the parent table column stored in the left-most column
+** of index *ppIdx. The second element of the array is the index of the
+** child table column that corresponds to the second left-most column of
+** *ppIdx, and so on.
+**
+** If the required index cannot be found, either because:
+**
+**   1) The named parent key columns do not exist, or
+**
+**   2) The named parent key columns do exist, but are not subject to a
+**      UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint, or
+**
+**   3) No parent key columns were provided explicitly as part of the
+**      foreign key definition, and the parent table does not have a
+**      PRIMARY KEY, or
+**
+**   4) No parent key columns were provided explicitly as part of the
+**      foreign key definition, and the PRIMARY KEY of the parent table 
+**      consists of a a different number of columns to the child key in 
+**      the child table.
+**
+** then non-zero is returned, and a "foreign key mismatch" error loaded
+** into pParse. If an OOM error occurs, non-zero is returned and the
+** pParse->db->mallocFailed flag is set.
+*/
+static int locateFkeyIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context to store any error in */
+  Table *pParent,                 /* Parent table of FK constraint pFKey */
+  FKey *pFKey,                    /* Foreign key to find index for */
+  Index **ppIdx,                  /* OUT: Unique index on parent table */
+  int **paiCol                    /* OUT: Map of index columns in pFKey */
+){
+  Index *pIdx = 0;                    /* Value to return via *ppIdx */
+  int *aiCol = 0;                     /* Value to return via *paiCol */
+  int nCol = pFKey->nCol;             /* Number of columns in parent key */
+  char *zKey = pFKey->aCol[0].zCol;   /* Name of left-most parent key column */
+
+  /* The caller is responsible for zeroing output parameters. */
+  assert( ppIdx && *ppIdx==0 );
+  assert( !paiCol || *paiCol==0 );
+  assert( pParse );
+
+  /* If this is a non-composite (single column) foreign key, check if it 
+  ** maps to the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY of table pParent. If so, leave *ppIdx 
+  ** and *paiCol set to zero and return early. 
+  **
+  ** Otherwise, for a composite foreign key (more than one column), allocate
+  ** space for the aiCol array (returned via output parameter *paiCol).
+  ** Non-composite foreign keys do not require the aiCol array.
+  */
+  if( nCol==1 ){
+    /* The FK maps to the IPK if any of the following are true:
+    **
+    **   1) There is an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column and the FK is implicitly 
+    **      mapped to the primary key of table pParent, or
+    **   2) The FK is explicitly mapped to a column declared as INTEGER
+    **      PRIMARY KEY.
+    */
+    if( pParent->iPKey>=0 ){
+      if( !zKey ) return 0;
+      if( !sqlite3StrICmp(pParent->aCol[pParent->iPKey].zName, zKey) ) return 0;
+    }
+  }else if( paiCol ){
+    assert( nCol>1 );
+    aiCol = (int *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pParse->db, nCol*sizeof(int));
+    if( !aiCol ) return 1;
+    *paiCol = aiCol;
+  }
+
+  for(pIdx=pParent->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    if( pIdx->nColumn==nCol && pIdx->onError!=OE_None ){ 
+      /* pIdx is a UNIQUE index (or a PRIMARY KEY) and has the right number
+      ** of columns. If each indexed column corresponds to a foreign key
+      ** column of pFKey, then this index is a winner.  */
+
+      if( zKey==0 ){
+        /* If zKey is NULL, then this foreign key is implicitly mapped to 
+        ** the PRIMARY KEY of table pParent. The PRIMARY KEY index may be 
+        ** identified by the test (Index.autoIndex==2).  */
+        if( pIdx->autoIndex==2 ){
+          if( aiCol ){
+            int i;
+            for(i=0; i<nCol; i++) aiCol[i] = pFKey->aCol[i].iFrom;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+      }else{
+        /* If zKey is non-NULL, then this foreign key was declared to
+        ** map to an explicit list of columns in table pParent. Check if this
+        ** index matches those columns. Also, check that the index uses
+        ** the default collation sequences for each column. */
+        int i, j;
+        for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+          int iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];     /* Index of column in parent tbl */
+          char *zDfltColl;                  /* Def. collation for column */
+          char *zIdxCol;                    /* Name of indexed column */
+
+          /* If the index uses a collation sequence that is different from
+          ** the default collation sequence for the column, this index is
+          ** unusable. Bail out early in this case.  */
+          zDfltColl = pParent->aCol[iCol].zColl;
+          if( !zDfltColl ){
+            zDfltColl = "BINARY";
+          }
+          if( sqlite3StrICmp(pIdx->azColl[i], zDfltColl) ) break;
+
+          zIdxCol = pParent->aCol[iCol].zName;
+          for(j=0; j<nCol; j++){
+            if( sqlite3StrICmp(pFKey->aCol[j].zCol, zIdxCol)==0 ){
+              if( aiCol ) aiCol[i] = pFKey->aCol[j].iFrom;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          if( j==nCol ) break;
+        }
+        if( i==nCol ) break;      /* pIdx is usable */
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( !pIdx ){
+    if( !pParse->disableTriggers ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "foreign key mismatch");
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, aiCol);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  *ppIdx = pIdx;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when a row is inserted into or deleted from the 
+** child table of foreign key constraint pFKey. If an SQL UPDATE is executed 
+** on the child table of pFKey, this function is invoked twice for each row
+** affected - once to "delete" the old row, and then again to "insert" the
+** new row.
+**
+** Each time it is called, this function generates VDBE code to locate the
+** row in the parent table that corresponds to the row being inserted into 
+** or deleted from the child table. If the parent row can be found, no 
+** special action is taken. Otherwise, if the parent row can *not* be
+** found in the parent table:
+**
+**   Operation | FK type   | Action taken
+**   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+**   INSERT      immediate   Increment the "immediate constraint counter".
+**
+**   DELETE      immediate   Decrement the "immediate constraint counter".
+**
+**   INSERT      deferred    Increment the "deferred constraint counter".
+**
+**   DELETE      deferred    Decrement the "deferred constraint counter".
+**
+** These operations are identified in the comment at the top of this file 
+** (fkey.c) as "I.1" and "D.1".
+*/
+static void fkLookupParent(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parse context */
+  int iDb,              /* Index of database housing pTab */
+  Table *pTab,          /* Parent table of FK pFKey */
+  Index *pIdx,          /* Unique index on parent key columns in pTab */
+  FKey *pFKey,          /* Foreign key constraint */
+  int *aiCol,           /* Map from parent key columns to child table columns */
+  int regData,          /* Address of array containing child table row */
+  int nIncr,            /* Increment constraint counter by this */
+  int isIgnore          /* If true, pretend pTab contains all NULL values */
+){
+  int i;                                    /* Iterator variable */
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);         /* Vdbe to add code to */
+  int iCur = pParse->nTab - 1;              /* Cursor number to use */
+  int iOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);        /* jump here if parent key found */
+
+  /* If nIncr is less than zero, then check at runtime if there are any
+  ** outstanding constraints to resolve. If there are not, there is no need
+  ** to check if deleting this row resolves any outstanding violations.
+  **
+  ** Check if any of the key columns in the child table row are NULL. If 
+  ** any are, then the constraint is considered satisfied. No need to 
+  ** search for a matching row in the parent table.  */
+  if( nIncr<0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, pFKey->isDeferred, iOk);
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
+    int iReg = aiCol[i] + regData + 1;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iOk);
+  }
+
+  if( isIgnore==0 ){
+    if( pIdx==0 ){
+      /* If pIdx is NULL, then the parent key is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
+      ** column of the parent table (table pTab).  */
+      int iMustBeInt;               /* Address of MustBeInt instruction */
+      int regTemp = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  
+      /* Invoke MustBeInt to coerce the child key value to an integer (i.e. 
+      ** apply the affinity of the parent key). If this fails, then there
+      ** is no matching parent key. Before using MustBeInt, make a copy of
+      ** the value. Otherwise, the value inserted into the child key column
+      ** will have INTEGER affinity applied to it, which may not be correct.  */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, aiCol[0]+1+regData, regTemp);
+      iMustBeInt = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, regTemp, 0);
+  
+      /* If the parent table is the same as the child table, and we are about
+      ** to increment the constraint-counter (i.e. this is an INSERT operation),
+      ** then check if the row being inserted matches itself. If so, do not
+      ** increment the constraint-counter.  */
+      if( pTab==pFKey->pFrom && nIncr==1 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regData, iOk, regTemp);
+      }
+  
+      sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, 0, regTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iOk);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)-2);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iMustBeInt);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regTemp);
+    }else{
+      int nCol = pFKey->nCol;
+      int regTemp = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol);
+      int regRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
+  
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, aiCol[i]+1+regData, regTemp+i);
+      }
+  
+      /* If the parent table is the same as the child table, and we are about
+      ** to increment the constraint-counter (i.e. this is an INSERT operation),
+      ** then check if the row being inserted matches itself. If so, do not
+      ** increment the constraint-counter. 
+      **
+      ** If any of the parent-key values are NULL, then the row cannot match 
+      ** itself. So set JUMPIFNULL to make sure we do the OP_Found if any
+      ** of the parent-key values are NULL (at this point it is known that
+      ** none of the child key values are).
+      */
+      if( pTab==pFKey->pFrom && nIncr==1 ){
+        int iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + nCol + 1;
+        for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+          int iChild = aiCol[i]+1+regData;
+          int iParent = pIdx->aiColumn[i]+1+regData;
+          assert( aiCol[i]!=pTab->iPKey );
+          if( pIdx->aiColumn[i]==pTab->iPKey ){
+            /* The parent key is a composite key that includes the IPK column */
+            iParent = regData;
+          }
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iChild, iJump, iParent);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iOk);
+      }
+  
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTemp, nCol, regRec);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v,pIdx), P4_TRANSIENT);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iCur, iOk, regRec, 0);
+  
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRec);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regTemp, nCol);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !pParse->pToplevel && !pParse->isMultiWrite ){
+    /* Special case: If this is an INSERT statement that will insert exactly
+    ** one row into the table, raise a constraint immediately instead of
+    ** incrementing a counter. This is necessary as the VM code is being
+    ** generated for will not open a statement transaction.  */
+    assert( nIncr==1 );
+    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
+        pParse, OE_Abort, "foreign key constraint failed", P4_STATIC
+    );
+  }else{
+    if( nIncr>0 && pFKey->isDeferred==0 ){
+      sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse)->mayAbort = 1;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkCounter, pFKey->isDeferred, nIncr);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iOk);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCur);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to generate code executed when a row is deleted
+** from the parent table of foreign key constraint pFKey and, if pFKey is 
+** deferred, when a row is inserted into the same table. When generating
+** code for an SQL UPDATE operation, this function may be called twice -
+** once to "delete" the old row and once to "insert" the new row.
+**
+** The code generated by this function scans through the rows in the child
+** table that correspond to the parent table row being deleted or inserted.
+** For each child row found, one of the following actions is taken:
+**
+**   Operation | FK type   | Action taken
+**   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+**   DELETE      immediate   Increment the "immediate constraint counter".
+**                           Or, if the ON (UPDATE|DELETE) action is RESTRICT,
+**                           throw a "foreign key constraint failed" exception.
+**
+**   INSERT      immediate   Decrement the "immediate constraint counter".
+**
+**   DELETE      deferred    Increment the "deferred constraint counter".
+**                           Or, if the ON (UPDATE|DELETE) action is RESTRICT,
+**                           throw a "foreign key constraint failed" exception.
+**
+**   INSERT      deferred    Decrement the "deferred constraint counter".
+**
+** These operations are identified in the comment at the top of this file 
+** (fkey.c) as "I.2" and "D.2".
+*/
+static void fkScanChildren(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  SrcList *pSrc,                  /* SrcList containing the table to scan */
+  Table *pTab,
+  Index *pIdx,                    /* Foreign key index */
+  FKey *pFKey,                    /* Foreign key relationship */
+  int *aiCol,                     /* Map from pIdx cols to child table cols */
+  int regData,                    /* Referenced table data starts here */
+  int nIncr                       /* Amount to increment deferred counter by */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database handle */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  Expr *pWhere = 0;               /* WHERE clause to scan with */
+  NameContext sNameContext;       /* Context used to resolve WHERE clause */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;              /* Context used by sqlite3WhereXXX() */
+  int iFkIfZero = 0;              /* Address of OP_FkIfZero */
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+
+  assert( !pIdx || pIdx->pTable==pTab );
+
+  if( nIncr<0 ){
+    iFkIfZero = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, pFKey->isDeferred, 0);
+  }
+
+  /* Create an Expr object representing an SQL expression like:
+  **
+  **   <parent-key1> = <child-key1> AND <parent-key2> = <child-key2> ...
+  **
+  ** The collation sequence used for the comparison should be that of
+  ** the parent key columns. The affinity of the parent key column should
+  ** be applied to each child key value before the comparison takes place.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
+    Expr *pLeft;                  /* Value from parent table row */
+    Expr *pRight;                 /* Column ref to child table */
+    Expr *pEq;                    /* Expression (pLeft = pRight) */
+    int iCol;                     /* Index of column in child table */ 
+    const char *zCol;             /* Name of column in child table */
+
+    pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
+    if( pLeft ){
+      /* Set the collation sequence and affinity of the LHS of each TK_EQ
+      ** expression to the parent key column defaults.  */
+      if( pIdx ){
+        Column *pCol;
+        iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+        pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
+        if( pTab->iPKey==iCol ) iCol = -1;
+        pLeft->iTable = regData+iCol+1;
+        pLeft->affinity = pCol->affinity;
+        pLeft->pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pCol->zColl);
+      }else{
+        pLeft->iTable = regData;
+        pLeft->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+      }
+    }
+    iCol = aiCol ? aiCol[i] : pFKey->aCol[0].iFrom;
+    assert( iCol>=0 );
+    zCol = pFKey->pFrom->aCol[iCol].zName;
+    pRight = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zCol);
+    pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+    pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhere, pEq);
+  }
+
+  /* If the child table is the same as the parent table, and this scan
+  ** is taking place as part of a DELETE operation (operation D.2), omit the
+  ** row being deleted from the scan by adding ($rowid != rowid) to the WHERE 
+  ** clause, where $rowid is the rowid of the row being deleted.  */
+  if( pTab==pFKey->pFrom && nIncr>0 ){
+    Expr *pEq;                    /* Expression (pLeft = pRight) */
+    Expr *pLeft;                  /* Value from parent table row */
+    Expr *pRight;                 /* Column ref to child table */
+    pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
+    pRight = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_COLUMN, 0);
+    if( pLeft && pRight ){
+      pLeft->iTable = regData;
+      pLeft->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+      pRight->iTable = pSrc->a[0].iCursor;
+      pRight->iColumn = -1;
+    }
+    pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NE, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+    pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhere, pEq);
+  }
+
+  /* Resolve the references in the WHERE clause. */
+  memset(&sNameContext, 0, sizeof(NameContext));
+  sNameContext.pSrcList = pSrc;
+  sNameContext.pParse = pParse;
+  sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNameContext, pWhere);
+
+  /* Create VDBE to loop through the entries in pSrc that match the WHERE
+  ** clause. If the constraint is not deferred, throw an exception for
+  ** each row found. Otherwise, for deferred constraints, increment the
+  ** deferred constraint counter by nIncr for each row selected.  */
+  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pSrc, pWhere, 0, 0);
+  if( nIncr>0 && pFKey->isDeferred==0 ){
+    sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse)->mayAbort = 1;
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkCounter, pFKey->isDeferred, nIncr);
+  if( pWInfo ){
+    sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+  }
+
+  /* Clean up the WHERE clause constructed above. */
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
+  if( iFkIfZero ){
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iFkIfZero);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function returns a pointer to the head of a linked list of FK
+** constraints for which table pTab is the parent table. For example,
+** given the following schema:
+**
+**   CREATE TABLE t1(a PRIMARY KEY);
+**   CREATE TABLE t2(b REFERENCES t1(a);
+**
+** Calling this function with table "t1" as an argument returns a pointer
+** to the FKey structure representing the foreign key constraint on table
+** "t2". Calling this function with "t2" as the argument would return a
+** NULL pointer (as there are no FK constraints for which t2 is the parent
+** table).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE FKey *sqlite3FkReferences(Table *pTab){
+  int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(pTab->zName);
+  return (FKey *)sqlite3HashFind(&pTab->pSchema->fkeyHash, pTab->zName, nName);
+}
+
+/*
+** The second argument is a Trigger structure allocated by the 
+** fkActionTrigger() routine. This function deletes the Trigger structure
+** and all of its sub-components.
+**
+** The Trigger structure or any of its sub-components may be allocated from
+** the lookaside buffer belonging to database handle dbMem.
+*/
+static void fkTriggerDelete(sqlite3 *dbMem, Trigger *p){
+  if( p ){
+    TriggerStep *pStep = p->step_list;
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(dbMem, pStep->pWhere);
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(dbMem, pStep->pExprList);
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(dbMem, pStep->pSelect);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(dbMem, p->pWhen);
+    sqlite3DbFree(dbMem, p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to generate code that runs when table pTab is
+** being dropped from the database. The SrcList passed as the second argument
+** to this function contains a single entry guaranteed to resolve to
+** table pTab.
+**
+** Normally, no code is required. However, if either
+**
+**   (a) The table is the parent table of a FK constraint, or
+**   (b) The table is the child table of a deferred FK constraint and it is
+**       determined at runtime that there are outstanding deferred FK 
+**       constraint violations in the database,
+**
+** then the equivalent of "DELETE FROM <tbl>" is executed before dropping
+** the table from the database. Triggers are disabled while running this
+** DELETE, but foreign key actions are not.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FkDropTable(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, Table *pTab){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  if( (db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys) && !IsVirtual(pTab) && !pTab->pSelect ){
+    int iSkip = 0;
+    Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+
+    assert( v );                  /* VDBE has already been allocated */
+    if( sqlite3FkReferences(pTab)==0 ){
+      /* Search for a deferred foreign key constraint for which this table
+      ** is the child table. If one cannot be found, return without 
+      ** generating any VDBE code. If one can be found, then jump over
+      ** the entire DELETE if there are no outstanding deferred constraints
+      ** when this statement is run.  */
+      FKey *p;
+      for(p=pTab->pFKey; p; p=p->pNextFrom){
+        if( p->isDeferred ) break;
+      }
+      if( !p ) return;
+      iSkip = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 1, iSkip);
+    }
+
+    pParse->disableTriggers = 1;
+    sqlite3DeleteFrom(pParse, sqlite3SrcListDup(db, pName, 0), 0);
+    pParse->disableTriggers = 0;
+
+    /* If the DELETE has generated immediate foreign key constraint 
+    ** violations, halt the VDBE and return an error at this point, before
+    ** any modifications to the schema are made. This is because statement
+    ** transactions are not able to rollback schema changes.  */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 0, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
+    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
+        pParse, OE_Abort, "foreign key constraint failed", P4_STATIC
+    );
+
+    if( iSkip ){
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iSkip);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when inserting, deleting or updating a row of
+** table pTab to generate VDBE code to perform foreign key constraint 
+** processing for the operation.
+**
+** For a DELETE operation, parameter regOld is passed the index of the
+** first register in an array of (pTab->nCol+1) registers containing the
+** rowid of the row being deleted, followed by each of the column values
+** of the row being deleted, from left to right. Parameter regNew is passed
+** zero in this case.
+**
+** For an INSERT operation, regOld is passed zero and regNew is passed the
+** first register of an array of (pTab->nCol+1) registers containing the new
+** row data.
+**
+** For an UPDATE operation, this function is called twice. Once before
+** the original record is deleted from the table using the calling convention
+** described for DELETE. Then again after the original record is deleted
+** but before the new record is inserted using the INSERT convention. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FkCheck(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Table *pTab,                    /* Row is being deleted from this table */ 
+  int regOld,                     /* Previous row data is stored here */
+  int regNew                      /* New row data is stored here */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database handle */
+  FKey *pFKey;                    /* Used to iterate through FKs */
+  int iDb;                        /* Index of database containing pTab */
+  const char *zDb;                /* Name of database containing pTab */
+  int isIgnoreErrors = pParse->disableTriggers;
+
+  /* Exactly one of regOld and regNew should be non-zero. */
+  assert( (regOld==0)!=(regNew==0) );
+
+  /* If foreign-keys are disabled, this function is a no-op. */
+  if( (db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys)==0 ) return;
+
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+  zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+
+  /* Loop through all the foreign key constraints for which pTab is the
+  ** child table (the table that the foreign key definition is part of).  */
+  for(pFKey=pTab->pFKey; pFKey; pFKey=pFKey->pNextFrom){
+    Table *pTo;                   /* Parent table of foreign key pFKey */
+    Index *pIdx = 0;              /* Index on key columns in pTo */
+    int *aiFree = 0;
+    int *aiCol;
+    int iCol;
+    int i;
+    int isIgnore = 0;
+
+    /* Find the parent table of this foreign key. Also find a unique index 
+    ** on the parent key columns in the parent table. If either of these 
+    ** schema items cannot be located, set an error in pParse and return 
+    ** early.  */
+    if( pParse->disableTriggers ){
+      pTo = sqlite3FindTable(db, pFKey->zTo, zDb);
+    }else{
+      pTo = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pFKey->zTo, zDb);
+    }
+    if( !pTo || locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTo, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiFree) ){
+      if( !isIgnoreErrors || db->mallocFailed ) return;
+      continue;
+    }
+    assert( pFKey->nCol==1 || (aiFree && pIdx) );
+
+    if( aiFree ){
+      aiCol = aiFree;
+    }else{
+      iCol = pFKey->aCol[0].iFrom;
+      aiCol = &iCol;
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
+      if( aiCol[i]==pTab->iPKey ){
+        aiCol[i] = -1;
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+      /* Request permission to read the parent key columns. If the 
+      ** authorization callback returns SQLITE_IGNORE, behave as if any
+      ** values read from the parent table are NULL. */
+      if( db->xAuth ){
+        int rcauth;
+        char *zCol = pTo->aCol[pIdx ? pIdx->aiColumn[i] : pTo->iPKey].zName;
+        rcauth = sqlite3AuthReadCol(pParse, pTo->zName, zCol, iDb);
+        isIgnore = (rcauth==SQLITE_IGNORE);
+      }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    /* Take a shared-cache advisory read-lock on the parent table. Allocate 
+    ** a cursor to use to search the unique index on the parent key columns 
+    ** in the parent table.  */
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTo->tnum, 0, pTo->zName);
+    pParse->nTab++;
+
+    if( regOld!=0 ){
+      /* A row is being removed from the child table. Search for the parent.
+      ** If the parent does not exist, removing the child row resolves an 
+      ** outstanding foreign key constraint violation. */
+      fkLookupParent(pParse, iDb, pTo, pIdx, pFKey, aiCol, regOld, -1,isIgnore);
+    }
+    if( regNew!=0 ){
+      /* A row is being added to the child table. If a parent row cannot
+      ** be found, adding the child row has violated the FK constraint. */ 
+      fkLookupParent(pParse, iDb, pTo, pIdx, pFKey, aiCol, regNew, +1,isIgnore);
+    }
+
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, aiFree);
+  }
+
+  /* Loop through all the foreign key constraints that refer to this table */
+  for(pFKey = sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); pFKey; pFKey=pFKey->pNextTo){
+    Index *pIdx = 0;              /* Foreign key index for pFKey */
+    SrcList *pSrc;
+    int *aiCol = 0;
+
+    if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !pParse->pToplevel && !pParse->isMultiWrite ){
+      assert( regOld==0 && regNew!=0 );
+      /* Inserting a single row into a parent table cannot cause an immediate
+      ** foreign key violation. So do nothing in this case.  */
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if( locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ){
+      if( !isIgnoreErrors || db->mallocFailed ) return;
+      continue;
+    }
+    assert( aiCol || pFKey->nCol==1 );
+
+    /* Create a SrcList structure containing a single table (the table 
+    ** the foreign key that refers to this table is attached to). This
+    ** is required for the sqlite3WhereXXX() interface.  */
+    pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( pSrc ){
+      struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrc->a;
+      pItem->pTab = pFKey->pFrom;
+      pItem->zName = pFKey->pFrom->zName;
+      pItem->pTab->nRef++;
+      pItem->iCursor = pParse->nTab++;
+  
+      if( regNew!=0 ){
+        fkScanChildren(pParse, pSrc, pTab, pIdx, pFKey, aiCol, regNew, -1);
+      }
+      if( regOld!=0 ){
+        /* If there is a RESTRICT action configured for the current operation
+        ** on the parent table of this FK, then throw an exception 
+        ** immediately if the FK constraint is violated, even if this is a
+        ** deferred trigger. That's what RESTRICT means. To defer checking
+        ** the constraint, the FK should specify NO ACTION (represented
+        ** using OE_None). NO ACTION is the default.  */
+        fkScanChildren(pParse, pSrc, pTab, pIdx, pFKey, aiCol, regOld, 1);
+      }
+      pItem->zName = 0;
+      sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pSrc);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, aiCol);
+  }
+}
+
+#define COLUMN_MASK(x) (((x)>31) ? 0xffffffff : ((u32)1<<(x)))
+
+/*
+** This function is called before generating code to update or delete a 
+** row contained in table pTab.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3FkOldmask(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Table *pTab                     /* Table being modified */
+){
+  u32 mask = 0;
+  if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys ){
+    FKey *p;
+    int i;
+    for(p=pTab->pFKey; p; p=p->pNextFrom){
+      for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) mask |= COLUMN_MASK(p->aCol[i].iFrom);
+    }
+    for(p=sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); p; p=p->pNextTo){
+      Index *pIdx = 0;
+      locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTab, p, &pIdx, 0);
+      if( pIdx ){
+        for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++) mask |= COLUMN_MASK(pIdx->aiColumn[i]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return mask;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called before generating code to update or delete a 
+** row contained in table pTab. If the operation is a DELETE, then
+** parameter aChange is passed a NULL value. For an UPDATE, aChange points
+** to an array of size N, where N is the number of columns in table pTab.
+** If the i'th column is not modified by the UPDATE, then the corresponding 
+** entry in the aChange[] array is set to -1. If the column is modified,
+** the value is 0 or greater. Parameter chngRowid is set to true if the
+** UPDATE statement modifies the rowid fields of the table.
+**
+** If any foreign key processing will be required, this function returns
+** true. If there is no foreign key related processing, this function 
+** returns false.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FkRequired(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Table *pTab,                    /* Table being modified */
+  int *aChange,                   /* Non-NULL for UPDATE operations */
+  int chngRowid                   /* True for UPDATE that affects rowid */
+){
+  if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys ){
+    if( !aChange ){
+      /* A DELETE operation. Foreign key processing is required if the 
+      ** table in question is either the child or parent table for any 
+      ** foreign key constraint.  */
+      return (sqlite3FkReferences(pTab) || pTab->pFKey);
+    }else{
+      /* This is an UPDATE. Foreign key processing is only required if the
+      ** operation modifies one or more child or parent key columns. */
+      int i;
+      FKey *p;
+
+      /* Check if any child key columns are being modified. */
+      for(p=pTab->pFKey; p; p=p->pNextFrom){
+        for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+          int iChildKey = p->aCol[i].iFrom;
+          if( aChange[iChildKey]>=0 ) return 1;
+          if( iChildKey==pTab->iPKey && chngRowid ) return 1;
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* Check if any parent key columns are being modified. */
+      for(p=sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); p; p=p->pNextTo){
+        for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+          char *zKey = p->aCol[i].zCol;
+          int iKey;
+          for(iKey=0; iKey<pTab->nCol; iKey++){
+            Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[iKey];
+            if( (zKey ? !sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zKey) : pCol->isPrimKey) ){
+              if( aChange[iKey]>=0 ) return 1;
+              if( iKey==pTab->iPKey && chngRowid ) return 1;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when an UPDATE or DELETE operation is being 
+** compiled on table pTab, which is the parent table of foreign-key pFKey.
+** If the current operation is an UPDATE, then the pChanges parameter is
+** passed a pointer to the list of columns being modified. If it is a
+** DELETE, pChanges is passed a NULL pointer.
+**
+** It returns a pointer to a Trigger structure containing a trigger
+** equivalent to the ON UPDATE or ON DELETE action specified by pFKey.
+** If the action is "NO ACTION" or "RESTRICT", then a NULL pointer is
+** returned (these actions require no special handling by the triggers
+** sub-system, code for them is created by fkScanChildren()).
+**
+** For example, if pFKey is the foreign key and pTab is table "p" in 
+** the following schema:
+**
+**   CREATE TABLE p(pk PRIMARY KEY);
+**   CREATE TABLE c(ck REFERENCES p ON DELETE CASCADE);
+**
+** then the returned trigger structure is equivalent to:
+**
+**   CREATE TRIGGER ... DELETE ON p BEGIN
+**     DELETE FROM c WHERE ck = old.pk;
+**   END;
+**
+** The returned pointer is cached as part of the foreign key object. It
+** is eventually freed along with the rest of the foreign key object by 
+** sqlite3FkDelete().
+*/
+static Trigger *fkActionTrigger(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Table *pTab,                    /* Table being updated or deleted from */
+  FKey *pFKey,                    /* Foreign key to get action for */
+  ExprList *pChanges              /* Change-list for UPDATE, NULL for DELETE */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database handle */
+  int action;                     /* One of OE_None, OE_Cascade etc. */
+  Trigger *pTrigger;              /* Trigger definition to return */
+  int iAction = (pChanges!=0);    /* 1 for UPDATE, 0 for DELETE */
+
+  action = pFKey->aAction[iAction];
+  pTrigger = pFKey->apTrigger[iAction];
+
+  if( action!=OE_None && !pTrigger ){
+    u8 enableLookaside;           /* Copy of db->lookaside.bEnabled */
+    char const *zFrom;            /* Name of child table */
+    int nFrom;                    /* Length in bytes of zFrom */
+    Index *pIdx = 0;              /* Parent key index for this FK */
+    int *aiCol = 0;               /* child table cols -> parent key cols */
+    TriggerStep *pStep = 0;        /* First (only) step of trigger program */
+    Expr *pWhere = 0;             /* WHERE clause of trigger step */
+    ExprList *pList = 0;          /* Changes list if ON UPDATE CASCADE */
+    Select *pSelect = 0;          /* If RESTRICT, "SELECT RAISE(...)" */
+    int i;                        /* Iterator variable */
+    Expr *pWhen = 0;              /* WHEN clause for the trigger */
+
+    if( locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ) return 0;
+    assert( aiCol || pFKey->nCol==1 );
+
+    for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
+      Token tOld = { "old", 3 };  /* Literal "old" token */
+      Token tNew = { "new", 3 };  /* Literal "new" token */
+      Token tFromCol;             /* Name of column in child table */
+      Token tToCol;               /* Name of column in parent table */
+      int iFromCol;               /* Idx of column in child table */
+      Expr *pEq;                  /* tFromCol = OLD.tToCol */
+
+      iFromCol = aiCol ? aiCol[i] : pFKey->aCol[0].iFrom;
+      assert( iFromCol>=0 );
+      tToCol.z = pIdx ? pTab->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[i]].zName : "oid";
+      tFromCol.z = pFKey->pFrom->aCol[iFromCol].zName;
+
+      tToCol.n = sqlite3Strlen30(tToCol.z);
+      tFromCol.n = sqlite3Strlen30(tFromCol.z);
+
+      /* Create the expression "OLD.zToCol = zFromCol". It is important
+      ** that the "OLD.zToCol" term is on the LHS of the = operator, so
+      ** that the affinity and collation sequence associated with the
+      ** parent table are used for the comparison. */
+      pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ,
+          sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, 
+            sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &tOld),
+            sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &tToCol)
+          , 0),
+          sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &tFromCol)
+      , 0);
+      pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhere, pEq);
+
+      /* For ON UPDATE, construct the next term of the WHEN clause.
+      ** The final WHEN clause will be like this:
+      **
+      **    WHEN NOT(old.col1 IS new.col1 AND ... AND old.colN IS new.colN)
+      */
+      if( pChanges ){
+        pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IS,
+            sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, 
+              sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &tOld),
+              sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &tToCol),
+              0),
+            sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, 
+              sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &tNew),
+              sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &tToCol),
+              0),
+            0);
+        pWhen = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhen, pEq);
+      }
+  
+      if( action!=OE_Restrict && (action!=OE_Cascade || pChanges) ){
+        Expr *pNew;
+        if( action==OE_Cascade ){
+          pNew = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, 
+            sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &tNew),
+            sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &tToCol)
+          , 0);
+        }else if( action==OE_SetDflt ){
+          Expr *pDflt = pFKey->pFrom->aCol[iFromCol].pDflt;
+          if( pDflt ){
+            pNew = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pDflt, 0);
+          }else{
+            pNew = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NULL, 0, 0, 0);
+          }
+        }else{
+          pNew = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NULL, 0, 0, 0);
+        }
+        pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pList, pNew);
+        sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pList, &tFromCol, 0);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, aiCol);
+
+    zFrom = pFKey->pFrom->zName;
+    nFrom = sqlite3Strlen30(zFrom);
+
+    if( action==OE_Restrict ){
+      Token tFrom;
+      Expr *pRaise; 
+
+      tFrom.z = zFrom;
+      tFrom.n = nFrom;
+      pRaise = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_RAISE, "foreign key constraint failed");
+      if( pRaise ){
+        pRaise->affinity = OE_Abort;
+      }
+      pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 
+          sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, pRaise),
+          sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, &tFrom, 0),
+          pWhere,
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
+      );
+      pWhere = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Disable lookaside memory allocation */
+    enableLookaside = db->lookaside.bEnabled;
+    db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
+
+    pTrigger = (Trigger *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 
+        sizeof(Trigger) +         /* struct Trigger */
+        sizeof(TriggerStep) +     /* Single step in trigger program */
+        nFrom + 1                 /* Space for pStep->target.z */
+    );
+    if( pTrigger ){
+      pStep = pTrigger->step_list = (TriggerStep *)&pTrigger[1];
+      pStep->target.z = (char *)&pStep[1];
+      pStep->target.n = nFrom;
+      memcpy((char *)pStep->target.z, zFrom, nFrom);
+  
+      pStep->pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhere, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+      pStep->pExprList = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pList, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+      pStep->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pSelect, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+      if( pWhen ){
+        pWhen = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, pWhen, 0, 0);
+        pTrigger->pWhen = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhen, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Re-enable the lookaside buffer, if it was disabled earlier. */
+    db->lookaside.bEnabled = enableLookaside;
+
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhen);
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+    if( db->mallocFailed==1 ){
+      fkTriggerDelete(db, pTrigger);
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    switch( action ){
+      case OE_Restrict:
+        pStep->op = TK_SELECT; 
+        break;
+      case OE_Cascade: 
+        if( !pChanges ){ 
+          pStep->op = TK_DELETE; 
+          break; 
+        }
+      default:
+        pStep->op = TK_UPDATE;
+    }
+    pStep->pTrig = pTrigger;
+    pTrigger->pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
+    pTrigger->pTabSchema = pTab->pSchema;
+    pFKey->apTrigger[iAction] = pTrigger;
+    pTrigger->op = (pChanges ? TK_UPDATE : TK_DELETE);
+  }
+
+  return pTrigger;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when deleting or updating a row to implement
+** any required CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT actions.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FkActions(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Table *pTab,                    /* Table being updated or deleted from */
+  ExprList *pChanges,             /* Change-list for UPDATE, NULL for DELETE */
+  int regOld                      /* Address of array containing old row */
+){
+  /* If foreign-key support is enabled, iterate through all FKs that 
+  ** refer to table pTab. If there is an action associated with the FK 
+  ** for this operation (either update or delete), invoke the associated 
+  ** trigger sub-program.  */
+  if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys ){
+    FKey *pFKey;                  /* Iterator variable */
+    for(pFKey = sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); pFKey; pFKey=pFKey->pNextTo){
+      Trigger *pAction = fkActionTrigger(pParse, pTab, pFKey, pChanges);
+      if( pAction ){
+        sqlite3CodeRowTriggerDirect(pParse, pAction, pTab, regOld, OE_Abort, 0);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER */
+
+/*
+** Free all memory associated with foreign key definitions attached to
+** table pTab. Remove the deleted foreign keys from the Schema.fkeyHash
+** hash table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FkDelete(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTab){
+  FKey *pFKey;                    /* Iterator variable */
+  FKey *pNext;                    /* Copy of pFKey->pNextFrom */
+
+  assert( db==0 || sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pTab->pSchema) );
+  for(pFKey=pTab->pFKey; pFKey; pFKey=pNext){
+
+    /* Remove the FK from the fkeyHash hash table. */
+    if( !db || db->pnBytesFreed==0 ){
+      if( pFKey->pPrevTo ){
+        pFKey->pPrevTo->pNextTo = pFKey->pNextTo;
+      }else{
+        void *p = (void *)pFKey->pNextTo;
+        const char *z = (p ? pFKey->pNextTo->zTo : pFKey->zTo);
+        sqlite3HashInsert(&pTab->pSchema->fkeyHash, z, sqlite3Strlen30(z), p);
+      }
+      if( pFKey->pNextTo ){
+        pFKey->pNextTo->pPrevTo = pFKey->pPrevTo;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* EV: R-30323-21917 Each foreign key constraint in SQLite is
+    ** classified as either immediate or deferred.
+    */
+    assert( pFKey->isDeferred==0 || pFKey->isDeferred==1 );
+
+    /* Delete any triggers created to implement actions for this FK. */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+    fkTriggerDelete(db, pFKey->apTrigger[0]);
+    fkTriggerDelete(db, pFKey->apTrigger[1]);
+#endif
+
+    pNext = pFKey->pNextFrom;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pFKey);
+  }
+}
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY */
+
+/************** End of fkey.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file insert.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains C code routines that are called by the parser
+** to handle INSERT statements in SQLite.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will open a table for reading.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenTable(
+  Parse *p,       /* Generate code into this VDBE */
+  int iCur,       /* The cursor number of the table */
+  int iDb,        /* The database index in sqlite3.aDb[] */
+  Table *pTab,    /* The table to be opened */
+  int opcode      /* OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite */
+){
+  Vdbe *v;
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return;
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(p);
+  assert( opcode==OP_OpenWrite || opcode==OP_OpenRead );
+  sqlite3TableLock(p, iDb, pTab->tnum, (opcode==OP_OpenWrite)?1:0, pTab->zName);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, opcode, iCur, pTab->tnum, iDb);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(pTab->nCol), P4_INT32);
+  VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the column affinity string associated with index
+** pIdx. A column affinity string has one character for each column in 
+** the table, according to the affinity of the column:
+**
+**  Character      Column affinity
+**  ------------------------------
+**  'a'            TEXT
+**  'b'            NONE
+**  'c'            NUMERIC
+**  'd'            INTEGER
+**  'e'            REAL
+**
+** An extra 'b' is appended to the end of the string to cover the
+** rowid that appears as the last column in every index.
+**
+** Memory for the buffer containing the column index affinity string
+** is managed along with the rest of the Index structure. It will be
+** released when sqlite3DeleteIndex() is called.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(Vdbe *v, Index *pIdx){
+  if( !pIdx->zColAff ){
+    /* The first time a column affinity string for a particular index is
+    ** required, it is allocated and populated here. It is then stored as
+    ** a member of the Index structure for subsequent use.
+    **
+    ** The column affinity string will eventually be deleted by
+    ** sqliteDeleteIndex() when the Index structure itself is cleaned
+    ** up.
+    */
+    int n;
+    Table *pTab = pIdx->pTable;
+    sqlite3 *db = sqlite3VdbeDb(v);
+    pIdx->zColAff = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, pIdx->nColumn+2);
+    if( !pIdx->zColAff ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    for(n=0; n<pIdx->nColumn; n++){
+      pIdx->zColAff[n] = pTab->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[n]].affinity;
+    }
+    pIdx->zColAff[n++] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+    pIdx->zColAff[n] = 0;
+  }
+ 
+  return pIdx->zColAff;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set P4 of the most recently inserted opcode to a column affinity
+** string for table pTab. A column affinity string has one character
+** for each column indexed by the index, according to the affinity of the
+** column:
+**
+**  Character      Column affinity
+**  ------------------------------
+**  'a'            TEXT
+**  'b'            NONE
+**  'c'            NUMERIC
+**  'd'            INTEGER
+**  'e'            REAL
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinityStr(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab){
+  /* The first time a column affinity string for a particular table
+  ** is required, it is allocated and populated here. It is then 
+  ** stored as a member of the Table structure for subsequent use.
+  **
+  ** The column affinity string will eventually be deleted by
+  ** sqlite3DeleteTable() when the Table structure itself is cleaned up.
+  */
+  if( !pTab->zColAff ){
+    char *zColAff;
+    int i;
+    sqlite3 *db = sqlite3VdbeDb(v);
+
+    zColAff = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, pTab->nCol+1);
+    if( !zColAff ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+      zColAff[i] = pTab->aCol[i].affinity;
+    }
+    zColAff[pTab->nCol] = '\0';
+
+    pTab->zColAff = zColAff;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zColAff, P4_TRANSIENT);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return non-zero if the table pTab in database iDb or any of its indices
+** have been opened at any point in the VDBE program beginning at location
+** iStartAddr throught the end of the program.  This is used to see if 
+** a statement of the form  "INSERT INTO <iDb, pTab> SELECT ..." can 
+** run without using temporary table for the results of the SELECT. 
+*/
+static int readsTable(Parse *p, int iStartAddr, int iDb, Table *pTab){
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(p);
+  int i;
+  int iEnd = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  VTable *pVTab = IsVirtual(pTab) ? sqlite3GetVTable(p->db, pTab) : 0;
+#endif
+
+  for(i=iStartAddr; i<iEnd; i++){
+    VdbeOp *pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, i);
+    assert( pOp!=0 );
+    if( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenRead && pOp->p3==iDb ){
+      Index *pIndex;
+      int tnum = pOp->p2;
+      if( tnum==pTab->tnum ){
+        return 1;
+      }
+      for(pIndex=pTab->pIndex; pIndex; pIndex=pIndex->pNext){
+        if( tnum==pIndex->tnum ){
+          return 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    if( pOp->opcode==OP_VOpen && pOp->p4.pVtab==pVTab ){
+      assert( pOp->p4.pVtab!=0 );
+      assert( pOp->p4type==P4_VTAB );
+      return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+/*
+** Locate or create an AutoincInfo structure associated with table pTab
+** which is in database iDb.  Return the register number for the register
+** that holds the maximum rowid.
+**
+** There is at most one AutoincInfo structure per table even if the
+** same table is autoincremented multiple times due to inserts within
+** triggers.  A new AutoincInfo structure is created if this is the
+** first use of table pTab.  On 2nd and subsequent uses, the original
+** AutoincInfo structure is used.
+**
+** Three memory locations are allocated:
+**
+**   (1)  Register to hold the name of the pTab table.
+**   (2)  Register to hold the maximum ROWID of pTab.
+**   (3)  Register to hold the rowid in sqlite_sequence of pTab
+**
+** The 2nd register is the one that is returned.  That is all the
+** insert routine needs to know about.
+*/
+static int autoIncBegin(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* Parsing context */
+  int iDb,            /* Index of the database holding pTab */
+  Table *pTab         /* The table we are writing to */
+){
+  int memId = 0;      /* Register holding maximum rowid */
+  if( pTab->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement ){
+    Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+    AutoincInfo *pInfo;
+
+    pInfo = pToplevel->pAinc;
+    while( pInfo && pInfo->pTab!=pTab ){ pInfo = pInfo->pNext; }
+    if( pInfo==0 ){
+      pInfo = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pParse->db, sizeof(*pInfo));
+      if( pInfo==0 ) return 0;
+      pInfo->pNext = pToplevel->pAinc;
+      pToplevel->pAinc = pInfo;
+      pInfo->pTab = pTab;
+      pInfo->iDb = iDb;
+      pToplevel->nMem++;                  /* Register to hold name of table */
+      pInfo->regCtr = ++pToplevel->nMem;  /* Max rowid register */
+      pToplevel->nMem++;                  /* Rowid in sqlite_sequence */
+    }
+    memId = pInfo->regCtr;
+  }
+  return memId;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine generates code that will initialize all of the
+** register used by the autoincrement tracker.  
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(Parse *pParse){
+  AutoincInfo *p;            /* Information about an AUTOINCREMENT */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;  /* The database connection */
+  Db *pDb;                   /* Database only autoinc table */
+  int memId;                 /* Register holding max rowid */
+  int addr;                  /* A VDBE address */
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;   /* VDBE under construction */
+
+  /* This routine is never called during trigger-generation.  It is
+  ** only called from the top-level */
+  assert( pParse->pTriggerTab==0 );
+  assert( pParse==sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse) );
+
+  assert( v );   /* We failed long ago if this is not so */
+  for(p = pParse->pAinc; p; p = p->pNext){
+    pDb = &db->aDb[p->iDb];
+    memId = p->regCtr;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pDb->pSchema) );
+    sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, 0, p->iDb, pDb->pSchema->pSeqTab, OP_OpenRead);
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, memId-1, 0, p->pTab->zName, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, 0, addr+9);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, 0, memId);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, memId-1, addr+7, memId);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, memId+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, 1, memId);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addr+9);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, addr+2);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, memId);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Close);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Update the maximum rowid for an autoincrement calculation.
+**
+** This routine should be called when the top of the stack holds a
+** new rowid that is about to be inserted.  If that new rowid is
+** larger than the maximum rowid in the memId memory cell, then the
+** memory cell is updated.  The stack is unchanged.
+*/
+static void autoIncStep(Parse *pParse, int memId, int regRowid){
+  if( memId>0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_MemMax, memId, regRowid);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine generates the code needed to write autoincrement
+** maximum rowid values back into the sqlite_sequence register.
+** Every statement that might do an INSERT into an autoincrement
+** table (either directly or through triggers) needs to call this
+** routine just before the "exit" code.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AutoincrementEnd(Parse *pParse){
+  AutoincInfo *p;
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  assert( v );
+  for(p = pParse->pAinc; p; p = p->pNext){
+    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[p->iDb];
+    int j1, j2, j3, j4, j5;
+    int iRec;
+    int memId = p->regCtr;
+
+    iRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pDb->pSchema) );
+    sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, 0, p->iDb, pDb->pSchema->pSeqTab, OP_OpenWrite);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, memId+1);
+    j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Rewind);
+    j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, 0, iRec);
+    j4 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, memId-1, 0, iRec);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, j3);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, 0, memId+1);
+    j5 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j4);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, memId+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j5);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, memId-1, 2, iRec);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, 0, iRec, memId+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Close);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, iRec);
+  }
+}
+#else
+/*
+** If SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT is defined, then the three routines
+** above are all no-ops
+*/
+# define autoIncBegin(A,B,C) (0)
+# define autoIncStep(A,B,C)
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT */
+
+
+/* Forward declaration */
+static int xferOptimization(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parser context */
+  Table *pDest,         /* The table we are inserting into */
+  Select *pSelect,      /* A SELECT statement to use as the data source */
+  int onError,          /* How to handle constraint errors */
+  int iDbDest           /* The database of pDest */
+);
+
+/*
+** This routine is call to handle SQL of the following forms:
+**
+**    insert into TABLE (IDLIST) values(EXPRLIST)
+**    insert into TABLE (IDLIST) select
+**
+** The IDLIST following the table name is always optional.  If omitted,
+** then a list of all columns for the table is substituted.  The IDLIST
+** appears in the pColumn parameter.  pColumn is NULL if IDLIST is omitted.
+**
+** The pList parameter holds EXPRLIST in the first form of the INSERT
+** statement above, and pSelect is NULL.  For the second form, pList is
+** NULL and pSelect is a pointer to the select statement used to generate
+** data for the insert.
+**
+** The code generated follows one of four templates.  For a simple
+** select with data coming from a VALUES clause, the code executes
+** once straight down through.  Pseudo-code follows (we call this
+** the "1st template"):
+**
+**         open write cursor to <table> and its indices
+**         puts VALUES clause expressions onto the stack
+**         write the resulting record into <table>
+**         cleanup
+**
+** The three remaining templates assume the statement is of the form
+**
+**   INSERT INTO <table> SELECT ...
+**
+** If the SELECT clause is of the restricted form "SELECT * FROM <table2>" -
+** in other words if the SELECT pulls all columns from a single table
+** and there is no WHERE or LIMIT or GROUP BY or ORDER BY clauses, and
+** if <table2> and <table1> are distinct tables but have identical
+** schemas, including all the same indices, then a special optimization
+** is invoked that copies raw records from <table2> over to <table1>.
+** See the xferOptimization() function for the implementation of this
+** template.  This is the 2nd template.
+**
+**         open a write cursor to <table>
+**         open read cursor on <table2>
+**         transfer all records in <table2> over to <table>
+**         close cursors
+**         foreach index on <table>
+**           open a write cursor on the <table> index
+**           open a read cursor on the corresponding <table2> index
+**           transfer all records from the read to the write cursors
+**           close cursors
+**         end foreach
+**
+** The 3rd template is for when the second template does not apply
+** and the SELECT clause does not read from <table> at any time.
+** The generated code follows this template:
+**
+**         EOF <- 0
+**         X <- A
+**         goto B
+**      A: setup for the SELECT
+**         loop over the rows in the SELECT
+**           load values into registers R..R+n
+**           yield X
+**         end loop
+**         cleanup after the SELECT
+**         EOF <- 1
+**         yield X
+**         goto A
+**      B: open write cursor to <table> and its indices
+**      C: yield X
+**         if EOF goto D
+**         insert the select result into <table> from R..R+n
+**         goto C
+**      D: cleanup
+**
+** The 4th template is used if the insert statement takes its
+** values from a SELECT but the data is being inserted into a table
+** that is also read as part of the SELECT.  In the third form,
+** we have to use a intermediate table to store the results of
+** the select.  The template is like this:
+**
+**         EOF <- 0
+**         X <- A
+**         goto B
+**      A: setup for the SELECT
+**         loop over the tables in the SELECT
+**           load value into register R..R+n
+**           yield X
+**         end loop
+**         cleanup after the SELECT
+**         EOF <- 1
+**         yield X
+**         halt-error
+**      B: open temp table
+**      L: yield X
+**         if EOF goto M
+**         insert row from R..R+n into temp table
+**         goto L
+**      M: open write cursor to <table> and its indices
+**         rewind temp table
+**      C: loop over rows of intermediate table
+**           transfer values form intermediate table into <table>
+**         end loop
+**      D: cleanup
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parser context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,    /* Name of table into which we are inserting */
+  ExprList *pList,      /* List of values to be inserted */
+  Select *pSelect,      /* A SELECT statement to use as the data source */
+  IdList *pColumn,      /* Column names corresponding to IDLIST. */
+  int onError           /* How to handle constraint errors */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db;          /* The main database structure */
+  Table *pTab;          /* The table to insert into.  aka TABLE */
+  char *zTab;           /* Name of the table into which we are inserting */
+  const char *zDb;      /* Name of the database holding this table */
+  int i, j, idx;        /* Loop counters */
+  Vdbe *v;              /* Generate code into this virtual machine */
+  Index *pIdx;          /* For looping over indices of the table */
+  int nColumn;          /* Number of columns in the data */
+  int nHidden = 0;      /* Number of hidden columns if TABLE is virtual */
+  int baseCur = 0;      /* VDBE Cursor number for pTab */
+  int keyColumn = -1;   /* Column that is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
+  int endOfLoop;        /* Label for the end of the insertion loop */
+  int useTempTable = 0; /* Store SELECT results in intermediate table */
+  int srcTab = 0;       /* Data comes from this temporary cursor if >=0 */
+  int addrInsTop = 0;   /* Jump to label "D" */
+  int addrCont = 0;     /* Top of insert loop. Label "C" in templates 3 and 4 */
+  int addrSelect = 0;   /* Address of coroutine that implements the SELECT */
+  SelectDest dest;      /* Destination for SELECT on rhs of INSERT */
+  int iDb;              /* Index of database holding TABLE */
+  Db *pDb;              /* The database containing table being inserted into */
+  int appendFlag = 0;   /* True if the insert is likely to be an append */
+
+  /* Register allocations */
+  int regFromSelect = 0;/* Base register for data coming from SELECT */
+  int regAutoinc = 0;   /* Register holding the AUTOINCREMENT counter */
+  int regRowCount = 0;  /* Memory cell used for the row counter */
+  int regIns;           /* Block of regs holding rowid+data being inserted */
+  int regRowid;         /* registers holding insert rowid */
+  int regData;          /* register holding first column to insert */
+  int regEof = 0;       /* Register recording end of SELECT data */
+  int *aRegIdx = 0;     /* One register allocated to each index */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  int isView;                 /* True if attempting to insert into a view */
+  Trigger *pTrigger;          /* List of triggers on pTab, if required */
+  int tmask;                  /* Mask of trigger times */
+#endif
+
+  db = pParse->db;
+  memset(&dest, 0, sizeof(dest));
+  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto insert_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* Locate the table into which we will be inserting new information.
+  */
+  assert( pTabList->nSrc==1 );
+  zTab = pTabList->a[0].zName;
+  if( NEVER(zTab==0) ) goto insert_cleanup;
+  pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTabList);
+  if( pTab==0 ){
+    goto insert_cleanup;
+  }
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+  assert( iDb<db->nDb );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+  zDb = pDb->zName;
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_INSERT, pTab->zName, 0, zDb) ){
+    goto insert_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* Figure out if we have any triggers and if the table being
+  ** inserted into is a view
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  pTrigger = sqlite3TriggersExist(pParse, pTab, TK_INSERT, 0, &tmask);
+  isView = pTab->pSelect!=0;
+#else
+# define pTrigger 0
+# define tmask 0
+# define isView 0
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+# undef isView
+# define isView 0
+#endif
+  assert( (pTrigger && tmask) || (pTrigger==0 && tmask==0) );
+
+  /* If pTab is really a view, make sure it has been initialized.
+  ** ViewGetColumnNames() is a no-op if pTab is not a view (or virtual 
+  ** module table).
+  */
+  if( sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ){
+    goto insert_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* Ensure that:
+  *  (a) the table is not read-only, 
+  *  (b) that if it is a view then ON INSERT triggers exist
+  */
+  if( sqlite3IsReadOnly(pParse, pTab, tmask) ){
+    goto insert_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate a VDBE
+  */
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v==0 ) goto insert_cleanup;
+  if( pParse->nested==0 ) sqlite3VdbeCountChanges(v);
+  sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, pSelect || pTrigger, iDb);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_XFER_OPT
+  /* If the statement is of the form
+  **
+  **       INSERT INTO <table1> SELECT * FROM <table2>;
+  **
+  ** Then special optimizations can be applied that make the transfer
+  ** very fast and which reduce fragmentation of indices.
+  **
+  ** This is the 2nd template.
+  */
+  if( pColumn==0 && xferOptimization(pParse, pTab, pSelect, onError, iDb) ){
+    assert( !pTrigger );
+    assert( pList==0 );
+    goto insert_end;
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_XFER_OPT */
+
+  /* If this is an AUTOINCREMENT table, look up the sequence number in the
+  ** sqlite_sequence table and store it in memory cell regAutoinc.
+  */
+  regAutoinc = autoIncBegin(pParse, iDb, pTab);
+
+  /* Figure out how many columns of data are supplied.  If the data
+  ** is coming from a SELECT statement, then generate a co-routine that
+  ** produces a single row of the SELECT on each invocation.  The
+  ** co-routine is the common header to the 3rd and 4th templates.
+  */
+  if( pSelect ){
+    /* Data is coming from a SELECT.  Generate code to implement that SELECT
+    ** as a co-routine.  The code is common to both the 3rd and 4th
+    ** templates:
+    **
+    **         EOF <- 0
+    **         X <- A
+    **         goto B
+    **      A: setup for the SELECT
+    **         loop over the tables in the SELECT
+    **           load value into register R..R+n
+    **           yield X
+    **         end loop
+    **         cleanup after the SELECT
+    **         EOF <- 1
+    **         yield X
+    **         halt-error
+    **
+    ** On each invocation of the co-routine, it puts a single row of the
+    ** SELECT result into registers dest.iMem...dest.iMem+dest.nMem-1.
+    ** (These output registers are allocated by sqlite3Select().)  When
+    ** the SELECT completes, it sets the EOF flag stored in regEof.
+    */
+    int rc, j1;
+
+    regEof = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regEof);      /* EOF <- 0 */
+    VdbeComment((v, "SELECT eof flag"));
+    sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Coroutine, ++pParse->nMem);
+    addrSelect = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, addrSelect-1, dest.iParm);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0);
+    VdbeComment((v, "Jump over SELECT coroutine"));
+
+    /* Resolve the expressions in the SELECT statement and execute it. */
+    rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &dest);
+    assert( pParse->nErr==0 || rc );
+    if( rc || NEVER(pParse->nErr) || db->mallocFailed ){
+      goto insert_cleanup;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEof);         /* EOF <- 1 */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iParm);   /* yield X */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_INTERNAL, OE_Abort);
+    VdbeComment((v, "End of SELECT coroutine"));
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);                          /* label B: */
+
+    regFromSelect = dest.iMem;
+    assert( pSelect->pEList );
+    nColumn = pSelect->pEList->nExpr;
+    assert( dest.nMem==nColumn );
+
+    /* Set useTempTable to TRUE if the result of the SELECT statement
+    ** should be written into a temporary table (template 4).  Set to
+    ** FALSE if each* row of the SELECT can be written directly into
+    ** the destination table (template 3).
+    **
+    ** A temp table must be used if the table being updated is also one
+    ** of the tables being read by the SELECT statement.  Also use a 
+    ** temp table in the case of row triggers.
+    */
+    if( pTrigger || readsTable(pParse, addrSelect, iDb, pTab) ){
+      useTempTable = 1;
+    }
+
+    if( useTempTable ){
+      /* Invoke the coroutine to extract information from the SELECT
+      ** and add it to a transient table srcTab.  The code generated
+      ** here is from the 4th template:
+      **
+      **      B: open temp table
+      **      L: yield X
+      **         if EOF goto M
+      **         insert row from R..R+n into temp table
+      **         goto L
+      **      M: ...
+      */
+      int regRec;          /* Register to hold packed record */
+      int regTempRowid;    /* Register to hold temp table ROWID */
+      int addrTop;         /* Label "L" */
+      int addrIf;          /* Address of jump to M */
+
+      srcTab = pParse->nTab++;
+      regRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      regTempRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, srcTab, nColumn);
+      addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iParm);
+      addrIf = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regEof);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regFromSelect, nColumn, regRec);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, srcTab, regTempRowid);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, srcTab, regRec, regTempRowid);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrTop);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrIf);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRec);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regTempRowid);
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* This is the case if the data for the INSERT is coming from a VALUES
+    ** clause
+    */
+    NameContext sNC;
+    memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+    sNC.pParse = pParse;
+    srcTab = -1;
+    assert( useTempTable==0 );
+    nColumn = pList ? pList->nExpr : 0;
+    for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
+      if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pList->a[i].pExpr) ){
+        goto insert_cleanup;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure the number of columns in the source data matches the number
+  ** of columns to be inserted into the table.
+  */
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+      nHidden += (IsHiddenColumn(&pTab->aCol[i]) ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+  }
+  if( pColumn==0 && nColumn && nColumn!=(pTab->nCol-nHidden) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+       "table %S has %d columns but %d values were supplied",
+       pTabList, 0, pTab->nCol-nHidden, nColumn);
+    goto insert_cleanup;
+  }
+  if( pColumn!=0 && nColumn!=pColumn->nId ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%d values for %d columns", nColumn, pColumn->nId);
+    goto insert_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* If the INSERT statement included an IDLIST term, then make sure
+  ** all elements of the IDLIST really are columns of the table and 
+  ** remember the column indices.
+  **
+  ** If the table has an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column and that column
+  ** is named in the IDLIST, then record in the keyColumn variable
+  ** the index into IDLIST of the primary key column.  keyColumn is
+  ** the index of the primary key as it appears in IDLIST, not as
+  ** is appears in the original table.  (The index of the primary
+  ** key in the original table is pTab->iPKey.)
+  */
+  if( pColumn ){
+    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
+      pColumn->a[i].idx = -1;
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
+      for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColumn->a[i].zName, pTab->aCol[j].zName)==0 ){
+          pColumn->a[i].idx = j;
+          if( j==pTab->iPKey ){
+            keyColumn = i;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( j>=pTab->nCol ){
+        if( sqlite3IsRowid(pColumn->a[i].zName) ){
+          keyColumn = i;
+        }else{
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %S has no column named %s",
+              pTabList, 0, pColumn->a[i].zName);
+          pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+          goto insert_cleanup;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If there is no IDLIST term but the table has an integer primary
+  ** key, the set the keyColumn variable to the primary key column index
+  ** in the original table definition.
+  */
+  if( pColumn==0 && nColumn>0 ){
+    keyColumn = pTab->iPKey;
+  }
+    
+  /* Initialize the count of rows to be inserted
+  */
+  if( db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows ){
+    regRowCount = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regRowCount);
+  }
+
+  /* If this is not a view, open the table and and all indices */
+  if( !isView ){
+    int nIdx;
+
+    baseCur = pParse->nTab;
+    nIdx = sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, baseCur, OP_OpenWrite);
+    aRegIdx = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(nIdx+1));
+    if( aRegIdx==0 ){
+      goto insert_cleanup;
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<nIdx; i++){
+      aRegIdx[i] = ++pParse->nMem;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* This is the top of the main insertion loop */
+  if( useTempTable ){
+    /* This block codes the top of loop only.  The complete loop is the
+    ** following pseudocode (template 4):
+    **
+    **         rewind temp table
+    **      C: loop over rows of intermediate table
+    **           transfer values form intermediate table into <table>
+    **         end loop
+    **      D: ...
+    */
+    addrInsTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, srcTab);
+    addrCont = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+  }else if( pSelect ){
+    /* This block codes the top of loop only.  The complete loop is the
+    ** following pseudocode (template 3):
+    **
+    **      C: yield X
+    **         if EOF goto D
+    **         insert the select result into <table> from R..R+n
+    **         goto C
+    **      D: ...
+    */
+    addrCont = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iParm);
+    addrInsTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regEof);
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate registers for holding the rowid of the new row,
+  ** the content of the new row, and the assemblied row record.
+  */
+  regRowid = regIns = pParse->nMem+1;
+  pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol + 1;
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    regRowid++;
+    pParse->nMem++;
+  }
+  regData = regRowid+1;
+
+  /* Run the BEFORE and INSTEAD OF triggers, if there are any
+  */
+  endOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  if( tmask & TRIGGER_BEFORE ){
+    int regCols = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pTab->nCol+1);
+
+    /* build the NEW.* reference row.  Note that if there is an INTEGER
+    ** PRIMARY KEY into which a NULL is being inserted, that NULL will be
+    ** translated into a unique ID for the row.  But on a BEFORE trigger,
+    ** we do not know what the unique ID will be (because the insert has
+    ** not happened yet) so we substitute a rowid of -1
+    */
+    if( keyColumn<0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regCols);
+    }else{
+      int j1;
+      if( useTempTable ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, keyColumn, regCols);
+      }else{
+        assert( pSelect==0 );  /* Otherwise useTempTable is true */
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[keyColumn].pExpr, regCols);
+      }
+      j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regCols);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regCols);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regCols);
+    }
+
+    /* Cannot have triggers on a virtual table. If it were possible,
+    ** this block would have to account for hidden column.
+    */
+    assert( !IsVirtual(pTab) );
+
+    /* Create the new column data
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+      if( pColumn==0 ){
+        j = i;
+      }else{
+        for(j=0; j<pColumn->nId; j++){
+          if( pColumn->a[j].idx==i ) break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( (!useTempTable && !pList) || (pColumn && j>=pColumn->nId) ){
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, regCols+i+1);
+      }else if( useTempTable ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, j, regCols+i+1); 
+      }else{
+        assert( pSelect==0 ); /* Otherwise useTempTable is true */
+        sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(pParse, pList->a[j].pExpr, regCols+i+1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If this is an INSERT on a view with an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger,
+    ** do not attempt any conversions before assembling the record.
+    ** If this is a real table, attempt conversions as required by the
+    ** table column affinities.
+    */
+    if( !isView ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Affinity, regCols+1, pTab->nCol);
+      sqlite3TableAffinityStr(v, pTab);
+    }
+
+    /* Fire BEFORE or INSTEAD OF triggers */
+    sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, TK_INSERT, 0, TRIGGER_BEFORE, 
+        pTab, regCols-pTab->nCol-1, onError, endOfLoop);
+
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regCols, pTab->nCol+1);
+  }
+
+  /* Push the record number for the new entry onto the stack.  The
+  ** record number is a randomly generate integer created by NewRowid
+  ** except when the table has an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column, in which
+  ** case the record number is the same as that column. 
+  */
+  if( !isView ){
+    if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      /* The row that the VUpdate opcode will delete: none */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regIns);
+    }
+    if( keyColumn>=0 ){
+      if( useTempTable ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, keyColumn, regRowid);
+      }else if( pSelect ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regFromSelect+keyColumn, regRowid);
+      }else{
+        VdbeOp *pOp;
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[keyColumn].pExpr, regRowid);
+        pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1);
+        if( ALWAYS(pOp) && pOp->opcode==OP_Null && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+          appendFlag = 1;
+          pOp->opcode = OP_NewRowid;
+          pOp->p1 = baseCur;
+          pOp->p2 = regRowid;
+          pOp->p3 = regAutoinc;
+        }
+      }
+      /* If the PRIMARY KEY expression is NULL, then use OP_NewRowid
+      ** to generate a unique primary key value.
+      */
+      if( !appendFlag ){
+        int j1;
+        if( !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+          j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regRowid);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, baseCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+        }else{
+          j1 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRowid, j1+2);
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regRowid);
+      }
+    }else if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowid);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, baseCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
+      appendFlag = 1;
+    }
+    autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
+
+    /* Push onto the stack, data for all columns of the new entry, beginning
+    ** with the first column.
+    */
+    nHidden = 0;
+    for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+      int iRegStore = regRowid+1+i;
+      if( i==pTab->iPKey ){
+        /* The value of the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column is always a NULL.
+        ** Whenever this column is read, the record number will be substituted
+        ** in its place.  So will fill this column with a NULL to avoid
+        ** taking up data space with information that will never be used. */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iRegStore);
+        continue;
+      }
+      if( pColumn==0 ){
+        if( IsHiddenColumn(&pTab->aCol[i]) ){
+          assert( IsVirtual(pTab) );
+          j = -1;
+          nHidden++;
+        }else{
+          j = i - nHidden;
+        }
+      }else{
+        for(j=0; j<pColumn->nId; j++){
+          if( pColumn->a[j].idx==i ) break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( j<0 || nColumn==0 || (pColumn && j>=pColumn->nId) ){
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, iRegStore);
+      }else if( useTempTable ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, j, iRegStore); 
+      }else if( pSelect ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regFromSelect+j, iRegStore);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[j].pExpr, iRegStore);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Generate code to check constraints and generate index keys and
+    ** do the insertion.
+    */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
+      sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(pParse, pTab);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 1, pTab->nCol+2, regIns, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, onError==OE_Default ? OE_Abort : onError);
+      sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+    }else
+#endif
+    {
+      int isReplace;    /* Set to true if constraints may cause a replace */
+      sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, baseCur, regIns, aRegIdx,
+          keyColumn>=0, 0, onError, endOfLoop, &isReplace
+      );
+      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regIns);
+      sqlite3CompleteInsertion(
+          pParse, pTab, baseCur, regIns, aRegIdx, 0, appendFlag, isReplace==0
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Update the count of rows that are inserted
+  */
+  if( (db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows)!=0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regRowCount, 1);
+  }
+
+  if( pTrigger ){
+    /* Code AFTER triggers */
+    sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, TK_INSERT, 0, TRIGGER_AFTER, 
+        pTab, regData-2-pTab->nCol, onError, endOfLoop);
+  }
+
+  /* The bottom of the main insertion loop, if the data source
+  ** is a SELECT statement.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endOfLoop);
+  if( useTempTable ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, srcTab, addrCont);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrInsTop);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, srcTab);
+  }else if( pSelect ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrCont);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrInsTop);
+  }
+
+  if( !IsVirtual(pTab) && !isView ){
+    /* Close all tables opened */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, baseCur);
+    for(idx=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, idx++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, idx+baseCur);
+    }
+  }
+
+insert_end:
+  /* Update the sqlite_sequence table by storing the content of the
+  ** maximum rowid counter values recorded while inserting into
+  ** autoincrement tables.
+  */
+  if( pParse->nested==0 && pParse->pTriggerTab==0 ){
+    sqlite3AutoincrementEnd(pParse);
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** Return the number of rows inserted. If this routine is 
+  ** generating code because of a call to sqlite3NestedParse(), do not
+  ** invoke the callback function.
+  */
+  if( (db->flags&SQLITE_CountRows) && !pParse->nested && !pParse->pTriggerTab ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, regRowCount, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "rows inserted", SQLITE_STATIC);
+  }
+
+insert_cleanup:
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTabList);
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+  sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pColumn);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aRegIdx);
+}
+
+/* Make sure "isView" and other macros defined above are undefined. Otherwise
+** thely may interfere with compilation of other functions in this file
+** (or in another file, if this file becomes part of the amalgamation).  */
+#ifdef isView
+ #undef isView
+#endif
+#ifdef pTrigger
+ #undef pTrigger
+#endif
+#ifdef tmask
+ #undef tmask
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Generate code to do constraint checks prior to an INSERT or an UPDATE.
+**
+** The input is a range of consecutive registers as follows:
+**
+**    1.  The rowid of the row after the update.
+**
+**    2.  The data in the first column of the entry after the update.
+**
+**    i.  Data from middle columns...
+**
+**    N.  The data in the last column of the entry after the update.
+**
+** The regRowid parameter is the index of the register containing (1).
+**
+** If isUpdate is true and rowidChng is non-zero, then rowidChng contains
+** the address of a register containing the rowid before the update takes
+** place. isUpdate is true for UPDATEs and false for INSERTs. If isUpdate
+** is false, indicating an INSERT statement, then a non-zero rowidChng 
+** indicates that the rowid was explicitly specified as part of the
+** INSERT statement. If rowidChng is false, it means that  the rowid is
+** computed automatically in an insert or that the rowid value is not 
+** modified by an update.
+**
+** The code generated by this routine store new index entries into
+** registers identified by aRegIdx[].  No index entry is created for
+** indices where aRegIdx[i]==0.  The order of indices in aRegIdx[] is
+** the same as the order of indices on the linked list of indices
+** attached to the table.
+**
+** This routine also generates code to check constraints.  NOT NULL,
+** CHECK, and UNIQUE constraints are all checked.  If a constraint fails,
+** then the appropriate action is performed.  There are five possible
+** actions: ROLLBACK, ABORT, FAIL, REPLACE, and IGNORE.
+**
+**  Constraint type  Action       What Happens
+**  ---------------  ----------   ----------------------------------------
+**  any              ROLLBACK     The current transaction is rolled back and
+**                                sqlite3_exec() returns immediately with a
+**                                return code of SQLITE_CONSTRAINT.
+**
+**  any              ABORT        Back out changes from the current command
+**                                only (do not do a complete rollback) then
+**                                cause sqlite3_exec() to return immediately
+**                                with SQLITE_CONSTRAINT.
+**
+**  any              FAIL         Sqlite_exec() returns immediately with a
+**                                return code of SQLITE_CONSTRAINT.  The
+**                                transaction is not rolled back and any
+**                                prior changes are retained.
+**
+**  any              IGNORE       The record number and data is popped from
+**                                the stack and there is an immediate jump
+**                                to label ignoreDest.
+**
+**  NOT NULL         REPLACE      The NULL value is replace by the default
+**                                value for that column.  If the default value
+**                                is NULL, the action is the same as ABORT.
+**
+**  UNIQUE           REPLACE      The other row that conflicts with the row
+**                                being inserted is removed.
+**
+**  CHECK            REPLACE      Illegal.  The results in an exception.
+**
+** Which action to take is determined by the overrideError parameter.
+** Or if overrideError==OE_Default, then the pParse->onError parameter
+** is used.  Or if pParse->onError==OE_Default then the onError value
+** for the constraint is used.
+**
+** The calling routine must open a read/write cursor for pTab with
+** cursor number "baseCur".  All indices of pTab must also have open
+** read/write cursors with cursor number baseCur+i for the i-th cursor.
+** Except, if there is no possibility of a REPLACE action then
+** cursors do not need to be open for indices where aRegIdx[i]==0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* The parser context */
+  Table *pTab,        /* the table into which we are inserting */
+  int baseCur,        /* Index of a read/write cursor pointing at pTab */
+  int regRowid,       /* Index of the range of input registers */
+  int *aRegIdx,       /* Register used by each index.  0 for unused indices */
+  int rowidChng,      /* True if the rowid might collide with existing entry */
+  int isUpdate,       /* True for UPDATE, False for INSERT */
+  int overrideError,  /* Override onError to this if not OE_Default */
+  int ignoreDest,     /* Jump to this label on an OE_Ignore resolution */
+  int *pbMayReplace   /* OUT: Set to true if constraint may cause a replace */
+){
+  int i;              /* loop counter */
+  Vdbe *v;            /* VDBE under constrution */
+  int nCol;           /* Number of columns */
+  int onError;        /* Conflict resolution strategy */
+  int j1;             /* Addresss of jump instruction */
+  int j2 = 0, j3;     /* Addresses of jump instructions */
+  int regData;        /* Register containing first data column */
+  int iCur;           /* Table cursor number */
+  Index *pIdx;         /* Pointer to one of the indices */
+  int seenReplace = 0; /* True if REPLACE is used to resolve INT PK conflict */
+  int regOldRowid = (rowidChng && isUpdate) ? rowidChng : regRowid;
+
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  assert( v!=0 );
+  assert( pTab->pSelect==0 );  /* This table is not a VIEW */
+  nCol = pTab->nCol;
+  regData = regRowid + 1;
+
+  /* Test all NOT NULL constraints.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+    if( i==pTab->iPKey ){
+      continue;
+    }
+    onError = pTab->aCol[i].notNull;
+    if( onError==OE_None ) continue;
+    if( overrideError!=OE_Default ){
+      onError = overrideError;
+    }else if( onError==OE_Default ){
+      onError = OE_Abort;
+    }
+    if( onError==OE_Replace && pTab->aCol[i].pDflt==0 ){
+      onError = OE_Abort;
+    }
+    assert( onError==OE_Rollback || onError==OE_Abort || onError==OE_Fail
+        || onError==OE_Ignore || onError==OE_Replace );
+    switch( onError ){
+      case OE_Abort:
+        sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+      case OE_Rollback:
+      case OE_Fail: {
+        char *zMsg;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_HaltIfNull,
+                                  SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, onError, regData+i);
+        zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "%s.%s may not be NULL",
+                              pTab->zName, pTab->aCol[i].zName);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+        break;
+      }
+      case OE_Ignore: {
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regData+i, ignoreDest);
+        break;
+      }
+      default: {
+        assert( onError==OE_Replace );
+        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regData+i);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, regData+i);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Test all CHECK constraints
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+  if( pTab->pCheck && (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_IgnoreChecks)==0 ){
+    int allOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+    pParse->ckBase = regData;
+    sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pTab->pCheck, allOk, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+    onError = overrideError!=OE_Default ? overrideError : OE_Abort;
+    if( onError==OE_Ignore ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
+    }else{
+      if( onError==OE_Replace ) onError = OE_Abort; /* IMP: R-15569-63625 */
+      sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, onError, 0, 0);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, allOk);
+  }
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
+
+  /* If we have an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, make sure the primary key
+  ** of the new record does not previously exist.  Except, if this
+  ** is an UPDATE and the primary key is not changing, that is OK.
+  */
+  if( rowidChng ){
+    onError = pTab->keyConf;
+    if( overrideError!=OE_Default ){
+      onError = overrideError;
+    }else if( onError==OE_Default ){
+      onError = OE_Abort;
+    }
+    
+    if( isUpdate ){
+      j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regRowid, 0, rowidChng);
+    }
+    j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, baseCur, 0, regRowid);
+    switch( onError ){
+      default: {
+        onError = OE_Abort;
+        /* Fall thru into the next case */
+      }
+      case OE_Rollback:
+      case OE_Abort:
+      case OE_Fail: {
+        sqlite3HaltConstraint(
+          pParse, onError, "PRIMARY KEY must be unique", P4_STATIC);
+        break;
+      }
+      case OE_Replace: {
+        /* If there are DELETE triggers on this table and the
+        ** recursive-triggers flag is set, call GenerateRowDelete() to
+        ** remove the conflicting row from the the table. This will fire
+        ** the triggers and remove both the table and index b-tree entries.
+        **
+        ** Otherwise, if there are no triggers or the recursive-triggers
+        ** flag is not set, but the table has one or more indexes, call 
+        ** GenerateRowIndexDelete(). This removes the index b-tree entries 
+        ** only. The table b-tree entry will be replaced by the new entry 
+        ** when it is inserted.  
+        **
+        ** If either GenerateRowDelete() or GenerateRowIndexDelete() is called,
+        ** also invoke MultiWrite() to indicate that this VDBE may require
+        ** statement rollback (if the statement is aborted after the delete
+        ** takes place). Earlier versions called sqlite3MultiWrite() regardless,
+        ** but being more selective here allows statements like:
+        **
+        **   REPLACE INTO t(rowid) VALUES($newrowid)
+        **
+        ** to run without a statement journal if there are no indexes on the
+        ** table.
+        */
+        Trigger *pTrigger = 0;
+        if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
+          pTrigger = sqlite3TriggersExist(pParse, pTab, TK_DELETE, 0, 0);
+        }
+        if( pTrigger || sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0) ){
+          sqlite3MultiWrite(pParse);
+          sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
+              pParse, pTab, baseCur, regRowid, 0, pTrigger, OE_Replace
+          );
+        }else if( pTab->pIndex ){
+          sqlite3MultiWrite(pParse);
+          sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, baseCur, 0);
+        }
+        seenReplace = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+      case OE_Ignore: {
+        assert( seenReplace==0 );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
+    if( isUpdate ){
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Test all UNIQUE constraints by creating entries for each UNIQUE
+  ** index and making sure that duplicate entries do not already exist.
+  ** Add the new records to the indices as we go.
+  */
+  for(iCur=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, iCur++){
+    int regIdx;
+    int regR;
+
+    if( aRegIdx[iCur]==0 ) continue;  /* Skip unused indices */
+
+    /* Create a key for accessing the index entry */
+    regIdx = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+      int idx = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+      if( idx==pTab->iPKey ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regRowid, regIdx+i);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regData+idx, regIdx+i);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regRowid, regIdx+i);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1, aRegIdx[iCur]);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx), P4_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+
+    /* Find out what action to take in case there is an indexing conflict */
+    onError = pIdx->onError;
+    if( onError==OE_None ){ 
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+      continue;  /* pIdx is not a UNIQUE index */
+    }
+    if( overrideError!=OE_Default ){
+      onError = overrideError;
+    }else if( onError==OE_Default ){
+      onError = OE_Abort;
+    }
+    if( seenReplace ){
+      if( onError==OE_Ignore ) onError = OE_Replace;
+      else if( onError==OE_Fail ) onError = OE_Abort;
+    }
+    
+    /* Check to see if the new index entry will be unique */
+    regR = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regOldRowid, regR);
+    j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_IsUnique, baseCur+iCur+1, 0,
+                           regR, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(regIdx),
+                           P4_INT32);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+
+    /* Generate code that executes if the new index entry is not unique */
+    assert( onError==OE_Rollback || onError==OE_Abort || onError==OE_Fail
+        || onError==OE_Ignore || onError==OE_Replace );
+    switch( onError ){
+      case OE_Rollback:
+      case OE_Abort:
+      case OE_Fail: {
+        int j;
+        StrAccum errMsg;
+        const char *zSep;
+        char *zErr;
+
+        sqlite3StrAccumInit(&errMsg, 0, 0, 200);
+        errMsg.db = pParse->db;
+        zSep = pIdx->nColumn>1 ? "columns " : "column ";
+        for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
+          char *zCol = pTab->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[j]].zName;
+          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, zSep, -1);
+          zSep = ", ";
+          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, zCol, -1);
+        }
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg,
+            pIdx->nColumn>1 ? " are not unique" : " is not unique", -1);
+        zErr = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&errMsg);
+        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, onError, zErr, 0);
+        sqlite3DbFree(errMsg.db, zErr);
+        break;
+      }
+      case OE_Ignore: {
+        assert( seenReplace==0 );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
+        break;
+      }
+      default: {
+        Trigger *pTrigger = 0;
+        assert( onError==OE_Replace );
+        sqlite3MultiWrite(pParse);
+        if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
+          pTrigger = sqlite3TriggersExist(pParse, pTab, TK_DELETE, 0, 0);
+        }
+        sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
+            pParse, pTab, baseCur, regR, 0, pTrigger, OE_Replace
+        );
+        seenReplace = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regR);
+  }
+  
+  if( pbMayReplace ){
+    *pbMayReplace = seenReplace;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine generates code to finish the INSERT or UPDATE operation
+** that was started by a prior call to sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks.
+** A consecutive range of registers starting at regRowid contains the
+** rowid and the content to be inserted.
+**
+** The arguments to this routine should be the same as the first six
+** arguments to sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CompleteInsertion(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* The parser context */
+  Table *pTab,        /* the table into which we are inserting */
+  int baseCur,        /* Index of a read/write cursor pointing at pTab */
+  int regRowid,       /* Range of content */
+  int *aRegIdx,       /* Register used by each index.  0 for unused indices */
+  int isUpdate,       /* True for UPDATE, False for INSERT */
+  int appendBias,     /* True if this is likely to be an append */
+  int useSeekResult   /* True to set the USESEEKRESULT flag on OP_[Idx]Insert */
+){
+  int i;
+  Vdbe *v;
+  int nIdx;
+  Index *pIdx;
+  u8 pik_flags;
+  int regData;
+  int regRec;
+
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  assert( v!=0 );
+  assert( pTab->pSelect==0 );  /* This table is not a VIEW */
+  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){}
+  for(i=nIdx-1; i>=0; i--){
+    if( aRegIdx[i]==0 ) continue;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, baseCur+i+1, aRegIdx[i]);
+    if( useSeekResult ){
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+    }
+  }
+  regData = regRowid + 1;
+  regRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regData, pTab->nCol, regRec);
+  sqlite3TableAffinityStr(v, pTab);
+  sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regData, pTab->nCol);
+  if( pParse->nested ){
+    pik_flags = 0;
+  }else{
+    pik_flags = OPFLAG_NCHANGE;
+    pik_flags |= (isUpdate?OPFLAG_ISUPDATE:OPFLAG_LASTROWID);
+  }
+  if( appendBias ){
+    pik_flags |= OPFLAG_APPEND;
+  }
+  if( useSeekResult ){
+    pik_flags |= OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT;
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, baseCur, regRec, regRowid);
+  if( !pParse->nested ){
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, pik_flags);
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will open cursors for a table and for all
+** indices of that table.  The "baseCur" parameter is the cursor number used
+** for the table.  Indices are opened on subsequent cursors.
+**
+** Return the number of indices on the table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(
+  Parse *pParse,   /* Parsing context */
+  Table *pTab,     /* Table to be opened */
+  int baseCur,     /* Cursor number assigned to the table */
+  int op           /* OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite */
+){
+  int i;
+  int iDb;
+  Index *pIdx;
+  Vdbe *v;
+
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  assert( v!=0 );
+  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, baseCur, iDb, pTab, op);
+  for(i=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
+    KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
+    assert( pIdx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, op, i+baseCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
+                      (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
+  }
+  if( pParse->nTab<baseCur+i ){
+    pParse->nTab = baseCur+i;
+  }
+  return i-1;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+/*
+** The following global variable is incremented whenever the
+** transfer optimization is used.  This is used for testing
+** purposes only - to make sure the transfer optimization really
+** is happening when it is suppose to.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_xferopt_count;
+#endif /* SQLITE_TEST */
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_XFER_OPT
+/*
+** Check to collation names to see if they are compatible.
+*/
+static int xferCompatibleCollation(const char *z1, const char *z2){
+  if( z1==0 ){
+    return z2==0;
+  }
+  if( z2==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return sqlite3StrICmp(z1, z2)==0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Check to see if index pSrc is compatible as a source of data
+** for index pDest in an insert transfer optimization.  The rules
+** for a compatible index:
+**
+**    *   The index is over the same set of columns
+**    *   The same DESC and ASC markings occurs on all columns
+**    *   The same onError processing (OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, etc)
+**    *   The same collating sequence on each column
+*/
+static int xferCompatibleIndex(Index *pDest, Index *pSrc){
+  int i;
+  assert( pDest && pSrc );
+  assert( pDest->pTable!=pSrc->pTable );
+  if( pDest->nColumn!=pSrc->nColumn ){
+    return 0;   /* Different number of columns */
+  }
+  if( pDest->onError!=pSrc->onError ){
+    return 0;   /* Different conflict resolution strategies */
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<pSrc->nColumn; i++){
+    if( pSrc->aiColumn[i]!=pDest->aiColumn[i] ){
+      return 0;   /* Different columns indexed */
+    }
+    if( pSrc->aSortOrder[i]!=pDest->aSortOrder[i] ){
+      return 0;   /* Different sort orders */
+    }
+    if( !xferCompatibleCollation(pSrc->azColl[i],pDest->azColl[i]) ){
+      return 0;   /* Different collating sequences */
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If no test above fails then the indices must be compatible */
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt the transfer optimization on INSERTs of the form
+**
+**     INSERT INTO tab1 SELECT * FROM tab2;
+**
+** This optimization is only attempted if
+**
+**    (1)  tab1 and tab2 have identical schemas including all the
+**         same indices and constraints
+**
+**    (2)  tab1 and tab2 are different tables
+**
+**    (3)  There must be no triggers on tab1
+**
+**    (4)  The result set of the SELECT statement is "*"
+**
+**    (5)  The SELECT statement has no WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY, GROUP BY,
+**         or LIMIT clause.
+**
+**    (6)  The SELECT statement is a simple (not a compound) select that
+**         contains only tab2 in its FROM clause
+**
+** This method for implementing the INSERT transfers raw records from
+** tab2 over to tab1.  The columns are not decoded.  Raw records from
+** the indices of tab2 are transfered to tab1 as well.  In so doing,
+** the resulting tab1 has much less fragmentation.
+**
+** This routine returns TRUE if the optimization is attempted.  If any
+** of the conditions above fail so that the optimization should not
+** be attempted, then this routine returns FALSE.
+*/
+static int xferOptimization(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parser context */
+  Table *pDest,         /* The table we are inserting into */
+  Select *pSelect,      /* A SELECT statement to use as the data source */
+  int onError,          /* How to handle constraint errors */
+  int iDbDest           /* The database of pDest */
+){
+  ExprList *pEList;                /* The result set of the SELECT */
+  Table *pSrc;                     /* The table in the FROM clause of SELECT */
+  Index *pSrcIdx, *pDestIdx;       /* Source and destination indices */
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;      /* An element of pSelect->pSrc */
+  int i;                           /* Loop counter */
+  int iDbSrc;                      /* The database of pSrc */
+  int iSrc, iDest;                 /* Cursors from source and destination */
+  int addr1, addr2;                /* Loop addresses */
+  int emptyDestTest;               /* Address of test for empty pDest */
+  int emptySrcTest;                /* Address of test for empty pSrc */
+  Vdbe *v;                         /* The VDBE we are building */
+  KeyInfo *pKey;                   /* Key information for an index */
+  int regAutoinc;                  /* Memory register used by AUTOINC */
+  int destHasUniqueIdx = 0;        /* True if pDest has a UNIQUE index */
+  int regData, regRowid;           /* Registers holding data and rowid */
+
+  if( pSelect==0 ){
+    return 0;   /* Must be of the form  INSERT INTO ... SELECT ... */
+  }
+  if( sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pDest) ){
+    return 0;   /* tab1 must not have triggers */
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( pDest->tabFlags & TF_Virtual ){
+    return 0;   /* tab1 must not be a virtual table */
+  }
+#endif
+  if( onError==OE_Default ){
+    onError = OE_Abort;
+  }
+  if( onError!=OE_Abort && onError!=OE_Rollback ){
+    return 0;   /* Cannot do OR REPLACE or OR IGNORE or OR FAIL */
+  }
+  assert(pSelect->pSrc);   /* allocated even if there is no FROM clause */
+  if( pSelect->pSrc->nSrc!=1 ){
+    return 0;   /* FROM clause must have exactly one term */
+  }
+  if( pSelect->pSrc->a[0].pSelect ){
+    return 0;   /* FROM clause cannot contain a subquery */
+  }
+  if( pSelect->pWhere ){
+    return 0;   /* SELECT may not have a WHERE clause */
+  }
+  if( pSelect->pOrderBy ){
+    return 0;   /* SELECT may not have an ORDER BY clause */
+  }
+  /* Do not need to test for a HAVING clause.  If HAVING is present but
+  ** there is no ORDER BY, we will get an error. */
+  if( pSelect->pGroupBy ){
+    return 0;   /* SELECT may not have a GROUP BY clause */
+  }
+  if( pSelect->pLimit ){
+    return 0;   /* SELECT may not have a LIMIT clause */
+  }
+  assert( pSelect->pOffset==0 );  /* Must be so if pLimit==0 */
+  if( pSelect->pPrior ){
+    return 0;   /* SELECT may not be a compound query */
+  }
+  if( pSelect->selFlags & SF_Distinct ){
+    return 0;   /* SELECT may not be DISTINCT */
+  }
+  pEList = pSelect->pEList;
+  assert( pEList!=0 );
+  if( pEList->nExpr!=1 ){
+    return 0;   /* The result set must have exactly one column */
+  }
+  assert( pEList->a[0].pExpr );
+  if( pEList->a[0].pExpr->op!=TK_ALL ){
+    return 0;   /* The result set must be the special operator "*" */
+  }
+
+  /* At this point we have established that the statement is of the
+  ** correct syntactic form to participate in this optimization.  Now
+  ** we have to check the semantics.
+  */
+  pItem = pSelect->pSrc->a;
+  pSrc = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pItem->zName, pItem->zDatabase);
+  if( pSrc==0 ){
+    return 0;   /* FROM clause does not contain a real table */
+  }
+  if( pSrc==pDest ){
+    return 0;   /* tab1 and tab2 may not be the same table */
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( pSrc->tabFlags & TF_Virtual ){
+    return 0;   /* tab2 must not be a virtual table */
+  }
+#endif
+  if( pSrc->pSelect ){
+    return 0;   /* tab2 may not be a view */
+  }
+  if( pDest->nCol!=pSrc->nCol ){
+    return 0;   /* Number of columns must be the same in tab1 and tab2 */
+  }
+  if( pDest->iPKey!=pSrc->iPKey ){
+    return 0;   /* Both tables must have the same INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<pDest->nCol; i++){
+    if( pDest->aCol[i].affinity!=pSrc->aCol[i].affinity ){
+      return 0;    /* Affinity must be the same on all columns */
+    }
+    if( !xferCompatibleCollation(pDest->aCol[i].zColl, pSrc->aCol[i].zColl) ){
+      return 0;    /* Collating sequence must be the same on all columns */
+    }
+    if( pDest->aCol[i].notNull && !pSrc->aCol[i].notNull ){
+      return 0;    /* tab2 must be NOT NULL if tab1 is */
+    }
+  }
+  for(pDestIdx=pDest->pIndex; pDestIdx; pDestIdx=pDestIdx->pNext){
+    if( pDestIdx->onError!=OE_None ){
+      destHasUniqueIdx = 1;
+    }
+    for(pSrcIdx=pSrc->pIndex; pSrcIdx; pSrcIdx=pSrcIdx->pNext){
+      if( xferCompatibleIndex(pDestIdx, pSrcIdx) ) break;
+    }
+    if( pSrcIdx==0 ){
+      return 0;    /* pDestIdx has no corresponding index in pSrc */
+    }
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+  if( pDest->pCheck && sqlite3ExprCompare(pSrc->pCheck, pDest->pCheck) ){
+    return 0;   /* Tables have different CHECK constraints.  Ticket #2252 */
+  }
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  /* Disallow the transfer optimization if the destination table constains
+  ** any foreign key constraints.  This is more restrictive than necessary.
+  ** But the main beneficiary of the transfer optimization is the VACUUM 
+  ** command, and the VACUUM command disables foreign key constraints.  So
+  ** the extra complication to make this rule less restrictive is probably
+  ** not worth the effort.  Ticket [6284df89debdfa61db8073e062908af0c9b6118e]
+  */
+  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_ForeignKeys)!=0 && pDest->pFKey!=0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If we get this far, it means either:
+  **
+  **    *   We can always do the transfer if the table contains an
+  **        an integer primary key
+  **
+  **    *   We can conditionally do the transfer if the destination
+  **        table is empty.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  sqlite3_xferopt_count++;
+#endif
+  iDbSrc = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pSrc->pSchema);
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDbSrc);
+  iSrc = pParse->nTab++;
+  iDest = pParse->nTab++;
+  regAutoinc = autoIncBegin(pParse, iDbDest, pDest);
+  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iDest, iDbDest, pDest, OP_OpenWrite);
+  if( (pDest->iPKey<0 && pDest->pIndex!=0) || destHasUniqueIdx ){
+    /* If tables do not have an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY and there
+    ** are indices to be copied and the destination is not empty,
+    ** we have to disallow the transfer optimization because the
+    ** the rowids might change which will mess up indexing.
+    **
+    ** Or if the destination has a UNIQUE index and is not empty,
+    ** we also disallow the transfer optimization because we cannot
+    ** insure that all entries in the union of DEST and SRC will be
+    ** unique.
+    */
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iDest, 0);
+    emptyDestTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+  }else{
+    emptyDestTest = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iSrc, iDbSrc, pSrc, OP_OpenRead);
+  emptySrcTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0);
+  regData = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  regRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  if( pDest->iPKey>=0 ){
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
+    addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDest, 0, regRowid);
+    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
+        pParse, onError, "PRIMARY KEY must be unique", P4_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
+    autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
+  }else if( pDest->pIndex==0 ){
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iDest, regRowid);
+  }else{
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
+    assert( (pDest->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)==0 );
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowData, iSrc, regData);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iDest, regData, regRowid);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_NCHANGE|OPFLAG_LASTROWID|OPFLAG_APPEND);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pDest->zName, 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1);
+  for(pDestIdx=pDest->pIndex; pDestIdx; pDestIdx=pDestIdx->pNext){
+    for(pSrcIdx=pSrc->pIndex; ALWAYS(pSrcIdx); pSrcIdx=pSrcIdx->pNext){
+      if( xferCompatibleIndex(pDestIdx, pSrcIdx) ) break;
+    }
+    assert( pSrcIdx );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
+    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pSrcIdx);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iSrc, pSrcIdx->tnum, iDbSrc,
+                      (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pSrcIdx->zName));
+    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pDestIdx);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iDest, pDestIdx->tnum, iDbDest,
+                      (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pDestIdx->zName));
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, iSrc, regData);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, iDest, regData, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, emptySrcTest);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRowid);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regData);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
+  if( emptyDestTest ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_OK, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, emptyDestTest);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
+    return 0;
+  }else{
+    return 1;
+  }
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_XFER_OPT */
+
+/************** End of insert.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file legacy.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** Main file for the SQLite library.  The routines in this file
+** implement the programmer interface to the library.  Routines in
+** other files are for internal use by SQLite and should not be
+** accessed by users of the library.
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** Execute SQL code.  Return one of the SQLITE_ success/failure
+** codes.  Also write an error message into memory obtained from
+** malloc() and make *pzErrMsg point to that message.
+**
+** If the SQL is a query, then for each row in the query result
+** the xCallback() function is called.  pArg becomes the first
+** argument to xCallback().  If xCallback=NULL then no callback
+** is invoked, even for queries.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
+  sqlite3 *db,                /* The database on which the SQL executes */
+  const char *zSql,           /* The SQL to be executed */
+  sqlite3_callback xCallback, /* Invoke this callback routine */
+  void *pArg,                 /* First argument to xCallback() */
+  char **pzErrMsg             /* Write error messages here */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;         /* Return code */
+  const char *zLeftover;      /* Tail of unprocessed SQL */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;    /* The current SQL statement */
+  char **azCols = 0;          /* Names of result columns */
+  int nRetry = 0;             /* Number of retry attempts */
+  int callbackIsInit;         /* True if callback data is initialized */
+
+  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  if( zSql==0 ) zSql = "";
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0);
+  while( (rc==SQLITE_OK || (rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA && (++nRetry)<2)) && zSql[0] ){
+    int nCol;
+    char **azVals = 0;
+
+    pStmt = 0;
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, &zLeftover);
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pStmt==0 );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      continue;
+    }
+    if( !pStmt ){
+      /* this happens for a comment or white-space */
+      zSql = zLeftover;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    callbackIsInit = 0;
+    nCol = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
+
+    while( 1 ){
+      int i;
+      rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+
+      /* Invoke the callback function if required */
+      if( xCallback && (SQLITE_ROW==rc || 
+          (SQLITE_DONE==rc && !callbackIsInit
+                           && db->flags&SQLITE_NullCallback)) ){
+        if( !callbackIsInit ){
+          azCols = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 2*nCol*sizeof(const char*) + 1);
+          if( azCols==0 ){
+            goto exec_out;
+          }
+          for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+            azCols[i] = (char *)sqlite3_column_name(pStmt, i);
+            /* sqlite3VdbeSetColName() installs column names as UTF8
+            ** strings so there is no way for sqlite3_column_name() to fail. */
+            assert( azCols[i]!=0 );
+          }
+          callbackIsInit = 1;
+        }
+        if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+          azVals = &azCols[nCol];
+          for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+            azVals[i] = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, i);
+            if( !azVals[i] && sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, i)!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+              db->mallocFailed = 1;
+              goto exec_out;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if( xCallback(pArg, nCol, azVals, azCols) ){
+          rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
+          sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe *)pStmt);
+          pStmt = 0;
+          sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_ABORT, 0);
+          goto exec_out;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ){
+        rc = sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe *)pStmt);
+        pStmt = 0;
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_SCHEMA ){
+          nRetry = 0;
+          zSql = zLeftover;
+          while( sqlite3Isspace(zSql[0]) ) zSql++;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, azCols);
+    azCols = 0;
+  }
+
+exec_out:
+  if( pStmt ) sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe *)pStmt);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, azCols);
+
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && ALWAYS(rc==sqlite3_errcode(db)) && pzErrMsg ){
+    int nErrMsg = 1 + sqlite3Strlen30(sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+    *pzErrMsg = sqlite3Malloc(nErrMsg);
+    if( *pzErrMsg ){
+      memcpy(*pzErrMsg, sqlite3_errmsg(db), nErrMsg);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_NOMEM, 0);
+    }
+  }else if( pzErrMsg ){
+    *pzErrMsg = 0;
+  }
+
+  assert( (rc&db->errMask)==rc );
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/************** End of legacy.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file loadext.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2006 June 7
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code used to dynamically load extensions into
+** the SQLite library.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+  #define SQLITE_CORE 1  /* Disable the API redefinition in sqlite3ext.h */
+#endif
+/************** Include sqlite3ext.h in the middle of loadext.c **************/
+/************** Begin file sqlite3ext.h **************************************/
+/*
+** 2006 June 7
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This header file defines the SQLite interface for use by
+** shared libraries that want to be imported as extensions into
+** an SQLite instance.  Shared libraries that intend to be loaded
+** as extensions by SQLite should #include this file instead of 
+** sqlite3.h.
+*/
+#ifndef _SQLITE3EXT_H_
+#define _SQLITE3EXT_H_
+
+typedef struct sqlite3_api_routines sqlite3_api_routines;
+
+/*
+** The following structure holds pointers to all of the SQLite API
+** routines.
+**
+** WARNING:  In order to maintain backwards compatibility, add new
+** interfaces to the end of this structure only.  If you insert new
+** interfaces in the middle of this structure, then older different
+** versions of SQLite will not be able to load each others' shared
+** libraries!
+*/
+struct sqlite3_api_routines {
+  void * (*aggregate_context)(sqlite3_context*,int nBytes);
+  int  (*aggregate_count)(sqlite3_context*);
+  int  (*bind_blob)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,const void*,int n,void(*)(void*));
+  int  (*bind_double)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,double);
+  int  (*bind_int)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,int);
+  int  (*bind_int64)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,sqlite_int64);
+  int  (*bind_null)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  int  (*bind_parameter_count)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int  (*bind_parameter_index)(sqlite3_stmt*,const char*zName);
+  const char * (*bind_parameter_name)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  int  (*bind_text)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,const char*,int n,void(*)(void*));
+  int  (*bind_text16)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,const void*,int,void(*)(void*));
+  int  (*bind_value)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,const sqlite3_value*);
+  int  (*busy_handler)(sqlite3*,int(*)(void*,int),void*);
+  int  (*busy_timeout)(sqlite3*,int ms);
+  int  (*changes)(sqlite3*);
+  int  (*close)(sqlite3*);
+  int  (*collation_needed)(sqlite3*,void*,void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const char*));
+  int  (*collation_needed16)(sqlite3*,void*,void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*));
+  const void * (*column_blob)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  int  (*column_bytes)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  int  (*column_bytes16)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  int  (*column_count)(sqlite3_stmt*pStmt);
+  const char * (*column_database_name)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  const void * (*column_database_name16)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  const char * (*column_decltype)(sqlite3_stmt*,int i);
+  const void * (*column_decltype16)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  double  (*column_double)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  int  (*column_int)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  sqlite_int64  (*column_int64)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  const char * (*column_name)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  const void * (*column_name16)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  const char * (*column_origin_name)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  const void * (*column_origin_name16)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  const char * (*column_table_name)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  const void * (*column_table_name16)(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+  const unsigned char * (*column_text)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  const void * (*column_text16)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  int  (*column_type)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  sqlite3_value* (*column_value)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
+  void * (*commit_hook)(sqlite3*,int(*)(void*),void*);
+  int  (*complete)(const char*sql);
+  int  (*complete16)(const void*sql);
+  int  (*create_collation)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,void*,int(*)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*));
+  int  (*create_collation16)(sqlite3*,const void*,int,void*,int(*)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*));
+  int  (*create_function)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,void*,void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*));
+  int  (*create_function16)(sqlite3*,const void*,int,int,void*,void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*));
+  int (*create_module)(sqlite3*,const char*,const sqlite3_module*,void*);
+  int  (*data_count)(sqlite3_stmt*pStmt);
+  sqlite3 * (*db_handle)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*declare_vtab)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int  (*enable_shared_cache)(int);
+  int  (*errcode)(sqlite3*db);
+  const char * (*errmsg)(sqlite3*);
+  const void * (*errmsg16)(sqlite3*);
+  int  (*exec)(sqlite3*,const char*,sqlite3_callback,void*,char**);
+  int  (*expired)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int  (*finalize)(sqlite3_stmt*pStmt);
+  void  (*free)(void*);
+  void  (*free_table)(char**result);
+  int  (*get_autocommit)(sqlite3*);
+  void * (*get_auxdata)(sqlite3_context*,int);
+  int  (*get_table)(sqlite3*,const char*,char***,int*,int*,char**);
+  int  (*global_recover)(void);
+  void  (*interruptx)(sqlite3*);
+  sqlite_int64  (*last_insert_rowid)(sqlite3*);
+  const char * (*libversion)(void);
+  int  (*libversion_number)(void);
+  void *(*malloc)(int);
+  char * (*mprintf)(const char*,...);
+  int  (*open)(const char*,sqlite3**);
+  int  (*open16)(const void*,sqlite3**);
+  int  (*prepare)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,sqlite3_stmt**,const char**);
+  int  (*prepare16)(sqlite3*,const void*,int,sqlite3_stmt**,const void**);
+  void * (*profile)(sqlite3*,void(*)(void*,const char*,sqlite_uint64),void*);
+  void  (*progress_handler)(sqlite3*,int,int(*)(void*),void*);
+  void *(*realloc)(void*,int);
+  int  (*reset)(sqlite3_stmt*pStmt);
+  void  (*result_blob)(sqlite3_context*,const void*,int,void(*)(void*));
+  void  (*result_double)(sqlite3_context*,double);
+  void  (*result_error)(sqlite3_context*,const char*,int);
+  void  (*result_error16)(sqlite3_context*,const void*,int);
+  void  (*result_int)(sqlite3_context*,int);
+  void  (*result_int64)(sqlite3_context*,sqlite_int64);
+  void  (*result_null)(sqlite3_context*);
+  void  (*result_text)(sqlite3_context*,const char*,int,void(*)(void*));
+  void  (*result_text16)(sqlite3_context*,const void*,int,void(*)(void*));
+  void  (*result_text16be)(sqlite3_context*,const void*,int,void(*)(void*));
+  void  (*result_text16le)(sqlite3_context*,const void*,int,void(*)(void*));
+  void  (*result_value)(sqlite3_context*,sqlite3_value*);
+  void * (*rollback_hook)(sqlite3*,void(*)(void*),void*);
+  int  (*set_authorizer)(sqlite3*,int(*)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*),void*);
+  void  (*set_auxdata)(sqlite3_context*,int,void*,void (*)(void*));
+  char * (*snprintf)(int,char*,const char*,...);
+  int  (*step)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int  (*table_column_metadata)(sqlite3*,const char*,const char*,const char*,char const**,char const**,int*,int*,int*);
+  void  (*thread_cleanup)(void);
+  int  (*total_changes)(sqlite3*);
+  void * (*trace)(sqlite3*,void(*xTrace)(void*,const char*),void*);
+  int  (*transfer_bindings)(sqlite3_stmt*,sqlite3_stmt*);
+  void * (*update_hook)(sqlite3*,void(*)(void*,int ,char const*,char const*,sqlite_int64),void*);
+  void * (*user_data)(sqlite3_context*);
+  const void * (*value_blob)(sqlite3_value*);
+  int  (*value_bytes)(sqlite3_value*);
+  int  (*value_bytes16)(sqlite3_value*);
+  double  (*value_double)(sqlite3_value*);
+  int  (*value_int)(sqlite3_value*);
+  sqlite_int64  (*value_int64)(sqlite3_value*);
+  int  (*value_numeric_type)(sqlite3_value*);
+  const unsigned char * (*value_text)(sqlite3_value*);
+  const void * (*value_text16)(sqlite3_value*);
+  const void * (*value_text16be)(sqlite3_value*);
+  const void * (*value_text16le)(sqlite3_value*);
+  int  (*value_type)(sqlite3_value*);
+  char *(*vmprintf)(const char*,va_list);
+  /* Added ??? */
+  int (*overload_function)(sqlite3*, const char *zFuncName, int nArg);
+  /* Added by 3.3.13 */
+  int (*prepare_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,sqlite3_stmt**,const char**);
+  int (*prepare16_v2)(sqlite3*,const void*,int,sqlite3_stmt**,const void**);
+  int (*clear_bindings)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  /* Added by 3.4.1 */
+  int (*create_module_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,const sqlite3_module*,void*,void (*xDestroy)(void *));
+  /* Added by 3.5.0 */
+  int (*bind_zeroblob)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,int);
+  int (*blob_bytes)(sqlite3_blob*);
+  int (*blob_close)(sqlite3_blob*);
+  int (*blob_open)(sqlite3*,const char*,const char*,const char*,sqlite3_int64,int,sqlite3_blob**);
+  int (*blob_read)(sqlite3_blob*,void*,int,int);
+  int (*blob_write)(sqlite3_blob*,const void*,int,int);
+  int (*create_collation_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,void*,int(*)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*),void(*)(void*));
+  int (*file_control)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,void*);
+  sqlite3_int64 (*memory_highwater)(int);
+  sqlite3_int64 (*memory_used)(void);
+  sqlite3_mutex *(*mutex_alloc)(int);
+  void (*mutex_enter)(sqlite3_mutex*);
+  void (*mutex_free)(sqlite3_mutex*);
+  void (*mutex_leave)(sqlite3_mutex*);
+  int (*mutex_try)(sqlite3_mutex*);
+  int (*open_v2)(const char*,sqlite3**,int,const char*);
+  int (*release_memory)(int);
+  void (*result_error_nomem)(sqlite3_context*);
+  void (*result_error_toobig)(sqlite3_context*);
+  int (*sleep)(int);
+  void (*soft_heap_limit)(int);
+  sqlite3_vfs *(*vfs_find)(const char*);
+  int (*vfs_register)(sqlite3_vfs*,int);
+  int (*vfs_unregister)(sqlite3_vfs*);
+  int (*xthreadsafe)(void);
+  void (*result_zeroblob)(sqlite3_context*,int);
+  void (*result_error_code)(sqlite3_context*,int);
+  int (*test_control)(int, ...);
+  void (*randomness)(int,void*);
+  sqlite3 *(*context_db_handle)(sqlite3_context*);
+  int (*extended_result_codes)(sqlite3*,int);
+  int (*limit)(sqlite3*,int,int);
+  sqlite3_stmt *(*next_stmt)(sqlite3*,sqlite3_stmt*);
+  const char *(*sql)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*status)(int,int*,int*,int);
+  int (*backup_finish)(sqlite3_backup*);
+  sqlite3_backup *(*backup_init)(sqlite3*,const char*,sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*backup_pagecount)(sqlite3_backup*);
+  int (*backup_remaining)(sqlite3_backup*);
+  int (*backup_step)(sqlite3_backup*,int);
+  const char *(*compileoption_get)(int);
+  int (*compileoption_used)(const char*);
+  int (*create_function_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,void*,void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),void(*xDestroy)(void*));
+  int (*db_config)(sqlite3*,int,...);
+  sqlite3_mutex *(*db_mutex)(sqlite3*);
+  int (*db_status)(sqlite3*,int,int*,int*,int);
+  int (*extended_errcode)(sqlite3*);
+  void (*log)(int,const char*,...);
+  sqlite3_int64 (*soft_heap_limit64)(sqlite3_int64);
+  const char *(*sourceid)(void);
+  int (*stmt_status)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,int);
+  int (*strnicmp)(const char*,const char*,int);
+  int (*unlock_notify)(sqlite3*,void(*)(void**,int),void*);
+  int (*wal_autocheckpoint)(sqlite3*,int);
+  int (*wal_checkpoint)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  void *(*wal_hook)(sqlite3*,int(*)(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int),void*);
+};
+
+/*
+** The following macros redefine the API routines so that they are
+** redirected throught the global sqlite3_api structure.
+**
+** This header file is also used by the loadext.c source file
+** (part of the main SQLite library - not an extension) so that
+** it can get access to the sqlite3_api_routines structure
+** definition.  But the main library does not want to redefine
+** the API.  So the redefinition macros are only valid if the
+** SQLITE_CORE macros is undefined.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+#define sqlite3_aggregate_context      sqlite3_api->aggregate_context
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+#define sqlite3_aggregate_count        sqlite3_api->aggregate_count
+#endif
+#define sqlite3_bind_blob              sqlite3_api->bind_blob
+#define sqlite3_bind_double            sqlite3_api->bind_double
+#define sqlite3_bind_int               sqlite3_api->bind_int
+#define sqlite3_bind_int64             sqlite3_api->bind_int64
+#define sqlite3_bind_null              sqlite3_api->bind_null
+#define sqlite3_bind_parameter_count   sqlite3_api->bind_parameter_count
+#define sqlite3_bind_parameter_index   sqlite3_api->bind_parameter_index
+#define sqlite3_bind_parameter_name    sqlite3_api->bind_parameter_name
+#define sqlite3_bind_text              sqlite3_api->bind_text
+#define sqlite3_bind_text16            sqlite3_api->bind_text16
+#define sqlite3_bind_value             sqlite3_api->bind_value
+#define sqlite3_busy_handler           sqlite3_api->busy_handler
+#define sqlite3_busy_timeout           sqlite3_api->busy_timeout
+#define sqlite3_changes                sqlite3_api->changes
+#define sqlite3_close                  sqlite3_api->close
+#define sqlite3_collation_needed       sqlite3_api->collation_needed
+#define sqlite3_collation_needed16     sqlite3_api->collation_needed16
+#define sqlite3_column_blob            sqlite3_api->column_blob
+#define sqlite3_column_bytes           sqlite3_api->column_bytes
+#define sqlite3_column_bytes16         sqlite3_api->column_bytes16
+#define sqlite3_column_count           sqlite3_api->column_count
+#define sqlite3_column_database_name   sqlite3_api->column_database_name
+#define sqlite3_column_database_name16 sqlite3_api->column_database_name16
+#define sqlite3_column_decltype        sqlite3_api->column_decltype
+#define sqlite3_column_decltype16      sqlite3_api->column_decltype16
+#define sqlite3_column_double          sqlite3_api->column_double
+#define sqlite3_column_int             sqlite3_api->column_int
+#define sqlite3_column_int64           sqlite3_api->column_int64
+#define sqlite3_column_name            sqlite3_api->column_name
+#define sqlite3_column_name16          sqlite3_api->column_name16
+#define sqlite3_column_origin_name     sqlite3_api->column_origin_name
+#define sqlite3_column_origin_name16   sqlite3_api->column_origin_name16
+#define sqlite3_column_table_name      sqlite3_api->column_table_name
+#define sqlite3_column_table_name16    sqlite3_api->column_table_name16
+#define sqlite3_column_text            sqlite3_api->column_text
+#define sqlite3_column_text16          sqlite3_api->column_text16
+#define sqlite3_column_type            sqlite3_api->column_type
+#define sqlite3_column_value           sqlite3_api->column_value
+#define sqlite3_commit_hook            sqlite3_api->commit_hook
+#define sqlite3_complete               sqlite3_api->complete
+#define sqlite3_complete16             sqlite3_api->complete16
+#define sqlite3_create_collation       sqlite3_api->create_collation
+#define sqlite3_create_collation16     sqlite3_api->create_collation16
+#define sqlite3_create_function        sqlite3_api->create_function
+#define sqlite3_create_function16      sqlite3_api->create_function16
+#define sqlite3_create_module          sqlite3_api->create_module
+#define sqlite3_create_module_v2       sqlite3_api->create_module_v2
+#define sqlite3_data_count             sqlite3_api->data_count
+#define sqlite3_db_handle              sqlite3_api->db_handle
+#define sqlite3_declare_vtab           sqlite3_api->declare_vtab
+#define sqlite3_enable_shared_cache    sqlite3_api->enable_shared_cache
+#define sqlite3_errcode                sqlite3_api->errcode
+#define sqlite3_errmsg                 sqlite3_api->errmsg
+#define sqlite3_errmsg16               sqlite3_api->errmsg16
+#define sqlite3_exec                   sqlite3_api->exec
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+#define sqlite3_expired                sqlite3_api->expired
+#endif
+#define sqlite3_finalize               sqlite3_api->finalize
+#define sqlite3_free                   sqlite3_api->free
+#define sqlite3_free_table             sqlite3_api->free_table
+#define sqlite3_get_autocommit         sqlite3_api->get_autocommit
+#define sqlite3_get_auxdata            sqlite3_api->get_auxdata
+#define sqlite3_get_table              sqlite3_api->get_table
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+#define sqlite3_global_recover         sqlite3_api->global_recover
+#endif
+#define sqlite3_interrupt              sqlite3_api->interruptx
+#define sqlite3_last_insert_rowid      sqlite3_api->last_insert_rowid
+#define sqlite3_libversion             sqlite3_api->libversion
+#define sqlite3_libversion_number      sqlite3_api->libversion_number
+#define sqlite3_malloc                 sqlite3_api->malloc
+#define sqlite3_mprintf                sqlite3_api->mprintf
+#define sqlite3_open                   sqlite3_api->open
+#define sqlite3_open16                 sqlite3_api->open16
+#define sqlite3_prepare                sqlite3_api->prepare
+#define sqlite3_prepare16              sqlite3_api->prepare16
+#define sqlite3_prepare_v2             sqlite3_api->prepare_v2
+#define sqlite3_prepare16_v2           sqlite3_api->prepare16_v2
+#define sqlite3_profile                sqlite3_api->profile
+#define sqlite3_progress_handler       sqlite3_api->progress_handler
+#define sqlite3_realloc                sqlite3_api->realloc
+#define sqlite3_reset                  sqlite3_api->reset
+#define sqlite3_result_blob            sqlite3_api->result_blob
+#define sqlite3_result_double          sqlite3_api->result_double
+#define sqlite3_result_error           sqlite3_api->result_error
+#define sqlite3_result_error16         sqlite3_api->result_error16
+#define sqlite3_result_int             sqlite3_api->result_int
+#define sqlite3_result_int64           sqlite3_api->result_int64
+#define sqlite3_result_null            sqlite3_api->result_null
+#define sqlite3_result_text            sqlite3_api->result_text
+#define sqlite3_result_text16          sqlite3_api->result_text16
+#define sqlite3_result_text16be        sqlite3_api->result_text16be
+#define sqlite3_result_text16le        sqlite3_api->result_text16le
+#define sqlite3_result_value           sqlite3_api->result_value
+#define sqlite3_rollback_hook          sqlite3_api->rollback_hook
+#define sqlite3_set_authorizer         sqlite3_api->set_authorizer
+#define sqlite3_set_auxdata            sqlite3_api->set_auxdata
+#define sqlite3_snprintf               sqlite3_api->snprintf
+#define sqlite3_step                   sqlite3_api->step
+#define sqlite3_table_column_metadata  sqlite3_api->table_column_metadata
+#define sqlite3_thread_cleanup         sqlite3_api->thread_cleanup
+#define sqlite3_total_changes          sqlite3_api->total_changes
+#define sqlite3_trace                  sqlite3_api->trace
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+#define sqlite3_transfer_bindings      sqlite3_api->transfer_bindings
+#endif
+#define sqlite3_update_hook            sqlite3_api->update_hook
+#define sqlite3_user_data              sqlite3_api->user_data
+#define sqlite3_value_blob             sqlite3_api->value_blob
+#define sqlite3_value_bytes            sqlite3_api->value_bytes
+#define sqlite3_value_bytes16          sqlite3_api->value_bytes16
+#define sqlite3_value_double           sqlite3_api->value_double
+#define sqlite3_value_int              sqlite3_api->value_int
+#define sqlite3_value_int64            sqlite3_api->value_int64
+#define sqlite3_value_numeric_type     sqlite3_api->value_numeric_type
+#define sqlite3_value_text             sqlite3_api->value_text
+#define sqlite3_value_text16           sqlite3_api->value_text16
+#define sqlite3_value_text16be         sqlite3_api->value_text16be
+#define sqlite3_value_text16le         sqlite3_api->value_text16le
+#define sqlite3_value_type             sqlite3_api->value_type
+#define sqlite3_vmprintf               sqlite3_api->vmprintf
+#define sqlite3_overload_function      sqlite3_api->overload_function
+#define sqlite3_prepare_v2             sqlite3_api->prepare_v2
+#define sqlite3_prepare16_v2           sqlite3_api->prepare16_v2
+#define sqlite3_clear_bindings         sqlite3_api->clear_bindings
+#define sqlite3_bind_zeroblob          sqlite3_api->bind_zeroblob
+#define sqlite3_blob_bytes             sqlite3_api->blob_bytes
+#define sqlite3_blob_close             sqlite3_api->blob_close
+#define sqlite3_blob_open              sqlite3_api->blob_open
+#define sqlite3_blob_read              sqlite3_api->blob_read
+#define sqlite3_blob_write             sqlite3_api->blob_write
+#define sqlite3_create_collation_v2    sqlite3_api->create_collation_v2
+#define sqlite3_file_control           sqlite3_api->file_control
+#define sqlite3_memory_highwater       sqlite3_api->memory_highwater
+#define sqlite3_memory_used            sqlite3_api->memory_used
+#define sqlite3_mutex_alloc            sqlite3_api->mutex_alloc
+#define sqlite3_mutex_enter            sqlite3_api->mutex_enter
+#define sqlite3_mutex_free             sqlite3_api->mutex_free
+#define sqlite3_mutex_leave            sqlite3_api->mutex_leave
+#define sqlite3_mutex_try              sqlite3_api->mutex_try
+#define sqlite3_open_v2                sqlite3_api->open_v2
+#define sqlite3_release_memory         sqlite3_api->release_memory
+#define sqlite3_result_error_nomem     sqlite3_api->result_error_nomem
+#define sqlite3_result_error_toobig    sqlite3_api->result_error_toobig
+#define sqlite3_sleep                  sqlite3_api->sleep
+#define sqlite3_soft_heap_limit        sqlite3_api->soft_heap_limit
+#define sqlite3_vfs_find               sqlite3_api->vfs_find
+#define sqlite3_vfs_register           sqlite3_api->vfs_register
+#define sqlite3_vfs_unregister         sqlite3_api->vfs_unregister
+#define sqlite3_threadsafe             sqlite3_api->xthreadsafe
+#define sqlite3_result_zeroblob        sqlite3_api->result_zeroblob
+#define sqlite3_result_error_code      sqlite3_api->result_error_code
+#define sqlite3_test_control           sqlite3_api->test_control
+#define sqlite3_randomness             sqlite3_api->randomness
+#define sqlite3_context_db_handle      sqlite3_api->context_db_handle
+#define sqlite3_extended_result_codes  sqlite3_api->extended_result_codes
+#define sqlite3_limit                  sqlite3_api->limit
+#define sqlite3_next_stmt              sqlite3_api->next_stmt
+#define sqlite3_sql                    sqlite3_api->sql
+#define sqlite3_status                 sqlite3_api->status
+#define sqlite3_backup_finish          sqlite3_api->backup_finish
+#define sqlite3_backup_init            sqlite3_api->backup_init
+#define sqlite3_backup_pagecount       sqlite3_api->backup_pagecount
+#define sqlite3_backup_remaining       sqlite3_api->backup_remaining
+#define sqlite3_backup_step            sqlite3_api->backup_step
+#define sqlite3_compileoption_get      sqlite3_api->compileoption_get
+#define sqlite3_compileoption_used     sqlite3_api->compileoption_used
+#define sqlite3_create_function_v2     sqlite3_api->create_function_v2
+#define sqlite3_db_config              sqlite3_api->db_config
+#define sqlite3_db_mutex               sqlite3_api->db_mutex
+#define sqlite3_db_status              sqlite3_api->db_status
+#define sqlite3_extended_errcode       sqlite3_api->extended_errcode
+#define sqlite3_log                    sqlite3_api->log
+#define sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64      sqlite3_api->soft_heap_limit64
+#define sqlite3_sourceid               sqlite3_api->sourceid
+#define sqlite3_stmt_status            sqlite3_api->stmt_status
+#define sqlite3_strnicmp               sqlite3_api->strnicmp
+#define sqlite3_unlock_notify          sqlite3_api->unlock_notify
+#define sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint     sqlite3_api->wal_autocheckpoint
+#define sqlite3_wal_checkpoint         sqlite3_api->wal_checkpoint
+#define sqlite3_wal_hook               sqlite3_api->wal_hook
+#endif /* SQLITE_CORE */
+
+#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api = 0;
+#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api = v;
+
+#endif /* _SQLITE3EXT_H_ */
+
+/************** End of sqlite3ext.h ******************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in loadext.c ********************/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+
+/*
+** Some API routines are omitted when various features are
+** excluded from a build of SQLite.  Substitute a NULL pointer
+** for any missing APIs.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
+# define sqlite3_column_database_name   0
+# define sqlite3_column_database_name16 0
+# define sqlite3_column_table_name      0
+# define sqlite3_column_table_name16    0
+# define sqlite3_column_origin_name     0
+# define sqlite3_column_origin_name16   0
+# define sqlite3_table_column_metadata  0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+# define sqlite3_set_authorizer         0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+# define sqlite3_bind_text16            0
+# define sqlite3_collation_needed16     0
+# define sqlite3_column_decltype16      0
+# define sqlite3_column_name16          0
+# define sqlite3_column_text16          0
+# define sqlite3_complete16             0
+# define sqlite3_create_collation16     0
+# define sqlite3_create_function16      0
+# define sqlite3_errmsg16               0
+# define sqlite3_open16                 0
+# define sqlite3_prepare16              0
+# define sqlite3_prepare16_v2           0
+# define sqlite3_result_error16         0
+# define sqlite3_result_text16          0
+# define sqlite3_result_text16be        0
+# define sqlite3_result_text16le        0
+# define sqlite3_value_text16           0
+# define sqlite3_value_text16be         0
+# define sqlite3_value_text16le         0
+# define sqlite3_column_database_name16 0
+# define sqlite3_column_table_name16    0
+# define sqlite3_column_origin_name16   0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE
+# define sqlite3_complete 0
+# define sqlite3_complete16 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE
+# define sqlite3_column_decltype16      0
+# define sqlite3_column_decltype        0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+# define sqlite3_progress_handler 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+# define sqlite3_create_module 0
+# define sqlite3_create_module_v2 0
+# define sqlite3_declare_vtab 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+# define sqlite3_enable_shared_cache 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+# define sqlite3_profile       0
+# define sqlite3_trace         0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_GET_TABLE
+# define sqlite3_free_table    0
+# define sqlite3_get_table     0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
+#define sqlite3_bind_zeroblob  0
+#define sqlite3_blob_bytes     0
+#define sqlite3_blob_close     0
+#define sqlite3_blob_open      0
+#define sqlite3_blob_read      0
+#define sqlite3_blob_write     0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following structure contains pointers to all SQLite API routines.
+** A pointer to this structure is passed into extensions when they are
+** loaded so that the extension can make calls back into the SQLite
+** library.
+**
+** When adding new APIs, add them to the bottom of this structure
+** in order to preserve backwards compatibility.
+**
+** Extensions that use newer APIs should first call the
+** sqlite3_libversion_number() to make sure that the API they
+** intend to use is supported by the library.  Extensions should
+** also check to make sure that the pointer to the function is
+** not NULL before calling it.
+*/
+static const sqlite3_api_routines sqlite3Apis = {
+  sqlite3_aggregate_context,
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+  sqlite3_aggregate_count,
+#else
+  0,
+#endif
+  sqlite3_bind_blob,
+  sqlite3_bind_double,
+  sqlite3_bind_int,
+  sqlite3_bind_int64,
+  sqlite3_bind_null,
+  sqlite3_bind_parameter_count,
+  sqlite3_bind_parameter_index,
+  sqlite3_bind_parameter_name,
+  sqlite3_bind_text,
+  sqlite3_bind_text16,
+  sqlite3_bind_value,
+  sqlite3_busy_handler,
+  sqlite3_busy_timeout,
+  sqlite3_changes,
+  sqlite3_close,
+  sqlite3_collation_needed,
+  sqlite3_collation_needed16,
+  sqlite3_column_blob,
+  sqlite3_column_bytes,
+  sqlite3_column_bytes16,
+  sqlite3_column_count,
+  sqlite3_column_database_name,
+  sqlite3_column_database_name16,
+  sqlite3_column_decltype,
+  sqlite3_column_decltype16,
+  sqlite3_column_double,
+  sqlite3_column_int,
+  sqlite3_column_int64,
+  sqlite3_column_name,
+  sqlite3_column_name16,
+  sqlite3_column_origin_name,
+  sqlite3_column_origin_name16,
+  sqlite3_column_table_name,
+  sqlite3_column_table_name16,
+  sqlite3_column_text,
+  sqlite3_column_text16,
+  sqlite3_column_type,
+  sqlite3_column_value,
+  sqlite3_commit_hook,
+  sqlite3_complete,
+  sqlite3_complete16,
+  sqlite3_create_collation,
+  sqlite3_create_collation16,
+  sqlite3_create_function,
+  sqlite3_create_function16,
+  sqlite3_create_module,
+  sqlite3_data_count,
+  sqlite3_db_handle,
+  sqlite3_declare_vtab,
+  sqlite3_enable_shared_cache,
+  sqlite3_errcode,
+  sqlite3_errmsg,
+  sqlite3_errmsg16,
+  sqlite3_exec,
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+  sqlite3_expired,
+#else
+  0,
+#endif
+  sqlite3_finalize,
+  sqlite3_free,
+  sqlite3_free_table,
+  sqlite3_get_autocommit,
+  sqlite3_get_auxdata,
+  sqlite3_get_table,
+  0,     /* Was sqlite3_global_recover(), but that function is deprecated */
+  sqlite3_interrupt,
+  sqlite3_last_insert_rowid,
+  sqlite3_libversion,
+  sqlite3_libversion_number,
+  sqlite3_malloc,
+  sqlite3_mprintf,
+  sqlite3_open,
+  sqlite3_open16,
+  sqlite3_prepare,
+  sqlite3_prepare16,
+  sqlite3_profile,
+  sqlite3_progress_handler,
+  sqlite3_realloc,
+  sqlite3_reset,
+  sqlite3_result_blob,
+  sqlite3_result_double,
+  sqlite3_result_error,
+  sqlite3_result_error16,
+  sqlite3_result_int,
+  sqlite3_result_int64,
+  sqlite3_result_null,
+  sqlite3_result_text,
+  sqlite3_result_text16,
+  sqlite3_result_text16be,
+  sqlite3_result_text16le,
+  sqlite3_result_value,
+  sqlite3_rollback_hook,
+  sqlite3_set_authorizer,
+  sqlite3_set_auxdata,
+  sqlite3_snprintf,
+  sqlite3_step,
+  sqlite3_table_column_metadata,
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+  sqlite3_thread_cleanup,
+#else
+  0,
+#endif
+  sqlite3_total_changes,
+  sqlite3_trace,
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+  sqlite3_transfer_bindings,
+#else
+  0,
+#endif
+  sqlite3_update_hook,
+  sqlite3_user_data,
+  sqlite3_value_blob,
+  sqlite3_value_bytes,
+  sqlite3_value_bytes16,
+  sqlite3_value_double,
+  sqlite3_value_int,
+  sqlite3_value_int64,
+  sqlite3_value_numeric_type,
+  sqlite3_value_text,
+  sqlite3_value_text16,
+  sqlite3_value_text16be,
+  sqlite3_value_text16le,
+  sqlite3_value_type,
+  sqlite3_vmprintf,
+  /*
+  ** The original API set ends here.  All extensions can call any
+  ** of the APIs above provided that the pointer is not NULL.  But
+  ** before calling APIs that follow, extension should check the
+  ** sqlite3_libversion_number() to make sure they are dealing with
+  ** a library that is new enough to support that API.
+  *************************************************************************
+  */
+  sqlite3_overload_function,
+
+  /*
+  ** Added after 3.3.13
+  */
+  sqlite3_prepare_v2,
+  sqlite3_prepare16_v2,
+  sqlite3_clear_bindings,
+
+  /*
+  ** Added for 3.4.1
+  */
+  sqlite3_create_module_v2,
+
+  /*
+  ** Added for 3.5.0
+  */
+  sqlite3_bind_zeroblob,
+  sqlite3_blob_bytes,
+  sqlite3_blob_close,
+  sqlite3_blob_open,
+  sqlite3_blob_read,
+  sqlite3_blob_write,
+  sqlite3_create_collation_v2,
+  sqlite3_file_control,
+  sqlite3_memory_highwater,
+  sqlite3_memory_used,
+#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
+  0, 
+  0, 
+  0,
+  0,
+  0,
+#else
+  sqlite3_mutex_alloc,
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter,
+  sqlite3_mutex_free,
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave,
+  sqlite3_mutex_try,
+#endif
+  sqlite3_open_v2,
+  sqlite3_release_memory,
+  sqlite3_result_error_nomem,
+  sqlite3_result_error_toobig,
+  sqlite3_sleep,
+  sqlite3_soft_heap_limit,
+  sqlite3_vfs_find,
+  sqlite3_vfs_register,
+  sqlite3_vfs_unregister,
+
+  /*
+  ** Added for 3.5.8
+  */
+  sqlite3_threadsafe,
+  sqlite3_result_zeroblob,
+  sqlite3_result_error_code,
+  sqlite3_test_control,
+  sqlite3_randomness,
+  sqlite3_context_db_handle,
+
+  /*
+  ** Added for 3.6.0
+  */
+  sqlite3_extended_result_codes,
+  sqlite3_limit,
+  sqlite3_next_stmt,
+  sqlite3_sql,
+  sqlite3_status,
+
+  /*
+  ** Added for 3.7.4
+  */
+  sqlite3_backup_finish,
+  sqlite3_backup_init,
+  sqlite3_backup_pagecount,
+  sqlite3_backup_remaining,
+  sqlite3_backup_step,
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+  sqlite3_compileoption_get,
+  sqlite3_compileoption_used,
+#else
+  0,
+  0,
+#endif
+  sqlite3_create_function_v2,
+  sqlite3_db_config,
+  sqlite3_db_mutex,
+  sqlite3_db_status,
+  sqlite3_extended_errcode,
+  sqlite3_log,
+  sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64,
+  sqlite3_sourceid,
+  sqlite3_stmt_status,
+  sqlite3_strnicmp,
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
+  sqlite3_unlock_notify,
+#else
+  0,
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint,
+  sqlite3_wal_checkpoint,
+  sqlite3_wal_hook,
+#else
+  0,
+  0,
+  0,
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** Attempt to load an SQLite extension library contained in the file
+** zFile.  The entry point is zProc.  zProc may be 0 in which case a
+** default entry point name (sqlite3_extension_init) is used.  Use
+** of the default name is recommended.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success and SQLITE_ERROR if something goes wrong.
+**
+** If an error occurs and pzErrMsg is not 0, then fill *pzErrMsg with 
+** error message text.  The calling function should free this memory
+** by calling sqlite3DbFree(db, ).
+*/
+static int sqlite3LoadExtension(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* Load the extension into this database connection */
+  const char *zFile,    /* Name of the shared library containing extension */
+  const char *zProc,    /* Entry point.  Use "sqlite3_extension_init" if 0 */
+  char **pzErrMsg       /* Put error message here if not 0 */
+){
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = db->pVfs;
+  void *handle;
+  int (*xInit)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*);
+  char *zErrmsg = 0;
+  void **aHandle;
+  const int nMsg = 300;
+
+  if( pzErrMsg ) *pzErrMsg = 0;
+
+  /* Ticket #1863.  To avoid a creating security problems for older
+  ** applications that relink against newer versions of SQLite, the
+  ** ability to run load_extension is turned off by default.  One
+  ** must call sqlite3_enable_load_extension() to turn on extension
+  ** loading.  Otherwise you get the following error.
+  */
+  if( (db->flags & SQLITE_LoadExtension)==0 ){
+    if( pzErrMsg ){
+      *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("not authorized");
+    }
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  if( zProc==0 ){
+    zProc = "sqlite3_extension_init";
+  }
+
+  handle = sqlite3OsDlOpen(pVfs, zFile);
+  if( handle==0 ){
+    if( pzErrMsg ){
+      *pzErrMsg = zErrmsg = sqlite3_malloc(nMsg);
+      if( zErrmsg ){
+        sqlite3_snprintf(nMsg, zErrmsg, 
+            "unable to open shared library [%s]", zFile);
+        sqlite3OsDlError(pVfs, nMsg-1, zErrmsg);
+      }
+    }
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  xInit = (int(*)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*))
+                   sqlite3OsDlSym(pVfs, handle, zProc);
+  if( xInit==0 ){
+    if( pzErrMsg ){
+      *pzErrMsg = zErrmsg = sqlite3_malloc(nMsg);
+      if( zErrmsg ){
+        sqlite3_snprintf(nMsg, zErrmsg,
+            "no entry point [%s] in shared library [%s]", zProc,zFile);
+        sqlite3OsDlError(pVfs, nMsg-1, zErrmsg);
+      }
+      sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
+    }
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }else if( xInit(db, &zErrmsg, &sqlite3Apis) ){
+    if( pzErrMsg ){
+      *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("error during initialization: %s", zErrmsg);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(zErrmsg);
+    sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  /* Append the new shared library handle to the db->aExtension array. */
+  aHandle = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(handle)*(db->nExtension+1));
+  if( aHandle==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  if( db->nExtension>0 ){
+    memcpy(aHandle, db->aExtension, sizeof(handle)*db->nExtension);
+  }
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, db->aExtension);
+  db->aExtension = aHandle;
+
+  db->aExtension[db->nExtension++] = handle;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_load_extension(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* Load the extension into this database connection */
+  const char *zFile,    /* Name of the shared library containing extension */
+  const char *zProc,    /* Entry point.  Use "sqlite3_extension_init" if 0 */
+  char **pzErrMsg       /* Put error message here if not 0 */
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  rc = sqlite3LoadExtension(db, zFile, zProc, pzErrMsg);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Call this routine when the database connection is closing in order
+** to clean up loaded extensions
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CloseExtensions(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  for(i=0; i<db->nExtension; i++){
+    sqlite3OsDlClose(db->pVfs, db->aExtension[i]);
+  }
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, db->aExtension);
+}
+
+/*
+** Enable or disable extension loading.  Extension loading is disabled by
+** default so as not to open security holes in older applications.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_load_extension(sqlite3 *db, int onoff){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  if( onoff ){
+    db->flags |= SQLITE_LoadExtension;
+  }else{
+    db->flags &= ~SQLITE_LoadExtension;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION */
+
+/*
+** The auto-extension code added regardless of whether or not extension
+** loading is supported.  We need a dummy sqlite3Apis pointer for that
+** code if regular extension loading is not available.  This is that
+** dummy pointer.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
+static const sqlite3_api_routines sqlite3Apis = { 0 };
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** The following object holds the list of automatically loaded
+** extensions.
+**
+** This list is shared across threads.  The SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
+** mutex must be held while accessing this list.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3AutoExtList sqlite3AutoExtList;
+static SQLITE_WSD struct sqlite3AutoExtList {
+  int nExt;              /* Number of entries in aExt[] */          
+  void (**aExt)(void);   /* Pointers to the extension init functions */
+} sqlite3Autoext = { 0, 0 };
+
+/* The "wsdAutoext" macro will resolve to the autoextension
+** state vector.  If writable static data is unsupported on the target,
+** we have to locate the state vector at run-time.  In the more common
+** case where writable static data is supported, wsdStat can refer directly
+** to the "sqlite3Autoext" state vector declared above.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+# define wsdAutoextInit \
+  sqlite3AutoExtList *x = &GLOBAL(sqlite3AutoExtList,sqlite3Autoext)
+# define wsdAutoext x[0]
+#else
+# define wsdAutoextInit
+# define wsdAutoext sqlite3Autoext
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Register a statically linked extension that is automatically
+** loaded by every new database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xInit)(void)){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  rc = sqlite3_initialize();
+  if( rc ){
+    return rc;
+  }else
+#endif
+  {
+    int i;
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+    sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+#endif
+    wsdAutoextInit;
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+    for(i=0; i<wsdAutoext.nExt; i++){
+      if( wsdAutoext.aExt[i]==xInit ) break;
+    }
+    if( i==wsdAutoext.nExt ){
+      int nByte = (wsdAutoext.nExt+1)*sizeof(wsdAutoext.aExt[0]);
+      void (**aNew)(void);
+      aNew = sqlite3_realloc(wsdAutoext.aExt, nByte);
+      if( aNew==0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        wsdAutoext.aExt = aNew;
+        wsdAutoext.aExt[wsdAutoext.nExt] = xInit;
+        wsdAutoext.nExt++;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+    assert( (rc&0xff)==rc );
+    return rc;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Reset the automatic extension loading mechanism.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_reset_auto_extension(void){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  if( sqlite3_initialize()==SQLITE_OK )
+#endif
+  {
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+    sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+#endif
+    wsdAutoextInit;
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+    sqlite3_free(wsdAutoext.aExt);
+    wsdAutoext.aExt = 0;
+    wsdAutoext.nExt = 0;
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Load all automatic extensions.
+**
+** If anything goes wrong, set an error in the database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AutoLoadExtensions(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  int go = 1;
+  int (*xInit)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*);
+
+  wsdAutoextInit;
+  if( wsdAutoext.nExt==0 ){
+    /* Common case: early out without every having to acquire a mutex */
+    return;
+  }
+  for(i=0; go; i++){
+    char *zErrmsg;
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+    sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+#endif
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+    if( i>=wsdAutoext.nExt ){
+      xInit = 0;
+      go = 0;
+    }else{
+      xInit = (int(*)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*))
+              wsdAutoext.aExt[i];
+    }
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+    zErrmsg = 0;
+    if( xInit && xInit(db, &zErrmsg, &sqlite3Apis) ){
+      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_ERROR,
+            "automatic extension loading failed: %s", zErrmsg);
+      go = 0;
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(zErrmsg);
+  }
+}
+
+/************** End of loadext.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file pragma.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2003 April 6
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code used to implement the PRAGMA command.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Interpret the given string as a safety level.  Return 0 for OFF,
+** 1 for ON or NORMAL and 2 for FULL.  Return 1 for an empty or 
+** unrecognized string argument.
+**
+** Note that the values returned are one less that the values that
+** should be passed into sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel().  The is done
+** to support legacy SQL code.  The safety level used to be boolean
+** and older scripts may have used numbers 0 for OFF and 1 for ON.
+*/
+static u8 getSafetyLevel(const char *z){
+                             /* 123456789 123456789 */
+  static const char zText[] = "onoffalseyestruefull";
+  static const u8 iOffset[] = {0, 1, 2, 4, 9, 12, 16};
+  static const u8 iLength[] = {2, 2, 3, 5, 3, 4, 4};
+  static const u8 iValue[] =  {1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2};
+  int i, n;
+  if( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ){
+    return (u8)sqlite3Atoi(z);
+  }
+  n = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(iLength); i++){
+    if( iLength[i]==n && sqlite3StrNICmp(&zText[iOffset[i]],z,n)==0 ){
+      return iValue[i];
+    }
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Interpret the given string as a boolean value.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z){
+  return getSafetyLevel(z)&1;
+}
+
+/* The sqlite3GetBoolean() function is used by other modules but the
+** remainder of this file is specific to PRAGMA processing.  So omit
+** the rest of the file if PRAGMAs are omitted from the build.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PRAGMA)
+
+/*
+** Interpret the given string as a locking mode value.
+*/
+static int getLockingMode(const char *z){
+  if( z ){
+    if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, "exclusive") ) return PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+    if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, "normal") ) return PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL;
+  }
+  return PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_QUERY;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+/*
+** Interpret the given string as an auto-vacuum mode value.
+**
+** The following strings, "none", "full" and "incremental" are 
+** acceptable, as are their numeric equivalents: 0, 1 and 2 respectively.
+*/
+static int getAutoVacuum(const char *z){
+  int i;
+  if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, "none") ) return BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_NONE;
+  if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, "full") ) return BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_FULL;
+  if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, "incremental") ) return BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_INCR;
+  i = sqlite3Atoi(z);
+  return (u8)((i>=0&&i<=2)?i:0);
+}
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+/*
+** Interpret the given string as a temp db location. Return 1 for file
+** backed temporary databases, 2 for the Red-Black tree in memory database
+** and 0 to use the compile-time default.
+*/
+static int getTempStore(const char *z){
+  if( z[0]>='0' && z[0]<='2' ){
+    return z[0] - '0';
+  }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(z, "file")==0 ){
+    return 1;
+  }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(z, "memory")==0 ){
+    return 2;
+  }else{
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_PAGER_PRAGMAS */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+/*
+** Invalidate temp storage, either when the temp storage is changed
+** from default, or when 'file' and the temp_store_directory has changed
+*/
+static int invalidateTempStorage(Parse *pParse){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  if( db->aDb[1].pBt!=0 ){
+    if( !db->autoCommit || sqlite3BtreeIsInReadTrans(db->aDb[1].pBt) ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "temporary storage cannot be changed "
+        "from within a transaction");
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    sqlite3BtreeClose(db->aDb[1].pBt);
+    db->aDb[1].pBt = 0;
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_PAGER_PRAGMAS */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+/*
+** If the TEMP database is open, close it and mark the database schema
+** as needing reloading.  This must be done when using the SQLITE_TEMP_STORE
+** or DEFAULT_TEMP_STORE pragmas.
+*/
+static int changeTempStorage(Parse *pParse, const char *zStorageType){
+  int ts = getTempStore(zStorageType);
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  if( db->temp_store==ts ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  if( invalidateTempStorage( pParse ) != SQLITE_OK ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  db->temp_store = (u8)ts;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_PAGER_PRAGMAS */
+
+/*
+** Generate code to return a single integer value.
+*/
+static void returnSingleInt(Parse *pParse, const char *zLabel, i64 value){
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  int mem = ++pParse->nMem;
+  i64 *pI64 = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pParse->db, sizeof(value));
+  if( pI64 ){
+    memcpy(pI64, &value, sizeof(value));
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Int64, 0, mem, 0, (char*)pI64, P4_INT64);
+  sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+  sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, zLabel, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, mem, 1);
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS
+/*
+** Check to see if zRight and zLeft refer to a pragma that queries
+** or changes one of the flags in db->flags.  Return 1 if so and 0 if not.
+** Also, implement the pragma.
+*/
+static int flagPragma(Parse *pParse, const char *zLeft, const char *zRight){
+  static const struct sPragmaType {
+    const char *zName;  /* Name of the pragma */
+    int mask;           /* Mask for the db->flags value */
+  } aPragma[] = {
+    { "full_column_names",        SQLITE_FullColNames  },
+    { "short_column_names",       SQLITE_ShortColNames },
+    { "count_changes",            SQLITE_CountRows     },
+    { "empty_result_callbacks",   SQLITE_NullCallback  },
+    { "legacy_file_format",       SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt },
+    { "fullfsync",                SQLITE_FullFSync     },
+    { "checkpoint_fullfsync",     SQLITE_CkptFullFSync },
+    { "reverse_unordered_selects", SQLITE_ReverseOrder  },
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+    { "automatic_index",          SQLITE_AutoIndex     },
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    { "sql_trace",                SQLITE_SqlTrace      },
+    { "vdbe_listing",             SQLITE_VdbeListing   },
+    { "vdbe_trace",               SQLITE_VdbeTrace     },
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+    { "ignore_check_constraints", SQLITE_IgnoreChecks  },
+#endif
+    /* The following is VERY experimental */
+    { "writable_schema",          SQLITE_WriteSchema|SQLITE_RecoveryMode },
+    { "omit_readlock",            SQLITE_NoReadlock    },
+
+    /* TODO: Maybe it shouldn't be possible to change the ReadUncommitted
+    ** flag if there are any active statements. */
+    { "read_uncommitted",         SQLITE_ReadUncommitted },
+    { "recursive_triggers",       SQLITE_RecTriggers },
+
+    /* This flag may only be set if both foreign-key and trigger support
+    ** are present in the build.  */
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+    { "foreign_keys",             SQLITE_ForeignKeys },
+#endif
+  };
+  int i;
+  const struct sPragmaType *p;
+  for(i=0, p=aPragma; i<ArraySize(aPragma); i++, p++){
+    if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, p->zName)==0 ){
+      sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+      Vdbe *v;
+      v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+      assert( v!=0 );  /* Already allocated by sqlite3Pragma() */
+      if( ALWAYS(v) ){
+        if( zRight==0 ){
+          returnSingleInt(pParse, p->zName, (db->flags & p->mask)!=0 );
+        }else{
+          int mask = p->mask;          /* Mask of bits to set or clear. */
+          if( db->autoCommit==0 ){
+            /* Foreign key support may not be enabled or disabled while not
+            ** in auto-commit mode.  */
+            mask &= ~(SQLITE_ForeignKeys);
+          }
+
+          if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight) ){
+            db->flags |= mask;
+          }else{
+            db->flags &= ~mask;
+          }
+
+          /* Many of the flag-pragmas modify the code generated by the SQL 
+          ** compiler (eg. count_changes). So add an opcode to expire all
+          ** compiled SQL statements after modifying a pragma value.
+          */
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Expire, 0, 0);
+        }
+      }
+
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS */
+
+/*
+** Return a human-readable name for a constraint resolution action.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+static const char *actionName(u8 action){
+  const char *zName;
+  switch( action ){
+    case OE_SetNull:  zName = "SET NULL";        break;
+    case OE_SetDflt:  zName = "SET DEFAULT";     break;
+    case OE_Cascade:  zName = "CASCADE";         break;
+    case OE_Restrict: zName = "RESTRICT";        break;
+    default:          zName = "NO ACTION";  
+                      assert( action==OE_None ); break;
+  }
+  return zName;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Parameter eMode must be one of the PAGER_JOURNALMODE_XXX constants
+** defined in pager.h. This function returns the associated lowercase
+** journal-mode name.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3JournalModename(int eMode){
+  static char * const azModeName[] = {
+    "delete", "persist", "off", "truncate", "memory"
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+     , "wal"
+#endif
+  };
+  assert( PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE==0 );
+  assert( PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST==1 );
+  assert( PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF==2 );
+  assert( PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE==3 );
+  assert( PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY==4 );
+  assert( PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL==5 );
+  assert( eMode>=0 && eMode<=ArraySize(azModeName) );
+
+  if( eMode==ArraySize(azModeName) ) return 0;
+  return azModeName[eMode];
+}
+
+/*
+** Process a pragma statement.  
+**
+** Pragmas are of this form:
+**
+**      PRAGMA [database.]id [= value]
+**
+** The identifier might also be a string.  The value is a string, and
+** identifier, or a number.  If minusFlag is true, then the value is
+** a number that was preceded by a minus sign.
+**
+** If the left side is "database.id" then pId1 is the database name
+** and pId2 is the id.  If the left side is just "id" then pId1 is the
+** id and pId2 is any empty string.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
+  Parse *pParse, 
+  Token *pId1,        /* First part of [database.]id field */
+  Token *pId2,        /* Second part of [database.]id field, or NULL */
+  Token *pValue,      /* Token for <value>, or NULL */
+  int minusFlag       /* True if a '-' sign preceded <value> */
+){
+  char *zLeft = 0;       /* Nul-terminated UTF-8 string <id> */
+  char *zRight = 0;      /* Nul-terminated UTF-8 string <value>, or NULL */
+  const char *zDb = 0;   /* The database name */
+  Token *pId;            /* Pointer to <id> token */
+  int iDb;               /* Database index for <database> */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Db *pDb;
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe = sqlite3VdbeCreate(db);
+  if( v==0 ) return;
+  sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(v);
+  pParse->nMem = 2;
+
+  /* Interpret the [database.] part of the pragma statement. iDb is the
+  ** index of the database this pragma is being applied to in db.aDb[]. */
+  iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pId1, pId2, &pId);
+  if( iDb<0 ) return;
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+
+  /* If the temp database has been explicitly named as part of the 
+  ** pragma, make sure it is open. 
+  */
+  if( iDb==1 && sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(pParse) ){
+    return;
+  }
+
+  zLeft = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pId);
+  if( !zLeft ) return;
+  if( minusFlag ){
+    zRight = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "-%T", pValue);
+  }else{
+    zRight = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pValue);
+  }
+
+  assert( pId2 );
+  zDb = pId2->n>0 ? pDb->zName : 0;
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_PRAGMA, zLeft, zRight, zDb) ){
+    goto pragma_out;
+  }
+ 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]default_cache_size
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]default_cache_size=N
+  **
+  ** The first form reports the current persistent setting for the
+  ** page cache size.  The value returned is the maximum number of
+  ** pages in the page cache.  The second form sets both the current
+  ** page cache size value and the persistent page cache size value
+  ** stored in the database file.
+  **
+  ** Older versions of SQLite would set the default cache size to a
+  ** negative number to indicate synchronous=OFF.  These days, synchronous
+  ** is always on by default regardless of the sign of the default cache
+  ** size.  But continue to take the absolute value of the default cache
+  ** size of historical compatibility.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"default_cache_size")==0 ){
+    static const VdbeOpList getCacheSize[] = {
+      { OP_Transaction, 0, 0,        0},                         /* 0 */
+      { OP_ReadCookie,  0, 1,        BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE},  /* 1 */
+      { OP_IfPos,       1, 7,        0},
+      { OP_Integer,     0, 2,        0},
+      { OP_Subtract,    1, 2,        1},
+      { OP_IfPos,       1, 7,        0},
+      { OP_Integer,     0, 1,        0},                         /* 6 */
+      { OP_ResultRow,   1, 1,        0},
+    };
+    int addr;
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
+    if( !zRight ){
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "cache_size", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      pParse->nMem += 2;
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(getCacheSize), getCacheSize);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+6, SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE);
+    }else{
+      int size = sqlite3AbsInt32(sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
+      sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, size, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SetCookie, iDb, BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE, 1);
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+      pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
+      sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
+    }
+  }else
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]page_size
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]page_size=N
+  **
+  ** The first form reports the current setting for the
+  ** database page size in bytes.  The second form sets the
+  ** database page size value.  The value can only be set if
+  ** the database has not yet been created.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"page_size")==0 ){
+    Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
+    assert( pBt!=0 );
+    if( !zRight ){
+      int size = ALWAYS(pBt) ? sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(pBt) : 0;
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, "page_size", size);
+    }else{
+      /* Malloc may fail when setting the page-size, as there is an internal
+      ** buffer that the pager module resizes using sqlite3_realloc().
+      */
+      db->nextPagesize = sqlite3Atoi(zRight);
+      if( SQLITE_NOMEM==sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pBt, db->nextPagesize, -1, 0) ){
+        db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]secure_delete
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]secure_delete=ON/OFF
+  **
+  ** The first form reports the current setting for the
+  ** secure_delete flag.  The second form changes the secure_delete
+  ** flag setting and reports thenew value.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"secure_delete")==0 ){
+    Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
+    int b = -1;
+    assert( pBt!=0 );
+    if( zRight ){
+      b = sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight);
+    }
+    if( pId2->n==0 && b>=0 ){
+      int ii;
+      for(ii=0; ii<db->nDb; ii++){
+        sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(db->aDb[ii].pBt, b);
+      }
+    }
+    b = sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(pBt, b);
+    returnSingleInt(pParse, "secure_delete", b);
+  }else
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]max_page_count
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]max_page_count=N
+  **
+  ** The first form reports the current setting for the
+  ** maximum number of pages in the database file.  The 
+  ** second form attempts to change this setting.  Both
+  ** forms return the current setting.
+  **
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]page_count
+  **
+  ** Return the number of pages in the specified database.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"page_count")==0
+   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"max_page_count")==0
+  ){
+    int iReg;
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    iReg = ++pParse->nMem;
+    if( zLeft[0]=='p' ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Pagecount, iDb, iReg);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MaxPgcnt, iDb, iReg, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, iReg, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, zLeft, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }else
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]locking_mode
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]locking_mode = (normal|exclusive)
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"locking_mode")==0 ){
+    const char *zRet = "normal";
+    int eMode = getLockingMode(zRight);
+
+    if( pId2->n==0 && eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_QUERY ){
+      /* Simple "PRAGMA locking_mode;" statement. This is a query for
+      ** the current default locking mode (which may be different to
+      ** the locking-mode of the main database).
+      */
+      eMode = db->dfltLockMode;
+    }else{
+      Pager *pPager;
+      if( pId2->n==0 ){
+        /* This indicates that no database name was specified as part
+        ** of the PRAGMA command. In this case the locking-mode must be
+        ** set on all attached databases, as well as the main db file.
+        **
+        ** Also, the sqlite3.dfltLockMode variable is set so that
+        ** any subsequently attached databases also use the specified
+        ** locking mode.
+        */
+        int ii;
+        assert(pDb==&db->aDb[0]);
+        for(ii=2; ii<db->nDb; ii++){
+          pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(db->aDb[ii].pBt);
+          sqlite3PagerLockingMode(pPager, eMode);
+        }
+        db->dfltLockMode = (u8)eMode;
+      }
+      pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pDb->pBt);
+      eMode = sqlite3PagerLockingMode(pPager, eMode);
+    }
+
+    assert(eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL||eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE);
+    if( eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE ){
+      zRet = "exclusive";
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "locking_mode", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, zRet, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
+  }else
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_mode
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_mode =
+  **                      (delete|persist|off|truncate|memory|wal|off)
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"journal_mode")==0 ){
+    int eMode;        /* One of the PAGER_JOURNALMODE_XXX symbols */
+    int ii;           /* Loop counter */
+
+    /* Force the schema to be loaded on all databases.  This cases all
+    ** database files to be opened and the journal_modes set. */
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+      goto pragma_out;
+    }
+
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "journal_mode", SQLITE_STATIC);
+
+    if( zRight==0 ){
+      /* If there is no "=MODE" part of the pragma, do a query for the
+      ** current mode */
+      eMode = PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY;
+    }else{
+      const char *zMode;
+      int n = sqlite3Strlen30(zRight);
+      for(eMode=0; (zMode = sqlite3JournalModename(eMode))!=0; eMode++){
+        if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zRight, zMode, n)==0 ) break;
+      }
+      if( !zMode ){
+        /* If the "=MODE" part does not match any known journal mode,
+        ** then do a query */
+        eMode = PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY;
+      }
+    }
+    if( eMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY && pId2->n==0 ){
+      /* Convert "PRAGMA journal_mode" into "PRAGMA main.journal_mode" */
+      iDb = 0;
+      pId2->n = 1;
+    }
+    for(ii=db->nDb-1; ii>=0; ii--){
+      if( db->aDb[ii].pBt && (ii==iDb || pId2->n==0) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, ii);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_JournalMode, ii, 1, eMode);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
+  }else
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_size_limit
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_size_limit=N
+  **
+  ** Get or set the size limit on rollback journal files.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"journal_size_limit")==0 ){
+    Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pDb->pBt);
+    i64 iLimit = -2;
+    if( zRight ){
+      sqlite3Atoi64(zRight, &iLimit, 1000000, SQLITE_UTF8);
+      if( iLimit<-1 ) iLimit = -1;
+    }
+    iLimit = sqlite3PagerJournalSizeLimit(pPager, iLimit);
+    returnSingleInt(pParse, "journal_size_limit", iLimit);
+  }else
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS */
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]auto_vacuum
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]auto_vacuum=N
+  **
+  ** Get or set the value of the database 'auto-vacuum' parameter.
+  ** The value is one of:  0 NONE 1 FULL 2 INCREMENTAL
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"auto_vacuum")==0 ){
+    Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
+    assert( pBt!=0 );
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+      goto pragma_out;
+    }
+    if( !zRight ){
+      int auto_vacuum;
+      if( ALWAYS(pBt) ){
+         auto_vacuum = sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(pBt);
+      }else{
+         auto_vacuum = SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM;
+      }
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, "auto_vacuum", auto_vacuum);
+    }else{
+      int eAuto = getAutoVacuum(zRight);
+      assert( eAuto>=0 && eAuto<=2 );
+      db->nextAutovac = (u8)eAuto;
+      if( ALWAYS(eAuto>=0) ){
+        /* Call SetAutoVacuum() to set initialize the internal auto and
+        ** incr-vacuum flags. This is required in case this connection
+        ** creates the database file. It is important that it is created
+        ** as an auto-vacuum capable db.
+        */
+        int rc = sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(pBt, eAuto);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (eAuto==1 || eAuto==2) ){
+          /* When setting the auto_vacuum mode to either "full" or 
+          ** "incremental", write the value of meta[6] in the database
+          ** file. Before writing to meta[6], check that meta[3] indicates
+          ** that this really is an auto-vacuum capable database.
+          */
+          static const VdbeOpList setMeta6[] = {
+            { OP_Transaction,    0,         1,                 0},    /* 0 */
+            { OP_ReadCookie,     0,         1,         BTREE_LARGEST_ROOT_PAGE},
+            { OP_If,             1,         0,                 0},    /* 2 */
+            { OP_Halt,           SQLITE_OK, OE_Abort,          0},    /* 3 */
+            { OP_Integer,        0,         1,                 0},    /* 4 */
+            { OP_SetCookie,      0,         BTREE_INCR_VACUUM, 1},    /* 5 */
+          };
+          int iAddr;
+          iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setMeta6), setMeta6);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr, iDb);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+1, iDb);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, iAddr+2, iAddr+4);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+4, eAuto-1);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+5, iDb);
+          sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+#endif
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]incremental_vacuum(N)
+  **
+  ** Do N steps of incremental vacuuming on a database.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"incremental_vacuum")==0 ){
+    int iLimit, addr;
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+      goto pragma_out;
+    }
+    if( zRight==0 || !sqlite3GetInt32(zRight, &iLimit) || iLimit<=0 ){
+      iLimit = 0x7fffffff;
+    }
+    sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, iLimit, 1);
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IncrVacuum, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_ResultRow, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, 1, addr);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+  }else
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]cache_size
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]cache_size=N
+  **
+  ** The first form reports the current local setting for the
+  ** page cache size.  The local setting can be different from
+  ** the persistent cache size value that is stored in the database
+  ** file itself.  The value returned is the maximum number of
+  ** pages in the page cache.  The second form sets the local
+  ** page cache size value.  It does not change the persistent
+  ** cache size stored on the disk so the cache size will revert
+  ** to its default value when the database is closed and reopened.
+  ** N should be a positive integer.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"cache_size")==0 ){
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    if( !zRight ){
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, "cache_size", pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
+    }else{
+      int size = sqlite3AbsInt32(sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
+      pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
+      sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
+    }
+  }else
+
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA temp_store
+  **   PRAGMA temp_store = "default"|"memory"|"file"
+  **
+  ** Return or set the local value of the temp_store flag.  Changing
+  ** the local value does not make changes to the disk file and the default
+  ** value will be restored the next time the database is opened.
+  **
+  ** Note that it is possible for the library compile-time options to
+  ** override this setting
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "temp_store")==0 ){
+    if( !zRight ){
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, "temp_store", db->temp_store);
+    }else{
+      changeTempStorage(pParse, zRight);
+    }
+  }else
+
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA temp_store_directory
+  **   PRAGMA temp_store_directory = ""|"directory_name"
+  **
+  ** Return or set the local value of the temp_store_directory flag.  Changing
+  ** the value sets a specific directory to be used for temporary files.
+  ** Setting to a null string reverts to the default temporary directory search.
+  ** If temporary directory is changed, then invalidateTempStorage.
+  **
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "temp_store_directory")==0 ){
+    if( !zRight ){
+      if( sqlite3_temp_directory ){
+        sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, 
+            "temp_store_directory", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, sqlite3_temp_directory, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
+      }
+    }else{
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+      if( zRight[0] ){
+        int rc;
+        int res;
+        rc = sqlite3OsAccess(db->pVfs, zRight, SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE, &res);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || res==0 ){
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "not a writable directory");
+          goto pragma_out;
+        }
+      }
+      if( SQLITE_TEMP_STORE==0
+       || (SQLITE_TEMP_STORE==1 && db->temp_store<=1)
+       || (SQLITE_TEMP_STORE==2 && db->temp_store==1)
+      ){
+        invalidateTempStorage(pParse);
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(sqlite3_temp_directory);
+      if( zRight[0] ){
+        sqlite3_temp_directory = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zRight);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_temp_directory = 0;
+      }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WSD */
+    }
+  }else
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE)
+#  if defined(__APPLE__)
+#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 1
+#  else
+#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  /*
+   **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file
+   **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file = ":auto:"|"lock_file_path"
+   **
+   ** Return or set the value of the lock_proxy_file flag.  Changing
+   ** the value sets a specific file to be used for database access locks.
+   **
+   */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "lock_proxy_file")==0 ){
+    if( !zRight ){
+      Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pDb->pBt);
+      char *proxy_file_path = NULL;
+      sqlite3_file *pFile = sqlite3PagerFile(pPager);
+      sqlite3OsFileControl(pFile, SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE, 
+                           &proxy_file_path);
+      
+      if( proxy_file_path ){
+        sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, 
+                              "lock_proxy_file", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, proxy_file_path, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
+      }
+    }else{
+      Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pDb->pBt);
+      sqlite3_file *pFile = sqlite3PagerFile(pPager);
+      int res;
+      if( zRight[0] ){
+        res=sqlite3OsFileControl(pFile, SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE, 
+                                     zRight);
+      } else {
+        res=sqlite3OsFileControl(pFile, SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE, 
+                                     NULL);
+      }
+      if( res!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "failed to set lock proxy file");
+        goto pragma_out;
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */      
+    
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]synchronous
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]synchronous=OFF|ON|NORMAL|FULL
+  **
+  ** Return or set the local value of the synchronous flag.  Changing
+  ** the local value does not make changes to the disk file and the
+  ** default value will be restored the next time the database is
+  ** opened.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"synchronous")==0 ){
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    if( !zRight ){
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, "synchronous", pDb->safety_level-1);
+    }else{
+      if( !db->autoCommit ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+            "Safety level may not be changed inside a transaction");
+      }else{
+        pDb->safety_level = getSafetyLevel(zRight)+1;
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS
+  if( flagPragma(pParse, zLeft, zRight) ){
+    /* The flagPragma() subroutine also generates any necessary code
+    ** there is nothing more to do here */
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA table_info(<table>)
+  **
+  ** Return a single row for each column of the named table. The columns of
+  ** the returned data set are:
+  **
+  ** cid:        Column id (numbered from left to right, starting at 0)
+  ** name:       Column name
+  ** type:       Column declaration type.
+  ** notnull:    True if 'NOT NULL' is part of column declaration
+  ** dflt_value: The default value for the column, if any.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "table_info")==0 && zRight ){
+    Table *pTab;
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zRight, zDb);
+    if( pTab ){
+      int i;
+      int nHidden = 0;
+      Column *pCol;
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 6);
+      pParse->nMem = 6;
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "cid", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "type", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 3, COLNAME_NAME, "notnull", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 4, COLNAME_NAME, "dflt_value", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 5, COLNAME_NAME, "pk", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab);
+      for(i=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; i<pTab->nCol; i++, pCol++){
+        if( IsHiddenColumn(pCol) ){
+          nHidden++;
+          continue;
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i-nHidden, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pCol->zName, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0,
+           pCol->zType ? pCol->zType : "", 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, (pCol->notNull ? 1 : 0), 4);
+        if( pCol->zDflt ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 5, 0, (char*)pCol->zDflt, 0);
+        }else{
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, 5);
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pCol->isPrimKey, 6);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 6);
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "index_info")==0 && zRight ){
+    Index *pIdx;
+    Table *pTab;
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zRight, zDb);
+    if( pIdx ){
+      int i;
+      pTab = pIdx->pTable;
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
+      pParse->nMem = 3;
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seqno", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "cid", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+        int cnum = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, cnum, 2);
+        assert( pTab->nCol>cnum );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0, pTab->aCol[cnum].zName, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "index_list")==0 && zRight ){
+    Index *pIdx;
+    Table *pTab;
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zRight, zDb);
+    if( pTab ){
+      v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+      pIdx = pTab->pIndex;
+      if( pIdx ){
+        int i = 0; 
+        sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
+        pParse->nMem = 3;
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "unique", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        while(pIdx){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->onError!=OE_None, 3);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
+          ++i;
+          pIdx = pIdx->pNext;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "database_list")==0 ){
+    int i;
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
+    pParse->nMem = 3;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "file", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+      if( db->aDb[i].pBt==0 ) continue;
+      assert( db->aDb[i].zName!=0 );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, db->aDb[i].zName, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0,
+           sqlite3BtreeGetFilename(db->aDb[i].pBt), 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
+    }
+  }else
+
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "collation_list")==0 ){
+    int i = 0;
+    HashElem *p;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 2);
+    pParse->nMem = 2;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    for(p=sqliteHashFirst(&db->aCollSeq); p; p=sqliteHashNext(p)){
+      CollSeq *pColl = (CollSeq *)sqliteHashData(p);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i++, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pColl->zName, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 2);
+    }
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "foreign_key_list")==0 && zRight ){
+    FKey *pFK;
+    Table *pTab;
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zRight, zDb);
+    if( pTab ){
+      v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+      pFK = pTab->pFKey;
+      if( pFK ){
+        int i = 0; 
+        sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 8);
+        pParse->nMem = 8;
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "id", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "table", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 3, COLNAME_NAME, "from", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 4, COLNAME_NAME, "to", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 5, COLNAME_NAME, "on_update", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 6, COLNAME_NAME, "on_delete", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 7, COLNAME_NAME, "match", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        while(pFK){
+          int j;
+          for(j=0; j<pFK->nCol; j++){
+            char *zCol = pFK->aCol[j].zCol;
+            char *zOnDelete = (char *)actionName(pFK->aAction[0]);
+            char *zOnUpdate = (char *)actionName(pFK->aAction[1]);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, j, 2);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0, pFK->zTo, 0);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 4, 0,
+                              pTab->aCol[pFK->aCol[j].iFrom].zName, 0);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, zCol ? OP_String8 : OP_Null, 0, 5, 0, zCol, 0);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 6, 0, zOnUpdate, 0);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 7, 0, zOnDelete, 0);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 8, 0, "NONE", 0);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 8);
+          }
+          ++i;
+          pFK = pFK->pNextFrom;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) */
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "parser_trace")==0 ){
+    if( zRight ){
+      if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight) ){
+        sqlite3ParserTrace(stderr, "parser: ");
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ParserTrace(0, 0);
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+#endif
+
+  /* Reinstall the LIKE and GLOB functions.  The variant of LIKE
+  ** used will be case sensitive or not depending on the RHS.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "case_sensitive_like")==0 ){
+    if( zRight ){
+      sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(db, sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight));
+    }
+  }else
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX
+# define SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX 100
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
+  /* Pragma "quick_check" is an experimental reduced version of 
+  ** integrity_check designed to detect most database corruption
+  ** without most of the overhead of a full integrity-check.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "integrity_check")==0
+   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "quick_check")==0 
+  ){
+    int i, j, addr, mxErr;
+
+    /* Code that appears at the end of the integrity check.  If no error
+    ** messages have been generated, output OK.  Otherwise output the
+    ** error message
+    */
+    static const VdbeOpList endCode[] = {
+      { OP_AddImm,      1, 0,        0},    /* 0 */
+      { OP_IfNeg,       1, 0,        0},    /* 1 */
+      { OP_String8,     0, 3,        0},    /* 2 */
+      { OP_ResultRow,   3, 1,        0},
+    };
+
+    int isQuick = (zLeft[0]=='q');
+
+    /* Initialize the VDBE program */
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    pParse->nMem = 6;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "integrity_check", SQLITE_STATIC);
+
+    /* Set the maximum error count */
+    mxErr = SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX;
+    if( zRight ){
+      sqlite3GetInt32(zRight, &mxErr);
+      if( mxErr<=0 ){
+        mxErr = SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, mxErr, 1);  /* reg[1] holds errors left */
+
+    /* Do an integrity check on each database file */
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+      HashElem *x;
+      Hash *pTbls;
+      int cnt = 0;
+
+      if( OMIT_TEMPDB && i==1 ) continue;
+
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, i);
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1); /* Halt if out of errors */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+
+      /* Do an integrity check of the B-Tree
+      **
+      ** Begin by filling registers 2, 3, ... with the root pages numbers
+      ** for all tables and indices in the database.
+      */
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+      pTbls = &db->aDb[i].pSchema->tblHash;
+      for(x=sqliteHashFirst(pTbls); x; x=sqliteHashNext(x)){
+        Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(x);
+        Index *pIdx;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pTab->tnum, 2+cnt);
+        cnt++;
+        for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->tnum, 2+cnt);
+          cnt++;
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* Make sure sufficient number of registers have been allocated */
+      if( pParse->nMem < cnt+4 ){
+        pParse->nMem = cnt+4;
+      }
+
+      /* Do the b-tree integrity checks */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IntegrityCk, 2, cnt, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, (u8)i);
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, 2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0,
+         sqlite3MPrintf(db, "*** in database %s ***\n", db->aDb[i].zName),
+         P4_DYNAMIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Move, 2, 4, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 4, 3, 2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 2, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+
+      /* Make sure all the indices are constructed correctly.
+      */
+      for(x=sqliteHashFirst(pTbls); x && !isQuick; x=sqliteHashNext(x)){
+        Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(x);
+        Index *pIdx;
+        int loopTop;
+
+        if( pTab->pIndex==0 ) continue;
+        addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1);  /* Stop if out of errors */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+        sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, 1, OP_OpenRead);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, 2);  /* reg(2) will count entries */
+        loopTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, 1, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 2, 1);   /* increment entry count */
+        for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
+          int jmp2;
+          int r1;
+          static const VdbeOpList idxErr[] = {
+            { OP_AddImm,      1, -1,  0},
+            { OP_String8,     0,  3,  0},    /* 1 */
+            { OP_Rowid,       1,  4,  0},
+            { OP_String8,     0,  5,  0},    /* 3 */
+            { OP_String8,     0,  6,  0},    /* 4 */
+            { OP_Concat,      4,  3,  3},
+            { OP_Concat,      5,  3,  3},
+            { OP_Concat,      6,  3,  3},
+            { OP_ResultRow,   3,  1,  0},
+            { OP_IfPos,       1,  0,  0},    /* 9 */
+            { OP_Halt,        0,  0,  0},
+          };
+          r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, 1, 3, 0);
+          jmp2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, j+2, 0, r1, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(idxErr), idxErr);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+1, "rowid ", P4_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+3, " missing from index ", P4_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+4, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+9);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp2);
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 1, loopTop+1);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, loopTop);
+        for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
+          static const VdbeOpList cntIdx[] = {
+             { OP_Integer,      0,  3,  0},
+             { OP_Rewind,       0,  0,  0},  /* 1 */
+             { OP_AddImm,       3,  1,  0},
+             { OP_Next,         0,  0,  0},  /* 3 */
+             { OP_Eq,           2,  0,  3},  /* 4 */
+             { OP_AddImm,       1, -1,  0},
+             { OP_String8,      0,  2,  0},  /* 6 */
+             { OP_String8,      0,  3,  0},  /* 7 */
+             { OP_Concat,       3,  2,  2},
+             { OP_ResultRow,    2,  1,  0},
+          };
+          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(cntIdx), cntIdx);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, j+2);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr+1, addr+4);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+3, j+2);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr+3, addr+2);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+4);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+6, 
+                     "wrong # of entries in index ", P4_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+7, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+        }
+      } 
+    }
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(endCode), endCode);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr, -mxErr);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+2, "ok", P4_STATIC);
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA encoding
+  **   PRAGMA encoding = "utf-8"|"utf-16"|"utf-16le"|"utf-16be"
+  **
+  ** In its first form, this pragma returns the encoding of the main
+  ** database. If the database is not initialized, it is initialized now.
+  **
+  ** The second form of this pragma is a no-op if the main database file
+  ** has not already been initialized. In this case it sets the default
+  ** encoding that will be used for the main database file if a new file
+  ** is created. If an existing main database file is opened, then the
+  ** default text encoding for the existing database is used.
+  ** 
+  ** In all cases new databases created using the ATTACH command are
+  ** created to use the same default text encoding as the main database. If
+  ** the main database has not been initialized and/or created when ATTACH
+  ** is executed, this is done before the ATTACH operation.
+  **
+  ** In the second form this pragma sets the text encoding to be used in
+  ** new database files created using this database handle. It is only
+  ** useful if invoked immediately after the main database i
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "encoding")==0 ){
+    static const struct EncName {
+      char *zName;
+      u8 enc;
+    } encnames[] = {
+      { "UTF8",     SQLITE_UTF8        },
+      { "UTF-8",    SQLITE_UTF8        },  /* Must be element [1] */
+      { "UTF-16le", SQLITE_UTF16LE     },  /* Must be element [2] */
+      { "UTF-16be", SQLITE_UTF16BE     },  /* Must be element [3] */
+      { "UTF16le",  SQLITE_UTF16LE     },
+      { "UTF16be",  SQLITE_UTF16BE     },
+      { "UTF-16",   0                  }, /* SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE */
+      { "UTF16",    0                  }, /* SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE */
+      { 0, 0 }
+    };
+    const struct EncName *pEnc;
+    if( !zRight ){    /* "PRAGMA encoding" */
+      if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "encoding", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_String8, 0, 1);
+      assert( encnames[SQLITE_UTF8].enc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
+      assert( encnames[SQLITE_UTF16LE].enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE );
+      assert( encnames[SQLITE_UTF16BE].enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, encnames[ENC(pParse->db)].zName, P4_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
+    }else{                        /* "PRAGMA encoding = XXX" */
+      /* Only change the value of sqlite.enc if the database handle is not
+      ** initialized. If the main database exists, the new sqlite.enc value
+      ** will be overwritten when the schema is next loaded. If it does not
+      ** already exists, it will be created to use the new encoding value.
+      */
+      if( 
+        !(DbHasProperty(db, 0, DB_SchemaLoaded)) || 
+        DbHasProperty(db, 0, DB_Empty) 
+      ){
+        for(pEnc=&encnames[0]; pEnc->zName; pEnc++){
+          if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(zRight, pEnc->zName) ){
+            ENC(pParse->db) = pEnc->enc ? pEnc->enc : SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if( !pEnc->zName ){
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unsupported encoding: %s", zRight);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]schema_version
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]schema_version = <integer>
+  **
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]user_version
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]user_version = <integer>
+  **
+  ** The pragma's schema_version and user_version are used to set or get
+  ** the value of the schema-version and user-version, respectively. Both
+  ** the schema-version and the user-version are 32-bit signed integers
+  ** stored in the database header.
+  **
+  ** The schema-cookie is usually only manipulated internally by SQLite. It
+  ** is incremented by SQLite whenever the database schema is modified (by
+  ** creating or dropping a table or index). The schema version is used by
+  ** SQLite each time a query is executed to ensure that the internal cache
+  ** of the schema used when compiling the SQL query matches the schema of
+  ** the database against which the compiled query is actually executed.
+  ** Subverting this mechanism by using "PRAGMA schema_version" to modify
+  ** the schema-version is potentially dangerous and may lead to program
+  ** crashes or database corruption. Use with caution!
+  **
+  ** The user-version is not used internally by SQLite. It may be used by
+  ** applications for any purpose.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "schema_version")==0 
+   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "user_version")==0 
+   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "freelist_count")==0 
+  ){
+    int iCookie;   /* Cookie index. 1 for schema-cookie, 6 for user-cookie. */
+    sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
+    switch( zLeft[0] ){
+      case 'f': case 'F':
+        iCookie = BTREE_FREE_PAGE_COUNT;
+        break;
+      case 's': case 'S':
+        iCookie = BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION;
+        break;
+      default:
+        iCookie = BTREE_USER_VERSION;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if( zRight && iCookie!=BTREE_FREE_PAGE_COUNT ){
+      /* Write the specified cookie value */
+      static const VdbeOpList setCookie[] = {
+        { OP_Transaction,    0,  1,  0},    /* 0 */
+        { OP_Integer,        0,  1,  0},    /* 1 */
+        { OP_SetCookie,      0,  0,  1},    /* 2 */
+      };
+      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setCookie), setCookie);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+2, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr+2, iCookie);
+    }else{
+      /* Read the specified cookie value */
+      static const VdbeOpList readCookie[] = {
+        { OP_Transaction,     0,  0,  0},    /* 0 */
+        { OP_ReadCookie,      0,  1,  0},    /* 1 */
+        { OP_ResultRow,       1,  1,  0}
+      };
+      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(readCookie), readCookie);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, addr+1, iCookie);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, zLeft, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    }
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA compile_options
+  **
+  ** Return the names of all compile-time options used in this build,
+  ** one option per row.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "compile_options")==0 ){
+    int i = 0;
+    const char *zOpt;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+    pParse->nMem = 1;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "compile_option", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    while( (zOpt = sqlite3_compileoption_get(i++))!=0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, zOpt, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
+    }
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]wal_checkpoint = passive|full|restart
+  **
+  ** Checkpoint the database.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "wal_checkpoint")==0 ){
+    int iBt = (pId2->z?iDb:SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED);
+    int eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE;
+    if( zRight ){
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(zRight, "full")==0 ){
+        eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL;
+      }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(zRight, "restart")==0 ){
+        eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART;
+      }
+    }
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
+    pParse->nMem = 3;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "busy", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "log", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "checkpointed", SQLITE_STATIC);
+
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Checkpoint, iBt, eMode, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
+  }else
+
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint
+  **   PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint = N
+  **
+  ** Configure a database connection to automatically checkpoint a database
+  ** after accumulating N frames in the log. Or query for the current value
+  ** of N.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "wal_autocheckpoint")==0 ){
+    if( zRight ){
+      sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(db, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
+    }
+    returnSingleInt(pParse, "wal_autocheckpoint", 
+       db->xWalCallback==sqlite3WalDefaultHook ? 
+           SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(db->pWalArg) : 0);
+  }else
+#endif
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  /*
+  ** Report the current state of file logs for all databases
+  */
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "lock_status")==0 ){
+    static const char *const azLockName[] = {
+      "unlocked", "shared", "reserved", "pending", "exclusive"
+    };
+    int i;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 2);
+    pParse->nMem = 2;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "database", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "status", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+      Btree *pBt;
+      Pager *pPager;
+      const char *zState = "unknown";
+      int j;
+      if( db->aDb[i].zName==0 ) continue;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, db->aDb[i].zName, P4_STATIC);
+      pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+      if( pBt==0 || (pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pBt))==0 ){
+        zState = "closed";
+      }else if( sqlite3_file_control(db, i ? db->aDb[i].zName : 0, 
+                                     SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE, &j)==SQLITE_OK ){
+         zState = azLockName[j];
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, zState, P4_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 2);
+    }
+
+  }else
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "key")==0 && zRight ){
+    sqlite3_key(db, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
+  }else
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "rekey")==0 && zRight ){
+    sqlite3_rekey(db, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
+  }else
+  if( zRight && (sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "hexkey")==0 ||
+                 sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "hexrekey")==0) ){
+    int i, h1, h2;
+    char zKey[40];
+    for(i=0; (h1 = zRight[i])!=0 && (h2 = zRight[i+1])!=0; i+=2){
+      h1 += 9*(1&(h1>>6));
+      h2 += 9*(1&(h2>>6));
+      zKey[i/2] = (h2 & 0x0f) | ((h1 & 0xf)<<4);
+    }
+    if( (zLeft[3] & 0xf)==0xb ){
+      sqlite3_key(db, zKey, i/2);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_rekey(db, zKey, i/2);
+    }
+  }else
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD)
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "activate_extensions")==0 ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+    if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zRight, "see-", 4)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_activate_see(&zRight[4]);
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
+    if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zRight, "cerod-", 6)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_activate_cerod(&zRight[6]);
+    }
+#endif
+  }else
+#endif
+
+ 
+  {/* Empty ELSE clause */}
+
+  /*
+  ** Reset the safety level, in case the fullfsync flag or synchronous
+  ** setting changed.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+  if( db->autoCommit ){
+    sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(pDb->pBt, pDb->safety_level,
+               (db->flags&SQLITE_FullFSync)!=0,
+               (db->flags&SQLITE_CkptFullFSync)!=0);
+  }
+#endif
+pragma_out:
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zLeft);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zRight);
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PRAGMA */
+
+/************** End of pragma.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file prepare.c *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2005 May 25
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the implementation of the sqlite3_prepare()
+** interface, and routines that contribute to loading the database schema
+** from disk.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Fill the InitData structure with an error message that indicates
+** that the database is corrupt.
+*/
+static void corruptSchema(
+  InitData *pData,     /* Initialization context */
+  const char *zObj,    /* Object being parsed at the point of error */
+  const char *zExtra   /* Error information */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pData->db;
+  if( !db->mallocFailed && (db->flags & SQLITE_RecoveryMode)==0 ){
+    if( zObj==0 ) zObj = "?";
+    sqlite3SetString(pData->pzErrMsg, db,
+      "malformed database schema (%s)", zObj);
+    if( zExtra ){
+      *pData->pzErrMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, *pData->pzErrMsg, 
+                                 "%s - %s", *pData->pzErrMsg, zExtra);
+    }
+  }
+  pData->rc = db->mallocFailed ? SQLITE_NOMEM : SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+}
+
+/*
+** This is the callback routine for the code that initializes the
+** database.  See sqlite3Init() below for additional information.
+** This routine is also called from the OP_ParseSchema opcode of the VDBE.
+**
+** Each callback contains the following information:
+**
+**     argv[0] = name of thing being created
+**     argv[1] = root page number for table or index. 0 for trigger or view.
+**     argv[2] = SQL text for the CREATE statement.
+**
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InitCallback(void *pInit, int argc, char **argv, char **NotUsed){
+  InitData *pData = (InitData*)pInit;
+  sqlite3 *db = pData->db;
+  int iDb = pData->iDb;
+
+  assert( argc==3 );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, argc);
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  DbClearProperty(db, iDb, DB_Empty);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    corruptSchema(pData, argv[0], 0);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  if( argv==0 ) return 0;   /* Might happen if EMPTY_RESULT_CALLBACKS are on */
+  if( argv[1]==0 ){
+    corruptSchema(pData, argv[0], 0);
+  }else if( argv[2] && argv[2][0] ){
+    /* Call the parser to process a CREATE TABLE, INDEX or VIEW.
+    ** But because db->init.busy is set to 1, no VDBE code is generated
+    ** or executed.  All the parser does is build the internal data
+    ** structures that describe the table, index, or view.
+    */
+    int rc;
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+    TESTONLY(int rcp);            /* Return code from sqlite3_prepare() */
+
+    assert( db->init.busy );
+    db->init.iDb = iDb;
+    db->init.newTnum = sqlite3Atoi(argv[1]);
+    db->init.orphanTrigger = 0;
+    TESTONLY(rcp = ) sqlite3_prepare(db, argv[2], -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    rc = db->errCode;
+    assert( (rc&0xFF)==(rcp&0xFF) );
+    db->init.iDb = 0;
+    if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
+      if( db->init.orphanTrigger ){
+        assert( iDb==1 );
+      }else{
+        pData->rc = rc;
+        if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+          db->mallocFailed = 1;
+        }else if( rc!=SQLITE_INTERRUPT && (rc&0xFF)!=SQLITE_LOCKED ){
+          corruptSchema(pData, argv[0], sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+  }else if( argv[0]==0 ){
+    corruptSchema(pData, 0, 0);
+  }else{
+    /* If the SQL column is blank it means this is an index that
+    ** was created to be the PRIMARY KEY or to fulfill a UNIQUE
+    ** constraint for a CREATE TABLE.  The index should have already
+    ** been created when we processed the CREATE TABLE.  All we have
+    ** to do here is record the root page number for that index.
+    */
+    Index *pIndex;
+    pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(db, argv[0], db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+    if( pIndex==0 ){
+      /* This can occur if there exists an index on a TEMP table which
+      ** has the same name as another index on a permanent index.  Since
+      ** the permanent table is hidden by the TEMP table, we can also
+      ** safely ignore the index on the permanent table.
+      */
+      /* Do Nothing */;
+    }else if( sqlite3GetInt32(argv[1], &pIndex->tnum)==0 ){
+      corruptSchema(pData, argv[0], "invalid rootpage");
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to read the database schema and initialize internal
+** data structures for a single database file.  The index of the
+** database file is given by iDb.  iDb==0 is used for the main
+** database.  iDb==1 should never be used.  iDb>=2 is used for
+** auxiliary databases.  Return one of the SQLITE_ error codes to
+** indicate success or failure.
+*/
+static int sqlite3InitOne(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, char **pzErrMsg){
+  int rc;
+  int i;
+  int size;
+  Table *pTab;
+  Db *pDb;
+  char const *azArg[4];
+  int meta[5];
+  InitData initData;
+  char const *zMasterSchema;
+  char const *zMasterName;
+  int openedTransaction = 0;
+
+  /*
+  ** The master database table has a structure like this
+  */
+  static const char master_schema[] = 
+     "CREATE TABLE sqlite_master(\n"
+     "  type text,\n"
+     "  name text,\n"
+     "  tbl_name text,\n"
+     "  rootpage integer,\n"
+     "  sql text\n"
+     ")"
+  ;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TEMPDB
+  static const char temp_master_schema[] = 
+     "CREATE TEMP TABLE sqlite_temp_master(\n"
+     "  type text,\n"
+     "  name text,\n"
+     "  tbl_name text,\n"
+     "  rootpage integer,\n"
+     "  sql text\n"
+     ")"
+  ;
+#else
+  #define temp_master_schema 0
+#endif
+
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( db->aDb[iDb].pSchema );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  assert( iDb==1 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[iDb].pBt) );
+
+  /* zMasterSchema and zInitScript are set to point at the master schema
+  ** and initialisation script appropriate for the database being
+  ** initialised. zMasterName is the name of the master table.
+  */
+  if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
+    zMasterSchema = temp_master_schema;
+  }else{
+    zMasterSchema = master_schema;
+  }
+  zMasterName = SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb);
+
+  /* Construct the schema tables.  */
+  azArg[0] = zMasterName;
+  azArg[1] = "1";
+  azArg[2] = zMasterSchema;
+  azArg[3] = 0;
+  initData.db = db;
+  initData.iDb = iDb;
+  initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  initData.pzErrMsg = pzErrMsg;
+  sqlite3InitCallback(&initData, 3, (char **)azArg, 0);
+  if( initData.rc ){
+    rc = initData.rc;
+    goto error_out;
+  }
+  pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zMasterName, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+  if( ALWAYS(pTab) ){
+    pTab->tabFlags |= TF_Readonly;
+  }
+
+  /* Create a cursor to hold the database open
+  */
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+  if( pDb->pBt==0 ){
+    if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && ALWAYS(iDb==1) ){
+      DbSetProperty(db, 1, DB_SchemaLoaded);
+    }
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* If there is not already a read-only (or read-write) transaction opened
+  ** on the b-tree database, open one now. If a transaction is opened, it 
+  ** will be closed before this function returns.  */
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(pDb->pBt);
+  if( !sqlite3BtreeIsInReadTrans(pDb->pBt) ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(pDb->pBt, 0);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(rc));
+      goto initone_error_out;
+    }
+    openedTransaction = 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Get the database meta information.
+  **
+  ** Meta values are as follows:
+  **    meta[0]   Schema cookie.  Changes with each schema change.
+  **    meta[1]   File format of schema layer.
+  **    meta[2]   Size of the page cache.
+  **    meta[3]   Largest rootpage (auto/incr_vacuum mode)
+  **    meta[4]   Db text encoding. 1:UTF-8 2:UTF-16LE 3:UTF-16BE
+  **    meta[5]   User version
+  **    meta[6]   Incremental vacuum mode
+  **    meta[7]   unused
+  **    meta[8]   unused
+  **    meta[9]   unused
+  **
+  ** Note: The #defined SQLITE_UTF* symbols in sqliteInt.h correspond to
+  ** the possible values of meta[4].
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(meta); i++){
+    sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(pDb->pBt, i+1, (u32 *)&meta[i]);
+  }
+  pDb->pSchema->schema_cookie = meta[BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION-1];
+
+  /* If opening a non-empty database, check the text encoding. For the
+  ** main database, set sqlite3.enc to the encoding of the main database.
+  ** For an attached db, it is an error if the encoding is not the same
+  ** as sqlite3.enc.
+  */
+  if( meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] ){  /* text encoding */
+    if( iDb==0 ){
+      u8 encoding;
+      /* If opening the main database, set ENC(db). */
+      encoding = (u8)meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] & 3;
+      if( encoding==0 ) encoding = SQLITE_UTF8;
+      ENC(db) = encoding;
+      db->pDfltColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, "BINARY", 0);
+    }else{
+      /* If opening an attached database, the encoding much match ENC(db) */
+      if( meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1]!=ENC(db) ){
+        sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "attached databases must use the same"
+            " text encoding as main database");
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        goto initone_error_out;
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    DbSetProperty(db, iDb, DB_Empty);
+  }
+  pDb->pSchema->enc = ENC(db);
+
+  if( pDb->pSchema->cache_size==0 ){
+    size = sqlite3AbsInt32(meta[BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE-1]);
+    if( size==0 ){ size = SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE; }
+    pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
+    sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** file_format==1    Version 3.0.0.
+  ** file_format==2    Version 3.1.3.  // ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN
+  ** file_format==3    Version 3.1.4.  // ditto but with non-NULL defaults
+  ** file_format==4    Version 3.3.0.  // DESC indices.  Boolean constants
+  */
+  pDb->pSchema->file_format = (u8)meta[BTREE_FILE_FORMAT-1];
+  if( pDb->pSchema->file_format==0 ){
+    pDb->pSchema->file_format = 1;
+  }
+  if( pDb->pSchema->file_format>SQLITE_MAX_FILE_FORMAT ){
+    sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "unsupported file format");
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    goto initone_error_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Ticket #2804:  When we open a database in the newer file format,
+  ** clear the legacy_file_format pragma flag so that a VACUUM will
+  ** not downgrade the database and thus invalidate any descending
+  ** indices that the user might have created.
+  */
+  if( iDb==0 && meta[BTREE_FILE_FORMAT-1]>=4 ){
+    db->flags &= ~SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt;
+  }
+
+  /* Read the schema information out of the schema tables
+  */
+  assert( db->init.busy );
+  {
+    char *zSql;
+    zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
+        "SELECT name, rootpage, sql FROM '%q'.%s ORDER BY rowid",
+        db->aDb[iDb].zName, zMasterName);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+    {
+      int (*xAuth)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*);
+      xAuth = db->xAuth;
+      db->xAuth = 0;
+#endif
+      rc = sqlite3_exec(db, zSql, sqlite3InitCallback, &initData, 0);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+      db->xAuth = xAuth;
+    }
+#endif
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = initData.rc;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3AnalysisLoad(db, iDb);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK || (db->flags&SQLITE_RecoveryMode)){
+    /* Black magic: If the SQLITE_RecoveryMode flag is set, then consider
+    ** the schema loaded, even if errors occurred. In this situation the 
+    ** current sqlite3_prepare() operation will fail, but the following one
+    ** will attempt to compile the supplied statement against whatever subset
+    ** of the schema was loaded before the error occurred. The primary
+    ** purpose of this is to allow access to the sqlite_master table
+    ** even when its contents have been corrupted.
+    */
+    DbSetProperty(db, iDb, DB_SchemaLoaded);
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Jump here for an error that occurs after successfully allocating
+  ** curMain and calling sqlite3BtreeEnter(). For an error that occurs
+  ** before that point, jump to error_out.
+  */
+initone_error_out:
+  if( openedTransaction ){
+    sqlite3BtreeCommit(pDb->pBt);
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(pDb->pBt);
+
+error_out:
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize all database files - the main database file, the file
+** used to store temporary tables, and any additional database files
+** created using ATTACH statements.  Return a success code.  If an
+** error occurs, write an error message into *pzErrMsg.
+**
+** After a database is initialized, the DB_SchemaLoaded bit is set
+** bit is set in the flags field of the Db structure. If the database
+** file was of zero-length, then the DB_Empty flag is also set.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Init(sqlite3 *db, char **pzErrMsg){
+  int i, rc;
+  int commit_internal = !(db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges);
+  
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  db->init.busy = 1;
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<db->nDb; i++){
+    if( DbHasProperty(db, i, DB_SchemaLoaded) || i==1 ) continue;
+    rc = sqlite3InitOne(db, i, pzErrMsg);
+    if( rc ){
+      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Once all the other databases have been initialised, load the schema
+  ** for the TEMP database. This is loaded last, as the TEMP database
+  ** schema may contain references to objects in other databases.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TEMPDB
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && ALWAYS(db->nDb>1)
+                    && !DbHasProperty(db, 1, DB_SchemaLoaded) ){
+    rc = sqlite3InitOne(db, 1, pzErrMsg);
+    if( rc ){
+      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 1);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  db->init.busy = 0;
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && commit_internal ){
+    sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(db);
+  }
+
+  return rc; 
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is a no-op if the database schema is already initialised.
+** Otherwise, the schema is loaded. An error code is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadSchema(Parse *pParse){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( !db->init.busy ){
+    rc = sqlite3Init(db, &pParse->zErrMsg);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    pParse->rc = rc;
+    pParse->nErr++;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Check schema cookies in all databases.  If any cookie is out
+** of date set pParse->rc to SQLITE_SCHEMA.  If all schema cookies
+** make no changes to pParse->rc.
+*/
+static void schemaIsValid(Parse *pParse){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int iDb;
+  int rc;
+  int cookie;
+
+  assert( pParse->checkSchema );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  for(iDb=0; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++){
+    int openedTransaction = 0;         /* True if a transaction is opened */
+    Btree *pBt = db->aDb[iDb].pBt;     /* Btree database to read cookie from */
+    if( pBt==0 ) continue;
+
+    /* If there is not already a read-only (or read-write) transaction opened
+    ** on the b-tree database, open one now. If a transaction is opened, it 
+    ** will be closed immediately after reading the meta-value. */
+    if( !sqlite3BtreeIsInReadTrans(pBt) ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(pBt, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
+        db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      }
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return;
+      openedTransaction = 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Read the schema cookie from the database. If it does not match the 
+    ** value stored as part of the in-memory schema representation,
+    ** set Parse.rc to SQLITE_SCHEMA. */
+    sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&cookie);
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    if( cookie!=db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie ){
+      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, iDb);
+      pParse->rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
+    }
+
+    /* Close the transaction, if one was opened. */
+    if( openedTransaction ){
+      sqlite3BtreeCommit(pBt);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert a schema pointer into the iDb index that indicates
+** which database file in db->aDb[] the schema refers to.
+**
+** If the same database is attached more than once, the first
+** attached database is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SchemaToIndex(sqlite3 *db, Schema *pSchema){
+  int i = -1000000;
+
+  /* If pSchema is NULL, then return -1000000. This happens when code in 
+  ** expr.c is trying to resolve a reference to a transient table (i.e. one
+  ** created by a sub-select). In this case the return value of this 
+  ** function should never be used.
+  **
+  ** We return -1000000 instead of the more usual -1 simply because using
+  ** -1000000 as the incorrect index into db->aDb[] is much 
+  ** more likely to cause a segfault than -1 (of course there are assert()
+  ** statements too, but it never hurts to play the odds).
+  */
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( pSchema ){
+    for(i=0; ALWAYS(i<db->nDb); i++){
+      if( db->aDb[i].pSchema==pSchema ){
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( i>=0 && i<db->nDb );
+  }
+  return i;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compile the UTF-8 encoded SQL statement zSql into a statement handle.
+*/
+static int sqlite3Prepare(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */
+  const char *zSql,         /* UTF-8 encoded SQL statement. */
+  int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
+  int saveSqlFlag,          /* True to copy SQL text into the sqlite3_stmt */
+  Vdbe *pReprepare,         /* VM being reprepared */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
+  const char **pzTail       /* OUT: End of parsed string */
+){
+  Parse *pParse;            /* Parsing context */
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;        /* Error message */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;       /* Result code */
+  int i;                    /* Loop counter */
+
+  /* Allocate the parsing context */
+  pParse = sqlite3StackAllocZero(db, sizeof(*pParse));
+  if( pParse==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto end_prepare;
+  }
+  pParse->pReprepare = pReprepare;
+  assert( ppStmt && *ppStmt==0 );
+  assert( !db->mallocFailed );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+
+  /* Check to verify that it is possible to get a read lock on all
+  ** database schemas.  The inability to get a read lock indicates that
+  ** some other database connection is holding a write-lock, which in
+  ** turn means that the other connection has made uncommitted changes
+  ** to the schema.
+  **
+  ** Were we to proceed and prepare the statement against the uncommitted
+  ** schema changes and if those schema changes are subsequently rolled
+  ** back and different changes are made in their place, then when this
+  ** prepared statement goes to run the schema cookie would fail to detect
+  ** the schema change.  Disaster would follow.
+  **
+  ** This thread is currently holding mutexes on all Btrees (because
+  ** of the sqlite3BtreeEnterAll() in sqlite3LockAndPrepare()) so it
+  ** is not possible for another thread to start a new schema change
+  ** while this routine is running.  Hence, we do not need to hold 
+  ** locks on the schema, we just need to make sure nobody else is 
+  ** holding them.
+  **
+  ** Note that setting READ_UNCOMMITTED overrides most lock detection,
+  ** but it does *not* override schema lock detection, so this all still
+  ** works even if READ_UNCOMMITTED is set.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++) {
+    Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
+    if( pBt ){
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(pBt) );
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeSchemaLocked(pBt);
+      if( rc ){
+        const char *zDb = db->aDb[i].zName;
+        sqlite3Error(db, rc, "database schema is locked: %s", zDb);
+        testcase( db->flags & SQLITE_ReadUncommitted );
+        goto end_prepare;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
+
+  pParse->db = db;
+  pParse->nQueryLoop = (double)1;
+  if( nBytes>=0 && (nBytes==0 || zSql[nBytes-1]!=0) ){
+    char *zSqlCopy;
+    int mxLen = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH];
+    testcase( nBytes==mxLen );
+    testcase( nBytes==mxLen+1 );
+    if( nBytes>mxLen ){
+      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_TOOBIG, "statement too long");
+      rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, SQLITE_TOOBIG);
+      goto end_prepare;
+    }
+    zSqlCopy = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, zSql, nBytes);
+    if( zSqlCopy ){
+      sqlite3RunParser(pParse, zSqlCopy, &zErrMsg);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zSqlCopy);
+      pParse->zTail = &zSql[pParse->zTail-zSqlCopy];
+    }else{
+      pParse->zTail = &zSql[nBytes];
+    }
+  }else{
+    sqlite3RunParser(pParse, zSql, &zErrMsg);
+  }
+  assert( 1==(int)pParse->nQueryLoop );
+
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  if( pParse->rc==SQLITE_DONE ) pParse->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pParse->checkSchema ){
+    schemaIsValid(pParse);
+  }
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  if( pzTail ){
+    *pzTail = pParse->zTail;
+  }
+  rc = pParse->rc;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pParse->pVdbe && pParse->explain ){
+    static const char * const azColName[] = {
+       "addr", "opcode", "p1", "p2", "p3", "p4", "p5", "comment",
+       "selectid", "order", "from", "detail"
+    };
+    int iFirst, mx;
+    if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(pParse->pVdbe, 4);
+      iFirst = 8;
+      mx = 12;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(pParse->pVdbe, 8);
+      iFirst = 0;
+      mx = 8;
+    }
+    for(i=iFirst; i<mx; i++){
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(pParse->pVdbe, i-iFirst, COLNAME_NAME,
+                            azColName[i], SQLITE_STATIC);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  assert( db->init.busy==0 || saveSqlFlag==0 );
+  if( db->init.busy==0 ){
+    Vdbe *pVdbe = pParse->pVdbe;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetSql(pVdbe, zSql, (int)(pParse->zTail-zSql), saveSqlFlag);
+  }
+  if( pParse->pVdbe && (rc!=SQLITE_OK || db->mallocFailed) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeFinalize(pParse->pVdbe);
+    assert(!(*ppStmt));
+  }else{
+    *ppStmt = (sqlite3_stmt*)pParse->pVdbe;
+  }
+
+  if( zErrMsg ){
+    sqlite3Error(db, rc, "%s", zErrMsg);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zErrMsg);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
+  }
+
+  /* Delete any TriggerPrg structures allocated while parsing this statement. */
+  while( pParse->pTriggerPrg ){
+    TriggerPrg *pT = pParse->pTriggerPrg;
+    pParse->pTriggerPrg = pT->pNext;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pT);
+  }
+
+end_prepare:
+
+  sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  assert( (rc&db->errMask)==rc );
+  return rc;
+}
+static int sqlite3LockAndPrepare(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */
+  const char *zSql,         /* UTF-8 encoded SQL statement. */
+  int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
+  int saveSqlFlag,          /* True to copy SQL text into the sqlite3_stmt */
+  Vdbe *pOld,               /* VM being reprepared */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
+  const char **pzTail       /* OUT: End of parsed string */
+){
+  int rc;
+  assert( ppStmt!=0 );
+  *ppStmt = 0;
+  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+  rc = sqlite3Prepare(db, zSql, nBytes, saveSqlFlag, pOld, ppStmt, pzTail);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA ){
+    sqlite3_finalize(*ppStmt);
+    rc = sqlite3Prepare(db, zSql, nBytes, saveSqlFlag, pOld, ppStmt, pzTail);
+  }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Rerun the compilation of a statement after a schema change.
+**
+** If the statement is successfully recompiled, return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise,
+** if the statement cannot be recompiled because another connection has
+** locked the sqlite3_master table, return SQLITE_LOCKED. If any other error
+** occurs, return SQLITE_SCHEMA.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Reprepare(Vdbe *p){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pNew;
+  const char *zSql;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3VdbeDb(p)->mutex) );
+  zSql = sqlite3_sql((sqlite3_stmt *)p);
+  assert( zSql!=0 );  /* Reprepare only called for prepare_v2() statements */
+  db = sqlite3VdbeDb(p);
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  rc = sqlite3LockAndPrepare(db, zSql, -1, 0, p, &pNew, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    }
+    assert( pNew==0 );
+    return rc;
+  }else{
+    assert( pNew!=0 );
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeSwap((Vdbe*)pNew, p);
+  sqlite3TransferBindings(pNew, (sqlite3_stmt*)p);
+  sqlite3VdbeResetStepResult((Vdbe*)pNew);
+  sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe*)pNew);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Two versions of the official API.  Legacy and new use.  In the legacy
+** version, the original SQL text is not saved in the prepared statement
+** and so if a schema change occurs, SQLITE_SCHEMA is returned by
+** sqlite3_step().  In the new version, the original SQL text is retained
+** and the statement is automatically recompiled if an schema change
+** occurs.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */
+  const char *zSql,         /* UTF-8 encoded SQL statement. */
+  int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
+  const char **pzTail       /* OUT: End of parsed string */
+){
+  int rc;
+  rc = sqlite3LockAndPrepare(db,zSql,nBytes,0,0,ppStmt,pzTail);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || ppStmt==0 || *ppStmt==0 );  /* VERIFY: F13021 */
+  return rc;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */
+  const char *zSql,         /* UTF-8 encoded SQL statement. */
+  int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
+  const char **pzTail       /* OUT: End of parsed string */
+){
+  int rc;
+  rc = sqlite3LockAndPrepare(db,zSql,nBytes,1,0,ppStmt,pzTail);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || ppStmt==0 || *ppStmt==0 );  /* VERIFY: F13021 */
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+/*
+** Compile the UTF-16 encoded SQL statement zSql into a statement handle.
+*/
+static int sqlite3Prepare16(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */ 
+  const void *zSql,         /* UTF-16 encoded SQL statement. */
+  int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
+  int saveSqlFlag,          /* True to save SQL text into the sqlite3_stmt */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
+  const void **pzTail       /* OUT: End of parsed string */
+){
+  /* This function currently works by first transforming the UTF-16
+  ** encoded string to UTF-8, then invoking sqlite3_prepare(). The
+  ** tricky bit is figuring out the pointer to return in *pzTail.
+  */
+  char *zSql8;
+  const char *zTail8 = 0;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( ppStmt );
+  *ppStmt = 0;
+  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  zSql8 = sqlite3Utf16to8(db, zSql, nBytes, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
+  if( zSql8 ){
+    rc = sqlite3LockAndPrepare(db, zSql8, -1, saveSqlFlag, 0, ppStmt, &zTail8);
+  }
+
+  if( zTail8 && pzTail ){
+    /* If sqlite3_prepare returns a tail pointer, we calculate the
+    ** equivalent pointer into the UTF-16 string by counting the unicode
+    ** characters between zSql8 and zTail8, and then returning a pointer
+    ** the same number of characters into the UTF-16 string.
+    */
+    int chars_parsed = sqlite3Utf8CharLen(zSql8, (int)(zTail8-zSql8));
+    *pzTail = (u8 *)zSql + sqlite3Utf16ByteLen(zSql, chars_parsed);
+  }
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql8); 
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Two versions of the official API.  Legacy and new use.  In the legacy
+** version, the original SQL text is not saved in the prepared statement
+** and so if a schema change occurs, SQLITE_SCHEMA is returned by
+** sqlite3_step().  In the new version, the original SQL text is retained
+** and the statement is automatically recompiled if an schema change
+** occurs.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */ 
+  const void *zSql,         /* UTF-16 encoded SQL statement. */
+  int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
+  const void **pzTail       /* OUT: End of parsed string */
+){
+  int rc;
+  rc = sqlite3Prepare16(db,zSql,nBytes,0,ppStmt,pzTail);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || ppStmt==0 || *ppStmt==0 );  /* VERIFY: F13021 */
+  return rc;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */ 
+  const void *zSql,         /* UTF-16 encoded SQL statement. */
+  int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
+  const void **pzTail       /* OUT: End of parsed string */
+){
+  int rc;
+  rc = sqlite3Prepare16(db,zSql,nBytes,1,ppStmt,pzTail);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || ppStmt==0 || *ppStmt==0 );  /* VERIFY: F13021 */
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+/************** End of prepare.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file select.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains C code routines that are called by the parser
+** to handle SELECT statements in SQLite.
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** Delete all the content of a Select structure but do not deallocate
+** the select structure itself.
+*/
+static void clearSelect(sqlite3 *db, Select *p){
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pEList);
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, p->pSrc);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pWhere);
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pGroupBy);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pHaving);
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pOrderBy);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, p->pPrior);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pOffset);
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize a SelectDest structure.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectDestInit(SelectDest *pDest, int eDest, int iParm){
+  pDest->eDest = (u8)eDest;
+  pDest->iParm = iParm;
+  pDest->affinity = 0;
+  pDest->iMem = 0;
+  pDest->nMem = 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new Select structure and return a pointer to that
+** structure.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectNew(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pEList,     /* which columns to include in the result */
+  SrcList *pSrc,        /* the FROM clause -- which tables to scan */
+  Expr *pWhere,         /* the WHERE clause */
+  ExprList *pGroupBy,   /* the GROUP BY clause */
+  Expr *pHaving,        /* the HAVING clause */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* the ORDER BY clause */
+  int isDistinct,       /* true if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
+  Expr *pLimit,         /* LIMIT value.  NULL means not used */
+  Expr *pOffset         /* OFFSET value.  NULL means no offset */
+){
+  Select *pNew;
+  Select standin;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pNew) );
+  assert( db->mallocFailed || !pOffset || pLimit ); /* OFFSET implies LIMIT */
+  if( pNew==0 ){
+    pNew = &standin;
+    memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(*pNew));
+  }
+  if( pEList==0 ){
+    pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, sqlite3Expr(db,TK_ALL,0));
+  }
+  pNew->pEList = pEList;
+  pNew->pSrc = pSrc;
+  pNew->pWhere = pWhere;
+  pNew->pGroupBy = pGroupBy;
+  pNew->pHaving = pHaving;
+  pNew->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+  pNew->selFlags = isDistinct ? SF_Distinct : 0;
+  pNew->op = TK_SELECT;
+  pNew->pLimit = pLimit;
+  pNew->pOffset = pOffset;
+  assert( pOffset==0 || pLimit!=0 );
+  pNew->addrOpenEphm[0] = -1;
+  pNew->addrOpenEphm[1] = -1;
+  pNew->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) {
+    clearSelect(db, pNew);
+    if( pNew!=&standin ) sqlite3DbFree(db, pNew);
+    pNew = 0;
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete the given Select structure and all of its substructures.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectDelete(sqlite3 *db, Select *p){
+  if( p ){
+    clearSelect(db, p);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Given 1 to 3 identifiers preceeding the JOIN keyword, determine the
+** type of join.  Return an integer constant that expresses that type
+** in terms of the following bit values:
+**
+**     JT_INNER
+**     JT_CROSS
+**     JT_OUTER
+**     JT_NATURAL
+**     JT_LEFT
+**     JT_RIGHT
+**
+** A full outer join is the combination of JT_LEFT and JT_RIGHT.
+**
+** If an illegal or unsupported join type is seen, then still return
+** a join type, but put an error in the pParse structure.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3JoinType(Parse *pParse, Token *pA, Token *pB, Token *pC){
+  int jointype = 0;
+  Token *apAll[3];
+  Token *p;
+                             /*   0123456789 123456789 123456789 123 */
+  static const char zKeyText[] = "naturaleftouterightfullinnercross";
+  static const struct {
+    u8 i;        /* Beginning of keyword text in zKeyText[] */
+    u8 nChar;    /* Length of the keyword in characters */
+    u8 code;     /* Join type mask */
+  } aKeyword[] = {
+    /* natural */ { 0,  7, JT_NATURAL                },
+    /* left    */ { 6,  4, JT_LEFT|JT_OUTER          },
+    /* outer   */ { 10, 5, JT_OUTER                  },
+    /* right   */ { 14, 5, JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER         },
+    /* full    */ { 19, 4, JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER },
+    /* inner   */ { 23, 5, JT_INNER                  },
+    /* cross   */ { 28, 5, JT_INNER|JT_CROSS         },
+  };
+  int i, j;
+  apAll[0] = pA;
+  apAll[1] = pB;
+  apAll[2] = pC;
+  for(i=0; i<3 && apAll[i]; i++){
+    p = apAll[i];
+    for(j=0; j<ArraySize(aKeyword); j++){
+      if( p->n==aKeyword[j].nChar 
+          && sqlite3StrNICmp((char*)p->z, &zKeyText[aKeyword[j].i], p->n)==0 ){
+        jointype |= aKeyword[j].code;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    testcase( j==0 || j==1 || j==2 || j==3 || j==4 || j==5 || j==6 );
+    if( j>=ArraySize(aKeyword) ){
+      jointype |= JT_ERROR;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if(
+     (jointype & (JT_INNER|JT_OUTER))==(JT_INNER|JT_OUTER) ||
+     (jointype & JT_ERROR)!=0
+  ){
+    const char *zSp = " ";
+    assert( pB!=0 );
+    if( pC==0 ){ zSp++; }
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unknown or unsupported join type: "
+       "%T %T%s%T", pA, pB, zSp, pC);
+    jointype = JT_INNER;
+  }else if( (jointype & JT_OUTER)!=0 
+         && (jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT))!=JT_LEFT ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+      "RIGHT and FULL OUTER JOINs are not currently supported");
+    jointype = JT_INNER;
+  }
+  return jointype;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the index of a column in a table.  Return -1 if the column
+** is not contained in the table.
+*/
+static int columnIndex(Table *pTab, const char *zCol){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pTab->aCol[i].zName, zCol)==0 ) return i;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Search the first N tables in pSrc, from left to right, looking for a
+** table that has a column named zCol.  
+**
+** When found, set *piTab and *piCol to the table index and column index
+** of the matching column and return TRUE.
+**
+** If not found, return FALSE.
+*/
+static int tableAndColumnIndex(
+  SrcList *pSrc,       /* Array of tables to search */
+  int N,               /* Number of tables in pSrc->a[] to search */
+  const char *zCol,    /* Name of the column we are looking for */
+  int *piTab,          /* Write index of pSrc->a[] here */
+  int *piCol           /* Write index of pSrc->a[*piTab].pTab->aCol[] here */
+){
+  int i;               /* For looping over tables in pSrc */
+  int iCol;            /* Index of column matching zCol */
+
+  assert( (piTab==0)==(piCol==0) );  /* Both or neither are NULL */
+  for(i=0; i<N; i++){
+    iCol = columnIndex(pSrc->a[i].pTab, zCol);
+    if( iCol>=0 ){
+      if( piTab ){
+        *piTab = i;
+        *piCol = iCol;
+      }
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to add terms implied by JOIN syntax to the
+** WHERE clause expression of a SELECT statement. The new term, which
+** is ANDed with the existing WHERE clause, is of the form:
+**
+**    (tab1.col1 = tab2.col2)
+**
+** where tab1 is the iSrc'th table in SrcList pSrc and tab2 is the 
+** (iSrc+1)'th. Column col1 is column iColLeft of tab1, and col2 is
+** column iColRight of tab2.
+*/
+static void addWhereTerm(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parsing context */
+  SrcList *pSrc,                  /* List of tables in FROM clause */
+  int iLeft,                      /* Index of first table to join in pSrc */
+  int iColLeft,                   /* Index of column in first table */
+  int iRight,                     /* Index of second table in pSrc */
+  int iColRight,                  /* Index of column in second table */
+  int isOuterJoin,                /* True if this is an OUTER join */
+  Expr **ppWhere                  /* IN/OUT: The WHERE clause to add to */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Expr *pE1;
+  Expr *pE2;
+  Expr *pEq;
+
+  assert( iLeft<iRight );
+  assert( pSrc->nSrc>iRight );
+  assert( pSrc->a[iLeft].pTab );
+  assert( pSrc->a[iRight].pTab );
+
+  pE1 = sqlite3CreateColumnExpr(db, pSrc, iLeft, iColLeft);
+  pE2 = sqlite3CreateColumnExpr(db, pSrc, iRight, iColRight);
+
+  pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, pE1, pE2, 0);
+  if( pEq && isOuterJoin ){
+    ExprSetProperty(pEq, EP_FromJoin);
+    assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pEq, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+    ExprSetIrreducible(pEq);
+    pEq->iRightJoinTable = (i16)pE2->iTable;
+  }
+  *ppWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, *ppWhere, pEq);
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the EP_FromJoin property on all terms of the given expression.
+** And set the Expr.iRightJoinTable to iTable for every term in the
+** expression.
+**
+** The EP_FromJoin property is used on terms of an expression to tell
+** the LEFT OUTER JOIN processing logic that this term is part of the
+** join restriction specified in the ON or USING clause and not a part
+** of the more general WHERE clause.  These terms are moved over to the
+** WHERE clause during join processing but we need to remember that they
+** originated in the ON or USING clause.
+**
+** The Expr.iRightJoinTable tells the WHERE clause processing that the
+** expression depends on table iRightJoinTable even if that table is not
+** explicitly mentioned in the expression.  That information is needed
+** for cases like this:
+**
+**    SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.b AND t1.x=5
+**
+** The where clause needs to defer the handling of the t1.x=5
+** term until after the t2 loop of the join.  In that way, a
+** NULL t2 row will be inserted whenever t1.x!=5.  If we do not
+** defer the handling of t1.x=5, it will be processed immediately
+** after the t1 loop and rows with t1.x!=5 will never appear in
+** the output, which is incorrect.
+*/
+static void setJoinExpr(Expr *p, int iTable){
+  while( p ){
+    ExprSetProperty(p, EP_FromJoin);
+    assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+    ExprSetIrreducible(p);
+    p->iRightJoinTable = (i16)iTable;
+    setJoinExpr(p->pLeft, iTable);
+    p = p->pRight;
+  } 
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine processes the join information for a SELECT statement.
+** ON and USING clauses are converted into extra terms of the WHERE clause.
+** NATURAL joins also create extra WHERE clause terms.
+**
+** The terms of a FROM clause are contained in the Select.pSrc structure.
+** The left most table is the first entry in Select.pSrc.  The right-most
+** table is the last entry.  The join operator is held in the entry to
+** the left.  Thus entry 0 contains the join operator for the join between
+** entries 0 and 1.  Any ON or USING clauses associated with the join are
+** also attached to the left entry.
+**
+** This routine returns the number of errors encountered.
+*/
+static int sqliteProcessJoin(Parse *pParse, Select *p){
+  SrcList *pSrc;                  /* All tables in the FROM clause */
+  int i, j;                       /* Loop counters */
+  struct SrcList_item *pLeft;     /* Left table being joined */
+  struct SrcList_item *pRight;    /* Right table being joined */
+
+  pSrc = p->pSrc;
+  pLeft = &pSrc->a[0];
+  pRight = &pLeft[1];
+  for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc-1; i++, pRight++, pLeft++){
+    Table *pLeftTab = pLeft->pTab;
+    Table *pRightTab = pRight->pTab;
+    int isOuter;
+
+    if( NEVER(pLeftTab==0 || pRightTab==0) ) continue;
+    isOuter = (pRight->jointype & JT_OUTER)!=0;
+
+    /* When the NATURAL keyword is present, add WHERE clause terms for
+    ** every column that the two tables have in common.
+    */
+    if( pRight->jointype & JT_NATURAL ){
+      if( pRight->pOn || pRight->pUsing ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "a NATURAL join may not have "
+           "an ON or USING clause", 0);
+        return 1;
+      }
+      for(j=0; j<pRightTab->nCol; j++){
+        char *zName;   /* Name of column in the right table */
+        int iLeft;     /* Matching left table */
+        int iLeftCol;  /* Matching column in the left table */
+
+        zName = pRightTab->aCol[j].zName;
+        if( tableAndColumnIndex(pSrc, i+1, zName, &iLeft, &iLeftCol) ){
+          addWhereTerm(pParse, pSrc, iLeft, iLeftCol, i+1, j,
+                       isOuter, &p->pWhere);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Disallow both ON and USING clauses in the same join
+    */
+    if( pRight->pOn && pRight->pUsing ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot have both ON and USING "
+        "clauses in the same join");
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Add the ON clause to the end of the WHERE clause, connected by
+    ** an AND operator.
+    */
+    if( pRight->pOn ){
+      if( isOuter ) setJoinExpr(pRight->pOn, pRight->iCursor);
+      p->pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(pParse->db, p->pWhere, pRight->pOn);
+      pRight->pOn = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Create extra terms on the WHERE clause for each column named
+    ** in the USING clause.  Example: If the two tables to be joined are 
+    ** A and B and the USING clause names X, Y, and Z, then add this
+    ** to the WHERE clause:    A.X=B.X AND A.Y=B.Y AND A.Z=B.Z
+    ** Report an error if any column mentioned in the USING clause is
+    ** not contained in both tables to be joined.
+    */
+    if( pRight->pUsing ){
+      IdList *pList = pRight->pUsing;
+      for(j=0; j<pList->nId; j++){
+        char *zName;     /* Name of the term in the USING clause */
+        int iLeft;       /* Table on the left with matching column name */
+        int iLeftCol;    /* Column number of matching column on the left */
+        int iRightCol;   /* Column number of matching column on the right */
+
+        zName = pList->a[j].zName;
+        iRightCol = columnIndex(pRightTab, zName);
+        if( iRightCol<0
+         || !tableAndColumnIndex(pSrc, i+1, zName, &iLeft, &iLeftCol)
+        ){
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot join using column %s - column "
+            "not present in both tables", zName);
+          return 1;
+        }
+        addWhereTerm(pParse, pSrc, iLeft, iLeftCol, i+1, iRightCol,
+                     isOuter, &p->pWhere);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Insert code into "v" that will push the record on the top of the
+** stack into the sorter.
+*/
+static void pushOntoSorter(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* Parser context */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,    /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  Select *pSelect,       /* The whole SELECT statement */
+  int regData            /* Register holding data to be sorted */
+){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int nExpr = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  int regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nExpr+2);
+  int regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+  sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pOrderBy, regBase, 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sequence, pOrderBy->iECursor, regBase+nExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, regData, regBase+nExpr+1, 1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nExpr + 2, regRecord);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pOrderBy->iECursor, regRecord);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nExpr+2);
+  if( pSelect->iLimit ){
+    int addr1, addr2;
+    int iLimit;
+    if( pSelect->iOffset ){
+      iLimit = pSelect->iOffset+1;
+    }else{
+      iLimit = pSelect->iLimit;
+    }
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iLimit, -1);
+    addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Last, pOrderBy->iECursor);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Delete, pOrderBy->iECursor);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Add code to implement the OFFSET
+*/
+static void codeOffset(
+  Vdbe *v,          /* Generate code into this VM */
+  Select *p,        /* The SELECT statement being coded */
+  int iContinue     /* Jump here to skip the current record */
+){
+  if( p->iOffset && iContinue!=0 ){
+    int addr;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, p->iOffset, -1);
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNeg, p->iOffset);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iContinue);
+    VdbeComment((v, "skip OFFSET records"));
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Add code that will check to make sure the N registers starting at iMem
+** form a distinct entry.  iTab is a sorting index that holds previously
+** seen combinations of the N values.  A new entry is made in iTab
+** if the current N values are new.
+**
+** A jump to addrRepeat is made and the N+1 values are popped from the
+** stack if the top N elements are not distinct.
+*/
+static void codeDistinct(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  int iTab,          /* A sorting index used to test for distinctness */
+  int addrRepeat,    /* Jump to here if not distinct */
+  int N,             /* Number of elements */
+  int iMem           /* First element */
+){
+  Vdbe *v;
+  int r1;
+
+  v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iTab, addrRepeat, iMem, N);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, iMem, N, r1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iTab, r1);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+/*
+** Generate an error message when a SELECT is used within a subexpression
+** (example:  "a IN (SELECT * FROM table)") but it has more than 1 result
+** column.  We do this in a subroutine because the error used to occur
+** in multiple places.  (The error only occurs in one place now, but we
+** retain the subroutine to minimize code disruption.)
+*/
+static int checkForMultiColumnSelectError(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parse context. */
+  SelectDest *pDest,   /* Destination of SELECT results */
+  int nExpr            /* Number of result columns returned by SELECT */
+){
+  int eDest = pDest->eDest;
+  if( nExpr>1 && (eDest==SRT_Mem || eDest==SRT_Set) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "only a single result allowed for "
+       "a SELECT that is part of an expression");
+    return 1;
+  }else{
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This routine generates the code for the inside of the inner loop
+** of a SELECT.
+**
+** If srcTab and nColumn are both zero, then the pEList expressions
+** are evaluated in order to get the data for this row.  If nColumn>0
+** then data is pulled from srcTab and pEList is used only to get the
+** datatypes for each column.
+*/
+static void selectInnerLoop(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* The parser context */
+  Select *p,              /* The complete select statement being coded */
+  ExprList *pEList,       /* List of values being extracted */
+  int srcTab,             /* Pull data from this table */
+  int nColumn,            /* Number of columns in the source table */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* If not NULL, sort results using this key */
+  int distinct,           /* If >=0, make sure results are distinct */
+  SelectDest *pDest,      /* How to dispose of the results */
+  int iContinue,          /* Jump here to continue with next row */
+  int iBreak              /* Jump here to break out of the inner loop */
+){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int i;
+  int hasDistinct;        /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
+  int regResult;              /* Start of memory holding result set */
+  int eDest = pDest->eDest;   /* How to dispose of results */
+  int iParm = pDest->iParm;   /* First argument to disposal method */
+  int nResultCol;             /* Number of result columns */
+
+  assert( v );
+  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return;
+  assert( pEList!=0 );
+  hasDistinct = distinct>=0;
+  if( pOrderBy==0 && !hasDistinct ){
+    codeOffset(v, p, iContinue);
+  }
+
+  /* Pull the requested columns.
+  */
+  if( nColumn>0 ){
+    nResultCol = nColumn;
+  }else{
+    nResultCol = pEList->nExpr;
+  }
+  if( pDest->iMem==0 ){
+    pDest->iMem = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pDest->nMem = nResultCol;
+    pParse->nMem += nResultCol;
+  }else{ 
+    assert( pDest->nMem==nResultCol );
+  }
+  regResult = pDest->iMem;
+  if( nColumn>0 ){
+    for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, i, regResult+i);
+    }
+  }else if( eDest!=SRT_Exists ){
+    /* If the destination is an EXISTS(...) expression, the actual
+    ** values returned by the SELECT are not required.
+    */
+    sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+    sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pEList, regResult, eDest==SRT_Output);
+  }
+  nColumn = nResultCol;
+
+  /* If the DISTINCT keyword was present on the SELECT statement
+  ** and this row has been seen before, then do not make this row
+  ** part of the result.
+  */
+  if( hasDistinct ){
+    assert( pEList!=0 );
+    assert( pEList->nExpr==nColumn );
+    codeDistinct(pParse, distinct, iContinue, nColumn, regResult);
+    if( pOrderBy==0 ){
+      codeOffset(v, p, iContinue);
+    }
+  }
+
+  switch( eDest ){
+    /* In this mode, write each query result to the key of the temporary
+    ** table iParm.
+    */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
+    case SRT_Union: {
+      int r1;
+      r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nColumn, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, r1);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* Construct a record from the query result, but instead of
+    ** saving that record, use it as a key to delete elements from
+    ** the temporary table iParm.
+    */
+    case SRT_Except: {
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxDelete, iParm, regResult, nColumn);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Store the result as data using a unique key.
+    */
+    case SRT_Table:
+    case SRT_EphemTab: {
+      int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      testcase( eDest==SRT_Table );
+      testcase( eDest==SRT_EphemTab );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nColumn, r1);
+      if( pOrderBy ){
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, r1);
+      }else{
+        int r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iParm, r2);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iParm, r1, r2);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+        sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r2);
+      }
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      break;
+    }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+    /* If we are creating a set for an "expr IN (SELECT ...)" construct,
+    ** then there should be a single item on the stack.  Write this
+    ** item into the set table with bogus data.
+    */
+    case SRT_Set: {
+      assert( nColumn==1 );
+      p->affinity = sqlite3CompareAffinity(pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affinity);
+      if( pOrderBy ){
+        /* At first glance you would think we could optimize out the
+        ** ORDER BY in this case since the order of entries in the set
+        ** does not matter.  But there might be a LIMIT clause, in which
+        ** case the order does matter */
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, regResult);
+      }else{
+        int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, 1, r1, &p->affinity, 1);
+        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regResult, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, r1);
+        sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* If any row exist in the result set, record that fact and abort.
+    */
+    case SRT_Exists: {
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, iParm);
+      /* The LIMIT clause will terminate the loop for us */
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* If this is a scalar select that is part of an expression, then
+    ** store the results in the appropriate memory cell and break out
+    ** of the scan loop.
+    */
+    case SRT_Mem: {
+      assert( nColumn==1 );
+      if( pOrderBy ){
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, regResult);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, regResult, iParm, 1);
+        /* The LIMIT clause will jump out of the loop for us */
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
+
+    /* Send the data to the callback function or to a subroutine.  In the
+    ** case of a subroutine, the subroutine itself is responsible for
+    ** popping the data from the stack.
+    */
+    case SRT_Coroutine:
+    case SRT_Output: {
+      testcase( eDest==SRT_Coroutine );
+      testcase( eDest==SRT_Output );
+      if( pOrderBy ){
+        int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nColumn, r1);
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, r1);
+        sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      }else if( eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iParm);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, regResult, nColumn);
+        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regResult, nColumn);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+    /* Discard the results.  This is used for SELECT statements inside
+    ** the body of a TRIGGER.  The purpose of such selects is to call
+    ** user-defined functions that have side effects.  We do not care
+    ** about the actual results of the select.
+    */
+    default: {
+      assert( eDest==SRT_Discard );
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+
+  /* Jump to the end of the loop if the LIMIT is reached.  Except, if
+  ** there is a sorter, in which case the sorter has already limited
+  ** the output for us.
+  */
+  if( pOrderBy==0 && p->iLimit ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Given an expression list, generate a KeyInfo structure that records
+** the collating sequence for each expression in that expression list.
+**
+** If the ExprList is an ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause then the resulting
+** KeyInfo structure is appropriate for initializing a virtual index to
+** implement that clause.  If the ExprList is the result set of a SELECT
+** then the KeyInfo structure is appropriate for initializing a virtual
+** index to implement a DISTINCT test.
+**
+** Space to hold the KeyInfo structure is obtain from malloc.  The calling
+** function is responsible for seeing that this structure is eventually
+** freed.  Add the KeyInfo structure to the P4 field of an opcode using
+** P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF is the usual way of dealing with this.
+*/
+static KeyInfo *keyInfoFromExprList(Parse *pParse, ExprList *pList){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int nExpr;
+  KeyInfo *pInfo;
+  struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+  int i;
+
+  nExpr = pList->nExpr;
+  pInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pInfo) + nExpr*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1) );
+  if( pInfo ){
+    pInfo->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pInfo->aColl[nExpr];
+    pInfo->nField = (u16)nExpr;
+    pInfo->enc = ENC(db);
+    pInfo->db = db;
+    for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+      CollSeq *pColl;
+      pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pItem->pExpr);
+      if( !pColl ){
+        pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+      }
+      pInfo->aColl[i] = pColl;
+      pInfo->aSortOrder[i] = pItem->sortOrder;
+    }
+  }
+  return pInfo;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
+/*
+** Name of the connection operator, used for error messages.
+*/
+static const char *selectOpName(int id){
+  char *z;
+  switch( id ){
+    case TK_ALL:       z = "UNION ALL";   break;
+    case TK_INTERSECT: z = "INTERSECT";   break;
+    case TK_EXCEPT:    z = "EXCEPT";      break;
+    default:           z = "UNION";       break;
+  }
+  return z;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+/*
+** Unless an "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN" command is being processed, this function
+** is a no-op. Otherwise, it adds a single row of output to the EQP result,
+** where the caption is of the form:
+**
+**   "USE TEMP B-TREE FOR xxx"
+**
+** where xxx is one of "DISTINCT", "ORDER BY" or "GROUP BY". Exactly which
+** is determined by the zUsage argument.
+*/
+static void explainTempTable(Parse *pParse, const char *zUsage){
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+    char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "USE TEMP B-TREE FOR %s", zUsage);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Assign expression b to lvalue a. A second, no-op, version of this macro
+** is provided when SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN is defined. This allows the code
+** in sqlite3Select() to assign values to structure member variables that
+** only exist if SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN is not defined without polluting the
+** code with #ifndef directives.
+*/
+# define explainSetInteger(a, b) a = b
+
+#else
+/* No-op versions of the explainXXX() functions and macros. */
+# define explainTempTable(y,z)
+# define explainSetInteger(y,z)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT)
+/*
+** Unless an "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN" command is being processed, this function
+** is a no-op. Otherwise, it adds a single row of output to the EQP result,
+** where the caption is of one of the two forms:
+**
+**   "COMPOSITE SUBQUERIES iSub1 and iSub2 (op)"
+**   "COMPOSITE SUBQUERIES iSub1 and iSub2 USING TEMP B-TREE (op)"
+**
+** where iSub1 and iSub2 are the integers passed as the corresponding
+** function parameters, and op is the text representation of the parameter
+** of the same name. The parameter "op" must be one of TK_UNION, TK_EXCEPT,
+** TK_INTERSECT or TK_ALL. The first form is used if argument bUseTmp is 
+** false, or the second form if it is true.
+*/
+static void explainComposite(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  int op,                         /* One of TK_UNION, TK_EXCEPT etc. */
+  int iSub1,                      /* Subquery id 1 */
+  int iSub2,                      /* Subquery id 2 */
+  int bUseTmp                     /* True if a temp table was used */
+){
+  assert( op==TK_UNION || op==TK_EXCEPT || op==TK_INTERSECT || op==TK_ALL );
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+    char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(
+        pParse->db, "COMPOUND SUBQUERIES %d AND %d %s(%s)", iSub1, iSub2,
+        bUseTmp?"USING TEMP B-TREE ":"", selectOpName(op)
+    );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+#else
+/* No-op versions of the explainXXX() functions and macros. */
+# define explainComposite(v,w,x,y,z)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If the inner loop was generated using a non-null pOrderBy argument,
+** then the results were placed in a sorter.  After the loop is terminated
+** we need to run the sorter and output the results.  The following
+** routine generates the code needed to do that.
+*/
+static void generateSortTail(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  Select *p,        /* The SELECT statement */
+  Vdbe *v,          /* Generate code into this VDBE */
+  int nColumn,      /* Number of columns of data */
+  SelectDest *pDest /* Write the sorted results here */
+){
+  int addrBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);     /* Jump here to exit loop */
+  int addrContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);  /* Jump here for next cycle */
+  int addr;
+  int iTab;
+  int pseudoTab = 0;
+  ExprList *pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+
+  int eDest = pDest->eDest;
+  int iParm = pDest->iParm;
+
+  int regRow;
+  int regRowid;
+
+  iTab = pOrderBy->iECursor;
+  regRow = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  if( eDest==SRT_Output || eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
+    pseudoTab = pParse->nTab++;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, pseudoTab, regRow, nColumn);
+    regRowid = 0;
+  }else{
+    regRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  }
+  addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sort, iTab, addrBreak);
+  codeOffset(v, p, addrContinue);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, pOrderBy->nExpr + 1, regRow);
+  switch( eDest ){
+    case SRT_Table:
+    case SRT_EphemTab: {
+      testcase( eDest==SRT_Table );
+      testcase( eDest==SRT_EphemTab );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iParm, regRowid);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iParm, regRow, regRowid);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+    case SRT_Set: {
+      assert( nColumn==1 );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regRow, 1, regRowid, &p->affinity, 1);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regRow, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, regRowid);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SRT_Mem: {
+      assert( nColumn==1 );
+      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, regRow, iParm, 1);
+      /* The LIMIT clause will terminate the loop for us */
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+    default: {
+      int i;
+      assert( eDest==SRT_Output || eDest==SRT_Coroutine ); 
+      testcase( eDest==SRT_Output );
+      testcase( eDest==SRT_Coroutine );
+      for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
+        assert( regRow!=pDest->iMem+i );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pseudoTab, i, pDest->iMem+i);
+        if( i==0 ){
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE);
+        }
+      }
+      if( eDest==SRT_Output ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pDest->iMem, nColumn);
+        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pDest->iMem, nColumn);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iParm);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRow);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRowid);
+
+  /* The bottom of the loop
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrContinue);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr);
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrBreak);
+  if( eDest==SRT_Output || eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, pseudoTab, 0);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to a string containing the 'declaration type' of the
+** expression pExpr. The string may be treated as static by the caller.
+**
+** The declaration type is the exact datatype definition extracted from the
+** original CREATE TABLE statement if the expression is a column. The
+** declaration type for a ROWID field is INTEGER. Exactly when an expression
+** is considered a column can be complex in the presence of subqueries. The
+** result-set expression in all of the following SELECT statements is 
+** considered a column by this function.
+**
+**   SELECT col FROM tbl;
+**   SELECT (SELECT col FROM tbl;
+**   SELECT (SELECT col FROM tbl);
+**   SELECT abc FROM (SELECT col AS abc FROM tbl);
+** 
+** The declaration type for any expression other than a column is NULL.
+*/
+static const char *columnType(
+  NameContext *pNC, 
+  Expr *pExpr,
+  const char **pzOriginDb,
+  const char **pzOriginTab,
+  const char **pzOriginCol
+){
+  char const *zType = 0;
+  char const *zOriginDb = 0;
+  char const *zOriginTab = 0;
+  char const *zOriginCol = 0;
+  int j;
+  if( NEVER(pExpr==0) || pNC->pSrcList==0 ) return 0;
+
+  switch( pExpr->op ){
+    case TK_AGG_COLUMN:
+    case TK_COLUMN: {
+      /* The expression is a column. Locate the table the column is being
+      ** extracted from in NameContext.pSrcList. This table may be real
+      ** database table or a subquery.
+      */
+      Table *pTab = 0;            /* Table structure column is extracted from */
+      Select *pS = 0;             /* Select the column is extracted from */
+      int iCol = pExpr->iColumn;  /* Index of column in pTab */
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_COLUMN );
+      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN );
+      while( pNC && !pTab ){
+        SrcList *pTabList = pNC->pSrcList;
+        for(j=0;j<pTabList->nSrc && pTabList->a[j].iCursor!=pExpr->iTable;j++);
+        if( j<pTabList->nSrc ){
+          pTab = pTabList->a[j].pTab;
+          pS = pTabList->a[j].pSelect;
+        }else{
+          pNC = pNC->pNext;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if( pTab==0 ){
+        /* At one time, code such as "SELECT new.x" within a trigger would
+        ** cause this condition to run.  Since then, we have restructured how
+        ** trigger code is generated and so this condition is no longer 
+        ** possible. However, it can still be true for statements like
+        ** the following:
+        **
+        **   CREATE TABLE t1(col INTEGER);
+        **   SELECT (SELECT t1.col) FROM FROM t1;
+        **
+        ** when columnType() is called on the expression "t1.col" in the 
+        ** sub-select. In this case, set the column type to NULL, even
+        ** though it should really be "INTEGER".
+        **
+        ** This is not a problem, as the column type of "t1.col" is never
+        ** used. When columnType() is called on the expression 
+        ** "(SELECT t1.col)", the correct type is returned (see the TK_SELECT
+        ** branch below.  */
+        break;
+      }
+
+      assert( pTab && pExpr->pTab==pTab );
+      if( pS ){
+        /* The "table" is actually a sub-select or a view in the FROM clause
+        ** of the SELECT statement. Return the declaration type and origin
+        ** data for the result-set column of the sub-select.
+        */
+        if( iCol>=0 && ALWAYS(iCol<pS->pEList->nExpr) ){
+          /* If iCol is less than zero, then the expression requests the
+          ** rowid of the sub-select or view. This expression is legal (see 
+          ** test case misc2.2.2) - it always evaluates to NULL.
+          */
+          NameContext sNC;
+          Expr *p = pS->pEList->a[iCol].pExpr;
+          sNC.pSrcList = pS->pSrc;
+          sNC.pNext = pNC;
+          sNC.pParse = pNC->pParse;
+          zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOriginDb, &zOriginTab, &zOriginCol); 
+        }
+      }else if( ALWAYS(pTab->pSchema) ){
+        /* A real table */
+        assert( !pS );
+        if( iCol<0 ) iCol = pTab->iPKey;
+        assert( iCol==-1 || (iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol) );
+        if( iCol<0 ){
+          zType = "INTEGER";
+          zOriginCol = "rowid";
+        }else{
+          zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
+          zOriginCol = pTab->aCol[iCol].zName;
+        }
+        zOriginTab = pTab->zName;
+        if( pNC->pParse ){
+          int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pNC->pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+          zOriginDb = pNC->pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+    case TK_SELECT: {
+      /* The expression is a sub-select. Return the declaration type and
+      ** origin info for the single column in the result set of the SELECT
+      ** statement.
+      */
+      NameContext sNC;
+      Select *pS = pExpr->x.pSelect;
+      Expr *p = pS->pEList->a[0].pExpr;
+      assert( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      sNC.pSrcList = pS->pSrc;
+      sNC.pNext = pNC;
+      sNC.pParse = pNC->pParse;
+      zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOriginDb, &zOriginTab, &zOriginCol); 
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  
+  if( pzOriginDb ){
+    assert( pzOriginTab && pzOriginCol );
+    *pzOriginDb = zOriginDb;
+    *pzOriginTab = zOriginTab;
+    *pzOriginCol = zOriginCol;
+  }
+  return zType;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will tell the VDBE the declaration types of columns
+** in the result set.
+*/
+static void generateColumnTypes(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* Parser context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,  /* List of tables */
+  ExprList *pEList    /* Expressions defining the result set */
+){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int i;
+  NameContext sNC;
+  sNC.pSrcList = pTabList;
+  sNC.pParse = pParse;
+  for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
+    Expr *p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
+    const char *zType;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
+    const char *zOrigDb = 0;
+    const char *zOrigTab = 0;
+    const char *zOrigCol = 0;
+    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOrigDb, &zOrigTab, &zOrigCol);
+
+    /* The vdbe must make its own copy of the column-type and other 
+    ** column specific strings, in case the schema is reset before this
+    ** virtual machine is deleted.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_DATABASE, zOrigDb, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_TABLE, zOrigTab, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_COLUMN, zOrigCol, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+#else
+    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, 0, 0, 0);
+#endif
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_DECLTYPE, zType, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE */
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will tell the VDBE the names of columns
+** in the result set.  This information is used to provide the
+** azCol[] values in the callback.
+*/
+static void generateColumnNames(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* Parser context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,  /* List of tables */
+  ExprList *pEList    /* Expressions defining the result set */
+){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int i, j;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int fullNames, shortNames;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  /* If this is an EXPLAIN, skip this step */
+  if( pParse->explain ){
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( pParse->colNamesSet || NEVER(v==0) || db->mallocFailed ) return;
+  pParse->colNamesSet = 1;
+  fullNames = (db->flags & SQLITE_FullColNames)!=0;
+  shortNames = (db->flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)!=0;
+  sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, pEList->nExpr);
+  for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
+    Expr *p;
+    p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
+    if( NEVER(p==0) ) continue;
+    if( pEList->a[i].zName ){
+      char *zName = pEList->a[i].zName;
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zName, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    }else if( (p->op==TK_COLUMN || p->op==TK_AGG_COLUMN) && pTabList ){
+      Table *pTab;
+      char *zCol;
+      int iCol = p->iColumn;
+      for(j=0; ALWAYS(j<pTabList->nSrc); j++){
+        if( pTabList->a[j].iCursor==p->iTable ) break;
+      }
+      assert( j<pTabList->nSrc );
+      pTab = pTabList->a[j].pTab;
+      if( iCol<0 ) iCol = pTab->iPKey;
+      assert( iCol==-1 || (iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol) );
+      if( iCol<0 ){
+        zCol = "rowid";
+      }else{
+        zCol = pTab->aCol[iCol].zName;
+      }
+      if( !shortNames && !fullNames ){
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, 
+            sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pEList->a[i].zSpan), SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+      }else if( fullNames ){
+        char *zName = 0;
+        zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s", pTab->zName, zCol);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zName, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zCol, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      }
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, 
+          sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pEList->a[i].zSpan), SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+    }
+  }
+  generateColumnTypes(pParse, pTabList, pEList);
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a an expression list (which is really the list of expressions
+** that form the result set of a SELECT statement) compute appropriate
+** column names for a table that would hold the expression list.
+**
+** All column names will be unique.
+**
+** Only the column names are computed.  Column.zType, Column.zColl,
+** and other fields of Column are zeroed.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success.  If a memory allocation error occurs,
+** store NULL in *paCol and 0 in *pnCol and return SQLITE_NOMEM.
+*/
+static int selectColumnsFromExprList(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pEList,       /* Expr list from which to derive column names */
+  int *pnCol,             /* Write the number of columns here */
+  Column **paCol          /* Write the new column list here */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;   /* Database connection */
+  int i, j;                   /* Loop counters */
+  int cnt;                    /* Index added to make the name unique */
+  Column *aCol, *pCol;        /* For looping over result columns */
+  int nCol;                   /* Number of columns in the result set */
+  Expr *p;                    /* Expression for a single result column */
+  char *zName;                /* Column name */
+  int nName;                  /* Size of name in zName[] */
+
+  *pnCol = nCol = pEList->nExpr;
+  aCol = *paCol = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(aCol[0])*nCol);
+  if( aCol==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  for(i=0, pCol=aCol; i<nCol; i++, pCol++){
+    /* Get an appropriate name for the column
+    */
+    p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
+    assert( p->pRight==0 || ExprHasProperty(p->pRight, EP_IntValue)
+               || p->pRight->u.zToken==0 || p->pRight->u.zToken[0]!=0 );
+    if( (zName = pEList->a[i].zName)!=0 ){
+      /* If the column contains an "AS <name>" phrase, use <name> as the name */
+      zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zName);
+    }else{
+      Expr *pColExpr = p;  /* The expression that is the result column name */
+      Table *pTab;         /* Table associated with this expression */
+      while( pColExpr->op==TK_DOT ) pColExpr = pColExpr->pRight;
+      if( pColExpr->op==TK_COLUMN && ALWAYS(pColExpr->pTab!=0) ){
+        /* For columns use the column name name */
+        int iCol = pColExpr->iColumn;
+        pTab = pColExpr->pTab;
+        if( iCol<0 ) iCol = pTab->iPKey;
+        zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s",
+                 iCol>=0 ? pTab->aCol[iCol].zName : "rowid");
+      }else if( pColExpr->op==TK_ID ){
+        assert( !ExprHasProperty(pColExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+        zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", pColExpr->u.zToken);
+      }else{
+        /* Use the original text of the column expression as its name */
+        zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", pEList->a[i].zSpan);
+      }
+    }
+    if( db->mallocFailed ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* Make sure the column name is unique.  If the name is not unique,
+    ** append a integer to the name so that it becomes unique.
+    */
+    nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+    for(j=cnt=0; j<i; j++){
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(aCol[j].zName, zName)==0 ){
+        char *zNewName;
+        zName[nName] = 0;
+        zNewName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s:%d", zName, ++cnt);
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
+        zName = zNewName;
+        j = -1;
+        if( zName==0 ) break;
+      }
+    }
+    pCol->zName = zName;
+  }
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    for(j=0; j<i; j++){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, aCol[j].zName);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, aCol);
+    *paCol = 0;
+    *pnCol = 0;
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add type and collation information to a column list based on
+** a SELECT statement.
+** 
+** The column list presumably came from selectColumnNamesFromExprList().
+** The column list has only names, not types or collations.  This
+** routine goes through and adds the types and collations.
+**
+** This routine requires that all identifiers in the SELECT
+** statement be resolved.
+*/
+static void selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing contexts */
+  int nCol,             /* Number of columns */
+  Column *aCol,         /* List of columns */
+  Select *pSelect       /* SELECT used to determine types and collations */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  NameContext sNC;
+  Column *pCol;
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+  int i;
+  Expr *p;
+  struct ExprList_item *a;
+
+  assert( pSelect!=0 );
+  assert( (pSelect->selFlags & SF_Resolved)!=0 );
+  assert( nCol==pSelect->pEList->nExpr || db->mallocFailed );
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
+  memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+  sNC.pSrcList = pSelect->pSrc;
+  a = pSelect->pEList->a;
+  for(i=0, pCol=aCol; i<nCol; i++, pCol++){
+    p = a[i].pExpr;
+    pCol->zType = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, columnType(&sNC, p, 0, 0, 0));
+    pCol->affinity = sqlite3ExprAffinity(p);
+    if( pCol->affinity==0 ) pCol->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
+    if( pColl ){
+      pCol->zColl = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pColl->zName);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a SELECT statement, generate a Table structure that describes
+** the result set of that SELECT.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(Parse *pParse, Select *pSelect){
+  Table *pTab;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int savedFlags;
+
+  savedFlags = db->flags;
+  db->flags &= ~SQLITE_FullColNames;
+  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames;
+  sqlite3SelectPrep(pParse, pSelect, 0);
+  if( pParse->nErr ) return 0;
+  while( pSelect->pPrior ) pSelect = pSelect->pPrior;
+  db->flags = savedFlags;
+  pTab = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table) );
+  if( pTab==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  /* The sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect() is only used n contexts where lookaside
+  ** is disabled */
+  assert( db->lookaside.bEnabled==0 );
+  pTab->nRef = 1;
+  pTab->zName = 0;
+  pTab->nRowEst = 1000000;
+  selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pSelect->pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
+  selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab->nCol, pTab->aCol, pSelect);
+  pTab->iPKey = -1;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pTab);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return pTab;
+}
+
+/*
+** Get a VDBE for the given parser context.  Create a new one if necessary.
+** If an error occurs, return NULL and leave a message in pParse.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3GetVdbe(Parse *pParse){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  if( v==0 ){
+    v = pParse->pVdbe = sqlite3VdbeCreate(pParse->db);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+    if( v ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Trace);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return v;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Compute the iLimit and iOffset fields of the SELECT based on the
+** pLimit and pOffset expressions.  pLimit and pOffset hold the expressions
+** that appear in the original SQL statement after the LIMIT and OFFSET
+** keywords.  Or NULL if those keywords are omitted. iLimit and iOffset 
+** are the integer memory register numbers for counters used to compute 
+** the limit and offset.  If there is no limit and/or offset, then 
+** iLimit and iOffset are negative.
+**
+** This routine changes the values of iLimit and iOffset only if
+** a limit or offset is defined by pLimit and pOffset.  iLimit and
+** iOffset should have been preset to appropriate default values
+** (usually but not always -1) prior to calling this routine.
+** Only if pLimit!=0 or pOffset!=0 do the limit registers get
+** redefined.  The UNION ALL operator uses this property to force
+** the reuse of the same limit and offset registers across multiple
+** SELECT statements.
+*/
+static void computeLimitRegisters(Parse *pParse, Select *p, int iBreak){
+  Vdbe *v = 0;
+  int iLimit = 0;
+  int iOffset;
+  int addr1, n;
+  if( p->iLimit ) return;
+
+  /* 
+  ** "LIMIT -1" always shows all rows.  There is some
+  ** contraversy about what the correct behavior should be.
+  ** The current implementation interprets "LIMIT 0" to mean
+  ** no rows.
+  */
+  sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+  assert( p->pOffset==0 || p->pLimit!=0 );
+  if( p->pLimit ){
+    p->iLimit = iLimit = ++pParse->nMem;
+    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+    if( NEVER(v==0) ) return;  /* VDBE should have already been allocated */
+    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p->pLimit, &n) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, n, iLimit);
+      VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT counter"));
+      if( n==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iBreak);
+      }else{
+        if( p->nSelectRow > (double)n ) p->nSelectRow = (double)n;
+      }
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, p->pLimit, iLimit);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iLimit);
+      VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT counter"));
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit, iBreak);
+    }
+    if( p->pOffset ){
+      p->iOffset = iOffset = ++pParse->nMem;
+      pParse->nMem++;   /* Allocate an extra register for limit+offset */
+      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, p->pOffset, iOffset);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iOffset);
+      VdbeComment((v, "OFFSET counter"));
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iOffset);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iOffset);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, iLimit, iOffset, iOffset+1);
+      VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT+OFFSET"));
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iLimit);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, iOffset+1);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
+/*
+** Return the appropriate collating sequence for the iCol-th column of
+** the result set for the compound-select statement "p".  Return NULL if
+** the column has no default collating sequence.
+**
+** The collating sequence for the compound select is taken from the
+** left-most term of the select that has a collating sequence.
+*/
+static CollSeq *multiSelectCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Select *p, int iCol){
+  CollSeq *pRet;
+  if( p->pPrior ){
+    pRet = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p->pPrior, iCol);
+  }else{
+    pRet = 0;
+  }
+  assert( iCol>=0 );
+  if( pRet==0 && iCol<p->pEList->nExpr ){
+    pRet = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p->pEList->a[iCol].pExpr);
+  }
+  return pRet;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */
+
+/* Forward reference */
+static int multiSelectOrderBy(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
+  Select *p,            /* The right-most of SELECTs to be coded */
+  SelectDest *pDest     /* What to do with query results */
+);
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
+/*
+** This routine is called to process a compound query form from
+** two or more separate queries using UNION, UNION ALL, EXCEPT, or
+** INTERSECT
+**
+** "p" points to the right-most of the two queries.  the query on the
+** left is p->pPrior.  The left query could also be a compound query
+** in which case this routine will be called recursively. 
+**
+** The results of the total query are to be written into a destination
+** of type eDest with parameter iParm.
+**
+** Example 1:  Consider a three-way compound SQL statement.
+**
+**     SELECT a FROM t1 UNION SELECT b FROM t2 UNION SELECT c FROM t3
+**
+** This statement is parsed up as follows:
+**
+**     SELECT c FROM t3
+**      |
+**      `----->  SELECT b FROM t2
+**                |
+**                `------>  SELECT a FROM t1
+**
+** The arrows in the diagram above represent the Select.pPrior pointer.
+** So if this routine is called with p equal to the t3 query, then
+** pPrior will be the t2 query.  p->op will be TK_UNION in this case.
+**
+** Notice that because of the way SQLite parses compound SELECTs, the
+** individual selects always group from left to right.
+*/
+static int multiSelect(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
+  Select *p,            /* The right-most of SELECTs to be coded */
+  SelectDest *pDest     /* What to do with query results */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;   /* Success code from a subroutine */
+  Select *pPrior;       /* Another SELECT immediately to our left */
+  Vdbe *v;              /* Generate code to this VDBE */
+  SelectDest dest;      /* Alternative data destination */
+  Select *pDelete = 0;  /* Chain of simple selects to delete */
+  sqlite3 *db;          /* Database connection */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  int iSub1;            /* EQP id of left-hand query */
+  int iSub2;            /* EQP id of right-hand query */
+#endif
+
+  /* Make sure there is no ORDER BY or LIMIT clause on prior SELECTs.  Only
+  ** the last (right-most) SELECT in the series may have an ORDER BY or LIMIT.
+  */
+  assert( p && p->pPrior );  /* Calling function guarantees this much */
+  db = pParse->db;
+  pPrior = p->pPrior;
+  assert( pPrior->pRightmost!=pPrior );
+  assert( pPrior->pRightmost==p->pRightmost );
+  dest = *pDest;
+  if( pPrior->pOrderBy ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"ORDER BY clause should come after %s not before",
+      selectOpName(p->op));
+    rc = 1;
+    goto multi_select_end;
+  }
+  if( pPrior->pLimit ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"LIMIT clause should come after %s not before",
+      selectOpName(p->op));
+    rc = 1;
+    goto multi_select_end;
+  }
+
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  assert( v!=0 );  /* The VDBE already created by calling function */
+
+  /* Create the destination temporary table if necessary
+  */
+  if( dest.eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
+    assert( p->pEList );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, dest.iParm, p->pEList->nExpr);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
+    dest.eDest = SRT_Table;
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure all SELECTs in the statement have the same number of elements
+  ** in their result sets.
+  */
+  assert( p->pEList && pPrior->pEList );
+  if( p->pEList->nExpr!=pPrior->pEList->nExpr ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "SELECTs to the left and right of %s"
+      " do not have the same number of result columns", selectOpName(p->op));
+    rc = 1;
+    goto multi_select_end;
+  }
+
+  /* Compound SELECTs that have an ORDER BY clause are handled separately.
+  */
+  if( p->pOrderBy ){
+    return multiSelectOrderBy(pParse, p, pDest);
+  }
+
+  /* Generate code for the left and right SELECT statements.
+  */
+  switch( p->op ){
+    case TK_ALL: {
+      int addr = 0;
+      int nLimit;
+      assert( !pPrior->pLimit );
+      pPrior->pLimit = p->pLimit;
+      pPrior->pOffset = p->pOffset;
+      explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
+      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &dest);
+      p->pLimit = 0;
+      p->pOffset = 0;
+      if( rc ){
+        goto multi_select_end;
+      }
+      p->pPrior = 0;
+      p->iLimit = pPrior->iLimit;
+      p->iOffset = pPrior->iOffset;
+      if( p->iLimit ){
+        addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit);
+        VdbeComment((v, "Jump ahead if LIMIT reached"));
+      }
+      explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
+      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &dest);
+      testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+      pDelete = p->pPrior;
+      p->pPrior = pPrior;
+      p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
+      if( pPrior->pLimit
+       && sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pPrior->pLimit, &nLimit)
+       && p->nSelectRow > (double)nLimit 
+      ){
+        p->nSelectRow = (double)nLimit;
+      }
+      if( addr ){
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case TK_EXCEPT:
+    case TK_UNION: {
+      int unionTab;    /* Cursor number of the temporary table holding result */
+      u8 op = 0;       /* One of the SRT_ operations to apply to self */
+      int priorOp;     /* The SRT_ operation to apply to prior selects */
+      Expr *pLimit, *pOffset; /* Saved values of p->nLimit and p->nOffset */
+      int addr;
+      SelectDest uniondest;
+
+      testcase( p->op==TK_EXCEPT );
+      testcase( p->op==TK_UNION );
+      priorOp = SRT_Union;
+      if( dest.eDest==priorOp && ALWAYS(!p->pLimit &&!p->pOffset) ){
+        /* We can reuse a temporary table generated by a SELECT to our
+        ** right.
+        */
+        assert( p->pRightmost!=p );  /* Can only happen for leftward elements
+                                     ** of a 3-way or more compound */
+        assert( p->pLimit==0 );      /* Not allowed on leftward elements */
+        assert( p->pOffset==0 );     /* Not allowed on leftward elements */
+        unionTab = dest.iParm;
+      }else{
+        /* We will need to create our own temporary table to hold the
+        ** intermediate results.
+        */
+        unionTab = pParse->nTab++;
+        assert( p->pOrderBy==0 );
+        addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, unionTab, 0);
+        assert( p->addrOpenEphm[0] == -1 );
+        p->addrOpenEphm[0] = addr;
+        p->pRightmost->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
+        assert( p->pEList );
+      }
+
+      /* Code the SELECT statements to our left
+      */
+      assert( !pPrior->pOrderBy );
+      sqlite3SelectDestInit(&uniondest, priorOp, unionTab);
+      explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
+      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &uniondest);
+      if( rc ){
+        goto multi_select_end;
+      }
+
+      /* Code the current SELECT statement
+      */
+      if( p->op==TK_EXCEPT ){
+        op = SRT_Except;
+      }else{
+        assert( p->op==TK_UNION );
+        op = SRT_Union;
+      }
+      p->pPrior = 0;
+      pLimit = p->pLimit;
+      p->pLimit = 0;
+      pOffset = p->pOffset;
+      p->pOffset = 0;
+      uniondest.eDest = op;
+      explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
+      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &uniondest);
+      testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+      /* Query flattening in sqlite3Select() might refill p->pOrderBy.
+      ** Be sure to delete p->pOrderBy, therefore, to avoid a memory leak. */
+      sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pOrderBy);
+      pDelete = p->pPrior;
+      p->pPrior = pPrior;
+      p->pOrderBy = 0;
+      if( p->op==TK_UNION ) p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
+      p->pLimit = pLimit;
+      p->pOffset = pOffset;
+      p->iLimit = 0;
+      p->iOffset = 0;
+
+      /* Convert the data in the temporary table into whatever form
+      ** it is that we currently need.
+      */
+      assert( unionTab==dest.iParm || dest.eDest!=priorOp );
+      if( dest.eDest!=priorOp ){
+        int iCont, iBreak, iStart;
+        assert( p->pEList );
+        if( dest.eDest==SRT_Output ){
+          Select *pFirst = p;
+          while( pFirst->pPrior ) pFirst = pFirst->pPrior;
+          generateColumnNames(pParse, 0, pFirst->pEList);
+        }
+        iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+        iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+        computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, unionTab, iBreak);
+        iStart = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+        selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, unionTab, p->pEList->nExpr,
+                        0, -1, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
+        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iCont);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, unionTab, iStart);
+        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iBreak);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, unionTab, 0);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: assert( p->op==TK_INTERSECT ); {
+      int tab1, tab2;
+      int iCont, iBreak, iStart;
+      Expr *pLimit, *pOffset;
+      int addr;
+      SelectDest intersectdest;
+      int r1;
+
+      /* INTERSECT is different from the others since it requires
+      ** two temporary tables.  Hence it has its own case.  Begin
+      ** by allocating the tables we will need.
+      */
+      tab1 = pParse->nTab++;
+      tab2 = pParse->nTab++;
+      assert( p->pOrderBy==0 );
+
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, tab1, 0);
+      assert( p->addrOpenEphm[0] == -1 );
+      p->addrOpenEphm[0] = addr;
+      p->pRightmost->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
+      assert( p->pEList );
+
+      /* Code the SELECTs to our left into temporary table "tab1".
+      */
+      sqlite3SelectDestInit(&intersectdest, SRT_Union, tab1);
+      explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
+      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &intersectdest);
+      if( rc ){
+        goto multi_select_end;
+      }
+
+      /* Code the current SELECT into temporary table "tab2"
+      */
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, tab2, 0);
+      assert( p->addrOpenEphm[1] == -1 );
+      p->addrOpenEphm[1] = addr;
+      p->pPrior = 0;
+      pLimit = p->pLimit;
+      p->pLimit = 0;
+      pOffset = p->pOffset;
+      p->pOffset = 0;
+      intersectdest.iParm = tab2;
+      explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
+      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &intersectdest);
+      testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+      pDelete = p->pPrior;
+      p->pPrior = pPrior;
+      if( p->nSelectRow>pPrior->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pPrior->nSelectRow;
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
+      p->pLimit = pLimit;
+      p->pOffset = pOffset;
+
+      /* Generate code to take the intersection of the two temporary
+      ** tables.
+      */
+      assert( p->pEList );
+      if( dest.eDest==SRT_Output ){
+        Select *pFirst = p;
+        while( pFirst->pPrior ) pFirst = pFirst->pPrior;
+        generateColumnNames(pParse, 0, pFirst->pEList);
+      }
+      iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, tab1, iBreak);
+      r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      iStart = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, tab1, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, tab2, iCont, r1, 0);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, tab1, p->pEList->nExpr,
+                      0, -1, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iCont);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, tab1, iStart);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iBreak);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, tab2, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, tab1, 0);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  explainComposite(pParse, p->op, iSub1, iSub2, p->op!=TK_ALL);
+
+  /* Compute collating sequences used by 
+  ** temporary tables needed to implement the compound select.
+  ** Attach the KeyInfo structure to all temporary tables.
+  **
+  ** This section is run by the right-most SELECT statement only.
+  ** SELECT statements to the left always skip this part.  The right-most
+  ** SELECT might also skip this part if it has no ORDER BY clause and
+  ** no temp tables are required.
+  */
+  if( p->selFlags & SF_UsesEphemeral ){
+    int i;                        /* Loop counter */
+    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;            /* Collating sequence for the result set */
+    Select *pLoop;                /* For looping through SELECT statements */
+    CollSeq **apColl;             /* For looping through pKeyInfo->aColl[] */
+    int nCol;                     /* Number of columns in result set */
+
+    assert( p->pRightmost==p );
+    nCol = p->pEList->nExpr;
+    pKeyInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db,
+                       sizeof(*pKeyInfo)+nCol*(sizeof(CollSeq*) + 1));
+    if( !pKeyInfo ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      goto multi_select_end;
+    }
+
+    pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(db);
+    pKeyInfo->nField = (u16)nCol;
+
+    for(i=0, apColl=pKeyInfo->aColl; i<nCol; i++, apColl++){
+      *apColl = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, i);
+      if( 0==*apColl ){
+        *apColl = db->pDfltColl;
+      }
+    }
+
+    for(pLoop=p; pLoop; pLoop=pLoop->pPrior){
+      for(i=0; i<2; i++){
+        int addr = pLoop->addrOpenEphm[i];
+        if( addr<0 ){
+          /* If [0] is unused then [1] is also unused.  So we can
+          ** always safely abort as soon as the first unused slot is found */
+          assert( pLoop->addrOpenEphm[1]<0 );
+          break;
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr, nCol);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+        pLoop->addrOpenEphm[i] = -1;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pKeyInfo);
+  }
+
+multi_select_end:
+  pDest->iMem = dest.iMem;
+  pDest->nMem = dest.nMem;
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pDelete);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */
+
+/*
+** Code an output subroutine for a coroutine implementation of a
+** SELECT statment.
+**
+** The data to be output is contained in pIn->iMem.  There are
+** pIn->nMem columns to be output.  pDest is where the output should
+** be sent.
+**
+** regReturn is the number of the register holding the subroutine
+** return address.
+**
+** If regPrev>0 then it is the first register in a vector that
+** records the previous output.  mem[regPrev] is a flag that is false
+** if there has been no previous output.  If regPrev>0 then code is
+** generated to suppress duplicates.  pKeyInfo is used for comparing
+** keys.
+**
+** If the LIMIT found in p->iLimit is reached, jump immediately to
+** iBreak.
+*/
+static int generateOutputSubroutine(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  Select *p,              /* The SELECT statement */
+  SelectDest *pIn,        /* Coroutine supplying data */
+  SelectDest *pDest,      /* Where to send the data */
+  int regReturn,          /* The return address register */
+  int regPrev,            /* Previous result register.  No uniqueness if 0 */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo,      /* For comparing with previous entry */
+  int p4type,             /* The p4 type for pKeyInfo */
+  int iBreak              /* Jump here if we hit the LIMIT */
+){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int iContinue;
+  int addr;
+
+  addr = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+  iContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+
+  /* Suppress duplicates for UNION, EXCEPT, and INTERSECT 
+  */
+  if( regPrev ){
+    int j1, j2;
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regPrev);
+    j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, pIn->iMem, regPrev+1, pIn->nMem,
+                              (char*)pKeyInfo, p4type);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j2+2, iContinue, j2+2);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+    sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(pParse, pIn->iMem, regPrev+1, pIn->nMem);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regPrev);
+  }
+  if( pParse->db->mallocFailed ) return 0;
+
+  /* Suppress the the first OFFSET entries if there is an OFFSET clause
+  */
+  codeOffset(v, p, iContinue);
+
+  switch( pDest->eDest ){
+    /* Store the result as data using a unique key.
+    */
+    case SRT_Table:
+    case SRT_EphemTab: {
+      int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      int r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      testcase( pDest->eDest==SRT_Table );
+      testcase( pDest->eDest==SRT_EphemTab );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iMem, pIn->nMem, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, pDest->iParm, r2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, pDest->iParm, r1, r2);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r2);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      break;
+    }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+    /* If we are creating a set for an "expr IN (SELECT ...)" construct,
+    ** then there should be a single item on the stack.  Write this
+    ** item into the set table with bogus data.
+    */
+    case SRT_Set: {
+      int r1;
+      assert( pIn->nMem==1 );
+      p->affinity = 
+         sqlite3CompareAffinity(p->pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affinity);
+      r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iMem, 1, r1, &p->affinity, 1);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iMem, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pDest->iParm, r1);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      break;
+    }
+
+#if 0  /* Never occurs on an ORDER BY query */
+    /* If any row exist in the result set, record that fact and abort.
+    */
+    case SRT_Exists: {
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, pDest->iParm);
+      /* The LIMIT clause will terminate the loop for us */
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* If this is a scalar select that is part of an expression, then
+    ** store the results in the appropriate memory cell and break out
+    ** of the scan loop.
+    */
+    case SRT_Mem: {
+      assert( pIn->nMem==1 );
+      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iMem, pDest->iParm, 1);
+      /* The LIMIT clause will jump out of the loop for us */
+      break;
+    }
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
+
+    /* The results are stored in a sequence of registers
+    ** starting at pDest->iMem.  Then the co-routine yields.
+    */
+    case SRT_Coroutine: {
+      if( pDest->iMem==0 ){
+        pDest->iMem = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIn->nMem);
+        pDest->nMem = pIn->nMem;
+      }
+      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iMem, pDest->iMem, pDest->nMem);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iParm);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* If none of the above, then the result destination must be
+    ** SRT_Output.  This routine is never called with any other
+    ** destination other than the ones handled above or SRT_Output.
+    **
+    ** For SRT_Output, results are stored in a sequence of registers.  
+    ** Then the OP_ResultRow opcode is used to cause sqlite3_step() to
+    ** return the next row of result.
+    */
+    default: {
+      assert( pDest->eDest==SRT_Output );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pIn->iMem, pIn->nMem);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iMem, pIn->nMem);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Jump to the end of the loop if the LIMIT is reached.
+  */
+  if( p->iLimit ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1);
+  }
+
+  /* Generate the subroutine return
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iContinue);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regReturn);
+
+  return addr;
+}
+
+/*
+** Alternative compound select code generator for cases when there
+** is an ORDER BY clause.
+**
+** We assume a query of the following form:
+**
+**      <selectA>  <operator>  <selectB>  ORDER BY <orderbylist>
+**
+** <operator> is one of UNION ALL, UNION, EXCEPT, or INTERSECT.  The idea
+** is to code both <selectA> and <selectB> with the ORDER BY clause as
+** co-routines.  Then run the co-routines in parallel and merge the results
+** into the output.  In addition to the two coroutines (called selectA and
+** selectB) there are 7 subroutines:
+**
+**    outA:    Move the output of the selectA coroutine into the output
+**             of the compound query.
+**
+**    outB:    Move the output of the selectB coroutine into the output
+**             of the compound query.  (Only generated for UNION and
+**             UNION ALL.  EXCEPT and INSERTSECT never output a row that
+**             appears only in B.)
+**
+**    AltB:    Called when there is data from both coroutines and A<B.
+**
+**    AeqB:    Called when there is data from both coroutines and A==B.
+**
+**    AgtB:    Called when there is data from both coroutines and A>B.
+**
+**    EofA:    Called when data is exhausted from selectA.
+**
+**    EofB:    Called when data is exhausted from selectB.
+**
+** The implementation of the latter five subroutines depend on which 
+** <operator> is used:
+**
+**
+**             UNION ALL         UNION            EXCEPT          INTERSECT
+**          -------------  -----------------  --------------  -----------------
+**   AltB:   outA, nextA      outA, nextA       outA, nextA         nextA
+**
+**   AeqB:   outA, nextA         nextA             nextA         outA, nextA
+**
+**   AgtB:   outB, nextB      outB, nextB          nextB            nextB
+**
+**   EofA:   outB, nextB      outB, nextB          halt             halt
+**
+**   EofB:   outA, nextA      outA, nextA       outA, nextA         halt
+**
+** In the AltB, AeqB, and AgtB subroutines, an EOF on A following nextA
+** causes an immediate jump to EofA and an EOF on B following nextB causes
+** an immediate jump to EofB.  Within EofA and EofB, and EOF on entry or
+** following nextX causes a jump to the end of the select processing.
+**
+** Duplicate removal in the UNION, EXCEPT, and INTERSECT cases is handled
+** within the output subroutine.  The regPrev register set holds the previously
+** output value.  A comparison is made against this value and the output
+** is skipped if the next results would be the same as the previous.
+**
+** The implementation plan is to implement the two coroutines and seven
+** subroutines first, then put the control logic at the bottom.  Like this:
+**
+**          goto Init
+**     coA: coroutine for left query (A)
+**     coB: coroutine for right query (B)
+**    outA: output one row of A
+**    outB: output one row of B (UNION and UNION ALL only)
+**    EofA: ...
+**    EofB: ...
+**    AltB: ...
+**    AeqB: ...
+**    AgtB: ...
+**    Init: initialize coroutine registers
+**          yield coA
+**          if eof(A) goto EofA
+**          yield coB
+**          if eof(B) goto EofB
+**    Cmpr: Compare A, B
+**          Jump AltB, AeqB, AgtB
+**     End: ...
+**
+** We call AltB, AeqB, AgtB, EofA, and EofB "subroutines" but they are not
+** actually called using Gosub and they do not Return.  EofA and EofB loop
+** until all data is exhausted then jump to the "end" labe.  AltB, AeqB,
+** and AgtB jump to either L2 or to one of EofA or EofB.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
+static int multiSelectOrderBy(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
+  Select *p,            /* The right-most of SELECTs to be coded */
+  SelectDest *pDest     /* What to do with query results */
+){
+  int i, j;             /* Loop counters */
+  Select *pPrior;       /* Another SELECT immediately to our left */
+  Vdbe *v;              /* Generate code to this VDBE */
+  SelectDest destA;     /* Destination for coroutine A */
+  SelectDest destB;     /* Destination for coroutine B */
+  int regAddrA;         /* Address register for select-A coroutine */
+  int regEofA;          /* Flag to indicate when select-A is complete */
+  int regAddrB;         /* Address register for select-B coroutine */
+  int regEofB;          /* Flag to indicate when select-B is complete */
+  int addrSelectA;      /* Address of the select-A coroutine */
+  int addrSelectB;      /* Address of the select-B coroutine */
+  int regOutA;          /* Address register for the output-A subroutine */
+  int regOutB;          /* Address register for the output-B subroutine */
+  int addrOutA;         /* Address of the output-A subroutine */
+  int addrOutB = 0;     /* Address of the output-B subroutine */
+  int addrEofA;         /* Address of the select-A-exhausted subroutine */
+  int addrEofB;         /* Address of the select-B-exhausted subroutine */
+  int addrAltB;         /* Address of the A<B subroutine */
+  int addrAeqB;         /* Address of the A==B subroutine */
+  int addrAgtB;         /* Address of the A>B subroutine */
+  int regLimitA;        /* Limit register for select-A */
+  int regLimitB;        /* Limit register for select-A */
+  int regPrev;          /* A range of registers to hold previous output */
+  int savedLimit;       /* Saved value of p->iLimit */
+  int savedOffset;      /* Saved value of p->iOffset */
+  int labelCmpr;        /* Label for the start of the merge algorithm */
+  int labelEnd;         /* Label for the end of the overall SELECT stmt */
+  int j1;               /* Jump instructions that get retargetted */
+  int op;               /* One of TK_ALL, TK_UNION, TK_EXCEPT, TK_INTERSECT */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyDup = 0; /* Comparison information for duplicate removal */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyMerge;   /* Comparison information for merging rows */
+  sqlite3 *db;          /* Database connection */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;   /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  int nOrderBy;         /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
+  int *aPermute;        /* Mapping from ORDER BY terms to result set columns */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  int iSub1;            /* EQP id of left-hand query */
+  int iSub2;            /* EQP id of right-hand query */
+#endif
+
+  assert( p->pOrderBy!=0 );
+  assert( pKeyDup==0 ); /* "Managed" code needs this.  Ticket #3382. */
+  db = pParse->db;
+  v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  assert( v!=0 );       /* Already thrown the error if VDBE alloc failed */
+  labelEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  labelCmpr = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+
+
+  /* Patch up the ORDER BY clause
+  */
+  op = p->op;  
+  pPrior = p->pPrior;
+  assert( pPrior->pOrderBy==0 );
+  pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+  assert( pOrderBy );
+  nOrderBy = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+
+  /* For operators other than UNION ALL we have to make sure that
+  ** the ORDER BY clause covers every term of the result set.  Add
+  ** terms to the ORDER BY clause as necessary.
+  */
+  if( op!=TK_ALL ){
+    for(i=1; db->mallocFailed==0 && i<=p->pEList->nExpr; i++){
+      struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+      for(j=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; j<nOrderBy; j++, pItem++){
+        assert( pItem->iCol>0 );
+        if( pItem->iCol==i ) break;
+      }
+      if( j==nOrderBy ){
+        Expr *pNew = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_INTEGER, 0);
+        if( pNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        pNew->flags |= EP_IntValue;
+        pNew->u.iValue = i;
+        pOrderBy = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pOrderBy, pNew);
+        pOrderBy->a[nOrderBy++].iCol = (u16)i;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Compute the comparison permutation and keyinfo that is used with
+  ** the permutation used to determine if the next
+  ** row of results comes from selectA or selectB.  Also add explicit
+  ** collations to the ORDER BY clause terms so that when the subqueries
+  ** to the right and the left are evaluated, they use the correct
+  ** collation.
+  */
+  aPermute = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*nOrderBy);
+  if( aPermute ){
+    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+    for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<nOrderBy; i++, pItem++){
+      assert( pItem->iCol>0  && pItem->iCol<=p->pEList->nExpr );
+      aPermute[i] = pItem->iCol - 1;
+    }
+    pKeyMerge =
+      sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pKeyMerge)+nOrderBy*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1));
+    if( pKeyMerge ){
+      pKeyMerge->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pKeyMerge->aColl[nOrderBy];
+      pKeyMerge->nField = (u16)nOrderBy;
+      pKeyMerge->enc = ENC(db);
+      for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
+        CollSeq *pColl;
+        Expr *pTerm = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
+        if( pTerm->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
+          pColl = pTerm->pColl;
+        }else{
+          pColl = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, aPermute[i]);
+          pTerm->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
+          pTerm->pColl = pColl;
+        }
+        pKeyMerge->aColl[i] = pColl;
+        pKeyMerge->aSortOrder[i] = pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder;
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    pKeyMerge = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Reattach the ORDER BY clause to the query.
+  */
+  p->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+  pPrior->pOrderBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(pParse->db, pOrderBy, 0);
+
+  /* Allocate a range of temporary registers and the KeyInfo needed
+  ** for the logic that removes duplicate result rows when the
+  ** operator is UNION, EXCEPT, or INTERSECT (but not UNION ALL).
+  */
+  if( op==TK_ALL ){
+    regPrev = 0;
+  }else{
+    int nExpr = p->pEList->nExpr;
+    assert( nOrderBy>=nExpr || db->mallocFailed );
+    regPrev = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nExpr+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regPrev);
+    pKeyDup = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db,
+                  sizeof(*pKeyDup) + nExpr*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1) );
+    if( pKeyDup ){
+      pKeyDup->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pKeyDup->aColl[nExpr];
+      pKeyDup->nField = (u16)nExpr;
+      pKeyDup->enc = ENC(db);
+      for(i=0; i<nExpr; i++){
+        pKeyDup->aColl[i] = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, i);
+        pKeyDup->aSortOrder[i] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+ 
+  /* Separate the left and the right query from one another
+  */
+  p->pPrior = 0;
+  sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, p, p->pOrderBy, "ORDER");
+  if( pPrior->pPrior==0 ){
+    sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, pPrior, pPrior->pOrderBy, "ORDER");
+  }
+
+  /* Compute the limit registers */
+  computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, labelEnd);
+  if( p->iLimit && op==TK_ALL ){
+    regLimitA = ++pParse->nMem;
+    regLimitB = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, p->iOffset ? p->iOffset+1 : p->iLimit,
+                                  regLimitA);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, regLimitA, regLimitB);
+  }else{
+    regLimitA = regLimitB = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
+  p->pLimit = 0;
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pOffset);
+  p->pOffset = 0;
+
+  regAddrA = ++pParse->nMem;
+  regEofA = ++pParse->nMem;
+  regAddrB = ++pParse->nMem;
+  regEofB = ++pParse->nMem;
+  regOutA = ++pParse->nMem;
+  regOutB = ++pParse->nMem;
+  sqlite3SelectDestInit(&destA, SRT_Coroutine, regAddrA);
+  sqlite3SelectDestInit(&destB, SRT_Coroutine, regAddrB);
+
+  /* Jump past the various subroutines and coroutines to the main
+  ** merge loop
+  */
+  j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+  addrSelectA = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+
+
+  /* Generate a coroutine to evaluate the SELECT statement to the
+  ** left of the compound operator - the "A" select.
+  */
+  VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin coroutine for left SELECT"));
+  pPrior->iLimit = regLimitA;
+  explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &destA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEofA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
+  VdbeNoopComment((v, "End coroutine for left SELECT"));
+
+  /* Generate a coroutine to evaluate the SELECT statement on 
+  ** the right - the "B" select
+  */
+  addrSelectB = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+  VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin coroutine for right SELECT"));
+  savedLimit = p->iLimit;
+  savedOffset = p->iOffset;
+  p->iLimit = regLimitB;
+  p->iOffset = 0;  
+  explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &destB);
+  p->iLimit = savedLimit;
+  p->iOffset = savedOffset;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEofB);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
+  VdbeNoopComment((v, "End coroutine for right SELECT"));
+
+  /* Generate a subroutine that outputs the current row of the A
+  ** select as the next output row of the compound select.
+  */
+  VdbeNoopComment((v, "Output routine for A"));
+  addrOutA = generateOutputSubroutine(pParse,
+                 p, &destA, pDest, regOutA,
+                 regPrev, pKeyDup, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF, labelEnd);
+  
+  /* Generate a subroutine that outputs the current row of the B
+  ** select as the next output row of the compound select.
+  */
+  if( op==TK_ALL || op==TK_UNION ){
+    VdbeNoopComment((v, "Output routine for B"));
+    addrOutB = generateOutputSubroutine(pParse,
+                 p, &destB, pDest, regOutB,
+                 regPrev, pKeyDup, P4_KEYINFO_STATIC, labelEnd);
+  }
+
+  /* Generate a subroutine to run when the results from select A
+  ** are exhausted and only data in select B remains.
+  */
+  VdbeNoopComment((v, "eof-A subroutine"));
+  if( op==TK_EXCEPT || op==TK_INTERSECT ){
+    addrEofA = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelEnd);
+  }else{  
+    addrEofA = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofB, labelEnd);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutB, addrOutB);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrEofA);
+    p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
+  }
+
+  /* Generate a subroutine to run when the results from select B
+  ** are exhausted and only data in select A remains.
+  */
+  if( op==TK_INTERSECT ){
+    addrEofB = addrEofA;
+    if( p->nSelectRow > pPrior->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pPrior->nSelectRow;
+  }else{  
+    VdbeNoopComment((v, "eof-B subroutine"));
+    addrEofB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, labelEnd);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutA, addrOutA);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrEofB);
+  }
+
+  /* Generate code to handle the case of A<B
+  */
+  VdbeNoopComment((v, "A-lt-B subroutine"));
+  addrAltB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutA, addrOutA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, addrEofA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelCmpr);
+
+  /* Generate code to handle the case of A==B
+  */
+  if( op==TK_ALL ){
+    addrAeqB = addrAltB;
+  }else if( op==TK_INTERSECT ){
+    addrAeqB = addrAltB;
+    addrAltB++;
+  }else{
+    VdbeNoopComment((v, "A-eq-B subroutine"));
+    addrAeqB =
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, addrEofA);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelCmpr);
+  }
+
+  /* Generate code to handle the case of A>B
+  */
+  VdbeNoopComment((v, "A-gt-B subroutine"));
+  addrAgtB = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+  if( op==TK_ALL || op==TK_UNION ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutB, addrOutB);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofB, addrEofB);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelCmpr);
+
+  /* This code runs once to initialize everything.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regEofA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regEofB);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regAddrA, addrSelectA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regAddrB, addrSelectB);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, addrEofA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofB, addrEofB);
+
+  /* Implement the main merge loop
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelCmpr);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Permutation, 0, 0, 0, (char*)aPermute, P4_INTARRAY);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, destA.iMem, destB.iMem, nOrderBy,
+                         (char*)pKeyMerge, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, addrAltB, addrAeqB, addrAgtB);
+
+  /* Release temporary registers
+  */
+  if( regPrev ){
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regPrev, nOrderBy+1);
+  }
+
+  /* Jump to the this point in order to terminate the query.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelEnd);
+
+  /* Set the number of output columns
+  */
+  if( pDest->eDest==SRT_Output ){
+    Select *pFirst = pPrior;
+    while( pFirst->pPrior ) pFirst = pFirst->pPrior;
+    generateColumnNames(pParse, 0, pFirst->pEList);
+  }
+
+  /* Reassembly the compound query so that it will be freed correctly
+  ** by the calling function */
+  if( p->pPrior ){
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, p->pPrior);
+  }
+  p->pPrior = pPrior;
+
+  /*** TBD:  Insert subroutine calls to close cursors on incomplete
+  **** subqueries ****/
+  explainComposite(pParse, p->op, iSub1, iSub2, 0);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
+/* Forward Declarations */
+static void substExprList(sqlite3*, ExprList*, int, ExprList*);
+static void substSelect(sqlite3*, Select *, int, ExprList *);
+
+/*
+** Scan through the expression pExpr.  Replace every reference to
+** a column in table number iTable with a copy of the iColumn-th
+** entry in pEList.  (But leave references to the ROWID column 
+** unchanged.)
+**
+** This routine is part of the flattening procedure.  A subquery
+** whose result set is defined by pEList appears as entry in the
+** FROM clause of a SELECT such that the VDBE cursor assigned to that
+** FORM clause entry is iTable.  This routine make the necessary 
+** changes to pExpr so that it refers directly to the source table
+** of the subquery rather the result set of the subquery.
+*/
+static Expr *substExpr(
+  sqlite3 *db,        /* Report malloc errors to this connection */
+  Expr *pExpr,        /* Expr in which substitution occurs */
+  int iTable,         /* Table to be substituted */
+  ExprList *pEList    /* Substitute expressions */
+){
+  if( pExpr==0 ) return 0;
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN && pExpr->iTable==iTable ){
+    if( pExpr->iColumn<0 ){
+      pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
+    }else{
+      Expr *pNew;
+      assert( pEList!=0 && pExpr->iColumn<pEList->nExpr );
+      assert( pExpr->pLeft==0 && pExpr->pRight==0 );
+      pNew = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pEList->a[pExpr->iColumn].pExpr, 0);
+      if( pNew && pExpr->pColl ){
+        pNew->pColl = pExpr->pColl;
+      }
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
+      pExpr = pNew;
+    }
+  }else{
+    pExpr->pLeft = substExpr(db, pExpr->pLeft, iTable, pEList);
+    pExpr->pRight = substExpr(db, pExpr->pRight, iTable, pEList);
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+      substSelect(db, pExpr->x.pSelect, iTable, pEList);
+    }else{
+      substExprList(db, pExpr->x.pList, iTable, pEList);
+    }
+  }
+  return pExpr;
+}
+static void substExprList(
+  sqlite3 *db,         /* Report malloc errors here */
+  ExprList *pList,     /* List to scan and in which to make substitutes */
+  int iTable,          /* Table to be substituted */
+  ExprList *pEList     /* Substitute values */
+){
+  int i;
+  if( pList==0 ) return;
+  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+    pList->a[i].pExpr = substExpr(db, pList->a[i].pExpr, iTable, pEList);
+  }
+}
+static void substSelect(
+  sqlite3 *db,         /* Report malloc errors here */
+  Select *p,           /* SELECT statement in which to make substitutions */
+  int iTable,          /* Table to be replaced */
+  ExprList *pEList     /* Substitute values */
+){
+  SrcList *pSrc;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  int i;
+  if( !p ) return;
+  substExprList(db, p->pEList, iTable, pEList);
+  substExprList(db, p->pGroupBy, iTable, pEList);
+  substExprList(db, p->pOrderBy, iTable, pEList);
+  p->pHaving = substExpr(db, p->pHaving, iTable, pEList);
+  p->pWhere = substExpr(db, p->pWhere, iTable, pEList);
+  substSelect(db, p->pPrior, iTable, pEList);
+  pSrc = p->pSrc;
+  assert( pSrc );  /* Even for (SELECT 1) we have: pSrc!=0 but pSrc->nSrc==0 */
+  if( ALWAYS(pSrc) ){
+    for(i=pSrc->nSrc, pItem=pSrc->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
+      substSelect(db, pItem->pSelect, iTable, pEList);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) */
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
+/*
+** This routine attempts to flatten subqueries in order to speed
+** execution.  It returns 1 if it makes changes and 0 if no flattening
+** occurs.
+**
+** To understand the concept of flattening, consider the following
+** query:
+**
+**     SELECT a FROM (SELECT x+y AS a FROM t1 WHERE z<100) WHERE a>5
+**
+** The default way of implementing this query is to execute the
+** subquery first and store the results in a temporary table, then
+** run the outer query on that temporary table.  This requires two
+** passes over the data.  Furthermore, because the temporary table
+** has no indices, the WHERE clause on the outer query cannot be
+** optimized.
+**
+** This routine attempts to rewrite queries such as the above into
+** a single flat select, like this:
+**
+**     SELECT x+y AS a FROM t1 WHERE z<100 AND a>5
+**
+** The code generated for this simpification gives the same result
+** but only has to scan the data once.  And because indices might 
+** exist on the table t1, a complete scan of the data might be
+** avoided.
+**
+** Flattening is only attempted if all of the following are true:
+**
+**   (1)  The subquery and the outer query do not both use aggregates.
+**
+**   (2)  The subquery is not an aggregate or the outer query is not a join.
+**
+**   (3)  The subquery is not the right operand of a left outer join
+**        (Originally ticket #306.  Strengthened by ticket #3300)
+**
+**   (4)  The subquery is not DISTINCT.
+**
+**  (**)  At one point restrictions (4) and (5) defined a subset of DISTINCT
+**        sub-queries that were excluded from this optimization. Restriction 
+**        (4) has since been expanded to exclude all DISTINCT subqueries.
+**
+**   (6)  The subquery does not use aggregates or the outer query is not
+**        DISTINCT.
+**
+**   (7)  The subquery has a FROM clause.
+**
+**   (8)  The subquery does not use LIMIT or the outer query is not a join.
+**
+**   (9)  The subquery does not use LIMIT or the outer query does not use
+**        aggregates.
+**
+**  (10)  The subquery does not use aggregates or the outer query does not
+**        use LIMIT.
+**
+**  (11)  The subquery and the outer query do not both have ORDER BY clauses.
+**
+**  (**)  Not implemented.  Subsumed into restriction (3).  Was previously
+**        a separate restriction deriving from ticket #350.
+**
+**  (13)  The subquery and outer query do not both use LIMIT.
+**
+**  (14)  The subquery does not use OFFSET.
+**
+**  (15)  The outer query is not part of a compound select or the
+**        subquery does not have a LIMIT clause.
+**        (See ticket #2339 and ticket [02a8e81d44]).
+**
+**  (16)  The outer query is not an aggregate or the subquery does
+**        not contain ORDER BY.  (Ticket #2942)  This used to not matter
+**        until we introduced the group_concat() function.  
+**
+**  (17)  The sub-query is not a compound select, or it is a UNION ALL 
+**        compound clause made up entirely of non-aggregate queries, and 
+**        the parent query:
+**
+**          * is not itself part of a compound select,
+**          * is not an aggregate or DISTINCT query, and
+**          * has no other tables or sub-selects in the FROM clause.
+**
+**        The parent and sub-query may contain WHERE clauses. Subject to
+**        rules (11), (13) and (14), they may also contain ORDER BY,
+**        LIMIT and OFFSET clauses.
+**
+**  (18)  If the sub-query is a compound select, then all terms of the
+**        ORDER by clause of the parent must be simple references to 
+**        columns of the sub-query.
+**
+**  (19)  The subquery does not use LIMIT or the outer query does not
+**        have a WHERE clause.
+**
+**  (20)  If the sub-query is a compound select, then it must not use
+**        an ORDER BY clause.  Ticket #3773.  We could relax this constraint
+**        somewhat by saying that the terms of the ORDER BY clause must
+**        appear as unmodified result columns in the outer query.  But
+**        have other optimizations in mind to deal with that case.
+**
+**  (21)  The subquery does not use LIMIT or the outer query is not
+**        DISTINCT.  (See ticket [752e1646fc]).
+**
+** In this routine, the "p" parameter is a pointer to the outer query.
+** The subquery is p->pSrc->a[iFrom].  isAgg is true if the outer query
+** uses aggregates and subqueryIsAgg is true if the subquery uses aggregates.
+**
+** If flattening is not attempted, this routine is a no-op and returns 0.
+** If flattening is attempted this routine returns 1.
+**
+** All of the expression analysis must occur on both the outer query and
+** the subquery before this routine runs.
+*/
+static int flattenSubquery(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
+  Select *p,           /* The parent or outer SELECT statement */
+  int iFrom,           /* Index in p->pSrc->a[] of the inner subquery */
+  int isAgg,           /* True if outer SELECT uses aggregate functions */
+  int subqueryIsAgg    /* True if the subquery uses aggregate functions */
+){
+  const char *zSavedAuthContext = pParse->zAuthContext;
+  Select *pParent;
+  Select *pSub;       /* The inner query or "subquery" */
+  Select *pSub1;      /* Pointer to the rightmost select in sub-query */
+  SrcList *pSrc;      /* The FROM clause of the outer query */
+  SrcList *pSubSrc;   /* The FROM clause of the subquery */
+  ExprList *pList;    /* The result set of the outer query */
+  int iParent;        /* VDBE cursor number of the pSub result set temp table */
+  int i;              /* Loop counter */
+  Expr *pWhere;                    /* The WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSubitem;   /* The subquery */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  /* Check to see if flattening is permitted.  Return 0 if not.
+  */
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  assert( p->pPrior==0 );  /* Unable to flatten compound queries */
+  if( db->flags & SQLITE_QueryFlattener ) return 0;
+  pSrc = p->pSrc;
+  assert( pSrc && iFrom>=0 && iFrom<pSrc->nSrc );
+  pSubitem = &pSrc->a[iFrom];
+  iParent = pSubitem->iCursor;
+  pSub = pSubitem->pSelect;
+  assert( pSub!=0 );
+  if( isAgg && subqueryIsAgg ) return 0;                 /* Restriction (1)  */
+  if( subqueryIsAgg && pSrc->nSrc>1 ) return 0;          /* Restriction (2)  */
+  pSubSrc = pSub->pSrc;
+  assert( pSubSrc );
+  /* Prior to version 3.1.2, when LIMIT and OFFSET had to be simple constants,
+  ** not arbitrary expresssions, we allowed some combining of LIMIT and OFFSET
+  ** because they could be computed at compile-time.  But when LIMIT and OFFSET
+  ** became arbitrary expressions, we were forced to add restrictions (13)
+  ** and (14). */
+  if( pSub->pLimit && p->pLimit ) return 0;              /* Restriction (13) */
+  if( pSub->pOffset ) return 0;                          /* Restriction (14) */
+  if( p->pRightmost && pSub->pLimit ){
+    return 0;                                            /* Restriction (15) */
+  }
+  if( pSubSrc->nSrc==0 ) return 0;                       /* Restriction (7)  */
+  if( pSub->selFlags & SF_Distinct ) return 0;           /* Restriction (5)  */
+  if( pSub->pLimit && (pSrc->nSrc>1 || isAgg) ){
+     return 0;         /* Restrictions (8)(9) */
+  }
+  if( (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0 && subqueryIsAgg ){
+     return 0;         /* Restriction (6)  */
+  }
+  if( p->pOrderBy && pSub->pOrderBy ){
+     return 0;                                           /* Restriction (11) */
+  }
+  if( isAgg && pSub->pOrderBy ) return 0;                /* Restriction (16) */
+  if( pSub->pLimit && p->pWhere ) return 0;              /* Restriction (19) */
+  if( pSub->pLimit && (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0 ){
+     return 0;         /* Restriction (21) */
+  }
+
+  /* OBSOLETE COMMENT 1:
+  ** Restriction 3:  If the subquery is a join, make sure the subquery is 
+  ** not used as the right operand of an outer join.  Examples of why this
+  ** is not allowed:
+  **
+  **         t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN (t2 JOIN t3)
+  **
+  ** If we flatten the above, we would get
+  **
+  **         (t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2) JOIN t3
+  **
+  ** which is not at all the same thing.
+  **
+  ** OBSOLETE COMMENT 2:
+  ** Restriction 12:  If the subquery is the right operand of a left outer
+  ** join, make sure the subquery has no WHERE clause.
+  ** An examples of why this is not allowed:
+  **
+  **         t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN (SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE t2.x>0)
+  **
+  ** If we flatten the above, we would get
+  **
+  **         (t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2) WHERE t2.x>0
+  **
+  ** But the t2.x>0 test will always fail on a NULL row of t2, which
+  ** effectively converts the OUTER JOIN into an INNER JOIN.
+  **
+  ** THIS OVERRIDES OBSOLETE COMMENTS 1 AND 2 ABOVE:
+  ** Ticket #3300 shows that flattening the right term of a LEFT JOIN
+  ** is fraught with danger.  Best to avoid the whole thing.  If the
+  ** subquery is the right term of a LEFT JOIN, then do not flatten.
+  */
+  if( (pSubitem->jointype & JT_OUTER)!=0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Restriction 17: If the sub-query is a compound SELECT, then it must
+  ** use only the UNION ALL operator. And none of the simple select queries
+  ** that make up the compound SELECT are allowed to be aggregate or distinct
+  ** queries.
+  */
+  if( pSub->pPrior ){
+    if( pSub->pOrderBy ){
+      return 0;  /* Restriction 20 */
+    }
+    if( isAgg || (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0 || pSrc->nSrc!=1 ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+    for(pSub1=pSub; pSub1; pSub1=pSub1->pPrior){
+      testcase( (pSub1->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Distinct );
+      testcase( (pSub1->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Aggregate );
+      if( (pSub1->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))!=0
+       || (pSub1->pPrior && pSub1->op!=TK_ALL) 
+       || NEVER(pSub1->pSrc==0) || pSub1->pSrc->nSrc!=1
+      ){
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Restriction 18. */
+    if( p->pOrderBy ){
+      int ii;
+      for(ii=0; ii<p->pOrderBy->nExpr; ii++){
+        if( p->pOrderBy->a[ii].iCol==0 ) return 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /***** If we reach this point, flattening is permitted. *****/
+
+  /* Authorize the subquery */
+  pParse->zAuthContext = pSubitem->zName;
+  sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
+  pParse->zAuthContext = zSavedAuthContext;
+
+  /* If the sub-query is a compound SELECT statement, then (by restrictions
+  ** 17 and 18 above) it must be a UNION ALL and the parent query must 
+  ** be of the form:
+  **
+  **     SELECT <expr-list> FROM (<sub-query>) <where-clause> 
+  **
+  ** followed by any ORDER BY, LIMIT and/or OFFSET clauses. This block
+  ** creates N-1 copies of the parent query without any ORDER BY, LIMIT or 
+  ** OFFSET clauses and joins them to the left-hand-side of the original
+  ** using UNION ALL operators. In this case N is the number of simple
+  ** select statements in the compound sub-query.
+  **
+  ** Example:
+  **
+  **     SELECT a+1 FROM (
+  **        SELECT x FROM tab
+  **        UNION ALL
+  **        SELECT y FROM tab
+  **        UNION ALL
+  **        SELECT abs(z*2) FROM tab2
+  **     ) WHERE a!=5 ORDER BY 1
+  **
+  ** Transformed into:
+  **
+  **     SELECT x+1 FROM tab WHERE x+1!=5
+  **     UNION ALL
+  **     SELECT y+1 FROM tab WHERE y+1!=5
+  **     UNION ALL
+  **     SELECT abs(z*2)+1 FROM tab2 WHERE abs(z*2)+1!=5
+  **     ORDER BY 1
+  **
+  ** We call this the "compound-subquery flattening".
+  */
+  for(pSub=pSub->pPrior; pSub; pSub=pSub->pPrior){
+    Select *pNew;
+    ExprList *pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+    Expr *pLimit = p->pLimit;
+    Select *pPrior = p->pPrior;
+    p->pOrderBy = 0;
+    p->pSrc = 0;
+    p->pPrior = 0;
+    p->pLimit = 0;
+    pNew = sqlite3SelectDup(db, p, 0);
+    p->pLimit = pLimit;
+    p->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+    p->pSrc = pSrc;
+    p->op = TK_ALL;
+    p->pRightmost = 0;
+    if( pNew==0 ){
+      pNew = pPrior;
+    }else{
+      pNew->pPrior = pPrior;
+      pNew->pRightmost = 0;
+    }
+    p->pPrior = pNew;
+    if( db->mallocFailed ) return 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Begin flattening the iFrom-th entry of the FROM clause 
+  ** in the outer query.
+  */
+  pSub = pSub1 = pSubitem->pSelect;
+
+  /* Delete the transient table structure associated with the
+  ** subquery
+  */
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pSubitem->zDatabase);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pSubitem->zName);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pSubitem->zAlias);
+  pSubitem->zDatabase = 0;
+  pSubitem->zName = 0;
+  pSubitem->zAlias = 0;
+  pSubitem->pSelect = 0;
+
+  /* Defer deleting the Table object associated with the
+  ** subquery until code generation is
+  ** complete, since there may still exist Expr.pTab entries that
+  ** refer to the subquery even after flattening.  Ticket #3346.
+  **
+  ** pSubitem->pTab is always non-NULL by test restrictions and tests above.
+  */
+  if( ALWAYS(pSubitem->pTab!=0) ){
+    Table *pTabToDel = pSubitem->pTab;
+    if( pTabToDel->nRef==1 ){
+      Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+      pTabToDel->pNextZombie = pToplevel->pZombieTab;
+      pToplevel->pZombieTab = pTabToDel;
+    }else{
+      pTabToDel->nRef--;
+    }
+    pSubitem->pTab = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* The following loop runs once for each term in a compound-subquery
+  ** flattening (as described above).  If we are doing a different kind
+  ** of flattening - a flattening other than a compound-subquery flattening -
+  ** then this loop only runs once.
+  **
+  ** This loop moves all of the FROM elements of the subquery into the
+  ** the FROM clause of the outer query.  Before doing this, remember
+  ** the cursor number for the original outer query FROM element in
+  ** iParent.  The iParent cursor will never be used.  Subsequent code
+  ** will scan expressions looking for iParent references and replace
+  ** those references with expressions that resolve to the subquery FROM
+  ** elements we are now copying in.
+  */
+  for(pParent=p; pParent; pParent=pParent->pPrior, pSub=pSub->pPrior){
+    int nSubSrc;
+    u8 jointype = 0;
+    pSubSrc = pSub->pSrc;     /* FROM clause of subquery */
+    nSubSrc = pSubSrc->nSrc;  /* Number of terms in subquery FROM clause */
+    pSrc = pParent->pSrc;     /* FROM clause of the outer query */
+
+    if( pSrc ){
+      assert( pParent==p );  /* First time through the loop */
+      jointype = pSubitem->jointype;
+    }else{
+      assert( pParent!=p );  /* 2nd and subsequent times through the loop */
+      pSrc = pParent->pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, 0, 0);
+      if( pSrc==0 ){
+        assert( db->mallocFailed );
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* The subquery uses a single slot of the FROM clause of the outer
+    ** query.  If the subquery has more than one element in its FROM clause,
+    ** then expand the outer query to make space for it to hold all elements
+    ** of the subquery.
+    **
+    ** Example:
+    **
+    **    SELECT * FROM tabA, (SELECT * FROM sub1, sub2), tabB;
+    **
+    ** The outer query has 3 slots in its FROM clause.  One slot of the
+    ** outer query (the middle slot) is used by the subquery.  The next
+    ** block of code will expand the out query to 4 slots.  The middle
+    ** slot is expanded to two slots in order to make space for the
+    ** two elements in the FROM clause of the subquery.
+    */
+    if( nSubSrc>1 ){
+      pParent->pSrc = pSrc = sqlite3SrcListEnlarge(db, pSrc, nSubSrc-1,iFrom+1);
+      if( db->mallocFailed ){
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Transfer the FROM clause terms from the subquery into the
+    ** outer query.
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<nSubSrc; i++){
+      sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pSrc->a[i+iFrom].pUsing);
+      pSrc->a[i+iFrom] = pSubSrc->a[i];
+      memset(&pSubSrc->a[i], 0, sizeof(pSubSrc->a[i]));
+    }
+    pSrc->a[iFrom].jointype = jointype;
+  
+    /* Now begin substituting subquery result set expressions for 
+    ** references to the iParent in the outer query.
+    ** 
+    ** Example:
+    **
+    **   SELECT a+5, b*10 FROM (SELECT x*3 AS a, y+10 AS b FROM t1) WHERE a>b;
+    **   \                     \_____________ subquery __________/          /
+    **    \_____________________ outer query ______________________________/
+    **
+    ** We look at every expression in the outer query and every place we see
+    ** "a" we substitute "x*3" and every place we see "b" we substitute "y+10".
+    */
+    pList = pParent->pEList;
+    for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+      if( pList->a[i].zName==0 ){
+        const char *zSpan = pList->a[i].zSpan;
+        if( ALWAYS(zSpan) ){
+          pList->a[i].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zSpan);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    substExprList(db, pParent->pEList, iParent, pSub->pEList);
+    if( isAgg ){
+      substExprList(db, pParent->pGroupBy, iParent, pSub->pEList);
+      pParent->pHaving = substExpr(db, pParent->pHaving, iParent, pSub->pEList);
+    }
+    if( pSub->pOrderBy ){
+      assert( pParent->pOrderBy==0 );
+      pParent->pOrderBy = pSub->pOrderBy;
+      pSub->pOrderBy = 0;
+    }else if( pParent->pOrderBy ){
+      substExprList(db, pParent->pOrderBy, iParent, pSub->pEList);
+    }
+    if( pSub->pWhere ){
+      pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pSub->pWhere, 0);
+    }else{
+      pWhere = 0;
+    }
+    if( subqueryIsAgg ){
+      assert( pParent->pHaving==0 );
+      pParent->pHaving = pParent->pWhere;
+      pParent->pWhere = pWhere;
+      pParent->pHaving = substExpr(db, pParent->pHaving, iParent, pSub->pEList);
+      pParent->pHaving = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pParent->pHaving, 
+                                  sqlite3ExprDup(db, pSub->pHaving, 0));
+      assert( pParent->pGroupBy==0 );
+      pParent->pGroupBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pSub->pGroupBy, 0);
+    }else{
+      pParent->pWhere = substExpr(db, pParent->pWhere, iParent, pSub->pEList);
+      pParent->pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pParent->pWhere, pWhere);
+    }
+  
+    /* The flattened query is distinct if either the inner or the
+    ** outer query is distinct. 
+    */
+    pParent->selFlags |= pSub->selFlags & SF_Distinct;
+  
+    /*
+    ** SELECT ... FROM (SELECT ... LIMIT a OFFSET b) LIMIT x OFFSET y;
+    **
+    ** One is tempted to try to add a and b to combine the limits.  But this
+    ** does not work if either limit is negative.
+    */
+    if( pSub->pLimit ){
+      pParent->pLimit = pSub->pLimit;
+      pSub->pLimit = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Finially, delete what is left of the subquery and return
+  ** success.
+  */
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSub1);
+
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) */
+
+/*
+** Analyze the SELECT statement passed as an argument to see if it
+** is a min() or max() query. Return WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN or WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX if 
+** it is, or 0 otherwise. At present, a query is considered to be
+** a min()/max() query if:
+**
+**   1. There is a single object in the FROM clause.
+**
+**   2. There is a single expression in the result set, and it is
+**      either min(x) or max(x), where x is a column reference.
+*/
+static u8 minMaxQuery(Select *p){
+  Expr *pExpr;
+  ExprList *pEList = p->pEList;
+
+  if( pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
+  pExpr = pEList->a[0].pExpr;
+  if( pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) return 0;
+  if( NEVER(ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect)) ) return 0;
+  pEList = pExpr->x.pList;
+  if( pEList==0 || pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return 0;
+  if( pEList->a[0].pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_COLUMN ) return WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(pExpr->u.zToken,"min")==0 ){
+    return WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN;
+  }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(pExpr->u.zToken,"max")==0 ){
+    return WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX;
+  }
+  return WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
+}
+
+/*
+** The select statement passed as the first argument is an aggregate query.
+** The second argment is the associated aggregate-info object. This 
+** function tests if the SELECT is of the form:
+**
+**   SELECT count(*) FROM <tbl>
+**
+** where table is a database table, not a sub-select or view. If the query
+** does match this pattern, then a pointer to the Table object representing
+** <tbl> is returned. Otherwise, 0 is returned.
+*/
+static Table *isSimpleCount(Select *p, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
+  Table *pTab;
+  Expr *pExpr;
+
+  assert( !p->pGroupBy );
+
+  if( p->pWhere || p->pEList->nExpr!=1 
+   || p->pSrc->nSrc!=1 || p->pSrc->a[0].pSelect
+  ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  pTab = p->pSrc->a[0].pTab;
+  pExpr = p->pEList->a[0].pExpr;
+  assert( pTab && !pTab->pSelect && pExpr );
+
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
+  if( pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) return 0;
+  if( (pAggInfo->aFunc[0].pFunc->flags&SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT)==0 ) return 0;
+  if( pExpr->flags&EP_Distinct ) return 0;
+
+  return pTab;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the source-list item passed as an argument was augmented with an
+** INDEXED BY clause, then try to locate the specified index. If there
+** was such a clause and the named index cannot be found, return 
+** SQLITE_ERROR and leave an error in pParse. Otherwise, populate 
+** pFrom->pIndex and return SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexedByLookup(Parse *pParse, struct SrcList_item *pFrom){
+  if( pFrom->pTab && pFrom->zIndex ){
+    Table *pTab = pFrom->pTab;
+    char *zIndex = pFrom->zIndex;
+    Index *pIdx;
+    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; 
+        pIdx && sqlite3StrICmp(pIdx->zName, zIndex); 
+        pIdx=pIdx->pNext
+    );
+    if( !pIdx ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such index: %s", zIndex, 0);
+      pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    pFrom->pIndex = pIdx;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is a Walker callback for "expanding" a SELECT statement.
+** "Expanding" means to do the following:
+**
+**    (1)  Make sure VDBE cursor numbers have been assigned to every
+**         element of the FROM clause.
+**
+**    (2)  Fill in the pTabList->a[].pTab fields in the SrcList that 
+**         defines FROM clause.  When views appear in the FROM clause,
+**         fill pTabList->a[].pSelect with a copy of the SELECT statement
+**         that implements the view.  A copy is made of the view's SELECT
+**         statement so that we can freely modify or delete that statement
+**         without worrying about messing up the presistent representation
+**         of the view.
+**
+**    (3)  Add terms to the WHERE clause to accomodate the NATURAL keyword
+**         on joins and the ON and USING clause of joins.
+**
+**    (4)  Scan the list of columns in the result set (pEList) looking
+**         for instances of the "*" operator or the TABLE.* operator.
+**         If found, expand each "*" to be every column in every table
+**         and TABLE.* to be every column in TABLE.
+**
+*/
+static int selectExpander(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  Parse *pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+  int i, j, k;
+  SrcList *pTabList;
+  ExprList *pEList;
+  struct SrcList_item *pFrom;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  if( db->mallocFailed  ){
+    return WRC_Abort;
+  }
+  if( NEVER(p->pSrc==0) || (p->selFlags & SF_Expanded)!=0 ){
+    return WRC_Prune;
+  }
+  p->selFlags |= SF_Expanded;
+  pTabList = p->pSrc;
+  pEList = p->pEList;
+
+  /* Make sure cursor numbers have been assigned to all entries in
+  ** the FROM clause of the SELECT statement.
+  */
+  sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(pParse, pTabList);
+
+  /* Look up every table named in the FROM clause of the select.  If
+  ** an entry of the FROM clause is a subquery instead of a table or view,
+  ** then create a transient table structure to describe the subquery.
+  */
+  for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
+    Table *pTab;
+    if( pFrom->pTab!=0 ){
+      /* This statement has already been prepared.  There is no need
+      ** to go further. */
+      assert( i==0 );
+      return WRC_Prune;
+    }
+    if( pFrom->zName==0 ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+      Select *pSel = pFrom->pSelect;
+      /* A sub-query in the FROM clause of a SELECT */
+      assert( pSel!=0 );
+      assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
+      sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pSel);
+      pFrom->pTab = pTab = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table));
+      if( pTab==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+      pTab->nRef = 1;
+      pTab->zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "sqlite_subquery_%p_", (void*)pTab);
+      while( pSel->pPrior ){ pSel = pSel->pPrior; }
+      selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pSel->pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
+      pTab->iPKey = -1;
+      pTab->nRowEst = 1000000;
+      pTab->tabFlags |= TF_Ephemeral;
+#endif
+    }else{
+      /* An ordinary table or view name in the FROM clause */
+      assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
+      pFrom->pTab = pTab = 
+        sqlite3LocateTable(pParse,0,pFrom->zName,pFrom->zDatabase);
+      if( pTab==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+      pTab->nRef++;
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined (SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
+      if( pTab->pSelect || IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+        /* We reach here if the named table is a really a view */
+        if( sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ) return WRC_Abort;
+        assert( pFrom->pSelect==0 );
+        pFrom->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pTab->pSelect, 0);
+        sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pFrom->pSelect);
+      }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    /* Locate the index named by the INDEXED BY clause, if any. */
+    if( sqlite3IndexedByLookup(pParse, pFrom) ){
+      return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Process NATURAL keywords, and ON and USING clauses of joins.
+  */
+  if( db->mallocFailed || sqliteProcessJoin(pParse, p) ){
+    return WRC_Abort;
+  }
+
+  /* For every "*" that occurs in the column list, insert the names of
+  ** all columns in all tables.  And for every TABLE.* insert the names
+  ** of all columns in TABLE.  The parser inserted a special expression
+  ** with the TK_ALL operator for each "*" that it found in the column list.
+  ** The following code just has to locate the TK_ALL expressions and expand
+  ** each one to the list of all columns in all tables.
+  **
+  ** The first loop just checks to see if there are any "*" operators
+  ** that need expanding.
+  */
+  for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
+    Expr *pE = pEList->a[k].pExpr;
+    if( pE->op==TK_ALL ) break;
+    assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight!=0 );
+    assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || (pE->pLeft!=0 && pE->pLeft->op==TK_ID) );
+    if( pE->op==TK_DOT && pE->pRight->op==TK_ALL ) break;
+  }
+  if( k<pEList->nExpr ){
+    /*
+    ** If we get here it means the result set contains one or more "*"
+    ** operators that need to be expanded.  Loop through each expression
+    ** in the result set and expand them one by one.
+    */
+    struct ExprList_item *a = pEList->a;
+    ExprList *pNew = 0;
+    int flags = pParse->db->flags;
+    int longNames = (flags & SQLITE_FullColNames)!=0
+                      && (flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)==0;
+
+    for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
+      Expr *pE = a[k].pExpr;
+      assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight!=0 );
+      if( pE->op!=TK_ALL && (pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight->op!=TK_ALL) ){
+        /* This particular expression does not need to be expanded.
+        */
+        pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pNew, a[k].pExpr);
+        if( pNew ){
+          pNew->a[pNew->nExpr-1].zName = a[k].zName;
+          pNew->a[pNew->nExpr-1].zSpan = a[k].zSpan;
+          a[k].zName = 0;
+          a[k].zSpan = 0;
+        }
+        a[k].pExpr = 0;
+      }else{
+        /* This expression is a "*" or a "TABLE.*" and needs to be
+        ** expanded. */
+        int tableSeen = 0;      /* Set to 1 when TABLE matches */
+        char *zTName;            /* text of name of TABLE */
+        if( pE->op==TK_DOT ){
+          assert( pE->pLeft!=0 );
+          assert( !ExprHasProperty(pE->pLeft, EP_IntValue) );
+          zTName = pE->pLeft->u.zToken;
+        }else{
+          zTName = 0;
+        }
+        for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
+          Table *pTab = pFrom->pTab;
+          char *zTabName = pFrom->zAlias;
+          if( zTabName==0 ){
+            zTabName = pTab->zName;
+          }
+          if( db->mallocFailed ) break;
+          if( zTName && sqlite3StrICmp(zTName, zTabName)!=0 ){
+            continue;
+          }
+          tableSeen = 1;
+          for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
+            Expr *pExpr, *pRight;
+            char *zName = pTab->aCol[j].zName;
+            char *zColname;  /* The computed column name */
+            char *zToFree;   /* Malloced string that needs to be freed */
+            Token sColname;  /* Computed column name as a token */
+
+            /* If a column is marked as 'hidden' (currently only possible
+            ** for virtual tables), do not include it in the expanded
+            ** result-set list.
+            */
+            if( IsHiddenColumn(&pTab->aCol[j]) ){
+              assert(IsVirtual(pTab));
+              continue;
+            }
+
+            if( i>0 && zTName==0 ){
+              if( (pFrom->jointype & JT_NATURAL)!=0
+                && tableAndColumnIndex(pTabList, i, zName, 0, 0)
+              ){
+                /* In a NATURAL join, omit the join columns from the 
+                ** table to the right of the join */
+                continue;
+              }
+              if( sqlite3IdListIndex(pFrom->pUsing, zName)>=0 ){
+                /* In a join with a USING clause, omit columns in the
+                ** using clause from the table on the right. */
+                continue;
+              }
+            }
+            pRight = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zName);
+            zColname = zName;
+            zToFree = 0;
+            if( longNames || pTabList->nSrc>1 ){
+              Expr *pLeft;
+              pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zTabName);
+              pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+              if( longNames ){
+                zColname = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s", zTabName, zName);
+                zToFree = zColname;
+              }
+            }else{
+              pExpr = pRight;
+            }
+            pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pNew, pExpr);
+            sColname.z = zColname;
+            sColname.n = sqlite3Strlen30(zColname);
+            sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pNew, &sColname, 0);
+            sqlite3DbFree(db, zToFree);
+          }
+        }
+        if( !tableSeen ){
+          if( zTName ){
+            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such table: %s", zTName);
+          }else{
+            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no tables specified");
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pEList);
+    p->pEList = pNew;
+  }
+#if SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN
+  if( p->pEList && p->pEList->nExpr>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN] ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many columns in result set");
+  }
+#endif
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+/*
+** No-op routine for the parse-tree walker.
+**
+** When this routine is the Walker.xExprCallback then expression trees
+** are walked without any actions being taken at each node.  Presumably,
+** when this routine is used for Walker.xExprCallback then 
+** Walker.xSelectCallback is set to do something useful for every 
+** subquery in the parser tree.
+*/
+static int exprWalkNoop(Walker *NotUsed, Expr *NotUsed2){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine "expands" a SELECT statement and all of its subqueries.
+** For additional information on what it means to "expand" a SELECT
+** statement, see the comment on the selectExpand worker callback above.
+**
+** Expanding a SELECT statement is the first step in processing a
+** SELECT statement.  The SELECT statement must be expanded before
+** name resolution is performed.
+**
+** If anything goes wrong, an error message is written into pParse.
+** The calling function can detect the problem by looking at pParse->nErr
+** and/or pParse->db->mallocFailed.
+*/
+static void sqlite3SelectExpand(Parse *pParse, Select *pSelect){
+  Walker w;
+  w.xSelectCallback = selectExpander;
+  w.xExprCallback = exprWalkNoop;
+  w.pParse = pParse;
+  sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, pSelect);
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+/*
+** This is a Walker.xSelectCallback callback for the sqlite3SelectTypeInfo()
+** interface.
+**
+** For each FROM-clause subquery, add Column.zType and Column.zColl
+** information to the Table structure that represents the result set
+** of that subquery.
+**
+** The Table structure that represents the result set was constructed
+** by selectExpander() but the type and collation information was omitted
+** at that point because identifiers had not yet been resolved.  This
+** routine is called after identifier resolution.
+*/
+static int selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  Parse *pParse;
+  int i;
+  SrcList *pTabList;
+  struct SrcList_item *pFrom;
+
+  assert( p->selFlags & SF_Resolved );
+  if( (p->selFlags & SF_HasTypeInfo)==0 ){
+    p->selFlags |= SF_HasTypeInfo;
+    pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+    pTabList = p->pSrc;
+    for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
+      Table *pTab = pFrom->pTab;
+      if( ALWAYS(pTab!=0) && (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)!=0 ){
+        /* A sub-query in the FROM clause of a SELECT */
+        Select *pSel = pFrom->pSelect;
+        assert( pSel );
+        while( pSel->pPrior ) pSel = pSel->pPrior;
+        selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab->nCol, pTab->aCol, pSel);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** This routine adds datatype and collating sequence information to
+** the Table structures of all FROM-clause subqueries in a
+** SELECT statement.
+**
+** Use this routine after name resolution.
+*/
+static void sqlite3SelectAddTypeInfo(Parse *pParse, Select *pSelect){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+  Walker w;
+  w.xSelectCallback = selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo;
+  w.xExprCallback = exprWalkNoop;
+  w.pParse = pParse;
+  sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, pSelect);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This routine sets of a SELECT statement for processing.  The
+** following is accomplished:
+**
+**     *  VDBE Cursor numbers are assigned to all FROM-clause terms.
+**     *  Ephemeral Table objects are created for all FROM-clause subqueries.
+**     *  ON and USING clauses are shifted into WHERE statements
+**     *  Wildcards "*" and "TABLE.*" in result sets are expanded.
+**     *  Identifiers in expression are matched to tables.
+**
+** This routine acts recursively on all subqueries within the SELECT.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectPrep(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* The parser context */
+  Select *p,             /* The SELECT statement being coded. */
+  NameContext *pOuterNC  /* Name context for container */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  if( NEVER(p==0) ) return;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  if( p->selFlags & SF_HasTypeInfo ) return;
+  sqlite3SelectExpand(pParse, p);
+  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ) return;
+  sqlite3ResolveSelectNames(pParse, p, pOuterNC);
+  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ) return;
+  sqlite3SelectAddTypeInfo(pParse, p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Reset the aggregate accumulator.
+**
+** The aggregate accumulator is a set of memory cells that hold
+** intermediate results while calculating an aggregate.  This
+** routine simply stores NULLs in all of those memory cells.
+*/
+static void resetAccumulator(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int i;
+  struct AggInfo_func *pFunc;
+  if( pAggInfo->nFunc+pAggInfo->nColumn==0 ){
+    return;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<pAggInfo->nColumn; i++){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, pAggInfo->aCol[i].iMem);
+  }
+  for(pFunc=pAggInfo->aFunc, i=0; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pFunc++){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, pFunc->iMem);
+    if( pFunc->iDistinct>=0 ){
+      Expr *pE = pFunc->pExpr;
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pE, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      if( pE->x.pList==0 || pE->x.pList->nExpr!=1 ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "DISTINCT aggregates must have exactly one "
+           "argument");
+        pFunc->iDistinct = -1;
+      }else{
+        KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pE->x.pList);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pFunc->iDistinct, 0, 0,
+                          (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke the OP_AggFinalize opcode for every aggregate function
+** in the AggInfo structure.
+*/
+static void finalizeAggFunctions(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int i;
+  struct AggInfo_func *pF;
+  for(i=0, pF=pAggInfo->aFunc; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pF++){
+    ExprList *pList = pF->pExpr->x.pList;
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pF->pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_AggFinal, pF->iMem, pList ? pList->nExpr : 0, 0,
+                      (void*)pF->pFunc, P4_FUNCDEF);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Update the accumulator memory cells for an aggregate based on
+** the current cursor position.
+*/
+static void updateAccumulator(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int i;
+  struct AggInfo_func *pF;
+  struct AggInfo_col *pC;
+
+  pAggInfo->directMode = 1;
+  sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+  for(i=0, pF=pAggInfo->aFunc; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pF++){
+    int nArg;
+    int addrNext = 0;
+    int regAgg;
+    ExprList *pList = pF->pExpr->x.pList;
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pF->pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+    if( pList ){
+      nArg = pList->nExpr;
+      regAgg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nArg);
+      sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pList, regAgg, 1);
+    }else{
+      nArg = 0;
+      regAgg = 0;
+    }
+    if( pF->iDistinct>=0 ){
+      addrNext = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      assert( nArg==1 );
+      codeDistinct(pParse, pF->iDistinct, addrNext, 1, regAgg);
+    }
+    if( pF->pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+      CollSeq *pColl = 0;
+      struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+      int j;
+      assert( pList!=0 );  /* pList!=0 if pF->pFunc has NEEDCOLL */
+      for(j=0, pItem=pList->a; !pColl && j<nArg; j++, pItem++){
+        pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pItem->pExpr);
+      }
+      if( !pColl ){
+        pColl = pParse->db->pDfltColl;
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_CollSeq, 0, 0, 0, (char *)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_AggStep, 0, regAgg, pF->iMem,
+                      (void*)pF->pFunc, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, (u8)nArg);
+    sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regAgg, nArg);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regAgg, nArg);
+    if( addrNext ){
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrNext);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Before populating the accumulator registers, clear the column cache.
+  ** Otherwise, if any of the required column values are already present 
+  ** in registers, sqlite3ExprCode() may use OP_SCopy to copy the value
+  ** to pC->iMem. But by the time the value is used, the original register
+  ** may have been used, invalidating the underlying buffer holding the
+  ** text or blob value. See ticket [883034dcb5].
+  **
+  ** Another solution would be to change the OP_SCopy used to copy cached
+  ** values to an OP_Copy.
+  */
+  sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+  for(i=0, pC=pAggInfo->aCol; i<pAggInfo->nAccumulator; i++, pC++){
+    sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pC->pExpr, pC->iMem);
+  }
+  pAggInfo->directMode = 0;
+  sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a single OP_Explain instruction to the VDBE to explain a simple
+** count(*) query ("SELECT count(*) FROM pTab").
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+static void explainSimpleCount(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Table *pTab,                    /* Table being queried */
+  Index *pIdx                     /* Index used to optimize scan, or NULL */
+){
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    char *zEqp = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "SCAN TABLE %s %s%s(~%d rows)",
+        pTab->zName, 
+        pIdx ? "USING COVERING INDEX " : "",
+        pIdx ? pIdx->zName : "",
+        pTab->nRowEst
+    );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
+        pParse->pVdbe, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zEqp, P4_DYNAMIC
+    );
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define explainSimpleCount(a,b,c)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Generate code for the SELECT statement given in the p argument.  
+**
+** The results are distributed in various ways depending on the
+** contents of the SelectDest structure pointed to by argument pDest
+** as follows:
+**
+**     pDest->eDest    Result
+**     ------------    -------------------------------------------
+**     SRT_Output      Generate a row of output (using the OP_ResultRow
+**                     opcode) for each row in the result set.
+**
+**     SRT_Mem         Only valid if the result is a single column.
+**                     Store the first column of the first result row
+**                     in register pDest->iParm then abandon the rest
+**                     of the query.  This destination implies "LIMIT 1".
+**
+**     SRT_Set         The result must be a single column.  Store each
+**                     row of result as the key in table pDest->iParm. 
+**                     Apply the affinity pDest->affinity before storing
+**                     results.  Used to implement "IN (SELECT ...)".
+**
+**     SRT_Union       Store results as a key in a temporary table pDest->iParm.
+**
+**     SRT_Except      Remove results from the temporary table pDest->iParm.
+**
+**     SRT_Table       Store results in temporary table pDest->iParm.
+**                     This is like SRT_EphemTab except that the table
+**                     is assumed to already be open.
+**
+**     SRT_EphemTab    Create an temporary table pDest->iParm and store
+**                     the result there. The cursor is left open after
+**                     returning.  This is like SRT_Table except that
+**                     this destination uses OP_OpenEphemeral to create
+**                     the table first.
+**
+**     SRT_Coroutine   Generate a co-routine that returns a new row of
+**                     results each time it is invoked.  The entry point
+**                     of the co-routine is stored in register pDest->iParm.
+**
+**     SRT_Exists      Store a 1 in memory cell pDest->iParm if the result
+**                     set is not empty.
+**
+**     SRT_Discard     Throw the results away.  This is used by SELECT
+**                     statements within triggers whose only purpose is
+**                     the side-effects of functions.
+**
+** This routine returns the number of errors.  If any errors are
+** encountered, then an appropriate error message is left in
+** pParse->zErrMsg.
+**
+** This routine does NOT free the Select structure passed in.  The
+** calling function needs to do that.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* The parser context */
+  Select *p,             /* The SELECT statement being coded. */
+  SelectDest *pDest      /* What to do with the query results */
+){
+  int i, j;              /* Loop counters */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;     /* Return from sqlite3WhereBegin() */
+  Vdbe *v;               /* The virtual machine under construction */
+  int isAgg;             /* True for select lists like "count(*)" */
+  ExprList *pEList;      /* List of columns to extract. */
+  SrcList *pTabList;     /* List of tables to select from */
+  Expr *pWhere;          /* The WHERE clause.  May be NULL */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;    /* The ORDER BY clause.  May be NULL */
+  ExprList *pGroupBy;    /* The GROUP BY clause.  May be NULL */
+  Expr *pHaving;         /* The HAVING clause.  May be NULL */
+  int isDistinct;        /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
+  int distinct;          /* Table to use for the distinct set */
+  int rc = 1;            /* Value to return from this function */
+  int addrSortIndex;     /* Address of an OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
+  AggInfo sAggInfo;      /* Information used by aggregate queries */
+  int iEnd;              /* Address of the end of the query */
+  sqlite3 *db;           /* The database connection */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  int iRestoreSelectId = pParse->iSelectId;
+  pParse->iSelectId = pParse->iNextSelectId++;
+#endif
+
+  db = pParse->db;
+  if( p==0 || db->mallocFailed || pParse->nErr ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0) ) return 1;
+  memset(&sAggInfo, 0, sizeof(sAggInfo));
+
+  if( IgnorableOrderby(pDest) ){
+    assert(pDest->eDest==SRT_Exists || pDest->eDest==SRT_Union || 
+           pDest->eDest==SRT_Except || pDest->eDest==SRT_Discard);
+    /* If ORDER BY makes no difference in the output then neither does
+    ** DISTINCT so it can be removed too. */
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pOrderBy);
+    p->pOrderBy = 0;
+    p->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
+  }
+  sqlite3SelectPrep(pParse, p, 0);
+  pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+  pTabList = p->pSrc;
+  pEList = p->pEList;
+  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto select_end;
+  }
+  isAgg = (p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)!=0;
+  assert( pEList!=0 );
+
+  /* Begin generating code.
+  */
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v==0 ) goto select_end;
+
+  /* If writing to memory or generating a set
+  ** only a single column may be output.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+  if( checkForMultiColumnSelectError(pParse, pDest, pEList->nExpr) ){
+    goto select_end;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Generate code for all sub-queries in the FROM clause
+  */
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
+  for(i=0; !p->pPrior && i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
+    struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pTabList->a[i];
+    SelectDest dest;
+    Select *pSub = pItem->pSelect;
+    int isAggSub;
+
+    if( pSub==0 || pItem->isPopulated ) continue;
+
+    /* Increment Parse.nHeight by the height of the largest expression
+    ** tree refered to by this, the parent select. The child select
+    ** may contain expression trees of at most
+    ** (SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH-Parse.nHeight) height. This is a bit
+    ** more conservative than necessary, but much easier than enforcing
+    ** an exact limit.
+    */
+    pParse->nHeight += sqlite3SelectExprHeight(p);
+
+    /* Check to see if the subquery can be absorbed into the parent. */
+    isAggSub = (pSub->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)!=0;
+    if( flattenSubquery(pParse, p, i, isAgg, isAggSub) ){
+      if( isAggSub ){
+        isAgg = 1;
+        p->selFlags |= SF_Aggregate;
+      }
+      i = -1;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_EphemTab, pItem->iCursor);
+      assert( pItem->isPopulated==0 );
+      explainSetInteger(pItem->iSelectId, (u8)pParse->iNextSelectId);
+      sqlite3Select(pParse, pSub, &dest);
+      pItem->isPopulated = 1;
+      pItem->pTab->nRowEst = (unsigned)pSub->nSelectRow;
+    }
+    if( /*pParse->nErr ||*/ db->mallocFailed ){
+      goto select_end;
+    }
+    pParse->nHeight -= sqlite3SelectExprHeight(p);
+    pTabList = p->pSrc;
+    if( !IgnorableOrderby(pDest) ){
+      pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+    }
+  }
+  pEList = p->pEList;
+#endif
+  pWhere = p->pWhere;
+  pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
+  pHaving = p->pHaving;
+  isDistinct = (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
+  /* If there is are a sequence of queries, do the earlier ones first.
+  */
+  if( p->pPrior ){
+    if( p->pRightmost==0 ){
+      Select *pLoop, *pRight = 0;
+      int cnt = 0;
+      int mxSelect;
+      for(pLoop=p; pLoop; pLoop=pLoop->pPrior, cnt++){
+        pLoop->pRightmost = p;
+        pLoop->pNext = pRight;
+        pRight = pLoop;
+      }
+      mxSelect = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT];
+      if( mxSelect && cnt>mxSelect ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many terms in compound SELECT");
+        goto select_end;
+      }
+    }
+    rc = multiSelect(pParse, p, pDest);
+    explainSetInteger(pParse->iSelectId, iRestoreSelectId);
+    return rc;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If possible, rewrite the query to use GROUP BY instead of DISTINCT.
+  ** GROUP BY might use an index, DISTINCT never does.
+  */
+  assert( p->pGroupBy==0 || (p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)!=0 );
+  if( (p->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Distinct ){
+    p->pGroupBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pEList, 0);
+    pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
+    p->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
+  }
+
+  /* If there is both a GROUP BY and an ORDER BY clause and they are
+  ** identical, then disable the ORDER BY clause since the GROUP BY
+  ** will cause elements to come out in the correct order.  This is
+  ** an optimization - the correct answer should result regardless.
+  ** Use the SQLITE_GroupByOrder flag with SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZER
+  ** to disable this optimization for testing purposes.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(p->pGroupBy, pOrderBy)==0
+         && (db->flags & SQLITE_GroupByOrder)==0 ){
+    pOrderBy = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then this sorting
+  ** index might end up being unused if the data can be 
+  ** extracted in pre-sorted order.  If that is the case, then the
+  ** OP_OpenEphemeral instruction will be changed to an OP_Noop once
+  ** we figure out that the sorting index is not needed.  The addrSortIndex
+  ** variable is used to facilitate that change.
+  */
+  if( pOrderBy ){
+    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pOrderBy);
+    pOrderBy->iECursor = pParse->nTab++;
+    p->addrOpenEphm[2] = addrSortIndex =
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral,
+                           pOrderBy->iECursor, pOrderBy->nExpr+2, 0,
+                           (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+  }else{
+    addrSortIndex = -1;
+  }
+
+  /* If the output is destined for a temporary table, open that table.
+  */
+  if( pDest->eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pDest->iParm, pEList->nExpr);
+  }
+
+  /* Set the limiter.
+  */
+  iEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  p->nSelectRow = (double)LARGEST_INT64;
+  computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iEnd);
+
+  /* Open a virtual index to use for the distinct set.
+  */
+  if( p->selFlags & SF_Distinct ){
+    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+    assert( isAgg || pGroupBy );
+    distinct = pParse->nTab++;
+    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, p->pEList);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, distinct, 0, 0,
+                        (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
+  }else{
+    distinct = -1;
+  }
+
+  /* Aggregate and non-aggregate queries are handled differently */
+  if( !isAgg && pGroupBy==0 ){
+    /* This case is for non-aggregate queries
+    ** Begin the database scan
+    */
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pOrderBy, 0);
+    if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
+    if( pWInfo->nRowOut < p->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pWInfo->nRowOut;
+
+    /* If sorting index that was created by a prior OP_OpenEphemeral 
+    ** instruction ended up not being needed, then change the OP_OpenEphemeral
+    ** into an OP_Noop.
+    */
+    if( addrSortIndex>=0 && pOrderBy==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortIndex, 1);
+      p->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Use the standard inner loop
+    */
+    assert(!isDistinct);
+    selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy, -1, pDest,
+                    pWInfo->iContinue, pWInfo->iBreak);
+
+    /* End the database scan loop.
+    */
+    sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+  }else{
+    /* This is the processing for aggregate queries */
+    NameContext sNC;    /* Name context for processing aggregate information */
+    int iAMem;          /* First Mem address for storing current GROUP BY */
+    int iBMem;          /* First Mem address for previous GROUP BY */
+    int iUseFlag;       /* Mem address holding flag indicating that at least
+                        ** one row of the input to the aggregator has been
+                        ** processed */
+    int iAbortFlag;     /* Mem address which causes query abort if positive */
+    int groupBySort;    /* Rows come from source in GROUP BY order */
+    int addrEnd;        /* End of processing for this SELECT */
+
+    /* Remove any and all aliases between the result set and the
+    ** GROUP BY clause.
+    */
+    if( pGroupBy ){
+      int k;                        /* Loop counter */
+      struct ExprList_item *pItem;  /* For looping over expression in a list */
+
+      for(k=p->pEList->nExpr, pItem=p->pEList->a; k>0; k--, pItem++){
+        pItem->iAlias = 0;
+      }
+      for(k=pGroupBy->nExpr, pItem=pGroupBy->a; k>0; k--, pItem++){
+        pItem->iAlias = 0;
+      }
+      if( p->nSelectRow>(double)100 ) p->nSelectRow = (double)100;
+    }else{
+      p->nSelectRow = (double)1;
+    }
+
+ 
+    /* Create a label to jump to when we want to abort the query */
+    addrEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+
+    /* Convert TK_COLUMN nodes into TK_AGG_COLUMN and make entries in
+    ** sAggInfo for all TK_AGG_FUNCTION nodes in expressions of the
+    ** SELECT statement.
+    */
+    memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+    sNC.pParse = pParse;
+    sNC.pSrcList = pTabList;
+    sNC.pAggInfo = &sAggInfo;
+    sAggInfo.nSortingColumn = pGroupBy ? pGroupBy->nExpr+1 : 0;
+    sAggInfo.pGroupBy = pGroupBy;
+    sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, pEList);
+    sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, pOrderBy);
+    if( pHaving ){
+      sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(&sNC, pHaving);
+    }
+    sAggInfo.nAccumulator = sAggInfo.nColumn;
+    for(i=0; i<sAggInfo.nFunc; i++){
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(sAggInfo.aFunc[i].pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, sAggInfo.aFunc[i].pExpr->x.pList);
+    }
+    if( db->mallocFailed ) goto select_end;
+
+    /* Processing for aggregates with GROUP BY is very different and
+    ** much more complex than aggregates without a GROUP BY.
+    */
+    if( pGroupBy ){
+      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;  /* Keying information for the group by clause */
+      int j1;             /* A-vs-B comparision jump */
+      int addrOutputRow;  /* Start of subroutine that outputs a result row */
+      int regOutputRow;   /* Return address register for output subroutine */
+      int addrSetAbort;   /* Set the abort flag and return */
+      int addrTopOfLoop;  /* Top of the input loop */
+      int addrSortingIdx; /* The OP_OpenEphemeral for the sorting index */
+      int addrReset;      /* Subroutine for resetting the accumulator */
+      int regReset;       /* Return address register for reset subroutine */
+
+      /* If there is a GROUP BY clause we might need a sorting index to
+      ** implement it.  Allocate that sorting index now.  If it turns out
+      ** that we do not need it after all, the OpenEphemeral instruction
+      ** will be converted into a Noop.  
+      */
+      sAggInfo.sortingIdx = pParse->nTab++;
+      pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pGroupBy);
+      addrSortingIdx = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, 
+          sAggInfo.sortingIdx, sAggInfo.nSortingColumn, 
+          0, (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+
+      /* Initialize memory locations used by GROUP BY aggregate processing
+      */
+      iUseFlag = ++pParse->nMem;
+      iAbortFlag = ++pParse->nMem;
+      regOutputRow = ++pParse->nMem;
+      addrOutputRow = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      regReset = ++pParse->nMem;
+      addrReset = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      iAMem = pParse->nMem + 1;
+      pParse->nMem += pGroupBy->nExpr;
+      iBMem = pParse->nMem + 1;
+      pParse->nMem += pGroupBy->nExpr;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iAbortFlag);
+      VdbeComment((v, "clear abort flag"));
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iUseFlag);
+      VdbeComment((v, "indicate accumulator empty"));
+
+      /* Begin a loop that will extract all source rows in GROUP BY order.
+      ** This might involve two separate loops with an OP_Sort in between, or
+      ** it might be a single loop that uses an index to extract information
+      ** in the right order to begin with.
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReset, addrReset);
+      pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pGroupBy, 0);
+      if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
+      if( pGroupBy==0 ){
+        /* The optimizer is able to deliver rows in group by order so
+        ** we do not have to sort.  The OP_OpenEphemeral table will be
+        ** cancelled later because we still need to use the pKeyInfo
+        */
+        pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
+        groupBySort = 0;
+      }else{
+        /* Rows are coming out in undetermined order.  We have to push
+        ** each row into a sorting index, terminate the first loop,
+        ** then loop over the sorting index in order to get the output
+        ** in sorted order
+        */
+        int regBase;
+        int regRecord;
+        int nCol;
+        int nGroupBy;
+
+        explainTempTable(pParse, 
+            isDistinct && !(p->selFlags&SF_Distinct)?"DISTINCT":"GROUP BY");
+
+        groupBySort = 1;
+        nGroupBy = pGroupBy->nExpr;
+        nCol = nGroupBy + 1;
+        j = nGroupBy+1;
+        for(i=0; i<sAggInfo.nColumn; i++){
+          if( sAggInfo.aCol[i].iSorterColumn>=j ){
+            nCol++;
+            j++;
+          }
+        }
+        regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol);
+        sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pGroupBy, regBase, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sequence, sAggInfo.sortingIdx,regBase+nGroupBy);
+        j = nGroupBy+1;
+        for(i=0; i<sAggInfo.nColumn; i++){
+          struct AggInfo_col *pCol = &sAggInfo.aCol[i];
+          if( pCol->iSorterColumn>=j ){
+            int r1 = j + regBase;
+            int r2;
+
+            r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, 
+                               pCol->pTab, pCol->iColumn, pCol->iTable, r1);
+            if( r1!=r2 ){
+              sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, r2, r1);
+            }
+            j++;
+          }
+        }
+        regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nCol, regRecord);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, regRecord);
+        sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
+        sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nCol);
+        sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sort, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrEnd);
+        VdbeComment((v, "GROUP BY sort"));
+        sAggInfo.useSortingIdx = 1;
+        sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+      }
+
+      /* Evaluate the current GROUP BY terms and store in b0, b1, b2...
+      ** (b0 is memory location iBMem+0, b1 is iBMem+1, and so forth)
+      ** Then compare the current GROUP BY terms against the GROUP BY terms
+      ** from the previous row currently stored in a0, a1, a2...
+      */
+      addrTopOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+      for(j=0; j<pGroupBy->nExpr; j++){
+        if( groupBySort ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, j, iBMem+j);
+        }else{
+          sAggInfo.directMode = 1;
+          sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pGroupBy->a[j].pExpr, iBMem+j);
+        }
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, iAMem, iBMem, pGroupBy->nExpr,
+                          (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+      j1 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j1+1, 0, j1+1);
+
+      /* Generate code that runs whenever the GROUP BY changes.
+      ** Changes in the GROUP BY are detected by the previous code
+      ** block.  If there were no changes, this block is skipped.
+      **
+      ** This code copies current group by terms in b0,b1,b2,...
+      ** over to a0,a1,a2.  It then calls the output subroutine
+      ** and resets the aggregate accumulator registers in preparation
+      ** for the next GROUP BY batch.
+      */
+      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, iBMem, iAMem, pGroupBy->nExpr);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutputRow, addrOutputRow);
+      VdbeComment((v, "output one row"));
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iAbortFlag, addrEnd);
+      VdbeComment((v, "check abort flag"));
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReset, addrReset);
+      VdbeComment((v, "reset accumulator"));
+
+      /* Update the aggregate accumulators based on the content of
+      ** the current row
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+      updateAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, iUseFlag);
+      VdbeComment((v, "indicate data in accumulator"));
+
+      /* End of the loop
+      */
+      if( groupBySort ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrTopOfLoop);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortingIdx, 1);
+      }
+
+      /* Output the final row of result
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutputRow, addrOutputRow);
+      VdbeComment((v, "output final row"));
+
+      /* Jump over the subroutines
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrEnd);
+
+      /* Generate a subroutine that outputs a single row of the result
+      ** set.  This subroutine first looks at the iUseFlag.  If iUseFlag
+      ** is less than or equal to zero, the subroutine is a no-op.  If
+      ** the processing calls for the query to abort, this subroutine
+      ** increments the iAbortFlag memory location before returning in
+      ** order to signal the caller to abort.
+      */
+      addrSetAbort = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, iAbortFlag);
+      VdbeComment((v, "set abort flag"));
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regOutputRow);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrOutputRow);
+      addrOutputRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iUseFlag, addrOutputRow+2);
+      VdbeComment((v, "Groupby result generator entry point"));
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regOutputRow);
+      finalizeAggFunctions(pParse, &sAggInfo);
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pHaving, addrOutputRow+1, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy,
+                      distinct, pDest,
+                      addrOutputRow+1, addrSetAbort);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regOutputRow);
+      VdbeComment((v, "end groupby result generator"));
+
+      /* Generate a subroutine that will reset the group-by accumulator
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrReset);
+      resetAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regReset);
+     
+    } /* endif pGroupBy.  Begin aggregate queries without GROUP BY: */
+    else {
+      ExprList *pDel = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
+      Table *pTab;
+      if( (pTab = isSimpleCount(p, &sAggInfo))!=0 ){
+        /* If isSimpleCount() returns a pointer to a Table structure, then
+        ** the SQL statement is of the form:
+        **
+        **   SELECT count(*) FROM <tbl>
+        **
+        ** where the Table structure returned represents table <tbl>.
+        **
+        ** This statement is so common that it is optimized specially. The
+        ** OP_Count instruction is executed either on the intkey table that
+        ** contains the data for table <tbl> or on one of its indexes. It
+        ** is better to execute the op on an index, as indexes are almost
+        ** always spread across less pages than their corresponding tables.
+        */
+        const int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+        const int iCsr = pParse->nTab++;     /* Cursor to scan b-tree */
+        Index *pIdx;                         /* Iterator variable */
+        KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = 0;               /* Keyinfo for scanned index */
+        Index *pBest = 0;                    /* Best index found so far */
+        int iRoot = pTab->tnum;              /* Root page of scanned b-tree */
+
+        sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+        sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
+
+        /* Search for the index that has the least amount of columns. If
+        ** there is such an index, and it has less columns than the table
+        ** does, then we can assume that it consumes less space on disk and
+        ** will therefore be cheaper to scan to determine the query result.
+        ** In this case set iRoot to the root page number of the index b-tree
+        ** and pKeyInfo to the KeyInfo structure required to navigate the
+        ** index.
+        **
+        ** (2011-04-15) Do not do a full scan of an unordered index.
+        **
+        ** In practice the KeyInfo structure will not be used. It is only 
+        ** passed to keep OP_OpenRead happy.
+        */
+        for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+          if( pIdx->bUnordered==0 && (!pBest || pIdx->nColumn<pBest->nColumn) ){
+            pBest = pIdx;
+          }
+        }
+        if( pBest && pBest->nColumn<pTab->nCol ){
+          iRoot = pBest->tnum;
+          pKeyInfo = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pBest);
+        }
+
+        /* Open a read-only cursor, execute the OP_Count, close the cursor. */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iCsr, iRoot, iDb);
+        if( pKeyInfo ){
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iCsr, sAggInfo.aFunc[0].iMem);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCsr);
+        explainSimpleCount(pParse, pTab, pBest);
+      }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT */
+      {
+        /* Check if the query is of one of the following forms:
+        **
+        **   SELECT min(x) FROM ...
+        **   SELECT max(x) FROM ...
+        **
+        ** If it is, then ask the code in where.c to attempt to sort results
+        ** as if there was an "ORDER ON x" or "ORDER ON x DESC" clause. 
+        ** If where.c is able to produce results sorted in this order, then
+        ** add vdbe code to break out of the processing loop after the 
+        ** first iteration (since the first iteration of the loop is 
+        ** guaranteed to operate on the row with the minimum or maximum 
+        ** value of x, the only row required).
+        **
+        ** A special flag must be passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() to slightly
+        ** modify behaviour as follows:
+        **
+        **   + If the query is a "SELECT min(x)", then the loop coded by
+        **     where.c should not iterate over any values with a NULL value
+        **     for x.
+        **
+        **   + The optimizer code in where.c (the thing that decides which
+        **     index or indices to use) should place a different priority on 
+        **     satisfying the 'ORDER BY' clause than it does in other cases.
+        **     Refer to code and comments in where.c for details.
+        */
+        ExprList *pMinMax = 0;
+        u8 flag = minMaxQuery(p);
+        if( flag ){
+          assert( !ExprHasProperty(p->pEList->a[0].pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+          pMinMax = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pEList->a[0].pExpr->x.pList,0);
+          pDel = pMinMax;
+          if( pMinMax && !db->mallocFailed ){
+            pMinMax->a[0].sortOrder = flag!=WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN ?1:0;
+            pMinMax->a[0].pExpr->op = TK_COLUMN;
+          }
+        }
+  
+        /* This case runs if the aggregate has no GROUP BY clause.  The
+        ** processing is much simpler since there is only a single row
+        ** of output.
+        */
+        resetAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
+        pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pMinMax, flag);
+        if( pWInfo==0 ){
+          sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pDel);
+          goto select_end;
+        }
+        updateAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
+        if( !pMinMax && flag ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pWInfo->iBreak);
+          VdbeComment((v, "%s() by index",
+                (flag==WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN?"min":"max")));
+        }
+        sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+        finalizeAggFunctions(pParse, &sAggInfo);
+      }
+
+      pOrderBy = 0;
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pHaving, addrEnd, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, 0, 0, 0, -1, 
+                      pDest, addrEnd, addrEnd);
+      sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pDel);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrEnd);
+    
+  } /* endif aggregate query */
+
+  if( distinct>=0 ){
+    explainTempTable(pParse, "DISTINCT");
+  }
+
+  /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then we need to sort the results
+  ** and send them to the callback one by one.
+  */
+  if( pOrderBy ){
+    explainTempTable(pParse, "ORDER BY");
+    generateSortTail(pParse, p, v, pEList->nExpr, pDest);
+  }
+
+  /* Jump here to skip this query
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iEnd);
+
+  /* The SELECT was successfully coded.   Set the return code to 0
+  ** to indicate no errors.
+  */
+  rc = 0;
+
+  /* Control jumps to here if an error is encountered above, or upon
+  ** successful coding of the SELECT.
+  */
+select_end:
+  explainSetInteger(pParse->iSelectId, iRestoreSelectId);
+
+  /* Identify column names if results of the SELECT are to be output.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pDest->eDest==SRT_Output ){
+    generateColumnNames(pParse, pTabList, pEList);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, sAggInfo.aCol);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, sAggInfo.aFunc);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/*
+*******************************************************************************
+** The following code is used for testing and debugging only.  The code
+** that follows does not appear in normal builds.
+**
+** These routines are used to print out the content of all or part of a 
+** parse structures such as Select or Expr.  Such printouts are useful
+** for helping to understand what is happening inside the code generator
+** during the execution of complex SELECT statements.
+**
+** These routine are not called anywhere from within the normal
+** code base.  Then are intended to be called from within the debugger
+** or from temporary "printf" statements inserted for debugging.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrintExpr(Expr *p){
+  if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_IntValue) && p->u.zToken ){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("(%s", p->u.zToken);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("(%d", p->op);
+  }
+  if( p->pLeft ){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf(" ");
+    sqlite3PrintExpr(p->pLeft);
+  }
+  if( p->pRight ){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf(" ");
+    sqlite3PrintExpr(p->pRight);
+  }
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf(")");
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrintExprList(ExprList *pList){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+    sqlite3PrintExpr(pList->a[i].pExpr);
+    if( i<pList->nExpr-1 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf(", ");
+    }
+  }
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrintSelect(Select *p, int indent){
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*sSELECT(%p) ", indent, "", p);
+  sqlite3PrintExprList(p->pEList);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+  if( p->pSrc ){
+    char *zPrefix;
+    int i;
+    zPrefix = "FROM";
+    for(i=0; i<p->pSrc->nSrc; i++){
+      struct SrcList_item *pItem = &p->pSrc->a[i];
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s ", indent+6, zPrefix);
+      zPrefix = "";
+      if( pItem->pSelect ){
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("(\n");
+        sqlite3PrintSelect(pItem->pSelect, indent+10);
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s)", indent+8, "");
+      }else if( pItem->zName ){
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("%s", pItem->zName);
+      }
+      if( pItem->pTab ){
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("(table: %s)", pItem->pTab->zName);
+      }
+      if( pItem->zAlias ){
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf(" AS %s", pItem->zAlias);
+      }
+      if( i<p->pSrc->nSrc-1 ){
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf(",");
+      }
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+    }
+  }
+  if( p->pWhere ){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s WHERE ", indent, "");
+    sqlite3PrintExpr(p->pWhere);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+  }
+  if( p->pGroupBy ){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s GROUP BY ", indent, "");
+    sqlite3PrintExprList(p->pGroupBy);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+  }
+  if( p->pHaving ){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s HAVING ", indent, "");
+    sqlite3PrintExpr(p->pHaving);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+  }
+  if( p->pOrderBy ){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s ORDER BY ", indent, "");
+    sqlite3PrintExprList(p->pOrderBy);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+  }
+}
+/* End of the structure debug printing code
+*****************************************************************************/
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) */
+
+/************** End of select.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file table.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the sqlite3_get_table() and sqlite3_free_table()
+** interface routines.  These are just wrappers around the main
+** interface routine of sqlite3_exec().
+**
+** These routines are in a separate files so that they will not be linked
+** if they are not used.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_GET_TABLE
+
+/*
+** This structure is used to pass data from sqlite3_get_table() through
+** to the callback function is uses to build the result.
+*/
+typedef struct TabResult {
+  char **azResult;   /* Accumulated output */
+  char *zErrMsg;     /* Error message text, if an error occurs */
+  int nAlloc;        /* Slots allocated for azResult[] */
+  int nRow;          /* Number of rows in the result */
+  int nColumn;       /* Number of columns in the result */
+  int nData;         /* Slots used in azResult[].  (nRow+1)*nColumn */
+  int rc;            /* Return code from sqlite3_exec() */
+} TabResult;
+
+/*
+** This routine is called once for each row in the result table.  Its job
+** is to fill in the TabResult structure appropriately, allocating new
+** memory as necessary.
+*/
+static int sqlite3_get_table_cb(void *pArg, int nCol, char **argv, char **colv){
+  TabResult *p = (TabResult*)pArg;  /* Result accumulator */
+  int need;                         /* Slots needed in p->azResult[] */
+  int i;                            /* Loop counter */
+  char *z;                          /* A single column of result */
+
+  /* Make sure there is enough space in p->azResult to hold everything
+  ** we need to remember from this invocation of the callback.
+  */
+  if( p->nRow==0 && argv!=0 ){
+    need = nCol*2;
+  }else{
+    need = nCol;
+  }
+  if( p->nData + need > p->nAlloc ){
+    char **azNew;
+    p->nAlloc = p->nAlloc*2 + need;
+    azNew = sqlite3_realloc( p->azResult, sizeof(char*)*p->nAlloc );
+    if( azNew==0 ) goto malloc_failed;
+    p->azResult = azNew;
+  }
+
+  /* If this is the first row, then generate an extra row containing
+  ** the names of all columns.
+  */
+  if( p->nRow==0 ){
+    p->nColumn = nCol;
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      z = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", colv[i]);
+      if( z==0 ) goto malloc_failed;
+      p->azResult[p->nData++] = z;
+    }
+  }else if( p->nColumn!=nCol ){
+    sqlite3_free(p->zErrMsg);
+    p->zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(
+       "sqlite3_get_table() called with two or more incompatible queries"
+    );
+    p->rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Copy over the row data
+  */
+  if( argv!=0 ){
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      if( argv[i]==0 ){
+        z = 0;
+      }else{
+        int n = sqlite3Strlen30(argv[i])+1;
+        z = sqlite3_malloc( n );
+        if( z==0 ) goto malloc_failed;
+        memcpy(z, argv[i], n);
+      }
+      p->azResult[p->nData++] = z;
+    }
+    p->nRow++;
+  }
+  return 0;
+
+malloc_failed:
+  p->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Query the database.  But instead of invoking a callback for each row,
+** malloc() for space to hold the result and return the entire results
+** at the conclusion of the call.
+**
+** The result that is written to ***pazResult is held in memory obtained
+** from malloc().  But the caller cannot free this memory directly.  
+** Instead, the entire table should be passed to sqlite3_free_table() when
+** the calling procedure is finished using it.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_table(
+  sqlite3 *db,                /* The database on which the SQL executes */
+  const char *zSql,           /* The SQL to be executed */
+  char ***pazResult,          /* Write the result table here */
+  int *pnRow,                 /* Write the number of rows in the result here */
+  int *pnColumn,              /* Write the number of columns of result here */
+  char **pzErrMsg             /* Write error messages here */
+){
+  int rc;
+  TabResult res;
+
+  *pazResult = 0;
+  if( pnColumn ) *pnColumn = 0;
+  if( pnRow ) *pnRow = 0;
+  if( pzErrMsg ) *pzErrMsg = 0;
+  res.zErrMsg = 0;
+  res.nRow = 0;
+  res.nColumn = 0;
+  res.nData = 1;
+  res.nAlloc = 20;
+  res.rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  res.azResult = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(char*)*res.nAlloc );
+  if( res.azResult==0 ){
+     db->errCode = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  res.azResult[0] = 0;
+  rc = sqlite3_exec(db, zSql, sqlite3_get_table_cb, &res, pzErrMsg);
+  assert( sizeof(res.azResult[0])>= sizeof(res.nData) );
+  res.azResult[0] = SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(res.nData);
+  if( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_ABORT ){
+    sqlite3_free_table(&res.azResult[1]);
+    if( res.zErrMsg ){
+      if( pzErrMsg ){
+        sqlite3_free(*pzErrMsg);
+        *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s",res.zErrMsg);
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(res.zErrMsg);
+    }
+    db->errCode = res.rc;  /* Assume 32-bit assignment is atomic */
+    return res.rc;
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(res.zErrMsg);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_free_table(&res.azResult[1]);
+    return rc;
+  }
+  if( res.nAlloc>res.nData ){
+    char **azNew;
+    azNew = sqlite3_realloc( res.azResult, sizeof(char*)*res.nData );
+    if( azNew==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free_table(&res.azResult[1]);
+      db->errCode = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    res.azResult = azNew;
+  }
+  *pazResult = &res.azResult[1];
+  if( pnColumn ) *pnColumn = res.nColumn;
+  if( pnRow ) *pnRow = res.nRow;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine frees the space the sqlite3_get_table() malloced.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_table(
+  char **azResult            /* Result returned from from sqlite3_get_table() */
+){
+  if( azResult ){
+    int i, n;
+    azResult--;
+    assert( azResult!=0 );
+    n = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(azResult[0]);
+    for(i=1; i<n; i++){ if( azResult[i] ) sqlite3_free(azResult[i]); }
+    sqlite3_free(azResult);
+  }
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_GET_TABLE */
+
+/************** End of table.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file trigger.c *****************************************/
+/*
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains the implementation for TRIGGERs
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+/*
+** Delete a linked list of TriggerStep structures.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(sqlite3 *db, TriggerStep *pTriggerStep){
+  while( pTriggerStep ){
+    TriggerStep * pTmp = pTriggerStep;
+    pTriggerStep = pTriggerStep->pNext;
+
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pTmp->pWhere);
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pTmp->pExprList);
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pTmp->pSelect);
+    sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pTmp->pIdList);
+
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pTmp);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Given table pTab, return a list of all the triggers attached to 
+** the table. The list is connected by Trigger.pNext pointers.
+**
+** All of the triggers on pTab that are in the same database as pTab
+** are already attached to pTab->pTrigger.  But there might be additional
+** triggers on pTab in the TEMP schema.  This routine prepends all
+** TEMP triggers on pTab to the beginning of the pTab->pTrigger list
+** and returns the combined list.
+**
+** To state it another way:  This routine returns a list of all triggers
+** that fire off of pTab.  The list will include any TEMP triggers on
+** pTab as well as the triggers lised in pTab->pTrigger.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Trigger *sqlite3TriggerList(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
+  Schema * const pTmpSchema = pParse->db->aDb[1].pSchema;
+  Trigger *pList = 0;                  /* List of triggers to return */
+
+  if( pParse->disableTriggers ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if( pTmpSchema!=pTab->pSchema ){
+    HashElem *p;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(pParse->db, 0, pTmpSchema) );
+    for(p=sqliteHashFirst(&pTmpSchema->trigHash); p; p=sqliteHashNext(p)){
+      Trigger *pTrig = (Trigger *)sqliteHashData(p);
+      if( pTrig->pTabSchema==pTab->pSchema
+       && 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pTrig->table, pTab->zName) 
+      ){
+        pTrig->pNext = (pList ? pList : pTab->pTrigger);
+        pList = pTrig;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (pList ? pList : pTab->pTrigger);
+}
+
+/*
+** This is called by the parser when it sees a CREATE TRIGGER statement
+** up to the point of the BEGIN before the trigger actions.  A Trigger
+** structure is generated based on the information available and stored
+** in pParse->pNewTrigger.  After the trigger actions have been parsed, the
+** sqlite3FinishTrigger() function is called to complete the trigger
+** construction process.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginTrigger(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* The parse context of the CREATE TRIGGER statement */
+  Token *pName1,      /* The name of the trigger */
+  Token *pName2,      /* The name of the trigger */
+  int tr_tm,          /* One of TK_BEFORE, TK_AFTER, TK_INSTEAD */
+  int op,             /* One of TK_INSERT, TK_UPDATE, TK_DELETE */
+  IdList *pColumns,   /* column list if this is an UPDATE OF trigger */
+  SrcList *pTableName,/* The name of the table/view the trigger applies to */
+  Expr *pWhen,        /* WHEN clause */
+  int isTemp,         /* True if the TEMPORARY keyword is present */
+  int noErr           /* Suppress errors if the trigger already exists */
+){
+  Trigger *pTrigger = 0;  /* The new trigger */
+  Table *pTab;            /* Table that the trigger fires off of */
+  char *zName = 0;        /* Name of the trigger */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;  /* The database connection */
+  int iDb;                /* The database to store the trigger in */
+  Token *pName;           /* The unqualified db name */
+  DbFixer sFix;           /* State vector for the DB fixer */
+  int iTabDb;             /* Index of the database holding pTab */
+
+  assert( pName1!=0 );   /* pName1->z might be NULL, but not pName1 itself */
+  assert( pName2!=0 );
+  assert( op==TK_INSERT || op==TK_UPDATE || op==TK_DELETE );
+  assert( op>0 && op<0xff );
+  if( isTemp ){
+    /* If TEMP was specified, then the trigger name may not be qualified. */
+    if( pName2->n>0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "temporary trigger may not have qualified name");
+      goto trigger_cleanup;
+    }
+    iDb = 1;
+    pName = pName1;
+  }else{
+    /* Figure out the db that the the trigger will be created in */
+    iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
+    if( iDb<0 ){
+      goto trigger_cleanup;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If the trigger name was unqualified, and the table is a temp table,
+  ** then set iDb to 1 to create the trigger in the temporary database.
+  ** If sqlite3SrcListLookup() returns 0, indicating the table does not
+  ** exist, the error is caught by the block below.
+  */
+  if( !pTableName || db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+  pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTableName);
+  if( db->init.busy==0 && pName2->n==0 && pTab
+        && pTab->pSchema==db->aDb[1].pSchema ){
+    iDb = 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Ensure the table name matches database name and that the table exists */
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) goto trigger_cleanup;
+  assert( pTableName->nSrc==1 );
+  if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", pName) && 
+      sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTableName) ){
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+  pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTableName);
+  if( !pTab ){
+    /* The table does not exist. */
+    if( db->init.iDb==1 ){
+      /* Ticket #3810.
+      ** Normally, whenever a table is dropped, all associated triggers are
+      ** dropped too.  But if a TEMP trigger is created on a non-TEMP table
+      ** and the table is dropped by a different database connection, the
+      ** trigger is not visible to the database connection that does the
+      ** drop so the trigger cannot be dropped.  This results in an
+      ** "orphaned trigger" - a trigger whose associated table is missing.
+      */
+      db->init.orphanTrigger = 1;
+    }
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot create triggers on virtual tables");
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* Check that the trigger name is not reserved and that no trigger of the
+  ** specified name exists */
+  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName);
+  if( !zName || SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3CheckObjectName(pParse, zName) ){
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  if( sqlite3HashFind(&(db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->trigHash),
+                      zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName)) ){
+    if( !noErr ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "trigger %T already exists", pName);
+    }else{
+      assert( !db->init.busy );
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    }
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* Do not create a trigger on a system table */
+  if( sqlite3StrNICmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot create trigger on system table");
+    pParse->nErr++;
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* INSTEAD of triggers are only for views and views only support INSTEAD
+  ** of triggers.
+  */
+  if( pTab->pSelect && tr_tm!=TK_INSTEAD ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot create %s trigger on view: %S", 
+        (tr_tm == TK_BEFORE)?"BEFORE":"AFTER", pTableName, 0);
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+  if( !pTab->pSelect && tr_tm==TK_INSTEAD ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot create INSTEAD OF"
+        " trigger on table: %S", pTableName, 0);
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+  iTabDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  {
+    int code = SQLITE_CREATE_TRIGGER;
+    const char *zDb = db->aDb[iTabDb].zName;
+    const char *zDbTrig = isTemp ? db->aDb[1].zName : zDb;
+    if( iTabDb==1 || isTemp ) code = SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TRIGGER;
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, code, zName, pTab->zName, zDbTrig) ){
+      goto trigger_cleanup;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_INSERT, SCHEMA_TABLE(iTabDb),0,zDb)){
+      goto trigger_cleanup;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* INSTEAD OF triggers can only appear on views and BEFORE triggers
+  ** cannot appear on views.  So we might as well translate every
+  ** INSTEAD OF trigger into a BEFORE trigger.  It simplifies code
+  ** elsewhere.
+  */
+  if (tr_tm == TK_INSTEAD){
+    tr_tm = TK_BEFORE;
+  }
+
+  /* Build the Trigger object */
+  pTrigger = (Trigger*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Trigger));
+  if( pTrigger==0 ) goto trigger_cleanup;
+  pTrigger->zName = zName;
+  zName = 0;
+  pTrigger->table = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pTableName->a[0].zName);
+  pTrigger->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
+  pTrigger->pTabSchema = pTab->pSchema;
+  pTrigger->op = (u8)op;
+  pTrigger->tr_tm = tr_tm==TK_BEFORE ? TRIGGER_BEFORE : TRIGGER_AFTER;
+  pTrigger->pWhen = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhen, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+  pTrigger->pColumns = sqlite3IdListDup(db, pColumns);
+  assert( pParse->pNewTrigger==0 );
+  pParse->pNewTrigger = pTrigger;
+
+trigger_cleanup:
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTableName);
+  sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pColumns);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhen);
+  if( !pParse->pNewTrigger ){
+    sqlite3DeleteTrigger(db, pTrigger);
+  }else{
+    assert( pParse->pNewTrigger==pTrigger );
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine is called after all of the trigger actions have been parsed
+** in order to complete the process of building the trigger.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FinishTrigger(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parser context */
+  TriggerStep *pStepList, /* The triggered program */
+  Token *pAll             /* Token that describes the complete CREATE TRIGGER */
+){
+  Trigger *pTrig = pParse->pNewTrigger;   /* Trigger being finished */
+  char *zName;                            /* Name of trigger */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;               /* The database */
+  DbFixer sFix;                           /* Fixer object */
+  int iDb;                                /* Database containing the trigger */
+  Token nameToken;                        /* Trigger name for error reporting */
+
+  pParse->pNewTrigger = 0;
+  if( NEVER(pParse->nErr) || !pTrig ) goto triggerfinish_cleanup;
+  zName = pTrig->zName;
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTrig->pSchema);
+  pTrig->step_list = pStepList;
+  while( pStepList ){
+    pStepList->pTrig = pTrig;
+    pStepList = pStepList->pNext;
+  }
+  nameToken.z = pTrig->zName;
+  nameToken.n = sqlite3Strlen30(nameToken.z);
+  if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", &nameToken) 
+          && sqlite3FixTriggerStep(&sFix, pTrig->step_list) ){
+    goto triggerfinish_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* if we are not initializing,
+  ** build the sqlite_master entry
+  */
+  if( !db->init.busy ){
+    Vdbe *v;
+    char *z;
+
+    /* Make an entry in the sqlite_master table */
+    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+    if( v==0 ) goto triggerfinish_cleanup;
+    sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+    z = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, (char*)pAll->z, pAll->n);
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+       "INSERT INTO %Q.%s VALUES('trigger',%Q,%Q,0,'CREATE TRIGGER %q')",
+       db->aDb[iDb].zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), zName,
+       pTrig->table, z);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
+    sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb,
+        sqlite3MPrintf(db, "type='trigger' AND name='%q'", zName));
+  }
+
+  if( db->init.busy ){
+    Trigger *pLink = pTrig;
+    Hash *pHash = &db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->trigHash;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    pTrig = sqlite3HashInsert(pHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), pTrig);
+    if( pTrig ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    }else if( pLink->pSchema==pLink->pTabSchema ){
+      Table *pTab;
+      int n = sqlite3Strlen30(pLink->table);
+      pTab = sqlite3HashFind(&pLink->pTabSchema->tblHash, pLink->table, n);
+      assert( pTab!=0 );
+      pLink->pNext = pTab->pTrigger;
+      pTab->pTrigger = pLink;
+    }
+  }
+
+triggerfinish_cleanup:
+  sqlite3DeleteTrigger(db, pTrig);
+  assert( !pParse->pNewTrigger );
+  sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(db, pStepList);
+}
+
+/*
+** Turn a SELECT statement (that the pSelect parameter points to) into
+** a trigger step.  Return a pointer to a TriggerStep structure.
+**
+** The parser calls this routine when it finds a SELECT statement in
+** body of a TRIGGER.  
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerSelectStep(sqlite3 *db, Select *pSelect){
+  TriggerStep *pTriggerStep = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(TriggerStep));
+  if( pTriggerStep==0 ) {
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  pTriggerStep->op = TK_SELECT;
+  pTriggerStep->pSelect = pSelect;
+  pTriggerStep->orconf = OE_Default;
+  return pTriggerStep;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate space to hold a new trigger step.  The allocated space
+** holds both the TriggerStep object and the TriggerStep.target.z string.
+**
+** If an OOM error occurs, NULL is returned and db->mallocFailed is set.
+*/
+static TriggerStep *triggerStepAllocate(
+  sqlite3 *db,                /* Database connection */
+  u8 op,                      /* Trigger opcode */
+  Token *pName                /* The target name */
+){
+  TriggerStep *pTriggerStep;
+
+  pTriggerStep = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(TriggerStep) + pName->n);
+  if( pTriggerStep ){
+    char *z = (char*)&pTriggerStep[1];
+    memcpy(z, pName->z, pName->n);
+    pTriggerStep->target.z = z;
+    pTriggerStep->target.n = pName->n;
+    pTriggerStep->op = op;
+  }
+  return pTriggerStep;
+}
+
+/*
+** Build a trigger step out of an INSERT statement.  Return a pointer
+** to the new trigger step.
+**
+** The parser calls this routine when it sees an INSERT inside the
+** body of a trigger.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(
+  sqlite3 *db,        /* The database connection */
+  Token *pTableName,  /* Name of the table into which we insert */
+  IdList *pColumn,    /* List of columns in pTableName to insert into */
+  ExprList *pEList,   /* The VALUE clause: a list of values to be inserted */
+  Select *pSelect,    /* A SELECT statement that supplies values */
+  u8 orconf           /* The conflict algorithm (OE_Abort, OE_Replace, etc.) */
+){
+  TriggerStep *pTriggerStep;
+
+  assert(pEList == 0 || pSelect == 0);
+  assert(pEList != 0 || pSelect != 0 || db->mallocFailed);
+
+  pTriggerStep = triggerStepAllocate(db, TK_INSERT, pTableName);
+  if( pTriggerStep ){
+    pTriggerStep->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pSelect, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+    pTriggerStep->pIdList = pColumn;
+    pTriggerStep->pExprList = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pEList, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+    pTriggerStep->orconf = orconf;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pColumn);
+  }
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pEList);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+
+  return pTriggerStep;
+}
+
+/*
+** Construct a trigger step that implements an UPDATE statement and return
+** a pointer to that trigger step.  The parser calls this routine when it
+** sees an UPDATE statement inside the body of a CREATE TRIGGER.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerUpdateStep(
+  sqlite3 *db,         /* The database connection */
+  Token *pTableName,   /* Name of the table to be updated */
+  ExprList *pEList,    /* The SET clause: list of column and new values */
+  Expr *pWhere,        /* The WHERE clause */
+  u8 orconf            /* The conflict algorithm. (OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, etc) */
+){
+  TriggerStep *pTriggerStep;
+
+  pTriggerStep = triggerStepAllocate(db, TK_UPDATE, pTableName);
+  if( pTriggerStep ){
+    pTriggerStep->pExprList = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pEList, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+    pTriggerStep->pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhere, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+    pTriggerStep->orconf = orconf;
+  }
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pEList);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
+  return pTriggerStep;
+}
+
+/*
+** Construct a trigger step that implements a DELETE statement and return
+** a pointer to that trigger step.  The parser calls this routine when it
+** sees a DELETE statement inside the body of a CREATE TRIGGER.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerDeleteStep(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database connection */
+  Token *pTableName,      /* The table from which rows are deleted */
+  Expr *pWhere            /* The WHERE clause */
+){
+  TriggerStep *pTriggerStep;
+
+  pTriggerStep = triggerStepAllocate(db, TK_DELETE, pTableName);
+  if( pTriggerStep ){
+    pTriggerStep->pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhere, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
+    pTriggerStep->orconf = OE_Default;
+  }
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
+  return pTriggerStep;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Recursively delete a Trigger structure
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTrigger(sqlite3 *db, Trigger *pTrigger){
+  if( pTrigger==0 ) return;
+  sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(db, pTrigger->step_list);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pTrigger->zName);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pTrigger->table);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pTrigger->pWhen);
+  sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pTrigger->pColumns);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pTrigger);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to drop a trigger from the database schema. 
+**
+** This may be called directly from the parser and therefore identifies
+** the trigger by name.  The sqlite3DropTriggerPtr() routine does the
+** same job as this routine except it takes a pointer to the trigger
+** instead of the trigger name.
+**/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTrigger(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, int noErr){
+  Trigger *pTrigger = 0;
+  int i;
+  const char *zDb;
+  const char *zName;
+  int nName;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) goto drop_trigger_cleanup;
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
+    goto drop_trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  assert( pName->nSrc==1 );
+  zDb = pName->a[0].zDatabase;
+  zName = pName->a[0].zName;
+  nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  assert( zDb!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;  /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
+    if( zDb && sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[j].zName, zDb) ) continue;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
+    pTrigger = sqlite3HashFind(&(db->aDb[j].pSchema->trigHash), zName, nName);
+    if( pTrigger ) break;
+  }
+  if( !pTrigger ){
+    if( !noErr ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such trigger: %S", pName, 0);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(pParse, zDb);
+    }
+    pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+    goto drop_trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+  sqlite3DropTriggerPtr(pParse, pTrigger);
+
+drop_trigger_cleanup:
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pName);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the Table structure for the table that a trigger
+** is set on.
+*/
+static Table *tableOfTrigger(Trigger *pTrigger){
+  int n = sqlite3Strlen30(pTrigger->table);
+  return sqlite3HashFind(&pTrigger->pTabSchema->tblHash, pTrigger->table, n);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Drop a trigger given a pointer to that trigger. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTriggerPtr(Parse *pParse, Trigger *pTrigger){
+  Table   *pTable;
+  Vdbe *v;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int iDb;
+
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTrigger->pSchema);
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  pTable = tableOfTrigger(pTrigger);
+  assert( pTable );
+  assert( pTable->pSchema==pTrigger->pSchema || iDb==1 );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  {
+    int code = SQLITE_DROP_TRIGGER;
+    const char *zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+    const char *zTab = SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb);
+    if( iDb==1 ) code = SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TRIGGER;
+    if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, code, pTrigger->zName, pTable->zName, zDb) ||
+      sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_DELETE, zTab, 0, zDb) ){
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Generate code to destroy the database record of the trigger.
+  */
+  assert( pTable!=0 );
+  if( (v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse))!=0 ){
+    int base;
+    static const VdbeOpList dropTrigger[] = {
+      { OP_Rewind,     0, ADDR(9),  0},
+      { OP_String8,    0, 1,        0}, /* 1 */
+      { OP_Column,     0, 1,        2},
+      { OP_Ne,         2, ADDR(8),  1},
+      { OP_String8,    0, 1,        0}, /* 4: "trigger" */
+      { OP_Column,     0, 0,        2},
+      { OP_Ne,         2, ADDR(8),  1},
+      { OP_Delete,     0, 0,        0},
+      { OP_Next,       0, ADDR(1),  0}, /* 8 */
+    };
+
+    sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
+    sqlite3OpenMasterTable(pParse, iDb);
+    base = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v,  ArraySize(dropTrigger), dropTrigger);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, base+1, pTrigger->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, base+4, "trigger", P4_STATIC);
+    sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_DropTrigger, iDb, 0, 0, pTrigger->zName, 0);
+    if( pParse->nMem<3 ){
+      pParse->nMem = 3;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove a trigger from the hash tables of the sqlite* pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTrigger(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zName){
+  Trigger *pTrigger;
+  Hash *pHash;
+
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  pHash = &(db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->trigHash);
+  pTrigger = sqlite3HashInsert(pHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), 0);
+  if( ALWAYS(pTrigger) ){
+    if( pTrigger->pSchema==pTrigger->pTabSchema ){
+      Table *pTab = tableOfTrigger(pTrigger);
+      Trigger **pp;
+      for(pp=&pTab->pTrigger; *pp!=pTrigger; pp=&((*pp)->pNext));
+      *pp = (*pp)->pNext;
+    }
+    sqlite3DeleteTrigger(db, pTrigger);
+    db->flags |= SQLITE_InternChanges;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** pEList is the SET clause of an UPDATE statement.  Each entry
+** in pEList is of the format <id>=<expr>.  If any of the entries
+** in pEList have an <id> which matches an identifier in pIdList,
+** then return TRUE.  If pIdList==NULL, then it is considered a
+** wildcard that matches anything.  Likewise if pEList==NULL then
+** it matches anything so always return true.  Return false only
+** if there is no match.
+*/
+static int checkColumnOverlap(IdList *pIdList, ExprList *pEList){
+  int e;
+  if( pIdList==0 || NEVER(pEList==0) ) return 1;
+  for(e=0; e<pEList->nExpr; e++){
+    if( sqlite3IdListIndex(pIdList, pEList->a[e].zName)>=0 ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0; 
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a list of all triggers on table pTab if there exists at least
+** one trigger that must be fired when an operation of type 'op' is 
+** performed on the table, and, if that operation is an UPDATE, if at
+** least one of the columns in pChanges is being modified.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Trigger *sqlite3TriggersExist(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parse context */
+  Table *pTab,            /* The table the contains the triggers */
+  int op,                 /* one of TK_DELETE, TK_INSERT, TK_UPDATE */
+  ExprList *pChanges,     /* Columns that change in an UPDATE statement */
+  int *pMask              /* OUT: Mask of TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER */
+){
+  int mask = 0;
+  Trigger *pList = 0;
+  Trigger *p;
+
+  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_EnableTrigger)!=0 ){
+    pList = sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pTab);
+  }
+  assert( pList==0 || IsVirtual(pTab)==0 );
+  for(p=pList; p; p=p->pNext){
+    if( p->op==op && checkColumnOverlap(p->pColumns, pChanges) ){
+      mask |= p->tr_tm;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pMask ){
+    *pMask = mask;
+  }
+  return (mask ? pList : 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert the pStep->target token into a SrcList and return a pointer
+** to that SrcList.
+**
+** This routine adds a specific database name, if needed, to the target when
+** forming the SrcList.  This prevents a trigger in one database from
+** referring to a target in another database.  An exception is when the
+** trigger is in TEMP in which case it can refer to any other database it
+** wants.
+*/
+static SrcList *targetSrcList(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* The parsing context */
+  TriggerStep *pStep   /* The trigger containing the target token */
+){
+  int iDb;             /* Index of the database to use */
+  SrcList *pSrc;       /* SrcList to be returned */
+
+  pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db, 0, &pStep->target, 0);
+  if( pSrc ){
+    assert( pSrc->nSrc>0 );
+    assert( pSrc->a!=0 );
+    iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pStep->pTrig->pSchema);
+    if( iDb==0 || iDb>=2 ){
+      sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+      assert( iDb<pParse->db->nDb );
+      pSrc->a[pSrc->nSrc-1].zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+    }
+  }
+  return pSrc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate VDBE code for the statements inside the body of a single 
+** trigger.
+*/
+static int codeTriggerProgram(
+  Parse *pParse,            /* The parser context */
+  TriggerStep *pStepList,   /* List of statements inside the trigger body */
+  int orconf                /* Conflict algorithm. (OE_Abort, etc) */  
+){
+  TriggerStep *pStep;
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  assert( pParse->pTriggerTab && pParse->pToplevel );
+  assert( pStepList );
+  assert( v!=0 );
+  for(pStep=pStepList; pStep; pStep=pStep->pNext){
+    /* Figure out the ON CONFLICT policy that will be used for this step
+    ** of the trigger program. If the statement that caused this trigger
+    ** to fire had an explicit ON CONFLICT, then use it. Otherwise, use
+    ** the ON CONFLICT policy that was specified as part of the trigger
+    ** step statement. Example:
+    **
+    **   CREATE TRIGGER AFTER INSERT ON t1 BEGIN;
+    **     INSERT OR REPLACE INTO t2 VALUES(new.a, new.b);
+    **   END;
+    **
+    **   INSERT INTO t1 ... ;            -- insert into t2 uses REPLACE policy
+    **   INSERT OR IGNORE INTO t1 ... ;  -- insert into t2 uses IGNORE policy
+    */
+    pParse->eOrconf = (orconf==OE_Default)?pStep->orconf:(u8)orconf;
+
+    switch( pStep->op ){
+      case TK_UPDATE: {
+        sqlite3Update(pParse, 
+          targetSrcList(pParse, pStep),
+          sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pStep->pExprList, 0), 
+          sqlite3ExprDup(db, pStep->pWhere, 0), 
+          pParse->eOrconf
+        );
+        break;
+      }
+      case TK_INSERT: {
+        sqlite3Insert(pParse, 
+          targetSrcList(pParse, pStep),
+          sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pStep->pExprList, 0), 
+          sqlite3SelectDup(db, pStep->pSelect, 0), 
+          sqlite3IdListDup(db, pStep->pIdList), 
+          pParse->eOrconf
+        );
+        break;
+      }
+      case TK_DELETE: {
+        sqlite3DeleteFrom(pParse, 
+          targetSrcList(pParse, pStep),
+          sqlite3ExprDup(db, pStep->pWhere, 0)
+        );
+        break;
+      }
+      default: assert( pStep->op==TK_SELECT ); {
+        SelectDest sDest;
+        Select *pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pStep->pSelect, 0);
+        sqlite3SelectDestInit(&sDest, SRT_Discard, 0);
+        sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &sDest);
+        sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+        break;
+      }
+    } 
+    if( pStep->op!=TK_SELECT ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_ResetCount);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** This function is used to add VdbeComment() annotations to a VDBE
+** program. It is not used in production code, only for debugging.
+*/
+static const char *onErrorText(int onError){
+  switch( onError ){
+    case OE_Abort:    return "abort";
+    case OE_Rollback: return "rollback";
+    case OE_Fail:     return "fail";
+    case OE_Replace:  return "replace";
+    case OE_Ignore:   return "ignore";
+    case OE_Default:  return "default";
+  }
+  return "n/a";
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Parse context structure pFrom has just been used to create a sub-vdbe
+** (trigger program). If an error has occurred, transfer error information
+** from pFrom to pTo.
+*/
+static void transferParseError(Parse *pTo, Parse *pFrom){
+  assert( pFrom->zErrMsg==0 || pFrom->nErr );
+  assert( pTo->zErrMsg==0 || pTo->nErr );
+  if( pTo->nErr==0 ){
+    pTo->zErrMsg = pFrom->zErrMsg;
+    pTo->nErr = pFrom->nErr;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3DbFree(pFrom->db, pFrom->zErrMsg);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Create and populate a new TriggerPrg object with a sub-program 
+** implementing trigger pTrigger with ON CONFLICT policy orconf.
+*/
+static TriggerPrg *codeRowTrigger(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Current parse context */
+  Trigger *pTrigger,   /* Trigger to code */
+  Table *pTab,         /* The table pTrigger is attached to */
+  int orconf           /* ON CONFLICT policy to code trigger program with */
+){
+  Parse *pTop = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;   /* Database handle */
+  TriggerPrg *pPrg;           /* Value to return */
+  Expr *pWhen = 0;            /* Duplicate of trigger WHEN expression */
+  Vdbe *v;                    /* Temporary VM */
+  NameContext sNC;            /* Name context for sub-vdbe */
+  SubProgram *pProgram = 0;   /* Sub-vdbe for trigger program */
+  Parse *pSubParse;           /* Parse context for sub-vdbe */
+  int iEndTrigger = 0;        /* Label to jump to if WHEN is false */
+
+  assert( pTrigger->zName==0 || pTab==tableOfTrigger(pTrigger) );
+  assert( pTop->pVdbe );
+
+  /* Allocate the TriggerPrg and SubProgram objects. To ensure that they
+  ** are freed if an error occurs, link them into the Parse.pTriggerPrg 
+  ** list of the top-level Parse object sooner rather than later.  */
+  pPrg = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(TriggerPrg));
+  if( !pPrg ) return 0;
+  pPrg->pNext = pTop->pTriggerPrg;
+  pTop->pTriggerPrg = pPrg;
+  pPrg->pProgram = pProgram = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(SubProgram));
+  if( !pProgram ) return 0;
+  sqlite3VdbeLinkSubProgram(pTop->pVdbe, pProgram);
+  pPrg->pTrigger = pTrigger;
+  pPrg->orconf = orconf;
+  pPrg->aColmask[0] = 0xffffffff;
+  pPrg->aColmask[1] = 0xffffffff;
+
+  /* Allocate and populate a new Parse context to use for coding the 
+  ** trigger sub-program.  */
+  pSubParse = sqlite3StackAllocZero(db, sizeof(Parse));
+  if( !pSubParse ) return 0;
+  memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+  sNC.pParse = pSubParse;
+  pSubParse->db = db;
+  pSubParse->pTriggerTab = pTab;
+  pSubParse->pToplevel = pTop;
+  pSubParse->zAuthContext = pTrigger->zName;
+  pSubParse->eTriggerOp = pTrigger->op;
+  pSubParse->nQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
+
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pSubParse);
+  if( v ){
+    VdbeComment((v, "Start: %s.%s (%s %s%s%s ON %s)", 
+      pTrigger->zName, onErrorText(orconf),
+      (pTrigger->tr_tm==TRIGGER_BEFORE ? "BEFORE" : "AFTER"),
+        (pTrigger->op==TK_UPDATE ? "UPDATE" : ""),
+        (pTrigger->op==TK_INSERT ? "INSERT" : ""),
+        (pTrigger->op==TK_DELETE ? "DELETE" : ""),
+      pTab->zName
+    ));
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, 
+      sqlite3MPrintf(db, "-- TRIGGER %s", pTrigger->zName), P4_DYNAMIC
+    );
+#endif
+
+    /* If one was specified, code the WHEN clause. If it evaluates to false
+    ** (or NULL) the sub-vdbe is immediately halted by jumping to the 
+    ** OP_Halt inserted at the end of the program.  */
+    if( pTrigger->pWhen ){
+      pWhen = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pTrigger->pWhen, 0);
+      if( SQLITE_OK==sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pWhen) 
+       && db->mallocFailed==0 
+      ){
+        iEndTrigger = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+        sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pSubParse, pWhen, iEndTrigger, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      }
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhen);
+    }
+
+    /* Code the trigger program into the sub-vdbe. */
+    codeTriggerProgram(pSubParse, pTrigger->step_list, orconf);
+
+    /* Insert an OP_Halt at the end of the sub-program. */
+    if( iEndTrigger ){
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iEndTrigger);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Halt);
+    VdbeComment((v, "End: %s.%s", pTrigger->zName, onErrorText(orconf)));
+
+    transferParseError(pParse, pSubParse);
+    if( db->mallocFailed==0 ){
+      pProgram->aOp = sqlite3VdbeTakeOpArray(v, &pProgram->nOp, &pTop->nMaxArg);
+    }
+    pProgram->nMem = pSubParse->nMem;
+    pProgram->nCsr = pSubParse->nTab;
+    pProgram->token = (void *)pTrigger;
+    pPrg->aColmask[0] = pSubParse->oldmask;
+    pPrg->aColmask[1] = pSubParse->newmask;
+    sqlite3VdbeDelete(v);
+  }
+
+  assert( !pSubParse->pAinc       && !pSubParse->pZombieTab );
+  assert( !pSubParse->pTriggerPrg && !pSubParse->nMaxArg );
+  sqlite3StackFree(db, pSubParse);
+
+  return pPrg;
+}
+    
+/*
+** Return a pointer to a TriggerPrg object containing the sub-program for
+** trigger pTrigger with default ON CONFLICT algorithm orconf. If no such
+** TriggerPrg object exists, a new object is allocated and populated before
+** being returned.
+*/
+static TriggerPrg *getRowTrigger(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Current parse context */
+  Trigger *pTrigger,   /* Trigger to code */
+  Table *pTab,         /* The table trigger pTrigger is attached to */
+  int orconf           /* ON CONFLICT algorithm. */
+){
+  Parse *pRoot = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+  TriggerPrg *pPrg;
+
+  assert( pTrigger->zName==0 || pTab==tableOfTrigger(pTrigger) );
+
+  /* It may be that this trigger has already been coded (or is in the
+  ** process of being coded). If this is the case, then an entry with
+  ** a matching TriggerPrg.pTrigger field will be present somewhere
+  ** in the Parse.pTriggerPrg list. Search for such an entry.  */
+  for(pPrg=pRoot->pTriggerPrg; 
+      pPrg && (pPrg->pTrigger!=pTrigger || pPrg->orconf!=orconf); 
+      pPrg=pPrg->pNext
+  );
+
+  /* If an existing TriggerPrg could not be located, create a new one. */
+  if( !pPrg ){
+    pPrg = codeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, pTab, orconf);
+  }
+
+  return pPrg;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code for the trigger program associated with trigger p on 
+** table pTab. The reg, orconf and ignoreJump parameters passed to this
+** function are the same as those described in the header function for
+** sqlite3CodeRowTrigger()
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeRowTriggerDirect(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parse context */
+  Trigger *p,          /* Trigger to code */
+  Table *pTab,         /* The table to code triggers from */
+  int reg,             /* Reg array containing OLD.* and NEW.* values */
+  int orconf,          /* ON CONFLICT policy */
+  int ignoreJump       /* Instruction to jump to for RAISE(IGNORE) */
+){
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse); /* Main VM */
+  TriggerPrg *pPrg;
+  pPrg = getRowTrigger(pParse, p, pTab, orconf);
+  assert( pPrg || pParse->nErr || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+
+  /* Code the OP_Program opcode in the parent VDBE. P4 of the OP_Program 
+  ** is a pointer to the sub-vdbe containing the trigger program.  */
+  if( pPrg ){
+    int bRecursive = (p->zName && 0==(pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers));
+
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Program, reg, ignoreJump, ++pParse->nMem);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (const char *)pPrg->pProgram, P4_SUBPROGRAM);
+    VdbeComment(
+        (v, "Call: %s.%s", (p->zName?p->zName:"fkey"), onErrorText(orconf)));
+
+    /* Set the P5 operand of the OP_Program instruction to non-zero if
+    ** recursive invocation of this trigger program is disallowed. Recursive
+    ** invocation is disallowed if (a) the sub-program is really a trigger,
+    ** not a foreign key action, and (b) the flag to enable recursive triggers
+    ** is clear.  */
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, (u8)bRecursive);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This is called to code the required FOR EACH ROW triggers for an operation
+** on table pTab. The operation to code triggers for (INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE)
+** is given by the op paramater. The tr_tm parameter determines whether the
+** BEFORE or AFTER triggers are coded. If the operation is an UPDATE, then
+** parameter pChanges is passed the list of columns being modified.
+**
+** If there are no triggers that fire at the specified time for the specified
+** operation on pTab, this function is a no-op.
+**
+** The reg argument is the address of the first in an array of registers 
+** that contain the values substituted for the new.* and old.* references
+** in the trigger program. If N is the number of columns in table pTab
+** (a copy of pTab->nCol), then registers are populated as follows:
+**
+**   Register       Contains
+**   ------------------------------------------------------
+**   reg+0          OLD.rowid
+**   reg+1          OLD.* value of left-most column of pTab
+**   ...            ...
+**   reg+N          OLD.* value of right-most column of pTab
+**   reg+N+1        NEW.rowid
+**   reg+N+2        OLD.* value of left-most column of pTab
+**   ...            ...
+**   reg+N+N+1      NEW.* value of right-most column of pTab
+**
+** For ON DELETE triggers, the registers containing the NEW.* values will
+** never be accessed by the trigger program, so they are not allocated or 
+** populated by the caller (there is no data to populate them with anyway). 
+** Similarly, for ON INSERT triggers the values stored in the OLD.* registers
+** are never accessed, and so are not allocated by the caller. So, for an
+** ON INSERT trigger, the value passed to this function as parameter reg
+** is not a readable register, although registers (reg+N) through 
+** (reg+N+N+1) are.
+**
+** Parameter orconf is the default conflict resolution algorithm for the
+** trigger program to use (REPLACE, IGNORE etc.). Parameter ignoreJump
+** is the instruction that control should jump to if a trigger program
+** raises an IGNORE exception.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parse context */
+  Trigger *pTrigger,   /* List of triggers on table pTab */
+  int op,              /* One of TK_UPDATE, TK_INSERT, TK_DELETE */
+  ExprList *pChanges,  /* Changes list for any UPDATE OF triggers */
+  int tr_tm,           /* One of TRIGGER_BEFORE, TRIGGER_AFTER */
+  Table *pTab,         /* The table to code triggers from */
+  int reg,             /* The first in an array of registers (see above) */
+  int orconf,          /* ON CONFLICT policy */
+  int ignoreJump       /* Instruction to jump to for RAISE(IGNORE) */
+){
+  Trigger *p;          /* Used to iterate through pTrigger list */
+
+  assert( op==TK_UPDATE || op==TK_INSERT || op==TK_DELETE );
+  assert( tr_tm==TRIGGER_BEFORE || tr_tm==TRIGGER_AFTER );
+  assert( (op==TK_UPDATE)==(pChanges!=0) );
+
+  for(p=pTrigger; p; p=p->pNext){
+
+    /* Sanity checking:  The schema for the trigger and for the table are
+    ** always defined.  The trigger must be in the same schema as the table
+    ** or else it must be a TEMP trigger. */
+    assert( p->pSchema!=0 );
+    assert( p->pTabSchema!=0 );
+    assert( p->pSchema==p->pTabSchema 
+         || p->pSchema==pParse->db->aDb[1].pSchema );
+
+    /* Determine whether we should code this trigger */
+    if( p->op==op 
+     && p->tr_tm==tr_tm 
+     && checkColumnOverlap(p->pColumns, pChanges)
+    ){
+      sqlite3CodeRowTriggerDirect(pParse, p, pTab, reg, orconf, ignoreJump);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Triggers may access values stored in the old.* or new.* pseudo-table. 
+** This function returns a 32-bit bitmask indicating which columns of the 
+** old.* or new.* tables actually are used by triggers. This information 
+** may be used by the caller, for example, to avoid having to load the entire
+** old.* record into memory when executing an UPDATE or DELETE command.
+**
+** Bit 0 of the returned mask is set if the left-most column of the
+** table may be accessed using an [old|new].<col> reference. Bit 1 is set if
+** the second leftmost column value is required, and so on. If there
+** are more than 32 columns in the table, and at least one of the columns
+** with an index greater than 32 may be accessed, 0xffffffff is returned.
+**
+** It is not possible to determine if the old.rowid or new.rowid column is 
+** accessed by triggers. The caller must always assume that it is.
+**
+** Parameter isNew must be either 1 or 0. If it is 0, then the mask returned
+** applies to the old.* table. If 1, the new.* table.
+**
+** Parameter tr_tm must be a mask with one or both of the TRIGGER_BEFORE
+** and TRIGGER_AFTER bits set. Values accessed by BEFORE triggers are only
+** included in the returned mask if the TRIGGER_BEFORE bit is set in the
+** tr_tm parameter. Similarly, values accessed by AFTER triggers are only
+** included in the returned mask if the TRIGGER_AFTER bit is set in tr_tm.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3TriggerColmask(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parse context */
+  Trigger *pTrigger,   /* List of triggers on table pTab */
+  ExprList *pChanges,  /* Changes list for any UPDATE OF triggers */
+  int isNew,           /* 1 for new.* ref mask, 0 for old.* ref mask */
+  int tr_tm,           /* Mask of TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER */
+  Table *pTab,         /* The table to code triggers from */
+  int orconf           /* Default ON CONFLICT policy for trigger steps */
+){
+  const int op = pChanges ? TK_UPDATE : TK_DELETE;
+  u32 mask = 0;
+  Trigger *p;
+
+  assert( isNew==1 || isNew==0 );
+  for(p=pTrigger; p; p=p->pNext){
+    if( p->op==op && (tr_tm&p->tr_tm)
+     && checkColumnOverlap(p->pColumns,pChanges)
+    ){
+      TriggerPrg *pPrg;
+      pPrg = getRowTrigger(pParse, p, pTab, orconf);
+      if( pPrg ){
+        mask |= pPrg->aColmask[isNew];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return mask;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER) */
+
+/************** End of trigger.c *********************************************/
+/************** Begin file update.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains C code routines that are called by the parser
+** to handle UPDATE statements.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/* Forward declaration */
+static void updateVirtualTable(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* The parsing context */
+  SrcList *pSrc,       /* The virtual table to be modified */
+  Table *pTab,         /* The virtual table */
+  ExprList *pChanges,  /* The columns to change in the UPDATE statement */
+  Expr *pRowidExpr,    /* Expression used to recompute the rowid */
+  int *aXRef,          /* Mapping from columns of pTab to entries in pChanges */
+  Expr *pWhere,        /* WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement */
+  int onError          /* ON CONFLICT strategy */
+);
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+/*
+** The most recently coded instruction was an OP_Column to retrieve the
+** i-th column of table pTab. This routine sets the P4 parameter of the 
+** OP_Column to the default value, if any.
+**
+** The default value of a column is specified by a DEFAULT clause in the 
+** column definition. This was either supplied by the user when the table
+** was created, or added later to the table definition by an ALTER TABLE
+** command. If the latter, then the row-records in the table btree on disk
+** may not contain a value for the column and the default value, taken
+** from the P4 parameter of the OP_Column instruction, is returned instead.
+** If the former, then all row-records are guaranteed to include a value
+** for the column and the P4 value is not required.
+**
+** Column definitions created by an ALTER TABLE command may only have 
+** literal default values specified: a number, null or a string. (If a more
+** complicated default expression value was provided, it is evaluated 
+** when the ALTER TABLE is executed and one of the literal values written
+** into the sqlite_master table.)
+**
+** Therefore, the P4 parameter is only required if the default value for
+** the column is a literal number, string or null. The sqlite3ValueFromExpr()
+** function is capable of transforming these types of expressions into
+** sqlite3_value objects.
+**
+** If parameter iReg is not negative, code an OP_RealAffinity instruction
+** on register iReg. This is used when an equivalent integer value is 
+** stored in place of an 8-byte floating point value in order to save 
+** space.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab, int i, int iReg){
+  assert( pTab!=0 );
+  if( !pTab->pSelect ){
+    sqlite3_value *pValue;
+    u8 enc = ENC(sqlite3VdbeDb(v));
+    Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[i];
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s.%s", pTab->zName, pCol->zName));
+    assert( i<pTab->nCol );
+    sqlite3ValueFromExpr(sqlite3VdbeDb(v), pCol->pDflt, enc, 
+                         pCol->affinity, &pValue);
+    if( pValue ){
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (const char *)pValue, P4_MEM);
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+    if( iReg>=0 && pTab->aCol[i].affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_RealAffinity, iReg);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Process an UPDATE statement.
+**
+**   UPDATE OR IGNORE table_wxyz SET a=b, c=d WHERE e<5 AND f NOT NULL;
+**          \_______/ \________/     \______/       \________________/
+*            onError   pTabList      pChanges             pWhere
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* The parser context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,     /* The table in which we should change things */
+  ExprList *pChanges,    /* Things to be changed */
+  Expr *pWhere,          /* The WHERE clause.  May be null */
+  int onError            /* How to handle constraint errors */
+){
+  int i, j;              /* Loop counters */
+  Table *pTab;           /* The table to be updated */
+  int addr = 0;          /* VDBE instruction address of the start of the loop */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;     /* Information about the WHERE clause */
+  Vdbe *v;               /* The virtual database engine */
+  Index *pIdx;           /* For looping over indices */
+  int nIdx;              /* Number of indices that need updating */
+  int iCur;              /* VDBE Cursor number of pTab */
+  sqlite3 *db;           /* The database structure */
+  int *aRegIdx = 0;      /* One register assigned to each index to be updated */
+  int *aXRef = 0;        /* aXRef[i] is the index in pChanges->a[] of the
+                         ** an expression for the i-th column of the table.
+                         ** aXRef[i]==-1 if the i-th column is not changed. */
+  int chngRowid;         /* True if the record number is being changed */
+  Expr *pRowidExpr = 0;  /* Expression defining the new record number */
+  int openAll = 0;       /* True if all indices need to be opened */
+  AuthContext sContext;  /* The authorization context */
+  NameContext sNC;       /* The name-context to resolve expressions in */
+  int iDb;               /* Database containing the table being updated */
+  int okOnePass;         /* True for one-pass algorithm without the FIFO */
+  int hasFK;             /* True if foreign key processing is required */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  int isView;            /* True when updating a view (INSTEAD OF trigger) */
+  Trigger *pTrigger;     /* List of triggers on pTab, if required */
+  int tmask;             /* Mask of TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER */
+#endif
+  int newmask;           /* Mask of NEW.* columns accessed by BEFORE triggers */
+
+  /* Register Allocations */
+  int regRowCount = 0;   /* A count of rows changed */
+  int regOldRowid;       /* The old rowid */
+  int regNewRowid;       /* The new rowid */
+  int regNew;
+  int regOld = 0;
+  int regRowSet = 0;     /* Rowset of rows to be updated */
+
+  memset(&sContext, 0, sizeof(sContext));
+  db = pParse->db;
+  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto update_cleanup;
+  }
+  assert( pTabList->nSrc==1 );
+
+  /* Locate the table which we want to update. 
+  */
+  pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTabList);
+  if( pTab==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+
+  /* Figure out if we have any triggers and if the table being
+  ** updated is a view.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  pTrigger = sqlite3TriggersExist(pParse, pTab, TK_UPDATE, pChanges, &tmask);
+  isView = pTab->pSelect!=0;
+  assert( pTrigger || tmask==0 );
+#else
+# define pTrigger 0
+# define isView 0
+# define tmask 0
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
+# undef isView
+# define isView 0
+#endif
+
+  if( sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ){
+    goto update_cleanup;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3IsReadOnly(pParse, pTab, tmask) ){
+    goto update_cleanup;
+  }
+  aXRef = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int) * pTab->nCol );
+  if( aXRef==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++) aXRef[i] = -1;
+
+  /* Allocate a cursors for the main database table and for all indices.
+  ** The index cursors might not be used, but if they are used they
+  ** need to occur right after the database cursor.  So go ahead and
+  ** allocate enough space, just in case.
+  */
+  pTabList->a[0].iCursor = iCur = pParse->nTab++;
+  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    pParse->nTab++;
+  }
+
+  /* Initialize the name-context */
+  memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+  sNC.pParse = pParse;
+  sNC.pSrcList = pTabList;
+
+  /* Resolve the column names in all the expressions of the
+  ** of the UPDATE statement.  Also find the column index
+  ** for each column to be updated in the pChanges array.  For each
+  ** column to be updated, make sure we have authorization to change
+  ** that column.
+  */
+  chngRowid = 0;
+  for(i=0; i<pChanges->nExpr; i++){
+    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pChanges->a[i].pExpr) ){
+      goto update_cleanup;
+    }
+    for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(pTab->aCol[j].zName, pChanges->a[i].zName)==0 ){
+        if( j==pTab->iPKey ){
+          chngRowid = 1;
+          pRowidExpr = pChanges->a[i].pExpr;
+        }
+        aXRef[j] = i;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if( j>=pTab->nCol ){
+      if( sqlite3IsRowid(pChanges->a[i].zName) ){
+        chngRowid = 1;
+        pRowidExpr = pChanges->a[i].pExpr;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such column: %s", pChanges->a[i].zName);
+        pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+        goto update_cleanup;
+      }
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+    {
+      int rc;
+      rc = sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_UPDATE, pTab->zName,
+                           pTab->aCol[j].zName, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_DENY ){
+        goto update_cleanup;
+      }else if( rc==SQLITE_IGNORE ){
+        aXRef[j] = -1;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+
+  hasFK = sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, aXRef, chngRowid);
+
+  /* Allocate memory for the array aRegIdx[].  There is one entry in the
+  ** array for each index associated with table being updated.  Fill in
+  ** the value with a register number for indices that are to be used
+  ** and with zero for unused indices.
+  */
+  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){}
+  if( nIdx>0 ){
+    aRegIdx = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Index*) * nIdx );
+    if( aRegIdx==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+  }
+  for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
+    int reg;
+    if( hasFK || chngRowid ){
+      reg = ++pParse->nMem;
+    }else{
+      reg = 0;
+      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+        if( aXRef[pIdx->aiColumn[i]]>=0 ){
+          reg = ++pParse->nMem;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    aRegIdx[j] = reg;
+  }
+
+  /* Begin generating code. */
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+  if( pParse->nested==0 ) sqlite3VdbeCountChanges(v);
+  sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 1, iDb);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  /* Virtual tables must be handled separately */
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    updateVirtualTable(pParse, pTabList, pTab, pChanges, pRowidExpr, aXRef,
+                       pWhere, onError);
+    pWhere = 0;
+    pTabList = 0;
+    goto update_cleanup;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Allocate required registers. */
+  regOldRowid = regNewRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
+  if( pTrigger || hasFK ){
+    regOld = pParse->nMem + 1;
+    pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol;
+  }
+  if( chngRowid || pTrigger || hasFK ){
+    regNewRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
+  }
+  regNew = pParse->nMem + 1;
+  pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol;
+
+  /* Start the view context. */
+  if( isView ){
+    sqlite3AuthContextPush(pParse, &sContext, pTab->zName);
+  }
+
+  /* If we are trying to update a view, realize that view into
+  ** a ephemeral table.
+  */
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  if( isView ){
+    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iCur);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Resolve the column names in all the expressions in the
+  ** WHERE clause.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pWhere) ){
+    goto update_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* Begin the database scan
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regOldRowid);
+  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere,0, WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED);
+  if( pWInfo==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+  okOnePass = pWInfo->okOnePass;
+
+  /* Remember the rowid of every item to be updated.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iCur, regOldRowid);
+  if( !okOnePass ){
+    regRowSet = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, regRowSet, regOldRowid);
+  }
+
+  /* End the database scan loop.
+  */
+  sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+
+  /* Initialize the count of updated rows
+  */
+  if( (db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows) && !pParse->pTriggerTab ){
+    regRowCount = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regRowCount);
+  }
+
+  if( !isView ){
+    /* 
+    ** Open every index that needs updating.  Note that if any
+    ** index could potentially invoke a REPLACE conflict resolution 
+    ** action, then we need to open all indices because we might need
+    ** to be deleting some records.
+    */
+    if( !okOnePass ) sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenWrite); 
+    if( onError==OE_Replace ){
+      openAll = 1;
+    }else{
+      openAll = 0;
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        if( pIdx->onError==OE_Replace ){
+          openAll = 1;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
+      if( openAll || aRegIdx[i]>0 ){
+        KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iCur+i+1, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
+                       (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+        assert( pParse->nTab>iCur+i+1 );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Top of the update loop */
+  if( okOnePass ){
+    int a1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regOldRowid);
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, a1);
+  }else{
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, regRowSet, 0, regOldRowid);
+  }
+
+  /* Make cursor iCur point to the record that is being updated. If
+  ** this record does not exist for some reason (deleted by a trigger,
+  ** for example, then jump to the next iteration of the RowSet loop.  */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, addr, regOldRowid);
+
+  /* If the record number will change, set register regNewRowid to
+  ** contain the new value. If the record number is not being modified,
+  ** then regNewRowid is the same register as regOldRowid, which is
+  ** already populated.  */
+  assert( chngRowid || pTrigger || hasFK || regOldRowid==regNewRowid );
+  if( chngRowid ){
+    sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRowidExpr, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regNewRowid);
+  }
+
+  /* If there are triggers on this table, populate an array of registers 
+  ** with the required old.* column data.  */
+  if( hasFK || pTrigger ){
+    u32 oldmask = (hasFK ? sqlite3FkOldmask(pParse, pTab) : 0);
+    oldmask |= sqlite3TriggerColmask(pParse, 
+        pTrigger, pChanges, 0, TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, onError
+    );
+    for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+      if( aXRef[i]<0 || oldmask==0xffffffff || (i<32 && (oldmask & (1<<i))) ){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, i, regOld+i);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regOld+i);
+      }
+    }
+    if( chngRowid==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, regOldRowid, regNewRowid);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Populate the array of registers beginning at regNew with the new
+  ** row data. This array is used to check constaints, create the new
+  ** table and index records, and as the values for any new.* references
+  ** made by triggers.
+  **
+  ** If there are one or more BEFORE triggers, then do not populate the
+  ** registers associated with columns that are (a) not modified by
+  ** this UPDATE statement and (b) not accessed by new.* references. The
+  ** values for registers not modified by the UPDATE must be reloaded from 
+  ** the database after the BEFORE triggers are fired anyway (as the trigger 
+  ** may have modified them). So not loading those that are not going to
+  ** be used eliminates some redundant opcodes.
+  */
+  newmask = sqlite3TriggerColmask(
+      pParse, pTrigger, pChanges, 1, TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, onError
+  );
+  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+    if( i==pTab->iPKey ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew+i);
+    }else{
+      j = aXRef[i];
+      if( j>=0 ){
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pChanges->a[j].pExpr, regNew+i);
+      }else if( 0==(tmask&TRIGGER_BEFORE) || i>31 || (newmask&(1<<i)) ){
+        /* This branch loads the value of a column that will not be changed 
+        ** into a register. This is done if there are no BEFORE triggers, or
+        ** if there are one or more BEFORE triggers that use this value via
+        ** a new.* reference in a trigger program.
+        */
+        testcase( i==31 );
+        testcase( i==32 );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, i, regNew+i);
+        sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, i, regNew+i);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Fire any BEFORE UPDATE triggers. This happens before constraints are
+  ** verified. One could argue that this is wrong.
+  */
+  if( tmask&TRIGGER_BEFORE ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Affinity, regNew, pTab->nCol);
+    sqlite3TableAffinityStr(v, pTab);
+    sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, TK_UPDATE, pChanges, 
+        TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, addr);
+
+    /* The row-trigger may have deleted the row being updated. In this
+    ** case, jump to the next row. No updates or AFTER triggers are 
+    ** required. This behaviour - what happens when the row being updated
+    ** is deleted or renamed by a BEFORE trigger - is left undefined in the
+    ** documentation.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, addr, regOldRowid);
+
+    /* If it did not delete it, the row-trigger may still have modified 
+    ** some of the columns of the row being updated. Load the values for 
+    ** all columns not modified by the update statement into their 
+    ** registers in case this has happened.
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+      if( aXRef[i]<0 && i!=pTab->iPKey ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, i, regNew+i);
+        sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, i, regNew+i);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( !isView ){
+    int j1;                       /* Address of jump instruction */
+
+    /* Do constraint checks. */
+    sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, iCur, regNewRowid,
+        aRegIdx, (chngRowid?regOldRowid:0), 1, onError, addr, 0);
+
+    /* Do FK constraint checks. */
+    if( hasFK ){
+      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, regOldRowid, 0);
+    }
+
+    /* Delete the index entries associated with the current record.  */
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, 0, regOldRowid);
+    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, aRegIdx);
+  
+    /* If changing the record number, delete the old record.  */
+    if( hasFK || chngRowid ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iCur, 0);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+
+    if( hasFK ){
+      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regNewRowid);
+    }
+  
+    /* Insert the new index entries and the new record. */
+    sqlite3CompleteInsertion(pParse, pTab, iCur, regNewRowid, aRegIdx, 1, 0, 0);
+
+    /* Do any ON CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT operations required to
+    ** handle rows (possibly in other tables) that refer via a foreign key
+    ** to the row just updated. */ 
+    if( hasFK ){
+      sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, pChanges, regOldRowid);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Increment the row counter 
+  */
+  if( (db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows) && !pParse->pTriggerTab){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regRowCount, 1);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, TK_UPDATE, pChanges, 
+      TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, addr);
+
+  /* Repeat the above with the next record to be updated, until
+  ** all record selected by the WHERE clause have been updated.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addr);
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+
+  /* Close all tables */
+  for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
+    if( openAll || aRegIdx[i]>0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur+i+1, 0);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur, 0);
+
+  /* Update the sqlite_sequence table by storing the content of the
+  ** maximum rowid counter values recorded while inserting into
+  ** autoincrement tables.
+  */
+  if( pParse->nested==0 && pParse->pTriggerTab==0 ){
+    sqlite3AutoincrementEnd(pParse);
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** Return the number of rows that were changed. If this routine is 
+  ** generating code because of a call to sqlite3NestedParse(), do not
+  ** invoke the callback function.
+  */
+  if( (db->flags&SQLITE_CountRows) && !pParse->pTriggerTab && !pParse->nested ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, regRowCount, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "rows updated", SQLITE_STATIC);
+  }
+
+update_cleanup:
+  sqlite3AuthContextPop(&sContext);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aRegIdx);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aXRef);
+  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTabList);
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pChanges);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
+  return;
+}
+/* Make sure "isView" and other macros defined above are undefined. Otherwise
+** thely may interfere with compilation of other functions in this file
+** (or in another file, if this file becomes part of the amalgamation).  */
+#ifdef isView
+ #undef isView
+#endif
+#ifdef pTrigger
+ #undef pTrigger
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/*
+** Generate code for an UPDATE of a virtual table.
+**
+** The strategy is that we create an ephemerial table that contains
+** for each row to be changed:
+**
+**   (A)  The original rowid of that row.
+**   (B)  The revised rowid for the row. (note1)
+**   (C)  The content of every column in the row.
+**
+** Then we loop over this ephemeral table and for each row in
+** the ephermeral table call VUpdate.
+**
+** When finished, drop the ephemeral table.
+**
+** (note1) Actually, if we know in advance that (A) is always the same
+** as (B) we only store (A), then duplicate (A) when pulling
+** it out of the ephemeral table before calling VUpdate.
+*/
+static void updateVirtualTable(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* The parsing context */
+  SrcList *pSrc,       /* The virtual table to be modified */
+  Table *pTab,         /* The virtual table */
+  ExprList *pChanges,  /* The columns to change in the UPDATE statement */
+  Expr *pRowid,        /* Expression used to recompute the rowid */
+  int *aXRef,          /* Mapping from columns of pTab to entries in pChanges */
+  Expr *pWhere,        /* WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement */
+  int onError          /* ON CONFLICT strategy */
+){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;  /* Virtual machine under construction */
+  ExprList *pEList = 0;     /* The result set of the SELECT statement */
+  Select *pSelect = 0;      /* The SELECT statement */
+  Expr *pExpr;              /* Temporary expression */
+  int ephemTab;             /* Table holding the result of the SELECT */
+  int i;                    /* Loop counter */
+  int addr;                 /* Address of top of loop */
+  int iReg;                 /* First register in set passed to OP_VUpdate */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db; /* Database connection */
+  const char *pVTab = (const char*)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
+  SelectDest dest;
+
+  /* Construct the SELECT statement that will find the new values for
+  ** all updated rows. 
+  */
+  pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, "_rowid_"));
+  if( pRowid ){
+    pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pEList,
+                                   sqlite3ExprDup(db, pRowid, 0));
+  }
+  assert( pTab->iPKey<0 );
+  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+    if( aXRef[i]>=0 ){
+      pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pChanges->a[aXRef[i]].pExpr, 0);
+    }else{
+      pExpr = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, pTab->aCol[i].zName);
+    }
+    pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pEList, pExpr);
+  }
+  pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, pEList, pSrc, pWhere, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+  
+  /* Create the ephemeral table into which the update results will
+  ** be stored.
+  */
+  assert( v );
+  ephemTab = pParse->nTab++;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, ephemTab, pTab->nCol+1+(pRowid!=0));
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
+
+  /* fill the ephemeral table 
+  */
+  sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Table, ephemTab);
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &dest);
+
+  /* Generate code to scan the ephemeral table and call VUpdate. */
+  iReg = ++pParse->nMem;
+  pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol+1;
+  addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, ephemTab, 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column,  ephemTab, 0, iReg);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, ephemTab, (pRowid?1:0), iReg+1);
+  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, ephemTab, i+1+(pRowid!=0), iReg+2+i);
+  }
+  sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(pParse, pTab);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, pTab->nCol+2, iReg, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, onError==OE_Default ? OE_Abort : onError);
+  sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, ephemTab, addr+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, ephemTab, 0);
+
+  /* Cleanup */
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);  
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+/************** End of update.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file vacuum.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2003 April 6
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code used to implement the VACUUM command.
+**
+** Most of the code in this file may be omitted by defining the
+** SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM macro.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_ATTACH)
+/*
+** Finalize a prepared statement.  If there was an error, store the
+** text of the error message in *pzErrMsg.  Return the result code.
+*/
+static int vacuumFinalize(sqlite3 *db, sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, char **pzErrMsg){
+  int rc;
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe*)pStmt);
+  if( rc ){
+    sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Execute zSql on database db. Return an error code.
+*/
+static int execSql(sqlite3 *db, char **pzErrMsg, const char *zSql){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  VVA_ONLY( int rc; )
+  if( !zSql ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0) ){
+    sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+    return sqlite3_errcode(db);
+  }
+  VVA_ONLY( rc = ) sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_ROW );
+  return vacuumFinalize(db, pStmt, pzErrMsg);
+}
+
+/*
+** Execute zSql on database db. The statement returns exactly
+** one column. Execute this as SQL on the same database.
+*/
+static int execExecSql(sqlite3 *db, char **pzErrMsg, const char *zSql){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  int rc;
+
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+    rc = execSql(db, pzErrMsg, (char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0));
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      vacuumFinalize(db, pStmt, pzErrMsg);
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return vacuumFinalize(db, pStmt, pzErrMsg);
+}
+
+/*
+** The non-standard VACUUM command is used to clean up the database,
+** collapse free space, etc.  It is modelled after the VACUUM command
+** in PostgreSQL.
+**
+** In version 1.0.x of SQLite, the VACUUM command would call
+** gdbm_reorganize() on all the database tables.  But beginning
+** with 2.0.0, SQLite no longer uses GDBM so this command has
+** become a no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Vacuum(Parse *pParse){
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Vacuum, 0, 0);
+  }
+  return;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine implements the OP_Vacuum opcode of the VDBE.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunVacuum(char **pzErrMsg, sqlite3 *db){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;     /* Return code from service routines */
+  Btree *pMain;           /* The database being vacuumed */
+  Btree *pTemp;           /* The temporary database we vacuum into */
+  char *zSql = 0;         /* SQL statements */
+  int saved_flags;        /* Saved value of the db->flags */
+  int saved_nChange;      /* Saved value of db->nChange */
+  int saved_nTotalChange; /* Saved value of db->nTotalChange */
+  void (*saved_xTrace)(void*,const char*);  /* Saved db->xTrace */
+  Db *pDb = 0;            /* Database to detach at end of vacuum */
+  int isMemDb;            /* True if vacuuming a :memory: database */
+  int nRes;               /* Bytes of reserved space at the end of each page */
+  int nDb;                /* Number of attached databases */
+
+  if( !db->autoCommit ){
+    sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "cannot VACUUM from within a transaction");
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  if( db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+    sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db,"cannot VACUUM - SQL statements in progress");
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  /* Save the current value of the database flags so that it can be 
+  ** restored before returning. Then set the writable-schema flag, and
+  ** disable CHECK and foreign key constraints.  */
+  saved_flags = db->flags;
+  saved_nChange = db->nChange;
+  saved_nTotalChange = db->nTotalChange;
+  saved_xTrace = db->xTrace;
+  db->flags |= SQLITE_WriteSchema | SQLITE_IgnoreChecks | SQLITE_PreferBuiltin;
+  db->flags &= ~(SQLITE_ForeignKeys | SQLITE_ReverseOrder);
+  db->xTrace = 0;
+
+  pMain = db->aDb[0].pBt;
+  isMemDb = sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(sqlite3BtreePager(pMain));
+
+  /* Attach the temporary database as 'vacuum_db'. The synchronous pragma
+  ** can be set to 'off' for this file, as it is not recovered if a crash
+  ** occurs anyway. The integrity of the database is maintained by a
+  ** (possibly synchronous) transaction opened on the main database before
+  ** sqlite3BtreeCopyFile() is called.
+  **
+  ** An optimisation would be to use a non-journaled pager.
+  ** (Later:) I tried setting "PRAGMA vacuum_db.journal_mode=OFF" but
+  ** that actually made the VACUUM run slower.  Very little journalling
+  ** actually occurs when doing a vacuum since the vacuum_db is initially
+  ** empty.  Only the journal header is written.  Apparently it takes more
+  ** time to parse and run the PRAGMA to turn journalling off than it does
+  ** to write the journal header file.
+  */
+  nDb = db->nDb;
+  if( sqlite3TempInMemory(db) ){
+    zSql = "ATTACH ':memory:' AS vacuum_db;";
+  }else{
+    zSql = "ATTACH '' AS vacuum_db;";
+  }
+  rc = execSql(db, pzErrMsg, zSql);
+  if( db->nDb>nDb ){
+    pDb = &db->aDb[db->nDb-1];
+    assert( strcmp(pDb->zName,"vacuum_db")==0 );
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+  pTemp = db->aDb[db->nDb-1].pBt;
+
+  /* The call to execSql() to attach the temp database has left the file
+  ** locked (as there was more than one active statement when the transaction
+  ** to read the schema was concluded. Unlock it here so that this doesn't
+  ** cause problems for the call to BtreeSetPageSize() below.  */
+  sqlite3BtreeCommit(pTemp);
+
+  nRes = sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(pMain);
+
+  /* A VACUUM cannot change the pagesize of an encrypted database. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+  if( db->nextPagesize ){
+    extern void sqlite3CodecGetKey(sqlite3*, int, void**, int*);
+    int nKey;
+    char *zKey;
+    sqlite3CodecGetKey(db, 0, (void**)&zKey, &nKey);
+    if( nKey ) db->nextPagesize = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Do not attempt to change the page size for a WAL database */
+  if( sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(sqlite3BtreePager(pMain))
+                                               ==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
+    db->nextPagesize = 0;
+  }
+
+  if( sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pTemp, sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(pMain), nRes, 0)
+   || (!isMemDb && sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pTemp, db->nextPagesize, nRes, 0))
+   || NEVER(db->mallocFailed)
+  ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto end_of_vacuum;
+  }
+  rc = execSql(db, pzErrMsg, "PRAGMA vacuum_db.synchronous=OFF");
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto end_of_vacuum;
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(pTemp, db->nextAutovac>=0 ? db->nextAutovac :
+                                           sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(pMain));
+#endif
+
+  /* Begin a transaction */
+  rc = execSql(db, pzErrMsg, "BEGIN EXCLUSIVE;");
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+
+  /* Query the schema of the main database. Create a mirror schema
+  ** in the temporary database.
+  */
+  rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
+      "SELECT 'CREATE TABLE vacuum_db.' || substr(sql,14) "
+      "  FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name!='sqlite_sequence'"
+      "   AND rootpage>0"
+  );
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+  rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
+      "SELECT 'CREATE INDEX vacuum_db.' || substr(sql,14)"
+      "  FROM sqlite_master WHERE sql LIKE 'CREATE INDEX %' ");
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+  rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
+      "SELECT 'CREATE UNIQUE INDEX vacuum_db.' || substr(sql,21) "
+      "  FROM sqlite_master WHERE sql LIKE 'CREATE UNIQUE INDEX %'");
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+
+  /* Loop through the tables in the main database. For each, do
+  ** an "INSERT INTO vacuum_db.xxx SELECT * FROM main.xxx;" to copy
+  ** the contents to the temporary database.
+  */
+  rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
+      "SELECT 'INSERT INTO vacuum_db.' || quote(name) "
+      "|| ' SELECT * FROM main.' || quote(name) || ';'"
+      "FROM main.sqlite_master "
+      "WHERE type = 'table' AND name!='sqlite_sequence' "
+      "  AND rootpage>0"
+  );
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+
+  /* Copy over the sequence table
+  */
+  rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
+      "SELECT 'DELETE FROM vacuum_db.' || quote(name) || ';' "
+      "FROM vacuum_db.sqlite_master WHERE name='sqlite_sequence' "
+  );
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+  rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
+      "SELECT 'INSERT INTO vacuum_db.' || quote(name) "
+      "|| ' SELECT * FROM main.' || quote(name) || ';' "
+      "FROM vacuum_db.sqlite_master WHERE name=='sqlite_sequence';"
+  );
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+
+
+  /* Copy the triggers, views, and virtual tables from the main database
+  ** over to the temporary database.  None of these objects has any
+  ** associated storage, so all we have to do is copy their entries
+  ** from the SQLITE_MASTER table.
+  */
+  rc = execSql(db, pzErrMsg,
+      "INSERT INTO vacuum_db.sqlite_master "
+      "  SELECT type, name, tbl_name, rootpage, sql"
+      "    FROM main.sqlite_master"
+      "   WHERE type='view' OR type='trigger'"
+      "      OR (type='table' AND rootpage=0)"
+  );
+  if( rc ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+
+  /* At this point, unless the main db was completely empty, there is now a
+  ** transaction open on the vacuum database, but not on the main database.
+  ** Open a btree level transaction on the main database. This allows a
+  ** call to sqlite3BtreeCopyFile(). The main database btree level
+  ** transaction is then committed, so the SQL level never knows it was
+  ** opened for writing. This way, the SQL transaction used to create the
+  ** temporary database never needs to be committed.
+  */
+  {
+    u32 meta;
+    int i;
+
+    /* This array determines which meta meta values are preserved in the
+    ** vacuum.  Even entries are the meta value number and odd entries
+    ** are an increment to apply to the meta value after the vacuum.
+    ** The increment is used to increase the schema cookie so that other
+    ** connections to the same database will know to reread the schema.
+    */
+    static const unsigned char aCopy[] = {
+       BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION,     1,  /* Add one to the old schema cookie */
+       BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE, 0,  /* Preserve the default page cache size */
+       BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING,      0,  /* Preserve the text encoding */
+       BTREE_USER_VERSION,       0,  /* Preserve the user version */
+    };
+
+    assert( 1==sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pTemp) );
+    assert( 1==sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pMain) );
+
+    /* Copy Btree meta values */
+    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aCopy); i+=2){
+      /* GetMeta() and UpdateMeta() cannot fail in this context because
+      ** we already have page 1 loaded into cache and marked dirty. */
+      sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(pMain, aCopy[i], &meta);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(pTemp, aCopy[i], meta+aCopy[i+1]);
+      if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+    }
+
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeCopyFile(pMain, pTemp);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeCommit(pTemp);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+    sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(pMain, sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(pTemp));
+#endif
+  }
+
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pMain, sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(pTemp), nRes,1);
+
+end_of_vacuum:
+  /* Restore the original value of db->flags */
+  db->flags = saved_flags;
+  db->nChange = saved_nChange;
+  db->nTotalChange = saved_nTotalChange;
+  db->xTrace = saved_xTrace;
+  sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pMain, -1, -1, 1);
+
+  /* Currently there is an SQL level transaction open on the vacuum
+  ** database. No locks are held on any other files (since the main file
+  ** was committed at the btree level). So it safe to end the transaction
+  ** by manually setting the autoCommit flag to true and detaching the
+  ** vacuum database. The vacuum_db journal file is deleted when the pager
+  ** is closed by the DETACH.
+  */
+  db->autoCommit = 1;
+
+  if( pDb ){
+    sqlite3BtreeClose(pDb->pBt);
+    pDb->pBt = 0;
+    pDb->pSchema = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* This both clears the schemas and reduces the size of the db->aDb[]
+  ** array. */ 
+  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif  /* SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM && SQLITE_OMIT_ATTACH */
+
+/************** End of vacuum.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file vtab.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2006 June 10
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code used to help implement virtual tables.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+
+/*
+** Before a virtual table xCreate() or xConnect() method is invoked, the
+** sqlite3.pVtabCtx member variable is set to point to an instance of
+** this struct allocated on the stack. It is used by the implementation of 
+** the sqlite3_declare_vtab() and sqlite3_vtab_config() APIs, both of which
+** are invoked only from within xCreate and xConnect methods.
+*/
+struct VtabCtx {
+  Table *pTab;
+  VTable *pVTable;
+};
+
+/*
+** The actual function that does the work of creating a new module.
+** This function implements the sqlite3_create_module() and
+** sqlite3_create_module_v2() interfaces.
+*/
+static int createModule(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database in which module is registered */
+  const char *zName,              /* Name assigned to this module */
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule,  /* The definition of the module */
+  void *pAux,                     /* Context pointer for xCreate/xConnect */
+  void (*xDestroy)(void *)        /* Module destructor function */
+){
+  int rc, nName;
+  Module *pMod;
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  pMod = (Module *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Module) + nName + 1);
+  if( pMod ){
+    Module *pDel;
+    char *zCopy = (char *)(&pMod[1]);
+    memcpy(zCopy, zName, nName+1);
+    pMod->zName = zCopy;
+    pMod->pModule = pModule;
+    pMod->pAux = pAux;
+    pMod->xDestroy = xDestroy;
+    pDel = (Module *)sqlite3HashInsert(&db->aModule, zCopy, nName, (void*)pMod);
+    if( pDel && pDel->xDestroy ){
+      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+      pDel->xDestroy(pDel->pAux);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pDel);
+    if( pDel==pMod ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    }
+  }else if( xDestroy ){
+    xDestroy(pAux);
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, SQLITE_OK);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** External API function used to create a new virtual-table module.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database in which module is registered */
+  const char *zName,              /* Name assigned to this module */
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule,  /* The definition of the module */
+  void *pAux                      /* Context pointer for xCreate/xConnect */
+){
+  return createModule(db, zName, pModule, pAux, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** External API function used to create a new virtual-table module.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database in which module is registered */
+  const char *zName,              /* Name assigned to this module */
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule,  /* The definition of the module */
+  void *pAux,                     /* Context pointer for xCreate/xConnect */
+  void (*xDestroy)(void *)        /* Module destructor function */
+){
+  return createModule(db, zName, pModule, pAux, xDestroy);
+}
+
+/*
+** Lock the virtual table so that it cannot be disconnected.
+** Locks nest.  Every lock should have a corresponding unlock.
+** If an unlock is omitted, resources leaks will occur.  
+**
+** If a disconnect is attempted while a virtual table is locked,
+** the disconnect is deferred until all locks have been removed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabLock(VTable *pVTab){
+  pVTab->nRef++;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** pTab is a pointer to a Table structure representing a virtual-table.
+** Return a pointer to the VTable object used by connection db to access 
+** this virtual-table, if one has been created, or NULL otherwise.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE VTable *sqlite3GetVTable(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTab){
+  VTable *pVtab;
+  assert( IsVirtual(pTab) );
+  for(pVtab=pTab->pVTable; pVtab && pVtab->db!=db; pVtab=pVtab->pNext);
+  return pVtab;
+}
+
+/*
+** Decrement the ref-count on a virtual table object. When the ref-count
+** reaches zero, call the xDisconnect() method to delete the object.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabUnlock(VTable *pVTab){
+  sqlite3 *db = pVTab->db;
+
+  assert( db );
+  assert( pVTab->nRef>0 );
+  assert( sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) );
+
+  pVTab->nRef--;
+  if( pVTab->nRef==0 ){
+    sqlite3_vtab *p = pVTab->pVtab;
+    if( p ){
+      p->pModule->xDisconnect(p);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pVTab);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Table p is a virtual table. This function moves all elements in the
+** p->pVTable list to the sqlite3.pDisconnect lists of their associated
+** database connections to be disconnected at the next opportunity. 
+** Except, if argument db is not NULL, then the entry associated with
+** connection db is left in the p->pVTable list.
+*/
+static VTable *vtabDisconnectAll(sqlite3 *db, Table *p){
+  VTable *pRet = 0;
+  VTable *pVTable = p->pVTable;
+  p->pVTable = 0;
+
+  /* Assert that the mutex (if any) associated with the BtShared database 
+  ** that contains table p is held by the caller. See header comments 
+  ** above function sqlite3VtabUnlockList() for an explanation of why
+  ** this makes it safe to access the sqlite3.pDisconnect list of any
+  ** database connection that may have an entry in the p->pVTable list.
+  */
+  assert( db==0 || sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, p->pSchema) );
+
+  while( pVTable ){
+    sqlite3 *db2 = pVTable->db;
+    VTable *pNext = pVTable->pNext;
+    assert( db2 );
+    if( db2==db ){
+      pRet = pVTable;
+      p->pVTable = pRet;
+      pRet->pNext = 0;
+    }else{
+      pVTable->pNext = db2->pDisconnect;
+      db2->pDisconnect = pVTable;
+    }
+    pVTable = pNext;
+  }
+
+  assert( !db || pRet );
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Disconnect all the virtual table objects in the sqlite3.pDisconnect list.
+**
+** This function may only be called when the mutexes associated with all
+** shared b-tree databases opened using connection db are held by the 
+** caller. This is done to protect the sqlite3.pDisconnect list. The
+** sqlite3.pDisconnect list is accessed only as follows:
+**
+**   1) By this function. In this case, all BtShared mutexes and the mutex
+**      associated with the database handle itself must be held.
+**
+**   2) By function vtabDisconnectAll(), when it adds a VTable entry to
+**      the sqlite3.pDisconnect list. In this case either the BtShared mutex
+**      associated with the database the virtual table is stored in is held
+**      or, if the virtual table is stored in a non-sharable database, then
+**      the database handle mutex is held.
+**
+** As a result, a sqlite3.pDisconnect cannot be accessed simultaneously 
+** by multiple threads. It is thread-safe.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabUnlockList(sqlite3 *db){
+  VTable *p = db->pDisconnect;
+  db->pDisconnect = 0;
+
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+
+  if( p ){
+    sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+    do {
+      VTable *pNext = p->pNext;
+      sqlite3VtabUnlock(p);
+      p = pNext;
+    }while( p );
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear any and all virtual-table information from the Table record.
+** This routine is called, for example, just before deleting the Table
+** record.
+**
+** Since it is a virtual-table, the Table structure contains a pointer
+** to the head of a linked list of VTable structures. Each VTable 
+** structure is associated with a single sqlite3* user of the schema.
+** The reference count of the VTable structure associated with database 
+** connection db is decremented immediately (which may lead to the 
+** structure being xDisconnected and free). Any other VTable structures
+** in the list are moved to the sqlite3.pDisconnect list of the associated 
+** database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabClear(sqlite3 *db, Table *p){
+  if( !db || db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) vtabDisconnectAll(0, p);
+  if( p->azModuleArg ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<p->nModuleArg; i++){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azModuleArg[i]);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azModuleArg);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a new module argument to pTable->azModuleArg[].
+** The string is not copied - the pointer is stored.  The
+** string will be freed automatically when the table is
+** deleted.
+*/
+static void addModuleArgument(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTable, char *zArg){
+  int i = pTable->nModuleArg++;
+  int nBytes = sizeof(char *)*(1+pTable->nModuleArg);
+  char **azModuleArg;
+  azModuleArg = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, pTable->azModuleArg, nBytes);
+  if( azModuleArg==0 ){
+    int j;
+    for(j=0; j<i; j++){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable->azModuleArg[j]);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zArg);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable->azModuleArg);
+    pTable->nModuleArg = 0;
+  }else{
+    azModuleArg[i] = zArg;
+    azModuleArg[i+1] = 0;
+  }
+  pTable->azModuleArg = azModuleArg;
+}
+
+/*
+** The parser calls this routine when it first sees a CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE
+** statement.  The module name has been parsed, but the optional list
+** of parameters that follow the module name are still pending.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabBeginParse(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
+  Token *pName1,        /* Name of new table, or database name */
+  Token *pName2,        /* Name of new table or NULL */
+  Token *pModuleName    /* Name of the module for the virtual table */
+){
+  int iDb;              /* The database the table is being created in */
+  Table *pTable;        /* The new virtual table */
+  sqlite3 *db;          /* Database connection */
+
+  sqlite3StartTable(pParse, pName1, pName2, 0, 0, 1, 0);
+  pTable = pParse->pNewTable;
+  if( pTable==0 ) return;
+  assert( 0==pTable->pIndex );
+
+  db = pParse->db;
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTable->pSchema);
+  assert( iDb>=0 );
+
+  pTable->tabFlags |= TF_Virtual;
+  pTable->nModuleArg = 0;
+  addModuleArgument(db, pTable, sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pModuleName));
+  addModuleArgument(db, pTable, sqlite3DbStrDup(db, db->aDb[iDb].zName));
+  addModuleArgument(db, pTable, sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pTable->zName));
+  pParse->sNameToken.n = (int)(&pModuleName->z[pModuleName->n] - pName1->z);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
+  /* Creating a virtual table invokes the authorization callback twice.
+  ** The first invocation, to obtain permission to INSERT a row into the
+  ** sqlite_master table, has already been made by sqlite3StartTable().
+  ** The second call, to obtain permission to create the table, is made now.
+  */
+  if( pTable->azModuleArg ){
+    sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_CREATE_VTABLE, pTable->zName, 
+            pTable->azModuleArg[0], pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine takes the module argument that has been accumulating
+** in pParse->zArg[] and appends it to the list of arguments on the
+** virtual table currently under construction in pParse->pTable.
+*/
+static void addArgumentToVtab(Parse *pParse){
+  if( pParse->sArg.z && ALWAYS(pParse->pNewTable) ){
+    const char *z = (const char*)pParse->sArg.z;
+    int n = pParse->sArg.n;
+    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+    addModuleArgument(db, pParse->pNewTable, sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, z, n));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The parser calls this routine after the CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement
+** has been completely parsed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabFinishParse(Parse *pParse, Token *pEnd){
+  Table *pTab = pParse->pNewTable;  /* The table being constructed */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;         /* The database connection */
+
+  if( pTab==0 ) return;
+  addArgumentToVtab(pParse);
+  pParse->sArg.z = 0;
+  if( pTab->nModuleArg<1 ) return;
+  
+  /* If the CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement is being entered for the
+  ** first time (in other words if the virtual table is actually being
+  ** created now instead of just being read out of sqlite_master) then
+  ** do additional initialization work and store the statement text
+  ** in the sqlite_master table.
+  */
+  if( !db->init.busy ){
+    char *zStmt;
+    char *zWhere;
+    int iDb;
+    Vdbe *v;
+
+    /* Compute the complete text of the CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement */
+    if( pEnd ){
+      pParse->sNameToken.n = (int)(pEnd->z - pParse->sNameToken.z) + pEnd->n;
+    }
+    zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE %T", &pParse->sNameToken);
+
+    /* A slot for the record has already been allocated in the 
+    ** SQLITE_MASTER table.  We just need to update that slot with all
+    ** the information we've collected.  
+    **
+    ** The VM register number pParse->regRowid holds the rowid of an
+    ** entry in the sqlite_master table tht was created for this vtab
+    ** by sqlite3StartTable().
+    */
+    iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+      "UPDATE %Q.%s "
+         "SET type='table', name=%Q, tbl_name=%Q, rootpage=0, sql=%Q "
+       "WHERE rowid=#%d",
+      db->aDb[iDb].zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb),
+      pTab->zName,
+      pTab->zName,
+      zStmt,
+      pParse->regRowid
+    );
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zStmt);
+    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+    sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Expire, 0, 0);
+    zWhere = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "name='%q' AND type='table'", pTab->zName);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb, zWhere);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VCreate, iDb, 0, 0, 
+                         pTab->zName, sqlite3Strlen30(pTab->zName) + 1);
+  }
+
+  /* If we are rereading the sqlite_master table create the in-memory
+  ** record of the table. The xConnect() method is not called until
+  ** the first time the virtual table is used in an SQL statement. This
+  ** allows a schema that contains virtual tables to be loaded before
+  ** the required virtual table implementations are registered.  */
+  else {
+    Table *pOld;
+    Schema *pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
+    const char *zName = pTab->zName;
+    int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pSchema) );
+    pOld = sqlite3HashInsert(&pSchema->tblHash, zName, nName, pTab);
+    if( pOld ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      assert( pTab==pOld );  /* Malloc must have failed inside HashInsert() */
+      return;
+    }
+    pParse->pNewTable = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The parser calls this routine when it sees the first token
+** of an argument to the module name in a CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabArgInit(Parse *pParse){
+  addArgumentToVtab(pParse);
+  pParse->sArg.z = 0;
+  pParse->sArg.n = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** The parser calls this routine for each token after the first token
+** in an argument to the module name in a CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabArgExtend(Parse *pParse, Token *p){
+  Token *pArg = &pParse->sArg;
+  if( pArg->z==0 ){
+    pArg->z = p->z;
+    pArg->n = p->n;
+  }else{
+    assert(pArg->z < p->z);
+    pArg->n = (int)(&p->z[p->n] - pArg->z);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke a virtual table constructor (either xCreate or xConnect). The
+** pointer to the function to invoke is passed as the fourth parameter
+** to this procedure.
+*/
+static int vtabCallConstructor(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  Table *pTab,
+  Module *pMod,
+  int (*xConstruct)(sqlite3*,void*,int,const char*const*,sqlite3_vtab**,char**),
+  char **pzErr
+){
+  VtabCtx sCtx;
+  VTable *pVTable;
+  int rc;
+  const char *const*azArg = (const char *const*)pTab->azModuleArg;
+  int nArg = pTab->nModuleArg;
+  char *zErr = 0;
+  char *zModuleName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", pTab->zName);
+
+  if( !zModuleName ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  pVTable = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(VTable));
+  if( !pVTable ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zModuleName);
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  pVTable->db = db;
+  pVTable->pMod = pMod;
+
+  /* Invoke the virtual table constructor */
+  assert( &db->pVtabCtx );
+  assert( xConstruct );
+  sCtx.pTab = pTab;
+  sCtx.pVTable = pVTable;
+  db->pVtabCtx = &sCtx;
+  rc = xConstruct(db, pMod->pAux, nArg, azArg, &pVTable->pVtab, &zErr);
+  db->pVtabCtx = 0;
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
+
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
+    if( zErr==0 ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "vtable constructor failed: %s", zModuleName);
+    }else {
+      *pzErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", zErr);
+      sqlite3_free(zErr);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pVTable);
+  }else if( ALWAYS(pVTable->pVtab) ){
+    /* Justification of ALWAYS():  A correct vtab constructor must allocate
+    ** the sqlite3_vtab object if successful.  */
+    pVTable->pVtab->pModule = pMod->pModule;
+    pVTable->nRef = 1;
+    if( sCtx.pTab ){
+      const char *zFormat = "vtable constructor did not declare schema: %s";
+      *pzErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, zFormat, pTab->zName);
+      sqlite3VtabUnlock(pVTable);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }else{
+      int iCol;
+      /* If everything went according to plan, link the new VTable structure
+      ** into the linked list headed by pTab->pVTable. Then loop through the 
+      ** columns of the table to see if any of them contain the token "hidden".
+      ** If so, set the Column.isHidden flag and remove the token from
+      ** the type string.  */
+      pVTable->pNext = pTab->pVTable;
+      pTab->pVTable = pVTable;
+
+      for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
+        char *zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
+        int nType;
+        int i = 0;
+        if( !zType ) continue;
+        nType = sqlite3Strlen30(zType);
+        if( sqlite3StrNICmp("hidden", zType, 6)||(zType[6] && zType[6]!=' ') ){
+          for(i=0; i<nType; i++){
+            if( (0==sqlite3StrNICmp(" hidden", &zType[i], 7))
+             && (zType[i+7]=='\0' || zType[i+7]==' ')
+            ){
+              i++;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if( i<nType ){
+          int j;
+          int nDel = 6 + (zType[i+6] ? 1 : 0);
+          for(j=i; (j+nDel)<=nType; j++){
+            zType[j] = zType[j+nDel];
+          }
+          if( zType[i]=='\0' && i>0 ){
+            assert(zType[i-1]==' ');
+            zType[i-1] = '\0';
+          }
+          pTab->aCol[iCol].isHidden = 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zModuleName);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is invoked by the parser to call the xConnect() method
+** of the virtual table pTab. If an error occurs, an error code is returned 
+** and an error left in pParse.
+**
+** This call is a no-op if table pTab is not a virtual table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallConnect(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  const char *zMod;
+  Module *pMod;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( pTab );
+  if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)==0 || sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab) ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Locate the required virtual table module */
+  zMod = pTab->azModuleArg[0];
+  pMod = (Module*)sqlite3HashFind(&db->aModule, zMod, sqlite3Strlen30(zMod));
+
+  if( !pMod ){
+    const char *zModule = pTab->azModuleArg[0];
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such module: %s", zModule);
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }else{
+    char *zErr = 0;
+    rc = vtabCallConstructor(db, pTab, pMod, pMod->pModule->xConnect, &zErr);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s", zErr);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+/*
+** Grow the db->aVTrans[] array so that there is room for at least one
+** more v-table. Return SQLITE_NOMEM if a malloc fails, or SQLITE_OK otherwise.
+*/
+static int growVTrans(sqlite3 *db){
+  const int ARRAY_INCR = 5;
+
+  /* Grow the sqlite3.aVTrans array if required */
+  if( (db->nVTrans%ARRAY_INCR)==0 ){
+    VTable **aVTrans;
+    int nBytes = sizeof(sqlite3_vtab *) * (db->nVTrans + ARRAY_INCR);
+    aVTrans = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, (void *)db->aVTrans, nBytes);
+    if( !aVTrans ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    memset(&aVTrans[db->nVTrans], 0, sizeof(sqlite3_vtab *)*ARRAY_INCR);
+    db->aVTrans = aVTrans;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add the virtual table pVTab to the array sqlite3.aVTrans[]. Space should
+** have already been reserved using growVTrans().
+*/
+static void addToVTrans(sqlite3 *db, VTable *pVTab){
+  /* Add pVtab to the end of sqlite3.aVTrans */
+  db->aVTrans[db->nVTrans++] = pVTab;
+  sqlite3VtabLock(pVTab);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is invoked by the vdbe to call the xCreate method
+** of the virtual table named zTab in database iDb. 
+**
+** If an error occurs, *pzErr is set to point an an English language
+** description of the error and an SQLITE_XXX error code is returned.
+** In this case the caller must call sqlite3DbFree(db, ) on *pzErr.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallCreate(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zTab, char **pzErr){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Table *pTab;
+  Module *pMod;
+  const char *zMod;
+
+  pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zTab, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+  assert( pTab && (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)!=0 && !pTab->pVTable );
+
+  /* Locate the required virtual table module */
+  zMod = pTab->azModuleArg[0];
+  pMod = (Module*)sqlite3HashFind(&db->aModule, zMod, sqlite3Strlen30(zMod));
+
+  /* If the module has been registered and includes a Create method, 
+  ** invoke it now. If the module has not been registered, return an 
+  ** error. Otherwise, do nothing.
+  */
+  if( !pMod ){
+    *pzErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "no such module: %s", zMod);
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }else{
+    rc = vtabCallConstructor(db, pTab, pMod, pMod->pModule->xCreate, pzErr);
+  }
+
+  /* Justification of ALWAYS():  The xConstructor method is required to
+  ** create a valid sqlite3_vtab if it returns SQLITE_OK. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && ALWAYS(sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab)) ){
+    rc = growVTrans(db);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      addToVTrans(db, sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab));
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to set the schema of a virtual table.  It is only
+** valid to call this function from within the xCreate() or xConnect() of a
+** virtual table module.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3 *db, const char *zCreateTable){
+  Parse *pParse;
+
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Table *pTab;
+  char *zErr = 0;
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  if( !db->pVtabCtx || !(pTab = db->pVtabCtx->pTab) ){
+    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_MISUSE, 0);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  assert( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)!=0 );
+
+  pParse = sqlite3StackAllocZero(db, sizeof(*pParse));
+  if( pParse==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    pParse->declareVtab = 1;
+    pParse->db = db;
+    pParse->nQueryLoop = 1;
+  
+    if( SQLITE_OK==sqlite3RunParser(pParse, zCreateTable, &zErr) 
+     && pParse->pNewTable
+     && !db->mallocFailed
+     && !pParse->pNewTable->pSelect
+     && (pParse->pNewTable->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)==0
+    ){
+      if( !pTab->aCol ){
+        pTab->aCol = pParse->pNewTable->aCol;
+        pTab->nCol = pParse->pNewTable->nCol;
+        pParse->pNewTable->nCol = 0;
+        pParse->pNewTable->aCol = 0;
+      }
+      db->pVtabCtx->pTab = 0;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_ERROR, (zErr ? "%s" : 0), zErr);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    pParse->declareVtab = 0;
+  
+    if( pParse->pVdbe ){
+      sqlite3VdbeFinalize(pParse->pVdbe);
+    }
+    sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pParse->pNewTable);
+    sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
+  }
+
+  assert( (rc&0xff)==rc );
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is invoked by the vdbe to call the xDestroy method
+** of the virtual table named zTab in database iDb. This occurs
+** when a DROP TABLE is mentioned.
+**
+** This call is a no-op if zTab is not a virtual table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallDestroy(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zTab){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Table *pTab;
+
+  pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zTab, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+  if( ALWAYS(pTab!=0 && pTab->pVTable!=0) ){
+    VTable *p = vtabDisconnectAll(db, pTab);
+
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+    rc = p->pMod->pModule->xDestroy(p->pVtab);
+
+    /* Remove the sqlite3_vtab* from the aVTrans[] array, if applicable */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      assert( pTab->pVTable==p && p->pNext==0 );
+      p->pVtab = 0;
+      pTab->pVTable = 0;
+      sqlite3VtabUnlock(p);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function invokes either the xRollback or xCommit method
+** of each of the virtual tables in the sqlite3.aVTrans array. The method
+** called is identified by the second argument, "offset", which is
+** the offset of the method to call in the sqlite3_module structure.
+**
+** The array is cleared after invoking the callbacks. 
+*/
+static void callFinaliser(sqlite3 *db, int offset){
+  int i;
+  if( db->aVTrans ){
+    for(i=0; i<db->nVTrans; i++){
+      VTable *pVTab = db->aVTrans[i];
+      sqlite3_vtab *p = pVTab->pVtab;
+      if( p ){
+        int (*x)(sqlite3_vtab *);
+        x = *(int (**)(sqlite3_vtab *))((char *)p->pModule + offset);
+        if( x ) x(p);
+      }
+      pVTab->iSavepoint = 0;
+      sqlite3VtabUnlock(pVTab);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, db->aVTrans);
+    db->nVTrans = 0;
+    db->aVTrans = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke the xSync method of all virtual tables in the sqlite3.aVTrans
+** array. Return the error code for the first error that occurs, or
+** SQLITE_OK if all xSync operations are successful.
+**
+** Set *pzErrmsg to point to a buffer that should be released using 
+** sqlite3DbFree() containing an error message, if one is available.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, char **pzErrmsg){
+  int i;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  VTable **aVTrans = db->aVTrans;
+
+  db->aVTrans = 0;
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<db->nVTrans; i++){
+    int (*x)(sqlite3_vtab *);
+    sqlite3_vtab *pVtab = aVTrans[i]->pVtab;
+    if( pVtab && (x = pVtab->pModule->xSync)!=0 ){
+      rc = x(pVtab);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, *pzErrmsg);
+      *pzErrmsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pVtab->zErrMsg);
+      sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
+    }
+  }
+  db->aVTrans = aVTrans;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke the xRollback method of all virtual tables in the 
+** sqlite3.aVTrans array. Then clear the array itself.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabRollback(sqlite3 *db){
+  callFinaliser(db, offsetof(sqlite3_module,xRollback));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke the xCommit method of all virtual tables in the 
+** sqlite3.aVTrans array. Then clear the array itself.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCommit(sqlite3 *db){
+  callFinaliser(db, offsetof(sqlite3_module,xCommit));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the virtual table pVtab supports the transaction interface
+** (xBegin/xRollback/xCommit and optionally xSync) and a transaction is
+** not currently open, invoke the xBegin method now.
+**
+** If the xBegin call is successful, place the sqlite3_vtab pointer
+** in the sqlite3.aVTrans array.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabBegin(sqlite3 *db, VTable *pVTab){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;
+
+  /* Special case: If db->aVTrans is NULL and db->nVTrans is greater
+  ** than zero, then this function is being called from within a
+  ** virtual module xSync() callback. It is illegal to write to 
+  ** virtual module tables in this case, so return SQLITE_LOCKED.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3VtabInSync(db) ){
+    return SQLITE_LOCKED;
+  }
+  if( !pVTab ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  } 
+  pModule = pVTab->pVtab->pModule;
+
+  if( pModule->xBegin ){
+    int i;
+
+    /* If pVtab is already in the aVTrans array, return early */
+    for(i=0; i<db->nVTrans; i++){
+      if( db->aVTrans[i]==pVTab ){
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Invoke the xBegin method. If successful, add the vtab to the 
+    ** sqlite3.aVTrans[] array. */
+    rc = growVTrans(db);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = pModule->xBegin(pVTab->pVtab);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        addToVTrans(db, pVTab);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke either the xSavepoint, xRollbackTo or xRelease method of all
+** virtual tables that currently have an open transaction. Pass iSavepoint
+** as the second argument to the virtual table method invoked.
+**
+** If op is SAVEPOINT_BEGIN, the xSavepoint method is invoked. If it is
+** SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, the xRollbackTo method. Otherwise, if op is 
+** SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, then the xRelease method of each virtual table with
+** an open transaction is invoked.
+**
+** If any virtual table method returns an error code other than SQLITE_OK, 
+** processing is abandoned and the error returned to the caller of this
+** function immediately. If all calls to virtual table methods are successful,
+** SQLITE_OK is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabSavepoint(sqlite3 *db, int op, int iSavepoint){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( op==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE||op==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK||op==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN );
+  assert( iSavepoint>=0 );
+  if( db->aVTrans ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<db->nVTrans; i++){
+      VTable *pVTab = db->aVTrans[i];
+      const sqlite3_module *pMod = pVTab->pMod->pModule;
+      if( pMod->iVersion>=2 ){
+        int (*xMethod)(sqlite3_vtab *, int);
+        switch( op ){
+          case SAVEPOINT_BEGIN:
+            xMethod = pMod->xSavepoint;
+            pVTab->iSavepoint = iSavepoint+1;
+            break;
+          case SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK:
+            xMethod = pMod->xRollbackTo;
+            break;
+          default:
+            xMethod = pMod->xRelease;
+            break;
+        }
+        if( xMethod && pVTab->iSavepoint>iSavepoint ){
+          rc = xMethod(db->aVTrans[i]->pVtab, iSavepoint);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The first parameter (pDef) is a function implementation.  The
+** second parameter (pExpr) is the first argument to this function.
+** If pExpr is a column in a virtual table, then let the virtual
+** table implementation have an opportunity to overload the function.
+**
+** This routine is used to allow virtual table implementations to
+** overload MATCH, LIKE, GLOB, and REGEXP operators.
+**
+** Return either the pDef argument (indicating no change) or a 
+** new FuncDef structure that is marked as ephemeral using the
+** SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM flag.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3VtabOverloadFunction(
+  sqlite3 *db,    /* Database connection for reporting malloc problems */
+  FuncDef *pDef,  /* Function to possibly overload */
+  int nArg,       /* Number of arguments to the function */
+  Expr *pExpr     /* First argument to the function */
+){
+  Table *pTab;
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
+  sqlite3_module *pMod;
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**) = 0;
+  void *pArg = 0;
+  FuncDef *pNew;
+  int rc = 0;
+  char *zLowerName;
+  unsigned char *z;
+
+
+  /* Check to see the left operand is a column in a virtual table */
+  if( NEVER(pExpr==0) ) return pDef;
+  if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return pDef;
+  pTab = pExpr->pTab;
+  if( NEVER(pTab==0) ) return pDef;
+  if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)==0 ) return pDef;
+  pVtab = sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab)->pVtab;
+  assert( pVtab!=0 );
+  assert( pVtab->pModule!=0 );
+  pMod = (sqlite3_module *)pVtab->pModule;
+  if( pMod->xFindFunction==0 ) return pDef;
+ 
+  /* Call the xFindFunction method on the virtual table implementation
+  ** to see if the implementation wants to overload this function 
+  */
+  zLowerName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pDef->zName);
+  if( zLowerName ){
+    for(z=(unsigned char*)zLowerName; *z; z++){
+      *z = sqlite3UpperToLower[*z];
+    }
+    rc = pMod->xFindFunction(pVtab, nArg, zLowerName, &xFunc, &pArg);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zLowerName);
+  }
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    return pDef;
+  }
+
+  /* Create a new ephemeral function definition for the overloaded
+  ** function */
+  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pNew)
+                             + sqlite3Strlen30(pDef->zName) + 1);
+  if( pNew==0 ){
+    return pDef;
+  }
+  *pNew = *pDef;
+  pNew->zName = (char *)&pNew[1];
+  memcpy(pNew->zName, pDef->zName, sqlite3Strlen30(pDef->zName)+1);
+  pNew->xFunc = xFunc;
+  pNew->pUserData = pArg;
+  pNew->flags |= SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM;
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Make sure virtual table pTab is contained in the pParse->apVirtualLock[]
+** array so that an OP_VBegin will get generated for it.  Add pTab to the
+** array if it is missing.  If pTab is already in the array, this routine
+** is a no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
+  Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+  int i, n;
+  Table **apVtabLock;
+
+  assert( IsVirtual(pTab) );
+  for(i=0; i<pToplevel->nVtabLock; i++){
+    if( pTab==pToplevel->apVtabLock[i] ) return;
+  }
+  n = (pToplevel->nVtabLock+1)*sizeof(pToplevel->apVtabLock[0]);
+  apVtabLock = sqlite3_realloc(pToplevel->apVtabLock, n);
+  if( apVtabLock ){
+    pToplevel->apVtabLock = apVtabLock;
+    pToplevel->apVtabLock[pToplevel->nVtabLock++] = pTab;
+  }else{
+    pToplevel->db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the ON CONFLICT resolution mode in effect for the virtual
+** table update operation currently in progress.
+**
+** The results of this routine are undefined unless it is called from
+** within an xUpdate method.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(sqlite3 *db){
+  static const unsigned char aMap[] = { 
+    SQLITE_ROLLBACK, SQLITE_ABORT, SQLITE_FAIL, SQLITE_IGNORE, SQLITE_REPLACE 
+  };
+  assert( OE_Rollback==1 && OE_Abort==2 && OE_Fail==3 );
+  assert( OE_Ignore==4 && OE_Replace==5 );
+  assert( db->vtabOnConflict>=1 && db->vtabOnConflict<=5 );
+  return (int)aMap[db->vtabOnConflict-1];
+}
+
+/*
+** Call from within the xCreate() or xConnect() methods to provide 
+** the SQLite core with additional information about the behavior
+** of the virtual table being implemented.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_config(sqlite3 *db, int op, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+
+  va_start(ap, op);
+  switch( op ){
+    case SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT: {
+      VtabCtx *p = db->pVtabCtx;
+      if( !p ){
+        rc = SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+      }else{
+        assert( p->pTab==0 || (p->pTab->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)!=0 );
+        p->pVTable->bConstraint = (u8)va_arg(ap, int);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      rc = SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+      break;
+  }
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+/************** End of vtab.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file where.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This module contains C code that generates VDBE code used to process
+** the WHERE clause of SQL statements.  This module is responsible for
+** generating the code that loops through a table looking for applicable
+** rows.  Indices are selected and used to speed the search when doing
+** so is applicable.  Because this module is responsible for selecting
+** indices, you might also think of this module as the "query optimizer".
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** Trace output macros
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereTrace = 0;
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# define WHERETRACE(X)  if(sqlite3WhereTrace) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#else
+# define WHERETRACE(X)
+#endif
+
+/* Forward reference
+*/
+typedef struct WhereClause WhereClause;
+typedef struct WhereMaskSet WhereMaskSet;
+typedef struct WhereOrInfo WhereOrInfo;
+typedef struct WhereAndInfo WhereAndInfo;
+typedef struct WhereCost WhereCost;
+
+/*
+** The query generator uses an array of instances of this structure to
+** help it analyze the subexpressions of the WHERE clause.  Each WHERE
+** clause subexpression is separated from the others by AND operators,
+** usually, or sometimes subexpressions separated by OR.
+**
+** All WhereTerms are collected into a single WhereClause structure.  
+** The following identity holds:
+**
+**        WhereTerm.pWC->a[WhereTerm.idx] == WhereTerm
+**
+** When a term is of the form:
+**
+**              X <op> <expr>
+**
+** where X is a column name and <op> is one of certain operators,
+** then WhereTerm.leftCursor and WhereTerm.u.leftColumn record the
+** cursor number and column number for X.  WhereTerm.eOperator records
+** the <op> using a bitmask encoding defined by WO_xxx below.  The
+** use of a bitmask encoding for the operator allows us to search
+** quickly for terms that match any of several different operators.
+**
+** A WhereTerm might also be two or more subterms connected by OR:
+**
+**         (t1.X <op> <expr>) OR (t1.Y <op> <expr>) OR ....
+**
+** In this second case, wtFlag as the TERM_ORINFO set and eOperator==WO_OR
+** and the WhereTerm.u.pOrInfo field points to auxiliary information that
+** is collected about the
+**
+** If a term in the WHERE clause does not match either of the two previous
+** categories, then eOperator==0.  The WhereTerm.pExpr field is still set
+** to the original subexpression content and wtFlags is set up appropriately
+** but no other fields in the WhereTerm object are meaningful.
+**
+** When eOperator!=0, prereqRight and prereqAll record sets of cursor numbers,
+** but they do so indirectly.  A single WhereMaskSet structure translates
+** cursor number into bits and the translated bit is stored in the prereq
+** fields.  The translation is used in order to maximize the number of
+** bits that will fit in a Bitmask.  The VDBE cursor numbers might be
+** spread out over the non-negative integers.  For example, the cursor
+** numbers might be 3, 8, 9, 10, 20, 23, 41, and 45.  The WhereMaskSet
+** translates these sparse cursor numbers into consecutive integers
+** beginning with 0 in order to make the best possible use of the available
+** bits in the Bitmask.  So, in the example above, the cursor numbers
+** would be mapped into integers 0 through 7.
+**
+** The number of terms in a join is limited by the number of bits
+** in prereqRight and prereqAll.  The default is 64 bits, hence SQLite
+** is only able to process joins with 64 or fewer tables.
+*/
+typedef struct WhereTerm WhereTerm;
+struct WhereTerm {
+  Expr *pExpr;            /* Pointer to the subexpression that is this term */
+  int iParent;            /* Disable pWC->a[iParent] when this term disabled */
+  int leftCursor;         /* Cursor number of X in "X <op> <expr>" */
+  union {
+    int leftColumn;         /* Column number of X in "X <op> <expr>" */
+    WhereOrInfo *pOrInfo;   /* Extra information if eOperator==WO_OR */
+    WhereAndInfo *pAndInfo; /* Extra information if eOperator==WO_AND */
+  } u;
+  u16 eOperator;          /* A WO_xx value describing <op> */
+  u8 wtFlags;             /* TERM_xxx bit flags.  See below */
+  u8 nChild;              /* Number of children that must disable us */
+  WhereClause *pWC;       /* The clause this term is part of */
+  Bitmask prereqRight;    /* Bitmask of tables used by pExpr->pRight */
+  Bitmask prereqAll;      /* Bitmask of tables referenced by pExpr */
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values of WhereTerm.wtFlags
+*/
+#define TERM_DYNAMIC    0x01   /* Need to call sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr) */
+#define TERM_VIRTUAL    0x02   /* Added by the optimizer.  Do not code */
+#define TERM_CODED      0x04   /* This term is already coded */
+#define TERM_COPIED     0x08   /* Has a child */
+#define TERM_ORINFO     0x10   /* Need to free the WhereTerm.u.pOrInfo object */
+#define TERM_ANDINFO    0x20   /* Need to free the WhereTerm.u.pAndInfo obj */
+#define TERM_OR_OK      0x40   /* Used during OR-clause processing */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+#  define TERM_VNULL    0x80   /* Manufactured x>NULL or x<=NULL term */
+#else
+#  define TERM_VNULL    0x00   /* Disabled if not using stat2 */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure holds all information about a
+** WHERE clause.  Mostly this is a container for one or more WhereTerms.
+*/
+struct WhereClause {
+  Parse *pParse;           /* The parser context */
+  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;  /* Mapping of table cursor numbers to bitmasks */
+  Bitmask vmask;           /* Bitmask identifying virtual table cursors */
+  u8 op;                   /* Split operator.  TK_AND or TK_OR */
+  int nTerm;               /* Number of terms */
+  int nSlot;               /* Number of entries in a[] */
+  WhereTerm *a;            /* Each a[] describes a term of the WHERE cluase */
+#if defined(SQLITE_SMALL_STACK)
+  WhereTerm aStatic[1];    /* Initial static space for a[] */
+#else
+  WhereTerm aStatic[8];    /* Initial static space for a[] */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** A WhereTerm with eOperator==WO_OR has its u.pOrInfo pointer set to
+** a dynamically allocated instance of the following structure.
+*/
+struct WhereOrInfo {
+  WhereClause wc;          /* Decomposition into subterms */
+  Bitmask indexable;       /* Bitmask of all indexable tables in the clause */
+};
+
+/*
+** A WhereTerm with eOperator==WO_AND has its u.pAndInfo pointer set to
+** a dynamically allocated instance of the following structure.
+*/
+struct WhereAndInfo {
+  WhereClause wc;          /* The subexpression broken out */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure keeps track of a mapping
+** between VDBE cursor numbers and bits of the bitmasks in WhereTerm.
+**
+** The VDBE cursor numbers are small integers contained in 
+** SrcList_item.iCursor and Expr.iTable fields.  For any given WHERE 
+** clause, the cursor numbers might not begin with 0 and they might
+** contain gaps in the numbering sequence.  But we want to make maximum
+** use of the bits in our bitmasks.  This structure provides a mapping
+** from the sparse cursor numbers into consecutive integers beginning
+** with 0.
+**
+** If WhereMaskSet.ix[A]==B it means that The A-th bit of a Bitmask
+** corresponds VDBE cursor number B.  The A-th bit of a bitmask is 1<<A.
+**
+** For example, if the WHERE clause expression used these VDBE
+** cursors:  4, 5, 8, 29, 57, 73.  Then the  WhereMaskSet structure
+** would map those cursor numbers into bits 0 through 5.
+**
+** Note that the mapping is not necessarily ordered.  In the example
+** above, the mapping might go like this:  4->3, 5->1, 8->2, 29->0,
+** 57->5, 73->4.  Or one of 719 other combinations might be used. It
+** does not really matter.  What is important is that sparse cursor
+** numbers all get mapped into bit numbers that begin with 0 and contain
+** no gaps.
+*/
+struct WhereMaskSet {
+  int n;                        /* Number of assigned cursor values */
+  int ix[BMS];                  /* Cursor assigned to each bit */
+};
+
+/*
+** A WhereCost object records a lookup strategy and the estimated
+** cost of pursuing that strategy.
+*/
+struct WhereCost {
+  WherePlan plan;    /* The lookup strategy */
+  double rCost;      /* Overall cost of pursuing this search strategy */
+  Bitmask used;      /* Bitmask of cursors used by this plan */
+};
+
+/*
+** Bitmasks for the operators that indices are able to exploit.  An
+** OR-ed combination of these values can be used when searching for
+** terms in the where clause.
+*/
+#define WO_IN     0x001
+#define WO_EQ     0x002
+#define WO_LT     (WO_EQ<<(TK_LT-TK_EQ))
+#define WO_LE     (WO_EQ<<(TK_LE-TK_EQ))
+#define WO_GT     (WO_EQ<<(TK_GT-TK_EQ))
+#define WO_GE     (WO_EQ<<(TK_GE-TK_EQ))
+#define WO_MATCH  0x040
+#define WO_ISNULL 0x080
+#define WO_OR     0x100       /* Two or more OR-connected terms */
+#define WO_AND    0x200       /* Two or more AND-connected terms */
+#define WO_NOOP   0x800       /* This term does not restrict search space */
+
+#define WO_ALL    0xfff       /* Mask of all possible WO_* values */
+#define WO_SINGLE 0x0ff       /* Mask of all non-compound WO_* values */
+
+/*
+** Value for wsFlags returned by bestIndex() and stored in
+** WhereLevel.wsFlags.  These flags determine which search
+** strategies are appropriate.
+**
+** The least significant 12 bits is reserved as a mask for WO_ values above.
+** The WhereLevel.wsFlags field is usually set to WO_IN|WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL.
+** But if the table is the right table of a left join, WhereLevel.wsFlags
+** is set to WO_IN|WO_EQ.  The WhereLevel.wsFlags field can then be used as
+** the "op" parameter to findTerm when we are resolving equality constraints.
+** ISNULL constraints will then not be used on the right table of a left
+** join.  Tickets #2177 and #2189.
+*/
+#define WHERE_ROWID_EQ     0x00001000  /* rowid=EXPR or rowid IN (...) */
+#define WHERE_ROWID_RANGE  0x00002000  /* rowid<EXPR and/or rowid>EXPR */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_EQ    0x00010000  /* x=EXPR or x IN (...) or x IS NULL */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE 0x00020000  /* x<EXPR and/or x>EXPR */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_IN    0x00040000  /* x IN (...) */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_NULL  0x00080000  /* x IS NULL */
+#define WHERE_INDEXED      0x000f0000  /* Anything that uses an index */
+#define WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN 0x100f3000  /* Does not do a full table scan */
+#define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x000f1000  /* Able to support an IN operator */
+#define WHERE_TOP_LIMIT    0x00100000  /* x<EXPR or x<=EXPR constraint */
+#define WHERE_BTM_LIMIT    0x00200000  /* x>EXPR or x>=EXPR constraint */
+#define WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT   0x00300000  /* Both x>EXPR and x<EXPR */
+#define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00800000  /* Use index only - omit table */
+#define WHERE_ORDERBY      0x01000000  /* Output will appear in correct order */
+#define WHERE_REVERSE      0x02000000  /* Scan in reverse order */
+#define WHERE_UNIQUE       0x04000000  /* Selects no more than one row */
+#define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x08000000  /* Use virtual-table processing */
+#define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x10000000  /* OR using multiple indices */
+#define WHERE_TEMP_INDEX   0x20000000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */
+
+/*
+** Initialize a preallocated WhereClause structure.
+*/
+static void whereClauseInit(
+  WhereClause *pWC,        /* The WhereClause to be initialized */
+  Parse *pParse,           /* The parsing context */
+  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet   /* Mapping from table cursor numbers to bitmasks */
+){
+  pWC->pParse = pParse;
+  pWC->pMaskSet = pMaskSet;
+  pWC->nTerm = 0;
+  pWC->nSlot = ArraySize(pWC->aStatic);
+  pWC->a = pWC->aStatic;
+  pWC->vmask = 0;
+}
+
+/* Forward reference */
+static void whereClauseClear(WhereClause*);
+
+/*
+** Deallocate all memory associated with a WhereOrInfo object.
+*/
+static void whereOrInfoDelete(sqlite3 *db, WhereOrInfo *p){
+  whereClauseClear(&p->wc);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Deallocate all memory associated with a WhereAndInfo object.
+*/
+static void whereAndInfoDelete(sqlite3 *db, WhereAndInfo *p){
+  whereClauseClear(&p->wc);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Deallocate a WhereClause structure.  The WhereClause structure
+** itself is not freed.  This routine is the inverse of whereClauseInit().
+*/
+static void whereClauseClear(WhereClause *pWC){
+  int i;
+  WhereTerm *a;
+  sqlite3 *db = pWC->pParse->db;
+  for(i=pWC->nTerm-1, a=pWC->a; i>=0; i--, a++){
+    if( a->wtFlags & TERM_DYNAMIC ){
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, a->pExpr);
+    }
+    if( a->wtFlags & TERM_ORINFO ){
+      whereOrInfoDelete(db, a->u.pOrInfo);
+    }else if( a->wtFlags & TERM_ANDINFO ){
+      whereAndInfoDelete(db, a->u.pAndInfo);
+    }
+  }
+  if( pWC->a!=pWC->aStatic ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pWC->a);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a single new WhereTerm entry to the WhereClause object pWC.
+** The new WhereTerm object is constructed from Expr p and with wtFlags.
+** The index in pWC->a[] of the new WhereTerm is returned on success.
+** 0 is returned if the new WhereTerm could not be added due to a memory
+** allocation error.  The memory allocation failure will be recorded in
+** the db->mallocFailed flag so that higher-level functions can detect it.
+**
+** This routine will increase the size of the pWC->a[] array as necessary.
+**
+** If the wtFlags argument includes TERM_DYNAMIC, then responsibility
+** for freeing the expression p is assumed by the WhereClause object pWC.
+** This is true even if this routine fails to allocate a new WhereTerm.
+**
+** WARNING:  This routine might reallocate the space used to store
+** WhereTerms.  All pointers to WhereTerms should be invalidated after
+** calling this routine.  Such pointers may be reinitialized by referencing
+** the pWC->a[] array.
+*/
+static int whereClauseInsert(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *p, u8 wtFlags){
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  int idx;
+  testcase( wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );  /* EV: R-00211-15100 */
+  if( pWC->nTerm>=pWC->nSlot ){
+    WhereTerm *pOld = pWC->a;
+    sqlite3 *db = pWC->pParse->db;
+    pWC->a = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(pWC->a[0])*pWC->nSlot*2 );
+    if( pWC->a==0 ){
+      if( wtFlags & TERM_DYNAMIC ){
+        sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p);
+      }
+      pWC->a = pOld;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    memcpy(pWC->a, pOld, sizeof(pWC->a[0])*pWC->nTerm);
+    if( pOld!=pWC->aStatic ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pOld);
+    }
+    pWC->nSlot = sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, pWC->a)/sizeof(pWC->a[0]);
+  }
+  pTerm = &pWC->a[idx = pWC->nTerm++];
+  pTerm->pExpr = p;
+  pTerm->wtFlags = wtFlags;
+  pTerm->pWC = pWC;
+  pTerm->iParent = -1;
+  return idx;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine identifies subexpressions in the WHERE clause where
+** each subexpression is separated by the AND operator or some other
+** operator specified in the op parameter.  The WhereClause structure
+** is filled with pointers to subexpressions.  For example:
+**
+**    WHERE  a=='hello' AND coalesce(b,11)<10 AND (c+12!=d OR c==22)
+**           \________/     \_______________/     \________________/
+**            slot[0]            slot[1]               slot[2]
+**
+** The original WHERE clause in pExpr is unaltered.  All this routine
+** does is make slot[] entries point to substructure within pExpr.
+**
+** In the previous sentence and in the diagram, "slot[]" refers to
+** the WhereClause.a[] array.  The slot[] array grows as needed to contain
+** all terms of the WHERE clause.
+*/
+static void whereSplit(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *pExpr, int op){
+  pWC->op = (u8)op;
+  if( pExpr==0 ) return;
+  if( pExpr->op!=op ){
+    whereClauseInsert(pWC, pExpr, 0);
+  }else{
+    whereSplit(pWC, pExpr->pLeft, op);
+    whereSplit(pWC, pExpr->pRight, op);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize an expression mask set (a WhereMaskSet object)
+*/
+#define initMaskSet(P)  memset(P, 0, sizeof(*P))
+
+/*
+** Return the bitmask for the given cursor number.  Return 0 if
+** iCursor is not in the set.
+*/
+static Bitmask getMask(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, int iCursor){
+  int i;
+  assert( pMaskSet->n<=(int)sizeof(Bitmask)*8 );
+  for(i=0; i<pMaskSet->n; i++){
+    if( pMaskSet->ix[i]==iCursor ){
+      return ((Bitmask)1)<<i;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new mask for cursor iCursor.
+**
+** There is one cursor per table in the FROM clause.  The number of
+** tables in the FROM clause is limited by a test early in the
+** sqlite3WhereBegin() routine.  So we know that the pMaskSet->ix[]
+** array will never overflow.
+*/
+static void createMask(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, int iCursor){
+  assert( pMaskSet->n < ArraySize(pMaskSet->ix) );
+  pMaskSet->ix[pMaskSet->n++] = iCursor;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine walks (recursively) an expression tree and generates
+** a bitmask indicating which tables are used in that expression
+** tree.
+**
+** In order for this routine to work, the calling function must have
+** previously invoked sqlite3ResolveExprNames() on the expression.  See
+** the header comment on that routine for additional information.
+** The sqlite3ResolveExprNames() routines looks for column names and
+** sets their opcodes to TK_COLUMN and their Expr.iTable fields to
+** the VDBE cursor number of the table.  This routine just has to
+** translate the cursor numbers into bitmask values and OR all
+** the bitmasks together.
+*/
+static Bitmask exprListTableUsage(WhereMaskSet*, ExprList*);
+static Bitmask exprSelectTableUsage(WhereMaskSet*, Select*);
+static Bitmask exprTableUsage(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, Expr *p){
+  Bitmask mask = 0;
+  if( p==0 ) return 0;
+  if( p->op==TK_COLUMN ){
+    mask = getMask(pMaskSet, p->iTable);
+    return mask;
+  }
+  mask = exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, p->pRight);
+  mask |= exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, p->pLeft);
+  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+    mask |= exprSelectTableUsage(pMaskSet, p->x.pSelect);
+  }else{
+    mask |= exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, p->x.pList);
+  }
+  return mask;
+}
+static Bitmask exprListTableUsage(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, ExprList *pList){
+  int i;
+  Bitmask mask = 0;
+  if( pList ){
+    for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+      mask |= exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pList->a[i].pExpr);
+    }
+  }
+  return mask;
+}
+static Bitmask exprSelectTableUsage(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, Select *pS){
+  Bitmask mask = 0;
+  while( pS ){
+    mask |= exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pEList);
+    mask |= exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pGroupBy);
+    mask |= exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pOrderBy);
+    mask |= exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pWhere);
+    mask |= exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pHaving);
+    pS = pS->pPrior;
+  }
+  return mask;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the given operator is one of the operators that is
+** allowed for an indexable WHERE clause term.  The allowed operators are
+** "=", "<", ">", "<=", ">=", and "IN".
+**
+** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-59926-26393 To be usable by an index a term must be
+** of one of the following forms: column = expression column > expression
+** column >= expression column < expression column <= expression
+** expression = column expression > column expression >= column
+** expression < column expression <= column column IN
+** (expression-list) column IN (subquery) column IS NULL
+*/
+static int allowedOp(int op){
+  assert( TK_GT>TK_EQ && TK_GT<TK_GE );
+  assert( TK_LT>TK_EQ && TK_LT<TK_GE );
+  assert( TK_LE>TK_EQ && TK_LE<TK_GE );
+  assert( TK_GE==TK_EQ+4 );
+  return op==TK_IN || (op>=TK_EQ && op<=TK_GE) || op==TK_ISNULL;
+}
+
+/*
+** Swap two objects of type TYPE.
+*/
+#define SWAP(TYPE,A,B) {TYPE t=A; A=B; B=t;}
+
+/*
+** Commute a comparison operator.  Expressions of the form "X op Y"
+** are converted into "Y op X".
+**
+** If a collation sequence is associated with either the left or right
+** side of the comparison, it remains associated with the same side after
+** the commutation. So "Y collate NOCASE op X" becomes 
+** "X collate NOCASE op Y". This is because any collation sequence on
+** the left hand side of a comparison overrides any collation sequence 
+** attached to the right. For the same reason the EP_ExpCollate flag
+** is not commuted.
+*/
+static void exprCommute(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
+  u16 expRight = (pExpr->pRight->flags & EP_ExpCollate);
+  u16 expLeft = (pExpr->pLeft->flags & EP_ExpCollate);
+  assert( allowedOp(pExpr->op) && pExpr->op!=TK_IN );
+  pExpr->pRight->pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pRight);
+  pExpr->pLeft->pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
+  SWAP(CollSeq*,pExpr->pRight->pColl,pExpr->pLeft->pColl);
+  pExpr->pRight->flags = (pExpr->pRight->flags & ~EP_ExpCollate) | expLeft;
+  pExpr->pLeft->flags = (pExpr->pLeft->flags & ~EP_ExpCollate) | expRight;
+  SWAP(Expr*,pExpr->pRight,pExpr->pLeft);
+  if( pExpr->op>=TK_GT ){
+    assert( TK_LT==TK_GT+2 );
+    assert( TK_GE==TK_LE+2 );
+    assert( TK_GT>TK_EQ );
+    assert( TK_GT<TK_LE );
+    assert( pExpr->op>=TK_GT && pExpr->op<=TK_GE );
+    pExpr->op = ((pExpr->op-TK_GT)^2)+TK_GT;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Translate from TK_xx operator to WO_xx bitmask.
+*/
+static u16 operatorMask(int op){
+  u16 c;
+  assert( allowedOp(op) );
+  if( op==TK_IN ){
+    c = WO_IN;
+  }else if( op==TK_ISNULL ){
+    c = WO_ISNULL;
+  }else{
+    assert( (WO_EQ<<(op-TK_EQ)) < 0x7fff );
+    c = (u16)(WO_EQ<<(op-TK_EQ));
+  }
+  assert( op!=TK_ISNULL || c==WO_ISNULL );
+  assert( op!=TK_IN || c==WO_IN );
+  assert( op!=TK_EQ || c==WO_EQ );
+  assert( op!=TK_LT || c==WO_LT );
+  assert( op!=TK_LE || c==WO_LE );
+  assert( op!=TK_GT || c==WO_GT );
+  assert( op!=TK_GE || c==WO_GE );
+  return c;
+}
+
+/*
+** Search for a term in the WHERE clause that is of the form "X <op> <expr>"
+** where X is a reference to the iColumn of table iCur and <op> is one of
+** the WO_xx operator codes specified by the op parameter.
+** Return a pointer to the term.  Return 0 if not found.
+*/
+static WhereTerm *findTerm(
+  WhereClause *pWC,     /* The WHERE clause to be searched */
+  int iCur,             /* Cursor number of LHS */
+  int iColumn,          /* Column number of LHS */
+  Bitmask notReady,     /* RHS must not overlap with this mask */
+  u32 op,               /* Mask of WO_xx values describing operator */
+  Index *pIdx           /* Must be compatible with this index, if not NULL */
+){
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  int k;
+  assert( iCur>=0 );
+  op &= WO_ALL;
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a, k=pWC->nTerm; k; k--, pTerm++){
+    if( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur
+       && (pTerm->prereqRight & notReady)==0
+       && pTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn
+       && (pTerm->eOperator & op)!=0
+    ){
+      if( pIdx && pTerm->eOperator!=WO_ISNULL ){
+        Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
+        CollSeq *pColl;
+        char idxaff;
+        int j;
+        Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;
+
+        idxaff = pIdx->pTable->aCol[iColumn].affinity;
+        if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, idxaff) ) continue;
+
+        /* Figure out the collation sequence required from an index for
+        ** it to be useful for optimising expression pX. Store this
+        ** value in variable pColl.
+        */
+        assert(pX->pLeft);
+        pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
+        assert(pColl || pParse->nErr);
+
+        for(j=0; pIdx->aiColumn[j]!=iColumn; j++){
+          if( NEVER(j>=pIdx->nColumn) ) return 0;
+        }
+        if( pColl && sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIdx->azColl[j]) ) continue;
+      }
+      return pTerm;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Forward reference */
+static void exprAnalyze(SrcList*, WhereClause*, int);
+
+/*
+** Call exprAnalyze on all terms in a WHERE clause.  
+**
+**
+*/
+static void exprAnalyzeAll(
+  SrcList *pTabList,       /* the FROM clause */
+  WhereClause *pWC         /* the WHERE clause to be analyzed */
+){
+  int i;
+  for(i=pWC->nTerm-1; i>=0; i--){
+    exprAnalyze(pTabList, pWC, i);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LIKE_OPTIMIZATION
+/*
+** Check to see if the given expression is a LIKE or GLOB operator that
+** can be optimized using inequality constraints.  Return TRUE if it is
+** so and false if not.
+**
+** In order for the operator to be optimizible, the RHS must be a string
+** literal that does not begin with a wildcard.  
+*/
+static int isLikeOrGlob(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  Expr *pExpr,      /* Test this expression */
+  Expr **ppPrefix,  /* Pointer to TK_STRING expression with pattern prefix */
+  int *pisComplete, /* True if the only wildcard is % in the last character */
+  int *pnoCase      /* True if uppercase is equivalent to lowercase */
+){
+  const char *z = 0;         /* String on RHS of LIKE operator */
+  Expr *pRight, *pLeft;      /* Right and left size of LIKE operator */
+  ExprList *pList;           /* List of operands to the LIKE operator */
+  int c;                     /* One character in z[] */
+  int cnt;                   /* Number of non-wildcard prefix characters */
+  char wc[3];                /* Wildcard characters */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;  /* Database connection */
+  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
+  int op;                    /* Opcode of pRight */
+
+  if( !sqlite3IsLikeFunction(db, pExpr, pnoCase, wc) ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
+  if( *pnoCase ) return 0;
+#endif
+  pList = pExpr->x.pList;
+  pLeft = pList->a[1].pExpr;
+  if( pLeft->op!=TK_COLUMN || sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft)!=SQLITE_AFF_TEXT ){
+    /* IMP: R-02065-49465 The left-hand side of the LIKE or GLOB operator must
+    ** be the name of an indexed column with TEXT affinity. */
+    return 0;
+  }
+  assert( pLeft->iColumn!=(-1) ); /* Because IPK never has AFF_TEXT */
+
+  pRight = pList->a[0].pExpr;
+  op = pRight->op;
+  if( op==TK_REGISTER ){
+    op = pRight->op2;
+  }
+  if( op==TK_VARIABLE ){
+    Vdbe *pReprepare = pParse->pReprepare;
+    int iCol = pRight->iColumn;
+    pVal = sqlite3VdbeGetValue(pReprepare, iCol, SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
+    if( pVal && sqlite3_value_type(pVal)==SQLITE_TEXT ){
+      z = (char *)sqlite3_value_text(pVal);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(pParse->pVdbe, iCol); /* IMP: R-23257-02778 */
+    assert( pRight->op==TK_VARIABLE || pRight->op==TK_REGISTER );
+  }else if( op==TK_STRING ){
+    z = pRight->u.zToken;
+  }
+  if( z ){
+    cnt = 0;
+    while( (c=z[cnt])!=0 && c!=wc[0] && c!=wc[1] && c!=wc[2] ){
+      cnt++;
+    }
+    if( cnt!=0 && 255!=(u8)z[cnt-1] ){
+      Expr *pPrefix;
+      *pisComplete = c==wc[0] && z[cnt+1]==0;
+      pPrefix = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_STRING, z);
+      if( pPrefix ) pPrefix->u.zToken[cnt] = 0;
+      *ppPrefix = pPrefix;
+      if( op==TK_VARIABLE ){
+        Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+        sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(v, pRight->iColumn); /* IMP: R-23257-02778 */
+        if( *pisComplete && pRight->u.zToken[1] ){
+          /* If the rhs of the LIKE expression is a variable, and the current
+          ** value of the variable means there is no need to invoke the LIKE
+          ** function, then no OP_Variable will be added to the program.
+          ** This causes problems for the sqlite3_bind_parameter_name()
+          ** API. To workaround them, add a dummy OP_Variable here.
+          */ 
+          int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+          sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pRight, r1);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)-1, 0);
+          sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+        }
+      }
+    }else{
+      z = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+  return (z!=0);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_LIKE_OPTIMIZATION */
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/*
+** Check to see if the given expression is of the form
+**
+**         column MATCH expr
+**
+** If it is then return TRUE.  If not, return FALSE.
+*/
+static int isMatchOfColumn(
+  Expr *pExpr      /* Test this expression */
+){
+  ExprList *pList;
+
+  if( pExpr->op!=TK_FUNCTION ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(pExpr->u.zToken,"match")!=0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  pList = pExpr->x.pList;
+  if( pList->nExpr!=2 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( pList->a[1].pExpr->op != TK_COLUMN ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+/*
+** If the pBase expression originated in the ON or USING clause of
+** a join, then transfer the appropriate markings over to derived.
+*/
+static void transferJoinMarkings(Expr *pDerived, Expr *pBase){
+  pDerived->flags |= pBase->flags & EP_FromJoin;
+  pDerived->iRightJoinTable = pBase->iRightJoinTable;
+}
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
+/*
+** Analyze a term that consists of two or more OR-connected
+** subterms.  So in:
+**
+**     ... WHERE  (a=5) AND (b=7 OR c=9 OR d=13) AND (d=13)
+**                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+**
+** This routine analyzes terms such as the middle term in the above example.
+** A WhereOrTerm object is computed and attached to the term under
+** analysis, regardless of the outcome of the analysis.  Hence:
+**
+**     WhereTerm.wtFlags   |=  TERM_ORINFO
+**     WhereTerm.u.pOrInfo  =  a dynamically allocated WhereOrTerm object
+**
+** The term being analyzed must have two or more of OR-connected subterms.
+** A single subterm might be a set of AND-connected sub-subterms.
+** Examples of terms under analysis:
+**
+**     (A)     t1.x=t2.y OR t1.x=t2.z OR t1.y=15 OR t1.z=t3.a+5
+**     (B)     x=expr1 OR expr2=x OR x=expr3
+**     (C)     t1.x=t2.y OR (t1.x=t2.z AND t1.y=15)
+**     (D)     x=expr1 OR (y>11 AND y<22 AND z LIKE '*hello*')
+**     (E)     (p.a=1 AND q.b=2 AND r.c=3) OR (p.x=4 AND q.y=5 AND r.z=6)
+**
+** CASE 1:
+**
+** If all subterms are of the form T.C=expr for some single column of C
+** a single table T (as shown in example B above) then create a new virtual
+** term that is an equivalent IN expression.  In other words, if the term
+** being analyzed is:
+**
+**      x = expr1  OR  expr2 = x  OR  x = expr3
+**
+** then create a new virtual term like this:
+**
+**      x IN (expr1,expr2,expr3)
+**
+** CASE 2:
+**
+** If all subterms are indexable by a single table T, then set
+**
+**     WhereTerm.eOperator              =  WO_OR
+**     WhereTerm.u.pOrInfo->indexable  |=  the cursor number for table T
+**
+** A subterm is "indexable" if it is of the form
+** "T.C <op> <expr>" where C is any column of table T and 
+** <op> is one of "=", "<", "<=", ">", ">=", "IS NULL", or "IN".
+** A subterm is also indexable if it is an AND of two or more
+** subsubterms at least one of which is indexable.  Indexable AND 
+** subterms have their eOperator set to WO_AND and they have
+** u.pAndInfo set to a dynamically allocated WhereAndTerm object.
+**
+** From another point of view, "indexable" means that the subterm could
+** potentially be used with an index if an appropriate index exists.
+** This analysis does not consider whether or not the index exists; that
+** is something the bestIndex() routine will determine.  This analysis
+** only looks at whether subterms appropriate for indexing exist.
+**
+** All examples A through E above all satisfy case 2.  But if a term
+** also statisfies case 1 (such as B) we know that the optimizer will
+** always prefer case 1, so in that case we pretend that case 2 is not
+** satisfied.
+**
+** It might be the case that multiple tables are indexable.  For example,
+** (E) above is indexable on tables P, Q, and R.
+**
+** Terms that satisfy case 2 are candidates for lookup by using
+** separate indices to find rowids for each subterm and composing
+** the union of all rowids using a RowSet object.  This is similar
+** to "bitmap indices" in other database engines.
+**
+** OTHERWISE:
+**
+** If neither case 1 nor case 2 apply, then leave the eOperator set to
+** zero.  This term is not useful for search.
+*/
+static void exprAnalyzeOrTerm(
+  SrcList *pSrc,            /* the FROM clause */
+  WhereClause *pWC,         /* the complete WHERE clause */
+  int idxTerm               /* Index of the OR-term to be analyzed */
+){
+  Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;            /* Parser context */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;               /* Database connection */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];    /* The term to be analyzed */
+  Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;             /* The expression of the term */
+  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet; /* Table use masks */
+  int i;                                  /* Loop counters */
+  WhereClause *pOrWc;       /* Breakup of pTerm into subterms */
+  WhereTerm *pOrTerm;       /* A Sub-term within the pOrWc */
+  WhereOrInfo *pOrInfo;     /* Additional information associated with pTerm */
+  Bitmask chngToIN;         /* Tables that might satisfy case 1 */
+  Bitmask indexable;        /* Tables that are indexable, satisfying case 2 */
+
+  /*
+  ** Break the OR clause into its separate subterms.  The subterms are
+  ** stored in a WhereClause structure containing within the WhereOrInfo
+  ** object that is attached to the original OR clause term.
+  */
+  assert( (pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_DYNAMIC|TERM_ORINFO|TERM_ANDINFO))==0 );
+  assert( pExpr->op==TK_OR );
+  pTerm->u.pOrInfo = pOrInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pOrInfo));
+  if( pOrInfo==0 ) return;
+  pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_ORINFO;
+  pOrWc = &pOrInfo->wc;
+  whereClauseInit(pOrWc, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet);
+  whereSplit(pOrWc, pExpr, TK_OR);
+  exprAnalyzeAll(pSrc, pOrWc);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
+  assert( pOrWc->nTerm>=2 );
+
+  /*
+  ** Compute the set of tables that might satisfy cases 1 or 2.
+  */
+  indexable = ~(Bitmask)0;
+  chngToIN = ~(pWC->vmask);
+  for(i=pOrWc->nTerm-1, pOrTerm=pOrWc->a; i>=0 && indexable; i--, pOrTerm++){
+    if( (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_SINGLE)==0 ){
+      WhereAndInfo *pAndInfo;
+      assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==0 );
+      assert( (pOrTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_ANDINFO|TERM_ORINFO))==0 );
+      chngToIN = 0;
+      pAndInfo = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pAndInfo));
+      if( pAndInfo ){
+        WhereClause *pAndWC;
+        WhereTerm *pAndTerm;
+        int j;
+        Bitmask b = 0;
+        pOrTerm->u.pAndInfo = pAndInfo;
+        pOrTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_ANDINFO;
+        pOrTerm->eOperator = WO_AND;
+        pAndWC = &pAndInfo->wc;
+        whereClauseInit(pAndWC, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet);
+        whereSplit(pAndWC, pOrTerm->pExpr, TK_AND);
+        exprAnalyzeAll(pSrc, pAndWC);
+        testcase( db->mallocFailed );
+        if( !db->mallocFailed ){
+          for(j=0, pAndTerm=pAndWC->a; j<pAndWC->nTerm; j++, pAndTerm++){
+            assert( pAndTerm->pExpr );
+            if( allowedOp(pAndTerm->pExpr->op) ){
+              b |= getMask(pMaskSet, pAndTerm->leftCursor);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        indexable &= b;
+      }
+    }else if( pOrTerm->wtFlags & TERM_COPIED ){
+      /* Skip this term for now.  We revisit it when we process the
+      ** corresponding TERM_VIRTUAL term */
+    }else{
+      Bitmask b;
+      b = getMask(pMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor);
+      if( pOrTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ){
+        WhereTerm *pOther = &pOrWc->a[pOrTerm->iParent];
+        b |= getMask(pMaskSet, pOther->leftCursor);
+      }
+      indexable &= b;
+      if( pOrTerm->eOperator!=WO_EQ ){
+        chngToIN = 0;
+      }else{
+        chngToIN &= b;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** Record the set of tables that satisfy case 2.  The set might be
+  ** empty.
+  */
+  pOrInfo->indexable = indexable;
+  pTerm->eOperator = indexable==0 ? 0 : WO_OR;
+
+  /*
+  ** chngToIN holds a set of tables that *might* satisfy case 1.  But
+  ** we have to do some additional checking to see if case 1 really
+  ** is satisfied.
+  **
+  ** chngToIN will hold either 0, 1, or 2 bits.  The 0-bit case means
+  ** that there is no possibility of transforming the OR clause into an
+  ** IN operator because one or more terms in the OR clause contain
+  ** something other than == on a column in the single table.  The 1-bit
+  ** case means that every term of the OR clause is of the form
+  ** "table.column=expr" for some single table.  The one bit that is set
+  ** will correspond to the common table.  We still need to check to make
+  ** sure the same column is used on all terms.  The 2-bit case is when
+  ** the all terms are of the form "table1.column=table2.column".  It
+  ** might be possible to form an IN operator with either table1.column
+  ** or table2.column as the LHS if either is common to every term of
+  ** the OR clause.
+  **
+  ** Note that terms of the form "table.column1=table.column2" (the
+  ** same table on both sizes of the ==) cannot be optimized.
+  */
+  if( chngToIN ){
+    int okToChngToIN = 0;     /* True if the conversion to IN is valid */
+    int iColumn = -1;         /* Column index on lhs of IN operator */
+    int iCursor = -1;         /* Table cursor common to all terms */
+    int j = 0;                /* Loop counter */
+
+    /* Search for a table and column that appears on one side or the
+    ** other of the == operator in every subterm.  That table and column
+    ** will be recorded in iCursor and iColumn.  There might not be any
+    ** such table and column.  Set okToChngToIN if an appropriate table
+    ** and column is found but leave okToChngToIN false if not found.
+    */
+    for(j=0; j<2 && !okToChngToIN; j++){
+      pOrTerm = pOrWc->a;
+      for(i=pOrWc->nTerm-1; i>=0; i--, pOrTerm++){
+        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        pOrTerm->wtFlags &= ~TERM_OR_OK;
+        if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCursor ){
+          /* This is the 2-bit case and we are on the second iteration and
+          ** current term is from the first iteration.  So skip this term. */
+          assert( j==1 );
+          continue;
+        }
+        if( (chngToIN & getMask(pMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor))==0 ){
+          /* This term must be of the form t1.a==t2.b where t2 is in the
+          ** chngToIN set but t1 is not.  This term will be either preceeded
+          ** or follwed by an inverted copy (t2.b==t1.a).  Skip this term 
+          ** and use its inversion. */
+          testcase( pOrTerm->wtFlags & TERM_COPIED );
+          testcase( pOrTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+          assert( pOrTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_COPIED|TERM_VIRTUAL) );
+          continue;
+        }
+        iColumn = pOrTerm->u.leftColumn;
+        iCursor = pOrTerm->leftCursor;
+        break;
+      }
+      if( i<0 ){
+        /* No candidate table+column was found.  This can only occur
+        ** on the second iteration */
+        assert( j==1 );
+        assert( (chngToIN&(chngToIN-1))==0 );
+        assert( chngToIN==getMask(pMaskSet, iCursor) );
+        break;
+      }
+      testcase( j==1 );
+
+      /* We have found a candidate table and column.  Check to see if that
+      ** table and column is common to every term in the OR clause */
+      okToChngToIN = 1;
+      for(; i>=0 && okToChngToIN; i--, pOrTerm++){
+        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        if( pOrTerm->leftCursor!=iCursor ){
+          pOrTerm->wtFlags &= ~TERM_OR_OK;
+        }else if( pOrTerm->u.leftColumn!=iColumn ){
+          okToChngToIN = 0;
+        }else{
+          int affLeft, affRight;
+          /* If the right-hand side is also a column, then the affinities
+          ** of both right and left sides must be such that no type
+          ** conversions are required on the right.  (Ticket #2249)
+          */
+          affRight = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pOrTerm->pExpr->pRight);
+          affLeft = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pOrTerm->pExpr->pLeft);
+          if( affRight!=0 && affRight!=affLeft ){
+            okToChngToIN = 0;
+          }else{
+            pOrTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_OR_OK;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* At this point, okToChngToIN is true if original pTerm satisfies
+    ** case 1.  In that case, construct a new virtual term that is 
+    ** pTerm converted into an IN operator.
+    **
+    ** EV: R-00211-15100
+    */
+    if( okToChngToIN ){
+      Expr *pDup;            /* A transient duplicate expression */
+      ExprList *pList = 0;   /* The RHS of the IN operator */
+      Expr *pLeft = 0;       /* The LHS of the IN operator */
+      Expr *pNew;            /* The complete IN operator */
+
+      for(i=pOrWc->nTerm-1, pOrTerm=pOrWc->a; i>=0; i--, pOrTerm++){
+        if( (pOrTerm->wtFlags & TERM_OR_OK)==0 ) continue;
+        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        assert( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCursor );
+        assert( pOrTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn );
+        pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrTerm->pExpr->pRight, 0);
+        pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pWC->pParse, pList, pDup);
+        pLeft = pOrTerm->pExpr->pLeft;
+      }
+      assert( pLeft!=0 );
+      pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pLeft, 0);
+      pNew = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, pDup, 0, 0);
+      if( pNew ){
+        int idxNew;
+        transferJoinMarkings(pNew, pExpr);
+        assert( !ExprHasProperty(pNew, EP_xIsSelect) );
+        pNew->x.pList = pList;
+        idxNew = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNew, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
+        testcase( idxNew==0 );
+        exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew);
+        pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
+        pWC->a[idxNew].iParent = idxTerm;
+        pTerm->nChild = 1;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
+      }
+      pTerm->eOperator = WO_NOOP;  /* case 1 trumps case 2 */
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION && !SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
+
+
+/*
+** The input to this routine is an WhereTerm structure with only the
+** "pExpr" field filled in.  The job of this routine is to analyze the
+** subexpression and populate all the other fields of the WhereTerm
+** structure.
+**
+** If the expression is of the form "<expr> <op> X" it gets commuted
+** to the standard form of "X <op> <expr>".
+**
+** If the expression is of the form "X <op> Y" where both X and Y are
+** columns, then the original expression is unchanged and a new virtual
+** term of the form "Y <op> X" is added to the WHERE clause and
+** analyzed separately.  The original term is marked with TERM_COPIED
+** and the new term is marked with TERM_DYNAMIC (because it's pExpr
+** needs to be freed with the WhereClause) and TERM_VIRTUAL (because it
+** is a commuted copy of a prior term.)  The original term has nChild=1
+** and the copy has idxParent set to the index of the original term.
+*/
+static void exprAnalyze(
+  SrcList *pSrc,            /* the FROM clause */
+  WhereClause *pWC,         /* the WHERE clause */
+  int idxTerm               /* Index of the term to be analyzed */
+){
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;                /* The term to be analyzed */
+  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;          /* Set of table index masks */
+  Expr *pExpr;                     /* The expression to be analyzed */
+  Bitmask prereqLeft;              /* Prerequesites of the pExpr->pLeft */
+  Bitmask prereqAll;               /* Prerequesites of pExpr */
+  Bitmask extraRight = 0;          /* Extra dependencies on LEFT JOIN */
+  Expr *pStr1 = 0;                 /* RHS of LIKE/GLOB operator */
+  int isComplete = 0;              /* RHS of LIKE/GLOB ends with wildcard */
+  int noCase = 0;                  /* LIKE/GLOB distinguishes case */
+  int op;                          /* Top-level operator.  pExpr->op */
+  Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;     /* Parsing context */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;        /* Database connection */
+
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    return;
+  }
+  pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
+  pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet;
+  pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
+  prereqLeft = exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pExpr->pLeft);
+  op = pExpr->op;
+  if( op==TK_IN ){
+    assert( pExpr->pRight==0 );
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+      pTerm->prereqRight = exprSelectTableUsage(pMaskSet, pExpr->x.pSelect);
+    }else{
+      pTerm->prereqRight = exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, pExpr->x.pList);
+    }
+  }else if( op==TK_ISNULL ){
+    pTerm->prereqRight = 0;
+  }else{
+    pTerm->prereqRight = exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pExpr->pRight);
+  }
+  prereqAll = exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pExpr);
+  if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
+    Bitmask x = getMask(pMaskSet, pExpr->iRightJoinTable);
+    prereqAll |= x;
+    extraRight = x-1;  /* ON clause terms may not be used with an index
+                       ** on left table of a LEFT JOIN.  Ticket #3015 */
+  }
+  pTerm->prereqAll = prereqAll;
+  pTerm->leftCursor = -1;
+  pTerm->iParent = -1;
+  pTerm->eOperator = 0;
+  if( allowedOp(op) && (pTerm->prereqRight & prereqLeft)==0 ){
+    Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+    Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+    if( pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN ){
+      pTerm->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
+      pTerm->u.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
+      pTerm->eOperator = operatorMask(op);
+    }
+    if( pRight && pRight->op==TK_COLUMN ){
+      WhereTerm *pNew;
+      Expr *pDup;
+      if( pTerm->leftCursor>=0 ){
+        int idxNew;
+        pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr, 0);
+        if( db->mallocFailed ){
+          sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pDup);
+          return;
+        }
+        idxNew = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pDup, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
+        if( idxNew==0 ) return;
+        pNew = &pWC->a[idxNew];
+        pNew->iParent = idxTerm;
+        pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
+        pTerm->nChild = 1;
+        pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_COPIED;
+      }else{
+        pDup = pExpr;
+        pNew = pTerm;
+      }
+      exprCommute(pParse, pDup);
+      pLeft = pDup->pLeft;
+      pNew->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
+      pNew->u.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
+      testcase( (prereqLeft | extraRight) != prereqLeft );
+      pNew->prereqRight = prereqLeft | extraRight;
+      pNew->prereqAll = prereqAll;
+      pNew->eOperator = operatorMask(pDup->op);
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BETWEEN_OPTIMIZATION
+  /* If a term is the BETWEEN operator, create two new virtual terms
+  ** that define the range that the BETWEEN implements.  For example:
+  **
+  **      a BETWEEN b AND c
+  **
+  ** is converted into:
+  **
+  **      (a BETWEEN b AND c) AND (a>=b) AND (a<=c)
+  **
+  ** The two new terms are added onto the end of the WhereClause object.
+  ** The new terms are "dynamic" and are children of the original BETWEEN
+  ** term.  That means that if the BETWEEN term is coded, the children are
+  ** skipped.  Or, if the children are satisfied by an index, the original
+  ** BETWEEN term is skipped.
+  */
+  else if( pExpr->op==TK_BETWEEN && pWC->op==TK_AND ){
+    ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
+    int i;
+    static const u8 ops[] = {TK_GE, TK_LE};
+    assert( pList!=0 );
+    assert( pList->nExpr==2 );
+    for(i=0; i<2; i++){
+      Expr *pNewExpr;
+      int idxNew;
+      pNewExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, ops[i], 
+                             sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr->pLeft, 0),
+                             sqlite3ExprDup(db, pList->a[i].pExpr, 0), 0);
+      idxNew = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
+      testcase( idxNew==0 );
+      exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew);
+      pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
+      pWC->a[idxNew].iParent = idxTerm;
+    }
+    pTerm->nChild = 2;
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BETWEEN_OPTIMIZATION */
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
+  /* Analyze a term that is composed of two or more subterms connected by
+  ** an OR operator.
+  */
+  else if( pExpr->op==TK_OR ){
+    assert( pWC->op==TK_AND );
+    exprAnalyzeOrTerm(pSrc, pWC, idxTerm);
+    pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LIKE_OPTIMIZATION
+  /* Add constraints to reduce the search space on a LIKE or GLOB
+  ** operator.
+  **
+  ** A like pattern of the form "x LIKE 'abc%'" is changed into constraints
+  **
+  **          x>='abc' AND x<'abd' AND x LIKE 'abc%'
+  **
+  ** The last character of the prefix "abc" is incremented to form the
+  ** termination condition "abd".
+  */
+  if( pWC->op==TK_AND 
+   && isLikeOrGlob(pParse, pExpr, &pStr1, &isComplete, &noCase)
+  ){
+    Expr *pLeft;       /* LHS of LIKE/GLOB operator */
+    Expr *pStr2;       /* Copy of pStr1 - RHS of LIKE/GLOB operator */
+    Expr *pNewExpr1;
+    Expr *pNewExpr2;
+    int idxNew1;
+    int idxNew2;
+    CollSeq *pColl;    /* Collating sequence to use */
+
+    pLeft = pExpr->x.pList->a[1].pExpr;
+    pStr2 = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pStr1, 0);
+    if( !db->mallocFailed ){
+      u8 c, *pC;       /* Last character before the first wildcard */
+      pC = (u8*)&pStr2->u.zToken[sqlite3Strlen30(pStr2->u.zToken)-1];
+      c = *pC;
+      if( noCase ){
+        /* The point is to increment the last character before the first
+        ** wildcard.  But if we increment '@', that will push it into the
+        ** alphabetic range where case conversions will mess up the 
+        ** inequality.  To avoid this, make sure to also run the full
+        ** LIKE on all candidate expressions by clearing the isComplete flag
+        */
+        if( c=='A'-1 ) isComplete = 0;   /* EV: R-64339-08207 */
+
+
+        c = sqlite3UpperToLower[c];
+      }
+      *pC = c + 1;
+    }
+    pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, noCase ? "NOCASE" : "BINARY",0);
+    pNewExpr1 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_GE, 
+                     sqlite3ExprSetColl(sqlite3ExprDup(db,pLeft,0), pColl),
+                     pStr1, 0);
+    idxNew1 = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr1, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
+    testcase( idxNew1==0 );
+    exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew1);
+    pNewExpr2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_LT,
+                     sqlite3ExprSetColl(sqlite3ExprDup(db,pLeft,0), pColl),
+                     pStr2, 0);
+    idxNew2 = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr2, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
+    testcase( idxNew2==0 );
+    exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew2);
+    pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
+    if( isComplete ){
+      pWC->a[idxNew1].iParent = idxTerm;
+      pWC->a[idxNew2].iParent = idxTerm;
+      pTerm->nChild = 2;
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_LIKE_OPTIMIZATION */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  /* Add a WO_MATCH auxiliary term to the constraint set if the
+  ** current expression is of the form:  column MATCH expr.
+  ** This information is used by the xBestIndex methods of
+  ** virtual tables.  The native query optimizer does not attempt
+  ** to do anything with MATCH functions.
+  */
+  if( isMatchOfColumn(pExpr) ){
+    int idxNew;
+    Expr *pRight, *pLeft;
+    WhereTerm *pNewTerm;
+    Bitmask prereqColumn, prereqExpr;
+
+    pRight = pExpr->x.pList->a[0].pExpr;
+    pLeft = pExpr->x.pList->a[1].pExpr;
+    prereqExpr = exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pRight);
+    prereqColumn = exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pLeft);
+    if( (prereqExpr & prereqColumn)==0 ){
+      Expr *pNewExpr;
+      pNewExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_MATCH, 
+                              0, sqlite3ExprDup(db, pRight, 0), 0);
+      idxNew = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
+      testcase( idxNew==0 );
+      pNewTerm = &pWC->a[idxNew];
+      pNewTerm->prereqRight = prereqExpr;
+      pNewTerm->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
+      pNewTerm->u.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
+      pNewTerm->eOperator = WO_MATCH;
+      pNewTerm->iParent = idxTerm;
+      pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
+      pTerm->nChild = 1;
+      pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_COPIED;
+      pNewTerm->prereqAll = pTerm->prereqAll;
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+  /* When sqlite_stat2 histogram data is available an operator of the
+  ** form "x IS NOT NULL" can sometimes be evaluated more efficiently
+  ** as "x>NULL" if x is not an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  So construct a
+  ** virtual term of that form.
+  **
+  ** Note that the virtual term must be tagged with TERM_VNULL.  This
+  ** TERM_VNULL tag will suppress the not-null check at the beginning
+  ** of the loop.  Without the TERM_VNULL flag, the not-null check at
+  ** the start of the loop will prevent any results from being returned.
+  */
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_NOTNULL
+   && pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN
+   && pExpr->pLeft->iColumn>=0
+  ){
+    Expr *pNewExpr;
+    Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+    int idxNew;
+    WhereTerm *pNewTerm;
+
+    pNewExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_GT,
+                            sqlite3ExprDup(db, pLeft, 0),
+                            sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NULL, 0, 0, 0), 0);
+
+    idxNew = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr,
+                              TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC|TERM_VNULL);
+    if( idxNew ){
+      pNewTerm = &pWC->a[idxNew];
+      pNewTerm->prereqRight = 0;
+      pNewTerm->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
+      pNewTerm->u.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
+      pNewTerm->eOperator = WO_GT;
+      pNewTerm->iParent = idxTerm;
+      pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
+      pTerm->nChild = 1;
+      pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_COPIED;
+      pNewTerm->prereqAll = pTerm->prereqAll;
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 */
+
+  /* Prevent ON clause terms of a LEFT JOIN from being used to drive
+  ** an index for tables to the left of the join.
+  */
+  pTerm->prereqRight |= extraRight;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if any of the expressions in pList->a[iFirst...] contain
+** a reference to any table other than the iBase table.
+*/
+static int referencesOtherTables(
+  ExprList *pList,          /* Search expressions in ths list */
+  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet,   /* Mapping from tables to bitmaps */
+  int iFirst,               /* Be searching with the iFirst-th expression */
+  int iBase                 /* Ignore references to this table */
+){
+  Bitmask allowed = ~getMask(pMaskSet, iBase);
+  while( iFirst<pList->nExpr ){
+    if( (exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pList->a[iFirst++].pExpr)&allowed)!=0 ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This routine decides if pIdx can be used to satisfy the ORDER BY
+** clause.  If it can, it returns 1.  If pIdx cannot satisfy the
+** ORDER BY clause, this routine returns 0.
+**
+** pOrderBy is an ORDER BY clause from a SELECT statement.  pTab is the
+** left-most table in the FROM clause of that same SELECT statement and
+** the table has a cursor number of "base".  pIdx is an index on pTab.
+**
+** nEqCol is the number of columns of pIdx that are used as equality
+** constraints.  Any of these columns may be missing from the ORDER BY
+** clause and the match can still be a success.
+**
+** All terms of the ORDER BY that match against the index must be either
+** ASC or DESC.  (Terms of the ORDER BY clause past the end of a UNIQUE
+** index do not need to satisfy this constraint.)  The *pbRev value is
+** set to 1 if the ORDER BY clause is all DESC and it is set to 0 if
+** the ORDER BY clause is all ASC.
+*/
+static int isSortingIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, /* Mapping from table cursor numbers to bitmaps */
+  Index *pIdx,            /* The index we are testing */
+  int base,               /* Cursor number for the table to be sorted */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  int nEqCol,             /* Number of index columns with == constraints */
+  int wsFlags,            /* Index usages flags */
+  int *pbRev              /* Set to 1 if ORDER BY is DESC */
+){
+  int i, j;                       /* Loop counters */
+  int sortOrder = 0;              /* XOR of index and ORDER BY sort direction */
+  int nTerm;                      /* Number of ORDER BY terms */
+  struct ExprList_item *pTerm;    /* A term of the ORDER BY clause */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  assert( pOrderBy!=0 );
+  nTerm = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  assert( nTerm>0 );
+
+  /* Argument pIdx must either point to a 'real' named index structure, 
+  ** or an index structure allocated on the stack by bestBtreeIndex() to
+  ** represent the rowid index that is part of every table.  */
+  assert( pIdx->zName || (pIdx->nColumn==1 && pIdx->aiColumn[0]==-1) );
+
+  /* Match terms of the ORDER BY clause against columns of
+  ** the index.
+  **
+  ** Note that indices have pIdx->nColumn regular columns plus
+  ** one additional column containing the rowid.  The rowid column
+  ** of the index is also allowed to match against the ORDER BY
+  ** clause.
+  */
+  for(i=j=0, pTerm=pOrderBy->a; j<nTerm && i<=pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+    Expr *pExpr;       /* The expression of the ORDER BY pTerm */
+    CollSeq *pColl;    /* The collating sequence of pExpr */
+    int termSortOrder; /* Sort order for this term */
+    int iColumn;       /* The i-th column of the index.  -1 for rowid */
+    int iSortOrder;    /* 1 for DESC, 0 for ASC on the i-th index term */
+    const char *zColl; /* Name of the collating sequence for i-th index term */
+
+    pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
+    if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN || pExpr->iTable!=base ){
+      /* Can not use an index sort on anything that is not a column in the
+      ** left-most table of the FROM clause */
+      break;
+    }
+    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr);
+    if( !pColl ){
+      pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+    }
+    if( pIdx->zName && i<pIdx->nColumn ){
+      iColumn = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+      if( iColumn==pIdx->pTable->iPKey ){
+        iColumn = -1;
+      }
+      iSortOrder = pIdx->aSortOrder[i];
+      zColl = pIdx->azColl[i];
+    }else{
+      iColumn = -1;
+      iSortOrder = 0;
+      zColl = pColl->zName;
+    }
+    if( pExpr->iColumn!=iColumn || sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, zColl) ){
+      /* Term j of the ORDER BY clause does not match column i of the index */
+      if( i<nEqCol ){
+        /* If an index column that is constrained by == fails to match an
+        ** ORDER BY term, that is OK.  Just ignore that column of the index
+        */
+        continue;
+      }else if( i==pIdx->nColumn ){
+        /* Index column i is the rowid.  All other terms match. */
+        break;
+      }else{
+        /* If an index column fails to match and is not constrained by ==
+        ** then the index cannot satisfy the ORDER BY constraint.
+        */
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pIdx->aSortOrder!=0 || iColumn==-1 );
+    assert( pTerm->sortOrder==0 || pTerm->sortOrder==1 );
+    assert( iSortOrder==0 || iSortOrder==1 );
+    termSortOrder = iSortOrder ^ pTerm->sortOrder;
+    if( i>nEqCol ){
+      if( termSortOrder!=sortOrder ){
+        /* Indices can only be used if all ORDER BY terms past the
+        ** equality constraints are all either DESC or ASC. */
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }else{
+      sortOrder = termSortOrder;
+    }
+    j++;
+    pTerm++;
+    if( iColumn<0 && !referencesOtherTables(pOrderBy, pMaskSet, j, base) ){
+      /* If the indexed column is the primary key and everything matches
+      ** so far and none of the ORDER BY terms to the right reference other
+      ** tables in the join, then we are assured that the index can be used 
+      ** to sort because the primary key is unique and so none of the other
+      ** columns will make any difference
+      */
+      j = nTerm;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *pbRev = sortOrder!=0;
+  if( j>=nTerm ){
+    /* All terms of the ORDER BY clause are covered by this index so
+    ** this index can be used for sorting. */
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if( pIdx->onError!=OE_None && i==pIdx->nColumn
+      && (wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL)==0
+      && !referencesOtherTables(pOrderBy, pMaskSet, j, base) ){
+    /* All terms of this index match some prefix of the ORDER BY clause
+    ** and the index is UNIQUE and no terms on the tail of the ORDER BY
+    ** clause reference other tables in a join.  If this is all true then
+    ** the order by clause is superfluous.  Not that if the matching
+    ** condition is IS NULL then the result is not necessarily unique
+    ** even on a UNIQUE index, so disallow those cases. */
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Prepare a crude estimate of the logarithm of the input value.
+** The results need not be exact.  This is only used for estimating
+** the total cost of performing operations with O(logN) or O(NlogN)
+** complexity.  Because N is just a guess, it is no great tragedy if
+** logN is a little off.
+*/
+static double estLog(double N){
+  double logN = 1;
+  double x = 10;
+  while( N>x ){
+    logN += 1;
+    x *= 10;
+  }
+  return logN;
+}
+
+/*
+** Two routines for printing the content of an sqlite3_index_info
+** structure.  Used for testing and debugging only.  If neither
+** SQLITE_TEST or SQLITE_DEBUG are defined, then these routines
+** are no-ops.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+static void TRACE_IDX_INPUTS(sqlite3_index_info *p){
+  int i;
+  if( !sqlite3WhereTrace ) return;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nConstraint; i++){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("  constraint[%d]: col=%d termid=%d op=%d usabled=%d\n",
+       i,
+       p->aConstraint[i].iColumn,
+       p->aConstraint[i].iTermOffset,
+       p->aConstraint[i].op,
+       p->aConstraint[i].usable);
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<p->nOrderBy; i++){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("  orderby[%d]: col=%d desc=%d\n",
+       i,
+       p->aOrderBy[i].iColumn,
+       p->aOrderBy[i].desc);
+  }
+}
+static void TRACE_IDX_OUTPUTS(sqlite3_index_info *p){
+  int i;
+  if( !sqlite3WhereTrace ) return;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nConstraint; i++){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("  usage[%d]: argvIdx=%d omit=%d\n",
+       i,
+       p->aConstraintUsage[i].argvIndex,
+       p->aConstraintUsage[i].omit);
+  }
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  idxNum=%d\n", p->idxNum);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  idxStr=%s\n", p->idxStr);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  orderByConsumed=%d\n", p->orderByConsumed);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  estimatedCost=%g\n", p->estimatedCost);
+}
+#else
+#define TRACE_IDX_INPUTS(A)
+#define TRACE_IDX_OUTPUTS(A)
+#endif
+
+/* 
+** Required because bestIndex() is called by bestOrClauseIndex() 
+*/
+static void bestIndex(
+    Parse*, WhereClause*, struct SrcList_item*,
+    Bitmask, Bitmask, ExprList*, WhereCost*);
+
+/*
+** This routine attempts to find an scanning strategy that can be used 
+** to optimize an 'OR' expression that is part of a WHERE clause. 
+**
+** The table associated with FROM clause term pSrc may be either a
+** regular B-Tree table or a virtual table.
+*/
+static void bestOrClauseIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
+  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
+  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
+  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
+){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
+  const int iCur = pSrc->iCursor;   /* The cursor of the table to be accessed */
+  const Bitmask maskSrc = getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);  /* Bitmask for pSrc */
+  WhereTerm * const pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];        /* End of pWC->a[] */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;                 /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
+
+  /* No OR-clause optimization allowed if the INDEXED BY or NOT INDEXED clauses
+  ** are used */
+  if( pSrc->notIndexed || pSrc->pIndex!=0 ){
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Search the WHERE clause terms for a usable WO_OR term. */
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
+    if( pTerm->eOperator==WO_OR 
+     && ((pTerm->prereqAll & ~maskSrc) & notReady)==0
+     && (pTerm->u.pOrInfo->indexable & maskSrc)!=0 
+    ){
+      WhereClause * const pOrWC = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
+      WhereTerm * const pOrWCEnd = &pOrWC->a[pOrWC->nTerm];
+      WhereTerm *pOrTerm;
+      int flags = WHERE_MULTI_OR;
+      double rTotal = 0;
+      double nRow = 0;
+      Bitmask used = 0;
+
+      for(pOrTerm=pOrWC->a; pOrTerm<pOrWCEnd; pOrTerm++){
+        WhereCost sTermCost;
+        WHERETRACE(("... Multi-index OR testing for term %d of %d....\n", 
+          (pOrTerm - pOrWC->a), (pTerm - pWC->a)
+        ));
+        if( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_AND ){
+          WhereClause *pAndWC = &pOrTerm->u.pAndInfo->wc;
+          bestIndex(pParse, pAndWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, 0, &sTermCost);
+        }else if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur ){
+          WhereClause tempWC;
+          tempWC.pParse = pWC->pParse;
+          tempWC.pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet;
+          tempWC.op = TK_AND;
+          tempWC.a = pOrTerm;
+          tempWC.nTerm = 1;
+          bestIndex(pParse, &tempWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, 0, &sTermCost);
+        }else{
+          continue;
+        }
+        rTotal += sTermCost.rCost;
+        nRow += sTermCost.plan.nRow;
+        used |= sTermCost.used;
+        if( rTotal>=pCost->rCost ) break;
+      }
+
+      /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, increase the scan cost to account 
+      ** for the cost of the sort. */
+      if( pOrderBy!=0 ){
+        WHERETRACE(("... sorting increases OR cost %.9g to %.9g\n",
+                    rTotal, rTotal+nRow*estLog(nRow)));
+        rTotal += nRow*estLog(nRow);
+      }
+
+      /* If the cost of scanning using this OR term for optimization is
+      ** less than the current cost stored in pCost, replace the contents
+      ** of pCost. */
+      WHERETRACE(("... multi-index OR cost=%.9g nrow=%.9g\n", rTotal, nRow));
+      if( rTotal<pCost->rCost ){
+        pCost->rCost = rTotal;
+        pCost->used = used;
+        pCost->plan.nRow = nRow;
+        pCost->plan.wsFlags = flags;
+        pCost->plan.u.pTerm = pTerm;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION */
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the WHERE clause term pTerm is of a form where it
+** could be used with an index to access pSrc, assuming an appropriate
+** index existed.
+*/
+static int termCanDriveIndex(
+  WhereTerm *pTerm,              /* WHERE clause term to check */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,     /* Table we are trying to access */
+  Bitmask notReady               /* Tables in outer loops of the join */
+){
+  char aff;
+  if( pTerm->leftCursor!=pSrc->iCursor ) return 0;
+  if( pTerm->eOperator!=WO_EQ ) return 0;
+  if( (pTerm->prereqRight & notReady)!=0 ) return 0;
+  aff = pSrc->pTab->aCol[pTerm->u.leftColumn].affinity;
+  if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pTerm->pExpr, aff) ) return 0;
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+/*
+** If the query plan for pSrc specified in pCost is a full table scan
+** and indexing is allows (if there is no NOT INDEXED clause) and it
+** possible to construct a transient index that would perform better
+** than a full table scan even when the cost of constructing the index
+** is taken into account, then alter the query plan to use the
+** transient index.
+*/
+static void bestAutomaticIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
+  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
+  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
+  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
+){
+  double nTableRow;           /* Rows in the input table */
+  double logN;                /* log(nTableRow) */
+  double costTempIdx;         /* per-query cost of the transient index */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;           /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
+  WhereTerm *pWCEnd;          /* End of pWC->a[] */
+  Table *pTable;              /* Table tht might be indexed */
+
+  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_AutoIndex)==0 ){
+    /* Automatic indices are disabled at run-time */
+    return;
+  }
+  if( (pCost->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0 ){
+    /* We already have some kind of index in use for this query. */
+    return;
+  }
+  if( pSrc->notIndexed ){
+    /* The NOT INDEXED clause appears in the SQL. */
+    return;
+  }
+
+  assert( pParse->nQueryLoop >= (double)1 );
+  pTable = pSrc->pTab;
+  nTableRow = pTable->nRowEst;
+  logN = estLog(nTableRow);
+  costTempIdx = 2*logN*(nTableRow/pParse->nQueryLoop + 1);
+  if( costTempIdx>=pCost->rCost ){
+    /* The cost of creating the transient table would be greater than
+    ** doing the full table scan */
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Search for any equality comparison term */
+  pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
+    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
+      WHERETRACE(("auto-index reduces cost from %.1f to %.1f\n",
+                    pCost->rCost, costTempIdx));
+      pCost->rCost = costTempIdx;
+      pCost->plan.nRow = logN + 1;
+      pCost->plan.wsFlags = WHERE_TEMP_INDEX;
+      pCost->used = pTerm->prereqRight;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define bestAutomaticIndex(A,B,C,D,E)  /* no-op */
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX */
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+/*
+** Generate code to construct the Index object for an automatic index
+** and to set up the WhereLevel object pLevel so that the code generator
+** makes use of the automatic index.
+*/
+static void constructAutomaticIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
+  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to get the next index */
+  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel          /* Write new index here */
+){
+  int nColumn;                /* Number of columns in the constructed index */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;           /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
+  WhereTerm *pWCEnd;          /* End of pWC->a[] */
+  int nByte;                  /* Byte of memory needed for pIdx */
+  Index *pIdx;                /* Object describing the transient index */
+  Vdbe *v;                    /* Prepared statement under construction */
+  int regIsInit;              /* Register set by initialization */
+  int addrInit;               /* Address of the initialization bypass jump */
+  Table *pTable;              /* The table being indexed */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyinfo;          /* Key information for the index */   
+  int addrTop;                /* Top of the index fill loop */
+  int regRecord;              /* Register holding an index record */
+  int n;                      /* Column counter */
+  int i;                      /* Loop counter */
+  int mxBitCol;               /* Maximum column in pSrc->colUsed */
+  CollSeq *pColl;             /* Collating sequence to on a column */
+  Bitmask idxCols;            /* Bitmap of columns used for indexing */
+  Bitmask extraCols;          /* Bitmap of additional columns */
+
+  /* Generate code to skip over the creation and initialization of the
+  ** transient index on 2nd and subsequent iterations of the loop. */
+  v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  assert( v!=0 );
+  regIsInit = ++pParse->nMem;
+  addrInit = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regIsInit);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regIsInit);
+
+  /* Count the number of columns that will be added to the index
+  ** and used to match WHERE clause constraints */
+  nColumn = 0;
+  pTable = pSrc->pTab;
+  pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];
+  idxCols = 0;
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
+    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
+      int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
+      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? ((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1) : ((Bitmask)1)<<iCol;
+      testcase( iCol==BMS );
+      testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
+      if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
+        nColumn++;
+        idxCols |= cMask;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  assert( nColumn>0 );
+  pLevel->plan.nEq = nColumn;
+
+  /* Count the number of additional columns needed to create a
+  ** covering index.  A "covering index" is an index that contains all
+  ** columns that are needed by the query.  With a covering index, the
+  ** original table never needs to be accessed.  Automatic indices must
+  ** be a covering index because the index will not be updated if the
+  ** original table changes and the index and table cannot both be used
+  ** if they go out of sync.
+  */
+  extraCols = pSrc->colUsed & (~idxCols | (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)));
+  mxBitCol = (pTable->nCol >= BMS-1) ? BMS-1 : pTable->nCol;
+  testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-1 );
+  testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-2 );
+  for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
+    if( extraCols & (((Bitmask)1)<<i) ) nColumn++;
+  }
+  if( pSrc->colUsed & (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)) ){
+    nColumn += pTable->nCol - BMS + 1;
+  }
+  pLevel->plan.wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WO_EQ;
+
+  /* Construct the Index object to describe this index */
+  nByte = sizeof(Index);
+  nByte += nColumn*sizeof(int);     /* Index.aiColumn */
+  nByte += nColumn*sizeof(char*);   /* Index.azColl */
+  nByte += nColumn;                 /* Index.aSortOrder */
+  pIdx = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, nByte);
+  if( pIdx==0 ) return;
+  pLevel->plan.u.pIdx = pIdx;
+  pIdx->azColl = (char**)&pIdx[1];
+  pIdx->aiColumn = (int*)&pIdx->azColl[nColumn];
+  pIdx->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pIdx->aiColumn[nColumn];
+  pIdx->zName = "auto-index";
+  pIdx->nColumn = nColumn;
+  pIdx->pTable = pTable;
+  n = 0;
+  idxCols = 0;
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
+    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
+      int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
+      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? ((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1) : ((Bitmask)1)<<iCol;
+      if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
+        Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
+        idxCols |= cMask;
+        pIdx->aiColumn[n] = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
+        pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
+        pIdx->azColl[n] = ALWAYS(pColl) ? pColl->zName : "BINARY";
+        n++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  assert( (u32)n==pLevel->plan.nEq );
+
+  /* Add additional columns needed to make the automatic index into
+  ** a covering index */
+  for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
+    if( extraCols & (((Bitmask)1)<<i) ){
+      pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
+      pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
+      n++;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pSrc->colUsed & (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)) ){
+    for(i=BMS-1; i<pTable->nCol; i++){
+      pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
+      pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
+      n++;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( n==nColumn );
+
+  /* Create the automatic index */
+  pKeyinfo = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
+  assert( pLevel->iIdxCur>=0 );
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenAutoindex, pLevel->iIdxCur, nColumn+1, 0,
+                    (char*)pKeyinfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+  VdbeComment((v, "for %s", pTable->zName));
+
+  /* Fill the automatic index with content */
+  addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, pLevel->iTabCur);
+  regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, pLevel->iTabCur, regRecord, 1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pLevel->iIdxCur, regRecord);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, pLevel->iTabCur, addrTop+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX);
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
+  
+  /* Jump here when skipping the initialization */
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrInit);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/*
+** Allocate and populate an sqlite3_index_info structure. It is the 
+** responsibility of the caller to eventually release the structure
+** by passing the pointer returned by this function to sqlite3_free().
+*/
+static sqlite3_index_info *allocateIndexInfo(
+  Parse *pParse, 
+  WhereClause *pWC,
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,
+  ExprList *pOrderBy
+){
+  int i, j;
+  int nTerm;
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pIdxCons;
+  struct sqlite3_index_orderby *pIdxOrderBy;
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *pUsage;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  int nOrderBy;
+  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;
+
+  WHERETRACE(("Recomputing index info for %s...\n", pSrc->pTab->zName));
+
+  /* Count the number of possible WHERE clause constraints referring
+  ** to this virtual table */
+  for(i=nTerm=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
+    if( pTerm->leftCursor != pSrc->iCursor ) continue;
+    assert( (pTerm->eOperator&(pTerm->eOperator-1))==0 );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
+    if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ) continue;
+    nTerm++;
+  }
+
+  /* If the ORDER BY clause contains only columns in the current 
+  ** virtual table then allocate space for the aOrderBy part of
+  ** the sqlite3_index_info structure.
+  */
+  nOrderBy = 0;
+  if( pOrderBy ){
+    for(i=0; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++){
+      Expr *pExpr = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
+      if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN || pExpr->iTable!=pSrc->iCursor ) break;
+    }
+    if( i==pOrderBy->nExpr ){
+      nOrderBy = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate the sqlite3_index_info structure
+  */
+  pIdxInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(*pIdxInfo)
+                           + (sizeof(*pIdxCons) + sizeof(*pUsage))*nTerm
+                           + sizeof(*pIdxOrderBy)*nOrderBy );
+  if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "out of memory");
+    /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Initialize the structure.  The sqlite3_index_info structure contains
+  ** many fields that are declared "const" to prevent xBestIndex from
+  ** changing them.  We have to do some funky casting in order to
+  ** initialize those fields.
+  */
+  pIdxCons = (struct sqlite3_index_constraint*)&pIdxInfo[1];
+  pIdxOrderBy = (struct sqlite3_index_orderby*)&pIdxCons[nTerm];
+  pUsage = (struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage*)&pIdxOrderBy[nOrderBy];
+  *(int*)&pIdxInfo->nConstraint = nTerm;
+  *(int*)&pIdxInfo->nOrderBy = nOrderBy;
+  *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint = pIdxCons;
+  *(struct sqlite3_index_orderby**)&pIdxInfo->aOrderBy = pIdxOrderBy;
+  *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage =
+                                                                   pUsage;
+
+  for(i=j=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
+    if( pTerm->leftCursor != pSrc->iCursor ) continue;
+    assert( (pTerm->eOperator&(pTerm->eOperator-1))==0 );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
+    if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ) continue;
+    pIdxCons[j].iColumn = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
+    pIdxCons[j].iTermOffset = i;
+    pIdxCons[j].op = (u8)pTerm->eOperator;
+    /* The direct assignment in the previous line is possible only because
+    ** the WO_ and SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ codes are identical.  The
+    ** following asserts verify this fact. */
+    assert( WO_EQ==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ );
+    assert( WO_LT==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT );
+    assert( WO_LE==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE );
+    assert( WO_GT==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT );
+    assert( WO_GE==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE );
+    assert( WO_MATCH==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH );
+    assert( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_MATCH) );
+    j++;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
+    Expr *pExpr = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
+    pIdxOrderBy[i].iColumn = pExpr->iColumn;
+    pIdxOrderBy[i].desc = pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder;
+  }
+
+  return pIdxInfo;
+}
+
+/*
+** The table object reference passed as the second argument to this function
+** must represent a virtual table. This function invokes the xBestIndex()
+** method of the virtual table with the sqlite3_index_info pointer passed
+** as the argument.
+**
+** If an error occurs, pParse is populated with an error message and a
+** non-zero value is returned. Otherwise, 0 is returned and the output
+** part of the sqlite3_index_info structure is left populated.
+**
+** Whether or not an error is returned, it is the responsibility of the
+** caller to eventually free p->idxStr if p->needToFreeIdxStr indicates
+** that this is required.
+*/
+static int vtabBestIndex(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab, sqlite3_index_info *p){
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab = sqlite3GetVTable(pParse->db, pTab)->pVtab;
+  int i;
+  int rc;
+
+  WHERETRACE(("xBestIndex for %s\n", pTab->zName));
+  TRACE_IDX_INPUTS(p);
+  rc = pVtab->pModule->xBestIndex(pVtab, p);
+  TRACE_IDX_OUTPUTS(p);
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+      pParse->db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    }else if( !pVtab->zErrMsg ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(rc));
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s", pVtab->zErrMsg);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
+  pVtab->zErrMsg = 0;
+
+  for(i=0; i<p->nConstraint; i++){
+    if( !p->aConstraint[i].usable && p->aConstraintUsage[i].argvIndex>0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+          "table %s: xBestIndex returned an invalid plan", pTab->zName);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return pParse->nErr;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Compute the best index for a virtual table.
+**
+** The best index is computed by the xBestIndex method of the virtual
+** table module.  This routine is really just a wrapper that sets up
+** the sqlite3_index_info structure that is used to communicate with
+** xBestIndex.
+**
+** In a join, this routine might be called multiple times for the
+** same virtual table.  The sqlite3_index_info structure is created
+** and initialized on the first invocation and reused on all subsequent
+** invocations.  The sqlite3_index_info structure is also used when
+** code is generated to access the virtual table.  The whereInfoDelete() 
+** routine takes care of freeing the sqlite3_index_info structure after
+** everybody has finished with it.
+*/
+static void bestVirtualIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* The parsing context */
+  WhereClause *pWC,               /* The WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,      /* The FROM clause term to search */
+  Bitmask notReady,               /* Mask of cursors not available for index */
+  Bitmask notValid,               /* Cursors not valid for any purpose */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,             /* The order by clause */
+  WhereCost *pCost,               /* Lowest cost query plan */
+  sqlite3_index_info **ppIdxInfo  /* Index information passed to xBestIndex */
+){
+  Table *pTab = pSrc->pTab;
+  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pIdxCons;
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *pUsage;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  int i, j;
+  int nOrderBy;
+  double rCost;
+
+  /* Make sure wsFlags is initialized to some sane value. Otherwise, if the 
+  ** malloc in allocateIndexInfo() fails and this function returns leaving
+  ** wsFlags in an uninitialized state, the caller may behave unpredictably.
+  */
+  memset(pCost, 0, sizeof(*pCost));
+  pCost->plan.wsFlags = WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE;
+
+  /* If the sqlite3_index_info structure has not been previously
+  ** allocated and initialized, then allocate and initialize it now.
+  */
+  pIdxInfo = *ppIdxInfo;
+  if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
+    *ppIdxInfo = pIdxInfo = allocateIndexInfo(pParse, pWC, pSrc, pOrderBy);
+  }
+  if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* At this point, the sqlite3_index_info structure that pIdxInfo points
+  ** to will have been initialized, either during the current invocation or
+  ** during some prior invocation.  Now we just have to customize the
+  ** details of pIdxInfo for the current invocation and pass it to
+  ** xBestIndex.
+  */
+
+  /* The module name must be defined. Also, by this point there must
+  ** be a pointer to an sqlite3_vtab structure. Otherwise
+  ** sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames() would have picked up the error. 
+  */
+  assert( pTab->azModuleArg && pTab->azModuleArg[0] );
+  assert( sqlite3GetVTable(pParse->db, pTab) );
+
+  /* Set the aConstraint[].usable fields and initialize all 
+  ** output variables to zero.
+  **
+  ** aConstraint[].usable is true for constraints where the right-hand
+  ** side contains only references to tables to the left of the current
+  ** table.  In other words, if the constraint is of the form:
+  **
+  **           column = expr
+  **
+  ** and we are evaluating a join, then the constraint on column is 
+  ** only valid if all tables referenced in expr occur to the left
+  ** of the table containing column.
+  **
+  ** The aConstraints[] array contains entries for all constraints
+  ** on the current table.  That way we only have to compute it once
+  ** even though we might try to pick the best index multiple times.
+  ** For each attempt at picking an index, the order of tables in the
+  ** join might be different so we have to recompute the usable flag
+  ** each time.
+  */
+  pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
+  pUsage = pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage;
+  for(i=0; i<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; i++, pIdxCons++){
+    j = pIdxCons->iTermOffset;
+    pTerm = &pWC->a[j];
+    pIdxCons->usable = (pTerm->prereqRight&notReady) ? 0 : 1;
+  }
+  memset(pUsage, 0, sizeof(pUsage[0])*pIdxInfo->nConstraint);
+  if( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ){
+    sqlite3_free(pIdxInfo->idxStr);
+  }
+  pIdxInfo->idxStr = 0;
+  pIdxInfo->idxNum = 0;
+  pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
+  pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed = 0;
+  /* ((double)2) In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
+  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL / ((double)2);
+  nOrderBy = pIdxInfo->nOrderBy;
+  if( !pOrderBy ){
+    pIdxInfo->nOrderBy = 0;
+  }
+
+  if( vtabBestIndex(pParse, pTab, pIdxInfo) ){
+    return;
+  }
+
+  pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
+  for(i=0; i<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; i++){
+    if( pUsage[i].argvIndex>0 ){
+      pCost->used |= pWC->a[pIdxCons[i].iTermOffset].prereqRight;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, and the selected virtual table index
+  ** does not satisfy it, increase the cost of the scan accordingly. This
+  ** matches the processing for non-virtual tables in bestBtreeIndex().
+  */
+  rCost = pIdxInfo->estimatedCost;
+  if( pOrderBy && pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed==0 ){
+    rCost += estLog(rCost)*rCost;
+  }
+
+  /* The cost is not allowed to be larger than SQLITE_BIG_DBL (the
+  ** inital value of lowestCost in this loop. If it is, then the
+  ** (cost<lowestCost) test below will never be true.
+  ** 
+  ** Use "(double)2" instead of "2.0" in case OMIT_FLOATING_POINT 
+  ** is defined.
+  */
+  if( (SQLITE_BIG_DBL/((double)2))<rCost ){
+    pCost->rCost = (SQLITE_BIG_DBL/((double)2));
+  }else{
+    pCost->rCost = rCost;
+  }
+  pCost->plan.u.pVtabIdx = pIdxInfo;
+  if( pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed ){
+    pCost->plan.wsFlags |= WHERE_ORDERBY;
+  }
+  pCost->plan.nEq = 0;
+  pIdxInfo->nOrderBy = nOrderBy;
+
+  /* Try to find a more efficient access pattern by using multiple indexes
+  ** to optimize an OR expression within the WHERE clause. 
+  */
+  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+/*
+** Argument pIdx is a pointer to an index structure that has an array of
+** SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES evenly spaced samples of the first indexed column
+** stored in Index.aSample. These samples divide the domain of values stored
+** the index into (SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES+1) regions.
+** Region 0 contains all values less than the first sample value. Region
+** 1 contains values between the first and second samples.  Region 2 contains
+** values between samples 2 and 3.  And so on.  Region SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES
+** contains values larger than the last sample.
+**
+** If the index contains many duplicates of a single value, then it is
+** possible that two or more adjacent samples can hold the same value.
+** When that is the case, the smallest possible region code is returned
+** when roundUp is false and the largest possible region code is returned
+** when roundUp is true.
+**
+** If successful, this function determines which of the regions value 
+** pVal lies in, sets *piRegion to the region index (a value between 0
+** and SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES+1, inclusive) and returns SQLITE_OK.
+** Or, if an OOM occurs while converting text values between encodings,
+** SQLITE_NOMEM is returned and *piRegion is undefined.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+static int whereRangeRegion(
+  Parse *pParse,              /* Database connection */
+  Index *pIdx,                /* Index to consider domain of */
+  sqlite3_value *pVal,        /* Value to consider */
+  int roundUp,                /* Return largest valid region if true */
+  int *piRegion               /* OUT: Region of domain in which value lies */
+){
+  assert( roundUp==0 || roundUp==1 );
+  if( ALWAYS(pVal) ){
+    IndexSample *aSample = pIdx->aSample;
+    int i = 0;
+    int eType = sqlite3_value_type(pVal);
+
+    if( eType==SQLITE_INTEGER || eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
+      double r = sqlite3_value_double(pVal);
+      for(i=0; i<SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES; i++){
+        if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) continue;
+        if( aSample[i].eType>=SQLITE_TEXT ) break;
+        if( roundUp ){
+          if( aSample[i].u.r>r ) break;
+        }else{
+          if( aSample[i].u.r>=r ) break;
+        }
+      }
+    }else if( eType==SQLITE_NULL ){
+      i = 0;
+      if( roundUp ){
+        while( i<SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES && aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) i++;
+      }
+    }else{ 
+      sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+      CollSeq *pColl;
+      const u8 *z;
+      int n;
+
+      /* pVal comes from sqlite3ValueFromExpr() so the type cannot be NULL */
+      assert( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB );
+
+      if( eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
+        z = (const u8 *)sqlite3_value_blob(pVal);
+        pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+        assert( pColl->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
+      }else{
+        pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, 0, *pIdx->azColl);
+        if( pColl==0 ){
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s",
+                          *pIdx->azColl);
+          return SQLITE_ERROR;
+        }
+        z = (const u8 *)sqlite3ValueText(pVal, pColl->enc);
+        if( !z ){
+          return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        }
+        assert( z && pColl && pColl->xCmp );
+      }
+      n = sqlite3ValueBytes(pVal, pColl->enc);
+
+      for(i=0; i<SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES; i++){
+        int c;
+        int eSampletype = aSample[i].eType;
+        if( eSampletype==SQLITE_NULL || eSampletype<eType ) continue;
+        if( (eSampletype!=eType) ) break;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+        if( pColl->enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+          int nSample;
+          char *zSample = sqlite3Utf8to16(
+              db, pColl->enc, aSample[i].u.z, aSample[i].nByte, &nSample
+          );
+          if( !zSample ){
+            assert( db->mallocFailed );
+            return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          }
+          c = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, nSample, zSample, n, z);
+          sqlite3DbFree(db, zSample);
+        }else
+#endif
+        {
+          c = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, aSample[i].nByte, aSample[i].u.z, n, z);
+        }
+        if( c-roundUp>=0 ) break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert( i>=0 && i<=SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES );
+    *piRegion = i;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif   /* #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 */
+
+/*
+** If expression pExpr represents a literal value, set *pp to point to
+** an sqlite3_value structure containing the same value, with affinity
+** aff applied to it, before returning. It is the responsibility of the 
+** caller to eventually release this structure by passing it to 
+** sqlite3ValueFree().
+**
+** If the current parse is a recompile (sqlite3Reprepare()) and pExpr
+** is an SQL variable that currently has a non-NULL value bound to it,
+** create an sqlite3_value structure containing this value, again with
+** affinity aff applied to it, instead.
+**
+** If neither of the above apply, set *pp to NULL.
+**
+** If an error occurs, return an error code. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+static int valueFromExpr(
+  Parse *pParse, 
+  Expr *pExpr, 
+  u8 aff, 
+  sqlite3_value **pp
+){
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_VARIABLE
+   || (pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER && pExpr->op2==TK_VARIABLE)
+  ){
+    int iVar = pExpr->iColumn;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(pParse->pVdbe, iVar); /* IMP: R-23257-02778 */
+    *pp = sqlite3VdbeGetValue(pParse->pReprepare, iVar, aff);
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  return sqlite3ValueFromExpr(pParse->db, pExpr, SQLITE_UTF8, aff, pp);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This function is used to estimate the number of rows that will be visited
+** by scanning an index for a range of values. The range may have an upper
+** bound, a lower bound, or both. The WHERE clause terms that set the upper
+** and lower bounds are represented by pLower and pUpper respectively. For
+** example, assuming that index p is on t1(a):
+**
+**   ... FROM t1 WHERE a > ? AND a < ? ...
+**                    |_____|   |_____|
+**                       |         |
+**                     pLower    pUpper
+**
+** If either of the upper or lower bound is not present, then NULL is passed in
+** place of the corresponding WhereTerm.
+**
+** The nEq parameter is passed the index of the index column subject to the
+** range constraint. Or, equivalently, the number of equality constraints
+** optimized by the proposed index scan. For example, assuming index p is
+** on t1(a, b), and the SQL query is:
+**
+**   ... FROM t1 WHERE a = ? AND b > ? AND b < ? ...
+**
+** then nEq should be passed the value 1 (as the range restricted column,
+** b, is the second left-most column of the index). Or, if the query is:
+**
+**   ... FROM t1 WHERE a > ? AND a < ? ...
+**
+** then nEq should be passed 0.
+**
+** The returned value is an integer between 1 and 100, inclusive. A return
+** value of 1 indicates that the proposed range scan is expected to visit
+** approximately 1/100th (1%) of the rows selected by the nEq equality
+** constraints (if any). A return value of 100 indicates that it is expected
+** that the range scan will visit every row (100%) selected by the equality
+** constraints.
+**
+** In the absence of sqlite_stat2 ANALYZE data, each range inequality
+** reduces the search space by 3/4ths.  Hence a single constraint (x>?)
+** results in a return of 25 and a range constraint (x>? AND x<?) results
+** in a return of 6.
+*/
+static int whereRangeScanEst(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
+  Index *p,            /* The index containing the range-compared column; "x" */
+  int nEq,             /* index into p->aCol[] of the range-compared column */
+  WhereTerm *pLower,   /* Lower bound on the range. ex: "x>123" Might be NULL */
+  WhereTerm *pUpper,   /* Upper bound on the range. ex: "x<455" Might be NULL */
+  int *piEst           /* OUT: Return value */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+
+  if( nEq==0 && p->aSample ){
+    sqlite3_value *pLowerVal = 0;
+    sqlite3_value *pUpperVal = 0;
+    int iEst;
+    int iLower = 0;
+    int iUpper = SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES;
+    int roundUpUpper = 0;
+    int roundUpLower = 0;
+    u8 aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[0]].affinity;
+
+    if( pLower ){
+      Expr *pExpr = pLower->pExpr->pRight;
+      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pLowerVal);
+      assert( pLower->eOperator==WO_GT || pLower->eOperator==WO_GE );
+      roundUpLower = (pLower->eOperator==WO_GT) ?1:0;
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pUpper ){
+      Expr *pExpr = pUpper->pExpr->pRight;
+      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pUpperVal);
+      assert( pUpper->eOperator==WO_LT || pUpper->eOperator==WO_LE );
+      roundUpUpper = (pUpper->eOperator==WO_LE) ?1:0;
+    }
+
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (pLowerVal==0 && pUpperVal==0) ){
+      sqlite3ValueFree(pLowerVal);
+      sqlite3ValueFree(pUpperVal);
+      goto range_est_fallback;
+    }else if( pLowerVal==0 ){
+      rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pUpperVal, roundUpUpper, &iUpper);
+      if( pLower ) iLower = iUpper/2;
+    }else if( pUpperVal==0 ){
+      rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pLowerVal, roundUpLower, &iLower);
+      if( pUpper ) iUpper = (iLower + SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES + 1)/2;
+    }else{
+      rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pUpperVal, roundUpUpper, &iUpper);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pLowerVal, roundUpLower, &iLower);
+      }
+    }
+    WHERETRACE(("range scan regions: %d..%d\n", iLower, iUpper));
+
+    iEst = iUpper - iLower;
+    testcase( iEst==SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES );
+    assert( iEst<=SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES );
+    if( iEst<1 ){
+      *piEst = 50/SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES;
+    }else{
+      *piEst = (iEst*100)/SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES;
+    }
+    sqlite3ValueFree(pLowerVal);
+    sqlite3ValueFree(pUpperVal);
+    return rc;
+  }
+range_est_fallback:
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pParse);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nEq);
+#endif
+  assert( pLower || pUpper );
+  *piEst = 100;
+  if( pLower && (pLower->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ) *piEst /= 4;
+  if( pUpper ) *piEst /= 4;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+/*
+** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
+** an equality constraint x=VALUE and where that VALUE occurs in
+** the histogram data.  This only works when x is the left-most
+** column of an index and sqlite_stat2 histogram data is available
+** for that index.  When pExpr==NULL that means the constraint is
+** "x IS NULL" instead of "x=VALUE".
+**
+** Write the estimated row count into *pnRow and return SQLITE_OK. 
+** If unable to make an estimate, leave *pnRow unchanged and return
+** non-zero.
+**
+** This routine can fail if it is unable to load a collating sequence
+** required for string comparison, or if unable to allocate memory
+** for a UTF conversion required for comparison.  The error is stored
+** in the pParse structure.
+*/
+static int whereEqualScanEst(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
+  Index *p,            /* The index whose left-most column is pTerm */
+  Expr *pExpr,         /* Expression for VALUE in the x=VALUE constraint */
+  double *pnRow        /* Write the revised row estimate here */
+){
+  sqlite3_value *pRhs = 0;  /* VALUE on right-hand side of pTerm */
+  int iLower, iUpper;       /* Range of histogram regions containing pRhs */
+  u8 aff;                   /* Column affinity */
+  int rc;                   /* Subfunction return code */
+  double nRowEst;           /* New estimate of the number of rows */
+
+  assert( p->aSample!=0 );
+  aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[0]].affinity;
+  if( pExpr ){
+    rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRhs);
+    if( rc ) goto whereEqualScanEst_cancel;
+  }else{
+    pRhs = sqlite3ValueNew(pParse->db);
+  }
+  if( pRhs==0 ) return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+  rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pRhs, 0, &iLower);
+  if( rc ) goto whereEqualScanEst_cancel;
+  rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pRhs, 1, &iUpper);
+  if( rc ) goto whereEqualScanEst_cancel;
+  WHERETRACE(("equality scan regions: %d..%d\n", iLower, iUpper));
+  if( iLower>=iUpper ){
+    nRowEst = p->aiRowEst[0]/(SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES*2);
+    if( nRowEst<*pnRow ) *pnRow = nRowEst;
+  }else{
+    nRowEst = (iUpper-iLower)*p->aiRowEst[0]/SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES;
+    *pnRow = nRowEst;
+  }
+
+whereEqualScanEst_cancel:
+  sqlite3ValueFree(pRhs);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2) */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+/*
+** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
+** an IN constraint where the right-hand side of the IN operator
+** is a list of values.  Example:
+**
+**        WHERE x IN (1,2,3,4)
+**
+** Write the estimated row count into *pnRow and return SQLITE_OK. 
+** If unable to make an estimate, leave *pnRow unchanged and return
+** non-zero.
+**
+** This routine can fail if it is unable to load a collating sequence
+** required for string comparison, or if unable to allocate memory
+** for a UTF conversion required for comparison.  The error is stored
+** in the pParse structure.
+*/
+static int whereInScanEst(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
+  Index *p,            /* The index whose left-most column is pTerm */
+  ExprList *pList,     /* The value list on the RHS of "x IN (v1,v2,v3,...)" */
+  double *pnRow        /* Write the revised row estimate here */
+){
+  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;  /* One value from list */
+  int iLower, iUpper;       /* Range of histogram regions containing pRhs */
+  u8 aff;                   /* Column affinity */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;       /* Subfunction return code */
+  double nRowEst;           /* New estimate of the number of rows */
+  int nSpan = 0;            /* Number of histogram regions spanned */
+  int nSingle = 0;          /* Histogram regions hit by a single value */
+  int nNotFound = 0;        /* Count of values that are not constants */
+  int i;                               /* Loop counter */
+  u8 aSpan[SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES+1];    /* Histogram regions that are spanned */
+  u8 aSingle[SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES+1];  /* Histogram regions hit once */
+
+  assert( p->aSample!=0 );
+  aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[0]].affinity;
+  memset(aSpan, 0, sizeof(aSpan));
+  memset(aSingle, 0, sizeof(aSingle));
+  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+    sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+    rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pList->a[i].pExpr, aff, &pVal);
+    if( rc ) break;
+    if( pVal==0 || sqlite3_value_type(pVal)==SQLITE_NULL ){
+      nNotFound++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pVal, 0, &iLower);
+    if( rc ) break;
+    rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pVal, 1, &iUpper);
+    if( rc ) break;
+    if( iLower>=iUpper ){
+      aSingle[iLower] = 1;
+    }else{
+      assert( iLower>=0 && iUpper<=SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES );
+      while( iLower<iUpper ) aSpan[iLower++] = 1;
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    for(i=nSpan=0; i<=SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES; i++){
+      if( aSpan[i] ){
+        nSpan++;
+      }else if( aSingle[i] ){
+        nSingle++;
+      }
+    }
+    nRowEst = (nSpan*2+nSingle)*p->aiRowEst[0]/(2*SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES)
+               + nNotFound*p->aiRowEst[1];
+    if( nRowEst > p->aiRowEst[0] ) nRowEst = p->aiRowEst[0];
+    *pnRow = nRowEst;
+    WHERETRACE(("IN row estimate: nSpan=%d, nSingle=%d, nNotFound=%d, est=%g\n",
+                 nSpan, nSingle, nNotFound, nRowEst));
+  }
+  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2) */
+
+
+/*
+** Find the best query plan for accessing a particular table.  Write the
+** best query plan and its cost into the WhereCost object supplied as the
+** last parameter.
+**
+** The lowest cost plan wins.  The cost is an estimate of the amount of
+** CPU and disk I/O needed to process the requested result.
+** Factors that influence cost include:
+**
+**    *  The estimated number of rows that will be retrieved.  (The
+**       fewer the better.)
+**
+**    *  Whether or not sorting must occur.
+**
+**    *  Whether or not there must be separate lookups in the
+**       index and in the main table.
+**
+** If there was an INDEXED BY clause (pSrc->pIndex) attached to the table in
+** the SQL statement, then this function only considers plans using the 
+** named index. If no such plan is found, then the returned cost is
+** SQLITE_BIG_DBL. If a plan is found that uses the named index, 
+** then the cost is calculated in the usual way.
+**
+** If a NOT INDEXED clause (pSrc->notIndexed!=0) was attached to the table 
+** in the SELECT statement, then no indexes are considered. However, the 
+** selected plan may still take advantage of the built-in rowid primary key
+** index.
+*/
+static void bestBtreeIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
+  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
+  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
+  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
+){
+  int iCur = pSrc->iCursor;   /* The cursor of the table to be accessed */
+  Index *pProbe;              /* An index we are evaluating */
+  Index *pIdx;                /* Copy of pProbe, or zero for IPK index */
+  int eqTermMask;             /* Current mask of valid equality operators */
+  int idxEqTermMask;          /* Index mask of valid equality operators */
+  Index sPk;                  /* A fake index object for the primary key */
+  unsigned int aiRowEstPk[2]; /* The aiRowEst[] value for the sPk index */
+  int aiColumnPk = -1;        /* The aColumn[] value for the sPk index */
+  int wsFlagMask;             /* Allowed flags in pCost->plan.wsFlag */
+
+  /* Initialize the cost to a worst-case value */
+  memset(pCost, 0, sizeof(*pCost));
+  pCost->rCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL;
+
+  /* If the pSrc table is the right table of a LEFT JOIN then we may not
+  ** use an index to satisfy IS NULL constraints on that table.  This is
+  ** because columns might end up being NULL if the table does not match -
+  ** a circumstance which the index cannot help us discover.  Ticket #2177.
+  */
+  if( pSrc->jointype & JT_LEFT ){
+    idxEqTermMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN;
+  }else{
+    idxEqTermMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_ISNULL;
+  }
+
+  if( pSrc->pIndex ){
+    /* An INDEXED BY clause specifies a particular index to use */
+    pIdx = pProbe = pSrc->pIndex;
+    wsFlagMask = ~(WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
+    eqTermMask = idxEqTermMask;
+  }else{
+    /* There is no INDEXED BY clause.  Create a fake Index object in local
+    ** variable sPk to represent the rowid primary key index.  Make this
+    ** fake index the first in a chain of Index objects with all of the real
+    ** indices to follow */
+    Index *pFirst;                  /* First of real indices on the table */
+    memset(&sPk, 0, sizeof(Index));
+    sPk.nColumn = 1;
+    sPk.aiColumn = &aiColumnPk;
+    sPk.aiRowEst = aiRowEstPk;
+    sPk.onError = OE_Replace;
+    sPk.pTable = pSrc->pTab;
+    aiRowEstPk[0] = pSrc->pTab->nRowEst;
+    aiRowEstPk[1] = 1;
+    pFirst = pSrc->pTab->pIndex;
+    if( pSrc->notIndexed==0 ){
+      /* The real indices of the table are only considered if the
+      ** NOT INDEXED qualifier is omitted from the FROM clause */
+      sPk.pNext = pFirst;
+    }
+    pProbe = &sPk;
+    wsFlagMask = ~(
+        WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_COLUMN_NULL|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE
+    );
+    eqTermMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN;
+    pIdx = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Loop over all indices looking for the best one to use
+  */
+  for(; pProbe; pIdx=pProbe=pProbe->pNext){
+    const unsigned int * const aiRowEst = pProbe->aiRowEst;
+    double cost;                /* Cost of using pProbe */
+    double nRow;                /* Estimated number of rows in result set */
+    double log10N;              /* base-10 logarithm of nRow (inexact) */
+    int rev;                    /* True to scan in reverse order */
+    int wsFlags = 0;
+    Bitmask used = 0;
+
+    /* The following variables are populated based on the properties of
+    ** index being evaluated. They are then used to determine the expected
+    ** cost and number of rows returned.
+    **
+    **  nEq: 
+    **    Number of equality terms that can be implemented using the index.
+    **    In other words, the number of initial fields in the index that
+    **    are used in == or IN or NOT NULL constraints of the WHERE clause.
+    **
+    **  nInMul:  
+    **    The "in-multiplier". This is an estimate of how many seek operations 
+    **    SQLite must perform on the index in question. For example, if the 
+    **    WHERE clause is:
+    **
+    **      WHERE a IN (1, 2, 3) AND b IN (4, 5, 6)
+    **
+    **    SQLite must perform 9 lookups on an index on (a, b), so nInMul is 
+    **    set to 9. Given the same schema and either of the following WHERE 
+    **    clauses:
+    **
+    **      WHERE a =  1
+    **      WHERE a >= 2
+    **
+    **    nInMul is set to 1.
+    **
+    **    If there exists a WHERE term of the form "x IN (SELECT ...)", then 
+    **    the sub-select is assumed to return 25 rows for the purposes of 
+    **    determining nInMul.
+    **
+    **  bInEst:  
+    **    Set to true if there was at least one "x IN (SELECT ...)" term used 
+    **    in determining the value of nInMul.  Note that the RHS of the
+    **    IN operator must be a SELECT, not a value list, for this variable
+    **    to be true.
+    **
+    **  estBound:
+    **    An estimate on the amount of the table that must be searched.  A
+    **    value of 100 means the entire table is searched.  Range constraints
+    **    might reduce this to a value less than 100 to indicate that only
+    **    a fraction of the table needs searching.  In the absence of
+    **    sqlite_stat2 ANALYZE data, a single inequality reduces the search
+    **    space to 1/4rd its original size.  So an x>? constraint reduces
+    **    estBound to 25.  Two constraints (x>? AND x<?) reduce estBound to 6.
+    **
+    **  bSort:   
+    **    Boolean. True if there is an ORDER BY clause that will require an 
+    **    external sort (i.e. scanning the index being evaluated will not 
+    **    correctly order records).
+    **
+    **  bLookup: 
+    **    Boolean. True if a table lookup is required for each index entry
+    **    visited.  In other words, true if this is not a covering index.
+    **    This is always false for the rowid primary key index of a table.
+    **    For other indexes, it is true unless all the columns of the table
+    **    used by the SELECT statement are present in the index (such an
+    **    index is sometimes described as a covering index).
+    **    For example, given the index on (a, b), the second of the following 
+    **    two queries requires table b-tree lookups in order to find the value
+    **    of column c, but the first does not because columns a and b are
+    **    both available in the index.
+    **
+    **             SELECT a, b    FROM tbl WHERE a = 1;
+    **             SELECT a, b, c FROM tbl WHERE a = 1;
+    */
+    int nEq;                      /* Number of == or IN terms matching index */
+    int bInEst = 0;               /* True if "x IN (SELECT...)" seen */
+    int nInMul = 1;               /* Number of distinct equalities to lookup */
+    int estBound = 100;           /* Estimated reduction in search space */
+    int nBound = 0;               /* Number of range constraints seen */
+    int bSort = 0;                /* True if external sort required */
+    int bLookup = 0;              /* True if not a covering index */
+    WhereTerm *pTerm;             /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+    WhereTerm *pFirstTerm = 0;    /* First term matching the index */
+#endif
+
+    /* Determine the values of nEq and nInMul */
+    for(nEq=0; nEq<pProbe->nColumn; nEq++){
+      int j = pProbe->aiColumn[nEq];
+      pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, eqTermMask, pIdx);
+      if( pTerm==0 ) break;
+      wsFlags |= (WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_EQ);
+      if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN ){
+        Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
+        wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
+        if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+          /* "x IN (SELECT ...)":  Assume the SELECT returns 25 rows */
+          nInMul *= 25;
+          bInEst = 1;
+        }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList && pExpr->x.pList->nExpr) ){
+          /* "x IN (value, value, ...)" */
+          nInMul *= pExpr->x.pList->nExpr;
+        }
+      }else if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL ){
+        wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_NULL;
+      }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+      if( nEq==0 && pProbe->aSample ) pFirstTerm = pTerm;
+#endif
+      used |= pTerm->prereqRight;
+    }
+
+    /* Determine the value of estBound. */
+    if( nEq<pProbe->nColumn && pProbe->bUnordered==0 ){
+      int j = pProbe->aiColumn[nEq];
+      if( findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE, pIdx) ){
+        WhereTerm *pTop = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, pIdx);
+        WhereTerm *pBtm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, pIdx);
+        whereRangeScanEst(pParse, pProbe, nEq, pBtm, pTop, &estBound);
+        if( pTop ){
+          nBound = 1;
+          wsFlags |= WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
+          used |= pTop->prereqRight;
+        }
+        if( pBtm ){
+          nBound++;
+          wsFlags |= WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
+          used |= pBtm->prereqRight;
+        }
+        wsFlags |= (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
+      }
+    }else if( pProbe->onError!=OE_None ){
+      testcase( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN );
+      testcase( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL );
+      if( (wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_NULL))==0 ){
+        wsFlags |= WHERE_UNIQUE;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If there is an ORDER BY clause and the index being considered will
+    ** naturally scan rows in the required order, set the appropriate flags
+    ** in wsFlags. Otherwise, if there is an ORDER BY clause but the index
+    ** will scan rows in a different order, set the bSort variable.  */
+    if( pOrderBy ){
+      if( (wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN)==0
+        && pProbe->bUnordered==0
+        && isSortingIndex(pParse, pWC->pMaskSet, pProbe, iCur, pOrderBy,
+                          nEq, wsFlags, &rev)
+      ){
+        wsFlags |= WHERE_ROWID_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_ORDERBY;
+        wsFlags |= (rev ? WHERE_REVERSE : 0);
+      }else{
+        bSort = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If currently calculating the cost of using an index (not the IPK
+    ** index), determine if all required column data may be obtained without 
+    ** using the main table (i.e. if the index is a covering
+    ** index for this query). If it is, set the WHERE_IDX_ONLY flag in
+    ** wsFlags. Otherwise, set the bLookup variable to true.  */
+    if( pIdx && wsFlags ){
+      Bitmask m = pSrc->colUsed;
+      int j;
+      for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
+        int x = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
+        if( x<BMS-1 ){
+          m &= ~(((Bitmask)1)<<x);
+        }
+      }
+      if( m==0 ){
+        wsFlags |= WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
+      }else{
+        bLookup = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /*
+    ** Estimate the number of rows of output.  For an "x IN (SELECT...)"
+    ** constraint, do not let the estimate exceed half the rows in the table.
+    */
+    nRow = (double)(aiRowEst[nEq] * nInMul);
+    if( bInEst && nRow*2>aiRowEst[0] ){
+      nRow = aiRowEst[0]/2;
+      nInMul = (int)(nRow / aiRowEst[nEq]);
+    }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+    /* If the constraint is of the form x=VALUE and histogram
+    ** data is available for column x, then it might be possible
+    ** to get a better estimate on the number of rows based on
+    ** VALUE and how common that value is according to the histogram.
+    */
+    if( nRow>(double)1 && nEq==1 && pFirstTerm!=0 ){
+      if( pFirstTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL) ){
+        testcase( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        testcase( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
+        whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pProbe, pFirstTerm->pExpr->pRight, &nRow);
+      }else if( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_IN && bInEst==0 ){
+        whereInScanEst(pParse, pProbe, pFirstTerm->pExpr->x.pList, &nRow);
+      }
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 */
+
+    /* Adjust the number of output rows and downward to reflect rows
+    ** that are excluded by range constraints.
+    */
+    nRow = (nRow * (double)estBound) / (double)100;
+    if( nRow<1 ) nRow = 1;
+
+    /* Experiments run on real SQLite databases show that the time needed
+    ** to do a binary search to locate a row in a table or index is roughly
+    ** log10(N) times the time to move from one row to the next row within
+    ** a table or index.  The actual times can vary, with the size of
+    ** records being an important factor.  Both moves and searches are
+    ** slower with larger records, presumably because fewer records fit
+    ** on one page and hence more pages have to be fetched.
+    **
+    ** The ANALYZE command and the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat2 tables do
+    ** not give us data on the relative sizes of table and index records.
+    ** So this computation assumes table records are about twice as big
+    ** as index records
+    */
+    if( (wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ){
+      /* The cost of a full table scan is a number of move operations equal
+      ** to the number of rows in the table.
+      **
+      ** We add an additional 4x penalty to full table scans.  This causes
+      ** the cost function to err on the side of choosing an index over
+      ** choosing a full scan.  This 4x full-scan penalty is an arguable
+      ** decision and one which we expect to revisit in the future.  But
+      ** it seems to be working well enough at the moment.
+      */
+      cost = aiRowEst[0]*4;
+    }else{
+      log10N = estLog(aiRowEst[0]);
+      cost = nRow;
+      if( pIdx ){
+        if( bLookup ){
+          /* For an index lookup followed by a table lookup:
+          **    nInMul index searches to find the start of each index range
+          **  + nRow steps through the index
+          **  + nRow table searches to lookup the table entry using the rowid
+          */
+          cost += (nInMul + nRow)*log10N;
+        }else{
+          /* For a covering index:
+          **     nInMul index searches to find the initial entry 
+          **   + nRow steps through the index
+          */
+          cost += nInMul*log10N;
+        }
+      }else{
+        /* For a rowid primary key lookup:
+        **    nInMult table searches to find the initial entry for each range
+        **  + nRow steps through the table
+        */
+        cost += nInMul*log10N;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Add in the estimated cost of sorting the result.  Actual experimental
+    ** measurements of sorting performance in SQLite show that sorting time
+    ** adds C*N*log10(N) to the cost, where N is the number of rows to be 
+    ** sorted and C is a factor between 1.95 and 4.3.  We will split the
+    ** difference and select C of 3.0.
+    */
+    if( bSort ){
+      cost += nRow*estLog(nRow)*3;
+    }
+
+    /**** Cost of using this index has now been computed ****/
+
+    /* If there are additional constraints on this table that cannot
+    ** be used with the current index, but which might lower the number
+    ** of output rows, adjust the nRow value accordingly.  This only 
+    ** matters if the current index is the least costly, so do not bother
+    ** with this step if we already know this index will not be chosen.
+    ** Also, never reduce the output row count below 2 using this step.
+    **
+    ** It is critical that the notValid mask be used here instead of
+    ** the notReady mask.  When computing an "optimal" index, the notReady
+    ** mask will only have one bit set - the bit for the current table.
+    ** The notValid mask, on the other hand, always has all bits set for
+    ** tables that are not in outer loops.  If notReady is used here instead
+    ** of notValid, then a optimal index that depends on inner joins loops
+    ** might be selected even when there exists an optimal index that has
+    ** no such dependency.
+    */
+    if( nRow>2 && cost<=pCost->rCost ){
+      int k;                       /* Loop counter */
+      int nSkipEq = nEq;           /* Number of == constraints to skip */
+      int nSkipRange = nBound;     /* Number of < constraints to skip */
+      Bitmask thisTab;             /* Bitmap for pSrc */
+
+      thisTab = getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);
+      for(pTerm=pWC->a, k=pWC->nTerm; nRow>2 && k; k--, pTerm++){
+        if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ) continue;
+        if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notValid)!=thisTab ) continue;
+        if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ){
+          if( nSkipEq ){
+            /* Ignore the first nEq equality matches since the index
+            ** has already accounted for these */
+            nSkipEq--;
+          }else{
+            /* Assume each additional equality match reduces the result
+            ** set size by a factor of 10 */
+            nRow /= 10;
+          }
+        }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE) ){
+          if( nSkipRange ){
+            /* Ignore the first nSkipRange range constraints since the index
+            ** has already accounted for these */
+            nSkipRange--;
+          }else{
+            /* Assume each additional range constraint reduces the result
+            ** set size by a factor of 3.  Indexed range constraints reduce
+            ** the search space by a larger factor: 4.  We make indexed range
+            ** more selective intentionally because of the subjective 
+            ** observation that indexed range constraints really are more
+            ** selective in practice, on average. */
+            nRow /= 3;
+          }
+        }else if( pTerm->eOperator!=WO_NOOP ){
+          /* Any other expression lowers the output row count by half */
+          nRow /= 2;
+        }
+      }
+      if( nRow<2 ) nRow = 2;
+    }
+
+
+    WHERETRACE((
+      "%s(%s): nEq=%d nInMul=%d estBound=%d bSort=%d bLookup=%d wsFlags=0x%x\n"
+      "         notReady=0x%llx log10N=%.1f nRow=%.1f cost=%.1f used=0x%llx\n",
+      pSrc->pTab->zName, (pIdx ? pIdx->zName : "ipk"), 
+      nEq, nInMul, estBound, bSort, bLookup, wsFlags,
+      notReady, log10N, nRow, cost, used
+    ));
+
+    /* If this index is the best we have seen so far, then record this
+    ** index and its cost in the pCost structure.
+    */
+    if( (!pIdx || wsFlags)
+     && (cost<pCost->rCost || (cost<=pCost->rCost && nRow<pCost->plan.nRow))
+    ){
+      pCost->rCost = cost;
+      pCost->used = used;
+      pCost->plan.nRow = nRow;
+      pCost->plan.wsFlags = (wsFlags&wsFlagMask);
+      pCost->plan.nEq = nEq;
+      pCost->plan.u.pIdx = pIdx;
+    }
+
+    /* If there was an INDEXED BY clause, then only that one index is
+    ** considered. */
+    if( pSrc->pIndex ) break;
+
+    /* Reset masks for the next index in the loop */
+    wsFlagMask = ~(WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
+    eqTermMask = idxEqTermMask;
+  }
+
+  /* If there is no ORDER BY clause and the SQLITE_ReverseOrder flag
+  ** is set, then reverse the order that the index will be scanned
+  ** in. This is used for application testing, to help find cases
+  ** where application behaviour depends on the (undefined) order that
+  ** SQLite outputs rows in in the absence of an ORDER BY clause.  */
+  if( !pOrderBy && pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_ReverseOrder ){
+    pCost->plan.wsFlags |= WHERE_REVERSE;
+  }
+
+  assert( pOrderBy || (pCost->plan.wsFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY)==0 );
+  assert( pCost->plan.u.pIdx==0 || (pCost->plan.wsFlags&WHERE_ROWID_EQ)==0 );
+  assert( pSrc->pIndex==0 
+       || pCost->plan.u.pIdx==0 
+       || pCost->plan.u.pIdx==pSrc->pIndex 
+  );
+
+  WHERETRACE(("best index is: %s\n", 
+    ((pCost->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ? "none" : 
+         pCost->plan.u.pIdx ? pCost->plan.u.pIdx->zName : "ipk")
+  ));
+  
+  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost);
+  bestAutomaticIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, pCost);
+  pCost->plan.wsFlags |= eqTermMask;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find the query plan for accessing table pSrc->pTab. Write the
+** best query plan and its cost into the WhereCost object supplied 
+** as the last parameter. This function may calculate the cost of
+** both real and virtual table scans.
+*/
+static void bestIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
+  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
+  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
+  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
+){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( IsVirtual(pSrc->pTab) ){
+    sqlite3_index_info *p = 0;
+    bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost,&p);
+    if( p->needToFreeIdxStr ){
+      sqlite3_free(p->idxStr);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, p);
+  }else
+#endif
+  {
+    bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Disable a term in the WHERE clause.  Except, do not disable the term
+** if it controls a LEFT OUTER JOIN and it did not originate in the ON
+** or USING clause of that join.
+**
+** Consider the term t2.z='ok' in the following queries:
+**
+**   (1)  SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.x WHERE t2.z='ok'
+**   (2)  SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.x AND t2.z='ok'
+**   (3)  SELECT * FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.a=t2.x AND t2.z='ok'
+**
+** The t2.z='ok' is disabled in the in (2) because it originates
+** in the ON clause.  The term is disabled in (3) because it is not part
+** of a LEFT OUTER JOIN.  In (1), the term is not disabled.
+**
+** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-24597-58655 No tests are done for terms that are
+** completely satisfied by indices.
+**
+** Disabling a term causes that term to not be tested in the inner loop
+** of the join.  Disabling is an optimization.  When terms are satisfied
+** by indices, we disable them to prevent redundant tests in the inner
+** loop.  We would get the correct results if nothing were ever disabled,
+** but joins might run a little slower.  The trick is to disable as much
+** as we can without disabling too much.  If we disabled in (1), we'd get
+** the wrong answer.  See ticket #813.
+*/
+static void disableTerm(WhereLevel *pLevel, WhereTerm *pTerm){
+  if( pTerm
+      && (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED)==0
+      && (pLevel->iLeftJoin==0 || ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin))
+  ){
+    pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
+    if( pTerm->iParent>=0 ){
+      WhereTerm *pOther = &pTerm->pWC->a[pTerm->iParent];
+      if( (--pOther->nChild)==0 ){
+        disableTerm(pLevel, pOther);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Code an OP_Affinity opcode to apply the column affinity string zAff
+** to the n registers starting at base. 
+**
+** As an optimization, SQLITE_AFF_NONE entries (which are no-ops) at the
+** beginning and end of zAff are ignored.  If all entries in zAff are
+** SQLITE_AFF_NONE, then no code gets generated.
+**
+** This routine makes its own copy of zAff so that the caller is free
+** to modify zAff after this routine returns.
+*/
+static void codeApplyAffinity(Parse *pParse, int base, int n, char *zAff){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  if( zAff==0 ){
+    assert( pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+    return;
+  }
+  assert( v!=0 );
+
+  /* Adjust base and n to skip over SQLITE_AFF_NONE entries at the beginning
+  ** and end of the affinity string.
+  */
+  while( n>0 && zAff[0]==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
+    n--;
+    base++;
+    zAff++;
+  }
+  while( n>1 && zAff[n-1]==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
+    n--;
+  }
+
+  /* Code the OP_Affinity opcode if there is anything left to do. */
+  if( n>0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Affinity, base, n);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zAff, n);
+    sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, base, n);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Generate code for a single equality term of the WHERE clause.  An equality
+** term can be either X=expr or X IN (...).   pTerm is the term to be 
+** coded.
+**
+** The current value for the constraint is left in register iReg.
+**
+** For a constraint of the form X=expr, the expression is evaluated and its
+** result is left on the stack.  For constraints of the form X IN (...)
+** this routine sets up a loop that will iterate over all values of X.
+*/
+static int codeEqualityTerm(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* The parsing context */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm,   /* The term of the WHERE clause to be coded */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel, /* When level of the FROM clause we are working on */
+  int iTarget         /* Attempt to leave results in this register */
+){
+  Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int iReg;                  /* Register holding results */
+
+  assert( iTarget>0 );
+  if( pX->op==TK_EQ ){
+    iReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pX->pRight, iTarget);
+  }else if( pX->op==TK_ISNULL ){
+    iReg = iTarget;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iReg);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+  }else{
+    int eType;
+    int iTab;
+    struct InLoop *pIn;
+
+    assert( pX->op==TK_IN );
+    iReg = iTarget;
+    eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pX, 0);
+    iTab = pX->iTable;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iTab, 0);
+    assert( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE );
+    if( pLevel->u.in.nIn==0 ){
+      pLevel->addrNxt = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+    }
+    pLevel->u.in.nIn++;
+    pLevel->u.in.aInLoop =
+       sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(pParse->db, pLevel->u.in.aInLoop,
+                              sizeof(pLevel->u.in.aInLoop[0])*pLevel->u.in.nIn);
+    pIn = pLevel->u.in.aInLoop;
+    if( pIn ){
+      pIn += pLevel->u.in.nIn - 1;
+      pIn->iCur = iTab;
+      if( eType==IN_INDEX_ROWID ){
+        pIn->addrInTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iTab, iReg);
+      }else{
+        pIn->addrInTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, 0, iReg);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, iReg);
+    }else{
+      pLevel->u.in.nIn = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  disableTerm(pLevel, pTerm);
+  return iReg;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will evaluate all == and IN constraints for an
+** index.
+**
+** For example, consider table t1(a,b,c,d,e,f) with index i1(a,b,c).
+** Suppose the WHERE clause is this:  a==5 AND b IN (1,2,3) AND c>5 AND c<10
+** The index has as many as three equality constraints, but in this
+** example, the third "c" value is an inequality.  So only two 
+** constraints are coded.  This routine will generate code to evaluate
+** a==5 and b IN (1,2,3).  The current values for a and b will be stored
+** in consecutive registers and the index of the first register is returned.
+**
+** In the example above nEq==2.  But this subroutine works for any value
+** of nEq including 0.  If nEq==0, this routine is nearly a no-op.
+** The only thing it does is allocate the pLevel->iMem memory cell and
+** compute the affinity string.
+**
+** This routine always allocates at least one memory cell and returns
+** the index of that memory cell. The code that
+** calls this routine will use that memory cell to store the termination
+** key value of the loop.  If one or more IN operators appear, then
+** this routine allocates an additional nEq memory cells for internal
+** use.
+**
+** Before returning, *pzAff is set to point to a buffer containing a
+** copy of the column affinity string of the index allocated using
+** sqlite3DbMalloc(). Except, entries in the copy of the string associated
+** with equality constraints that use NONE affinity are set to
+** SQLITE_AFF_NONE. This is to deal with SQL such as the following:
+**
+**   CREATE TABLE t1(a TEXT PRIMARY KEY, b);
+**   SELECT ... FROM t1 AS t2, t1 WHERE t1.a = t2.b;
+**
+** In the example above, the index on t1(a) has TEXT affinity. But since
+** the right hand side of the equality constraint (t2.b) has NONE affinity,
+** no conversion should be attempted before using a t2.b value as part of
+** a key to search the index. Hence the first byte in the returned affinity
+** string in this example would be set to SQLITE_AFF_NONE.
+*/
+static int codeAllEqualityTerms(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel,   /* Which nested loop of the FROM we are coding */
+  WhereClause *pWC,     /* The WHERE clause */
+  Bitmask notReady,     /* Which parts of FROM have not yet been coded */
+  int nExtraReg,        /* Number of extra registers to allocate */
+  char **pzAff          /* OUT: Set to point to affinity string */
+){
+  int nEq = pLevel->plan.nEq;   /* The number of == or IN constraints to code */
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;      /* The vm under construction */
+  Index *pIdx;                  /* The index being used for this loop */
+  int iCur = pLevel->iTabCur;   /* The cursor of the table */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;             /* A single constraint term */
+  int j;                        /* Loop counter */
+  int regBase;                  /* Base register */
+  int nReg;                     /* Number of registers to allocate */
+  char *zAff;                   /* Affinity string to return */
+
+  /* This module is only called on query plans that use an index. */
+  assert( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED );
+  pIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
+
+  /* Figure out how many memory cells we will need then allocate them.
+  */
+  regBase = pParse->nMem + 1;
+  nReg = pLevel->plan.nEq + nExtraReg;
+  pParse->nMem += nReg;
+
+  zAff = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx));
+  if( !zAff ){
+    pParse->db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Evaluate the equality constraints
+  */
+  assert( pIdx->nColumn>=nEq );
+  for(j=0; j<nEq; j++){
+    int r1;
+    int k = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
+    pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, k, notReady, pLevel->plan.wsFlags, pIdx);
+    if( NEVER(pTerm==0) ) break;
+    /* The following true for indices with redundant columns. 
+    ** Ex: CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(a,b,a); SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=0 AND b=0; */
+    testcase( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED)!=0 );
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+    r1 = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, regBase+j);
+    if( r1!=regBase+j ){
+      if( nReg==1 ){
+        sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regBase);
+        regBase = r1;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, r1, regBase+j);
+      }
+    }
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN );
+    if( (pTerm->eOperator & (WO_ISNULL|WO_IN))==0 ){
+      Expr *pRight = pTerm->pExpr->pRight;
+      sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+j, pLevel->addrBrk);
+      if( zAff ){
+        if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zAff[j])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
+          zAff[j] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+        }
+        if( sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(pRight, zAff[j]) ){
+          zAff[j] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  *pzAff = zAff;
+  return regBase;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+/*
+** This routine is a helper for explainIndexRange() below
+**
+** pStr holds the text of an expression that we are building up one term
+** at a time.  This routine adds a new term to the end of the expression.
+** Terms are separated by AND so add the "AND" text for second and subsequent
+** terms only.
+*/
+static void explainAppendTerm(
+  StrAccum *pStr,             /* The text expression being built */
+  int iTerm,                  /* Index of this term.  First is zero */
+  const char *zColumn,        /* Name of the column */
+  const char *zOp             /* Name of the operator */
+){
+  if( iTerm ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, " AND ", 5);
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, zColumn, -1);
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, zOp, 1);
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, "?", 1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Argument pLevel describes a strategy for scanning table pTab. This 
+** function returns a pointer to a string buffer containing a description
+** of the subset of table rows scanned by the strategy in the form of an
+** SQL expression. Or, if all rows are scanned, NULL is returned.
+**
+** For example, if the query:
+**
+**   SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=1 AND b>2;
+**
+** is run and there is an index on (a, b), then this function returns a
+** string similar to:
+**
+**   "a=? AND b>?"
+**
+** The returned pointer points to memory obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc().
+** It is the responsibility of the caller to free the buffer when it is
+** no longer required.
+*/
+static char *explainIndexRange(sqlite3 *db, WhereLevel *pLevel, Table *pTab){
+  WherePlan *pPlan = &pLevel->plan;
+  Index *pIndex = pPlan->u.pIdx;
+  int nEq = pPlan->nEq;
+  int i, j;
+  Column *aCol = pTab->aCol;
+  int *aiColumn = pIndex->aiColumn;
+  StrAccum txt;
+
+  if( nEq==0 && (pPlan->wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&txt, 0, 0, SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
+  txt.db = db;
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, " (", 2);
+  for(i=0; i<nEq; i++){
+    explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, aCol[aiColumn[i]].zName, "=");
+  }
+
+  j = i;
+  if( pPlan->wsFlags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+    explainAppendTerm(&txt, i++, aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName, ">");
+  }
+  if( pPlan->wsFlags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+    explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName, "<");
+  }
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, ")", 1);
+  return sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&txt);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is a no-op unless currently processing an EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN
+** command. If the query being compiled is an EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN, a single
+** record is added to the output to describe the table scan strategy in 
+** pLevel.
+*/
+static void explainOneScan(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,              /* Table list this loop refers to */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel,             /* Scan to write OP_Explain opcode for */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Value for "level" column of output */
+  int iFrom,                      /* Value for "from" column of output */
+  u16 wctrlFlags                  /* Flags passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
+){
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    u32 flags = pLevel->plan.wsFlags;
+    struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;      /* VM being constructed */
+    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;     /* Database handle */
+    char *zMsg;                   /* Text to add to EQP output */
+    sqlite3_int64 nRow;           /* Expected number of rows visited by scan */
+    int iId = pParse->iSelectId;  /* Select id (left-most output column) */
+    int isSearch;                 /* True for a SEARCH. False for SCAN. */
+
+    if( (flags&WHERE_MULTI_OR) || (wctrlFlags&WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY) ) return;
+
+    isSearch = (pLevel->plan.nEq>0)
+             || (flags&(WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0
+             || (wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX));
+
+    zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", isSearch?"SEARCH":"SCAN");
+    if( pItem->pSelect ){
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s SUBQUERY %d", zMsg,pItem->iSelectId);
+    }else{
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s TABLE %s", zMsg, pItem->zName);
+    }
+
+    if( pItem->zAlias ){
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s AS %s", zMsg, pItem->zAlias);
+    }
+    if( (flags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
+      char *zWhere = explainIndexRange(db, pLevel, pItem->pTab);
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING %s%sINDEX%s%s%s", zMsg, 
+          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"AUTOMATIC ":""),
+          ((flags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)?"COVERING ":""),
+          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"":" "),
+          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"": pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName),
+          zWhere
+      );
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zWhere);
+    }else if( flags & (WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE) ){
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY", zMsg);
+
+      if( flags&WHERE_ROWID_EQ ){
+        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid=?)", zMsg);
+      }else if( (flags&WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT)==WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT ){
+        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid>? AND rowid<?)", zMsg);
+      }else if( flags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid>?)", zMsg);
+      }else if( flags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid<?)", zMsg);
+      }
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    else if( (flags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
+      sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pVtabIdx;
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s VIRTUAL TABLE INDEX %d:%s", zMsg,
+                  pVtabIdx->idxNum, pVtabIdx->idxStr);
+    }
+#endif
+    if( wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX) ){
+      testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN );
+      nRow = 1;
+    }else{
+      nRow = (sqlite3_int64)pLevel->plan.nRow;
+    }
+    zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (~%lld rows)", zMsg, nRow);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, iId, iLevel, iFrom, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define explainOneScan(u,v,w,x,y,z)
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */
+
+
+/*
+** Generate code for the start of the iLevel-th loop in the WHERE clause
+** implementation described by pWInfo.
+*/
+static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo,   /* Complete information about the WHERE clause */
+  int iLevel,          /* Which level of pWInfo->a[] should be coded */
+  u16 wctrlFlags,      /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
+  Bitmask notReady     /* Which tables are currently available */
+){
+  int j, k;            /* Loop counters */
+  int iCur;            /* The VDBE cursor for the table */
+  int addrNxt;         /* Where to jump to continue with the next IN case */
+  int omitTable;       /* True if we use the index only */
+  int bRev;            /* True if we need to scan in reverse order */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel;  /* The where level to be coded */
+  WhereClause *pWC;    /* Decomposition of the entire WHERE clause */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;               /* A WHERE clause term */
+  Parse *pParse;                  /* Parsing context */
+  Vdbe *v;                        /* The prepared stmt under constructions */
+  struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;  /* FROM clause term being coded */
+  int addrBrk;                    /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
+  int addrCont;                   /* Jump here to continue with next cycle */
+  int iRowidReg = 0;        /* Rowid is stored in this register, if not zero */
+  int iReleaseReg = 0;      /* Temp register to free before returning */
+
+  pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
+  v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  pWC = pWInfo->pWC;
+  pLevel = &pWInfo->a[iLevel];
+  pTabItem = &pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
+  iCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
+  bRev = (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_REVERSE)!=0;
+  omitTable = (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)!=0 
+           && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_FORCE_TABLE)==0;
+
+  /* Create labels for the "break" and "continue" instructions
+  ** for the current loop.  Jump to addrBrk to break out of a loop.
+  ** Jump to cont to go immediately to the next iteration of the
+  ** loop.
+  **
+  ** When there is an IN operator, we also have a "addrNxt" label that
+  ** means to continue with the next IN value combination.  When
+  ** there are no IN operators in the constraints, the "addrNxt" label
+  ** is the same as "addrBrk".
+  */
+  addrBrk = pLevel->addrBrk = pLevel->addrNxt = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  addrCont = pLevel->addrCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+
+  /* If this is the right table of a LEFT OUTER JOIN, allocate and
+  ** initialize a memory cell that records if this table matches any
+  ** row of the left table of the join.
+  */
+  if( pLevel->iFrom>0 && (pTabItem[0].jointype & JT_LEFT)!=0 ){
+    pLevel->iLeftJoin = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, pLevel->iLeftJoin);
+    VdbeComment((v, "init LEFT JOIN no-match flag"));
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if(  (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
+    /* Case 0:  The table is a virtual-table.  Use the VFilter and VNext
+    **          to access the data.
+    */
+    int iReg;   /* P3 Value for OP_VFilter */
+    sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pVtabIdx;
+    int nConstraint = pVtabIdx->nConstraint;
+    struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *aUsage =
+                                                pVtabIdx->aConstraintUsage;
+    const struct sqlite3_index_constraint *aConstraint =
+                                                pVtabIdx->aConstraint;
+
+    sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+    iReg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nConstraint+2);
+    for(j=1; j<=nConstraint; j++){
+      for(k=0; k<nConstraint; k++){
+        if( aUsage[k].argvIndex==j ){
+          int iTerm = aConstraint[k].iTermOffset;
+          sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pWC->a[iTerm].pExpr->pRight, iReg+j+1);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( k==nConstraint ) break;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pVtabIdx->idxNum, iReg);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, j-1, iReg+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VFilter, iCur, addrBrk, iReg, pVtabIdx->idxStr,
+                      pVtabIdx->needToFreeIdxStr ? P4_MPRINTF : P4_STATIC);
+    pVtabIdx->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
+    for(j=0; j<nConstraint; j++){
+      if( aUsage[j].omit ){
+        int iTerm = aConstraint[j].iTermOffset;
+        disableTerm(pLevel, &pWC->a[iTerm]);
+      }
+    }
+    pLevel->op = OP_VNext;
+    pLevel->p1 = iCur;
+    pLevel->p2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, iReg, nConstraint+2);
+    sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+  if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_EQ ){
+    /* Case 1:  We can directly reference a single row using an
+    **          equality comparison against the ROWID field.  Or
+    **          we reference multiple rows using a "rowid IN (...)"
+    **          construct.
+    */
+    iReleaseReg = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_EQ|WO_IN, 0);
+    assert( pTerm!=0 );
+    assert( pTerm->pExpr!=0 );
+    assert( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur );
+    assert( omitTable==0 );
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+    iRowidReg = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, iReleaseReg);
+    addrNxt = pLevel->addrNxt;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, iRowidReg, addrNxt);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, addrNxt, iRowidReg);
+    sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
+    VdbeComment((v, "pk"));
+    pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
+  }else if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_RANGE ){
+    /* Case 2:  We have an inequality comparison against the ROWID field.
+    */
+    int testOp = OP_Noop;
+    int start;
+    int memEndValue = 0;
+    WhereTerm *pStart, *pEnd;
+
+    assert( omitTable==0 );
+    pStart = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, 0);
+    pEnd = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, 0);
+    if( bRev ){
+      pTerm = pStart;
+      pStart = pEnd;
+      pEnd = pTerm;
+    }
+    if( pStart ){
+      Expr *pX;             /* The expression that defines the start bound */
+      int r1, rTemp;        /* Registers for holding the start boundary */
+
+      /* The following constant maps TK_xx codes into corresponding 
+      ** seek opcodes.  It depends on a particular ordering of TK_xx
+      */
+      const u8 aMoveOp[] = {
+           /* TK_GT */  OP_SeekGt,
+           /* TK_LE */  OP_SeekLe,
+           /* TK_LT */  OP_SeekLt,
+           /* TK_GE */  OP_SeekGe
+      };
+      assert( TK_LE==TK_GT+1 );      /* Make sure the ordering.. */
+      assert( TK_LT==TK_GT+2 );      /*  ... of the TK_xx values... */
+      assert( TK_GE==TK_GT+3 );      /*  ... is correcct. */
+
+      testcase( pStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+      pX = pStart->pExpr;
+      assert( pX!=0 );
+      assert( pStart->leftCursor==iCur );
+      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pX->pRight, &rTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, aMoveOp[pX->op-TK_GT], iCur, addrBrk, r1);
+      VdbeComment((v, "pk"));
+      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, r1, 1);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, rTemp);
+      disableTerm(pLevel, pStart);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, bRev ? OP_Last : OP_Rewind, iCur, addrBrk);
+    }
+    if( pEnd ){
+      Expr *pX;
+      pX = pEnd->pExpr;
+      assert( pX!=0 );
+      assert( pEnd->leftCursor==iCur );
+      testcase( pEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+      memEndValue = ++pParse->nMem;
+      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pX->pRight, memEndValue);
+      if( pX->op==TK_LT || pX->op==TK_GT ){
+        testOp = bRev ? OP_Le : OP_Ge;
+      }else{
+        testOp = bRev ? OP_Lt : OP_Gt;
+      }
+      disableTerm(pLevel, pEnd);
+    }
+    start = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    pLevel->op = bRev ? OP_Prev : OP_Next;
+    pLevel->p1 = iCur;
+    pLevel->p2 = start;
+    if( pStart==0 && pEnd==0 ){
+      pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
+    }else{
+      assert( pLevel->p5==0 );
+    }
+    if( testOp!=OP_Noop ){
+      iRowidReg = iReleaseReg = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iCur, iRowidReg);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, testOp, memEndValue, addrBrk, iRowidReg);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC | SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+    }
+  }else if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_EQ) ){
+    /* Case 3: A scan using an index.
+    **
+    **         The WHERE clause may contain zero or more equality 
+    **         terms ("==" or "IN" operators) that refer to the N
+    **         left-most columns of the index. It may also contain
+    **         inequality constraints (>, <, >= or <=) on the indexed
+    **         column that immediately follows the N equalities. Only 
+    **         the right-most column can be an inequality - the rest must
+    **         use the "==" and "IN" operators. For example, if the 
+    **         index is on (x,y,z), then the following clauses are all 
+    **         optimized:
+    **
+    **            x=5
+    **            x=5 AND y=10
+    **            x=5 AND y<10
+    **            x=5 AND y>5 AND y<10
+    **            x=5 AND y=5 AND z<=10
+    **
+    **         The z<10 term of the following cannot be used, only
+    **         the x=5 term:
+    **
+    **            x=5 AND z<10
+    **
+    **         N may be zero if there are inequality constraints.
+    **         If there are no inequality constraints, then N is at
+    **         least one.
+    **
+    **         This case is also used when there are no WHERE clause
+    **         constraints but an index is selected anyway, in order
+    **         to force the output order to conform to an ORDER BY.
+    */  
+    static const u8 aStartOp[] = {
+      0,
+      0,
+      OP_Rewind,           /* 2: (!start_constraints && startEq &&  !bRev) */
+      OP_Last,             /* 3: (!start_constraints && startEq &&   bRev) */
+      OP_SeekGt,           /* 4: (start_constraints  && !startEq && !bRev) */
+      OP_SeekLt,           /* 5: (start_constraints  && !startEq &&  bRev) */
+      OP_SeekGe,           /* 6: (start_constraints  &&  startEq && !bRev) */
+      OP_SeekLe            /* 7: (start_constraints  &&  startEq &&  bRev) */
+    };
+    static const u8 aEndOp[] = {
+      OP_Noop,             /* 0: (!end_constraints) */
+      OP_IdxGE,            /* 1: (end_constraints && !bRev) */
+      OP_IdxLT             /* 2: (end_constraints && bRev) */
+    };
+    int nEq = pLevel->plan.nEq;  /* Number of == or IN terms */
+    int isMinQuery = 0;          /* If this is an optimized SELECT min(x).. */
+    int regBase;                 /* Base register holding constraint values */
+    int r1;                      /* Temp register */
+    WhereTerm *pRangeStart = 0;  /* Inequality constraint at range start */
+    WhereTerm *pRangeEnd = 0;    /* Inequality constraint at range end */
+    int startEq;                 /* True if range start uses ==, >= or <= */
+    int endEq;                   /* True if range end uses ==, >= or <= */
+    int start_constraints;       /* Start of range is constrained */
+    int nConstraint;             /* Number of constraint terms */
+    Index *pIdx;                 /* The index we will be using */
+    int iIdxCur;                 /* The VDBE cursor for the index */
+    int nExtraReg = 0;           /* Number of extra registers needed */
+    int op;                      /* Instruction opcode */
+    char *zStartAff;             /* Affinity for start of range constraint */
+    char *zEndAff;               /* Affinity for end of range constraint */
+
+    pIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
+    iIdxCur = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+    k = pIdx->aiColumn[nEq];     /* Column for inequality constraints */
+
+    /* If this loop satisfies a sort order (pOrderBy) request that 
+    ** was passed to this function to implement a "SELECT min(x) ..." 
+    ** query, then the caller will only allow the loop to run for
+    ** a single iteration. This means that the first row returned
+    ** should not have a NULL value stored in 'x'. If column 'x' is
+    ** the first one after the nEq equality constraints in the index,
+    ** this requires some special handling.
+    */
+    if( (wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)!=0
+     && (pLevel->plan.wsFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY)
+     && (pIdx->nColumn>nEq)
+    ){
+      /* assert( pOrderBy->nExpr==1 ); */
+      /* assert( pOrderBy->a[0].pExpr->iColumn==pIdx->aiColumn[nEq] ); */
+      isMinQuery = 1;
+      nExtraReg = 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Find any inequality constraint terms for the start and end 
+    ** of the range. 
+    */
+    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+      pRangeEnd = findTerm(pWC, iCur, k, notReady, (WO_LT|WO_LE), pIdx);
+      nExtraReg = 1;
+    }
+    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+      pRangeStart = findTerm(pWC, iCur, k, notReady, (WO_GT|WO_GE), pIdx);
+      nExtraReg = 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Generate code to evaluate all constraint terms using == or IN
+    ** and store the values of those terms in an array of registers
+    ** starting at regBase.
+    */
+    regBase = codeAllEqualityTerms(
+        pParse, pLevel, pWC, notReady, nExtraReg, &zStartAff
+    );
+    zEndAff = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db, zStartAff);
+    addrNxt = pLevel->addrNxt;
+
+    /* If we are doing a reverse order scan on an ascending index, or
+    ** a forward order scan on a descending index, interchange the 
+    ** start and end terms (pRangeStart and pRangeEnd).
+    */
+    if( nEq<pIdx->nColumn && bRev==(pIdx->aSortOrder[nEq]==SQLITE_SO_ASC) ){
+      SWAP(WhereTerm *, pRangeEnd, pRangeStart);
+    }
+
+    testcase( pRangeStart && pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_LE );
+    testcase( pRangeStart && pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_GE );
+    testcase( pRangeEnd && pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_LE );
+    testcase( pRangeEnd && pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_GE );
+    startEq = !pRangeStart || pRangeStart->eOperator & (WO_LE|WO_GE);
+    endEq =   !pRangeEnd || pRangeEnd->eOperator & (WO_LE|WO_GE);
+    start_constraints = pRangeStart || nEq>0;
+
+    /* Seek the index cursor to the start of the range. */
+    nConstraint = nEq;
+    if( pRangeStart ){
+      Expr *pRight = pRangeStart->pExpr->pRight;
+      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRight, regBase+nEq);
+      if( (pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      }
+      if( zStartAff ){
+        if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zStartAff[nEq])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE){
+          /* Since the comparison is to be performed with no conversions
+          ** applied to the operands, set the affinity to apply to pRight to 
+          ** SQLITE_AFF_NONE.  */
+          zStartAff[nEq] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+        }
+        if( sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(pRight, zStartAff[nEq]) ){
+          zStartAff[nEq] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+        }
+      }  
+      nConstraint++;
+      testcase( pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+    }else if( isMinQuery ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regBase+nEq);
+      nConstraint++;
+      startEq = 0;
+      start_constraints = 1;
+    }
+    codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase, nConstraint, zStartAff);
+    op = aStartOp[(start_constraints<<2) + (startEq<<1) + bRev];
+    assert( op!=0 );
+    testcase( op==OP_Rewind );
+    testcase( op==OP_Last );
+    testcase( op==OP_SeekGt );
+    testcase( op==OP_SeekGe );
+    testcase( op==OP_SeekLe );
+    testcase( op==OP_SeekLt );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, op, iIdxCur, addrNxt, regBase, nConstraint);
+
+    /* Load the value for the inequality constraint at the end of the
+    ** range (if any).
+    */
+    nConstraint = nEq;
+    if( pRangeEnd ){
+      Expr *pRight = pRangeEnd->pExpr->pRight;
+      sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(pParse, regBase+nEq, 1);
+      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRight, regBase+nEq);
+      if( (pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      }
+      if( zEndAff ){
+        if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zEndAff[nEq])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE){
+          /* Since the comparison is to be performed with no conversions
+          ** applied to the operands, set the affinity to apply to pRight to 
+          ** SQLITE_AFF_NONE.  */
+          zEndAff[nEq] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+        }
+        if( sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(pRight, zEndAff[nEq]) ){
+          zEndAff[nEq] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+        }
+      }  
+      codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase, nEq+1, zEndAff);
+      nConstraint++;
+      testcase( pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, zStartAff);
+    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, zEndAff);
+
+    /* Top of the loop body */
+    pLevel->p2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+
+    /* Check if the index cursor is past the end of the range. */
+    op = aEndOp[(pRangeEnd || nEq) * (1 + bRev)];
+    testcase( op==OP_Noop );
+    testcase( op==OP_IdxGE );
+    testcase( op==OP_IdxLT );
+    if( op!=OP_Noop ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, op, iIdxCur, addrNxt, regBase, nConstraint);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, endEq!=bRev ?1:0);
+    }
+
+    /* If there are inequality constraints, check that the value
+    ** of the table column that the inequality contrains is not NULL.
+    ** If it is, jump to the next iteration of the loop.
+    */
+    r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT );
+    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT );
+    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, nEq, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1, addrCont);
+    }
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+
+    /* Seek the table cursor, if required */
+    disableTerm(pLevel, pRangeStart);
+    disableTerm(pLevel, pRangeEnd);
+    if( !omitTable ){
+      iRowidReg = iReleaseReg = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxRowid, iIdxCur, iRowidReg);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Seek, iCur, iRowidReg);  /* Deferred seek */
+    }
+
+    /* Record the instruction used to terminate the loop. Disable 
+    ** WHERE clause terms made redundant by the index range scan.
+    */
+    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE ){
+      pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
+    }else if( bRev ){
+      pLevel->op = OP_Prev;
+    }else{
+      pLevel->op = OP_Next;
+    }
+    pLevel->p1 = iIdxCur;
+  }else
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
+  if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR ){
+    /* Case 4:  Two or more separately indexed terms connected by OR
+    **
+    ** Example:
+    **
+    **   CREATE TABLE t1(a,b,c,d);
+    **   CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(a);
+    **   CREATE INDEX i2 ON t1(b);
+    **   CREATE INDEX i3 ON t1(c);
+    **
+    **   SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=5 OR b=7 OR (c=11 AND d=13)
+    **
+    ** In the example, there are three indexed terms connected by OR.
+    ** The top of the loop looks like this:
+    **
+    **          Null       1                # Zero the rowset in reg 1
+    **
+    ** Then, for each indexed term, the following. The arguments to
+    ** RowSetTest are such that the rowid of the current row is inserted
+    ** into the RowSet. If it is already present, control skips the
+    ** Gosub opcode and jumps straight to the code generated by WhereEnd().
+    **
+    **        sqlite3WhereBegin(<term>)
+    **          RowSetTest                  # Insert rowid into rowset
+    **          Gosub      2 A
+    **        sqlite3WhereEnd()
+    **
+    ** Following the above, code to terminate the loop. Label A, the target
+    ** of the Gosub above, jumps to the instruction right after the Goto.
+    **
+    **          Null       1                # Zero the rowset in reg 1
+    **          Goto       B                # The loop is finished.
+    **
+    **       A: <loop body>                 # Return data, whatever.
+    **
+    **          Return     2                # Jump back to the Gosub
+    **
+    **       B: <after the loop>
+    **
+    */
+    WhereClause *pOrWc;    /* The OR-clause broken out into subterms */
+    SrcList *pOrTab;       /* Shortened table list or OR-clause generation */
+
+    int regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;           /* Register used with OP_Gosub */
+    int regRowset = 0;                        /* Register for RowSet object */
+    int regRowid = 0;                         /* Register holding rowid */
+    int iLoopBody = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);  /* Start of loop body */
+    int iRetInit;                             /* Address of regReturn init */
+    int untestedTerms = 0;             /* Some terms not completely tested */
+    int ii;
+   
+    pTerm = pLevel->plan.u.pTerm;
+    assert( pTerm!=0 );
+    assert( pTerm->eOperator==WO_OR );
+    assert( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_ORINFO)!=0 );
+    pOrWc = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
+    pLevel->op = OP_Return;
+    pLevel->p1 = regReturn;
+
+    /* Set up a new SrcList ni pOrTab containing the table being scanned
+    ** by this loop in the a[0] slot and all notReady tables in a[1..] slots.
+    ** This becomes the SrcList in the recursive call to sqlite3WhereBegin().
+    */
+    if( pWInfo->nLevel>1 ){
+      int nNotReady;                 /* The number of notReady tables */
+      struct SrcList_item *origSrc;     /* Original list of tables */
+      nNotReady = pWInfo->nLevel - iLevel - 1;
+      pOrTab = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(pParse->db,
+                            sizeof(*pOrTab)+ nNotReady*sizeof(pOrTab->a[0]));
+      if( pOrTab==0 ) return notReady;
+      pOrTab->nAlloc = (i16)(nNotReady + 1);
+      pOrTab->nSrc = pOrTab->nAlloc;
+      memcpy(pOrTab->a, pTabItem, sizeof(*pTabItem));
+      origSrc = pWInfo->pTabList->a;
+      for(k=1; k<=nNotReady; k++){
+        memcpy(&pOrTab->a[k], &origSrc[pLevel[k].iFrom], sizeof(pOrTab->a[k]));
+      }
+    }else{
+      pOrTab = pWInfo->pTabList;
+    }
+
+    /* Initialize the rowset register to contain NULL. An SQL NULL is 
+    ** equivalent to an empty rowset.
+    **
+    ** Also initialize regReturn to contain the address of the instruction 
+    ** immediately following the OP_Return at the bottom of the loop. This
+    ** is required in a few obscure LEFT JOIN cases where control jumps
+    ** over the top of the loop into the body of it. In this case the 
+    ** correct response for the end-of-loop code (the OP_Return) is to 
+    ** fall through to the next instruction, just as an OP_Next does if
+    ** called on an uninitialized cursor.
+    */
+    if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
+      regRowset = ++pParse->nMem;
+      regRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowset);
+    }
+    iRetInit = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regReturn);
+
+    for(ii=0; ii<pOrWc->nTerm; ii++){
+      WhereTerm *pOrTerm = &pOrWc->a[ii];
+      if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur || pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_AND ){
+        WhereInfo *pSubWInfo;          /* Info for single OR-term scan */
+        /* Loop through table entries that match term pOrTerm. */
+        pSubWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pOrTab, pOrTerm->pExpr, 0,
+                        WHERE_OMIT_OPEN | WHERE_OMIT_CLOSE |
+                        WHERE_FORCE_TABLE | WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY);
+        if( pSubWInfo ){
+          explainOneScan(
+              pParse, pOrTab, &pSubWInfo->a[0], iLevel, pLevel->iFrom, 0
+          );
+          if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
+            int iSet = ((ii==pOrWc->nTerm-1)?-1:ii);
+            int r;
+            r = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTabItem->pTab, -1, iCur, 
+                                         regRowid);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_RowSetTest, regRowset,
+                                 sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2, r, iSet);
+          }
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReturn, iLoopBody);
+
+          /* The pSubWInfo->untestedTerms flag means that this OR term
+          ** contained one or more AND term from a notReady table.  The
+          ** terms from the notReady table could not be tested and will
+          ** need to be tested later.
+          */
+          if( pSubWInfo->untestedTerms ) untestedTerms = 1;
+
+          /* Finish the loop through table entries that match term pOrTerm. */
+          sqlite3WhereEnd(pSubWInfo);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iRetInit, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v));
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pLevel->addrBrk);
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iLoopBody);
+
+    if( pWInfo->nLevel>1 ) sqlite3StackFree(pParse->db, pOrTab);
+    if( !untestedTerms ) disableTerm(pLevel, pTerm);
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION */
+
+  {
+    /* Case 5:  There is no usable index.  We must do a complete
+    **          scan of the entire table.
+    */
+    static const u8 aStep[] = { OP_Next, OP_Prev };
+    static const u8 aStart[] = { OP_Rewind, OP_Last };
+    assert( bRev==0 || bRev==1 );
+    assert( omitTable==0 );
+    pLevel->op = aStep[bRev];
+    pLevel->p1 = iCur;
+    pLevel->p2 = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, aStart[bRev], iCur, addrBrk);
+    pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
+  }
+  notReady &= ~getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);
+
+  /* Insert code to test every subexpression that can be completely
+  ** computed using the current set of tables.
+  **
+  ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-49525-50935 Terms that cannot be satisfied through
+  ** the use of indices become tests that are evaluated against each row of
+  ** the relevant input tables.
+  */
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=pWC->nTerm; j>0; j--, pTerm++){
+    Expr *pE;
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* IMP: R-30575-11662 */
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED );
+    if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
+    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notReady)!=0 ){
+      testcase( pWInfo->untestedTerms==0
+               && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY)!=0 );
+      pWInfo->untestedTerms = 1;
+      continue;
+    }
+    pE = pTerm->pExpr;
+    assert( pE!=0 );
+    if( pLevel->iLeftJoin && !ExprHasProperty(pE, EP_FromJoin) ){
+      continue;
+    }
+    sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pE, addrCont, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+    pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
+  }
+
+  /* For a LEFT OUTER JOIN, generate code that will record the fact that
+  ** at least one row of the right table has matched the left table.  
+  */
+  if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
+    pLevel->addrFirst = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, pLevel->iLeftJoin);
+    VdbeComment((v, "record LEFT JOIN hit"));
+    sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+    for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=0; j<pWC->nTerm; j++, pTerm++){
+      testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );  /* IMP: R-30575-11662 */
+      testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED );
+      if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
+      if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notReady)!=0 ){
+        assert( pWInfo->untestedTerms );
+        continue;
+      }
+      assert( pTerm->pExpr );
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pTerm->pExpr, addrCont, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, iReleaseReg);
+
+  return notReady;
+}
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+/*
+** The following variable holds a text description of query plan generated
+** by the most recent call to sqlite3WhereBegin().  Each call to WhereBegin
+** overwrites the previous.  This information is used for testing and
+** analysis only.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char sqlite3_query_plan[BMS*2*40];  /* Text of the join */
+static int nQPlan = 0;              /* Next free slow in _query_plan[] */
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_TEST */
+
+
+/*
+** Free a WhereInfo structure
+*/
+static void whereInfoFree(sqlite3 *db, WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  if( ALWAYS(pWInfo) ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pWInfo->nLevel; i++){
+      sqlite3_index_info *pInfo = pWInfo->a[i].pIdxInfo;
+      if( pInfo ){
+        /* assert( pInfo->needToFreeIdxStr==0 || db->mallocFailed ); */
+        if( pInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ){
+          sqlite3_free(pInfo->idxStr);
+        }
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pInfo);
+      }
+      if( pWInfo->a[i].plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX ){
+        Index *pIdx = pWInfo->a[i].plan.u.pIdx;
+        if( pIdx ){
+          sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx->zColAff);
+          sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    whereClauseClear(pWInfo->pWC);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pWInfo);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Generate the beginning of the loop used for WHERE clause processing.
+** The return value is a pointer to an opaque structure that contains
+** information needed to terminate the loop.  Later, the calling routine
+** should invoke sqlite3WhereEnd() with the return value of this function
+** in order to complete the WHERE clause processing.
+**
+** If an error occurs, this routine returns NULL.
+**
+** The basic idea is to do a nested loop, one loop for each table in
+** the FROM clause of a select.  (INSERT and UPDATE statements are the
+** same as a SELECT with only a single table in the FROM clause.)  For
+** example, if the SQL is this:
+**
+**       SELECT * FROM t1, t2, t3 WHERE ...;
+**
+** Then the code generated is conceptually like the following:
+**
+**      foreach row1 in t1 do       \    Code generated
+**        foreach row2 in t2 do      |-- by sqlite3WhereBegin()
+**          foreach row3 in t3 do   /
+**            ...
+**          end                     \    Code generated
+**        end                        |-- by sqlite3WhereEnd()
+**      end                         /
+**
+** Note that the loops might not be nested in the order in which they
+** appear in the FROM clause if a different order is better able to make
+** use of indices.  Note also that when the IN operator appears in
+** the WHERE clause, it might result in additional nested loops for
+** scanning through all values on the right-hand side of the IN.
+**
+** There are Btree cursors associated with each table.  t1 uses cursor
+** number pTabList->a[0].iCursor.  t2 uses the cursor pTabList->a[1].iCursor.
+** And so forth.  This routine generates code to open those VDBE cursors
+** and sqlite3WhereEnd() generates the code to close them.
+**
+** The code that sqlite3WhereBegin() generates leaves the cursors named
+** in pTabList pointing at their appropriate entries.  The [...] code
+** can use OP_Column and OP_Rowid opcodes on these cursors to extract
+** data from the various tables of the loop.
+**
+** If the WHERE clause is empty, the foreach loops must each scan their
+** entire tables.  Thus a three-way join is an O(N^3) operation.  But if
+** the tables have indices and there are terms in the WHERE clause that
+** refer to those indices, a complete table scan can be avoided and the
+** code will run much faster.  Most of the work of this routine is checking
+** to see if there are indices that can be used to speed up the loop.
+**
+** Terms of the WHERE clause are also used to limit which rows actually
+** make it to the "..." in the middle of the loop.  After each "foreach",
+** terms of the WHERE clause that use only terms in that loop and outer
+** loops are evaluated and if false a jump is made around all subsequent
+** inner loops (or around the "..." if the test occurs within the inner-
+** most loop)
+**
+** OUTER JOINS
+**
+** An outer join of tables t1 and t2 is conceptally coded as follows:
+**
+**    foreach row1 in t1 do
+**      flag = 0
+**      foreach row2 in t2 do
+**        start:
+**          ...
+**          flag = 1
+**      end
+**      if flag==0 then
+**        move the row2 cursor to a null row
+**        goto start
+**      fi
+**    end
+**
+** ORDER BY CLAUSE PROCESSING
+**
+** *ppOrderBy is a pointer to the ORDER BY clause of a SELECT statement,
+** if there is one.  If there is no ORDER BY clause or if this routine
+** is called from an UPDATE or DELETE statement, then ppOrderBy is NULL.
+**
+** If an index can be used so that the natural output order of the table
+** scan is correct for the ORDER BY clause, then that index is used and
+** *ppOrderBy is set to NULL.  This is an optimization that prevents an
+** unnecessary sort of the result set if an index appropriate for the
+** ORDER BY clause already exists.
+**
+** If the where clause loops cannot be arranged to provide the correct
+** output order, then the *ppOrderBy is unchanged.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* The parser context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,    /* A list of all tables to be scanned */
+  Expr *pWhere,         /* The WHERE clause */
+  ExprList **ppOrderBy, /* An ORDER BY clause, or NULL */
+  u16 wctrlFlags        /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
+){
+  int i;                     /* Loop counter */
+  int nByteWInfo;            /* Num. bytes allocated for WhereInfo struct */
+  int nTabList;              /* Number of elements in pTabList */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;         /* Will become the return value of this function */
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;   /* The virtual database engine */
+  Bitmask notReady;          /* Cursors that are not yet positioned */
+  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;    /* The expression mask set */
+  WhereClause *pWC;               /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;  /* A single entry from pTabList */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel;             /* A single level in the pWInfo list */
+  int iFrom;                      /* First unused FROM clause element */
+  int andFlags;              /* AND-ed combination of all pWC->a[].wtFlags */
+  sqlite3 *db;               /* Database connection */
+
+  /* The number of tables in the FROM clause is limited by the number of
+  ** bits in a Bitmask 
+  */
+  testcase( pTabList->nSrc==BMS );
+  if( pTabList->nSrc>BMS ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "at most %d tables in a join", BMS);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* This function normally generates a nested loop for all tables in 
+  ** pTabList.  But if the WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY flag is set, then we should
+  ** only generate code for the first table in pTabList and assume that
+  ** any cursors associated with subsequent tables are uninitialized.
+  */
+  nTabList = (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY) ? 1 : pTabList->nSrc;
+
+  /* Allocate and initialize the WhereInfo structure that will become the
+  ** return value. A single allocation is used to store the WhereInfo
+  ** struct, the contents of WhereInfo.a[], the WhereClause structure
+  ** and the WhereMaskSet structure. Since WhereClause contains an 8-byte
+  ** field (type Bitmask) it must be aligned on an 8-byte boundary on
+  ** some architectures. Hence the ROUND8() below.
+  */
+  db = pParse->db;
+  nByteWInfo = ROUND8(sizeof(WhereInfo)+(nTabList-1)*sizeof(WhereLevel));
+  pWInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 
+      nByteWInfo + 
+      sizeof(WhereClause) +
+      sizeof(WhereMaskSet)
+  );
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pWInfo);
+    pWInfo = 0;
+    goto whereBeginError;
+  }
+  pWInfo->nLevel = nTabList;
+  pWInfo->pParse = pParse;
+  pWInfo->pTabList = pTabList;
+  pWInfo->iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  pWInfo->pWC = pWC = (WhereClause *)&((u8 *)pWInfo)[nByteWInfo];
+  pWInfo->wctrlFlags = wctrlFlags;
+  pWInfo->savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
+  pMaskSet = (WhereMaskSet*)&pWC[1];
+
+  /* Split the WHERE clause into separate subexpressions where each
+  ** subexpression is separated by an AND operator.
+  */
+  initMaskSet(pMaskSet);
+  whereClauseInit(pWC, pParse, pMaskSet);
+  sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(pParse, pWhere);
+  whereSplit(pWC, pWhere, TK_AND);   /* IMP: R-15842-53296 */
+    
+  /* Special case: a WHERE clause that is constant.  Evaluate the
+  ** expression and either jump over all of the code or fall thru.
+  */
+  if( pWhere && (nTabList==0 || sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pWhere)) ){
+    sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pWhere, pWInfo->iBreak, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+    pWhere = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Assign a bit from the bitmask to every term in the FROM clause.
+  **
+  ** When assigning bitmask values to FROM clause cursors, it must be
+  ** the case that if X is the bitmask for the N-th FROM clause term then
+  ** the bitmask for all FROM clause terms to the left of the N-th term
+  ** is (X-1).   An expression from the ON clause of a LEFT JOIN can use
+  ** its Expr.iRightJoinTable value to find the bitmask of the right table
+  ** of the join.  Subtracting one from the right table bitmask gives a
+  ** bitmask for all tables to the left of the join.  Knowing the bitmask
+  ** for all tables to the left of a left join is important.  Ticket #3015.
+  **
+  ** Configure the WhereClause.vmask variable so that bits that correspond
+  ** to virtual table cursors are set. This is used to selectively disable 
+  ** the OR-to-IN transformation in exprAnalyzeOrTerm(). It is not helpful 
+  ** with virtual tables.
+  **
+  ** Note that bitmasks are created for all pTabList->nSrc tables in
+  ** pTabList, not just the first nTabList tables.  nTabList is normally
+  ** equal to pTabList->nSrc but might be shortened to 1 if the
+  ** WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY flag is set.
+  */
+  assert( pWC->vmask==0 && pMaskSet->n==0 );
+  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
+    createMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[i].iCursor);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    if( ALWAYS(pTabList->a[i].pTab) && IsVirtual(pTabList->a[i].pTab) ){
+      pWC->vmask |= ((Bitmask)1 << i);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  {
+    Bitmask toTheLeft = 0;
+    for(i=0; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
+      Bitmask m = getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[i].iCursor);
+      assert( (m-1)==toTheLeft );
+      toTheLeft |= m;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Analyze all of the subexpressions.  Note that exprAnalyze() might
+  ** add new virtual terms onto the end of the WHERE clause.  We do not
+  ** want to analyze these virtual terms, so start analyzing at the end
+  ** and work forward so that the added virtual terms are never processed.
+  */
+  exprAnalyzeAll(pTabList, pWC);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto whereBeginError;
+  }
+
+  /* Chose the best index to use for each table in the FROM clause.
+  **
+  ** This loop fills in the following fields:
+  **
+  **   pWInfo->a[].pIdx      The index to use for this level of the loop.
+  **   pWInfo->a[].wsFlags   WHERE_xxx flags associated with pIdx
+  **   pWInfo->a[].nEq       The number of == and IN constraints
+  **   pWInfo->a[].iFrom     Which term of the FROM clause is being coded
+  **   pWInfo->a[].iTabCur   The VDBE cursor for the database table
+  **   pWInfo->a[].iIdxCur   The VDBE cursor for the index
+  **   pWInfo->a[].pTerm     When wsFlags==WO_OR, the OR-clause term
+  **
+  ** This loop also figures out the nesting order of tables in the FROM
+  ** clause.
+  */
+  notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
+  andFlags = ~0;
+  WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer Start ***\n"));
+  for(i=iFrom=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<nTabList; i++, pLevel++){
+    WhereCost bestPlan;         /* Most efficient plan seen so far */
+    Index *pIdx;                /* Index for FROM table at pTabItem */
+    int j;                      /* For looping over FROM tables */
+    int bestJ = -1;             /* The value of j */
+    Bitmask m;                  /* Bitmask value for j or bestJ */
+    int isOptimal;              /* Iterator for optimal/non-optimal search */
+    int nUnconstrained;         /* Number tables without INDEXED BY */
+    Bitmask notIndexed;         /* Mask of tables that cannot use an index */
+
+    memset(&bestPlan, 0, sizeof(bestPlan));
+    bestPlan.rCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL;
+    WHERETRACE(("*** Begin search for loop %d ***\n", i));
+
+    /* Loop through the remaining entries in the FROM clause to find the
+    ** next nested loop. The loop tests all FROM clause entries
+    ** either once or twice. 
+    **
+    ** The first test is always performed if there are two or more entries
+    ** remaining and never performed if there is only one FROM clause entry
+    ** to choose from.  The first test looks for an "optimal" scan.  In
+    ** this context an optimal scan is one that uses the same strategy
+    ** for the given FROM clause entry as would be selected if the entry
+    ** were used as the innermost nested loop.  In other words, a table
+    ** is chosen such that the cost of running that table cannot be reduced
+    ** by waiting for other tables to run first.  This "optimal" test works
+    ** by first assuming that the FROM clause is on the inner loop and finding
+    ** its query plan, then checking to see if that query plan uses any
+    ** other FROM clause terms that are notReady.  If no notReady terms are
+    ** used then the "optimal" query plan works.
+    **
+    ** Note that the WhereCost.nRow parameter for an optimal scan might
+    ** not be as small as it would be if the table really were the innermost
+    ** join.  The nRow value can be reduced by WHERE clause constraints
+    ** that do not use indices.  But this nRow reduction only happens if the
+    ** table really is the innermost join.  
+    **
+    ** The second loop iteration is only performed if no optimal scan
+    ** strategies were found by the first iteration. This second iteration
+    ** is used to search for the lowest cost scan overall.
+    **
+    ** Previous versions of SQLite performed only the second iteration -
+    ** the next outermost loop was always that with the lowest overall
+    ** cost. However, this meant that SQLite could select the wrong plan
+    ** for scripts such as the following:
+    **   
+    **   CREATE TABLE t1(a, b); 
+    **   CREATE TABLE t2(c, d);
+    **   SELECT * FROM t2, t1 WHERE t2.rowid = t1.a;
+    **
+    ** The best strategy is to iterate through table t1 first. However it
+    ** is not possible to determine this with a simple greedy algorithm.
+    ** Since the cost of a linear scan through table t2 is the same 
+    ** as the cost of a linear scan through table t1, a simple greedy 
+    ** algorithm may choose to use t2 for the outer loop, which is a much
+    ** costlier approach.
+    */
+    nUnconstrained = 0;
+    notIndexed = 0;
+    for(isOptimal=(iFrom<nTabList-1); isOptimal>=0 && bestJ<0; isOptimal--){
+      Bitmask mask;             /* Mask of tables not yet ready */
+      for(j=iFrom, pTabItem=&pTabList->a[j]; j<nTabList; j++, pTabItem++){
+        int doNotReorder;    /* True if this table should not be reordered */
+        WhereCost sCost;     /* Cost information from best[Virtual]Index() */
+        ExprList *pOrderBy;  /* ORDER BY clause for index to optimize */
+  
+        doNotReorder =  (pTabItem->jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_CROSS))!=0;
+        if( j!=iFrom && doNotReorder ) break;
+        m = getMask(pMaskSet, pTabItem->iCursor);
+        if( (m & notReady)==0 ){
+          if( j==iFrom ) iFrom++;
+          continue;
+        }
+        mask = (isOptimal ? m : notReady);
+        pOrderBy = ((i==0 && ppOrderBy )?*ppOrderBy:0);
+        if( pTabItem->pIndex==0 ) nUnconstrained++;
+  
+        WHERETRACE(("=== trying table %d with isOptimal=%d ===\n",
+                    j, isOptimal));
+        assert( pTabItem->pTab );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+        if( IsVirtual(pTabItem->pTab) ){
+          sqlite3_index_info **pp = &pWInfo->a[j].pIdxInfo;
+          bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, notReady, pOrderBy,
+                           &sCost, pp);
+        }else 
+#endif
+        {
+          bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, notReady, pOrderBy,
+                         &sCost);
+        }
+        assert( isOptimal || (sCost.used&notReady)==0 );
+
+        /* If an INDEXED BY clause is present, then the plan must use that
+        ** index if it uses any index at all */
+        assert( pTabItem->pIndex==0 
+                  || (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0
+                  || sCost.plan.u.pIdx==pTabItem->pIndex );
+
+        if( isOptimal && (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ){
+          notIndexed |= m;
+        }
+
+        /* Conditions under which this table becomes the best so far:
+        **
+        **   (1) The table must not depend on other tables that have not
+        **       yet run.
+        **
+        **   (2) A full-table-scan plan cannot supercede indexed plan unless
+        **       the full-table-scan is an "optimal" plan as defined above.
+        **
+        **   (3) All tables have an INDEXED BY clause or this table lacks an
+        **       INDEXED BY clause or this table uses the specific
+        **       index specified by its INDEXED BY clause.  This rule ensures
+        **       that a best-so-far is always selected even if an impossible
+        **       combination of INDEXED BY clauses are given.  The error
+        **       will be detected and relayed back to the application later.
+        **       The NEVER() comes about because rule (2) above prevents
+        **       An indexable full-table-scan from reaching rule (3).
+        **
+        **   (4) The plan cost must be lower than prior plans or else the
+        **       cost must be the same and the number of rows must be lower.
+        */
+        if( (sCost.used&notReady)==0                       /* (1) */
+            && (bestJ<0 || (notIndexed&m)!=0               /* (2) */
+                || (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0
+                || (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0)
+            && (nUnconstrained==0 || pTabItem->pIndex==0   /* (3) */
+                || NEVER((sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0))
+            && (bestJ<0 || sCost.rCost<bestPlan.rCost      /* (4) */
+                || (sCost.rCost<=bestPlan.rCost 
+                 && sCost.plan.nRow<bestPlan.plan.nRow))
+        ){
+          WHERETRACE(("=== table %d is best so far"
+                      " with cost=%g and nRow=%g\n",
+                      j, sCost.rCost, sCost.plan.nRow));
+          bestPlan = sCost;
+          bestJ = j;
+        }
+        if( doNotReorder ) break;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( bestJ>=0 );
+    assert( notReady & getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[bestJ].iCursor) );
+    WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer selects table %d for loop %d"
+                " with cost=%g and nRow=%g\n",
+                bestJ, pLevel-pWInfo->a, bestPlan.rCost, bestPlan.plan.nRow));
+    if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY)!=0 ){
+      *ppOrderBy = 0;
+    }
+    andFlags &= bestPlan.plan.wsFlags;
+    pLevel->plan = bestPlan.plan;
+    testcase( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED );
+    testcase( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX );
+    if( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_INDEXED|WHERE_TEMP_INDEX) ){
+      pLevel->iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
+    }else{
+      pLevel->iIdxCur = -1;
+    }
+    notReady &= ~getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[bestJ].iCursor);
+    pLevel->iFrom = (u8)bestJ;
+    if( bestPlan.plan.nRow>=(double)1 ){
+      pParse->nQueryLoop *= bestPlan.plan.nRow;
+    }
+
+    /* Check that if the table scanned by this loop iteration had an
+    ** INDEXED BY clause attached to it, that the named index is being
+    ** used for the scan. If not, then query compilation has failed.
+    ** Return an error.
+    */
+    pIdx = pTabList->a[bestJ].pIndex;
+    if( pIdx ){
+      if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)==0 ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot use index: %s", pIdx->zName);
+        goto whereBeginError;
+      }else{
+        /* If an INDEXED BY clause is used, the bestIndex() function is
+        ** guaranteed to find the index specified in the INDEXED BY clause
+        ** if it find an index at all. */
+        assert( bestPlan.plan.u.pIdx==pIdx );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer Finished ***\n"));
+  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto whereBeginError;
+  }
+
+  /* If the total query only selects a single row, then the ORDER BY
+  ** clause is irrelevant.
+  */
+  if( (andFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE)!=0 && ppOrderBy ){
+    *ppOrderBy = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* If the caller is an UPDATE or DELETE statement that is requesting
+  ** to use a one-pass algorithm, determine if this is appropriate.
+  ** The one-pass algorithm only works if the WHERE clause constraints
+  ** the statement to update a single row.
+  */
+  assert( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 || pWInfo->nLevel==1 );
+  if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)!=0 && (andFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE)!=0 ){
+    pWInfo->okOnePass = 1;
+    pWInfo->a[0].plan.wsFlags &= ~WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
+  }
+
+  /* Open all tables in the pTabList and any indices selected for
+  ** searching those tables.
+  */
+  sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, -1); /* Insert the cookie verifier Goto */
+  notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
+  pWInfo->nRowOut = (double)1;
+  for(i=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<nTabList; i++, pLevel++){
+    Table *pTab;     /* Table to open */
+    int iDb;         /* Index of database containing table/index */
+
+    pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
+    pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
+    pLevel->iTabCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
+    pWInfo->nRowOut *= pLevel->plan.nRow;
+    iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+    if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)!=0 || pTab->pSelect ){
+      /* Do nothing */
+    }else
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
+      const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
+      int iCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VOpen, iCur, 0, 0, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+    }else
+#endif
+    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
+         && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN)==0 ){
+      int op = pWInfo->okOnePass ? OP_OpenWrite : OP_OpenRead;
+      sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, pTabItem->iCursor, iDb, pTab, op);
+      testcase( pTab->nCol==BMS-1 );
+      testcase( pTab->nCol==BMS );
+      if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && pTab->nCol<BMS ){
+        Bitmask b = pTabItem->colUsed;
+        int n = 0;
+        for(; b; b=b>>1, n++){}
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)-1, 
+                            SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(n), P4_INT32);
+        assert( n<=pTab->nCol );
+      }
+    }else{
+      sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)!=0 ){
+      constructAutomaticIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, notReady, pLevel);
+    }else
+#endif
+    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
+      Index *pIx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
+      KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIx);
+      int iIdxCur = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+      assert( pIx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
+      assert( iIdxCur>=0 );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pIx->tnum, iDb,
+                        (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIx->zName));
+    }
+    sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    notReady &= ~getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, pTabItem->iCursor);
+  }
+  pWInfo->iTop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
+
+  /* Generate the code to do the search.  Each iteration of the for
+  ** loop below generates code for a single nested loop of the VM
+  ** program.
+  */
+  notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
+  for(i=0; i<nTabList; i++){
+    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
+    explainOneScan(pParse, pTabList, pLevel, i, pLevel->iFrom, wctrlFlags);
+    notReady = codeOneLoopStart(pWInfo, i, wctrlFlags, notReady);
+    pWInfo->iContinue = pLevel->addrCont;
+  }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST  /* For testing and debugging use only */
+  /* Record in the query plan information about the current table
+  ** and the index used to access it (if any).  If the table itself
+  ** is not used, its name is just '{}'.  If no index is used
+  ** the index is listed as "{}".  If the primary key is used the
+  ** index name is '*'.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<nTabList; i++){
+    char *z;
+    int n;
+    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
+    pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
+    z = pTabItem->zAlias;
+    if( z==0 ) z = pTabItem->pTab->zName;
+    n = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+    if( n+nQPlan < sizeof(sqlite3_query_plan)-10 ){
+      if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY ){
+        memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], "{}", 2);
+        nQPlan += 2;
+      }else{
+        memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], z, n);
+        nQPlan += n;
+      }
+      sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan++] = ' ';
+    }
+    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_EQ );
+    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_RANGE );
+    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE) ){
+      memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], "* ", 2);
+      nQPlan += 2;
+    }else if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
+      n = sqlite3Strlen30(pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName);
+      if( n+nQPlan < sizeof(sqlite3_query_plan)-2 ){
+        memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName, n);
+        nQPlan += n;
+        sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan++] = ' ';
+      }
+    }else{
+      memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], "{} ", 3);
+      nQPlan += 3;
+    }
+  }
+  while( nQPlan>0 && sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan-1]==' ' ){
+    sqlite3_query_plan[--nQPlan] = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan] = 0;
+  nQPlan = 0;
+#endif /* SQLITE_TEST // Testing and debugging use only */
+
+  /* Record the continuation address in the WhereInfo structure.  Then
+  ** clean up and return.
+  */
+  return pWInfo;
+
+  /* Jump here if malloc fails */
+whereBeginError:
+  if( pWInfo ){
+    pParse->nQueryLoop = pWInfo->savedNQueryLoop;
+    whereInfoFree(db, pWInfo);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate the end of the WHERE loop.  See comments on 
+** sqlite3WhereBegin() for additional information.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereEnd(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  int i;
+  WhereLevel *pLevel;
+  SrcList *pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  /* Generate loop termination code.
+  */
+  sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+  for(i=pWInfo->nLevel-1; i>=0; i--){
+    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrCont);
+    if( pLevel->op!=OP_Noop ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, pLevel->op, pLevel->p1, pLevel->p2);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, pLevel->p5);
+    }
+    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE && pLevel->u.in.nIn>0 ){
+      struct InLoop *pIn;
+      int j;
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrNxt);
+      for(j=pLevel->u.in.nIn, pIn=&pLevel->u.in.aInLoop[j-1]; j>0; j--, pIn--){
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop+1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, pIn->iCur, pIn->addrInTop);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop-1);
+      }
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pLevel->u.in.aInLoop);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrBrk);
+    if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
+      int addr;
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, pLevel->iLeftJoin);
+      assert( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
+           || (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 );
+      if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, pTabList->a[i].iCursor);
+      }
+      if( pLevel->iIdxCur>=0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, pLevel->iIdxCur);
+      }
+      if( pLevel->op==OP_Return ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pLevel->p1, pLevel->addrFirst);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pLevel->addrFirst);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* The "break" point is here, just past the end of the outer loop.
+  ** Set it.
+  */
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pWInfo->iBreak);
+
+  /* Close all of the cursors that were opened by sqlite3WhereBegin.
+  */
+  assert( pWInfo->nLevel==1 || pWInfo->nLevel==pTabList->nSrc );
+  for(i=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<pWInfo->nLevel; i++, pLevel++){
+    struct SrcList_item *pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
+    Table *pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
+    assert( pTab!=0 );
+    if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)==0
+     && pTab->pSelect==0
+     && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_CLOSE)==0
+    ){
+      int ws = pLevel->plan.wsFlags;
+      if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && (ws & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pTabItem->iCursor);
+      }
+      if( (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 && (ws & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pLevel->iIdxCur);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If this scan uses an index, make code substitutions to read data
+    ** from the index in preference to the table. Sometimes, this means
+    ** the table need never be read from. This is a performance boost,
+    ** as the vdbe level waits until the table is read before actually
+    ** seeking the table cursor to the record corresponding to the current
+    ** position in the index.
+    ** 
+    ** Calls to the code generator in between sqlite3WhereBegin and
+    ** sqlite3WhereEnd will have created code that references the table
+    ** directly.  This loop scans all that code looking for opcodes
+    ** that reference the table and converts them into opcodes that
+    ** reference the index.
+    */
+    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 && !db->mallocFailed){
+      int k, j, last;
+      VdbeOp *pOp;
+      Index *pIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
+
+      assert( pIdx!=0 );
+      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pWInfo->iTop);
+      last = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      for(k=pWInfo->iTop; k<last; k++, pOp++){
+        if( pOp->p1!=pLevel->iTabCur ) continue;
+        if( pOp->opcode==OP_Column ){
+          for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
+            if( pOp->p2==pIdx->aiColumn[j] ){
+              pOp->p2 = j;
+              pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          assert( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
+               || j<pIdx->nColumn );
+        }else if( pOp->opcode==OP_Rowid ){
+          pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+          pOp->opcode = OP_IdxRowid;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Final cleanup
+  */
+  pParse->nQueryLoop = pWInfo->savedNQueryLoop;
+  whereInfoFree(db, pWInfo);
+  return;
+}
+
+/************** End of where.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file parse.c *******************************************/
+/* Driver template for the LEMON parser generator.
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.
+**
+** This version of "lempar.c" is modified, slightly, for use by SQLite.
+** The only modifications are the addition of a couple of NEVER()
+** macros to disable tests that are needed in the case of a general
+** LALR(1) grammar but which are always false in the
+** specific grammar used by SQLite.
+*/
+/* First off, code is included that follows the "include" declaration
+** in the input grammar file. */
+
+
+/*
+** Disable all error recovery processing in the parser push-down
+** automaton.
+*/
+#define YYNOERRORRECOVERY 1
+
+/*
+** Make yytestcase() the same as testcase()
+*/
+#define yytestcase(X) testcase(X)
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure holds information about the
+** LIMIT clause of a SELECT statement.
+*/
+struct LimitVal {
+  Expr *pLimit;    /* The LIMIT expression.  NULL if there is no limit */
+  Expr *pOffset;   /* The OFFSET expression.  NULL if there is none */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure is used to store the LIKE,
+** GLOB, NOT LIKE, and NOT GLOB operators.
+*/
+struct LikeOp {
+  Token eOperator;  /* "like" or "glob" or "regexp" */
+  int not;         /* True if the NOT keyword is present */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure describes the event of a
+** TRIGGER.  "a" is the event type, one of TK_UPDATE, TK_INSERT,
+** TK_DELETE, or TK_INSTEAD.  If the event is of the form
+**
+**      UPDATE ON (a,b,c)
+**
+** Then the "b" IdList records the list "a,b,c".
+*/
+struct TrigEvent { int a; IdList * b; };
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure holds the ATTACH key and the key type.
+*/
+struct AttachKey { int type;  Token key; };
+
+
+  /* This is a utility routine used to set the ExprSpan.zStart and
+  ** ExprSpan.zEnd values of pOut so that the span covers the complete
+  ** range of text beginning with pStart and going to the end of pEnd.
+  */
+  static void spanSet(ExprSpan *pOut, Token *pStart, Token *pEnd){
+    pOut->zStart = pStart->z;
+    pOut->zEnd = &pEnd->z[pEnd->n];
+  }
+
+  /* Construct a new Expr object from a single identifier.  Use the
+  ** new Expr to populate pOut.  Set the span of pOut to be the identifier
+  ** that created the expression.
+  */
+  static void spanExpr(ExprSpan *pOut, Parse *pParse, int op, Token *pValue){
+    pOut->pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, op, 0, 0, pValue);
+    pOut->zStart = pValue->z;
+    pOut->zEnd = &pValue->z[pValue->n];
+  }
+
+  /* This routine constructs a binary expression node out of two ExprSpan
+  ** objects and uses the result to populate a new ExprSpan object.
+  */
+  static void spanBinaryExpr(
+    ExprSpan *pOut,     /* Write the result here */
+    Parse *pParse,      /* The parsing context.  Errors accumulate here */
+    int op,             /* The binary operation */
+    ExprSpan *pLeft,    /* The left operand */
+    ExprSpan *pRight    /* The right operand */
+  ){
+    pOut->pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, op, pLeft->pExpr, pRight->pExpr, 0);
+    pOut->zStart = pLeft->zStart;
+    pOut->zEnd = pRight->zEnd;
+  }
+
+  /* Construct an expression node for a unary postfix operator
+  */
+  static void spanUnaryPostfix(
+    ExprSpan *pOut,        /* Write the new expression node here */
+    Parse *pParse,         /* Parsing context to record errors */
+    int op,                /* The operator */
+    ExprSpan *pOperand,    /* The operand */
+    Token *pPostOp         /* The operand token for setting the span */
+  ){
+    pOut->pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, op, pOperand->pExpr, 0, 0);
+    pOut->zStart = pOperand->zStart;
+    pOut->zEnd = &pPostOp->z[pPostOp->n];
+  }                           
+
+  /* A routine to convert a binary TK_IS or TK_ISNOT expression into a
+  ** unary TK_ISNULL or TK_NOTNULL expression. */
+  static void binaryToUnaryIfNull(Parse *pParse, Expr *pY, Expr *pA, int op){
+    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+    if( db->mallocFailed==0 && pY->op==TK_NULL ){
+      pA->op = (u8)op;
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pA->pRight);
+      pA->pRight = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Construct an expression node for a unary prefix operator
+  */
+  static void spanUnaryPrefix(
+    ExprSpan *pOut,        /* Write the new expression node here */
+    Parse *pParse,         /* Parsing context to record errors */
+    int op,                /* The operator */
+    ExprSpan *pOperand,    /* The operand */
+    Token *pPreOp         /* The operand token for setting the span */
+  ){
+    pOut->pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, op, pOperand->pExpr, 0, 0);
+    pOut->zStart = pPreOp->z;
+    pOut->zEnd = pOperand->zEnd;
+  }
+/* Next is all token values, in a form suitable for use by makeheaders.
+** This section will be null unless lemon is run with the -m switch.
+*/
+/* 
+** These constants (all generated automatically by the parser generator)
+** specify the various kinds of tokens (terminals) that the parser
+** understands. 
+**
+** Each symbol here is a terminal symbol in the grammar.
+*/
+/* Make sure the INTERFACE macro is defined.
+*/
+#ifndef INTERFACE
+# define INTERFACE 1
+#endif
+/* The next thing included is series of defines which control
+** various aspects of the generated parser.
+**    YYCODETYPE         is the data type used for storing terminal
+**                       and nonterminal numbers.  "unsigned char" is
+**                       used if there are fewer than 250 terminals
+**                       and nonterminals.  "int" is used otherwise.
+**    YYNOCODE           is a number of type YYCODETYPE which corresponds
+**                       to no legal terminal or nonterminal number.  This
+**                       number is used to fill in empty slots of the hash 
+**                       table.
+**    YYFALLBACK         If defined, this indicates that one or more tokens
+**                       have fall-back values which should be used if the
+**                       original value of the token will not parse.
+**    YYACTIONTYPE       is the data type used for storing terminal
+**                       and nonterminal numbers.  "unsigned char" is
+**                       used if there are fewer than 250 rules and
+**                       states combined.  "int" is used otherwise.
+**    sqlite3ParserTOKENTYPE     is the data type used for minor tokens given 
+**                       directly to the parser from the tokenizer.
+**    YYMINORTYPE        is the data type used for all minor tokens.
+**                       This is typically a union of many types, one of
+**                       which is sqlite3ParserTOKENTYPE.  The entry in the union
+**                       for base tokens is called "yy0".
+**    YYSTACKDEPTH       is the maximum depth of the parser's stack.  If
+**                       zero the stack is dynamically sized using realloc()
+**    sqlite3ParserARG_SDECL     A static variable declaration for the %extra_argument
+**    sqlite3ParserARG_PDECL     A parameter declaration for the %extra_argument
+**    sqlite3ParserARG_STORE     Code to store %extra_argument into yypParser
+**    sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH     Code to extract %extra_argument from yypParser
+**    YYNSTATE           the combined number of states.
+**    YYNRULE            the number of rules in the grammar
+**    YYERRORSYMBOL      is the code number of the error symbol.  If not
+**                       defined, then do no error processing.
+*/
+#define YYCODETYPE unsigned char
+#define YYNOCODE 253
+#define YYACTIONTYPE unsigned short int
+#define YYWILDCARD 67
+#define sqlite3ParserTOKENTYPE Token
+typedef union {
+  int yyinit;
+  sqlite3ParserTOKENTYPE yy0;
+  int yy4;
+  struct TrigEvent yy90;
+  ExprSpan yy118;
+  TriggerStep* yy203;
+  u8 yy210;
+  struct {int value; int mask;} yy215;
+  SrcList* yy259;
+  struct LimitVal yy292;
+  Expr* yy314;
+  ExprList* yy322;
+  struct LikeOp yy342;
+  IdList* yy384;
+  Select* yy387;
+} YYMINORTYPE;
+#ifndef YYSTACKDEPTH
+#define YYSTACKDEPTH 100
+#endif
+#define sqlite3ParserARG_SDECL Parse *pParse;
+#define sqlite3ParserARG_PDECL ,Parse *pParse
+#define sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH Parse *pParse = yypParser->pParse
+#define sqlite3ParserARG_STORE yypParser->pParse = pParse
+#define YYNSTATE 630
+#define YYNRULE 329
+#define YYFALLBACK 1
+#define YY_NO_ACTION      (YYNSTATE+YYNRULE+2)
+#define YY_ACCEPT_ACTION  (YYNSTATE+YYNRULE+1)
+#define YY_ERROR_ACTION   (YYNSTATE+YYNRULE)
+
+/* The yyzerominor constant is used to initialize instances of
+** YYMINORTYPE objects to zero. */
+static const YYMINORTYPE yyzerominor = { 0 };
+
+/* Define the yytestcase() macro to be a no-op if is not already defined
+** otherwise.
+**
+** Applications can choose to define yytestcase() in the %include section
+** to a macro that can assist in verifying code coverage.  For production
+** code the yytestcase() macro should be turned off.  But it is useful
+** for testing.
+*/
+#ifndef yytestcase
+# define yytestcase(X)
+#endif
+
+
+/* Next are the tables used to determine what action to take based on the
+** current state and lookahead token.  These tables are used to implement
+** functions that take a state number and lookahead value and return an
+** action integer.  
+**
+** Suppose the action integer is N.  Then the action is determined as
+** follows
+**
+**   0 <= N < YYNSTATE                  Shift N.  That is, push the lookahead
+**                                      token onto the stack and goto state N.
+**
+**   YYNSTATE <= N < YYNSTATE+YYNRULE   Reduce by rule N-YYNSTATE.
+**
+**   N == YYNSTATE+YYNRULE              A syntax error has occurred.
+**
+**   N == YYNSTATE+YYNRULE+1            The parser accepts its input.
+**
+**   N == YYNSTATE+YYNRULE+2            No such action.  Denotes unused
+**                                      slots in the yy_action[] table.
+**
+** The action table is constructed as a single large table named yy_action[].
+** Given state S and lookahead X, the action is computed as
+**
+**      yy_action[ yy_shift_ofst[S] + X ]
+**
+** If the index value yy_shift_ofst[S]+X is out of range or if the value
+** yy_lookahead[yy_shift_ofst[S]+X] is not equal to X or if yy_shift_ofst[S]
+** is equal to YY_SHIFT_USE_DFLT, it means that the action is not in the table
+** and that yy_default[S] should be used instead.  
+**
+** The formula above is for computing the action when the lookahead is
+** a terminal symbol.  If the lookahead is a non-terminal (as occurs after
+** a reduce action) then the yy_reduce_ofst[] array is used in place of
+** the yy_shift_ofst[] array and YY_REDUCE_USE_DFLT is used in place of
+** YY_SHIFT_USE_DFLT.
+**
+** The following are the tables generated in this section:
+**
+**  yy_action[]        A single table containing all actions.
+**  yy_lookahead[]     A table containing the lookahead for each entry in
+**                     yy_action.  Used to detect hash collisions.
+**  yy_shift_ofst[]    For each state, the offset into yy_action for
+**                     shifting terminals.
+**  yy_reduce_ofst[]   For each state, the offset into yy_action for
+**                     shifting non-terminals after a reduce.
+**  yy_default[]       Default action for each state.
+*/
+#define YY_ACTTAB_COUNT (1557)
+static const YYACTIONTYPE yy_action[] = {
+ /*     0 */   313,  960,  186,  419,    2,  172,  627,  597,   55,   55,
+ /*    10 */    55,   55,   48,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,
+ /*    20 */    51,   51,   50,  238,  302,  283,  623,  622,  516,  515,
+ /*    30 */   590,  584,   55,   55,   55,   55,  282,   53,   53,   53,
+ /*    40 */    53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,    6,   56,
+ /*    50 */    57,   47,  582,  581,  583,  583,   54,   54,   55,   55,
+ /*    60 */    55,   55,  608,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,
+ /*    70 */    51,   51,   50,  238,  313,  597,  409,  330,  579,  579,
+ /*    80 */    32,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,
+ /*    90 */    50,  238,  330,  217,  620,  619,  166,  411,  624,  382,
+ /*   100 */   379,  378,    7,  491,  590,  584,  200,  199,  198,   58,
+ /*   110 */   377,  300,  414,  621,  481,   66,  623,  622,  621,  580,
+ /*   120 */   254,  601,   94,   56,   57,   47,  582,  581,  583,  583,
+ /*   130 */    54,   54,   55,   55,   55,   55,  671,   53,   53,   53,
+ /*   140 */    53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,  313,  532,
+ /*   150 */   226,  506,  507,  133,  177,  139,  284,  385,  279,  384,
+ /*   160 */   169,  197,  342,  398,  251,  226,  253,  275,  388,  167,
+ /*   170 */   139,  284,  385,  279,  384,  169,  570,  236,  590,  584,
+ /*   180 */   672,  240,  275,  157,  620,  619,  554,  437,   51,   51,
+ /*   190 */    51,   50,  238,  343,  439,  553,  438,   56,   57,   47,
+ /*   200 */   582,  581,  583,  583,   54,   54,   55,   55,   55,   55,
+ /*   210 */   465,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,
+ /*   220 */    50,  238,  313,  390,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,   50,
+ /*   230 */   238,  391,  166,  491,  566,  382,  379,  378,  409,  440,
+ /*   240 */   579,  579,  252,  440,  607,   66,  377,  513,  621,   49,
+ /*   250 */    46,  147,  590,  584,  621,   16,  466,  189,  621,  441,
+ /*   260 */   442,  673,  526,  441,  340,  577,  595,   64,  194,  482,
+ /*   270 */   434,   56,   57,   47,  582,  581,  583,  583,   54,   54,
+ /*   280 */    55,   55,   55,   55,   30,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,
+ /*   290 */    52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,  313,  593,  593,  593,
+ /*   300 */   387,  578,  606,  493,  259,  351,  258,  411,    1,  623,
+ /*   310 */   622,  496,  623,  622,   65,  240,  623,  622,  597,  443,
+ /*   320 */   237,  239,  414,  341,  237,  602,  590,  584,   18,  603,
+ /*   330 */   166,  601,   87,  382,  379,  378,   67,  623,  622,   38,
+ /*   340 */   623,  622,  176,  270,  377,   56,   57,   47,  582,  581,
+ /*   350 */   583,  583,   54,   54,   55,   55,   55,   55,  175,   53,
+ /*   360 */    53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,
+ /*   370 */   313,  396,  233,  411,  531,  565,  317,  620,  619,   44,
+ /*   380 */   620,  619,  240,  206,  620,  619,  597,  266,  414,  268,
+ /*   390 */   409,  597,  579,  579,  352,  184,  505,  601,   73,  533,
+ /*   400 */   590,  584,  466,  548,  190,  620,  619,  576,  620,  619,
+ /*   410 */   547,  383,  551,   35,  332,  575,  574,  600,  504,   56,
+ /*   420 */    57,   47,  582,  581,  583,  583,   54,   54,   55,   55,
+ /*   430 */    55,   55,  567,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,
+ /*   440 */    51,   51,   50,  238,  313,  411,  561,  561,  528,  364,
+ /*   450 */   259,  351,  258,  183,  361,  549,  524,  374,  411,  597,
+ /*   460 */   414,  240,  560,  560,  409,  604,  579,  579,  328,  601,
+ /*   470 */    93,  623,  622,  414,  590,  584,  237,  564,  559,  559,
+ /*   480 */   520,  402,  601,   87,  409,  210,  579,  579,  168,  421,
+ /*   490 */   950,  519,  950,   56,   57,   47,  582,  581,  583,  583,
+ /*   500 */    54,   54,   55,   55,   55,   55,  192,   53,   53,   53,
+ /*   510 */    53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,  313,  600,
+ /*   520 */   293,  563,  511,  234,  357,  146,  475,  475,  367,  411,
+ /*   530 */   562,  411,  358,  542,  425,  171,  411,  215,  144,  620,
+ /*   540 */   619,  544,  318,  353,  414,  203,  414,  275,  590,  584,
+ /*   550 */   549,  414,  174,  601,   94,  601,   79,  558,  471,   61,
+ /*   560 */   601,   79,  421,  949,  350,  949,   34,   56,   57,   47,
+ /*   570 */   582,  581,  583,  583,   54,   54,   55,   55,   55,   55,
+ /*   580 */   535,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,
+ /*   590 */    50,  238,  313,  307,  424,  394,  272,   49,   46,  147,
+ /*   600 */   349,  322,    4,  411,  491,  312,  321,  425,  568,  492,
+ /*   610 */   216,  264,  407,  575,  574,  429,   66,  549,  414,  621,
+ /*   620 */   540,  602,  590,  584,   13,  603,  621,  601,   72,   12,
+ /*   630 */   618,  617,  616,  202,  210,  621,  546,  469,  422,  319,
+ /*   640 */   148,   56,   57,   47,  582,  581,  583,  583,   54,   54,
+ /*   650 */    55,   55,   55,   55,  338,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,
+ /*   660 */    52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,  313,  600,  600,  411,
+ /*   670 */    39,   21,   37,  170,  237,  875,  411,  572,  572,  201,
+ /*   680 */   144,  473,  538,  331,  414,  474,  143,  146,  630,  628,
+ /*   690 */   334,  414,  353,  601,   68,  168,  590,  584,  132,  365,
+ /*   700 */   601,   96,  307,  423,  530,  336,   49,   46,  147,  568,
+ /*   710 */   406,  216,  549,  360,  529,   56,   57,   47,  582,  581,
+ /*   720 */   583,  583,   54,   54,   55,   55,   55,   55,  411,   53,
+ /*   730 */    53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,
+ /*   740 */   313,  411,  605,  414,  484,  510,  172,  422,  597,  318,
+ /*   750 */   496,  485,  601,   99,  411,  142,  414,  411,  231,  411,
+ /*   760 */   540,  411,  359,  629,    2,  601,   97,  426,  308,  414,
+ /*   770 */   590,  584,  414,   20,  414,  621,  414,  621,  601,  106,
+ /*   780 */   503,  601,  105,  601,  108,  601,  109,  204,   28,   56,
+ /*   790 */    57,   47,  582,  581,  583,  583,   54,   54,   55,   55,
+ /*   800 */    55,   55,  411,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,
+ /*   810 */    51,   51,   50,  238,  313,  411,  597,  414,  411,  276,
+ /*   820 */   214,  600,  411,  366,  213,  381,  601,  134,  274,  500,
+ /*   830 */   414,  167,  130,  414,  621,  411,  354,  414,  376,  601,
+ /*   840 */   135,  129,  601,  100,  590,  584,  601,  104,  522,  521,
+ /*   850 */   414,  621,  224,  273,  600,  167,  327,  282,  600,  601,
+ /*   860 */   103,  468,  521,   56,   57,   47,  582,  581,  583,  583,
+ /*   870 */    54,   54,   55,   55,   55,   55,  411,   53,   53,   53,
+ /*   880 */    53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,  313,  411,
+ /*   890 */    27,  414,  411,  375,  276,  167,  359,  544,   50,  238,
+ /*   900 */   601,   95,  128,  223,  414,  411,  165,  414,  411,  621,
+ /*   910 */   411,  621,  612,  601,  102,  372,  601,   76,  590,  584,
+ /*   920 */   414,  570,  236,  414,  470,  414,  167,  621,  188,  601,
+ /*   930 */    98,  225,  601,  138,  601,  137,  232,   56,   45,   47,
+ /*   940 */   582,  581,  583,  583,   54,   54,   55,   55,   55,   55,
+ /*   950 */   411,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,
+ /*   960 */    50,  238,  313,  276,  276,  414,  411,  276,  544,  459,
+ /*   970 */   359,  171,  209,  479,  601,  136,  628,  334,  621,  621,
+ /*   980 */   125,  414,  621,  368,  411,  621,  257,  540,  589,  588,
+ /*   990 */   601,   75,  590,  584,  458,  446,   23,   23,  124,  414,
+ /*  1000 */   326,  325,  621,  427,  324,  309,  600,  288,  601,   92,
+ /*  1010 */   586,  585,   57,   47,  582,  581,  583,  583,   54,   54,
+ /*  1020 */    55,   55,   55,   55,  411,   53,   53,   53,   53,   52,
+ /*  1030 */    52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,  313,  587,  411,  414,
+ /*  1040 */   411,  207,  611,  476,  171,  472,  160,  123,  601,   91,
+ /*  1050 */   323,  261,   15,  414,  464,  414,  411,  621,  411,  354,
+ /*  1060 */   222,  411,  601,   74,  601,   90,  590,  584,  159,  264,
+ /*  1070 */   158,  414,  461,  414,  621,  600,  414,  121,  120,   25,
+ /*  1080 */   601,   89,  601,  101,  621,  601,   88,   47,  582,  581,
+ /*  1090 */   583,  583,   54,   54,   55,   55,   55,   55,  544,   53,
+ /*  1100 */    53,   53,   53,   52,   52,   51,   51,   51,   50,  238,
+ /*  1110 */    43,  405,  263,    3,  610,  264,  140,  415,  622,   24,
+ /*  1120 */   410,   11,  456,  594,  118,  155,  219,  452,  408,  621,
+ /*  1130 */   621,  621,  156,   43,  405,  621,    3,  286,  621,  113,
+ /*  1140 */   415,  622,  111,  445,  411,  400,  557,  403,  545,   10,
+ /*  1150 */   411,  408,  264,  110,  205,  436,  541,  566,  453,  414,
+ /*  1160 */   621,  621,   63,  621,  435,  414,  411,  621,  601,   94,
+ /*  1170 */   403,  621,  411,  337,  601,   86,  150,   40,   41,  534,
+ /*  1180 */   566,  414,  242,  264,   42,  413,  412,  414,  600,  595,
+ /*  1190 */   601,   85,  191,  333,  107,  451,  601,   84,  621,  539,
+ /*  1200 */    40,   41,  420,  230,  411,  149,  316,   42,  413,  412,
+ /*  1210 */   398,  127,  595,  315,  621,  399,  278,  625,  181,  414,
+ /*  1220 */   593,  593,  593,  592,  591,   14,  450,  411,  601,   71,
+ /*  1230 */   240,  621,   43,  405,  264,    3,  615,  180,  264,  415,
+ /*  1240 */   622,  614,  414,  593,  593,  593,  592,  591,   14,  621,
+ /*  1250 */   408,  601,   70,  621,  417,   33,  405,  613,    3,  411,
+ /*  1260 */   264,  411,  415,  622,  418,  626,  178,  509,    8,  403,
+ /*  1270 */   241,  416,  126,  408,  414,  621,  414,  449,  208,  566,
+ /*  1280 */   240,  221,  621,  601,   83,  601,   82,  599,  297,  277,
+ /*  1290 */   296,   30,  403,   31,  395,  264,  295,  397,  489,   40,
+ /*  1300 */    41,  411,  566,  220,  621,  294,   42,  413,  412,  271,
+ /*  1310 */   621,  595,  600,  621,   59,   60,  414,  269,  267,  623,
+ /*  1320 */   622,   36,   40,   41,  621,  601,   81,  598,  235,   42,
+ /*  1330 */   413,  412,  621,  621,  595,  265,  344,  411,  248,  556,
+ /*  1340 */   173,  185,  593,  593,  593,  592,  591,   14,  218,   29,
+ /*  1350 */   621,  543,  414,  305,  304,  303,  179,  301,  411,  566,
+ /*  1360 */   454,  601,   80,  289,  335,  593,  593,  593,  592,  591,
+ /*  1370 */    14,  411,  287,  414,  151,  392,  246,  260,  411,  196,
+ /*  1380 */   195,  523,  601,   69,  411,  245,  414,  526,  537,  285,
+ /*  1390 */   389,  595,  621,  414,  536,  601,   17,  362,  153,  414,
+ /*  1400 */   466,  463,  601,   78,  154,  414,  462,  152,  601,   77,
+ /*  1410 */   355,  255,  621,  455,  601,    9,  621,  386,  444,  517,
+ /*  1420 */   247,  621,  593,  593,  593,  621,  621,  244,  621,  243,
+ /*  1430 */   430,  518,  292,  621,  329,  621,  145,  393,  280,  513,
+ /*  1440 */   291,  131,  621,  514,  621,  621,  311,  621,  259,  346,
+ /*  1450 */   249,  621,  621,  229,  314,  621,  228,  512,  227,  240,
+ /*  1460 */   494,  488,  310,  164,  487,  486,  373,  480,  163,  262,
+ /*  1470 */   369,  371,  162,   26,  212,  478,  477,  161,  141,  363,
+ /*  1480 */   467,  122,  339,  187,  119,  348,  347,  117,  116,  115,
+ /*  1490 */   114,  112,  182,  457,  320,   22,  433,  432,  448,   19,
+ /*  1500 */   609,  431,  428,   62,  193,  596,  573,  298,  555,  552,
+ /*  1510 */   571,  404,  290,  380,  498,  510,  495,  306,  281,  499,
+ /*  1520 */   250,    5,  497,  460,  345,  447,  569,  550,  238,  299,
+ /*  1530 */   527,  525,  508,  961,  502,  501,  961,  401,  961,  211,
+ /*  1540 */   490,  356,  256,  961,  483,  961,  961,  961,  961,  961,
+ /*  1550 */   961,  961,  961,  961,  961,  961,  370,
+};
+static const YYCODETYPE yy_lookahead[] = {
+ /*     0 */    19,  142,  143,  144,  145,   24,    1,   26,   77,   78,
+ /*    10 */    79,   80,   81,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
+ /*    20 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   15,   98,   26,   27,    7,    8,
+ /*    30 */    49,   50,   77,   78,   79,   80,  109,   82,   83,   84,
+ /*    40 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   22,   68,
+ /*    50 */    69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
+ /*    60 */    79,   80,   23,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
+ /*    70 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,   94,  112,   19,  114,  115,
+ /*    80 */    25,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
+ /*    90 */    91,   92,   19,   22,   94,   95,   96,  150,  150,   99,
+ /*   100 */   100,  101,   76,  150,   49,   50,  105,  106,  107,   54,
+ /*   110 */   110,  158,  165,  165,  161,  162,   26,   27,  165,  113,
+ /*   120 */    16,  174,  175,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,
+ /*   130 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  118,   82,   83,   84,
+ /*   140 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,   23,
+ /*   150 */    92,   97,   98,   24,   96,   97,   98,   99,  100,  101,
+ /*   160 */   102,   25,   97,  216,   60,   92,   62,  109,  221,   25,
+ /*   170 */    97,   98,   99,  100,  101,  102,   86,   87,   49,   50,
+ /*   180 */   118,  116,  109,   25,   94,   95,   32,   97,   88,   89,
+ /*   190 */    90,   91,   92,  128,  104,   41,  106,   68,   69,   70,
+ /*   200 */    71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
+ /*   210 */    11,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
+ /*   220 */    91,   92,   19,   19,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,
+ /*   230 */    92,   27,   96,  150,   66,   99,  100,  101,  112,  150,
+ /*   240 */   114,  115,  138,  150,  161,  162,  110,  103,  165,  222,
+ /*   250 */   223,  224,   49,   50,  165,   22,   57,   24,  165,  170,
+ /*   260 */   171,  118,   94,  170,  171,   23,   98,   25,  185,  186,
+ /*   270 */   243,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
+ /*   280 */    77,   78,   79,   80,  126,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,
+ /*   290 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  129,  130,  131,
+ /*   300 */    88,   23,  172,  173,  105,  106,  107,  150,   22,   26,
+ /*   310 */    27,  181,   26,   27,   22,  116,   26,   27,   26,  230,
+ /*   320 */   231,  197,  165,  230,  231,  113,   49,   50,  204,  117,
+ /*   330 */    96,  174,  175,   99,  100,  101,   22,   26,   27,  136,
+ /*   340 */    26,   27,  118,   16,  110,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,
+ /*   350 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  118,   82,
+ /*   360 */    83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
+ /*   370 */    19,  214,  215,  150,   23,   23,  155,   94,   95,   22,
+ /*   380 */    94,   95,  116,  160,   94,   95,   94,   60,  165,   62,
+ /*   390 */   112,   26,  114,  115,  128,   23,   36,  174,  175,   88,
+ /*   400 */    49,   50,   57,  120,   22,   94,   95,   23,   94,   95,
+ /*   410 */   120,   51,   25,  136,  169,  170,  171,  194,   58,   68,
+ /*   420 */    69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
+ /*   430 */    79,   80,   23,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
+ /*   440 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,   12,   12,   23,  228,
+ /*   450 */   105,  106,  107,   23,  233,   25,  165,   19,  150,   94,
+ /*   460 */   165,  116,   28,   28,  112,  174,  114,  115,  108,  174,
+ /*   470 */   175,   26,   27,  165,   49,   50,  231,   11,   44,   44,
+ /*   480 */    46,   46,  174,  175,  112,  160,  114,  115,   50,   22,
+ /*   490 */    23,   57,   25,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,
+ /*   500 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  119,   82,   83,   84,
+ /*   510 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  194,
+ /*   520 */   225,   23,   23,  215,   19,   95,  105,  106,  107,  150,
+ /*   530 */    23,  150,   27,   23,   67,   25,  150,  206,  207,   94,
+ /*   540 */    95,  166,  104,  218,  165,   22,  165,  109,   49,   50,
+ /*   550 */   120,  165,   25,  174,  175,  174,  175,   23,   21,  234,
+ /*   560 */   174,  175,   22,   23,  239,   25,   25,   68,   69,   70,
+ /*   570 */    71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
+ /*   580 */   205,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
+ /*   590 */    91,   92,   19,   22,   23,  216,   23,  222,  223,  224,
+ /*   600 */    63,  220,   35,  150,  150,  163,  220,   67,  166,  167,
+ /*   610 */   168,  150,  169,  170,  171,  161,  162,   25,  165,  165,
+ /*   620 */   150,  113,   49,   50,   25,  117,  165,  174,  175,   35,
+ /*   630 */     7,    8,    9,  160,  160,  165,  120,  100,   67,  247,
+ /*   640 */   248,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
+ /*   650 */    77,   78,   79,   80,  193,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,
+ /*   660 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  194,  194,  150,
+ /*   670 */   135,   24,  137,   35,  231,  138,  150,  129,  130,  206,
+ /*   680 */   207,   30,   27,  213,  165,   34,  118,   95,    0,    1,
+ /*   690 */     2,  165,  218,  174,  175,   50,   49,   50,   22,   48,
+ /*   700 */   174,  175,   22,   23,   23,  244,  222,  223,  224,  166,
+ /*   710 */   167,  168,  120,  239,   23,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,
+ /*   720 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,
+ /*   730 */    83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
+ /*   740 */    19,  150,  173,  165,  181,  182,   24,   67,   26,  104,
+ /*   750 */   181,  188,  174,  175,  150,   39,  165,  150,   52,  150,
+ /*   760 */   150,  150,  150,  144,  145,  174,  175,  249,  250,  165,
+ /*   770 */    49,   50,  165,   52,  165,  165,  165,  165,  174,  175,
+ /*   780 */    29,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  160,   22,   68,
+ /*   790 */    69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
+ /*   800 */    79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
+ /*   810 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,   94,  165,  150,  150,
+ /*   820 */   160,  194,  150,  213,  160,   52,  174,  175,   23,   23,
+ /*   830 */   165,   25,   22,  165,  165,  150,  150,  165,   52,  174,
+ /*   840 */   175,   22,  174,  175,   49,   50,  174,  175,  190,  191,
+ /*   850 */   165,  165,  240,   23,  194,   25,  187,  109,  194,  174,
+ /*   860 */   175,  190,  191,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,
+ /*   870 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,
+ /*   880 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,
+ /*   890 */    22,  165,  150,   23,  150,   25,  150,  166,   91,   92,
+ /*   900 */   174,  175,   22,  217,  165,  150,  102,  165,  150,  165,
+ /*   910 */   150,  165,  150,  174,  175,   19,  174,  175,   49,   50,
+ /*   920 */   165,   86,   87,  165,   23,  165,   25,  165,   24,  174,
+ /*   930 */   175,  187,  174,  175,  174,  175,  205,   68,   69,   70,
+ /*   940 */    71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
+ /*   950 */   150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
+ /*   960 */    91,   92,   19,  150,  150,  165,  150,  150,  166,   23,
+ /*   970 */   150,   25,  160,   20,  174,  175,    1,    2,  165,  165,
+ /*   980 */   104,  165,  165,   43,  150,  165,  240,  150,   49,   50,
+ /*   990 */   174,  175,   49,   50,   23,   23,   25,   25,   53,  165,
+ /*  1000 */   187,  187,  165,   23,  187,   25,  194,  205,  174,  175,
+ /*  1010 */    71,   72,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
+ /*  1020 */    77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,
+ /*  1030 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,   98,  150,  165,
+ /*  1040 */   150,  160,  150,   59,   25,   53,  104,   22,  174,  175,
+ /*  1050 */   213,  138,    5,  165,    1,  165,  150,  165,  150,  150,
+ /*  1060 */   240,  150,  174,  175,  174,  175,   49,   50,  118,  150,
+ /*  1070 */    35,  165,   27,  165,  165,  194,  165,  108,  127,   76,
+ /*  1080 */   174,  175,  174,  175,  165,  174,  175,   70,   71,   72,
+ /*  1090 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  166,   82,
+ /*  1100 */    83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
+ /*  1110 */    19,   20,  193,   22,  150,  150,  150,   26,   27,   76,
+ /*  1120 */   150,   22,    1,  150,  119,  121,  217,   20,   37,  165,
+ /*  1130 */   165,  165,   16,   19,   20,  165,   22,  205,  165,  119,
+ /*  1140 */    26,   27,  108,  128,  150,  150,  150,   56,  150,   22,
+ /*  1150 */   150,   37,  150,  127,  160,   23,  150,   66,  193,  165,
+ /*  1160 */   165,  165,   16,  165,   23,  165,  150,  165,  174,  175,
+ /*  1170 */    56,  165,  150,   65,  174,  175,   15,   86,   87,   88,
+ /*  1180 */    66,  165,  140,  150,   93,   94,   95,  165,  194,   98,
+ /*  1190 */   174,  175,   22,    3,  164,  193,  174,  175,  165,  150,
+ /*  1200 */    86,   87,    4,  180,  150,  248,  251,   93,   94,   95,
+ /*  1210 */   216,  180,   98,  251,  165,  221,  150,  149,    6,  165,
+ /*  1220 */   129,  130,  131,  132,  133,  134,  193,  150,  174,  175,
+ /*  1230 */   116,  165,   19,   20,  150,   22,  149,  151,  150,   26,
+ /*  1240 */    27,  149,  165,  129,  130,  131,  132,  133,  134,  165,
+ /*  1250 */    37,  174,  175,  165,  149,   19,   20,   13,   22,  150,
+ /*  1260 */   150,  150,   26,   27,  146,  147,  151,  150,   25,   56,
+ /*  1270 */   152,  159,  154,   37,  165,  165,  165,  193,  160,   66,
+ /*  1280 */   116,  193,  165,  174,  175,  174,  175,  194,  199,  150,
+ /*  1290 */   200,  126,   56,  124,  123,  150,  201,  122,  150,   86,
+ /*  1300 */    87,  150,   66,  193,  165,  202,   93,   94,   95,  150,
+ /*  1310 */   165,   98,  194,  165,  125,   22,  165,  150,  150,   26,
+ /*  1320 */    27,  135,   86,   87,  165,  174,  175,  203,  226,   93,
+ /*  1330 */    94,   95,  165,  165,   98,  150,  218,  150,  193,  157,
+ /*  1340 */   118,  157,  129,  130,  131,  132,  133,  134,    5,  104,
+ /*  1350 */   165,  211,  165,   10,   11,   12,   13,   14,  150,   66,
+ /*  1360 */    17,  174,  175,  210,  246,  129,  130,  131,  132,  133,
+ /*  1370 */   134,  150,  210,  165,   31,  121,   33,  150,  150,   86,
+ /*  1380 */    87,  176,  174,  175,  150,   42,  165,   94,  211,  210,
+ /*  1390 */   150,   98,  165,  165,  211,  174,  175,  150,   55,  165,
+ /*  1400 */    57,  150,  174,  175,   61,  165,  150,   64,  174,  175,
+ /*  1410 */   150,  150,  165,  150,  174,  175,  165,  104,  150,  184,
+ /*  1420 */   150,  165,  129,  130,  131,  165,  165,  150,  165,  150,
+ /*  1430 */   150,  176,  150,  165,   47,  165,  150,  150,  176,  103,
+ /*  1440 */   150,   22,  165,  178,  165,  165,  179,  165,  105,  106,
+ /*  1450 */   107,  165,  165,  229,  111,  165,   92,  176,  229,  116,
+ /*  1460 */   184,  176,  179,  156,  176,  176,   18,  157,  156,  237,
+ /*  1470 */    45,  157,  156,  135,  157,  157,  238,  156,   68,  157,
+ /*  1480 */   189,  189,  139,  219,   22,  157,   18,  192,  192,  192,
+ /*  1490 */   192,  189,  219,  199,  157,  242,   40,  157,  199,  242,
+ /*  1500 */   153,  157,   38,  245,  196,  166,  232,  198,  177,  177,
+ /*  1510 */   232,  227,  209,  178,  166,  182,  166,  148,  177,  177,
+ /*  1520 */   209,  196,  177,  199,  209,  199,  166,  208,   92,  195,
+ /*  1530 */   174,  174,  183,  252,  183,  183,  252,  191,  252,  235,
+ /*  1540 */   186,  241,  241,  252,  186,  252,  252,  252,  252,  252,
+ /*  1550 */   252,  252,  252,  252,  252,  252,  236,
+};
+#define YY_SHIFT_USE_DFLT (-74)
+#define YY_SHIFT_COUNT (418)
+#define YY_SHIFT_MIN   (-73)
+#define YY_SHIFT_MAX   (1468)
+static const short yy_shift_ofst[] = {
+ /*     0 */   975, 1114, 1343, 1114, 1213, 1213,   90,   90,    0,  -19,
+ /*    10 */  1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213,  345,  445,  721, 1091, 1213,
+ /*    20 */  1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213,
+ /*    30 */  1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213,
+ /*    40 */  1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1236, 1213, 1213,
+ /*    50 */  1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213,
+ /*    60 */  1213,  199,  445,  445,  835,  835,  365, 1164,   55,  647,
+ /*    70 */   573,  499,  425,  351,  277,  203,  129,  795,  795,  795,
+ /*    80 */   795,  795,  795,  795,  795,  795,  795,  795,  795,  795,
+ /*    90 */   795,  795,  795,  795,  795,  869,  795,  943, 1017, 1017,
+ /*   100 */   -69,  -45,  -45,  -45,  -45,  -45,   -1,   58,  138,  100,
+ /*   110 */   445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,
+ /*   120 */   445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  537,  438,  445,  445,
+ /*   130 */   445,  445,  445,  365,  807, 1436,  -74,  -74,  -74, 1293,
+ /*   140 */    73,  434,  434,  311,  314,  290,  283,  286,  540,  467,
+ /*   150 */   445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,
+ /*   160 */   445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,
+ /*   170 */   445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,  445,
+ /*   180 */   445,  445,   65,  722,  722,  722,  688,  266, 1164, 1164,
+ /*   190 */  1164,  -74,  -74,  -74,  136,  168,  168,  234,  360,  360,
+ /*   200 */   360,  430,  372,  435,  352,  278,  126,  -36,  -36,  -36,
+ /*   210 */   -36,  421,  651,  -36,  -36,  592,  292,  212,  623,  158,
+ /*   220 */   204,  204,  505,  158,  505,  144,  365,  154,  365,  154,
+ /*   230 */   645,  154,  204,  154,  154,  535,  548,  548,  365,  387,
+ /*   240 */   508,  233, 1464, 1222, 1222, 1456, 1456, 1222, 1462, 1410,
+ /*   250 */  1165, 1468, 1468, 1468, 1468, 1222, 1165, 1462, 1410, 1410,
+ /*   260 */  1222, 1448, 1338, 1425, 1222, 1222, 1448, 1222, 1448, 1222,
+ /*   270 */  1448, 1419, 1313, 1313, 1313, 1387, 1364, 1364, 1419, 1313,
+ /*   280 */  1336, 1313, 1387, 1313, 1313, 1254, 1245, 1254, 1245, 1254,
+ /*   290 */  1245, 1222, 1222, 1186, 1189, 1175, 1169, 1171, 1165, 1164,
+ /*   300 */  1243, 1244, 1244, 1212, 1212, 1212, 1212,  -74,  -74,  -74,
+ /*   310 */   -74,  -74,  -74,  939,  104,  680,  571,  327,    1,  980,
+ /*   320 */    26,  972,  971,  946,  901,  870,  830,  806,   54,   21,
+ /*   330 */   -73,  510,  242, 1198, 1190, 1170, 1042, 1161, 1108, 1146,
+ /*   340 */  1141, 1132, 1015, 1127, 1026, 1034, 1020, 1107, 1004, 1116,
+ /*   350 */  1121, 1005, 1099,  951, 1043, 1003,  969, 1045, 1035,  950,
+ /*   360 */  1053, 1047, 1025,  942,  913,  992, 1019,  945,  984,  940,
+ /*   370 */   876,  904,  953,  896,  748,  804,  880,  786,  868,  819,
+ /*   380 */   805,  810,  773,  751,  766,  706,  716,  691,  681,  568,
+ /*   390 */   655,  638,  676,  516,  541,  594,  599,  567,  541,  534,
+ /*   400 */   507,  527,  498,  523,  466,  382,  409,  384,  357,    6,
+ /*   410 */   240,  224,  143,   62,   18,   71,   39,    9,    5,
+};
+#define YY_REDUCE_USE_DFLT (-142)
+#define YY_REDUCE_COUNT (312)
+#define YY_REDUCE_MIN   (-141)
+#define YY_REDUCE_MAX   (1369)
+static const short yy_reduce_ofst[] = {
+ /*     0 */  -141,  994, 1118,  223,  157,  -53,   93,   89,   83,  375,
+ /*    10 */   386,  381,  379,  308,  295,  325,  -47,   27, 1240, 1234,
+ /*    20 */  1228, 1221, 1208, 1187, 1151, 1111, 1109, 1077, 1054, 1022,
+ /*    30 */  1016, 1000,  911,  908,  906,  890,  888,  874,  834,  816,
+ /*    40 */   800,  760,  758,  755,  742,  739,  726,  685,  672,  668,
+ /*    50 */   665,  652,  611,  609,  607,  604,  591,  578,  526,  519,
+ /*    60 */   453,  474,  454,  461,  443,  245,  442,  473,  484,  484,
+ /*    70 */   484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,
+ /*    80 */   484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,
+ /*    90 */   484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,
+ /*   100 */   484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  130,  484,  484,
+ /*   110 */  1145,  909, 1110, 1088, 1084, 1033, 1002,  965,  820,  837,
+ /*   120 */   746,  686,  612,  817,  610,  919,  221,  563,  814,  813,
+ /*   130 */   744,  669,  470,  543,  484,  484,  484,  484,  484,  291,
+ /*   140 */   569,  671,  658,  970, 1290, 1287, 1286, 1282,  518,  518,
+ /*   150 */  1280, 1279, 1277, 1270, 1268, 1263, 1261, 1260, 1256, 1251,
+ /*   160 */  1247, 1227, 1185, 1168, 1167, 1159, 1148, 1139, 1117, 1066,
+ /*   170 */  1049, 1006,  998,  996,  995,  973,  970,  966,  964,  892,
+ /*   180 */   762,  -52,  881,  932,  802,  731,  619,  812,  664,  660,
+ /*   190 */   627,  392,  331,  124, 1358, 1357, 1356, 1354, 1352, 1351,
+ /*   200 */  1349, 1319, 1334, 1346, 1334, 1334, 1334, 1334, 1334, 1334,
+ /*   210 */  1334, 1320, 1304, 1334, 1334, 1319, 1360, 1325, 1369, 1326,
+ /*   220 */  1315, 1311, 1301, 1324, 1300, 1335, 1350, 1345, 1348, 1342,
+ /*   230 */  1333, 1341, 1303, 1332, 1331, 1284, 1278, 1274, 1339, 1309,
+ /*   240 */  1308, 1347, 1258, 1344, 1340, 1257, 1253, 1337, 1273, 1302,
+ /*   250 */  1299, 1298, 1297, 1296, 1295, 1328, 1294, 1264, 1292, 1291,
+ /*   260 */  1322, 1321, 1238, 1232, 1318, 1317, 1316, 1314, 1312, 1310,
+ /*   270 */  1307, 1283, 1289, 1288, 1285, 1276, 1229, 1224, 1267, 1281,
+ /*   280 */  1265, 1262, 1235, 1255, 1205, 1183, 1179, 1177, 1162, 1140,
+ /*   290 */  1153, 1184, 1182, 1102, 1124, 1103, 1095, 1090, 1089, 1093,
+ /*   300 */  1112, 1115, 1086, 1105, 1092, 1087, 1068,  962,  955,  957,
+ /*   310 */  1031, 1023, 1030,
+};
+static const YYACTIONTYPE yy_default[] = {
+ /*     0 */   635,  870,  959,  959,  959,  870,  899,  899,  959,  759,
+ /*    10 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  868,  959,  959,  933,  959,  959,
+ /*    20 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*    30 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*    40 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*    50 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*    60 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  899,  899,  674,  763,  794,  959,
+ /*    70 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  932,  934,  809,
+ /*    80 */   808,  802,  801,  912,  774,  799,  792,  785,  796,  871,
+ /*    90 */   864,  865,  863,  867,  872,  959,  795,  831,  848,  830,
+ /*   100 */   842,  847,  854,  846,  843,  833,  832,  666,  834,  835,
+ /*   110 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   120 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  661,  728,  959,  959,
+ /*   130 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  836,  837,  851,  850,  849,  959,
+ /*   140 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   150 */   959,  939,  937,  959,  883,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   160 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   170 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   180 */   959,  641,  959,  759,  759,  759,  635,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   190 */   959,  951,  763,  753,  719,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   200 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  804,  742,  922,
+ /*   210 */   924,  959,  905,  740,  663,  761,  676,  751,  643,  798,
+ /*   220 */   776,  776,  917,  798,  917,  700,  959,  788,  959,  788,
+ /*   230 */   697,  788,  776,  788,  788,  866,  959,  959,  959,  760,
+ /*   240 */   751,  959,  944,  767,  767,  936,  936,  767,  810,  732,
+ /*   250 */   798,  739,  739,  739,  739,  767,  798,  810,  732,  732,
+ /*   260 */   767,  658,  911,  909,  767,  767,  658,  767,  658,  767,
+ /*   270 */   658,  876,  730,  730,  730,  715,  880,  880,  876,  730,
+ /*   280 */   700,  730,  715,  730,  730,  780,  775,  780,  775,  780,
+ /*   290 */   775,  767,  767,  959,  793,  781,  791,  789,  798,  959,
+ /*   300 */   718,  651,  651,  640,  640,  640,  640,  956,  956,  951,
+ /*   310 */   702,  702,  684,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   320 */   885,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   330 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  636,  946,  959,  959,  943,  959,
+ /*   340 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   350 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  915,
+ /*   360 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  908,  907,  959,  959,
+ /*   370 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   380 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,
+ /*   390 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  790,  959,  782,  959,  869,  959,
+ /*   400 */   959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  959,  745,
+ /*   410 */   819,  959,  818,  822,  817,  668,  959,  649,  959,  632,
+ /*   420 */   637,  955,  958,  957,  954,  953,  952,  947,  945,  942,
+ /*   430 */   941,  940,  938,  935,  931,  889,  887,  894,  893,  892,
+ /*   440 */   891,  890,  888,  886,  884,  805,  803,  800,  797,  930,
+ /*   450 */   882,  741,  738,  737,  657,  948,  914,  923,  921,  811,
+ /*   460 */   920,  919,  918,  916,  913,  900,  807,  806,  733,  874,
+ /*   470 */   873,  660,  904,  903,  902,  906,  910,  901,  769,  659,
+ /*   480 */   656,  665,  722,  721,  729,  727,  726,  725,  724,  723,
+ /*   490 */   720,  667,  675,  686,  714,  699,  698,  879,  881,  878,
+ /*   500 */   877,  707,  706,  712,  711,  710,  709,  708,  705,  704,
+ /*   510 */   703,  696,  695,  701,  694,  717,  716,  713,  693,  736,
+ /*   520 */   735,  734,  731,  692,  691,  690,  822,  689,  688,  828,
+ /*   530 */   827,  815,  858,  756,  755,  754,  766,  765,  778,  777,
+ /*   540 */   813,  812,  779,  764,  758,  757,  773,  772,  771,  770,
+ /*   550 */   762,  752,  784,  787,  786,  783,  860,  768,  857,  929,
+ /*   560 */   928,  927,  926,  925,  862,  861,  829,  826,  679,  680,
+ /*   570 */   898,  896,  897,  895,  682,  681,  678,  677,  859,  747,
+ /*   580 */   746,  855,  852,  844,  840,  856,  853,  845,  841,  839,
+ /*   590 */   838,  824,  823,  821,  820,  816,  825,  670,  748,  744,
+ /*   600 */   743,  814,  750,  749,  687,  685,  683,  664,  662,  655,
+ /*   610 */   653,  652,  654,  650,  648,  647,  646,  645,  644,  673,
+ /*   620 */   672,  671,  669,  668,  642,  639,  638,  634,  633,  631,
+};
+
+/* The next table maps tokens into fallback tokens.  If a construct
+** like the following:
+** 
+**      %fallback ID X Y Z.
+**
+** appears in the grammar, then ID becomes a fallback token for X, Y,
+** and Z.  Whenever one of the tokens X, Y, or Z is input to the parser
+** but it does not parse, the type of the token is changed to ID and
+** the parse is retried before an error is thrown.
+*/
+#ifdef YYFALLBACK
+static const YYCODETYPE yyFallback[] = {
+    0,  /*          $ => nothing */
+    0,  /*       SEMI => nothing */
+   26,  /*    EXPLAIN => ID */
+   26,  /*      QUERY => ID */
+   26,  /*       PLAN => ID */
+   26,  /*      BEGIN => ID */
+    0,  /* TRANSACTION => nothing */
+   26,  /*   DEFERRED => ID */
+   26,  /*  IMMEDIATE => ID */
+   26,  /*  EXCLUSIVE => ID */
+    0,  /*     COMMIT => nothing */
+   26,  /*        END => ID */
+   26,  /*   ROLLBACK => ID */
+   26,  /*  SAVEPOINT => ID */
+   26,  /*    RELEASE => ID */
+    0,  /*         TO => nothing */
+    0,  /*      TABLE => nothing */
+    0,  /*     CREATE => nothing */
+   26,  /*         IF => ID */
+    0,  /*        NOT => nothing */
+    0,  /*     EXISTS => nothing */
+   26,  /*       TEMP => ID */
+    0,  /*         LP => nothing */
+    0,  /*         RP => nothing */
+    0,  /*         AS => nothing */
+    0,  /*      COMMA => nothing */
+    0,  /*         ID => nothing */
+    0,  /*    INDEXED => nothing */
+   26,  /*      ABORT => ID */
+   26,  /*     ACTION => ID */
+   26,  /*      AFTER => ID */
+   26,  /*    ANALYZE => ID */
+   26,  /*        ASC => ID */
+   26,  /*     ATTACH => ID */
+   26,  /*     BEFORE => ID */
+   26,  /*         BY => ID */
+   26,  /*    CASCADE => ID */
+   26,  /*       CAST => ID */
+   26,  /*   COLUMNKW => ID */
+   26,  /*   CONFLICT => ID */
+   26,  /*   DATABASE => ID */
+   26,  /*       DESC => ID */
+   26,  /*     DETACH => ID */
+   26,  /*       EACH => ID */
+   26,  /*       FAIL => ID */
+   26,  /*        FOR => ID */
+   26,  /*     IGNORE => ID */
+   26,  /*  INITIALLY => ID */
+   26,  /*    INSTEAD => ID */
+   26,  /*    LIKE_KW => ID */
+   26,  /*      MATCH => ID */
+   26,  /*         NO => ID */
+   26,  /*        KEY => ID */
+   26,  /*         OF => ID */
+   26,  /*     OFFSET => ID */
+   26,  /*     PRAGMA => ID */
+   26,  /*      RAISE => ID */
+   26,  /*    REPLACE => ID */
+   26,  /*   RESTRICT => ID */
+   26,  /*        ROW => ID */
+   26,  /*    TRIGGER => ID */
+   26,  /*     VACUUM => ID */
+   26,  /*       VIEW => ID */
+   26,  /*    VIRTUAL => ID */
+   26,  /*    REINDEX => ID */
+   26,  /*     RENAME => ID */
+   26,  /*   CTIME_KW => ID */
+};
+#endif /* YYFALLBACK */
+
+/* The following structure represents a single element of the
+** parser's stack.  Information stored includes:
+**
+**   +  The state number for the parser at this level of the stack.
+**
+**   +  The value of the token stored at this level of the stack.
+**      (In other words, the "major" token.)
+**
+**   +  The semantic value stored at this level of the stack.  This is
+**      the information used by the action routines in the grammar.
+**      It is sometimes called the "minor" token.
+*/
+struct yyStackEntry {
+  YYACTIONTYPE stateno;  /* The state-number */
+  YYCODETYPE major;      /* The major token value.  This is the code
+                         ** number for the token at this stack level */
+  YYMINORTYPE minor;     /* The user-supplied minor token value.  This
+                         ** is the value of the token  */
+};
+typedef struct yyStackEntry yyStackEntry;
+
+/* The state of the parser is completely contained in an instance of
+** the following structure */
+struct yyParser {
+  int yyidx;                    /* Index of top element in stack */
+#ifdef YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH
+  int yyidxMax;                 /* Maximum value of yyidx */
+#endif
+  int yyerrcnt;                 /* Shifts left before out of the error */
+  sqlite3ParserARG_SDECL                /* A place to hold %extra_argument */
+#if YYSTACKDEPTH<=0
+  int yystksz;                  /* Current side of the stack */
+  yyStackEntry *yystack;        /* The parser's stack */
+#else
+  yyStackEntry yystack[YYSTACKDEPTH];  /* The parser's stack */
+#endif
+};
+typedef struct yyParser yyParser;
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+static FILE *yyTraceFILE = 0;
+static char *yyTracePrompt = 0;
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/* 
+** Turn parser tracing on by giving a stream to which to write the trace
+** and a prompt to preface each trace message.  Tracing is turned off
+** by making either argument NULL 
+**
+** Inputs:
+** <ul>
+** <li> A FILE* to which trace output should be written.
+**      If NULL, then tracing is turned off.
+** <li> A prefix string written at the beginning of every
+**      line of trace output.  If NULL, then tracing is
+**      turned off.
+** </ul>
+**
+** Outputs:
+** None.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParserTrace(FILE *TraceFILE, char *zTracePrompt){
+  yyTraceFILE = TraceFILE;
+  yyTracePrompt = zTracePrompt;
+  if( yyTraceFILE==0 ) yyTracePrompt = 0;
+  else if( yyTracePrompt==0 ) yyTraceFILE = 0;
+}
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/* For tracing shifts, the names of all terminals and nonterminals
+** are required.  The following table supplies these names */
+static const char *const yyTokenName[] = { 
+  "$",             "SEMI",          "EXPLAIN",       "QUERY",       
+  "PLAN",          "BEGIN",         "TRANSACTION",   "DEFERRED",    
+  "IMMEDIATE",     "EXCLUSIVE",     "COMMIT",        "END",         
+  "ROLLBACK",      "SAVEPOINT",     "RELEASE",       "TO",          
+  "TABLE",         "CREATE",        "IF",            "NOT",         
+  "EXISTS",        "TEMP",          "LP",            "RP",          
+  "AS",            "COMMA",         "ID",            "INDEXED",     
+  "ABORT",         "ACTION",        "AFTER",         "ANALYZE",     
+  "ASC",           "ATTACH",        "BEFORE",        "BY",          
+  "CASCADE",       "CAST",          "COLUMNKW",      "CONFLICT",    
+  "DATABASE",      "DESC",          "DETACH",        "EACH",        
+  "FAIL",          "FOR",           "IGNORE",        "INITIALLY",   
+  "INSTEAD",       "LIKE_KW",       "MATCH",         "NO",          
+  "KEY",           "OF",            "OFFSET",        "PRAGMA",      
+  "RAISE",         "REPLACE",       "RESTRICT",      "ROW",         
+  "TRIGGER",       "VACUUM",        "VIEW",          "VIRTUAL",     
+  "REINDEX",       "RENAME",        "CTIME_KW",      "ANY",         
+  "OR",            "AND",           "IS",            "BETWEEN",     
+  "IN",            "ISNULL",        "NOTNULL",       "NE",          
+  "EQ",            "GT",            "LE",            "LT",          
+  "GE",            "ESCAPE",        "BITAND",        "BITOR",       
+  "LSHIFT",        "RSHIFT",        "PLUS",          "MINUS",       
+  "STAR",          "SLASH",         "REM",           "CONCAT",      
+  "COLLATE",       "BITNOT",        "STRING",        "JOIN_KW",     
+  "CONSTRAINT",    "DEFAULT",       "NULL",          "PRIMARY",     
+  "UNIQUE",        "CHECK",         "REFERENCES",    "AUTOINCR",    
+  "ON",            "INSERT",        "DELETE",        "UPDATE",      
+  "SET",           "DEFERRABLE",    "FOREIGN",       "DROP",        
+  "UNION",         "ALL",           "EXCEPT",        "INTERSECT",   
+  "SELECT",        "DISTINCT",      "DOT",           "FROM",        
+  "JOIN",          "USING",         "ORDER",         "GROUP",       
+  "HAVING",        "LIMIT",         "WHERE",         "INTO",        
+  "VALUES",        "INTEGER",       "FLOAT",         "BLOB",        
+  "REGISTER",      "VARIABLE",      "CASE",          "WHEN",        
+  "THEN",          "ELSE",          "INDEX",         "ALTER",       
+  "ADD",           "error",         "input",         "cmdlist",     
+  "ecmd",          "explain",       "cmdx",          "cmd",         
+  "transtype",     "trans_opt",     "nm",            "savepoint_opt",
+  "create_table",  "create_table_args",  "createkw",      "temp",        
+  "ifnotexists",   "dbnm",          "columnlist",    "conslist_opt",
+  "select",        "column",        "columnid",      "type",        
+  "carglist",      "id",            "ids",           "typetoken",   
+  "typename",      "signed",        "plus_num",      "minus_num",   
+  "carg",          "ccons",         "term",          "expr",        
+  "onconf",        "sortorder",     "autoinc",       "idxlist_opt", 
+  "refargs",       "defer_subclause",  "refarg",        "refact",      
+  "init_deferred_pred_opt",  "conslist",      "tcons",         "idxlist",     
+  "defer_subclause_opt",  "orconf",        "resolvetype",   "raisetype",   
+  "ifexists",      "fullname",      "oneselect",     "multiselect_op",
+  "distinct",      "selcollist",    "from",          "where_opt",   
+  "groupby_opt",   "having_opt",    "orderby_opt",   "limit_opt",   
+  "sclp",          "as",            "seltablist",    "stl_prefix",  
+  "joinop",        "indexed_opt",   "on_opt",        "using_opt",   
+  "joinop2",       "inscollist",    "sortlist",      "sortitem",    
+  "nexprlist",     "setlist",       "insert_cmd",    "inscollist_opt",
+  "itemlist",      "exprlist",      "likeop",        "between_op",  
+  "in_op",         "case_operand",  "case_exprlist",  "case_else",   
+  "uniqueflag",    "collate",       "nmnum",         "plus_opt",    
+  "number",        "trigger_decl",  "trigger_cmd_list",  "trigger_time",
+  "trigger_event",  "foreach_clause",  "when_clause",   "trigger_cmd", 
+  "trnm",          "tridxby",       "database_kw_opt",  "key_opt",     
+  "add_column_fullname",  "kwcolumn_opt",  "create_vtab",   "vtabarglist", 
+  "vtabarg",       "vtabargtoken",  "lp",            "anylist",     
+};
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/* For tracing reduce actions, the names of all rules are required.
+*/
+static const char *const yyRuleName[] = {
+ /*   0 */ "input ::= cmdlist",
+ /*   1 */ "cmdlist ::= cmdlist ecmd",
+ /*   2 */ "cmdlist ::= ecmd",
+ /*   3 */ "ecmd ::= SEMI",
+ /*   4 */ "ecmd ::= explain cmdx SEMI",
+ /*   5 */ "explain ::=",
+ /*   6 */ "explain ::= EXPLAIN",
+ /*   7 */ "explain ::= EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN",
+ /*   8 */ "cmdx ::= cmd",
+ /*   9 */ "cmd ::= BEGIN transtype trans_opt",
+ /*  10 */ "trans_opt ::=",
+ /*  11 */ "trans_opt ::= TRANSACTION",
+ /*  12 */ "trans_opt ::= TRANSACTION nm",
+ /*  13 */ "transtype ::=",
+ /*  14 */ "transtype ::= DEFERRED",
+ /*  15 */ "transtype ::= IMMEDIATE",
+ /*  16 */ "transtype ::= EXCLUSIVE",
+ /*  17 */ "cmd ::= COMMIT trans_opt",
+ /*  18 */ "cmd ::= END trans_opt",
+ /*  19 */ "cmd ::= ROLLBACK trans_opt",
+ /*  20 */ "savepoint_opt ::= SAVEPOINT",
+ /*  21 */ "savepoint_opt ::=",
+ /*  22 */ "cmd ::= SAVEPOINT nm",
+ /*  23 */ "cmd ::= RELEASE savepoint_opt nm",
+ /*  24 */ "cmd ::= ROLLBACK trans_opt TO savepoint_opt nm",
+ /*  25 */ "cmd ::= create_table create_table_args",
+ /*  26 */ "create_table ::= createkw temp TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm",
+ /*  27 */ "createkw ::= CREATE",
+ /*  28 */ "ifnotexists ::=",
+ /*  29 */ "ifnotexists ::= IF NOT EXISTS",
+ /*  30 */ "temp ::= TEMP",
+ /*  31 */ "temp ::=",
+ /*  32 */ "create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP",
+ /*  33 */ "create_table_args ::= AS select",
+ /*  34 */ "columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column",
+ /*  35 */ "columnlist ::= column",
+ /*  36 */ "column ::= columnid type carglist",
+ /*  37 */ "columnid ::= nm",
+ /*  38 */ "id ::= ID",
+ /*  39 */ "id ::= INDEXED",
+ /*  40 */ "ids ::= ID|STRING",
+ /*  41 */ "nm ::= id",
+ /*  42 */ "nm ::= STRING",
+ /*  43 */ "nm ::= JOIN_KW",
+ /*  44 */ "type ::=",
+ /*  45 */ "type ::= typetoken",
+ /*  46 */ "typetoken ::= typename",
+ /*  47 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP",
+ /*  48 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP",
+ /*  49 */ "typename ::= ids",
+ /*  50 */ "typename ::= typename ids",
+ /*  51 */ "signed ::= plus_num",
+ /*  52 */ "signed ::= minus_num",
+ /*  53 */ "carglist ::= carglist carg",
+ /*  54 */ "carglist ::=",
+ /*  55 */ "carg ::= CONSTRAINT nm ccons",
+ /*  56 */ "carg ::= ccons",
+ /*  57 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT term",
+ /*  58 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP",
+ /*  59 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term",
+ /*  60 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term",
+ /*  61 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT id",
+ /*  62 */ "ccons ::= NULL onconf",
+ /*  63 */ "ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf",
+ /*  64 */ "ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc",
+ /*  65 */ "ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf",
+ /*  66 */ "ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP",
+ /*  67 */ "ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs",
+ /*  68 */ "ccons ::= defer_subclause",
+ /*  69 */ "ccons ::= COLLATE ids",
+ /*  70 */ "autoinc ::=",
+ /*  71 */ "autoinc ::= AUTOINCR",
+ /*  72 */ "refargs ::=",
+ /*  73 */ "refargs ::= refargs refarg",
+ /*  74 */ "refarg ::= MATCH nm",
+ /*  75 */ "refarg ::= ON INSERT refact",
+ /*  76 */ "refarg ::= ON DELETE refact",
+ /*  77 */ "refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact",
+ /*  78 */ "refact ::= SET NULL",
+ /*  79 */ "refact ::= SET DEFAULT",
+ /*  80 */ "refact ::= CASCADE",
+ /*  81 */ "refact ::= RESTRICT",
+ /*  82 */ "refact ::= NO ACTION",
+ /*  83 */ "defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
+ /*  84 */ "defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
+ /*  85 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::=",
+ /*  86 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED",
+ /*  87 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE",
+ /*  88 */ "conslist_opt ::=",
+ /*  89 */ "conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist",
+ /*  90 */ "conslist ::= conslist COMMA tcons",
+ /*  91 */ "conslist ::= conslist tcons",
+ /*  92 */ "conslist ::= tcons",
+ /*  93 */ "tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm",
+ /*  94 */ "tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf",
+ /*  95 */ "tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf",
+ /*  96 */ "tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf",
+ /*  97 */ "tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt",
+ /*  98 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::=",
+ /*  99 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause",
+ /* 100 */ "onconf ::=",
+ /* 101 */ "onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype",
+ /* 102 */ "orconf ::=",
+ /* 103 */ "orconf ::= OR resolvetype",
+ /* 104 */ "resolvetype ::= raisetype",
+ /* 105 */ "resolvetype ::= IGNORE",
+ /* 106 */ "resolvetype ::= REPLACE",
+ /* 107 */ "cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname",
+ /* 108 */ "ifexists ::= IF EXISTS",
+ /* 109 */ "ifexists ::=",
+ /* 110 */ "cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select",
+ /* 111 */ "cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname",
+ /* 112 */ "cmd ::= select",
+ /* 113 */ "select ::= oneselect",
+ /* 114 */ "select ::= select multiselect_op oneselect",
+ /* 115 */ "multiselect_op ::= UNION",
+ /* 116 */ "multiselect_op ::= UNION ALL",
+ /* 117 */ "multiselect_op ::= EXCEPT|INTERSECT",
+ /* 118 */ "oneselect ::= SELECT distinct selcollist from where_opt groupby_opt having_opt orderby_opt limit_opt",
+ /* 119 */ "distinct ::= DISTINCT",
+ /* 120 */ "distinct ::= ALL",
+ /* 121 */ "distinct ::=",
+ /* 122 */ "sclp ::= selcollist COMMA",
+ /* 123 */ "sclp ::=",
+ /* 124 */ "selcollist ::= sclp expr as",
+ /* 125 */ "selcollist ::= sclp STAR",
+ /* 126 */ "selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR",
+ /* 127 */ "as ::= AS nm",
+ /* 128 */ "as ::= ids",
+ /* 129 */ "as ::=",
+ /* 130 */ "from ::=",
+ /* 131 */ "from ::= FROM seltablist",
+ /* 132 */ "stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop",
+ /* 133 */ "stl_prefix ::=",
+ /* 134 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt",
+ /* 135 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt",
+ /* 136 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt",
+ /* 137 */ "dbnm ::=",
+ /* 138 */ "dbnm ::= DOT nm",
+ /* 139 */ "fullname ::= nm dbnm",
+ /* 140 */ "joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN",
+ /* 141 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN",
+ /* 142 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN",
+ /* 143 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN",
+ /* 144 */ "on_opt ::= ON expr",
+ /* 145 */ "on_opt ::=",
+ /* 146 */ "indexed_opt ::=",
+ /* 147 */ "indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm",
+ /* 148 */ "indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED",
+ /* 149 */ "using_opt ::= USING LP inscollist RP",
+ /* 150 */ "using_opt ::=",
+ /* 151 */ "orderby_opt ::=",
+ /* 152 */ "orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist",
+ /* 153 */ "sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA sortitem sortorder",
+ /* 154 */ "sortlist ::= sortitem sortorder",
+ /* 155 */ "sortitem ::= expr",
+ /* 156 */ "sortorder ::= ASC",
+ /* 157 */ "sortorder ::= DESC",
+ /* 158 */ "sortorder ::=",
+ /* 159 */ "groupby_opt ::=",
+ /* 160 */ "groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist",
+ /* 161 */ "having_opt ::=",
+ /* 162 */ "having_opt ::= HAVING expr",
+ /* 163 */ "limit_opt ::=",
+ /* 164 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr",
+ /* 165 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr",
+ /* 166 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr",
+ /* 167 */ "cmd ::= DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt",
+ /* 168 */ "where_opt ::=",
+ /* 169 */ "where_opt ::= WHERE expr",
+ /* 170 */ "cmd ::= UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt",
+ /* 171 */ "setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr",
+ /* 172 */ "setlist ::= nm EQ expr",
+ /* 173 */ "cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt VALUES LP itemlist RP",
+ /* 174 */ "cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select",
+ /* 175 */ "cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES",
+ /* 176 */ "insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf",
+ /* 177 */ "insert_cmd ::= REPLACE",
+ /* 178 */ "itemlist ::= itemlist COMMA expr",
+ /* 179 */ "itemlist ::= expr",
+ /* 180 */ "inscollist_opt ::=",
+ /* 181 */ "inscollist_opt ::= LP inscollist RP",
+ /* 182 */ "inscollist ::= inscollist COMMA nm",
+ /* 183 */ "inscollist ::= nm",
+ /* 184 */ "expr ::= term",
+ /* 185 */ "expr ::= LP expr RP",
+ /* 186 */ "term ::= NULL",
+ /* 187 */ "expr ::= id",
+ /* 188 */ "expr ::= JOIN_KW",
+ /* 189 */ "expr ::= nm DOT nm",
+ /* 190 */ "expr ::= nm DOT nm DOT nm",
+ /* 191 */ "term ::= INTEGER|FLOAT|BLOB",
+ /* 192 */ "term ::= STRING",
+ /* 193 */ "expr ::= REGISTER",
+ /* 194 */ "expr ::= VARIABLE",
+ /* 195 */ "expr ::= expr COLLATE ids",
+ /* 196 */ "expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP",
+ /* 197 */ "expr ::= ID LP distinct exprlist RP",
+ /* 198 */ "expr ::= ID LP STAR RP",
+ /* 199 */ "term ::= CTIME_KW",
+ /* 200 */ "expr ::= expr AND expr",
+ /* 201 */ "expr ::= expr OR expr",
+ /* 202 */ "expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr",
+ /* 203 */ "expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr",
+ /* 204 */ "expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr",
+ /* 205 */ "expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr",
+ /* 206 */ "expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr",
+ /* 207 */ "expr ::= expr CONCAT expr",
+ /* 208 */ "likeop ::= LIKE_KW",
+ /* 209 */ "likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW",
+ /* 210 */ "likeop ::= MATCH",
+ /* 211 */ "likeop ::= NOT MATCH",
+ /* 212 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr",
+ /* 213 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr",
+ /* 214 */ "expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL",
+ /* 215 */ "expr ::= expr NOT NULL",
+ /* 216 */ "expr ::= expr IS expr",
+ /* 217 */ "expr ::= expr IS NOT expr",
+ /* 218 */ "expr ::= NOT expr",
+ /* 219 */ "expr ::= BITNOT expr",
+ /* 220 */ "expr ::= MINUS expr",
+ /* 221 */ "expr ::= PLUS expr",
+ /* 222 */ "between_op ::= BETWEEN",
+ /* 223 */ "between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN",
+ /* 224 */ "expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr",
+ /* 225 */ "in_op ::= IN",
+ /* 226 */ "in_op ::= NOT IN",
+ /* 227 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP",
+ /* 228 */ "expr ::= LP select RP",
+ /* 229 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP",
+ /* 230 */ "expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm",
+ /* 231 */ "expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP",
+ /* 232 */ "expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END",
+ /* 233 */ "case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr",
+ /* 234 */ "case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr",
+ /* 235 */ "case_else ::= ELSE expr",
+ /* 236 */ "case_else ::=",
+ /* 237 */ "case_operand ::= expr",
+ /* 238 */ "case_operand ::=",
+ /* 239 */ "exprlist ::= nexprlist",
+ /* 240 */ "exprlist ::=",
+ /* 241 */ "nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr",
+ /* 242 */ "nexprlist ::= expr",
+ /* 243 */ "cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP",
+ /* 244 */ "uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE",
+ /* 245 */ "uniqueflag ::=",
+ /* 246 */ "idxlist_opt ::=",
+ /* 247 */ "idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP",
+ /* 248 */ "idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder",
+ /* 249 */ "idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder",
+ /* 250 */ "collate ::=",
+ /* 251 */ "collate ::= COLLATE ids",
+ /* 252 */ "cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname",
+ /* 253 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM",
+ /* 254 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM nm",
+ /* 255 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm",
+ /* 256 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum",
+ /* 257 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP",
+ /* 258 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num",
+ /* 259 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP",
+ /* 260 */ "nmnum ::= plus_num",
+ /* 261 */ "nmnum ::= nm",
+ /* 262 */ "nmnum ::= ON",
+ /* 263 */ "nmnum ::= DELETE",
+ /* 264 */ "nmnum ::= DEFAULT",
+ /* 265 */ "plus_num ::= plus_opt number",
+ /* 266 */ "minus_num ::= MINUS number",
+ /* 267 */ "number ::= INTEGER|FLOAT",
+ /* 268 */ "plus_opt ::= PLUS",
+ /* 269 */ "plus_opt ::=",
+ /* 270 */ "cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END",
+ /* 271 */ "trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause",
+ /* 272 */ "trigger_time ::= BEFORE",
+ /* 273 */ "trigger_time ::= AFTER",
+ /* 274 */ "trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF",
+ /* 275 */ "trigger_time ::=",
+ /* 276 */ "trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT",
+ /* 277 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE",
+ /* 278 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF inscollist",
+ /* 279 */ "foreach_clause ::=",
+ /* 280 */ "foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW",
+ /* 281 */ "when_clause ::=",
+ /* 282 */ "when_clause ::= WHEN expr",
+ /* 283 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI",
+ /* 284 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI",
+ /* 285 */ "trnm ::= nm",
+ /* 286 */ "trnm ::= nm DOT nm",
+ /* 287 */ "tridxby ::=",
+ /* 288 */ "tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm",
+ /* 289 */ "tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED",
+ /* 290 */ "trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt",
+ /* 291 */ "trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt VALUES LP itemlist RP",
+ /* 292 */ "trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select",
+ /* 293 */ "trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt",
+ /* 294 */ "trigger_cmd ::= select",
+ /* 295 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP",
+ /* 296 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP",
+ /* 297 */ "raisetype ::= ROLLBACK",
+ /* 298 */ "raisetype ::= ABORT",
+ /* 299 */ "raisetype ::= FAIL",
+ /* 300 */ "cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname",
+ /* 301 */ "cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt",
+ /* 302 */ "cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr",
+ /* 303 */ "key_opt ::=",
+ /* 304 */ "key_opt ::= KEY expr",
+ /* 305 */ "database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE",
+ /* 306 */ "database_kw_opt ::=",
+ /* 307 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX",
+ /* 308 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm",
+ /* 309 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE",
+ /* 310 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm",
+ /* 311 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm",
+ /* 312 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column",
+ /* 313 */ "add_column_fullname ::= fullname",
+ /* 314 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::=",
+ /* 315 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW",
+ /* 316 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab",
+ /* 317 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP",
+ /* 318 */ "create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE nm dbnm USING nm",
+ /* 319 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarg",
+ /* 320 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg",
+ /* 321 */ "vtabarg ::=",
+ /* 322 */ "vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken",
+ /* 323 */ "vtabargtoken ::= ANY",
+ /* 324 */ "vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP",
+ /* 325 */ "lp ::= LP",
+ /* 326 */ "anylist ::=",
+ /* 327 */ "anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP",
+ /* 328 */ "anylist ::= anylist ANY",
+};
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+
+#if YYSTACKDEPTH<=0
+/*
+** Try to increase the size of the parser stack.
+*/
+static void yyGrowStack(yyParser *p){
+  int newSize;
+  yyStackEntry *pNew;
+
+  newSize = p->yystksz*2 + 100;
+  pNew = realloc(p->yystack, newSize*sizeof(pNew[0]));
+  if( pNew ){
+    p->yystack = pNew;
+    p->yystksz = newSize;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    if( yyTraceFILE ){
+      fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sStack grows to %d entries!\n",
+              yyTracePrompt, p->yystksz);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* 
+** This function allocates a new parser.
+** The only argument is a pointer to a function which works like
+** malloc.
+**
+** Inputs:
+** A pointer to the function used to allocate memory.
+**
+** Outputs:
+** A pointer to a parser.  This pointer is used in subsequent calls
+** to sqlite3Parser and sqlite3ParserFree.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ParserAlloc(void *(*mallocProc)(size_t)){
+  yyParser *pParser;
+  pParser = (yyParser*)(*mallocProc)( (size_t)sizeof(yyParser) );
+  if( pParser ){
+    pParser->yyidx = -1;
+#ifdef YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH
+    pParser->yyidxMax = 0;
+#endif
+#if YYSTACKDEPTH<=0
+    pParser->yystack = NULL;
+    pParser->yystksz = 0;
+    yyGrowStack(pParser);
+#endif
+  }
+  return pParser;
+}
+
+/* The following function deletes the value associated with a
+** symbol.  The symbol can be either a terminal or nonterminal.
+** "yymajor" is the symbol code, and "yypminor" is a pointer to
+** the value.
+*/
+static void yy_destructor(
+  yyParser *yypParser,    /* The parser */
+  YYCODETYPE yymajor,     /* Type code for object to destroy */
+  YYMINORTYPE *yypminor   /* The object to be destroyed */
+){
+  sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH;
+  switch( yymajor ){
+    /* Here is inserted the actions which take place when a
+    ** terminal or non-terminal is destroyed.  This can happen
+    ** when the symbol is popped from the stack during a
+    ** reduce or during error processing or when a parser is 
+    ** being destroyed before it is finished parsing.
+    **
+    ** Note: during a reduce, the only symbols destroyed are those
+    ** which appear on the RHS of the rule, but which are not used
+    ** inside the C code.
+    */
+    case 160: /* select */
+    case 194: /* oneselect */
+{
+sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy387));
+}
+      break;
+    case 174: /* term */
+    case 175: /* expr */
+{
+sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy118).pExpr);
+}
+      break;
+    case 179: /* idxlist_opt */
+    case 187: /* idxlist */
+    case 197: /* selcollist */
+    case 200: /* groupby_opt */
+    case 202: /* orderby_opt */
+    case 204: /* sclp */
+    case 214: /* sortlist */
+    case 216: /* nexprlist */
+    case 217: /* setlist */
+    case 220: /* itemlist */
+    case 221: /* exprlist */
+    case 226: /* case_exprlist */
+{
+sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy322));
+}
+      break;
+    case 193: /* fullname */
+    case 198: /* from */
+    case 206: /* seltablist */
+    case 207: /* stl_prefix */
+{
+sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy259));
+}
+      break;
+    case 199: /* where_opt */
+    case 201: /* having_opt */
+    case 210: /* on_opt */
+    case 215: /* sortitem */
+    case 225: /* case_operand */
+    case 227: /* case_else */
+    case 238: /* when_clause */
+    case 243: /* key_opt */
+{
+sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy314));
+}
+      break;
+    case 211: /* using_opt */
+    case 213: /* inscollist */
+    case 219: /* inscollist_opt */
+{
+sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy384));
+}
+      break;
+    case 234: /* trigger_cmd_list */
+    case 239: /* trigger_cmd */
+{
+sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy203));
+}
+      break;
+    case 236: /* trigger_event */
+{
+sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy90).b);
+}
+      break;
+    default:  break;   /* If no destructor action specified: do nothing */
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Pop the parser's stack once.
+**
+** If there is a destructor routine associated with the token which
+** is popped from the stack, then call it.
+**
+** Return the major token number for the symbol popped.
+*/
+static int yy_pop_parser_stack(yyParser *pParser){
+  YYCODETYPE yymajor;
+  yyStackEntry *yytos = &pParser->yystack[pParser->yyidx];
+
+  /* There is no mechanism by which the parser stack can be popped below
+  ** empty in SQLite.  */
+  if( NEVER(pParser->yyidx<0) ) return 0;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if( yyTraceFILE && pParser->yyidx>=0 ){
+    fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sPopping %s\n",
+      yyTracePrompt,
+      yyTokenName[yytos->major]);
+  }
+#endif
+  yymajor = yytos->major;
+  yy_destructor(pParser, yymajor, &yytos->minor);
+  pParser->yyidx--;
+  return yymajor;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Deallocate and destroy a parser.  Destructors are all called for
+** all stack elements before shutting the parser down.
+**
+** Inputs:
+** <ul>
+** <li>  A pointer to the parser.  This should be a pointer
+**       obtained from sqlite3ParserAlloc.
+** <li>  A pointer to a function used to reclaim memory obtained
+**       from malloc.
+** </ul>
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParserFree(
+  void *p,                    /* The parser to be deleted */
+  void (*freeProc)(void*)     /* Function used to reclaim memory */
+){
+  yyParser *pParser = (yyParser*)p;
+  /* In SQLite, we never try to destroy a parser that was not successfully
+  ** created in the first place. */
+  if( NEVER(pParser==0) ) return;
+  while( pParser->yyidx>=0 ) yy_pop_parser_stack(pParser);
+#if YYSTACKDEPTH<=0
+  free(pParser->yystack);
+#endif
+  (*freeProc)((void*)pParser);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the peak depth of the stack for a parser.
+*/
+#ifdef YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ParserStackPeak(void *p){
+  yyParser *pParser = (yyParser*)p;
+  return pParser->yyidxMax;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Find the appropriate action for a parser given the terminal
+** look-ahead token iLookAhead.
+**
+** If the look-ahead token is YYNOCODE, then check to see if the action is
+** independent of the look-ahead.  If it is, return the action, otherwise
+** return YY_NO_ACTION.
+*/
+static int yy_find_shift_action(
+  yyParser *pParser,        /* The parser */
+  YYCODETYPE iLookAhead     /* The look-ahead token */
+){
+  int i;
+  int stateno = pParser->yystack[pParser->yyidx].stateno;
+ 
+  if( stateno>YY_SHIFT_COUNT
+   || (i = yy_shift_ofst[stateno])==YY_SHIFT_USE_DFLT ){
+    return yy_default[stateno];
+  }
+  assert( iLookAhead!=YYNOCODE );
+  i += iLookAhead;
+  if( i<0 || i>=YY_ACTTAB_COUNT || yy_lookahead[i]!=iLookAhead ){
+    if( iLookAhead>0 ){
+#ifdef YYFALLBACK
+      YYCODETYPE iFallback;            /* Fallback token */
+      if( iLookAhead<sizeof(yyFallback)/sizeof(yyFallback[0])
+             && (iFallback = yyFallback[iLookAhead])!=0 ){
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+        if( yyTraceFILE ){
+          fprintf(yyTraceFILE, "%sFALLBACK %s => %s\n",
+             yyTracePrompt, yyTokenName[iLookAhead], yyTokenName[iFallback]);
+        }
+#endif
+        return yy_find_shift_action(pParser, iFallback);
+      }
+#endif
+#ifdef YYWILDCARD
+      {
+        int j = i - iLookAhead + YYWILDCARD;
+        if( 
+#if YY_SHIFT_MIN+YYWILDCARD<0
+          j>=0 &&
+#endif
+#if YY_SHIFT_MAX+YYWILDCARD>=YY_ACTTAB_COUNT
+          j<YY_ACTTAB_COUNT &&
+#endif
+          yy_lookahead[j]==YYWILDCARD
+        ){
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+          if( yyTraceFILE ){
+            fprintf(yyTraceFILE, "%sWILDCARD %s => %s\n",
+               yyTracePrompt, yyTokenName[iLookAhead], yyTokenName[YYWILDCARD]);
+          }
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+          return yy_action[j];
+        }
+      }
+#endif /* YYWILDCARD */
+    }
+    return yy_default[stateno];
+  }else{
+    return yy_action[i];
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Find the appropriate action for a parser given the non-terminal
+** look-ahead token iLookAhead.
+**
+** If the look-ahead token is YYNOCODE, then check to see if the action is
+** independent of the look-ahead.  If it is, return the action, otherwise
+** return YY_NO_ACTION.
+*/
+static int yy_find_reduce_action(
+  int stateno,              /* Current state number */
+  YYCODETYPE iLookAhead     /* The look-ahead token */
+){
+  int i;
+#ifdef YYERRORSYMBOL
+  if( stateno>YY_REDUCE_COUNT ){
+    return yy_default[stateno];
+  }
+#else
+  assert( stateno<=YY_REDUCE_COUNT );
+#endif
+  i = yy_reduce_ofst[stateno];
+  assert( i!=YY_REDUCE_USE_DFLT );
+  assert( iLookAhead!=YYNOCODE );
+  i += iLookAhead;
+#ifdef YYERRORSYMBOL
+  if( i<0 || i>=YY_ACTTAB_COUNT || yy_lookahead[i]!=iLookAhead ){
+    return yy_default[stateno];
+  }
+#else
+  assert( i>=0 && i<YY_ACTTAB_COUNT );
+  assert( yy_lookahead[i]==iLookAhead );
+#endif
+  return yy_action[i];
+}
+
+/*
+** The following routine is called if the stack overflows.
+*/
+static void yyStackOverflow(yyParser *yypParser, YYMINORTYPE *yypMinor){
+   sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH;
+   yypParser->yyidx--;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+   if( yyTraceFILE ){
+     fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sStack Overflow!\n",yyTracePrompt);
+   }
+#endif
+   while( yypParser->yyidx>=0 ) yy_pop_parser_stack(yypParser);
+   /* Here code is inserted which will execute if the parser
+   ** stack every overflows */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(yypMinor); /* Silence some compiler warnings */
+  sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "parser stack overflow");
+  pParse->parseError = 1;
+   sqlite3ParserARG_STORE; /* Suppress warning about unused %extra_argument var */
+}
+
+/*
+** Perform a shift action.
+*/
+static void yy_shift(
+  yyParser *yypParser,          /* The parser to be shifted */
+  int yyNewState,               /* The new state to shift in */
+  int yyMajor,                  /* The major token to shift in */
+  YYMINORTYPE *yypMinor         /* Pointer to the minor token to shift in */
+){
+  yyStackEntry *yytos;
+  yypParser->yyidx++;
+#ifdef YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH
+  if( yypParser->yyidx>yypParser->yyidxMax ){
+    yypParser->yyidxMax = yypParser->yyidx;
+  }
+#endif
+#if YYSTACKDEPTH>0 
+  if( yypParser->yyidx>=YYSTACKDEPTH ){
+    yyStackOverflow(yypParser, yypMinor);
+    return;
+  }
+#else
+  if( yypParser->yyidx>=yypParser->yystksz ){
+    yyGrowStack(yypParser);
+    if( yypParser->yyidx>=yypParser->yystksz ){
+      yyStackOverflow(yypParser, yypMinor);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  yytos = &yypParser->yystack[yypParser->yyidx];
+  yytos->stateno = (YYACTIONTYPE)yyNewState;
+  yytos->major = (YYCODETYPE)yyMajor;
+  yytos->minor = *yypMinor;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if( yyTraceFILE && yypParser->yyidx>0 ){
+    int i;
+    fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sShift %d\n",yyTracePrompt,yyNewState);
+    fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sStack:",yyTracePrompt);
+    for(i=1; i<=yypParser->yyidx; i++)
+      fprintf(yyTraceFILE," %s",yyTokenName[yypParser->yystack[i].major]);
+    fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"\n");
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* The following table contains information about every rule that
+** is used during the reduce.
+*/
+static const struct {
+  YYCODETYPE lhs;         /* Symbol on the left-hand side of the rule */
+  unsigned char nrhs;     /* Number of right-hand side symbols in the rule */
+} yyRuleInfo[] = {
+  { 142, 1 },
+  { 143, 2 },
+  { 143, 1 },
+  { 144, 1 },
+  { 144, 3 },
+  { 145, 0 },
+  { 145, 1 },
+  { 145, 3 },
+  { 146, 1 },
+  { 147, 3 },
+  { 149, 0 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 148, 0 },
+  { 148, 1 },
+  { 148, 1 },
+  { 148, 1 },
+  { 147, 2 },
+  { 147, 2 },
+  { 147, 2 },
+  { 151, 1 },
+  { 151, 0 },
+  { 147, 2 },
+  { 147, 3 },
+  { 147, 5 },
+  { 147, 2 },
+  { 152, 6 },
+  { 154, 1 },
+  { 156, 0 },
+  { 156, 3 },
+  { 155, 1 },
+  { 155, 0 },
+  { 153, 4 },
+  { 153, 2 },
+  { 158, 3 },
+  { 158, 1 },
+  { 161, 3 },
+  { 162, 1 },
+  { 165, 1 },
+  { 165, 1 },
+  { 166, 1 },
+  { 150, 1 },
+  { 150, 1 },
+  { 150, 1 },
+  { 163, 0 },
+  { 163, 1 },
+  { 167, 1 },
+  { 167, 4 },
+  { 167, 6 },
+  { 168, 1 },
+  { 168, 2 },
+  { 169, 1 },
+  { 169, 1 },
+  { 164, 2 },
+  { 164, 0 },
+  { 172, 3 },
+  { 172, 1 },
+  { 173, 2 },
+  { 173, 4 },
+  { 173, 3 },
+  { 173, 3 },
+  { 173, 2 },
+  { 173, 2 },
+  { 173, 3 },
+  { 173, 5 },
+  { 173, 2 },
+  { 173, 4 },
+  { 173, 4 },
+  { 173, 1 },
+  { 173, 2 },
+  { 178, 0 },
+  { 178, 1 },
+  { 180, 0 },
+  { 180, 2 },
+  { 182, 2 },
+  { 182, 3 },
+  { 182, 3 },
+  { 182, 3 },
+  { 183, 2 },
+  { 183, 2 },
+  { 183, 1 },
+  { 183, 1 },
+  { 183, 2 },
+  { 181, 3 },
+  { 181, 2 },
+  { 184, 0 },
+  { 184, 2 },
+  { 184, 2 },
+  { 159, 0 },
+  { 159, 2 },
+  { 185, 3 },
+  { 185, 2 },
+  { 185, 1 },
+  { 186, 2 },
+  { 186, 7 },
+  { 186, 5 },
+  { 186, 5 },
+  { 186, 10 },
+  { 188, 0 },
+  { 188, 1 },
+  { 176, 0 },
+  { 176, 3 },
+  { 189, 0 },
+  { 189, 2 },
+  { 190, 1 },
+  { 190, 1 },
+  { 190, 1 },
+  { 147, 4 },
+  { 192, 2 },
+  { 192, 0 },
+  { 147, 8 },
+  { 147, 4 },
+  { 147, 1 },
+  { 160, 1 },
+  { 160, 3 },
+  { 195, 1 },
+  { 195, 2 },
+  { 195, 1 },
+  { 194, 9 },
+  { 196, 1 },
+  { 196, 1 },
+  { 196, 0 },
+  { 204, 2 },
+  { 204, 0 },
+  { 197, 3 },
+  { 197, 2 },
+  { 197, 4 },
+  { 205, 2 },
+  { 205, 1 },
+  { 205, 0 },
+  { 198, 0 },
+  { 198, 2 },
+  { 207, 2 },
+  { 207, 0 },
+  { 206, 7 },
+  { 206, 7 },
+  { 206, 7 },
+  { 157, 0 },
+  { 157, 2 },
+  { 193, 2 },
+  { 208, 1 },
+  { 208, 2 },
+  { 208, 3 },
+  { 208, 4 },
+  { 210, 2 },
+  { 210, 0 },
+  { 209, 0 },
+  { 209, 3 },
+  { 209, 2 },
+  { 211, 4 },
+  { 211, 0 },
+  { 202, 0 },
+  { 202, 3 },
+  { 214, 4 },
+  { 214, 2 },
+  { 215, 1 },
+  { 177, 1 },
+  { 177, 1 },
+  { 177, 0 },
+  { 200, 0 },
+  { 200, 3 },
+  { 201, 0 },
+  { 201, 2 },
+  { 203, 0 },
+  { 203, 2 },
+  { 203, 4 },
+  { 203, 4 },
+  { 147, 5 },
+  { 199, 0 },
+  { 199, 2 },
+  { 147, 7 },
+  { 217, 5 },
+  { 217, 3 },
+  { 147, 8 },
+  { 147, 5 },
+  { 147, 6 },
+  { 218, 2 },
+  { 218, 1 },
+  { 220, 3 },
+  { 220, 1 },
+  { 219, 0 },
+  { 219, 3 },
+  { 213, 3 },
+  { 213, 1 },
+  { 175, 1 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 174, 1 },
+  { 175, 1 },
+  { 175, 1 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 174, 1 },
+  { 174, 1 },
+  { 175, 1 },
+  { 175, 1 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 6 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 174, 1 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 222, 1 },
+  { 222, 2 },
+  { 222, 1 },
+  { 222, 2 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 223, 1 },
+  { 223, 2 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 224, 1 },
+  { 224, 2 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 226, 5 },
+  { 226, 4 },
+  { 227, 2 },
+  { 227, 0 },
+  { 225, 1 },
+  { 225, 0 },
+  { 221, 1 },
+  { 221, 0 },
+  { 216, 3 },
+  { 216, 1 },
+  { 147, 11 },
+  { 228, 1 },
+  { 228, 0 },
+  { 179, 0 },
+  { 179, 3 },
+  { 187, 5 },
+  { 187, 3 },
+  { 229, 0 },
+  { 229, 2 },
+  { 147, 4 },
+  { 147, 1 },
+  { 147, 2 },
+  { 147, 3 },
+  { 147, 5 },
+  { 147, 6 },
+  { 147, 5 },
+  { 147, 6 },
+  { 230, 1 },
+  { 230, 1 },
+  { 230, 1 },
+  { 230, 1 },
+  { 230, 1 },
+  { 170, 2 },
+  { 171, 2 },
+  { 232, 1 },
+  { 231, 1 },
+  { 231, 0 },
+  { 147, 5 },
+  { 233, 11 },
+  { 235, 1 },
+  { 235, 1 },
+  { 235, 2 },
+  { 235, 0 },
+  { 236, 1 },
+  { 236, 1 },
+  { 236, 3 },
+  { 237, 0 },
+  { 237, 3 },
+  { 238, 0 },
+  { 238, 2 },
+  { 234, 3 },
+  { 234, 2 },
+  { 240, 1 },
+  { 240, 3 },
+  { 241, 0 },
+  { 241, 3 },
+  { 241, 2 },
+  { 239, 7 },
+  { 239, 8 },
+  { 239, 5 },
+  { 239, 5 },
+  { 239, 1 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 6 },
+  { 191, 1 },
+  { 191, 1 },
+  { 191, 1 },
+  { 147, 4 },
+  { 147, 6 },
+  { 147, 3 },
+  { 243, 0 },
+  { 243, 2 },
+  { 242, 1 },
+  { 242, 0 },
+  { 147, 1 },
+  { 147, 3 },
+  { 147, 1 },
+  { 147, 3 },
+  { 147, 6 },
+  { 147, 6 },
+  { 244, 1 },
+  { 245, 0 },
+  { 245, 1 },
+  { 147, 1 },
+  { 147, 4 },
+  { 246, 7 },
+  { 247, 1 },
+  { 247, 3 },
+  { 248, 0 },
+  { 248, 2 },
+  { 249, 1 },
+  { 249, 3 },
+  { 250, 1 },
+  { 251, 0 },
+  { 251, 4 },
+  { 251, 2 },
+};
+
+static void yy_accept(yyParser*);  /* Forward Declaration */
+
+/*
+** Perform a reduce action and the shift that must immediately
+** follow the reduce.
+*/
+static void yy_reduce(
+  yyParser *yypParser,         /* The parser */
+  int yyruleno                 /* Number of the rule by which to reduce */
+){
+  int yygoto;                     /* The next state */
+  int yyact;                      /* The next action */
+  YYMINORTYPE yygotominor;        /* The LHS of the rule reduced */
+  yyStackEntry *yymsp;            /* The top of the parser's stack */
+  int yysize;                     /* Amount to pop the stack */
+  sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH;
+  yymsp = &yypParser->yystack[yypParser->yyidx];
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if( yyTraceFILE && yyruleno>=0 
+        && yyruleno<(int)(sizeof(yyRuleName)/sizeof(yyRuleName[0])) ){
+    fprintf(yyTraceFILE, "%sReduce [%s].\n", yyTracePrompt,
+      yyRuleName[yyruleno]);
+  }
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+  /* Silence complaints from purify about yygotominor being uninitialized
+  ** in some cases when it is copied into the stack after the following
+  ** switch.  yygotominor is uninitialized when a rule reduces that does
+  ** not set the value of its left-hand side nonterminal.  Leaving the
+  ** value of the nonterminal uninitialized is utterly harmless as long
+  ** as the value is never used.  So really the only thing this code
+  ** accomplishes is to quieten purify.  
+  **
+  ** 2007-01-16:  The wireshark project (www.wireshark.org) reports that
+  ** without this code, their parser segfaults.  I'm not sure what there
+  ** parser is doing to make this happen.  This is the second bug report
+  ** from wireshark this week.  Clearly they are stressing Lemon in ways
+  ** that it has not been previously stressed...  (SQLite ticket #2172)
+  */
+  /*memset(&yygotominor, 0, sizeof(yygotominor));*/
+  yygotominor = yyzerominor;
+
+
+  switch( yyruleno ){
+  /* Beginning here are the reduction cases.  A typical example
+  ** follows:
+  **   case 0:
+  **  #line <lineno> <grammarfile>
+  **     { ... }           // User supplied code
+  **  #line <lineno> <thisfile>
+  **     break;
+  */
+      case 5: /* explain ::= */
+{ sqlite3BeginParse(pParse, 0); }
+        break;
+      case 6: /* explain ::= EXPLAIN */
+{ sqlite3BeginParse(pParse, 1); }
+        break;
+      case 7: /* explain ::= EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN */
+{ sqlite3BeginParse(pParse, 2); }
+        break;
+      case 8: /* cmdx ::= cmd */
+{ sqlite3FinishCoding(pParse); }
+        break;
+      case 9: /* cmd ::= BEGIN transtype trans_opt */
+{sqlite3BeginTransaction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy4);}
+        break;
+      case 13: /* transtype ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy4 = TK_DEFERRED;}
+        break;
+      case 14: /* transtype ::= DEFERRED */
+      case 15: /* transtype ::= IMMEDIATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==15);
+      case 16: /* transtype ::= EXCLUSIVE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==16);
+      case 115: /* multiselect_op ::= UNION */ yytestcase(yyruleno==115);
+      case 117: /* multiselect_op ::= EXCEPT|INTERSECT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==117);
+{yygotominor.yy4 = yymsp[0].major;}
+        break;
+      case 17: /* cmd ::= COMMIT trans_opt */
+      case 18: /* cmd ::= END trans_opt */ yytestcase(yyruleno==18);
+{sqlite3CommitTransaction(pParse);}
+        break;
+      case 19: /* cmd ::= ROLLBACK trans_opt */
+{sqlite3RollbackTransaction(pParse);}
+        break;
+      case 22: /* cmd ::= SAVEPOINT nm */
+{
+  sqlite3Savepoint(pParse, SAVEPOINT_BEGIN, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 23: /* cmd ::= RELEASE savepoint_opt nm */
+{
+  sqlite3Savepoint(pParse, SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 24: /* cmd ::= ROLLBACK trans_opt TO savepoint_opt nm */
+{
+  sqlite3Savepoint(pParse, SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 26: /* create_table ::= createkw temp TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm */
+{
+   sqlite3StartTable(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy4,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy4);
+}
+        break;
+      case 27: /* createkw ::= CREATE */
+{
+  pParse->db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
+  yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;
+}
+        break;
+      case 28: /* ifnotexists ::= */
+      case 31: /* temp ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==31);
+      case 70: /* autoinc ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==70);
+      case 83: /* defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */ yytestcase(yyruleno==83);
+      case 85: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==85);
+      case 87: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==87);
+      case 98: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==98);
+      case 109: /* ifexists ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==109);
+      case 120: /* distinct ::= ALL */ yytestcase(yyruleno==120);
+      case 121: /* distinct ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==121);
+      case 222: /* between_op ::= BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==222);
+      case 225: /* in_op ::= IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==225);
+{yygotominor.yy4 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 29: /* ifnotexists ::= IF NOT EXISTS */
+      case 30: /* temp ::= TEMP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==30);
+      case 71: /* autoinc ::= AUTOINCR */ yytestcase(yyruleno==71);
+      case 86: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED */ yytestcase(yyruleno==86);
+      case 108: /* ifexists ::= IF EXISTS */ yytestcase(yyruleno==108);
+      case 119: /* distinct ::= DISTINCT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==119);
+      case 223: /* between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==223);
+      case 226: /* in_op ::= NOT IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==226);
+{yygotominor.yy4 = 1;}
+        break;
+      case 32: /* create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP */
+{
+  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 33: /* create_table_args ::= AS select */
+{
+  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy387);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy387);
+}
+        break;
+      case 36: /* column ::= columnid type carglist */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy0.z = yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy0.n = (int)(pParse->sLastToken.z-yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z) + pParse->sLastToken.n;
+}
+        break;
+      case 37: /* columnid ::= nm */
+{
+  sqlite3AddColumn(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;
+}
+        break;
+      case 38: /* id ::= ID */
+      case 39: /* id ::= INDEXED */ yytestcase(yyruleno==39);
+      case 40: /* ids ::= ID|STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==40);
+      case 41: /* nm ::= id */ yytestcase(yyruleno==41);
+      case 42: /* nm ::= STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==42);
+      case 43: /* nm ::= JOIN_KW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==43);
+      case 46: /* typetoken ::= typename */ yytestcase(yyruleno==46);
+      case 49: /* typename ::= ids */ yytestcase(yyruleno==49);
+      case 127: /* as ::= AS nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==127);
+      case 128: /* as ::= ids */ yytestcase(yyruleno==128);
+      case 138: /* dbnm ::= DOT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==138);
+      case 147: /* indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==147);
+      case 251: /* collate ::= COLLATE ids */ yytestcase(yyruleno==251);
+      case 260: /* nmnum ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==260);
+      case 261: /* nmnum ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==261);
+      case 262: /* nmnum ::= ON */ yytestcase(yyruleno==262);
+      case 263: /* nmnum ::= DELETE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==263);
+      case 264: /* nmnum ::= DEFAULT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==264);
+      case 265: /* plus_num ::= plus_opt number */ yytestcase(yyruleno==265);
+      case 266: /* minus_num ::= MINUS number */ yytestcase(yyruleno==266);
+      case 267: /* number ::= INTEGER|FLOAT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==267);
+      case 285: /* trnm ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==285);
+{yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;}
+        break;
+      case 45: /* type ::= typetoken */
+{sqlite3AddColumnType(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 47: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy0.z = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy0.n = (int)(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] - yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z);
+}
+        break;
+      case 48: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy0.z = yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy0.n = (int)(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] - yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z);
+}
+        break;
+      case 50: /* typename ::= typename ids */
+{yygotominor.yy0.z=yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z; yygotominor.yy0.n=yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n+(int)(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z-yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z);}
+        break;
+      case 57: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT term */
+      case 59: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term */ yytestcase(yyruleno==59);
+{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy118);}
+        break;
+      case 58: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP */
+{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy118);}
+        break;
+      case 60: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term */
+{
+  ExprSpan v;
+  v.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_UMINUS, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  v.zStart = yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z;
+  v.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy118.zEnd;
+  sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&v);
+}
+        break;
+      case 61: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT id */
+{
+  ExprSpan v;
+  spanExpr(&v, pParse, TK_STRING, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&v);
+}
+        break;
+      case 63: /* ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf */
+{sqlite3AddNotNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy4);}
+        break;
+      case 64: /* ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc */
+{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy4,yymsp[0].minor.yy4,yymsp[-2].minor.yy4);}
+        break;
+      case 65: /* ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf */
+{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy4,0,0,0,0);}
+        break;
+      case 66: /* ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP */
+{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy118.pExpr);}
+        break;
+      case 67: /* ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs */
+{sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy322,yymsp[0].minor.yy4);}
+        break;
+      case 68: /* ccons ::= defer_subclause */
+{sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy4);}
+        break;
+      case 69: /* ccons ::= COLLATE ids */
+{sqlite3AddCollateType(pParse, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 72: /* refargs ::= */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = OE_None*0x0101; /* EV: R-19803-45884 */}
+        break;
+      case 73: /* refargs ::= refargs refarg */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = (yymsp[-1].minor.yy4 & ~yymsp[0].minor.yy215.mask) | yymsp[0].minor.yy215.value; }
+        break;
+      case 74: /* refarg ::= MATCH nm */
+      case 75: /* refarg ::= ON INSERT refact */ yytestcase(yyruleno==75);
+{ yygotominor.yy215.value = 0;     yygotominor.yy215.mask = 0x000000; }
+        break;
+      case 76: /* refarg ::= ON DELETE refact */
+{ yygotominor.yy215.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy4;     yygotominor.yy215.mask = 0x0000ff; }
+        break;
+      case 77: /* refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact */
+{ yygotominor.yy215.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy4<<8;  yygotominor.yy215.mask = 0x00ff00; }
+        break;
+      case 78: /* refact ::= SET NULL */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = OE_SetNull;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+        break;
+      case 79: /* refact ::= SET DEFAULT */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = OE_SetDflt;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+        break;
+      case 80: /* refact ::= CASCADE */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = OE_Cascade;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+        break;
+      case 81: /* refact ::= RESTRICT */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = OE_Restrict; /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+        break;
+      case 82: /* refact ::= NO ACTION */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = OE_None;     /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+        break;
+      case 84: /* defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */
+      case 99: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause */ yytestcase(yyruleno==99);
+      case 101: /* onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==101);
+      case 104: /* resolvetype ::= raisetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==104);
+{yygotominor.yy4 = yymsp[0].minor.yy4;}
+        break;
+      case 88: /* conslist_opt ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy0.n = 0; yygotominor.yy0.z = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 89: /* conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist */
+{yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy0;}
+        break;
+      case 94: /* tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf */
+{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy322,yymsp[0].minor.yy4,yymsp[-2].minor.yy4,0);}
+        break;
+      case 95: /* tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf */
+{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy322,yymsp[0].minor.yy4,0,0,0,0);}
+        break;
+      case 96: /* tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf */
+{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.pExpr);}
+        break;
+      case 97: /* tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt */
+{
+    sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[-6].minor.yy322, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy322, yymsp[-1].minor.yy4);
+    sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy4);
+}
+        break;
+      case 100: /* onconf ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy4 = OE_Default;}
+        break;
+      case 102: /* orconf ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy210 = OE_Default;}
+        break;
+      case 103: /* orconf ::= OR resolvetype */
+{yygotominor.yy210 = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy4;}
+        break;
+      case 105: /* resolvetype ::= IGNORE */
+{yygotominor.yy4 = OE_Ignore;}
+        break;
+      case 106: /* resolvetype ::= REPLACE */
+{yygotominor.yy4 = OE_Replace;}
+        break;
+      case 107: /* cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname */
+{
+  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy259, 0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy4);
+}
+        break;
+      case 110: /* cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select */
+{
+  sqlite3CreateView(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy387, yymsp[-6].minor.yy4, yymsp[-4].minor.yy4);
+}
+        break;
+      case 111: /* cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname */
+{
+  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy259, 1, yymsp[-1].minor.yy4);
+}
+        break;
+      case 112: /* cmd ::= select */
+{
+  SelectDest dest = {SRT_Output, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy387, &dest);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy387);
+}
+        break;
+      case 113: /* select ::= oneselect */
+{yygotominor.yy387 = yymsp[0].minor.yy387;}
+        break;
+      case 114: /* select ::= select multiselect_op oneselect */
+{
+  if( yymsp[0].minor.yy387 ){
+    yymsp[0].minor.yy387->op = (u8)yymsp[-1].minor.yy4;
+    yymsp[0].minor.yy387->pPrior = yymsp[-2].minor.yy387;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy387);
+  }
+  yygotominor.yy387 = yymsp[0].minor.yy387;
+}
+        break;
+      case 116: /* multiselect_op ::= UNION ALL */
+{yygotominor.yy4 = TK_ALL;}
+        break;
+      case 118: /* oneselect ::= SELECT distinct selcollist from where_opt groupby_opt having_opt orderby_opt limit_opt */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy387 = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy322,yymsp[-5].minor.yy259,yymsp[-4].minor.yy314,yymsp[-3].minor.yy322,yymsp[-2].minor.yy314,yymsp[-1].minor.yy322,yymsp[-7].minor.yy4,yymsp[0].minor.yy292.pLimit,yymsp[0].minor.yy292.pOffset);
+}
+        break;
+      case 122: /* sclp ::= selcollist COMMA */
+      case 247: /* idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==247);
+{yygotominor.yy322 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy322;}
+        break;
+      case 123: /* sclp ::= */
+      case 151: /* orderby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==151);
+      case 159: /* groupby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==159);
+      case 240: /* exprlist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==240);
+      case 246: /* idxlist_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==246);
+{yygotominor.yy322 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 124: /* selcollist ::= sclp expr as */
+{
+   yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy322, yymsp[-1].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+   if( yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n>0 ) sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy322, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, 1);
+   sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(pParse,yygotominor.yy322,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy118);
+}
+        break;
+      case 125: /* selcollist ::= sclp STAR */
+{
+  Expr *p = sqlite3Expr(pParse->db, TK_ALL, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy322, p);
+}
+        break;
+      case 126: /* selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR */
+{
+  Expr *pRight = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ALL, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  Expr *pLeft = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
+  Expr *pDot = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy322, pDot);
+}
+        break;
+      case 129: /* as ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy0.n = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 130: /* from ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy259 = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(*yygotominor.yy259));}
+        break;
+      case 131: /* from ::= FROM seltablist */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy259 = yymsp[0].minor.yy259;
+  sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yygotominor.yy259);
+}
+        break;
+      case 132: /* stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop */
+{
+   yygotominor.yy259 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy259;
+   if( ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy259 && yygotominor.yy259->nSrc>0) ) yygotominor.yy259->a[yygotominor.yy259->nSrc-1].jointype = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy4;
+}
+        break;
+      case 133: /* stl_prefix ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy259 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 134: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy259 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy259,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy314,yymsp[0].minor.yy384);
+  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yygotominor.yy259, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 135: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt */
+{
+    yygotominor.yy259 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy259,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy387,yymsp[-1].minor.yy314,yymsp[0].minor.yy384);
+  }
+        break;
+      case 136: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt */
+{
+    if( yymsp[-6].minor.yy259==0 && yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.n==0 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy314==0 && yymsp[0].minor.yy384==0 ){
+      yygotominor.yy259 = yymsp[-4].minor.yy259;
+    }else{
+      Select *pSubquery;
+      sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yymsp[-4].minor.yy259);
+      pSubquery = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy259,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
+      yygotominor.yy259 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy259,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,pSubquery,yymsp[-1].minor.yy314,yymsp[0].minor.yy384);
+    }
+  }
+        break;
+      case 137: /* dbnm ::= */
+      case 146: /* indexed_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==146);
+{yygotominor.yy0.z=0; yygotominor.yy0.n=0;}
+        break;
+      case 139: /* fullname ::= nm dbnm */
+{yygotominor.yy259 = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 140: /* joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = JT_INNER; }
+        break;
+      case 141: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0,0); }
+        break;
+      case 142: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0); }
+        break;
+      case 143: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); }
+        break;
+      case 144: /* on_opt ::= ON expr */
+      case 155: /* sortitem ::= expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==155);
+      case 162: /* having_opt ::= HAVING expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==162);
+      case 169: /* where_opt ::= WHERE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==169);
+      case 235: /* case_else ::= ELSE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==235);
+      case 237: /* case_operand ::= expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==237);
+{yygotominor.yy314 = yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr;}
+        break;
+      case 145: /* on_opt ::= */
+      case 161: /* having_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==161);
+      case 168: /* where_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==168);
+      case 236: /* case_else ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==236);
+      case 238: /* case_operand ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==238);
+{yygotominor.yy314 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 148: /* indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED */
+{yygotominor.yy0.z=0; yygotominor.yy0.n=1;}
+        break;
+      case 149: /* using_opt ::= USING LP inscollist RP */
+      case 181: /* inscollist_opt ::= LP inscollist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==181);
+{yygotominor.yy384 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy384;}
+        break;
+      case 150: /* using_opt ::= */
+      case 180: /* inscollist_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==180);
+{yygotominor.yy384 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 152: /* orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist */
+      case 160: /* groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==160);
+      case 239: /* exprlist ::= nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==239);
+{yygotominor.yy322 = yymsp[0].minor.yy322;}
+        break;
+      case 153: /* sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA sortitem sortorder */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy322,yymsp[-1].minor.yy314);
+  if( yygotominor.yy322 ) yygotominor.yy322->a[yygotominor.yy322->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy4;
+}
+        break;
+      case 154: /* sortlist ::= sortitem sortorder */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy314);
+  if( yygotominor.yy322 && ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy322->a) ) yygotominor.yy322->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy4;
+}
+        break;
+      case 156: /* sortorder ::= ASC */
+      case 158: /* sortorder ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==158);
+{yygotominor.yy4 = SQLITE_SO_ASC;}
+        break;
+      case 157: /* sortorder ::= DESC */
+{yygotominor.yy4 = SQLITE_SO_DESC;}
+        break;
+      case 163: /* limit_opt ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy292.pLimit = 0; yygotominor.yy292.pOffset = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 164: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr */
+{yygotominor.yy292.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr; yygotominor.yy292.pOffset = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 165: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr */
+{yygotominor.yy292.pLimit = yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.pExpr; yygotominor.yy292.pOffset = yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr;}
+        break;
+      case 166: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr */
+{yygotominor.yy292.pOffset = yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.pExpr; yygotominor.yy292.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr;}
+        break;
+      case 167: /* cmd ::= DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt */
+{
+  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy259, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3DeleteFrom(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy259,yymsp[0].minor.yy314);
+}
+        break;
+      case 170: /* cmd ::= UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt */
+{
+  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy259, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy322,"set list"); 
+  sqlite3Update(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy259,yymsp[-1].minor.yy322,yymsp[0].minor.yy314,yymsp[-5].minor.yy210);
+}
+        break;
+      case 171: /* setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy322, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy322, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
+}
+        break;
+      case 172: /* setlist ::= nm EQ expr */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy322, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
+}
+        break;
+      case 173: /* cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt VALUES LP itemlist RP */
+{sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-5].minor.yy259, yymsp[-1].minor.yy322, 0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy384, yymsp[-7].minor.yy210);}
+        break;
+      case 174: /* cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select */
+{sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy259, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy387, yymsp[-1].minor.yy384, yymsp[-4].minor.yy210);}
+        break;
+      case 175: /* cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES */
+{sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy259, 0, 0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy384, yymsp[-5].minor.yy210);}
+        break;
+      case 176: /* insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf */
+{yygotominor.yy210 = yymsp[0].minor.yy210;}
+        break;
+      case 177: /* insert_cmd ::= REPLACE */
+{yygotominor.yy210 = OE_Replace;}
+        break;
+      case 178: /* itemlist ::= itemlist COMMA expr */
+      case 241: /* nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==241);
+{yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy322,yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);}
+        break;
+      case 179: /* itemlist ::= expr */
+      case 242: /* nexprlist ::= expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==242);
+{yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);}
+        break;
+      case 182: /* inscollist ::= inscollist COMMA nm */
+{yygotominor.yy384 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,yymsp[-2].minor.yy384,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 183: /* inscollist ::= nm */
+{yygotominor.yy384 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 184: /* expr ::= term */
+{yygotominor.yy118 = yymsp[0].minor.yy118;}
+        break;
+      case 185: /* expr ::= LP expr RP */
+{yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = yymsp[-1].minor.yy118.pExpr; spanSet(&yygotominor.yy118,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 186: /* term ::= NULL */
+      case 191: /* term ::= INTEGER|FLOAT|BLOB */ yytestcase(yyruleno==191);
+      case 192: /* term ::= STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==192);
+{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy118, pParse, yymsp[0].major, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 187: /* expr ::= id */
+      case 188: /* expr ::= JOIN_KW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==188);
+{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy118, pParse, TK_ID, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 189: /* expr ::= nm DOT nm */
+{
+  Expr *temp1 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
+  Expr *temp2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp2, 0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy118,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 190: /* expr ::= nm DOT nm DOT nm */
+{
+  Expr *temp1 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0);
+  Expr *temp2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
+  Expr *temp3 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  Expr *temp4 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp2, temp3, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp4, 0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy118,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 193: /* expr ::= REGISTER */
+{
+  /* When doing a nested parse, one can include terms in an expression
+  ** that look like this:   #1 #2 ...  These terms refer to registers
+  ** in the virtual machine.  #N is the N-th register. */
+  if( pParse->nested==0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "near \"%T\": syntax error", &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = 0;
+  }else{
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_REGISTER, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ) sqlite3GetInt32(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[1], &yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->iTable);
+  }
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy118, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 194: /* expr ::= VARIABLE */
+{
+  spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy118, pParse, TK_VARIABLE, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(pParse, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy118, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 195: /* expr ::= expr COLLATE ids */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.pExpr, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+}
+        break;
+      case 196: /* expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CAST, yymsp[-3].minor.yy118.pExpr, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy118,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 197: /* expr ::= ID LP distinct exprlist RP */
+{
+  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy322 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy322->nExpr>pParse->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG] ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many arguments on function %T", &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0);
+  }
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy322, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy118,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy4 && yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->flags |= EP_Distinct;
+  }
+}
+        break;
+      case 198: /* expr ::= ID LP STAR RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy118,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 199: /* term ::= CTIME_KW */
+{
+  /* The CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE, and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP values are
+  ** treated as functions that return constants */
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->op = TK_CONST_FUNC;  
+  }
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy118, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 200: /* expr ::= expr AND expr */
+      case 201: /* expr ::= expr OR expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==201);
+      case 202: /* expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==202);
+      case 203: /* expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==203);
+      case 204: /* expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==204);
+      case 205: /* expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==205);
+      case 206: /* expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==206);
+      case 207: /* expr ::= expr CONCAT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==207);
+{spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy118,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy118,&yymsp[0].minor.yy118);}
+        break;
+      case 208: /* likeop ::= LIKE_KW */
+      case 210: /* likeop ::= MATCH */ yytestcase(yyruleno==210);
+{yygotominor.yy342.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy342.not = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 209: /* likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW */
+      case 211: /* likeop ::= NOT MATCH */ yytestcase(yyruleno==211);
+{yygotominor.yy342.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy342.not = 1;}
+        break;
+      case 212: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr */
+{
+  ExprList *pList;
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.eOperator);
+  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.not ) yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy118.zEnd;
+  if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
+}
+        break;
+      case 213: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr */
+{
+  ExprList *pList;
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-4].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.eOperator);
+  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.not ) yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy118.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy118.zEnd;
+  if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
+}
+        break;
+      case 214: /* expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL */
+{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy118,pParse,yymsp[0].major,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy118,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 215: /* expr ::= expr NOT NULL */
+{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy118,pParse,TK_NOTNULL,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy118,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 216: /* expr ::= expr IS expr */
+{
+  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy118,pParse,TK_IS,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy118,&yymsp[0].minor.yy118);
+  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, TK_ISNULL);
+}
+        break;
+      case 217: /* expr ::= expr IS NOT expr */
+{
+  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy118,pParse,TK_ISNOT,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy118,&yymsp[0].minor.yy118);
+  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, TK_NOTNULL);
+}
+        break;
+      case 218: /* expr ::= NOT expr */
+      case 219: /* expr ::= BITNOT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==219);
+{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy118,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[0].minor.yy118,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 220: /* expr ::= MINUS expr */
+{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy118,pParse,TK_UMINUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy118,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 221: /* expr ::= PLUS expr */
+{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy118,pParse,TK_UPLUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy118,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 224: /* expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr */
+{
+  ExprList *pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_BETWEEN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->x.pList = pList;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, pList);
+  } 
+  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy4 ) yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy118.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy118.zEnd;
+}
+        break;
+      case 227: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP */
+{
+    if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy322==0 ){
+      /* Expressions of the form
+      **
+      **      expr1 IN ()
+      **      expr1 NOT IN ()
+      **
+      ** simplify to constants 0 (false) and 1 (true), respectively,
+      ** regardless of the value of expr1.
+      */
+      yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_INTEGER, 0, 0, &sqlite3IntTokens[yymsp[-3].minor.yy4]);
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-4].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+    }else{
+      yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+      if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ){
+        yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy322;
+        sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy322);
+      }
+      if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy4 ) yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    }
+    yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy118.zStart;
+    yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  }
+        break;
+      case 228: /* expr ::= LP select RP */
+{
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ){
+      yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy387;
+      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy387);
+    }
+    yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z;
+    yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  }
+        break;
+      case 229: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP */
+{
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ){
+      yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy387;
+      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy387);
+    }
+    if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy4 ) yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy118.zStart;
+    yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  }
+        break;
+      case 230: /* expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm */
+{
+    SrcList *pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db, 0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-3].minor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ){
+      yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->x.pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0,pSrc,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
+      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, pSrc);
+    }
+    if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy4 ) yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy118.zStart;
+    yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z ? &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] : &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n];
+  }
+        break;
+      case 231: /* expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP */
+{
+    Expr *p = yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EXISTS, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( p ){
+      p->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy387;
+      ExprSetProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, p);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy387);
+    }
+    yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
+    yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  }
+        break;
+      case 232: /* expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CASE, yymsp[-3].minor.yy314, yymsp[-1].minor.yy314, 0);
+  if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-2].minor.yy322;
+    sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy118.pExpr);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy322);
+  }
+  yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+}
+        break;
+      case 233: /* case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy322, yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy322, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+}
+        break;
+      case 234: /* case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy322, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+}
+        break;
+      case 243: /* cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP */
+{
+  sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-5].minor.yy0, 
+                     sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,0), yymsp[-1].minor.yy322, yymsp[-9].minor.yy4,
+                      &yymsp[-10].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, SQLITE_SO_ASC, yymsp[-7].minor.yy4);
+}
+        break;
+      case 244: /* uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE */
+      case 298: /* raisetype ::= ABORT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==298);
+{yygotominor.yy4 = OE_Abort;}
+        break;
+      case 245: /* uniqueflag ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy4 = OE_None;}
+        break;
+      case 248: /* idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder */
+{
+  Expr *p = 0;
+  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n>0 ){
+    p = sqlite3Expr(pParse->db, TK_COLUMN, 0);
+    sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(pParse, p, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  }
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy322, p);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse,yygotominor.yy322,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,1);
+  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy322, "index");
+  if( yygotominor.yy322 ) yygotominor.yy322->a[yygotominor.yy322->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy4;
+}
+        break;
+      case 249: /* idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder */
+{
+  Expr *p = 0;
+  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n>0 ){
+    p = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_COLUMN, 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(pParse, p, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  }
+  yygotominor.yy322 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, p);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy322, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
+  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy322, "index");
+  if( yygotominor.yy322 ) yygotominor.yy322->a[yygotominor.yy322->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy4;
+}
+        break;
+      case 250: /* collate ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy0.z = 0; yygotominor.yy0.n = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 252: /* cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname */
+{sqlite3DropIndex(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy259, yymsp[-1].minor.yy4);}
+        break;
+      case 253: /* cmd ::= VACUUM */
+      case 254: /* cmd ::= VACUUM nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==254);
+{sqlite3Vacuum(pParse);}
+        break;
+      case 255: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm */
+{sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,0,0);}
+        break;
+      case 256: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum */
+{sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,0);}
+        break;
+      case 257: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP */
+{sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0);}
+        break;
+      case 258: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num */
+{sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,1);}
+        break;
+      case 259: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP */
+{sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,1);}
+        break;
+      case 270: /* cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END */
+{
+  Token all;
+  all.z = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
+  all.n = (int)(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z - yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z) + yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n;
+  sqlite3FinishTrigger(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy203, &all);
+}
+        break;
+      case 271: /* trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause */
+{
+  sqlite3BeginTrigger(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, yymsp[-5].minor.yy4, yymsp[-4].minor.yy90.a, yymsp[-4].minor.yy90.b, yymsp[-2].minor.yy259, yymsp[0].minor.yy314, yymsp[-10].minor.yy4, yymsp[-8].minor.yy4);
+  yygotominor.yy0 = (yymsp[-6].minor.yy0.n==0?yymsp[-7].minor.yy0:yymsp[-6].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 272: /* trigger_time ::= BEFORE */
+      case 275: /* trigger_time ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==275);
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = TK_BEFORE; }
+        break;
+      case 273: /* trigger_time ::= AFTER */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = TK_AFTER;  }
+        break;
+      case 274: /* trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF */
+{ yygotominor.yy4 = TK_INSTEAD;}
+        break;
+      case 276: /* trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT */
+      case 277: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==277);
+{yygotominor.yy90.a = yymsp[0].major; yygotominor.yy90.b = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 278: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF inscollist */
+{yygotominor.yy90.a = TK_UPDATE; yygotominor.yy90.b = yymsp[0].minor.yy384;}
+        break;
+      case 281: /* when_clause ::= */
+      case 303: /* key_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==303);
+{ yygotominor.yy314 = 0; }
+        break;
+      case 282: /* when_clause ::= WHEN expr */
+      case 304: /* key_opt ::= KEY expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==304);
+{ yygotominor.yy314 = yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr; }
+        break;
+      case 283: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI */
+{
+  assert( yymsp[-2].minor.yy203!=0 );
+  yymsp[-2].minor.yy203->pLast->pNext = yymsp[-1].minor.yy203;
+  yymsp[-2].minor.yy203->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy203;
+  yygotominor.yy203 = yymsp[-2].minor.yy203;
+}
+        break;
+      case 284: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI */
+{ 
+  assert( yymsp[-1].minor.yy203!=0 );
+  yymsp[-1].minor.yy203->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy203;
+  yygotominor.yy203 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy203;
+}
+        break;
+      case 286: /* trnm ::= nm DOT nm */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;
+  sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+        "qualified table names are not allowed on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE "
+        "statements within triggers");
+}
+        break;
+      case 288: /* tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm */
+{
+  sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
+        "the INDEXED BY clause is not allowed on UPDATE or DELETE statements "
+        "within triggers");
+}
+        break;
+      case 289: /* tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED */
+{
+  sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
+        "the NOT INDEXED clause is not allowed on UPDATE or DELETE statements "
+        "within triggers");
+}
+        break;
+      case 290: /* trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt */
+{ yygotominor.yy203 = sqlite3TriggerUpdateStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy322, yymsp[0].minor.yy314, yymsp[-5].minor.yy210); }
+        break;
+      case 291: /* trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt VALUES LP itemlist RP */
+{yygotominor.yy203 = sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-5].minor.yy0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy384, yymsp[-1].minor.yy322, 0, yymsp[-7].minor.yy210);}
+        break;
+      case 292: /* trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select */
+{yygotominor.yy203 = sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy384, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy387, yymsp[-4].minor.yy210);}
+        break;
+      case 293: /* trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt */
+{yygotominor.yy203 = sqlite3TriggerDeleteStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy314);}
+        break;
+      case 294: /* trigger_cmd ::= select */
+{yygotominor.yy203 = sqlite3TriggerSelectStep(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy387); }
+        break;
+      case 295: /* expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, 0); 
+  if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->affinity = OE_Ignore;
+  }
+  yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+}
+        break;
+      case 296: /* expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy118.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); 
+  if( yygotominor.yy118.pExpr ) {
+    yygotominor.yy118.pExpr->affinity = (char)yymsp[-3].minor.yy4;
+  }
+  yygotominor.yy118.zStart = yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy118.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+}
+        break;
+      case 297: /* raisetype ::= ROLLBACK */
+{yygotominor.yy4 = OE_Rollback;}
+        break;
+      case 299: /* raisetype ::= FAIL */
+{yygotominor.yy4 = OE_Fail;}
+        break;
+      case 300: /* cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname */
+{
+  sqlite3DropTrigger(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy259,yymsp[-1].minor.yy4);
+}
+        break;
+      case 301: /* cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt */
+{
+  sqlite3Attach(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy118.pExpr, yymsp[-1].minor.yy118.pExpr, yymsp[0].minor.yy314);
+}
+        break;
+      case 302: /* cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr */
+{
+  sqlite3Detach(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy118.pExpr);
+}
+        break;
+      case 307: /* cmd ::= REINDEX */
+{sqlite3Reindex(pParse, 0, 0);}
+        break;
+      case 308: /* cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm */
+{sqlite3Reindex(pParse, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 309: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE */
+{sqlite3Analyze(pParse, 0, 0);}
+        break;
+      case 310: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm */
+{sqlite3Analyze(pParse, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 311: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm */
+{
+  sqlite3AlterRenameTable(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy259,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 312: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column */
+{
+  sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn(pParse, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 313: /* add_column_fullname ::= fullname */
+{
+  pParse->db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
+  sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy259);
+}
+        break;
+      case 316: /* cmd ::= create_vtab */
+{sqlite3VtabFinishParse(pParse,0);}
+        break;
+      case 317: /* cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP */
+{sqlite3VtabFinishParse(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 318: /* create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE nm dbnm USING nm */
+{
+    sqlite3VtabBeginParse(pParse, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+}
+        break;
+      case 321: /* vtabarg ::= */
+{sqlite3VtabArgInit(pParse);}
+        break;
+      case 323: /* vtabargtoken ::= ANY */
+      case 324: /* vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==324);
+      case 325: /* lp ::= LP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==325);
+{sqlite3VtabArgExtend(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      default:
+      /* (0) input ::= cmdlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==0);
+      /* (1) cmdlist ::= cmdlist ecmd */ yytestcase(yyruleno==1);
+      /* (2) cmdlist ::= ecmd */ yytestcase(yyruleno==2);
+      /* (3) ecmd ::= SEMI */ yytestcase(yyruleno==3);
+      /* (4) ecmd ::= explain cmdx SEMI */ yytestcase(yyruleno==4);
+      /* (10) trans_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==10);
+      /* (11) trans_opt ::= TRANSACTION */ yytestcase(yyruleno==11);
+      /* (12) trans_opt ::= TRANSACTION nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==12);
+      /* (20) savepoint_opt ::= SAVEPOINT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==20);
+      /* (21) savepoint_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==21);
+      /* (25) cmd ::= create_table create_table_args */ yytestcase(yyruleno==25);
+      /* (34) columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==34);
+      /* (35) columnlist ::= column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==35);
+      /* (44) type ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==44);
+      /* (51) signed ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==51);
+      /* (52) signed ::= minus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==52);
+      /* (53) carglist ::= carglist carg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==53);
+      /* (54) carglist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==54);
+      /* (55) carg ::= CONSTRAINT nm ccons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==55);
+      /* (56) carg ::= ccons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==56);
+      /* (62) ccons ::= NULL onconf */ yytestcase(yyruleno==62);
+      /* (90) conslist ::= conslist COMMA tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==90);
+      /* (91) conslist ::= conslist tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==91);
+      /* (92) conslist ::= tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==92);
+      /* (93) tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==93);
+      /* (268) plus_opt ::= PLUS */ yytestcase(yyruleno==268);
+      /* (269) plus_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==269);
+      /* (279) foreach_clause ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==279);
+      /* (280) foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==280);
+      /* (287) tridxby ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==287);
+      /* (305) database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==305);
+      /* (306) database_kw_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==306);
+      /* (314) kwcolumn_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==314);
+      /* (315) kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==315);
+      /* (319) vtabarglist ::= vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==319);
+      /* (320) vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==320);
+      /* (322) vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken */ yytestcase(yyruleno==322);
+      /* (326) anylist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==326);
+      /* (327) anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==327);
+      /* (328) anylist ::= anylist ANY */ yytestcase(yyruleno==328);
+        break;
+  };
+  yygoto = yyRuleInfo[yyruleno].lhs;
+  yysize = yyRuleInfo[yyruleno].nrhs;
+  yypParser->yyidx -= yysize;
+  yyact = yy_find_reduce_action(yymsp[-yysize].stateno,(YYCODETYPE)yygoto);
+  if( yyact < YYNSTATE ){
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+    /* If we are not debugging and the reduce action popped at least
+    ** one element off the stack, then we can push the new element back
+    ** onto the stack here, and skip the stack overflow test in yy_shift().
+    ** That gives a significant speed improvement. */
+    if( yysize ){
+      yypParser->yyidx++;
+      yymsp -= yysize-1;
+      yymsp->stateno = (YYACTIONTYPE)yyact;
+      yymsp->major = (YYCODETYPE)yygoto;
+      yymsp->minor = yygotominor;
+    }else
+#endif
+    {
+      yy_shift(yypParser,yyact,yygoto,&yygotominor);
+    }
+  }else{
+    assert( yyact == YYNSTATE + YYNRULE + 1 );
+    yy_accept(yypParser);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The following code executes when the parse fails
+*/
+#ifndef YYNOERRORRECOVERY
+static void yy_parse_failed(
+  yyParser *yypParser           /* The parser */
+){
+  sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if( yyTraceFILE ){
+    fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sFail!\n",yyTracePrompt);
+  }
+#endif
+  while( yypParser->yyidx>=0 ) yy_pop_parser_stack(yypParser);
+  /* Here code is inserted which will be executed whenever the
+  ** parser fails */
+  sqlite3ParserARG_STORE; /* Suppress warning about unused %extra_argument variable */
+}
+#endif /* YYNOERRORRECOVERY */
+
+/*
+** The following code executes when a syntax error first occurs.
+*/
+static void yy_syntax_error(
+  yyParser *yypParser,           /* The parser */
+  int yymajor,                   /* The major type of the error token */
+  YYMINORTYPE yyminor            /* The minor type of the error token */
+){
+  sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH;
+#define TOKEN (yyminor.yy0)
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(yymajor);  /* Silence some compiler warnings */
+  assert( TOKEN.z[0] );  /* The tokenizer always gives us a token */
+  sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "near \"%T\": syntax error", &TOKEN);
+  pParse->parseError = 1;
+  sqlite3ParserARG_STORE; /* Suppress warning about unused %extra_argument variable */
+}
+
+/*
+** The following is executed when the parser accepts
+*/
+static void yy_accept(
+  yyParser *yypParser           /* The parser */
+){
+  sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if( yyTraceFILE ){
+    fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sAccept!\n",yyTracePrompt);
+  }
+#endif
+  while( yypParser->yyidx>=0 ) yy_pop_parser_stack(yypParser);
+  /* Here code is inserted which will be executed whenever the
+  ** parser accepts */
+  sqlite3ParserARG_STORE; /* Suppress warning about unused %extra_argument variable */
+}
+
+/* The main parser program.
+** The first argument is a pointer to a structure obtained from
+** "sqlite3ParserAlloc" which describes the current state of the parser.
+** The second argument is the major token number.  The third is
+** the minor token.  The fourth optional argument is whatever the
+** user wants (and specified in the grammar) and is available for
+** use by the action routines.
+**
+** Inputs:
+** <ul>
+** <li> A pointer to the parser (an opaque structure.)
+** <li> The major token number.
+** <li> The minor token number.
+** <li> An option argument of a grammar-specified type.
+** </ul>
+**
+** Outputs:
+** None.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Parser(
+  void *yyp,                   /* The parser */
+  int yymajor,                 /* The major token code number */
+  sqlite3ParserTOKENTYPE yyminor       /* The value for the token */
+  sqlite3ParserARG_PDECL               /* Optional %extra_argument parameter */
+){
+  YYMINORTYPE yyminorunion;
+  int yyact;            /* The parser action. */
+  int yyendofinput;     /* True if we are at the end of input */
+#ifdef YYERRORSYMBOL
+  int yyerrorhit = 0;   /* True if yymajor has invoked an error */
+#endif
+  yyParser *yypParser;  /* The parser */
+
+  /* (re)initialize the parser, if necessary */
+  yypParser = (yyParser*)yyp;
+  if( yypParser->yyidx<0 ){
+#if YYSTACKDEPTH<=0
+    if( yypParser->yystksz <=0 ){
+      /*memset(&yyminorunion, 0, sizeof(yyminorunion));*/
+      yyminorunion = yyzerominor;
+      yyStackOverflow(yypParser, &yyminorunion);
+      return;
+    }
+#endif
+    yypParser->yyidx = 0;
+    yypParser->yyerrcnt = -1;
+    yypParser->yystack[0].stateno = 0;
+    yypParser->yystack[0].major = 0;
+  }
+  yyminorunion.yy0 = yyminor;
+  yyendofinput = (yymajor==0);
+  sqlite3ParserARG_STORE;
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if( yyTraceFILE ){
+    fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sInput %s\n",yyTracePrompt,yyTokenName[yymajor]);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  do{
+    yyact = yy_find_shift_action(yypParser,(YYCODETYPE)yymajor);
+    if( yyact<YYNSTATE ){
+      assert( !yyendofinput );  /* Impossible to shift the $ token */
+      yy_shift(yypParser,yyact,yymajor,&yyminorunion);
+      yypParser->yyerrcnt--;
+      yymajor = YYNOCODE;
+    }else if( yyact < YYNSTATE + YYNRULE ){
+      yy_reduce(yypParser,yyact-YYNSTATE);
+    }else{
+      assert( yyact == YY_ERROR_ACTION );
+#ifdef YYERRORSYMBOL
+      int yymx;
+#endif
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+      if( yyTraceFILE ){
+        fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sSyntax Error!\n",yyTracePrompt);
+      }
+#endif
+#ifdef YYERRORSYMBOL
+      /* A syntax error has occurred.
+      ** The response to an error depends upon whether or not the
+      ** grammar defines an error token "ERROR".  
+      **
+      ** This is what we do if the grammar does define ERROR:
+      **
+      **  * Call the %syntax_error function.
+      **
+      **  * Begin popping the stack until we enter a state where
+      **    it is legal to shift the error symbol, then shift
+      **    the error symbol.
+      **
+      **  * Set the error count to three.
+      **
+      **  * Begin accepting and shifting new tokens.  No new error
+      **    processing will occur until three tokens have been
+      **    shifted successfully.
+      **
+      */
+      if( yypParser->yyerrcnt<0 ){
+        yy_syntax_error(yypParser,yymajor,yyminorunion);
+      }
+      yymx = yypParser->yystack[yypParser->yyidx].major;
+      if( yymx==YYERRORSYMBOL || yyerrorhit ){
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+        if( yyTraceFILE ){
+          fprintf(yyTraceFILE,"%sDiscard input token %s\n",
+             yyTracePrompt,yyTokenName[yymajor]);
+        }
+#endif
+        yy_destructor(yypParser, (YYCODETYPE)yymajor,&yyminorunion);
+        yymajor = YYNOCODE;
+      }else{
+         while(
+          yypParser->yyidx >= 0 &&
+          yymx != YYERRORSYMBOL &&
+          (yyact = yy_find_reduce_action(
+                        yypParser->yystack[yypParser->yyidx].stateno,
+                        YYERRORSYMBOL)) >= YYNSTATE
+        ){
+          yy_pop_parser_stack(yypParser);
+        }
+        if( yypParser->yyidx < 0 || yymajor==0 ){
+          yy_destructor(yypParser,(YYCODETYPE)yymajor,&yyminorunion);
+          yy_parse_failed(yypParser);
+          yymajor = YYNOCODE;
+        }else if( yymx!=YYERRORSYMBOL ){
+          YYMINORTYPE u2;
+          u2.YYERRSYMDT = 0;
+          yy_shift(yypParser,yyact,YYERRORSYMBOL,&u2);
+        }
+      }
+      yypParser->yyerrcnt = 3;
+      yyerrorhit = 1;
+#elif defined(YYNOERRORRECOVERY)
+      /* If the YYNOERRORRECOVERY macro is defined, then do not attempt to
+      ** do any kind of error recovery.  Instead, simply invoke the syntax
+      ** error routine and continue going as if nothing had happened.
+      **
+      ** Applications can set this macro (for example inside %include) if
+      ** they intend to abandon the parse upon the first syntax error seen.
+      */
+      yy_syntax_error(yypParser,yymajor,yyminorunion);
+      yy_destructor(yypParser,(YYCODETYPE)yymajor,&yyminorunion);
+      yymajor = YYNOCODE;
+      
+#else  /* YYERRORSYMBOL is not defined */
+      /* This is what we do if the grammar does not define ERROR:
+      **
+      **  * Report an error message, and throw away the input token.
+      **
+      **  * If the input token is $, then fail the parse.
+      **
+      ** As before, subsequent error messages are suppressed until
+      ** three input tokens have been successfully shifted.
+      */
+      if( yypParser->yyerrcnt<=0 ){
+        yy_syntax_error(yypParser,yymajor,yyminorunion);
+      }
+      yypParser->yyerrcnt = 3;
+      yy_destructor(yypParser,(YYCODETYPE)yymajor,&yyminorunion);
+      if( yyendofinput ){
+        yy_parse_failed(yypParser);
+      }
+      yymajor = YYNOCODE;
+#endif
+    }
+  }while( yymajor!=YYNOCODE && yypParser->yyidx>=0 );
+  return;
+}
+
+/************** End of parse.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file tokenize.c ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** An tokenizer for SQL
+**
+** This file contains C code that splits an SQL input string up into
+** individual tokens and sends those tokens one-by-one over to the
+** parser for analysis.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The charMap() macro maps alphabetic characters into their
+** lower-case ASCII equivalent.  On ASCII machines, this is just
+** an upper-to-lower case map.  On EBCDIC machines we also need
+** to adjust the encoding.  Only alphabetic characters and underscores
+** need to be translated.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ASCII
+# define charMap(X) sqlite3UpperToLower[(unsigned char)X]
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
+# define charMap(X) ebcdicToAscii[(unsigned char)X]
+const unsigned char ebcdicToAscii[] = {
+/* 0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   A   B   C   D   E   F */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* 0x */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* 1x */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* 2x */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* 3x */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* 4x */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* 5x */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0, 95,  0,  0,  /* 6x */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* 7x */
+   0, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* 8x */
+   0,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* 9x */
+   0,  0,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* Ax */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* Bx */
+   0, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* Cx */
+   0,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* Dx */
+   0,  0,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* Ex */
+   0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  /* Fx */
+};
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The sqlite3KeywordCode function looks up an identifier to determine if
+** it is a keyword.  If it is a keyword, the token code of that keyword is 
+** returned.  If the input is not a keyword, TK_ID is returned.
+**
+** The implementation of this routine was generated by a program,
+** mkkeywordhash.h, located in the tool subdirectory of the distribution.
+** The output of the mkkeywordhash.c program is written into a file
+** named keywordhash.h and then included into this source file by
+** the #include below.
+*/
+/************** Include keywordhash.h in the middle of tokenize.c ************/
+/************** Begin file keywordhash.h *************************************/
+/***** This file contains automatically generated code ******
+**
+** The code in this file has been automatically generated by
+**
+**   sqlite/tool/mkkeywordhash.c
+**
+** The code in this file implements a function that determines whether
+** or not a given identifier is really an SQL keyword.  The same thing
+** might be implemented more directly using a hand-written hash table.
+** But by using this automatically generated code, the size of the code
+** is substantially reduced.  This is important for embedded applications
+** on platforms with limited memory.
+*/
+/* Hash score: 175 */
+static int keywordCode(const char *z, int n){
+  /* zText[] encodes 811 bytes of keywords in 541 bytes */
+  /*   REINDEXEDESCAPEACHECKEYBEFOREIGNOREGEXPLAINSTEADDATABASELECT       */
+  /*   ABLEFTHENDEFERRABLELSEXCEPTRANSACTIONATURALTERAISEXCLUSIVE         */
+  /*   XISTSAVEPOINTERSECTRIGGEREFERENCESCONSTRAINTOFFSETEMPORARY         */
+  /*   UNIQUERYATTACHAVINGROUPDATEBEGINNERELEASEBETWEENOTNULLIKE          */
+  /*   CASCADELETECASECOLLATECREATECURRENT_DATEDETACHIMMEDIATEJOIN        */
+  /*   SERTMATCHPLANALYZEPRAGMABORTVALUESVIRTUALIMITWHENWHERENAME         */
+  /*   AFTEREPLACEANDEFAULTAUTOINCREMENTCASTCOLUMNCOMMITCONFLICTCROSS     */
+  /*   CURRENT_TIMESTAMPRIMARYDEFERREDISTINCTDROPFAILFROMFULLGLOBYIF      */
+  /*   ISNULLORDERESTRICTOUTERIGHTROLLBACKROWUNIONUSINGVACUUMVIEW         */
+  /*   INITIALLY                                                          */
+  static const char zText[540] = {
+    'R','E','I','N','D','E','X','E','D','E','S','C','A','P','E','A','C','H',
+    'E','C','K','E','Y','B','E','F','O','R','E','I','G','N','O','R','E','G',
+    'E','X','P','L','A','I','N','S','T','E','A','D','D','A','T','A','B','A',
+    'S','E','L','E','C','T','A','B','L','E','F','T','H','E','N','D','E','F',
+    'E','R','R','A','B','L','E','L','S','E','X','C','E','P','T','R','A','N',
+    'S','A','C','T','I','O','N','A','T','U','R','A','L','T','E','R','A','I',
+    'S','E','X','C','L','U','S','I','V','E','X','I','S','T','S','A','V','E',
+    'P','O','I','N','T','E','R','S','E','C','T','R','I','G','G','E','R','E',
+    'F','E','R','E','N','C','E','S','C','O','N','S','T','R','A','I','N','T',
+    'O','F','F','S','E','T','E','M','P','O','R','A','R','Y','U','N','I','Q',
+    'U','E','R','Y','A','T','T','A','C','H','A','V','I','N','G','R','O','U',
+    'P','D','A','T','E','B','E','G','I','N','N','E','R','E','L','E','A','S',
+    'E','B','E','T','W','E','E','N','O','T','N','U','L','L','I','K','E','C',
+    'A','S','C','A','D','E','L','E','T','E','C','A','S','E','C','O','L','L',
+    'A','T','E','C','R','E','A','T','E','C','U','R','R','E','N','T','_','D',
+    'A','T','E','D','E','T','A','C','H','I','M','M','E','D','I','A','T','E',
+    'J','O','I','N','S','E','R','T','M','A','T','C','H','P','L','A','N','A',
+    'L','Y','Z','E','P','R','A','G','M','A','B','O','R','T','V','A','L','U',
+    'E','S','V','I','R','T','U','A','L','I','M','I','T','W','H','E','N','W',
+    'H','E','R','E','N','A','M','E','A','F','T','E','R','E','P','L','A','C',
+    'E','A','N','D','E','F','A','U','L','T','A','U','T','O','I','N','C','R',
+    'E','M','E','N','T','C','A','S','T','C','O','L','U','M','N','C','O','M',
+    'M','I','T','C','O','N','F','L','I','C','T','C','R','O','S','S','C','U',
+    'R','R','E','N','T','_','T','I','M','E','S','T','A','M','P','R','I','M',
+    'A','R','Y','D','E','F','E','R','R','E','D','I','S','T','I','N','C','T',
+    'D','R','O','P','F','A','I','L','F','R','O','M','F','U','L','L','G','L',
+    'O','B','Y','I','F','I','S','N','U','L','L','O','R','D','E','R','E','S',
+    'T','R','I','C','T','O','U','T','E','R','I','G','H','T','R','O','L','L',
+    'B','A','C','K','R','O','W','U','N','I','O','N','U','S','I','N','G','V',
+    'A','C','U','U','M','V','I','E','W','I','N','I','T','I','A','L','L','Y',
+  };
+  static const unsigned char aHash[127] = {
+      72, 101, 114,  70,   0,  45,   0,   0,  78,   0,  73,   0,   0,
+      42,  12,  74,  15,   0, 113,  81,  50, 108,   0,  19,   0,   0,
+     118,   0, 116, 111,   0,  22,  89,   0,   9,   0,   0,  66,  67,
+       0,  65,   6,   0,  48,  86,  98,   0, 115,  97,   0,   0,  44,
+       0,  99,  24,   0,  17,   0, 119,  49,  23,   0,   5, 106,  25,
+      92,   0,   0, 121, 102,  56, 120,  53,  28,  51,   0,  87,   0,
+      96,  26,   0,  95,   0,   0,   0,  91,  88,  93,  84, 105,  14,
+      39, 104,   0,  77,   0,  18,  85, 107,  32,   0, 117,  76, 109,
+      58,  46,  80,   0,   0,  90,  40,   0, 112,   0,  36,   0,   0,
+      29,   0,  82,  59,  60,   0,  20,  57,   0,  52,
+  };
+  static const unsigned char aNext[121] = {
+       0,   0,   0,   0,   4,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+       0,   2,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  13,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+       0,   7,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+       0,   0,   0,   0,  33,   0,  21,   0,   0,   0,  43,   3,  47,
+       0,   0,   0,   0,  30,   0,  54,   0,  38,   0,   0,   0,   1,
+      62,   0,   0,  63,   0,  41,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+      61,   0,   0,   0,   0,  31,  55,  16,  34,  10,   0,   0,   0,
+       0,   0,   0,   0,  11,  68,  75,   0,   8,   0, 100,  94,   0,
+     103,   0,  83,   0,  71,   0,   0, 110,  27,  37,  69,  79,   0,
+      35,  64,   0,   0,
+  };
+  static const unsigned char aLen[121] = {
+       7,   7,   5,   4,   6,   4,   5,   3,   6,   7,   3,   6,   6,
+       7,   7,   3,   8,   2,   6,   5,   4,   4,   3,  10,   4,   6,
+      11,   6,   2,   7,   5,   5,   9,   6,   9,   9,   7,  10,  10,
+       4,   6,   2,   3,   9,   4,   2,   6,   5,   6,   6,   5,   6,
+       5,   5,   7,   7,   7,   3,   2,   4,   4,   7,   3,   6,   4,
+       7,   6,  12,   6,   9,   4,   6,   5,   4,   7,   6,   5,   6,
+       7,   5,   4,   5,   6,   5,   7,   3,   7,  13,   2,   2,   4,
+       6,   6,   8,   5,  17,  12,   7,   8,   8,   2,   4,   4,   4,
+       4,   4,   2,   2,   6,   5,   8,   5,   5,   8,   3,   5,   5,
+       6,   4,   9,   3,
+  };
+  static const unsigned short int aOffset[121] = {
+       0,   2,   2,   8,   9,  14,  16,  20,  23,  25,  25,  29,  33,
+      36,  41,  46,  48,  53,  54,  59,  62,  65,  67,  69,  78,  81,
+      86,  91,  95,  96, 101, 105, 109, 117, 122, 128, 136, 142, 152,
+     159, 162, 162, 165, 167, 167, 171, 176, 179, 184, 189, 194, 197,
+     203, 206, 210, 217, 223, 223, 223, 226, 229, 233, 234, 238, 244,
+     248, 255, 261, 273, 279, 288, 290, 296, 301, 303, 310, 315, 320,
+     326, 332, 337, 341, 344, 350, 354, 361, 363, 370, 372, 374, 383,
+     387, 393, 399, 407, 412, 412, 428, 435, 442, 443, 450, 454, 458,
+     462, 466, 469, 471, 473, 479, 483, 491, 495, 500, 508, 511, 516,
+     521, 527, 531, 536,
+  };
+  static const unsigned char aCode[121] = {
+    TK_REINDEX,    TK_INDEXED,    TK_INDEX,      TK_DESC,       TK_ESCAPE,     
+    TK_EACH,       TK_CHECK,      TK_KEY,        TK_BEFORE,     TK_FOREIGN,    
+    TK_FOR,        TK_IGNORE,     TK_LIKE_KW,    TK_EXPLAIN,    TK_INSTEAD,    
+    TK_ADD,        TK_DATABASE,   TK_AS,         TK_SELECT,     TK_TABLE,      
+    TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_THEN,       TK_END,        TK_DEFERRABLE, TK_ELSE,       
+    TK_EXCEPT,     TK_TRANSACTION,TK_ACTION,     TK_ON,         TK_JOIN_KW,    
+    TK_ALTER,      TK_RAISE,      TK_EXCLUSIVE,  TK_EXISTS,     TK_SAVEPOINT,  
+    TK_INTERSECT,  TK_TRIGGER,    TK_REFERENCES, TK_CONSTRAINT, TK_INTO,       
+    TK_OFFSET,     TK_OF,         TK_SET,        TK_TEMP,       TK_TEMP,       
+    TK_OR,         TK_UNIQUE,     TK_QUERY,      TK_ATTACH,     TK_HAVING,     
+    TK_GROUP,      TK_UPDATE,     TK_BEGIN,      TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_RELEASE,    
+    TK_BETWEEN,    TK_NOTNULL,    TK_NOT,        TK_NO,         TK_NULL,       
+    TK_LIKE_KW,    TK_CASCADE,    TK_ASC,        TK_DELETE,     TK_CASE,       
+    TK_COLLATE,    TK_CREATE,     TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_DETACH,     TK_IMMEDIATE,  
+    TK_JOIN,       TK_INSERT,     TK_MATCH,      TK_PLAN,       TK_ANALYZE,    
+    TK_PRAGMA,     TK_ABORT,      TK_VALUES,     TK_VIRTUAL,    TK_LIMIT,      
+    TK_WHEN,       TK_WHERE,      TK_RENAME,     TK_AFTER,      TK_REPLACE,    
+    TK_AND,        TK_DEFAULT,    TK_AUTOINCR,   TK_TO,         TK_IN,         
+    TK_CAST,       TK_COLUMNKW,   TK_COMMIT,     TK_CONFLICT,   TK_JOIN_KW,    
+    TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_PRIMARY,    TK_DEFERRED,   TK_DISTINCT,   
+    TK_IS,         TK_DROP,       TK_FAIL,       TK_FROM,       TK_JOIN_KW,    
+    TK_LIKE_KW,    TK_BY,         TK_IF,         TK_ISNULL,     TK_ORDER,      
+    TK_RESTRICT,   TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_ROLLBACK,   TK_ROW,        
+    TK_UNION,      TK_USING,      TK_VACUUM,     TK_VIEW,       TK_INITIALLY,  
+    TK_ALL,        
+  };
+  int h, i;
+  if( n<2 ) return TK_ID;
+  h = ((charMap(z[0])*4) ^
+      (charMap(z[n-1])*3) ^
+      n) % 127;
+  for(i=((int)aHash[h])-1; i>=0; i=((int)aNext[i])-1){
+    if( aLen[i]==n && sqlite3StrNICmp(&zText[aOffset[i]],z,n)==0 ){
+      testcase( i==0 ); /* REINDEX */
+      testcase( i==1 ); /* INDEXED */
+      testcase( i==2 ); /* INDEX */
+      testcase( i==3 ); /* DESC */
+      testcase( i==4 ); /* ESCAPE */
+      testcase( i==5 ); /* EACH */
+      testcase( i==6 ); /* CHECK */
+      testcase( i==7 ); /* KEY */
+      testcase( i==8 ); /* BEFORE */
+      testcase( i==9 ); /* FOREIGN */
+      testcase( i==10 ); /* FOR */
+      testcase( i==11 ); /* IGNORE */
+      testcase( i==12 ); /* REGEXP */
+      testcase( i==13 ); /* EXPLAIN */
+      testcase( i==14 ); /* INSTEAD */
+      testcase( i==15 ); /* ADD */
+      testcase( i==16 ); /* DATABASE */
+      testcase( i==17 ); /* AS */
+      testcase( i==18 ); /* SELECT */
+      testcase( i==19 ); /* TABLE */
+      testcase( i==20 ); /* LEFT */
+      testcase( i==21 ); /* THEN */
+      testcase( i==22 ); /* END */
+      testcase( i==23 ); /* DEFERRABLE */
+      testcase( i==24 ); /* ELSE */
+      testcase( i==25 ); /* EXCEPT */
+      testcase( i==26 ); /* TRANSACTION */
+      testcase( i==27 ); /* ACTION */
+      testcase( i==28 ); /* ON */
+      testcase( i==29 ); /* NATURAL */
+      testcase( i==30 ); /* ALTER */
+      testcase( i==31 ); /* RAISE */
+      testcase( i==32 ); /* EXCLUSIVE */
+      testcase( i==33 ); /* EXISTS */
+      testcase( i==34 ); /* SAVEPOINT */
+      testcase( i==35 ); /* INTERSECT */
+      testcase( i==36 ); /* TRIGGER */
+      testcase( i==37 ); /* REFERENCES */
+      testcase( i==38 ); /* CONSTRAINT */
+      testcase( i==39 ); /* INTO */
+      testcase( i==40 ); /* OFFSET */
+      testcase( i==41 ); /* OF */
+      testcase( i==42 ); /* SET */
+      testcase( i==43 ); /* TEMPORARY */
+      testcase( i==44 ); /* TEMP */
+      testcase( i==45 ); /* OR */
+      testcase( i==46 ); /* UNIQUE */
+      testcase( i==47 ); /* QUERY */
+      testcase( i==48 ); /* ATTACH */
+      testcase( i==49 ); /* HAVING */
+      testcase( i==50 ); /* GROUP */
+      testcase( i==51 ); /* UPDATE */
+      testcase( i==52 ); /* BEGIN */
+      testcase( i==53 ); /* INNER */
+      testcase( i==54 ); /* RELEASE */
+      testcase( i==55 ); /* BETWEEN */
+      testcase( i==56 ); /* NOTNULL */
+      testcase( i==57 ); /* NOT */
+      testcase( i==58 ); /* NO */
+      testcase( i==59 ); /* NULL */
+      testcase( i==60 ); /* LIKE */
+      testcase( i==61 ); /* CASCADE */
+      testcase( i==62 ); /* ASC */
+      testcase( i==63 ); /* DELETE */
+      testcase( i==64 ); /* CASE */
+      testcase( i==65 ); /* COLLATE */
+      testcase( i==66 ); /* CREATE */
+      testcase( i==67 ); /* CURRENT_DATE */
+      testcase( i==68 ); /* DETACH */
+      testcase( i==69 ); /* IMMEDIATE */
+      testcase( i==70 ); /* JOIN */
+      testcase( i==71 ); /* INSERT */
+      testcase( i==72 ); /* MATCH */
+      testcase( i==73 ); /* PLAN */
+      testcase( i==74 ); /* ANALYZE */
+      testcase( i==75 ); /* PRAGMA */
+      testcase( i==76 ); /* ABORT */
+      testcase( i==77 ); /* VALUES */
+      testcase( i==78 ); /* VIRTUAL */
+      testcase( i==79 ); /* LIMIT */
+      testcase( i==80 ); /* WHEN */
+      testcase( i==81 ); /* WHERE */
+      testcase( i==82 ); /* RENAME */
+      testcase( i==83 ); /* AFTER */
+      testcase( i==84 ); /* REPLACE */
+      testcase( i==85 ); /* AND */
+      testcase( i==86 ); /* DEFAULT */
+      testcase( i==87 ); /* AUTOINCREMENT */
+      testcase( i==88 ); /* TO */
+      testcase( i==89 ); /* IN */
+      testcase( i==90 ); /* CAST */
+      testcase( i==91 ); /* COLUMN */
+      testcase( i==92 ); /* COMMIT */
+      testcase( i==93 ); /* CONFLICT */
+      testcase( i==94 ); /* CROSS */
+      testcase( i==95 ); /* CURRENT_TIMESTAMP */
+      testcase( i==96 ); /* CURRENT_TIME */
+      testcase( i==97 ); /* PRIMARY */
+      testcase( i==98 ); /* DEFERRED */
+      testcase( i==99 ); /* DISTINCT */
+      testcase( i==100 ); /* IS */
+      testcase( i==101 ); /* DROP */
+      testcase( i==102 ); /* FAIL */
+      testcase( i==103 ); /* FROM */
+      testcase( i==104 ); /* FULL */
+      testcase( i==105 ); /* GLOB */
+      testcase( i==106 ); /* BY */
+      testcase( i==107 ); /* IF */
+      testcase( i==108 ); /* ISNULL */
+      testcase( i==109 ); /* ORDER */
+      testcase( i==110 ); /* RESTRICT */
+      testcase( i==111 ); /* OUTER */
+      testcase( i==112 ); /* RIGHT */
+      testcase( i==113 ); /* ROLLBACK */
+      testcase( i==114 ); /* ROW */
+      testcase( i==115 ); /* UNION */
+      testcase( i==116 ); /* USING */
+      testcase( i==117 ); /* VACUUM */
+      testcase( i==118 ); /* VIEW */
+      testcase( i==119 ); /* INITIALLY */
+      testcase( i==120 ); /* ALL */
+      return aCode[i];
+    }
+  }
+  return TK_ID;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3KeywordCode(const unsigned char *z, int n){
+  return keywordCode((char*)z, n);
+}
+#define SQLITE_N_KEYWORD 121
+
+/************** End of keywordhash.h *****************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in tokenize.c *******************/
+
+
+/*
+** If X is a character that can be used in an identifier then
+** IdChar(X) will be true.  Otherwise it is false.
+**
+** For ASCII, any character with the high-order bit set is
+** allowed in an identifier.  For 7-bit characters, 
+** sqlite3IsIdChar[X] must be 1.
+**
+** For EBCDIC, the rules are more complex but have the same
+** end result.
+**
+** Ticket #1066.  the SQL standard does not allow '$' in the
+** middle of identfiers.  But many SQL implementations do. 
+** SQLite will allow '$' in identifiers for compatibility.
+** But the feature is undocumented.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ASCII
+#define IdChar(C)  ((sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)C]&0x46)!=0)
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char sqlite3IsEbcdicIdChar[] = {
+/* x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 xA xB xC xD xE xF */
+    0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 4x */
+    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 5x */
+    0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,  /* 6x */
+    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 7x */
+    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,  /* 8x */
+    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0,  /* 9x */
+    1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,  /* Ax */
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* Bx */
+    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  /* Cx */
+    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  /* Dx */
+    0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  /* Ex */
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,  /* Fx */
+};
+#define IdChar(C)  (((c=C)>=0x42 && sqlite3IsEbcdicIdChar[c-0x40]))
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Return the length of the token that begins at z[0]. 
+** Store the token type in *tokenType before returning.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetToken(const unsigned char *z, int *tokenType){
+  int i, c;
+  switch( *z ){
+    case ' ': case '\t': case '\n': case '\f': case '\r': {
+      testcase( z[0]==' ' );
+      testcase( z[0]=='\t' );
+      testcase( z[0]=='\n' );
+      testcase( z[0]=='\f' );
+      testcase( z[0]=='\r' );
+      for(i=1; sqlite3Isspace(z[i]); i++){}
+      *tokenType = TK_SPACE;
+      return i;
+    }
+    case '-': {
+      if( z[1]=='-' ){
+        /* IMP: R-15891-05542 -- syntax diagram for comments */
+        for(i=2; (c=z[i])!=0 && c!='\n'; i++){}
+        *tokenType = TK_SPACE;   /* IMP: R-22934-25134 */
+        return i;
+      }
+      *tokenType = TK_MINUS;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case '(': {
+      *tokenType = TK_LP;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case ')': {
+      *tokenType = TK_RP;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case ';': {
+      *tokenType = TK_SEMI;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case '+': {
+      *tokenType = TK_PLUS;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case '*': {
+      *tokenType = TK_STAR;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case '/': {
+      if( z[1]!='*' || z[2]==0 ){
+        *tokenType = TK_SLASH;
+        return 1;
+      }
+      /* IMP: R-15891-05542 -- syntax diagram for comments */
+      for(i=3, c=z[2]; (c!='*' || z[i]!='/') && (c=z[i])!=0; i++){}
+      if( c ) i++;
+      *tokenType = TK_SPACE;   /* IMP: R-22934-25134 */
+      return i;
+    }
+    case '%': {
+      *tokenType = TK_REM;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case '=': {
+      *tokenType = TK_EQ;
+      return 1 + (z[1]=='=');
+    }
+    case '<': {
+      if( (c=z[1])=='=' ){
+        *tokenType = TK_LE;
+        return 2;
+      }else if( c=='>' ){
+        *tokenType = TK_NE;
+        return 2;
+      }else if( c=='<' ){
+        *tokenType = TK_LSHIFT;
+        return 2;
+      }else{
+        *tokenType = TK_LT;
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+    case '>': {
+      if( (c=z[1])=='=' ){
+        *tokenType = TK_GE;
+        return 2;
+      }else if( c=='>' ){
+        *tokenType = TK_RSHIFT;
+        return 2;
+      }else{
+        *tokenType = TK_GT;
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+    case '!': {
+      if( z[1]!='=' ){
+        *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
+        return 2;
+      }else{
+        *tokenType = TK_NE;
+        return 2;
+      }
+    }
+    case '|': {
+      if( z[1]!='|' ){
+        *tokenType = TK_BITOR;
+        return 1;
+      }else{
+        *tokenType = TK_CONCAT;
+        return 2;
+      }
+    }
+    case ',': {
+      *tokenType = TK_COMMA;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case '&': {
+      *tokenType = TK_BITAND;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case '~': {
+      *tokenType = TK_BITNOT;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    case '`':
+    case '\'':
+    case '"': {
+      int delim = z[0];
+      testcase( delim=='`' );
+      testcase( delim=='\'' );
+      testcase( delim=='"' );
+      for(i=1; (c=z[i])!=0; i++){
+        if( c==delim ){
+          if( z[i+1]==delim ){
+            i++;
+          }else{
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if( c=='\'' ){
+        *tokenType = TK_STRING;
+        return i+1;
+      }else if( c!=0 ){
+        *tokenType = TK_ID;
+        return i+1;
+      }else{
+        *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
+        return i;
+      }
+    }
+    case '.': {
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+      if( !sqlite3Isdigit(z[1]) )
+#endif
+      {
+        *tokenType = TK_DOT;
+        return 1;
+      }
+      /* If the next character is a digit, this is a floating point
+      ** number that begins with ".".  Fall thru into the next case */
+    }
+    case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+    case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': {
+      testcase( z[0]=='0' );  testcase( z[0]=='1' );  testcase( z[0]=='2' );
+      testcase( z[0]=='3' );  testcase( z[0]=='4' );  testcase( z[0]=='5' );
+      testcase( z[0]=='6' );  testcase( z[0]=='7' );  testcase( z[0]=='8' );
+      testcase( z[0]=='9' );
+      *tokenType = TK_INTEGER;
+      for(i=0; sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]); i++){}
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+      if( z[i]=='.' ){
+        i++;
+        while( sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]) ){ i++; }
+        *tokenType = TK_FLOAT;
+      }
+      if( (z[i]=='e' || z[i]=='E') &&
+           ( sqlite3Isdigit(z[i+1]) 
+            || ((z[i+1]=='+' || z[i+1]=='-') && sqlite3Isdigit(z[i+2]))
+           )
+      ){
+        i += 2;
+        while( sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]) ){ i++; }
+        *tokenType = TK_FLOAT;
+      }
+#endif
+      while( IdChar(z[i]) ){
+        *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
+        i++;
+      }
+      return i;
+    }
+    case '[': {
+      for(i=1, c=z[0]; c!=']' && (c=z[i])!=0; i++){}
+      *tokenType = c==']' ? TK_ID : TK_ILLEGAL;
+      return i;
+    }
+    case '?': {
+      *tokenType = TK_VARIABLE;
+      for(i=1; sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]); i++){}
+      return i;
+    }
+    case '#': {
+      for(i=1; sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]); i++){}
+      if( i>1 ){
+        /* Parameters of the form #NNN (where NNN is a number) are used
+        ** internally by sqlite3NestedParse.  */
+        *tokenType = TK_REGISTER;
+        return i;
+      }
+      /* Fall through into the next case if the '#' is not followed by
+      ** a digit. Try to match #AAAA where AAAA is a parameter name. */
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TCL_VARIABLE
+    case '$':
+#endif
+    case '@':  /* For compatibility with MS SQL Server */
+    case ':': {
+      int n = 0;
+      testcase( z[0]=='$' );  testcase( z[0]=='@' );  testcase( z[0]==':' );
+      *tokenType = TK_VARIABLE;
+      for(i=1; (c=z[i])!=0; i++){
+        if( IdChar(c) ){
+          n++;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TCL_VARIABLE
+        }else if( c=='(' && n>0 ){
+          do{
+            i++;
+          }while( (c=z[i])!=0 && !sqlite3Isspace(c) && c!=')' );
+          if( c==')' ){
+            i++;
+          }else{
+            *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
+          }
+          break;
+        }else if( c==':' && z[i+1]==':' ){
+          i++;
+#endif
+        }else{
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( n==0 ) *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
+      return i;
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
+    case 'x': case 'X': {
+      testcase( z[0]=='x' ); testcase( z[0]=='X' );
+      if( z[1]=='\'' ){
+        *tokenType = TK_BLOB;
+        for(i=2; sqlite3Isxdigit(z[i]); i++){}
+        if( z[i]!='\'' || i%2 ){
+          *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
+          while( z[i] && z[i]!='\'' ){ i++; }
+        }
+        if( z[i] ) i++;
+        return i;
+      }
+      /* Otherwise fall through to the next case */
+    }
+#endif
+    default: {
+      if( !IdChar(*z) ){
+        break;
+      }
+      for(i=1; IdChar(z[i]); i++){}
+      *tokenType = keywordCode((char*)z, i);
+      return i;
+    }
+  }
+  *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Run the parser on the given SQL string.  The parser structure is
+** passed in.  An SQLITE_ status code is returned.  If an error occurs
+** then an and attempt is made to write an error message into 
+** memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc() and to make *pzErrMsg point to that
+** error message.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunParser(Parse *pParse, const char *zSql, char **pzErrMsg){
+  int nErr = 0;                   /* Number of errors encountered */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+  void *pEngine;                  /* The LEMON-generated LALR(1) parser */
+  int tokenType;                  /* type of the next token */
+  int lastTokenParsed = -1;       /* type of the previous token */
+  u8 enableLookaside;             /* Saved value of db->lookaside.bEnabled */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* The database connection */
+  int mxSqlLen;                   /* Max length of an SQL string */
+
+
+  mxSqlLen = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH];
+  if( db->activeVdbeCnt==0 ){
+    db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
+  }
+  pParse->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  pParse->zTail = zSql;
+  i = 0;
+  assert( pzErrMsg!=0 );
+  pEngine = sqlite3ParserAlloc((void*(*)(size_t))sqlite3Malloc);
+  if( pEngine==0 ){
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  assert( pParse->pNewTable==0 );
+  assert( pParse->pNewTrigger==0 );
+  assert( pParse->nVar==0 );
+  assert( pParse->nzVar==0 );
+  assert( pParse->azVar==0 );
+  enableLookaside = db->lookaside.bEnabled;
+  if( db->lookaside.pStart ) db->lookaside.bEnabled = 1;
+  while( !db->mallocFailed && zSql[i]!=0 ){
+    assert( i>=0 );
+    pParse->sLastToken.z = &zSql[i];
+    pParse->sLastToken.n = sqlite3GetToken((unsigned char*)&zSql[i],&tokenType);
+    i += pParse->sLastToken.n;
+    if( i>mxSqlLen ){
+      pParse->rc = SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+      break;
+    }
+    switch( tokenType ){
+      case TK_SPACE: {
+        if( db->u1.isInterrupted ){
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "interrupt");
+          pParse->rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
+          goto abort_parse;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      case TK_ILLEGAL: {
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, *pzErrMsg);
+        *pzErrMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "unrecognized token: \"%T\"",
+                        &pParse->sLastToken);
+        nErr++;
+        goto abort_parse;
+      }
+      case TK_SEMI: {
+        pParse->zTail = &zSql[i];
+        /* Fall thru into the default case */
+      }
+      default: {
+        sqlite3Parser(pEngine, tokenType, pParse->sLastToken, pParse);
+        lastTokenParsed = tokenType;
+        if( pParse->rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          goto abort_parse;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+abort_parse:
+  if( zSql[i]==0 && nErr==0 && pParse->rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( lastTokenParsed!=TK_SEMI ){
+      sqlite3Parser(pEngine, TK_SEMI, pParse->sLastToken, pParse);
+      pParse->zTail = &zSql[i];
+    }
+    sqlite3Parser(pEngine, 0, pParse->sLastToken, pParse);
+  }
+#ifdef YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH
+  sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK,
+      sqlite3ParserStackPeak(pEngine)
+  );
+#endif /* YYDEBUG */
+  sqlite3ParserFree(pEngine, sqlite3_free);
+  db->lookaside.bEnabled = enableLookaside;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  if( pParse->rc!=SQLITE_OK && pParse->rc!=SQLITE_DONE && pParse->zErrMsg==0 ){
+    sqlite3SetString(&pParse->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(pParse->rc));
+  }
+  assert( pzErrMsg!=0 );
+  if( pParse->zErrMsg ){
+    *pzErrMsg = pParse->zErrMsg;
+    sqlite3_log(pParse->rc, "%s", *pzErrMsg);
+    pParse->zErrMsg = 0;
+    nErr++;
+  }
+  if( pParse->pVdbe && pParse->nErr>0 && pParse->nested==0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeDelete(pParse->pVdbe);
+    pParse->pVdbe = 0;
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  if( pParse->nested==0 ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->aTableLock);
+    pParse->aTableLock = 0;
+    pParse->nTableLock = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  sqlite3_free(pParse->apVtabLock);
+#endif
+
+  if( !IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
+    /* If the pParse->declareVtab flag is set, do not delete any table 
+    ** structure built up in pParse->pNewTable. The calling code (see vtab.c)
+    ** will take responsibility for freeing the Table structure.
+    */
+    sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pParse->pNewTable);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3DeleteTrigger(db, pParse->pNewTrigger);
+  for(i=pParse->nzVar-1; i>=0; i--) sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar[i]);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->aAlias);
+  while( pParse->pAinc ){
+    AutoincInfo *p = pParse->pAinc;
+    pParse->pAinc = p->pNext;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+  }
+  while( pParse->pZombieTab ){
+    Table *p = pParse->pZombieTab;
+    pParse->pZombieTab = p->pNextZombie;
+    sqlite3DeleteTable(db, p);
+  }
+  if( nErr>0 && pParse->rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pParse->rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  return nErr;
+}
+
+/************** End of tokenize.c ********************************************/
+/************** Begin file complete.c ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** An tokenizer for SQL
+**
+** This file contains C code that implements the sqlite3_complete() API.
+** This code used to be part of the tokenizer.c source file.  But by
+** separating it out, the code will be automatically omitted from
+** static links that do not use it.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE
+
+/*
+** This is defined in tokenize.c.  We just have to import the definition.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+#ifdef SQLITE_ASCII
+#define IdChar(C)  ((sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)C]&0x46)!=0)
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char sqlite3IsEbcdicIdChar[];
+#define IdChar(C)  (((c=C)>=0x42 && sqlite3IsEbcdicIdChar[c-0x40]))
+#endif
+#endif /* SQLITE_AMALGAMATION */
+
+
+/*
+** Token types used by the sqlite3_complete() routine.  See the header
+** comments on that procedure for additional information.
+*/
+#define tkSEMI    0
+#define tkWS      1
+#define tkOTHER   2
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+#define tkEXPLAIN 3
+#define tkCREATE  4
+#define tkTEMP    5
+#define tkTRIGGER 6
+#define tkEND     7
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the given SQL string ends in a semicolon.
+**
+** Special handling is require for CREATE TRIGGER statements.
+** Whenever the CREATE TRIGGER keywords are seen, the statement
+** must end with ";END;".
+**
+** This implementation uses a state machine with 8 states:
+**
+**   (0) INVALID   We have not yet seen a non-whitespace character.
+**
+**   (1) START     At the beginning or end of an SQL statement.  This routine
+**                 returns 1 if it ends in the START state and 0 if it ends
+**                 in any other state.
+**
+**   (2) NORMAL    We are in the middle of statement which ends with a single
+**                 semicolon.
+**
+**   (3) EXPLAIN   The keyword EXPLAIN has been seen at the beginning of 
+**                 a statement.
+**
+**   (4) CREATE    The keyword CREATE has been seen at the beginning of a
+**                 statement, possibly preceeded by EXPLAIN and/or followed by
+**                 TEMP or TEMPORARY
+**
+**   (5) TRIGGER   We are in the middle of a trigger definition that must be
+**                 ended by a semicolon, the keyword END, and another semicolon.
+**
+**   (6) SEMI      We've seen the first semicolon in the ";END;" that occurs at
+**                 the end of a trigger definition.
+**
+**   (7) END       We've seen the ";END" of the ";END;" that occurs at the end
+**                 of a trigger difinition.
+**
+** Transitions between states above are determined by tokens extracted
+** from the input.  The following tokens are significant:
+**
+**   (0) tkSEMI      A semicolon.
+**   (1) tkWS        Whitespace.
+**   (2) tkOTHER     Any other SQL token.
+**   (3) tkEXPLAIN   The "explain" keyword.
+**   (4) tkCREATE    The "create" keyword.
+**   (5) tkTEMP      The "temp" or "temporary" keyword.
+**   (6) tkTRIGGER   The "trigger" keyword.
+**   (7) tkEND       The "end" keyword.
+**
+** Whitespace never causes a state transition and is always ignored.
+** This means that a SQL string of all whitespace is invalid.
+**
+** If we compile with SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER, all of the computation needed
+** to recognize the end of a trigger can be omitted.  All we have to do
+** is look for a semicolon that is not part of an string or comment.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete(const char *zSql){
+  u8 state = 0;   /* Current state, using numbers defined in header comment */
+  u8 token;       /* Value of the next token */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  /* A complex statement machine used to detect the end of a CREATE TRIGGER
+  ** statement.  This is the normal case.
+  */
+  static const u8 trans[8][8] = {
+                     /* Token:                                                */
+     /* State:       **  SEMI  WS  OTHER  EXPLAIN  CREATE  TEMP  TRIGGER  END */
+     /* 0 INVALID: */ {    1,  0,     2,       3,      4,    2,       2,   2, },
+     /* 1   START: */ {    1,  1,     2,       3,      4,    2,       2,   2, },
+     /* 2  NORMAL: */ {    1,  2,     2,       2,      2,    2,       2,   2, },
+     /* 3 EXPLAIN: */ {    1,  3,     3,       2,      4,    2,       2,   2, },
+     /* 4  CREATE: */ {    1,  4,     2,       2,      2,    4,       5,   2, },
+     /* 5 TRIGGER: */ {    6,  5,     5,       5,      5,    5,       5,   5, },
+     /* 6    SEMI: */ {    6,  6,     5,       5,      5,    5,       5,   7, },
+     /* 7     END: */ {    1,  7,     5,       5,      5,    5,       5,   5, },
+  };
+#else
+  /* If triggers are not supported by this compile then the statement machine
+  ** used to detect the end of a statement is much simplier
+  */
+  static const u8 trans[3][3] = {
+                     /* Token:           */
+     /* State:       **  SEMI  WS  OTHER */
+     /* 0 INVALID: */ {    1,  0,     2, },
+     /* 1   START: */ {    1,  1,     2, },
+     /* 2  NORMAL: */ {    1,  2,     2, },
+  };
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER */
+
+  while( *zSql ){
+    switch( *zSql ){
+      case ';': {  /* A semicolon */
+        token = tkSEMI;
+        break;
+      }
+      case ' ':
+      case '\r':
+      case '\t':
+      case '\n':
+      case '\f': {  /* White space is ignored */
+        token = tkWS;
+        break;
+      }
+      case '/': {   /* C-style comments */
+        if( zSql[1]!='*' ){
+          token = tkOTHER;
+          break;
+        }
+        zSql += 2;
+        while( zSql[0] && (zSql[0]!='*' || zSql[1]!='/') ){ zSql++; }
+        if( zSql[0]==0 ) return 0;
+        zSql++;
+        token = tkWS;
+        break;
+      }
+      case '-': {   /* SQL-style comments from "--" to end of line */
+        if( zSql[1]!='-' ){
+          token = tkOTHER;
+          break;
+        }
+        while( *zSql && *zSql!='\n' ){ zSql++; }
+        if( *zSql==0 ) return state==1;
+        token = tkWS;
+        break;
+      }
+      case '[': {   /* Microsoft-style identifiers in [...] */
+        zSql++;
+        while( *zSql && *zSql!=']' ){ zSql++; }
+        if( *zSql==0 ) return 0;
+        token = tkOTHER;
+        break;
+      }
+      case '`':     /* Grave-accent quoted symbols used by MySQL */
+      case '"':     /* single- and double-quoted strings */
+      case '\'': {
+        int c = *zSql;
+        zSql++;
+        while( *zSql && *zSql!=c ){ zSql++; }
+        if( *zSql==0 ) return 0;
+        token = tkOTHER;
+        break;
+      }
+      default: {
+#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
+        unsigned char c;
+#endif
+        if( IdChar((u8)*zSql) ){
+          /* Keywords and unquoted identifiers */
+          int nId;
+          for(nId=1; IdChar(zSql[nId]); nId++){}
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+          token = tkOTHER;
+#else
+          switch( *zSql ){
+            case 'c': case 'C': {
+              if( nId==6 && sqlite3StrNICmp(zSql, "create", 6)==0 ){
+                token = tkCREATE;
+              }else{
+                token = tkOTHER;
+              }
+              break;
+            }
+            case 't': case 'T': {
+              if( nId==7 && sqlite3StrNICmp(zSql, "trigger", 7)==0 ){
+                token = tkTRIGGER;
+              }else if( nId==4 && sqlite3StrNICmp(zSql, "temp", 4)==0 ){
+                token = tkTEMP;
+              }else if( nId==9 && sqlite3StrNICmp(zSql, "temporary", 9)==0 ){
+                token = tkTEMP;
+              }else{
+                token = tkOTHER;
+              }
+              break;
+            }
+            case 'e':  case 'E': {
+              if( nId==3 && sqlite3StrNICmp(zSql, "end", 3)==0 ){
+                token = tkEND;
+              }else
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+              if( nId==7 && sqlite3StrNICmp(zSql, "explain", 7)==0 ){
+                token = tkEXPLAIN;
+              }else
+#endif
+              {
+                token = tkOTHER;
+              }
+              break;
+            }
+            default: {
+              token = tkOTHER;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER */
+          zSql += nId-1;
+        }else{
+          /* Operators and special symbols */
+          token = tkOTHER;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    state = trans[state][token];
+    zSql++;
+  }
+  return state==1;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+/*
+** This routine is the same as the sqlite3_complete() routine described
+** above, except that the parameter is required to be UTF-16 encoded, not
+** UTF-8.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete16(const void *zSql){
+  sqlite3_value *pVal;
+  char const *zSql8;
+  int rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  rc = sqlite3_initialize();
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+#endif
+  pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(0);
+  sqlite3ValueSetStr(pVal, -1, zSql, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  zSql8 = sqlite3ValueText(pVal, SQLITE_UTF8);
+  if( zSql8 ){
+    rc = sqlite3_complete(zSql8);
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+  return sqlite3ApiExit(0, rc);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE */
+
+/************** End of complete.c ********************************************/
+/************** Begin file main.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** Main file for the SQLite library.  The routines in this file
+** implement the programmer interface to the library.  Routines in
+** other files are for internal use by SQLite and should not be
+** accessed by users of the library.
+*/
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
+/************** Include fts3.h in the middle of main.c ***********************/
+/************** Begin file fts3.h ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2006 Oct 10
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This header file is used by programs that want to link against the
+** FTS3 library.  All it does is declare the sqlite3Fts3Init() interface.
+*/
+
+#if 0
+extern "C" {
+#endif  /* __cplusplus */
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Init(sqlite3 *db);
+
+#if 0
+}  /* extern "C" */
+#endif  /* __cplusplus */
+
+/************** End of fts3.h ************************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in main.c ***********************/
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
+/************** Include rtree.h in the middle of main.c **********************/
+/************** Begin file rtree.h *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 May 26
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This header file is used by programs that want to link against the
+** RTREE library.  All it does is declare the sqlite3RtreeInit() interface.
+*/
+
+#if 0
+extern "C" {
+#endif  /* __cplusplus */
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RtreeInit(sqlite3 *db);
+
+#if 0
+}  /* extern "C" */
+#endif  /* __cplusplus */
+
+/************** End of rtree.h ***********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in main.c ***********************/
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
+/************** Include sqliteicu.h in the middle of main.c ******************/
+/************** Begin file sqliteicu.h ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 May 26
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This header file is used by programs that want to link against the
+** ICU extension.  All it does is declare the sqlite3IcuInit() interface.
+*/
+
+#if 0
+extern "C" {
+#endif  /* __cplusplus */
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IcuInit(sqlite3 *db);
+
+#if 0
+}  /* extern "C" */
+#endif  /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+/************** End of sqliteicu.h *******************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in main.c ***********************/
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-46656-45156 The sqlite3_version[] string constant
+** contains the text of SQLITE_VERSION macro. 
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char sqlite3_version[] = SQLITE_VERSION;
+#endif
+
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-53536-42575 The sqlite3_libversion() function returns
+** a pointer to the to the sqlite3_version[] string constant. 
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_libversion(void){ return sqlite3_version; }
+
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-63124-39300 The sqlite3_sourceid() function returns a
+** pointer to a string constant whose value is the same as the
+** SQLITE_SOURCE_ID C preprocessor macro. 
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sourceid(void){ return SQLITE_SOURCE_ID; }
+
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-35210-63508 The sqlite3_libversion_number() function
+** returns an integer equal to SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_libversion_number(void){ return SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER; }
+
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-54823-41343 The sqlite3_threadsafe() function returns
+** zero if and only if SQLite was compiled mutexing code omitted due to
+** the SQLITE_THREADSAFE compile-time option being set to 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_threadsafe(void){ return SQLITE_THREADSAFE; }
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE)
+/*
+** If the following function pointer is not NULL and if
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE is enabled, then messages describing
+** I/O active are written using this function.  These messages
+** are intended for debugging activity only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void (*sqlite3IoTrace)(const char*, ...) = 0;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If the following global variable points to a string which is the
+** name of a directory, then that directory will be used to store
+** temporary files.
+**
+** See also the "PRAGMA temp_store_directory" SQL command.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_temp_directory = 0;
+
+/*
+** Initialize SQLite.  
+**
+** This routine must be called to initialize the memory allocation,
+** VFS, and mutex subsystems prior to doing any serious work with
+** SQLite.  But as long as you do not compile with SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+** this routine will be called automatically by key routines such as
+** sqlite3_open().  
+**
+** This routine is a no-op except on its very first call for the process,
+** or for the first call after a call to sqlite3_shutdown.
+**
+** The first thread to call this routine runs the initialization to
+** completion.  If subsequent threads call this routine before the first
+** thread has finished the initialization process, then the subsequent
+** threads must block until the first thread finishes with the initialization.
+**
+** The first thread might call this routine recursively.  Recursive
+** calls to this routine should not block, of course.  Otherwise the
+** initialization process would never complete.
+**
+** Let X be the first thread to enter this routine.  Let Y be some other
+** thread.  Then while the initial invocation of this routine by X is
+** incomplete, it is required that:
+**
+**    *  Calls to this routine from Y must block until the outer-most
+**       call by X completes.
+**
+**    *  Recursive calls to this routine from thread X return immediately
+**       without blocking.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex *pMaster;                      /* The main static mutex */
+  int rc;                                      /* Result code */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+  rc = sqlite3_wsd_init(4096, 24);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If SQLite is already completely initialized, then this call
+  ** to sqlite3_initialize() should be a no-op.  But the initialization
+  ** must be complete.  So isInit must not be set until the very end
+  ** of this routine.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* Make sure the mutex subsystem is initialized.  If unable to 
+  ** initialize the mutex subsystem, return early with the error.
+  ** If the system is so sick that we are unable to allocate a mutex,
+  ** there is not much SQLite is going to be able to do.
+  **
+  ** The mutex subsystem must take care of serializing its own
+  ** initialization.
+  */
+  rc = sqlite3MutexInit();
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+
+  /* Initialize the malloc() system and the recursive pInitMutex mutex.
+  ** This operation is protected by the STATIC_MASTER mutex.  Note that
+  ** MutexAlloc() is called for a static mutex prior to initializing the
+  ** malloc subsystem - this implies that the allocation of a static
+  ** mutex must not require support from the malloc subsystem.
+  */
+  pMaster = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMaster);
+  sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMutexInit = 1;
+  if( !sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMallocInit ){
+    rc = sqlite3MallocInit();
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMallocInit = 1;
+    if( !sqlite3GlobalConfig.pInitMutex ){
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pInitMutex =
+           sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex && !sqlite3GlobalConfig.pInitMutex ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.nRefInitMutex++;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pMaster);
+
+  /* If rc is not SQLITE_OK at this point, then either the malloc
+  ** subsystem could not be initialized or the system failed to allocate
+  ** the pInitMutex mutex. Return an error in either case.  */
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* Do the rest of the initialization under the recursive mutex so
+  ** that we will be able to handle recursive calls into
+  ** sqlite3_initialize().  The recursive calls normally come through
+  ** sqlite3_os_init() when it invokes sqlite3_vfs_register(), but other
+  ** recursive calls might also be possible.
+  **
+  ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-00140-37445 SQLite automatically serializes calls
+  ** to the xInit method, so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.
+  **
+  ** The following mutex is what serializes access to the appdef pcache xInit
+  ** methods.  The sqlite3_pcache_methods.xInit() all is embedded in the
+  ** call to sqlite3PcacheInitialize().
+  */
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pInitMutex);
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit==0 && sqlite3GlobalConfig.inProgress==0 ){
+    FuncDefHash *pHash = &GLOBAL(FuncDefHash, sqlite3GlobalFunctions);
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.inProgress = 1;
+    memset(pHash, 0, sizeof(sqlite3GlobalFunctions));
+    sqlite3RegisterGlobalFunctions();
+    if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isPCacheInit==0 ){
+      rc = sqlite3PcacheInitialize();
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.isPCacheInit = 1;
+      rc = sqlite3OsInit();
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3PCacheBufferSetup( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage, 
+          sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage, sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit = 1;
+    }
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.inProgress = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pInitMutex);
+
+  /* Go back under the static mutex and clean up the recursive
+  ** mutex to prevent a resource leak.
+  */
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMaster);
+  sqlite3GlobalConfig.nRefInitMutex--;
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.nRefInitMutex<=0 ){
+    assert( sqlite3GlobalConfig.nRefInitMutex==0 );
+    sqlite3_mutex_free(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pInitMutex);
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pInitMutex = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pMaster);
+
+  /* The following is just a sanity check to make sure SQLite has
+  ** been compiled correctly.  It is important to run this code, but
+  ** we don't want to run it too often and soak up CPU cycles for no
+  ** reason.  So we run it once during initialization.
+  */
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+  /* This section of code's only "output" is via assert() statements. */
+  if ( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    u64 x = (((u64)1)<<63)-1;
+    double y;
+    assert(sizeof(x)==8);
+    assert(sizeof(x)==sizeof(y));
+    memcpy(&y, &x, 8);
+    assert( sqlite3IsNaN(y) );
+  }
+#endif
+#endif
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Undo the effects of sqlite3_initialize().  Must not be called while
+** there are outstanding database connections or memory allocations or
+** while any part of SQLite is otherwise in use in any thread.  This
+** routine is not threadsafe.  But it is safe to invoke this routine
+** on when SQLite is already shut down.  If SQLite is already shut down
+** when this routine is invoked, then this routine is a harmless no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_shutdown(void){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit ){
+    sqlite3_os_end();
+    sqlite3_reset_auto_extension();
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit = 0;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isPCacheInit ){
+    sqlite3PcacheShutdown();
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.isPCacheInit = 0;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMallocInit ){
+    sqlite3MallocEnd();
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMallocInit = 0;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMutexInit ){
+    sqlite3MutexEnd();
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMutexInit = 0;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This API allows applications to modify the global configuration of
+** the SQLite library at run-time.
+**
+** This routine should only be called when there are no outstanding
+** database connections or memory allocations.  This routine is not
+** threadsafe.  Failure to heed these warnings can lead to unpredictable
+** behavior.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_config(int op, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* sqlite3_config() shall return SQLITE_MISUSE if it is invoked while
+  ** the SQLite library is in use. */
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+
+  va_start(ap, op);
+  switch( op ){
+
+    /* Mutex configuration options are only available in a threadsafe
+    ** compile. 
+    */
+#if defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD: {
+      /* Disable all mutexing */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex = 0;
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bFullMutex = 0;
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD: {
+      /* Disable mutexing of database connections */
+      /* Enable mutexing of core data structures */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex = 1;
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bFullMutex = 0;
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED: {
+      /* Enable all mutexing */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex = 1;
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bFullMutex = 1;
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX: {
+      /* Specify an alternative mutex implementation */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex = *va_arg(ap, sqlite3_mutex_methods*);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX: {
+      /* Retrieve the current mutex implementation */
+      *va_arg(ap, sqlite3_mutex_methods*) = sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex;
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+
+
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC: {
+      /* Specify an alternative malloc implementation */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.m = *va_arg(ap, sqlite3_mem_methods*);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC: {
+      /* Retrieve the current malloc() implementation */
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc==0 ) sqlite3MemSetDefault();
+      *va_arg(ap, sqlite3_mem_methods*) = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m;
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS: {
+      /* Enable or disable the malloc status collection */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH: {
+      /* Designate a buffer for scratch memory space */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch = va_arg(ap, void*);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch = va_arg(ap, int);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE: {
+      /* Designate a buffer for page cache memory space */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage = va_arg(ap, void*);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage = va_arg(ap, int);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE: {
+      /* Specify an alternative page cache implementation */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache = *va_arg(ap, sqlite3_pcache_methods*);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE: {
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xInit==0 ){
+        sqlite3PCacheSetDefault();
+      }
+      *va_arg(ap, sqlite3_pcache_methods*) = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache;
+      break;
+    }
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5)
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP: {
+      /* Designate a buffer for heap memory space */
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pHeap = va_arg(ap, void*);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.nHeap = va_arg(ap, int);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq = va_arg(ap, int);
+
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq<1 ){
+        sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq = 1;
+      }else if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq>(1<<12) ){
+        /* cap min request size at 2^12 */
+        sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq = (1<<12);
+      }
+
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pHeap==0 ){
+        /* If the heap pointer is NULL, then restore the malloc implementation
+        ** back to NULL pointers too.  This will cause the malloc to go
+        ** back to its default implementation when sqlite3_initialize() is
+        ** run.
+        */
+        memset(&sqlite3GlobalConfig.m, 0, sizeof(sqlite3GlobalConfig.m));
+      }else{
+        /* The heap pointer is not NULL, then install one of the
+        ** mem5.c/mem3.c methods. If neither ENABLE_MEMSYS3 nor
+        ** ENABLE_MEMSYS5 is defined, return an error.
+        */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3
+        sqlite3GlobalConfig.m = *sqlite3MemGetMemsys3();
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5
+        sqlite3GlobalConfig.m = *sqlite3MemGetMemsys5();
+#endif
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.szLookaside = va_arg(ap, int);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.nLookaside = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+    
+    /* Record a pointer to the logger funcction and its first argument.
+    ** The default is NULL.  Logging is disabled if the function pointer is
+    ** NULL.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG: {
+      /* MSVC is picky about pulling func ptrs from va lists.
+      ** http://support.microsoft.com/kb/47961
+      ** sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog = va_arg(ap, void(*)(void*,int,const char*));
+      */
+      typedef void(*LOGFUNC_t)(void*,int,const char*);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog = va_arg(ap, LOGFUNC_t);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pLogArg = va_arg(ap, void*);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_URI: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bOpenUri = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default: {
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  va_end(ap);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set up the lookaside buffers for a database connection.
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success.  
+** If lookaside is already active, return SQLITE_BUSY.
+**
+** The sz parameter is the number of bytes in each lookaside slot.
+** The cnt parameter is the number of slots.  If pStart is NULL the
+** space for the lookaside memory is obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
+** If pStart is not NULL then it is sz*cnt bytes of memory to use for
+** the lookaside memory.
+*/
+static int setupLookaside(sqlite3 *db, void *pBuf, int sz, int cnt){
+  void *pStart;
+  if( db->lookaside.nOut ){
+    return SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+  /* Free any existing lookaside buffer for this handle before
+  ** allocating a new one so we don't have to have space for 
+  ** both at the same time.
+  */
+  if( db->lookaside.bMalloced ){
+    sqlite3_free(db->lookaside.pStart);
+  }
+  /* The size of a lookaside slot needs to be larger than a pointer
+  ** to be useful.
+  */
+  if( sz<=(int)sizeof(LookasideSlot*) ) sz = 0;
+  if( cnt<0 ) cnt = 0;
+  if( sz==0 || cnt==0 ){
+    sz = 0;
+    pStart = 0;
+  }else if( pBuf==0 ){
+    sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sz); /* IMP: R-33038-09382 */
+    sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+    pStart = sqlite3Malloc( sz*cnt );  /* IMP: R-61949-35727 */
+    sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+  }else{
+    sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sz); /* IMP: R-33038-09382 */
+    pStart = pBuf;
+  }
+  db->lookaside.pStart = pStart;
+  db->lookaside.pFree = 0;
+  db->lookaside.sz = (u16)sz;
+  if( pStart ){
+    int i;
+    LookasideSlot *p;
+    assert( sz > (int)sizeof(LookasideSlot*) );
+    p = (LookasideSlot*)pStart;
+    for(i=cnt-1; i>=0; i--){
+      p->pNext = db->lookaside.pFree;
+      db->lookaside.pFree = p;
+      p = (LookasideSlot*)&((u8*)p)[sz];
+    }
+    db->lookaside.pEnd = p;
+    db->lookaside.bEnabled = 1;
+    db->lookaside.bMalloced = pBuf==0 ?1:0;
+  }else{
+    db->lookaside.pEnd = 0;
+    db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
+    db->lookaside.bMalloced = 0;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the mutex associated with a database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_db_mutex(sqlite3 *db){
+  return db->mutex;
+}
+
+/*
+** Configuration settings for an individual database connection
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_config(sqlite3 *db, int op, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  int rc;
+  va_start(ap, op);
+  switch( op ){
+    case SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE: {
+      void *pBuf = va_arg(ap, void*); /* IMP: R-26835-10964 */
+      int sz = va_arg(ap, int);       /* IMP: R-47871-25994 */
+      int cnt = va_arg(ap, int);      /* IMP: R-04460-53386 */
+      rc = setupLookaside(db, pBuf, sz, cnt);
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      static const struct {
+        int op;      /* The opcode */
+        u32 mask;    /* Mask of the bit in sqlite3.flags to set/clear */
+      } aFlagOp[] = {
+        { SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY,    SQLITE_ForeignKeys    },
+        { SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER, SQLITE_EnableTrigger  },
+      };
+      unsigned int i;
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* IMP: R-42790-23372 */
+      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aFlagOp); i++){
+        if( aFlagOp[i].op==op ){
+          int onoff = va_arg(ap, int);
+          int *pRes = va_arg(ap, int*);
+          int oldFlags = db->flags;
+          if( onoff>0 ){
+            db->flags |= aFlagOp[i].mask;
+          }else if( onoff==0 ){
+            db->flags &= ~aFlagOp[i].mask;
+          }
+          if( oldFlags!=db->flags ){
+            sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+          }
+          if( pRes ){
+            *pRes = (db->flags & aFlagOp[i].mask)!=0;
+          }
+          rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  va_end(ap);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Return true if the buffer z[0..n-1] contains all spaces.
+*/
+static int allSpaces(const char *z, int n){
+  while( n>0 && z[n-1]==' ' ){ n--; }
+  return n==0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This is the default collating function named "BINARY" which is always
+** available.
+**
+** If the padFlag argument is not NULL then space padding at the end
+** of strings is ignored.  This implements the RTRIM collation.
+*/
+static int binCollFunc(
+  void *padFlag,
+  int nKey1, const void *pKey1,
+  int nKey2, const void *pKey2
+){
+  int rc, n;
+  n = nKey1<nKey2 ? nKey1 : nKey2;
+  rc = memcmp(pKey1, pKey2, n);
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    if( padFlag
+     && allSpaces(((char*)pKey1)+n, nKey1-n)
+     && allSpaces(((char*)pKey2)+n, nKey2-n)
+    ){
+      /* Leave rc unchanged at 0 */
+    }else{
+      rc = nKey1 - nKey2;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Another built-in collating sequence: NOCASE. 
+**
+** This collating sequence is intended to be used for "case independant
+** comparison". SQLite's knowledge of upper and lower case equivalents
+** extends only to the 26 characters used in the English language.
+**
+** At the moment there is only a UTF-8 implementation.
+*/
+static int nocaseCollatingFunc(
+  void *NotUsed,
+  int nKey1, const void *pKey1,
+  int nKey2, const void *pKey2
+){
+  int r = sqlite3StrNICmp(
+      (const char *)pKey1, (const char *)pKey2, (nKey1<nKey2)?nKey1:nKey2);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  if( 0==r ){
+    r = nKey1-nKey2;
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the ROWID of the most recent insert
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite_int64 sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(sqlite3 *db){
+  return db->lastRowid;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of changes in the most recent call to sqlite3_exec().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_changes(sqlite3 *db){
+  return db->nChange;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of changes since the database handle was opened.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_total_changes(sqlite3 *db){
+  return db->nTotalChange;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close all open savepoints. This function only manipulates fields of the
+** database handle object, it does not close any savepoints that may be open
+** at the b-tree/pager level.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CloseSavepoints(sqlite3 *db){
+  while( db->pSavepoint ){
+    Savepoint *pTmp = db->pSavepoint;
+    db->pSavepoint = pTmp->pNext;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pTmp);
+  }
+  db->nSavepoint = 0;
+  db->nStatement = 0;
+  db->isTransactionSavepoint = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke the destructor function associated with FuncDef p, if any. Except,
+** if this is not the last copy of the function, do not invoke it. Multiple
+** copies of a single function are created when create_function() is called
+** with SQLITE_ANY as the encoding.
+*/
+static void functionDestroy(sqlite3 *db, FuncDef *p){
+  FuncDestructor *pDestructor = p->pDestructor;
+  if( pDestructor ){
+    pDestructor->nRef--;
+    if( pDestructor->nRef==0 ){
+      pDestructor->xDestroy(pDestructor->pUserData);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pDestructor);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Close an existing SQLite database
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *db){
+  HashElem *i;                    /* Hash table iterator */
+  int j;
+
+  if( !db ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+
+  /* Force xDestroy calls on all virtual tables */
+  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+
+  /* If a transaction is open, the ResetInternalSchema() call above
+  ** will not have called the xDisconnect() method on any virtual
+  ** tables in the db->aVTrans[] array. The following sqlite3VtabRollback()
+  ** call will do so. We need to do this before the check for active
+  ** SQL statements below, as the v-table implementation may be storing
+  ** some prepared statements internally.
+  */
+  sqlite3VtabRollback(db);
+
+  /* If there are any outstanding VMs, return SQLITE_BUSY. */
+  if( db->pVdbe ){
+    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
+        "unable to close due to unfinalised statements");
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+    return SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+  assert( sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) );
+
+  for(j=0; j<db->nDb; j++){
+    Btree *pBt = db->aDb[j].pBt;
+    if( pBt && sqlite3BtreeIsInBackup(pBt) ){
+      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
+          "unable to close due to unfinished backup operation");
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+      return SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Free any outstanding Savepoint structures. */
+  sqlite3CloseSavepoints(db);
+
+  for(j=0; j<db->nDb; j++){
+    struct Db *pDb = &db->aDb[j];
+    if( pDb->pBt ){
+      sqlite3BtreeClose(pDb->pBt);
+      pDb->pBt = 0;
+      if( j!=1 ){
+        pDb->pSchema = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+
+  /* Tell the code in notify.c that the connection no longer holds any
+  ** locks and does not require any further unlock-notify callbacks.
+  */
+  sqlite3ConnectionClosed(db);
+
+  assert( db->nDb<=2 );
+  assert( db->aDb==db->aDbStatic );
+  for(j=0; j<ArraySize(db->aFunc.a); j++){
+    FuncDef *pNext, *pHash, *p;
+    for(p=db->aFunc.a[j]; p; p=pHash){
+      pHash = p->pHash;
+      while( p ){
+        functionDestroy(db, p);
+        pNext = p->pNext;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+        p = pNext;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&db->aCollSeq); i; i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
+    CollSeq *pColl = (CollSeq *)sqliteHashData(i);
+    /* Invoke any destructors registered for collation sequence user data. */
+    for(j=0; j<3; j++){
+      if( pColl[j].xDel ){
+        pColl[j].xDel(pColl[j].pUser);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pColl);
+  }
+  sqlite3HashClear(&db->aCollSeq);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&db->aModule); i; i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
+    Module *pMod = (Module *)sqliteHashData(i);
+    if( pMod->xDestroy ){
+      pMod->xDestroy(pMod->pAux);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pMod);
+  }
+  sqlite3HashClear(&db->aModule);
+#endif
+
+  sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0); /* Deallocates any cached error strings. */
+  if( db->pErr ){
+    sqlite3ValueFree(db->pErr);
+  }
+  sqlite3CloseExtensions(db);
+
+  db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_ERROR;
+
+  /* The temp-database schema is allocated differently from the other schema
+  ** objects (using sqliteMalloc() directly, instead of sqlite3BtreeSchema()).
+  ** So it needs to be freed here. Todo: Why not roll the temp schema into
+  ** the same sqliteMalloc() as the one that allocates the database 
+  ** structure?
+  */
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, db->aDb[1].pSchema);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_CLOSED;
+  sqlite3_mutex_free(db->mutex);
+  assert( db->lookaside.nOut==0 );  /* Fails on a lookaside memory leak */
+  if( db->lookaside.bMalloced ){
+    sqlite3_free(db->lookaside.pStart);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(db);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Rollback all database files.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackAll(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  int inTrans = 0;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    if( db->aDb[i].pBt ){
+      if( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(db->aDb[i].pBt) ){
+        inTrans = 1;
+      }
+      sqlite3BtreeRollback(db->aDb[i].pBt);
+      db->aDb[i].inTrans = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3VtabRollback(db);
+  sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+
+  if( db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges ){
+    sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  }
+
+  /* Any deferred constraint violations have now been resolved. */
+  db->nDeferredCons = 0;
+
+  /* If one has been configured, invoke the rollback-hook callback */
+  if( db->xRollbackCallback && (inTrans || !db->autoCommit) ){
+    db->xRollbackCallback(db->pRollbackArg);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a static string that describes the kind of error specified in the
+** argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrStr(int rc){
+  static const char* const aMsg[] = {
+    /* SQLITE_OK          */ "not an error",
+    /* SQLITE_ERROR       */ "SQL logic error or missing database",
+    /* SQLITE_INTERNAL    */ 0,
+    /* SQLITE_PERM        */ "access permission denied",
+    /* SQLITE_ABORT       */ "callback requested query abort",
+    /* SQLITE_BUSY        */ "database is locked",
+    /* SQLITE_LOCKED      */ "database table is locked",
+    /* SQLITE_NOMEM       */ "out of memory",
+    /* SQLITE_READONLY    */ "attempt to write a readonly database",
+    /* SQLITE_INTERRUPT   */ "interrupted",
+    /* SQLITE_IOERR       */ "disk I/O error",
+    /* SQLITE_CORRUPT     */ "database disk image is malformed",
+    /* SQLITE_NOTFOUND    */ "unknown operation",
+    /* SQLITE_FULL        */ "database or disk is full",
+    /* SQLITE_CANTOPEN    */ "unable to open database file",
+    /* SQLITE_PROTOCOL    */ "locking protocol",
+    /* SQLITE_EMPTY       */ "table contains no data",
+    /* SQLITE_SCHEMA      */ "database schema has changed",
+    /* SQLITE_TOOBIG      */ "string or blob too big",
+    /* SQLITE_CONSTRAINT  */ "constraint failed",
+    /* SQLITE_MISMATCH    */ "datatype mismatch",
+    /* SQLITE_MISUSE      */ "library routine called out of sequence",
+    /* SQLITE_NOLFS       */ "large file support is disabled",
+    /* SQLITE_AUTH        */ "authorization denied",
+    /* SQLITE_FORMAT      */ "auxiliary database format error",
+    /* SQLITE_RANGE       */ "bind or column index out of range",
+    /* SQLITE_NOTADB      */ "file is encrypted or is not a database",
+  };
+  rc &= 0xff;
+  if( ALWAYS(rc>=0) && rc<(int)(sizeof(aMsg)/sizeof(aMsg[0])) && aMsg[rc]!=0 ){
+    return aMsg[rc];
+  }else{
+    return "unknown error";
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine implements a busy callback that sleeps and tries
+** again until a timeout value is reached.  The timeout value is
+** an integer number of milliseconds passed in as the first
+** argument.
+*/
+static int sqliteDefaultBusyCallback(
+ void *ptr,               /* Database connection */
+ int count                /* Number of times table has been busy */
+){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN || (defined(HAVE_USLEEP) && HAVE_USLEEP)
+  static const u8 delays[] =
+     { 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 25,  25,  50,  50, 100 };
+  static const u8 totals[] =
+     { 0, 1, 3,  8, 18, 33, 53, 78, 103, 128, 178, 228 };
+# define NDELAY ArraySize(delays)
+  sqlite3 *db = (sqlite3 *)ptr;
+  int timeout = db->busyTimeout;
+  int delay, prior;
+
+  assert( count>=0 );
+  if( count < NDELAY ){
+    delay = delays[count];
+    prior = totals[count];
+  }else{
+    delay = delays[NDELAY-1];
+    prior = totals[NDELAY-1] + delay*(count-(NDELAY-1));
+  }
+  if( prior + delay > timeout ){
+    delay = timeout - prior;
+    if( delay<=0 ) return 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3OsSleep(db->pVfs, delay*1000);
+  return 1;
+#else
+  sqlite3 *db = (sqlite3 *)ptr;
+  int timeout = ((sqlite3 *)ptr)->busyTimeout;
+  if( (count+1)*1000 > timeout ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3OsSleep(db->pVfs, 1000000);
+  return 1;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke the given busy handler.
+**
+** This routine is called when an operation failed with a lock.
+** If this routine returns non-zero, the lock is retried.  If it
+** returns 0, the operation aborts with an SQLITE_BUSY error.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(BusyHandler *p){
+  int rc;
+  if( NEVER(p==0) || p->xFunc==0 || p->nBusy<0 ) return 0;
+  rc = p->xFunc(p->pArg, p->nBusy);
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    p->nBusy = -1;
+  }else{
+    p->nBusy++;
+  }
+  return rc; 
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine sets the busy callback for an Sqlite database to the
+** given callback function with the given argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_handler(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  int (*xBusy)(void*,int),
+  void *pArg
+){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  db->busyHandler.xFunc = xBusy;
+  db->busyHandler.pArg = pArg;
+  db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+/*
+** This routine sets the progress callback for an Sqlite database to the
+** given callback function with the given argument. The progress callback will
+** be invoked every nOps opcodes.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  int nOps,
+  int (*xProgress)(void*), 
+  void *pArg
+){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  if( nOps>0 ){
+    db->xProgress = xProgress;
+    db->nProgressOps = nOps;
+    db->pProgressArg = pArg;
+  }else{
+    db->xProgress = 0;
+    db->nProgressOps = 0;
+    db->pProgressArg = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** This routine installs a default busy handler that waits for the
+** specified number of milliseconds before returning 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3 *db, int ms){
+  if( ms>0 ){
+    db->busyTimeout = ms;
+    sqlite3_busy_handler(db, sqliteDefaultBusyCallback, (void*)db);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_busy_handler(db, 0, 0);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Cause any pending operation to stop at its earliest opportunity.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_interrupt(sqlite3 *db){
+  db->u1.isInterrupted = 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This function is exactly the same as sqlite3_create_function(), except
+** that it is designed to be called by internal code. The difference is
+** that if a malloc() fails in sqlite3_create_function(), an error code
+** is returned and the mallocFailed flag cleared. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CreateFunc(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int enc,
+  void *pUserData,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
+  FuncDestructor *pDestructor
+){
+  FuncDef *p;
+  int nName;
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( zFunctionName==0 ||
+      (xFunc && (xFinal || xStep)) || 
+      (!xFunc && (xFinal && !xStep)) ||
+      (!xFunc && (!xFinal && xStep)) ||
+      (nArg<-1 || nArg>SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG) ||
+      (255<(nName = sqlite3Strlen30( zFunctionName))) ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+  /* If SQLITE_UTF16 is specified as the encoding type, transform this
+  ** to one of SQLITE_UTF16LE or SQLITE_UTF16BE using the
+  ** SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE macro. SQLITE_UTF16 is not used internally.
+  **
+  ** If SQLITE_ANY is specified, add three versions of the function
+  ** to the hash table.
+  */
+  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16 ){
+    enc = SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE;
+  }else if( enc==SQLITE_ANY ){
+    int rc;
+    rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8,
+         pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pDestructor);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF16LE,
+          pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pDestructor);
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    enc = SQLITE_UTF16BE;
+  }
+#else
+  enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+#endif
+  
+  /* Check if an existing function is being overridden or deleted. If so,
+  ** and there are active VMs, then return SQLITE_BUSY. If a function
+  ** is being overridden/deleted but there are no active VMs, allow the
+  ** operation to continue but invalidate all precompiled statements.
+  */
+  p = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zFunctionName, nName, nArg, (u8)enc, 0);
+  if( p && p->iPrefEnc==enc && p->nArg==nArg ){
+    if( db->activeVdbeCnt ){
+      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
+        "unable to delete/modify user-function due to active statements");
+      assert( !db->mallocFailed );
+      return SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+    }
+  }
+
+  p = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zFunctionName, nName, nArg, (u8)enc, 1);
+  assert(p || db->mallocFailed);
+  if( !p ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  /* If an older version of the function with a configured destructor is
+  ** being replaced invoke the destructor function here. */
+  functionDestroy(db, p);
+
+  if( pDestructor ){
+    pDestructor->nRef++;
+  }
+  p->pDestructor = pDestructor;
+  p->flags = 0;
+  p->xFunc = xFunc;
+  p->xStep = xStep;
+  p->xFinalize = xFinal;
+  p->pUserData = pUserData;
+  p->nArg = (u16)nArg;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create new user functions.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunc,
+  int nArg,
+  int enc,
+  void *p,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
+){
+  return sqlite3_create_function_v2(db, zFunc, nArg, enc, p, xFunc, xStep,
+                                    xFinal, 0);
+}
+
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunc,
+  int nArg,
+  int enc,
+  void *p,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
+  void (*xDestroy)(void *)
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  FuncDestructor *pArg = 0;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  if( xDestroy ){
+    pArg = (FuncDestructor *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(FuncDestructor));
+    if( !pArg ){
+      xDestroy(p);
+      goto out;
+    }
+    pArg->xDestroy = xDestroy;
+    pArg->pUserData = p;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunc, nArg, enc, p, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pArg);
+  if( pArg && pArg->nRef==0 ){
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+    xDestroy(p);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pArg);
+  }
+
+ out:
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function16(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const void *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *p,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
+){
+  int rc;
+  char *zFunc8;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  assert( !db->mallocFailed );
+  zFunc8 = sqlite3Utf16to8(db, zFunctionName, -1, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
+  rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunc8, nArg, eTextRep, p, xFunc, xStep, xFinal,0);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zFunc8);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Declare that a function has been overloaded by a virtual table.
+**
+** If the function already exists as a regular global function, then
+** this routine is a no-op.  If the function does not exist, then create
+** a new one that always throws a run-time error.  
+**
+** When virtual tables intend to provide an overloaded function, they
+** should call this routine to make sure the global function exists.
+** A global function must exist in order for name resolution to work
+** properly.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_overload_function(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zName,
+  int nArg
+){
+  int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  if( sqlite3FindFunction(db, zName, nName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, 0)==0 ){
+    sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8,
+                      0, sqlite3InvalidFunction, 0, 0, 0);
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, SQLITE_OK);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+/*
+** Register a trace function.  The pArg from the previously registered trace
+** is returned.  
+**
+** A NULL trace function means that no tracing is executes.  A non-NULL
+** trace is a pointer to a function that is invoked at the start of each
+** SQL statement.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_trace(sqlite3 *db, void (*xTrace)(void*,const char*), void *pArg){
+  void *pOld;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  pOld = db->pTraceArg;
+  db->xTrace = xTrace;
+  db->pTraceArg = pArg;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return pOld;
+}
+/*
+** Register a profile function.  The pArg from the previously registered 
+** profile function is returned.  
+**
+** A NULL profile function means that no profiling is executes.  A non-NULL
+** profile is a pointer to a function that is invoked at the conclusion of
+** each SQL statement that is run.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_profile(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  void (*xProfile)(void*,const char*,sqlite_uint64),
+  void *pArg
+){
+  void *pOld;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  pOld = db->pProfileArg;
+  db->xProfile = xProfile;
+  db->pProfileArg = pArg;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return pOld;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE */
+
+/*** EXPERIMENTAL ***
+**
+** Register a function to be invoked when a transaction comments.
+** If the invoked function returns non-zero, then the commit becomes a
+** rollback.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_commit_hook(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Attach the hook to this database */
+  int (*xCallback)(void*),  /* Function to invoke on each commit */
+  void *pArg                /* Argument to the function */
+){
+  void *pOld;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  pOld = db->pCommitArg;
+  db->xCommitCallback = xCallback;
+  db->pCommitArg = pArg;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return pOld;
+}
+
+/*
+** Register a callback to be invoked each time a row is updated,
+** inserted or deleted using this database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_update_hook(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Attach the hook to this database */
+  void (*xCallback)(void*,int,char const *,char const *,sqlite_int64),
+  void *pArg                /* Argument to the function */
+){
+  void *pRet;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  pRet = db->pUpdateArg;
+  db->xUpdateCallback = xCallback;
+  db->pUpdateArg = pArg;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+/*
+** Register a callback to be invoked each time a transaction is rolled
+** back by this database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_rollback_hook(
+  sqlite3 *db,              /* Attach the hook to this database */
+  void (*xCallback)(void*), /* Callback function */
+  void *pArg                /* Argument to the function */
+){
+  void *pRet;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  pRet = db->pRollbackArg;
+  db->xRollbackCallback = xCallback;
+  db->pRollbackArg = pArg;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+/*
+** The sqlite3_wal_hook() callback registered by sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint().
+** Invoke sqlite3_wal_checkpoint if the number of frames in the log file
+** is greater than sqlite3.pWalArg cast to an integer (the value configured by
+** wal_autocheckpoint()).
+*/ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(
+  void *pClientData,     /* Argument */
+  sqlite3 *db,           /* Connection */
+  const char *zDb,       /* Database */
+  int nFrame             /* Size of WAL */
+){
+  if( nFrame>=SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pClientData) ){
+    sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+    sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(db, zDb);
+    sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
+/*
+** Configure an sqlite3_wal_hook() callback to automatically checkpoint
+** a database after committing a transaction if there are nFrame or
+** more frames in the log file. Passing zero or a negative value as the
+** nFrame parameter disables automatic checkpoints entirely.
+**
+** The callback registered by this function replaces any existing callback
+** registered using sqlite3_wal_hook(). Likewise, registering a callback
+** using sqlite3_wal_hook() disables the automatic checkpoint mechanism
+** configured by this function.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(sqlite3 *db, int nFrame){
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFrame);
+#else
+  if( nFrame>0 ){
+    sqlite3_wal_hook(db, sqlite3WalDefaultHook, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(nFrame));
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_wal_hook(db, 0, 0);
+  }
+#endif
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Register a callback to be invoked each time a transaction is written
+** into the write-ahead-log by this database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_wal_hook(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Attach the hook to this db handle */
+  int(*xCallback)(void *, sqlite3*, const char*, int),
+  void *pArg                      /* First argument passed to xCallback() */
+){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  void *pRet;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  pRet = db->pWalArg;
+  db->xWalCallback = xCallback;
+  db->pWalArg = pArg;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return pRet;
+#else
+  return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Checkpoint database zDb.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  const char *zDb,                /* Name of attached database (or NULL) */
+  int eMode,                      /* SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_* value */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Size of WAL log in frames */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Total number of frames checkpointed */
+){
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+#else
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int iDb = SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED;  /* sqlite3.aDb[] index of db to checkpoint */
+
+  /* Initialize the output variables to -1 in case an error occurs. */
+  if( pnLog ) *pnLog = -1;
+  if( pnCkpt ) *pnCkpt = -1;
+
+  assert( SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE );
+  assert( SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART );
+  assert( SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE+2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART );
+  if( eMode<SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE || eMode>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  if( zDb && zDb[0] ){
+    iDb = sqlite3FindDbName(db, zDb);
+  }
+  if( iDb<0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_ERROR, "unknown database: %s", zDb);
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, iDb, eMode, pnLog, pnCkpt);
+    sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Checkpoint database zDb. If zDb is NULL, or if the buffer zDb points
+** to contains a zero-length string, all attached databases are 
+** checkpointed.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
+  return sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(db, zDb, SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, 0, 0);
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+/*
+** Run a checkpoint on database iDb. This is a no-op if database iDb is
+** not currently open in WAL mode.
+**
+** If a transaction is open on the database being checkpointed, this 
+** function returns SQLITE_LOCKED and a checkpoint is not attempted. If 
+** an error occurs while running the checkpoint, an SQLite error code is 
+** returned (i.e. SQLITE_IOERR). Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** The mutex on database handle db should be held by the caller. The mutex
+** associated with the specific b-tree being checkpointed is taken by
+** this function while the checkpoint is running.
+**
+** If iDb is passed SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED, then all attached databases are
+** checkpointed. If an error is encountered it is returned immediately -
+** no attempt is made to checkpoint any remaining databases.
+**
+** Parameter eMode is one of SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, int eMode, int *pnLog, int *pnCkpt){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int i;                          /* Used to iterate through attached dbs */
+  int bBusy = 0;                  /* True if SQLITE_BUSY has been encountered */
+
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  assert( !pnLog || *pnLog==-1 );
+  assert( !pnCkpt || *pnCkpt==-1 );
+
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
+    if( i==iDb || iDb==SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(db->aDb[i].pBt, eMode, pnLog, pnCkpt);
+      pnLog = 0;
+      pnCkpt = 0;
+      if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        bBusy = 1;
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && bBusy) ? SQLITE_BUSY : rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
+/*
+** This function returns true if main-memory should be used instead of
+** a temporary file for transient pager files and statement journals.
+** The value returned depends on the value of db->temp_store (runtime
+** parameter) and the compile time value of SQLITE_TEMP_STORE. The
+** following table describes the relationship between these two values
+** and this functions return value.
+**
+**   SQLITE_TEMP_STORE     db->temp_store     Location of temporary database
+**   -----------------     --------------     ------------------------------
+**   0                     any                file      (return 0)
+**   1                     1                  file      (return 0)
+**   1                     2                  memory    (return 1)
+**   1                     0                  file      (return 0)
+**   2                     1                  file      (return 0)
+**   2                     2                  memory    (return 1)
+**   2                     0                  memory    (return 1)
+**   3                     any                memory    (return 1)
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3 *db){
+#if SQLITE_TEMP_STORE==1
+  return ( db->temp_store==2 );
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_TEMP_STORE==2
+  return ( db->temp_store!=1 );
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_TEMP_STORE==3
+  return 1;
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_TEMP_STORE<1 || SQLITE_TEMP_STORE>3
+  return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Return UTF-8 encoded English language explanation of the most recent
+** error.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3 *db){
+  const char *z;
+  if( !db ){
+    return sqlite3ErrStr(SQLITE_NOMEM);
+  }
+  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) ){
+    return sqlite3ErrStr(SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT);
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    z = sqlite3ErrStr(SQLITE_NOMEM);
+  }else{
+    z = (char*)sqlite3_value_text(db->pErr);
+    assert( !db->mallocFailed );
+    if( z==0 ){
+      z = sqlite3ErrStr(db->errCode);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return z;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+/*
+** Return UTF-16 encoded English language explanation of the most recent
+** error.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3 *db){
+  static const u16 outOfMem[] = {
+    'o', 'u', 't', ' ', 'o', 'f', ' ', 'm', 'e', 'm', 'o', 'r', 'y', 0
+  };
+  static const u16 misuse[] = {
+    'l', 'i', 'b', 'r', 'a', 'r', 'y', ' ', 
+    'r', 'o', 'u', 't', 'i', 'n', 'e', ' ', 
+    'c', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'e', 'd', ' ', 
+    'o', 'u', 't', ' ', 
+    'o', 'f', ' ', 
+    's', 'e', 'q', 'u', 'e', 'n', 'c', 'e', 0
+  };
+
+  const void *z;
+  if( !db ){
+    return (void *)outOfMem;
+  }
+  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) ){
+    return (void *)misuse;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    z = (void *)outOfMem;
+  }else{
+    z = sqlite3_value_text16(db->pErr);
+    if( z==0 ){
+      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, sqlite3ErrStr(db->errCode),
+           SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      z = sqlite3_value_text16(db->pErr);
+    }
+    /* A malloc() may have failed within the call to sqlite3_value_text16()
+    ** above. If this is the case, then the db->mallocFailed flag needs to
+    ** be cleared before returning. Do this directly, instead of via
+    ** sqlite3ApiExit(), to avoid setting the database handle error message.
+    */
+    db->mallocFailed = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return z;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+/*
+** Return the most recent error code generated by an SQLite routine. If NULL is
+** passed to this function, we assume a malloc() failed during sqlite3_open().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_errcode(sqlite3 *db){
+  if( db && !sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  if( !db || db->mallocFailed ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  return db->errCode & db->errMask;
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_errcode(sqlite3 *db){
+  if( db && !sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+  if( !db || db->mallocFailed ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  return db->errCode;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new collating function for database "db".  The name is zName
+** and the encoding is enc.
+*/
+static int createCollation(
+  sqlite3* db,
+  const char *zName, 
+  u8 enc,
+  u8 collType,
+  void* pCtx,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*),
+  void(*xDel)(void*)
+){
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+  int enc2;
+  int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+
+  /* If SQLITE_UTF16 is specified as the encoding type, transform this
+  ** to one of SQLITE_UTF16LE or SQLITE_UTF16BE using the
+  ** SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE macro. SQLITE_UTF16 is not used internally.
+  */
+  enc2 = enc;
+  testcase( enc2==SQLITE_UTF16 );
+  testcase( enc2==SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED );
+  if( enc2==SQLITE_UTF16 || enc2==SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED ){
+    enc2 = SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE;
+  }
+  if( enc2<SQLITE_UTF8 || enc2>SQLITE_UTF16BE ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }
+
+  /* Check if this call is removing or replacing an existing collation 
+  ** sequence. If so, and there are active VMs, return busy. If there
+  ** are no active VMs, invalidate any pre-compiled statements.
+  */
+  pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, (u8)enc2, zName, 0);
+  if( pColl && pColl->xCmp ){
+    if( db->activeVdbeCnt ){
+      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
+        "unable to delete/modify collation sequence due to active statements");
+      return SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }
+    sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+
+    /* If collation sequence pColl was created directly by a call to
+    ** sqlite3_create_collation, and not generated by synthCollSeq(),
+    ** then any copies made by synthCollSeq() need to be invalidated.
+    ** Also, collation destructor - CollSeq.xDel() - function may need
+    ** to be called.
+    */ 
+    if( (pColl->enc & ~SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED)==enc2 ){
+      CollSeq *aColl = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aCollSeq, zName, nName);
+      int j;
+      for(j=0; j<3; j++){
+        CollSeq *p = &aColl[j];
+        if( p->enc==pColl->enc ){
+          if( p->xDel ){
+            p->xDel(p->pUser);
+          }
+          p->xCmp = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, (u8)enc2, zName, 1);
+  if( pColl==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pColl->xCmp = xCompare;
+  pColl->pUser = pCtx;
+  pColl->xDel = xDel;
+  pColl->enc = (u8)(enc2 | (enc & SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED));
+  pColl->type = collType;
+  sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This array defines hard upper bounds on limit values.  The
+** initializer must be kept in sync with the SQLITE_LIMIT_*
+** #defines in sqlite3.h.
+*/
+static const int aHardLimit[] = {
+  SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH,
+  SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH,
+  SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN,
+  SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH,
+  SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT,
+  SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP,
+  SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG,
+  SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED,
+  SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH,
+  SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER,
+  SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH,
+};
+
+/*
+** Make sure the hard limits are set to reasonable values
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH<100
+# error SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH must be at least 100
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH<100
+# error SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH must be at least 100
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH>SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH
+# error SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH must not be greater than SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT<2
+# error SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT must be at least 2
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP<40
+# error SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP must be at least 40
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG<0 || SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG>1000
+# error SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG must be between 0 and 1000
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED<0 || SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>62
+# error SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED must be between 0 and 62
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH<1
+# error SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH must be at least 1
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN>32767
+# error SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN must not exceed 32767
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH<1
+# error SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH must be at least 1
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Change the value of a limit.  Report the old value.
+** If an invalid limit index is supplied, report -1.
+** Make no changes but still report the old value if the
+** new limit is negative.
+**
+** A new lower limit does not shrink existing constructs.
+** It merely prevents new constructs that exceed the limit
+** from forming.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3 *db, int limitId, int newLimit){
+  int oldLimit;
+
+
+  /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-30189-54097 For each limit category SQLITE_LIMIT_NAME
+  ** there is a hard upper bound set at compile-time by a C preprocessor
+  ** macro called SQLITE_MAX_NAME. (The "_LIMIT_" in the name is changed to
+  ** "_MAX_".)
+  */
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]==SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH]==SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN]==SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH]==SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT]==SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT);
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP]==SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG]==SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]==SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH]==
+                                               SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]==SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER);
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH]==SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH );
+  assert( SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH==(SQLITE_N_LIMIT-1) );
+
+
+  if( limitId<0 || limitId>=SQLITE_N_LIMIT ){
+    return -1;
+  }
+  oldLimit = db->aLimit[limitId];
+  if( newLimit>=0 ){                   /* IMP: R-52476-28732 */
+    if( newLimit>aHardLimit[limitId] ){
+      newLimit = aHardLimit[limitId];  /* IMP: R-51463-25634 */
+    }
+    db->aLimit[limitId] = newLimit;
+  }
+  return oldLimit;                     /* IMP: R-53341-35419 */
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to parse both URIs and non-URI filenames passed by the
+** user to API functions sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2(), and for database
+** URIs specified as part of ATTACH statements.
+**
+** The first argument to this function is the name of the VFS to use (or
+** a NULL to signify the default VFS) if the URI does not contain a "vfs=xxx"
+** query parameter. The second argument contains the URI (or non-URI filename)
+** itself. When this function is called the *pFlags variable should contain
+** the default flags to open the database handle with. The value stored in
+** *pFlags may be updated before returning if the URI filename contains 
+** "cache=xxx" or "mode=xxx" query parameters.
+**
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. In this case *ppVfs is set to point to
+** the VFS that should be used to open the database file. *pzFile is set to
+** point to a buffer containing the name of the file to open. It is the 
+** responsibility of the caller to eventually call sqlite3_free() to release
+** this buffer.
+**
+** If an error occurs, then an SQLite error code is returned and *pzErrMsg
+** may be set to point to a buffer containing an English language error 
+** message. It is the responsibility of the caller to eventually release
+** this buffer by calling sqlite3_free().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ParseUri(
+  const char *zDefaultVfs,        /* VFS to use if no "vfs=xxx" query option */
+  const char *zUri,               /* Nul-terminated URI to parse */
+  unsigned int *pFlags,           /* IN/OUT: SQLITE_OPEN_XXX flags */
+  sqlite3_vfs **ppVfs,            /* OUT: VFS to use */ 
+  char **pzFile,                  /* OUT: Filename component of URI */
+  char **pzErrMsg                 /* OUT: Error message (if rc!=SQLITE_OK) */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  unsigned int flags = *pFlags;
+  const char *zVfs = zDefaultVfs;
+  char *zFile;
+  char c;
+  int nUri = sqlite3Strlen30(zUri);
+
+  assert( *pzErrMsg==0 );
+
+  if( ((flags & SQLITE_OPEN_URI) || sqlite3GlobalConfig.bOpenUri) 
+   && nUri>=5 && memcmp(zUri, "file:", 5)==0 
+  ){
+    char *zOpt;
+    int eState;                   /* Parser state when parsing URI */
+    int iIn;                      /* Input character index */
+    int iOut = 0;                 /* Output character index */
+    int nByte = nUri+2;           /* Bytes of space to allocate */
+
+    /* Make sure the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set to indicate to the VFS xOpen 
+    ** method that there may be extra parameters following the file-name.  */
+    flags |= SQLITE_OPEN_URI;
+
+    for(iIn=0; iIn<nUri; iIn++) nByte += (zUri[iIn]=='&');
+    zFile = sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+    if( !zFile ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+    /* Discard the scheme and authority segments of the URI. */
+    if( zUri[5]=='/' && zUri[6]=='/' ){
+      iIn = 7;
+      while( zUri[iIn] && zUri[iIn]!='/' ) iIn++;
+
+      if( iIn!=7 && (iIn!=16 || memcmp("localhost", &zUri[7], 9)) ){
+        *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("invalid uri authority: %.*s", 
+            iIn-7, &zUri[7]);
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        goto parse_uri_out;
+      }
+    }else{
+      iIn = 5;
+    }
+
+    /* Copy the filename and any query parameters into the zFile buffer. 
+    ** Decode %HH escape codes along the way. 
+    **
+    ** Within this loop, variable eState may be set to 0, 1 or 2, depending
+    ** on the parsing context. As follows:
+    **
+    **   0: Parsing file-name.
+    **   1: Parsing name section of a name=value query parameter.
+    **   2: Parsing value section of a name=value query parameter.
+    */
+    eState = 0;
+    while( (c = zUri[iIn])!=0 && c!='#' ){
+      iIn++;
+      if( c=='%' 
+       && sqlite3Isxdigit(zUri[iIn]) 
+       && sqlite3Isxdigit(zUri[iIn+1]) 
+      ){
+        int octet = (sqlite3HexToInt(zUri[iIn++]) << 4);
+        octet += sqlite3HexToInt(zUri[iIn++]);
+
+        assert( octet>=0 && octet<256 );
+        if( octet==0 ){
+          /* This branch is taken when "%00" appears within the URI. In this
+          ** case we ignore all text in the remainder of the path, name or
+          ** value currently being parsed. So ignore the current character
+          ** and skip to the next "?", "=" or "&", as appropriate. */
+          while( (c = zUri[iIn])!=0 && c!='#' 
+              && (eState!=0 || c!='?')
+              && (eState!=1 || (c!='=' && c!='&'))
+              && (eState!=2 || c!='&')
+          ){
+            iIn++;
+          }
+          continue;
+        }
+        c = octet;
+      }else if( eState==1 && (c=='&' || c=='=') ){
+        if( zFile[iOut-1]==0 ){
+          /* An empty option name. Ignore this option altogether. */
+          while( zUri[iIn] && zUri[iIn]!='#' && zUri[iIn-1]!='&' ) iIn++;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if( c=='&' ){
+          zFile[iOut++] = '\0';
+        }else{
+          eState = 2;
+        }
+        c = 0;
+      }else if( (eState==0 && c=='?') || (eState==2 && c=='&') ){
+        c = 0;
+        eState = 1;
+      }
+      zFile[iOut++] = c;
+    }
+    if( eState==1 ) zFile[iOut++] = '\0';
+    zFile[iOut++] = '\0';
+    zFile[iOut++] = '\0';
+
+    /* Check if there were any options specified that should be interpreted 
+    ** here. Options that are interpreted here include "vfs" and those that
+    ** correspond to flags that may be passed to the sqlite3_open_v2()
+    ** method. */
+    zOpt = &zFile[sqlite3Strlen30(zFile)+1];
+    while( zOpt[0] ){
+      int nOpt = sqlite3Strlen30(zOpt);
+      char *zVal = &zOpt[nOpt+1];
+      int nVal = sqlite3Strlen30(zVal);
+
+      if( nOpt==3 && memcmp("vfs", zOpt, 3)==0 ){
+        zVfs = zVal;
+      }else{
+        struct OpenMode {
+          const char *z;
+          int mode;
+        } *aMode = 0;
+        char *zModeType = 0;
+        int mask = 0;
+        int limit = 0;
+
+        if( nOpt==5 && memcmp("cache", zOpt, 5)==0 ){
+          static struct OpenMode aCacheMode[] = {
+            { "shared",  SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE },
+            { "private", SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE },
+            { 0, 0 }
+          };
+
+          mask = SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE|SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE;
+          aMode = aCacheMode;
+          limit = mask;
+          zModeType = "cache";
+        }
+        if( nOpt==4 && memcmp("mode", zOpt, 4)==0 ){
+          static struct OpenMode aOpenMode[] = {
+            { "ro",  SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY },
+            { "rw",  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE }, 
+            { "rwc", SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE },
+            { 0, 0 }
+          };
+
+          mask = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE;
+          aMode = aOpenMode;
+          limit = mask & flags;
+          zModeType = "access";
+        }
+
+        if( aMode ){
+          int i;
+          int mode = 0;
+          for(i=0; aMode[i].z; i++){
+            const char *z = aMode[i].z;
+            if( nVal==sqlite3Strlen30(z) && 0==memcmp(zVal, z, nVal) ){
+              mode = aMode[i].mode;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          if( mode==0 ){
+            *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("no such %s mode: %s", zModeType, zVal);
+            rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+            goto parse_uri_out;
+          }
+          if( mode>limit ){
+            *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s mode not allowed: %s",
+                                        zModeType, zVal);
+            rc = SQLITE_PERM;
+            goto parse_uri_out;
+          }
+          flags = (flags & ~mask) | mode;
+        }
+      }
+
+      zOpt = &zVal[nVal+1];
+    }
+
+  }else{
+    zFile = sqlite3_malloc(nUri+2);
+    if( !zFile ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    memcpy(zFile, zUri, nUri);
+    zFile[nUri] = '\0';
+    zFile[nUri+1] = '\0';
+  }
+
+  *ppVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(zVfs);
+  if( *ppVfs==0 ){
+    *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("no such vfs: %s", zVfs);
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+ parse_uri_out:
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_free(zFile);
+    zFile = 0;
+  }
+  *pFlags = flags;
+  *pzFile = zFile;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This routine does the work of opening a database on behalf of
+** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open16(). The database filename "zFilename"  
+** is UTF-8 encoded.
+*/
+static int openDatabase(
+  const char *zFilename, /* Database filename UTF-8 encoded */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb,        /* OUT: Returned database handle */
+  unsigned int flags,    /* Operational flags */
+  const char *zVfs       /* Name of the VFS to use */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Store allocated handle here */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int isThreadsafe;               /* True for threadsafe connections */
+  char *zOpen = 0;                /* Filename argument to pass to BtreeOpen() */
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;              /* Error message from sqlite3ParseUri() */
+
+  *ppDb = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  rc = sqlite3_initialize();
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+#endif
+
+  /* Only allow sensible combinations of bits in the flags argument.  
+  ** Throw an error if any non-sense combination is used.  If we
+  ** do not block illegal combinations here, it could trigger
+  ** assert() statements in deeper layers.  Sensible combinations
+  ** are:
+  **
+  **  1:  SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY
+  **  2:  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE
+  **  6:  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE
+  */
+  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY  == 0x01 );
+  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE == 0x02 );
+  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE    == 0x04 );
+  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x02 ); /* READONLY */
+  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x04 ); /* READWRITE */
+  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x40 ); /* READWRITE | CREATE */
+  if( ((1<<(flags&7)) & 0x46)==0 ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex==0 ){
+    isThreadsafe = 0;
+  }else if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX ){
+    isThreadsafe = 0;
+  }else if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX ){
+    isThreadsafe = 1;
+  }else{
+    isThreadsafe = sqlite3GlobalConfig.bFullMutex;
+  }
+  if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE ){
+    flags &= ~SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE;
+  }else if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.sharedCacheEnabled ){
+    flags |= SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE;
+  }
+
+  /* Remove harmful bits from the flags parameter
+  **
+  ** The SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX and SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX flags were
+  ** dealt with in the previous code block.  Besides these, the only
+  ** valid input flags for sqlite3_open_v2() are SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY,
+  ** SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE, SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE,
+  ** SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE, and some reserved bits.  Silently mask
+  ** off all other flags.
+  */
+  flags &=  ~( SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE |
+               SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE |
+               SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB |
+               SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB | 
+               SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB | 
+               SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL | 
+               SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL | 
+               SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL | 
+               SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL |
+               SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX |
+               SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX |
+               SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+             );
+
+  /* Allocate the sqlite data structure */
+  db = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(sqlite3) );
+  if( db==0 ) goto opendb_out;
+  if( isThreadsafe ){
+    db->mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
+    if( db->mutex==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(db);
+      db = 0;
+      goto opendb_out;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  db->errMask = 0xff;
+  db->nDb = 2;
+  db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_BUSY;
+  db->aDb = db->aDbStatic;
+
+  assert( sizeof(db->aLimit)==sizeof(aHardLimit) );
+  memcpy(db->aLimit, aHardLimit, sizeof(db->aLimit));
+  db->autoCommit = 1;
+  db->nextAutovac = -1;
+  db->nextPagesize = 0;
+  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames | SQLITE_AutoIndex | SQLITE_EnableTrigger
+#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT<4
+                 | SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION
+                 | SQLITE_LoadExtension
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS
+                 | SQLITE_RecTriggers
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_FOREIGN_KEYS) && SQLITE_DEFAULT_FOREIGN_KEYS
+                 | SQLITE_ForeignKeys
+#endif
+      ;
+  sqlite3HashInit(&db->aCollSeq);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  sqlite3HashInit(&db->aModule);
+#endif
+
+  /* Add the default collation sequence BINARY. BINARY works for both UTF-8
+  ** and UTF-16, so add a version for each to avoid any unnecessary
+  ** conversions. The only error that can occur here is a malloc() failure.
+  */
+  createCollation(db, "BINARY", SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_COLL_BINARY, 0,
+                  binCollFunc, 0);
+  createCollation(db, "BINARY", SQLITE_UTF16BE, SQLITE_COLL_BINARY, 0,
+                  binCollFunc, 0);
+  createCollation(db, "BINARY", SQLITE_UTF16LE, SQLITE_COLL_BINARY, 0,
+                  binCollFunc, 0);
+  createCollation(db, "RTRIM", SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_COLL_USER, (void*)1,
+                  binCollFunc, 0);
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto opendb_out;
+  }
+  db->pDfltColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, "BINARY", 0);
+  assert( db->pDfltColl!=0 );
+
+  /* Also add a UTF-8 case-insensitive collation sequence. */
+  createCollation(db, "NOCASE", SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_COLL_NOCASE, 0,
+                  nocaseCollatingFunc, 0);
+
+  /* Parse the filename/URI argument. */
+  db->openFlags = flags;
+  rc = sqlite3ParseUri(zVfs, zFilename, &flags, &db->pVfs, &zOpen, &zErrMsg);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    sqlite3Error(db, rc, zErrMsg ? "%s" : 0, zErrMsg);
+    sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
+    goto opendb_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Open the backend database driver */
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, zOpen, db, &db->aDb[0].pBt, 0,
+                        flags | SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
+    goto opendb_out;
+  }
+  db->aDb[0].pSchema = sqlite3SchemaGet(db, db->aDb[0].pBt);
+  db->aDb[1].pSchema = sqlite3SchemaGet(db, 0);
+
+
+  /* The default safety_level for the main database is 'full'; for the temp
+  ** database it is 'NONE'. This matches the pager layer defaults.  
+  */
+  db->aDb[0].zName = "main";
+  db->aDb[0].safety_level = 3;
+  db->aDb[1].zName = "temp";
+  db->aDb[1].safety_level = 1;
+
+  db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_OPEN;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto opendb_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Register all built-in functions, but do not attempt to read the
+  ** database schema yet. This is delayed until the first time the database
+  ** is accessed.
+  */
+  sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0);
+  sqlite3RegisterBuiltinFunctions(db);
+
+  /* Load automatic extensions - extensions that have been registered
+  ** using the sqlite3_automatic_extension() API.
+  */
+  sqlite3AutoLoadExtensions(db);
+  rc = sqlite3_errcode(db);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto opendb_out;
+  }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS1
+  if( !db->mallocFailed ){
+    extern int sqlite3Fts1Init(sqlite3*);
+    rc = sqlite3Fts1Init(db);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS2
+  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    extern int sqlite3Fts2Init(sqlite3*);
+    rc = sqlite3Fts2Init(db);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
+  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3Init(db);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
+  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3IcuInit(db);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
+  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK){
+    rc = sqlite3RtreeInit(db);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
+
+  /* -DSQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=1 makes EXCLUSIVE the default locking
+  ** mode.  -DSQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=0 make NORMAL the default locking
+  ** mode.  Doing nothing at all also makes NORMAL the default.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE
+  db->dfltLockMode = SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE;
+  sqlite3PagerLockingMode(sqlite3BtreePager(db->aDb[0].pBt),
+                          SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE);
+#endif
+
+  /* Enable the lookaside-malloc subsystem */
+  setupLookaside(db, 0, sqlite3GlobalConfig.szLookaside,
+                        sqlite3GlobalConfig.nLookaside);
+
+  sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(db, SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT);
+
+opendb_out:
+  sqlite3_free(zOpen);
+  if( db ){
+    assert( db->mutex!=0 || isThreadsafe==0 || sqlite3GlobalConfig.bFullMutex==0 );
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3_errcode(db);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    sqlite3_close(db);
+    db = 0;
+  }else if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_SICK;
+  }
+  *ppDb = db;
+  return sqlite3ApiExit(0, rc);
+}
+
+/*
+** Open a new database handle.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open(
+  const char *zFilename, 
+  sqlite3 **ppDb 
+){
+  return openDatabase(zFilename, ppDb,
+                      SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, 0);
+}
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_v2(
+  const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb,         /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+  int flags,              /* Flags */
+  const char *zVfs        /* Name of VFS module to use */
+){
+  return openDatabase(filename, ppDb, (unsigned int)flags, zVfs);
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+/*
+** Open a new database handle.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open16(
+  const void *zFilename, 
+  sqlite3 **ppDb
+){
+  char const *zFilename8;   /* zFilename encoded in UTF-8 instead of UTF-16 */
+  sqlite3_value *pVal;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( zFilename );
+  assert( ppDb );
+  *ppDb = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  rc = sqlite3_initialize();
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+#endif
+  pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(0);
+  sqlite3ValueSetStr(pVal, -1, zFilename, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  zFilename8 = sqlite3ValueText(pVal, SQLITE_UTF8);
+  if( zFilename8 ){
+    rc = openDatabase(zFilename8, ppDb,
+                      SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, 0);
+    assert( *ppDb || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !DbHasProperty(*ppDb, 0, DB_SchemaLoaded) ){
+      ENC(*ppDb) = SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE;
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+
+  return sqlite3ApiExit(0, rc);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+/*
+** Register a new collation sequence with the database handle db.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation(
+  sqlite3* db, 
+  const char *zName, 
+  int enc, 
+  void* pCtx,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  assert( !db->mallocFailed );
+  rc = createCollation(db, zName, (u8)enc, SQLITE_COLL_USER, pCtx, xCompare, 0);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Register a new collation sequence with the database handle db.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation_v2(
+  sqlite3* db, 
+  const char *zName, 
+  int enc, 
+  void* pCtx,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*),
+  void(*xDel)(void*)
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  assert( !db->mallocFailed );
+  rc = createCollation(db, zName, (u8)enc, SQLITE_COLL_USER, pCtx, xCompare, xDel);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+/*
+** Register a new collation sequence with the database handle db.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation16(
+  sqlite3* db, 
+  const void *zName,
+  int enc, 
+  void* pCtx,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  char *zName8;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  assert( !db->mallocFailed );
+  zName8 = sqlite3Utf16to8(db, zName, -1, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
+  if( zName8 ){
+    rc = createCollation(db, zName8, (u8)enc, SQLITE_COLL_USER, pCtx, xCompare, 0);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zName8);
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+/*
+** Register a collation sequence factory callback with the database handle
+** db. Replace any previously installed collation sequence factory.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  void *pCollNeededArg, 
+  void(*xCollNeeded)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const char*)
+){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  db->xCollNeeded = xCollNeeded;
+  db->xCollNeeded16 = 0;
+  db->pCollNeededArg = pCollNeededArg;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+/*
+** Register a collation sequence factory callback with the database handle
+** db. Replace any previously installed collation sequence factory.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed16(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  void *pCollNeededArg, 
+  void(*xCollNeeded16)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*)
+){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  db->xCollNeeded = 0;
+  db->xCollNeeded16 = xCollNeeded16;
+  db->pCollNeededArg = pCollNeededArg;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+/*
+** This function is now an anachronism. It used to be used to recover from a
+** malloc() failure, but SQLite now does this automatically.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_global_recover(void){
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Test to see whether or not the database connection is in autocommit
+** mode.  Return TRUE if it is and FALSE if not.  Autocommit mode is on
+** by default.  Autocommit is disabled by a BEGIN statement and reenabled
+** by the next COMMIT or ROLLBACK.
+**
+******* THIS IS AN EXPERIMENTAL API AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE ******
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_autocommit(sqlite3 *db){
+  return db->autoCommit;
+}
+
+/*
+** The following routines are subtitutes for constants SQLITE_CORRUPT,
+** SQLITE_MISUSE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN, SQLITE_IOERR and possibly other error
+** constants.  They server two purposes:
+**
+**   1.  Serve as a convenient place to set a breakpoint in a debugger
+**       to detect when version error conditions occurs.
+**
+**   2.  Invoke sqlite3_log() to provide the source code location where
+**       a low-level error is first detected.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CorruptError(int lineno){
+  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+  sqlite3_log(SQLITE_CORRUPT,
+              "database corruption at line %d of [%.10s]",
+              lineno, 20+sqlite3_sourceid());
+  return SQLITE_CORRUPT;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MisuseError(int lineno){
+  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+  sqlite3_log(SQLITE_MISUSE, 
+              "misuse at line %d of [%.10s]",
+              lineno, 20+sqlite3_sourceid());
+  return SQLITE_MISUSE;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CantopenError(int lineno){
+  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
+  sqlite3_log(SQLITE_CANTOPEN, 
+              "cannot open file at line %d of [%.10s]",
+              lineno, 20+sqlite3_sourceid());
+  return SQLITE_CANTOPEN;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+/*
+** This is a convenience routine that makes sure that all thread-specific
+** data for this thread has been deallocated.
+**
+** SQLite no longer uses thread-specific data so this routine is now a
+** no-op.  It is retained for historical compatibility.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_thread_cleanup(void){
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return meta information about a specific column of a database table.
+** See comment in sqlite3.h (sqlite.h.in) for details.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_table_column_metadata(
+  sqlite3 *db,                /* Connection handle */
+  const char *zDbName,        /* Database name or NULL */
+  const char *zTableName,     /* Table name */
+  const char *zColumnName,    /* Column name */
+  char const **pzDataType,    /* OUTPUT: Declared data type */
+  char const **pzCollSeq,     /* OUTPUT: Collation sequence name */
+  int *pNotNull,              /* OUTPUT: True if NOT NULL constraint exists */
+  int *pPrimaryKey,           /* OUTPUT: True if column part of PK */
+  int *pAutoinc               /* OUTPUT: True if column is auto-increment */
+){
+  int rc;
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;
+  Table *pTab = 0;
+  Column *pCol = 0;
+  int iCol;
+
+  char const *zDataType = 0;
+  char const *zCollSeq = 0;
+  int notnull = 0;
+  int primarykey = 0;
+  int autoinc = 0;
+
+  /* Ensure the database schema has been loaded */
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+  rc = sqlite3Init(db, &zErrMsg);
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
+    goto error_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Locate the table in question */
+  pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zTableName, zDbName);
+  if( !pTab || pTab->pSelect ){
+    pTab = 0;
+    goto error_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Find the column for which info is requested */
+  if( sqlite3IsRowid(zColumnName) ){
+    iCol = pTab->iPKey;
+    if( iCol>=0 ){
+      pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
+    }
+  }else{
+    for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
+      pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
+      if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zColumnName) ){
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if( iCol==pTab->nCol ){
+      pTab = 0;
+      goto error_out;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* The following block stores the meta information that will be returned
+  ** to the caller in local variables zDataType, zCollSeq, notnull, primarykey
+  ** and autoinc. At this point there are two possibilities:
+  ** 
+  **     1. The specified column name was rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_" 
+  **        and there is no explicitly declared IPK column. 
+  **
+  **     2. The table is not a view and the column name identified an 
+  **        explicitly declared column. Copy meta information from *pCol.
+  */ 
+  if( pCol ){
+    zDataType = pCol->zType;
+    zCollSeq = pCol->zColl;
+    notnull = pCol->notNull!=0;
+    primarykey  = pCol->isPrimKey!=0;
+    autoinc = pTab->iPKey==iCol && (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)!=0;
+  }else{
+    zDataType = "INTEGER";
+    primarykey = 1;
+  }
+  if( !zCollSeq ){
+    zCollSeq = "BINARY";
+  }
+
+error_out:
+  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+
+  /* Whether the function call succeeded or failed, set the output parameters
+  ** to whatever their local counterparts contain. If an error did occur,
+  ** this has the effect of zeroing all output parameters.
+  */
+  if( pzDataType ) *pzDataType = zDataType;
+  if( pzCollSeq ) *pzCollSeq = zCollSeq;
+  if( pNotNull ) *pNotNull = notnull;
+  if( pPrimaryKey ) *pPrimaryKey = primarykey;
+  if( pAutoinc ) *pAutoinc = autoinc;
+
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc && !pTab ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zErrMsg);
+    zErrMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "no such table column: %s.%s", zTableName,
+        zColumnName);
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  sqlite3Error(db, rc, (zErrMsg?"%s":0), zErrMsg);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zErrMsg);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Sleep for a little while.  Return the amount of time slept.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sleep(int ms){
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;
+  int rc;
+  pVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(0);
+  if( pVfs==0 ) return 0;
+
+  /* This function works in milliseconds, but the underlying OsSleep() 
+  ** API uses microseconds. Hence the 1000's.
+  */
+  rc = (sqlite3OsSleep(pVfs, 1000*ms)/1000);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Enable or disable the extended result codes.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_result_codes(sqlite3 *db, int onoff){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  db->errMask = onoff ? 0xffffffff : 0xff;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke the xFileControl method on a particular database.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_file_control(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDbName, int op, void *pArg){
+  int rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  int iDb;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  if( zDbName==0 ){
+    iDb = 0;
+  }else{
+    for(iDb=0; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++){
+      if( strcmp(db->aDb[iDb].zName, zDbName)==0 ) break;
+    }
+  }
+  if( iDb<db->nDb ){
+    Btree *pBtree = db->aDb[iDb].pBt;
+    if( pBtree ){
+      Pager *pPager;
+      sqlite3_file *fd;
+      sqlite3BtreeEnter(pBtree);
+      pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pBtree);
+      assert( pPager!=0 );
+      fd = sqlite3PagerFile(pPager);
+      assert( fd!=0 );
+      if( op==SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER ){
+        *(sqlite3_file**)pArg = fd;
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }else if( fd->pMethods ){
+        rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(fd, op, pArg);
+      }else{
+        rc = SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+      }
+      sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBtree);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;   
+}
+
+/*
+** Interface to the testing logic.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_test_control(int op, ...){
+  int rc = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, op);
+  switch( op ){
+
+    /*
+    ** Save the current state of the PRNG.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SAVE: {
+      sqlite3PrngSaveState();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    ** Restore the state of the PRNG to the last state saved using
+    ** PRNG_SAVE.  If PRNG_SAVE has never before been called, then
+    ** this verb acts like PRNG_RESET.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESTORE: {
+      sqlite3PrngRestoreState();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    ** Reset the PRNG back to its uninitialized state.  The next call
+    ** to sqlite3_randomness() will reseed the PRNG using a single call
+    ** to the xRandomness method of the default VFS.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET: {
+      sqlite3PrngResetState();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    **  sqlite3_test_control(BITVEC_TEST, size, program)
+    **
+    ** Run a test against a Bitvec object of size.  The program argument
+    ** is an array of integers that defines the test.  Return -1 on a
+    ** memory allocation error, 0 on success, or non-zero for an error.
+    ** See the sqlite3BitvecBuiltinTest() for additional information.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BITVEC_TEST: {
+      int sz = va_arg(ap, int);
+      int *aProg = va_arg(ap, int*);
+      rc = sqlite3BitvecBuiltinTest(sz, aProg);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    **  sqlite3_test_control(BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS, xBegin, xEnd)
+    **
+    ** Register hooks to call to indicate which malloc() failures 
+    ** are benign.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS: {
+      typedef void (*void_function)(void);
+      void_function xBenignBegin;
+      void_function xBenignEnd;
+      xBenignBegin = va_arg(ap, void_function);
+      xBenignEnd = va_arg(ap, void_function);
+      sqlite3BenignMallocHooks(xBenignBegin, xBenignEnd);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    **  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE, unsigned int X)
+    **
+    ** Set the PENDING byte to the value in the argument, if X>0.
+    ** Make no changes if X==0.  Return the value of the pending byte
+    ** as it existing before this routine was called.
+    **
+    ** IMPORTANT:  Changing the PENDING byte from 0x40000000 results in
+    ** an incompatible database file format.  Changing the PENDING byte
+    ** while any database connection is open results in undefined and
+    ** dileterious behavior.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE: {
+      rc = PENDING_BYTE;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+      {
+        unsigned int newVal = va_arg(ap, unsigned int);
+        if( newVal ) sqlite3PendingByte = newVal;
+      }
+#endif
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    **  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT, int X)
+    **
+    ** This action provides a run-time test to see whether or not
+    ** assert() was enabled at compile-time.  If X is true and assert()
+    ** is enabled, then the return value is true.  If X is true and
+    ** assert() is disabled, then the return value is zero.  If X is
+    ** false and assert() is enabled, then the assertion fires and the
+    ** process aborts.  If X is false and assert() is disabled, then the
+    ** return value is zero.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT: {
+      volatile int x = 0;
+      assert( (x = va_arg(ap,int))!=0 );
+      rc = x;
+      break;
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+    **  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS, int X)
+    **
+    ** This action provides a run-time test to see how the ALWAYS and
+    ** NEVER macros were defined at compile-time.
+    **
+    ** The return value is ALWAYS(X).  
+    **
+    ** The recommended test is X==2.  If the return value is 2, that means
+    ** ALWAYS() and NEVER() are both no-op pass-through macros, which is the
+    ** default setting.  If the return value is 1, then ALWAYS() is either
+    ** hard-coded to true or else it asserts if its argument is false.
+    ** The first behavior (hard-coded to true) is the case if
+    ** SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT shows that assert() is disabled and the second
+    ** behavior (assert if the argument to ALWAYS() is false) is the case if
+    ** SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT shows that assert() is enabled.
+    **
+    ** The run-time test procedure might look something like this:
+    **
+    **    if( sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS, 2)==2 ){
+    **      // ALWAYS() and NEVER() are no-op pass-through macros
+    **    }else if( sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT, 1) ){
+    **      // ALWAYS(x) asserts that x is true. NEVER(x) asserts x is false.
+    **    }else{
+    **      // ALWAYS(x) is a constant 1.  NEVER(x) is a constant 0.
+    **    }
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS: {
+      int x = va_arg(ap,int);
+      rc = ALWAYS(x);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE, sqlite3 *db, int N)
+    **
+    ** Set the nReserve size to N for the main database on the database
+    ** connection db.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE: {
+      sqlite3 *db = va_arg(ap, sqlite3*);
+      int x = va_arg(ap,int);
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+      sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(db->aDb[0].pBt, 0, x, 0);
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS, sqlite3 *db, int N)
+    **
+    ** Enable or disable various optimizations for testing purposes.  The 
+    ** argument N is a bitmask of optimizations to be disabled.  For normal
+    ** operation N should be 0.  The idea is that a test program (like the
+    ** SQL Logic Test or SLT test module) can run the same SQL multiple times
+    ** with various optimizations disabled to verify that the same answer
+    ** is obtained in every case.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS: {
+      sqlite3 *db = va_arg(ap, sqlite3*);
+      int x = va_arg(ap,int);
+      db->flags = (x & SQLITE_OptMask) | (db->flags & ~SQLITE_OptMask);
+      break;
+    }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_N_KEYWORD
+    /* sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD, const char *zWord)
+    **
+    ** If zWord is a keyword recognized by the parser, then return the
+    ** number of keywords.  Or if zWord is not a keyword, return 0.
+    ** 
+    ** This test feature is only available in the amalgamation since
+    ** the SQLITE_N_KEYWORD macro is not defined in this file if SQLite
+    ** is built using separate source files.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD: {
+      const char *zWord = va_arg(ap, const char*);
+      int n = sqlite3Strlen30(zWord);
+      rc = (sqlite3KeywordCode((u8*)zWord, n)!=TK_ID) ? SQLITE_N_KEYWORD : 0;
+      break;
+    }
+#endif 
+
+    /* sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PGHDRSZ)
+    **
+    ** Return the size of a pcache header in bytes.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PGHDRSZ: {
+      rc = sizeof(PgHdr);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC, sz, &pNew, pFree);
+    **
+    ** Pass pFree into sqlite3ScratchFree(). 
+    ** If sz>0 then allocate a scratch buffer into pNew.  
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC: {
+      void *pFree, **ppNew;
+      int sz;
+      sz = va_arg(ap, int);
+      ppNew = va_arg(ap, void**);
+      pFree = va_arg(ap, void*);
+      if( sz ) *ppNew = sqlite3ScratchMalloc(sz);
+      sqlite3ScratchFree(pFree);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT, int onoff);
+    **
+    ** If parameter onoff is non-zero, configure the wrappers so that all
+    ** subsequent calls to localtime() and variants fail. If onoff is zero,
+    ** undo this setting.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+
+  }
+  va_end(ap);
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST */
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This is a utility routine, useful to VFS implementations, that checks
+** to see if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
+** parameter, and if so obtains the value of the query parameter.
+**
+** The zFilename argument is the filename pointer passed into the xOpen()
+** method of a VFS implementation.  The zParam argument is the name of the
+** query parameter we seek.  This routine returns the value of the zParam
+** parameter if it exists.  If the parameter does not exist, this routine
+** returns a NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_parameter(const char *zFilename, const char *zParam){
+  zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
+  while( zFilename[0] ){
+    int x = strcmp(zFilename, zParam);
+    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
+    if( x==0 ) return zFilename;
+    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/************** End of main.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file notify.c ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2009 March 3
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains the implementation of the sqlite3_unlock_notify()
+** API method and its associated functionality.
+*/
+
+/* Omit this entire file if SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY is not defined. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
+
+/*
+** Public interfaces:
+**
+**   sqlite3ConnectionBlocked()
+**   sqlite3ConnectionUnlocked()
+**   sqlite3ConnectionClosed()
+**   sqlite3_unlock_notify()
+*/
+
+#define assertMutexHeld() \
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER)) )
+
+/*
+** Head of a linked list of all sqlite3 objects created by this process
+** for which either sqlite3.pBlockingConnection or sqlite3.pUnlockConnection
+** is not NULL. This variable may only accessed while the STATIC_MASTER
+** mutex is held.
+*/
+static sqlite3 *SQLITE_WSD sqlite3BlockedList = 0;
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** This function is a complex assert() that verifies the following 
+** properties of the blocked connections list:
+**
+**   1) Each entry in the list has a non-NULL value for either 
+**      pUnlockConnection or pBlockingConnection, or both.
+**
+**   2) All entries in the list that share a common value for 
+**      xUnlockNotify are grouped together.
+**
+**   3) If the argument db is not NULL, then none of the entries in the
+**      blocked connections list have pUnlockConnection or pBlockingConnection
+**      set to db. This is used when closing connection db.
+*/
+static void checkListProperties(sqlite3 *db){
+  sqlite3 *p;
+  for(p=sqlite3BlockedList; p; p=p->pNextBlocked){
+    int seen = 0;
+    sqlite3 *p2;
+
+    /* Verify property (1) */
+    assert( p->pUnlockConnection || p->pBlockingConnection );
+
+    /* Verify property (2) */
+    for(p2=sqlite3BlockedList; p2!=p; p2=p2->pNextBlocked){
+      if( p2->xUnlockNotify==p->xUnlockNotify ) seen = 1;
+      assert( p2->xUnlockNotify==p->xUnlockNotify || !seen );
+      assert( db==0 || p->pUnlockConnection!=db );
+      assert( db==0 || p->pBlockingConnection!=db );
+    }
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define checkListProperties(x)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Remove connection db from the blocked connections list. If connection
+** db is not currently a part of the list, this function is a no-op.
+*/
+static void removeFromBlockedList(sqlite3 *db){
+  sqlite3 **pp;
+  assertMutexHeld();
+  for(pp=&sqlite3BlockedList; *pp; pp = &(*pp)->pNextBlocked){
+    if( *pp==db ){
+      *pp = (*pp)->pNextBlocked;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Add connection db to the blocked connections list. It is assumed
+** that it is not already a part of the list.
+*/
+static void addToBlockedList(sqlite3 *db){
+  sqlite3 **pp;
+  assertMutexHeld();
+  for(
+    pp=&sqlite3BlockedList; 
+    *pp && (*pp)->xUnlockNotify!=db->xUnlockNotify; 
+    pp=&(*pp)->pNextBlocked
+  );
+  db->pNextBlocked = *pp;
+  *pp = db;
+}
+
+/*
+** Obtain the STATIC_MASTER mutex.
+*/
+static void enterMutex(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+  checkListProperties(0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Release the STATIC_MASTER mutex.
+*/
+static void leaveMutex(void){
+  assertMutexHeld();
+  checkListProperties(0);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+
+/*
+** Register an unlock-notify callback.
+**
+** This is called after connection "db" has attempted some operation
+** but has received an SQLITE_LOCKED error because another connection
+** (call it pOther) in the same process was busy using the same shared
+** cache.  pOther is found by looking at db->pBlockingConnection.
+**
+** If there is no blocking connection, the callback is invoked immediately,
+** before this routine returns.
+**
+** If pOther is already blocked on db, then report SQLITE_LOCKED, to indicate
+** a deadlock.
+**
+** Otherwise, make arrangements to invoke xNotify when pOther drops
+** its locks.
+**
+** Each call to this routine overrides any prior callbacks registered
+** on the same "db".  If xNotify==0 then any prior callbacks are immediately
+** cancelled.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_unlock_notify(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  void (*xNotify)(void **, int),
+  void *pArg
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  enterMutex();
+
+  if( xNotify==0 ){
+    removeFromBlockedList(db);
+    db->pBlockingConnection = 0;
+    db->pUnlockConnection = 0;
+    db->xUnlockNotify = 0;
+    db->pUnlockArg = 0;
+  }else if( 0==db->pBlockingConnection ){
+    /* The blocking transaction has been concluded. Or there never was a 
+    ** blocking transaction. In either case, invoke the notify callback
+    ** immediately. 
+    */
+    xNotify(&pArg, 1);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3 *p;
+
+    for(p=db->pBlockingConnection; p && p!=db; p=p->pUnlockConnection){}
+    if( p ){
+      rc = SQLITE_LOCKED;              /* Deadlock detected. */
+    }else{
+      db->pUnlockConnection = db->pBlockingConnection;
+      db->xUnlockNotify = xNotify;
+      db->pUnlockArg = pArg;
+      removeFromBlockedList(db);
+      addToBlockedList(db);
+    }
+  }
+
+  leaveMutex();
+  assert( !db->mallocFailed );
+  sqlite3Error(db, rc, (rc?"database is deadlocked":0));
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called while stepping or preparing a statement 
+** associated with connection db. The operation will return SQLITE_LOCKED
+** to the user because it requires a lock that will not be available
+** until connection pBlocker concludes its current transaction.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ConnectionBlocked(sqlite3 *db, sqlite3 *pBlocker){
+  enterMutex();
+  if( db->pBlockingConnection==0 && db->pUnlockConnection==0 ){
+    addToBlockedList(db);
+  }
+  db->pBlockingConnection = pBlocker;
+  leaveMutex();
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when
+** the transaction opened by database db has just finished. Locks held 
+** by database connection db have been released.
+**
+** This function loops through each entry in the blocked connections
+** list and does the following:
+**
+**   1) If the sqlite3.pBlockingConnection member of a list entry is
+**      set to db, then set pBlockingConnection=0.
+**
+**   2) If the sqlite3.pUnlockConnection member of a list entry is
+**      set to db, then invoke the configured unlock-notify callback and
+**      set pUnlockConnection=0.
+**
+**   3) If the two steps above mean that pBlockingConnection==0 and
+**      pUnlockConnection==0, remove the entry from the blocked connections
+**      list.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ConnectionUnlocked(sqlite3 *db){
+  void (*xUnlockNotify)(void **, int) = 0; /* Unlock-notify cb to invoke */
+  int nArg = 0;                            /* Number of entries in aArg[] */
+  sqlite3 **pp;                            /* Iterator variable */
+  void **aArg;               /* Arguments to the unlock callback */
+  void **aDyn = 0;           /* Dynamically allocated space for aArg[] */
+  void *aStatic[16];         /* Starter space for aArg[].  No malloc required */
+
+  aArg = aStatic;
+  enterMutex();         /* Enter STATIC_MASTER mutex */
+
+  /* This loop runs once for each entry in the blocked-connections list. */
+  for(pp=&sqlite3BlockedList; *pp; /* no-op */ ){
+    sqlite3 *p = *pp;
+
+    /* Step 1. */
+    if( p->pBlockingConnection==db ){
+      p->pBlockingConnection = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Step 2. */
+    if( p->pUnlockConnection==db ){
+      assert( p->xUnlockNotify );
+      if( p->xUnlockNotify!=xUnlockNotify && nArg!=0 ){
+        xUnlockNotify(aArg, nArg);
+        nArg = 0;
+      }
+
+      sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+      assert( aArg==aDyn || (aDyn==0 && aArg==aStatic) );
+      assert( nArg<=(int)ArraySize(aStatic) || aArg==aDyn );
+      if( (!aDyn && nArg==(int)ArraySize(aStatic))
+       || (aDyn && nArg==(int)(sqlite3MallocSize(aDyn)/sizeof(void*)))
+      ){
+        /* The aArg[] array needs to grow. */
+        void **pNew = (void **)sqlite3Malloc(nArg*sizeof(void *)*2);
+        if( pNew ){
+          memcpy(pNew, aArg, nArg*sizeof(void *));
+          sqlite3_free(aDyn);
+          aDyn = aArg = pNew;
+        }else{
+          /* This occurs when the array of context pointers that need to
+          ** be passed to the unlock-notify callback is larger than the
+          ** aStatic[] array allocated on the stack and the attempt to 
+          ** allocate a larger array from the heap has failed.
+          **
+          ** This is a difficult situation to handle. Returning an error
+          ** code to the caller is insufficient, as even if an error code
+          ** is returned the transaction on connection db will still be
+          ** closed and the unlock-notify callbacks on blocked connections
+          ** will go unissued. This might cause the application to wait
+          ** indefinitely for an unlock-notify callback that will never 
+          ** arrive.
+          **
+          ** Instead, invoke the unlock-notify callback with the context
+          ** array already accumulated. We can then clear the array and
+          ** begin accumulating any further context pointers without 
+          ** requiring any dynamic allocation. This is sub-optimal because
+          ** it means that instead of one callback with a large array of
+          ** context pointers the application will receive two or more
+          ** callbacks with smaller arrays of context pointers, which will
+          ** reduce the applications ability to prioritize multiple 
+          ** connections. But it is the best that can be done under the
+          ** circumstances.
+          */
+          xUnlockNotify(aArg, nArg);
+          nArg = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+
+      aArg[nArg++] = p->pUnlockArg;
+      xUnlockNotify = p->xUnlockNotify;
+      p->pUnlockConnection = 0;
+      p->xUnlockNotify = 0;
+      p->pUnlockArg = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Step 3. */
+    if( p->pBlockingConnection==0 && p->pUnlockConnection==0 ){
+      /* Remove connection p from the blocked connections list. */
+      *pp = p->pNextBlocked;
+      p->pNextBlocked = 0;
+    }else{
+      pp = &p->pNextBlocked;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( nArg!=0 ){
+    xUnlockNotify(aArg, nArg);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(aDyn);
+  leaveMutex();         /* Leave STATIC_MASTER mutex */
+}
+
+/*
+** This is called when the database connection passed as an argument is 
+** being closed. The connection is removed from the blocked list.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ConnectionClosed(sqlite3 *db){
+  sqlite3ConnectionUnlocked(db);
+  enterMutex();
+  removeFromBlockedList(db);
+  checkListProperties(db);
+  leaveMutex();
+}
+#endif
+
+/************** End of notify.c **********************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3.c ********************************************/
+/*
+** 2006 Oct 10
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This is an SQLite module implementing full-text search.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The code in this file is only compiled if:
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built as an extension
+**       (in which case SQLITE_CORE is not defined), or
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built into the core of
+**       SQLite (in which case SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 is defined).
+*/
+
+/* The full-text index is stored in a series of b+tree (-like)
+** structures called segments which map terms to doclists.  The
+** structures are like b+trees in layout, but are constructed from the
+** bottom up in optimal fashion and are not updatable.  Since trees
+** are built from the bottom up, things will be described from the
+** bottom up.
+**
+**
+**** Varints ****
+** The basic unit of encoding is a variable-length integer called a
+** varint.  We encode variable-length integers in little-endian order
+** using seven bits * per byte as follows:
+**
+** KEY:
+**         A = 0xxxxxxx    7 bits of data and one flag bit
+**         B = 1xxxxxxx    7 bits of data and one flag bit
+**
+**  7 bits - A
+** 14 bits - BA
+** 21 bits - BBA
+** and so on.
+**
+** This is similar in concept to how sqlite encodes "varints" but
+** the encoding is not the same.  SQLite varints are big-endian
+** are are limited to 9 bytes in length whereas FTS3 varints are
+** little-endian and can be up to 10 bytes in length (in theory).
+**
+** Example encodings:
+**
+**     1:    0x01
+**   127:    0x7f
+**   128:    0x81 0x00
+**
+**
+**** Document lists ****
+** A doclist (document list) holds a docid-sorted list of hits for a
+** given term.  Doclists hold docids and associated token positions.
+** A docid is the unique integer identifier for a single document.
+** A position is the index of a word within the document.  The first 
+** word of the document has a position of 0.
+**
+** FTS3 used to optionally store character offsets using a compile-time
+** option.  But that functionality is no longer supported.
+**
+** A doclist is stored like this:
+**
+** array {
+**   varint docid;
+**   array {                (position list for column 0)
+**     varint position;     (2 more than the delta from previous position)
+**   }
+**   array {
+**     varint POS_COLUMN;   (marks start of position list for new column)
+**     varint column;       (index of new column)
+**     array {
+**       varint position;   (2 more than the delta from previous position)
+**     }
+**   }
+**   varint POS_END;        (marks end of positions for this document.
+** }
+**
+** Here, array { X } means zero or more occurrences of X, adjacent in
+** memory.  A "position" is an index of a token in the token stream
+** generated by the tokenizer. Note that POS_END and POS_COLUMN occur 
+** in the same logical place as the position element, and act as sentinals
+** ending a position list array.  POS_END is 0.  POS_COLUMN is 1.
+** The positions numbers are not stored literally but rather as two more
+** than the difference from the prior position, or the just the position plus
+** 2 for the first position.  Example:
+**
+**   label:       A B C D E  F  G H   I  J K
+**   value:     123 5 9 1 1 14 35 0 234 72 0
+**
+** The 123 value is the first docid.  For column zero in this document
+** there are two matches at positions 3 and 10 (5-2 and 9-2+3).  The 1
+** at D signals the start of a new column; the 1 at E indicates that the
+** new column is column number 1.  There are two positions at 12 and 45
+** (14-2 and 35-2+12).  The 0 at H indicate the end-of-document.  The
+** 234 at I is the next docid.  It has one position 72 (72-2) and then
+** terminates with the 0 at K.
+**
+** A "position-list" is the list of positions for multiple columns for
+** a single docid.  A "column-list" is the set of positions for a single
+** column.  Hence, a position-list consists of one or more column-lists,
+** a document record consists of a docid followed by a position-list and
+** a doclist consists of one or more document records.
+**
+** A bare doclist omits the position information, becoming an 
+** array of varint-encoded docids.
+**
+**** Segment leaf nodes ****
+** Segment leaf nodes store terms and doclists, ordered by term.  Leaf
+** nodes are written using LeafWriter, and read using LeafReader (to
+** iterate through a single leaf node's data) and LeavesReader (to
+** iterate through a segment's entire leaf layer).  Leaf nodes have
+** the format:
+**
+** varint iHeight;             (height from leaf level, always 0)
+** varint nTerm;               (length of first term)
+** char pTerm[nTerm];          (content of first term)
+** varint nDoclist;            (length of term's associated doclist)
+** char pDoclist[nDoclist];    (content of doclist)
+** array {
+**                             (further terms are delta-encoded)
+**   varint nPrefix;           (length of prefix shared with previous term)
+**   varint nSuffix;           (length of unshared suffix)
+**   char pTermSuffix[nSuffix];(unshared suffix of next term)
+**   varint nDoclist;          (length of term's associated doclist)
+**   char pDoclist[nDoclist];  (content of doclist)
+** }
+**
+** Here, array { X } means zero or more occurrences of X, adjacent in
+** memory.
+**
+** Leaf nodes are broken into blocks which are stored contiguously in
+** the %_segments table in sorted order.  This means that when the end
+** of a node is reached, the next term is in the node with the next
+** greater node id.
+**
+** New data is spilled to a new leaf node when the current node
+** exceeds LEAF_MAX bytes (default 2048).  New data which itself is
+** larger than STANDALONE_MIN (default 1024) is placed in a standalone
+** node (a leaf node with a single term and doclist).  The goal of
+** these settings is to pack together groups of small doclists while
+** making it efficient to directly access large doclists.  The
+** assumption is that large doclists represent terms which are more
+** likely to be query targets.
+**
+** TODO(shess) It may be useful for blocking decisions to be more
+** dynamic.  For instance, it may make more sense to have a 2.5k leaf
+** node rather than splitting into 2k and .5k nodes.  My intuition is
+** that this might extend through 2x or 4x the pagesize.
+**
+**
+**** Segment interior nodes ****
+** Segment interior nodes store blockids for subtree nodes and terms
+** to describe what data is stored by the each subtree.  Interior
+** nodes are written using InteriorWriter, and read using
+** InteriorReader.  InteriorWriters are created as needed when
+** SegmentWriter creates new leaf nodes, or when an interior node
+** itself grows too big and must be split.  The format of interior
+** nodes:
+**
+** varint iHeight;           (height from leaf level, always >0)
+** varint iBlockid;          (block id of node's leftmost subtree)
+** optional {
+**   varint nTerm;           (length of first term)
+**   char pTerm[nTerm];      (content of first term)
+**   array {
+**                                (further terms are delta-encoded)
+**     varint nPrefix;            (length of shared prefix with previous term)
+**     varint nSuffix;            (length of unshared suffix)
+**     char pTermSuffix[nSuffix]; (unshared suffix of next term)
+**   }
+** }
+**
+** Here, optional { X } means an optional element, while array { X }
+** means zero or more occurrences of X, adjacent in memory.
+**
+** An interior node encodes n terms separating n+1 subtrees.  The
+** subtree blocks are contiguous, so only the first subtree's blockid
+** is encoded.  The subtree at iBlockid will contain all terms less
+** than the first term encoded (or all terms if no term is encoded).
+** Otherwise, for terms greater than or equal to pTerm[i] but less
+** than pTerm[i+1], the subtree for that term will be rooted at
+** iBlockid+i.  Interior nodes only store enough term data to
+** distinguish adjacent children (if the rightmost term of the left
+** child is "something", and the leftmost term of the right child is
+** "wicked", only "w" is stored).
+**
+** New data is spilled to a new interior node at the same height when
+** the current node exceeds INTERIOR_MAX bytes (default 2048).
+** INTERIOR_MIN_TERMS (default 7) keeps large terms from monopolizing
+** interior nodes and making the tree too skinny.  The interior nodes
+** at a given height are naturally tracked by interior nodes at
+** height+1, and so on.
+**
+**
+**** Segment directory ****
+** The segment directory in table %_segdir stores meta-information for
+** merging and deleting segments, and also the root node of the
+** segment's tree.
+**
+** The root node is the top node of the segment's tree after encoding
+** the entire segment, restricted to ROOT_MAX bytes (default 1024).
+** This could be either a leaf node or an interior node.  If the top
+** node requires more than ROOT_MAX bytes, it is flushed to %_segments
+** and a new root interior node is generated (which should always fit
+** within ROOT_MAX because it only needs space for 2 varints, the
+** height and the blockid of the previous root).
+**
+** The meta-information in the segment directory is:
+**   level               - segment level (see below)
+**   idx                 - index within level
+**                       - (level,idx uniquely identify a segment)
+**   start_block         - first leaf node
+**   leaves_end_block    - last leaf node
+**   end_block           - last block (including interior nodes)
+**   root                - contents of root node
+**
+** If the root node is a leaf node, then start_block,
+** leaves_end_block, and end_block are all 0.
+**
+**
+**** Segment merging ****
+** To amortize update costs, segments are grouped into levels and
+** merged in batches.  Each increase in level represents exponentially
+** more documents.
+**
+** New documents (actually, document updates) are tokenized and
+** written individually (using LeafWriter) to a level 0 segment, with
+** incrementing idx.  When idx reaches MERGE_COUNT (default 16), all
+** level 0 segments are merged into a single level 1 segment.  Level 1
+** is populated like level 0, and eventually MERGE_COUNT level 1
+** segments are merged to a single level 2 segment (representing
+** MERGE_COUNT^2 updates), and so on.
+**
+** A segment merge traverses all segments at a given level in
+** parallel, performing a straightforward sorted merge.  Since segment
+** leaf nodes are written in to the %_segments table in order, this
+** merge traverses the underlying sqlite disk structures efficiently.
+** After the merge, all segment blocks from the merged level are
+** deleted.
+**
+** MERGE_COUNT controls how often we merge segments.  16 seems to be
+** somewhat of a sweet spot for insertion performance.  32 and 64 show
+** very similar performance numbers to 16 on insertion, though they're
+** a tiny bit slower (perhaps due to more overhead in merge-time
+** sorting).  8 is about 20% slower than 16, 4 about 50% slower than
+** 16, 2 about 66% slower than 16.
+**
+** At query time, high MERGE_COUNT increases the number of segments
+** which need to be scanned and merged.  For instance, with 100k docs
+** inserted:
+**
+**    MERGE_COUNT   segments
+**       16           25
+**        8           12
+**        4           10
+**        2            6
+**
+** This appears to have only a moderate impact on queries for very
+** frequent terms (which are somewhat dominated by segment merge
+** costs), and infrequent and non-existent terms still seem to be fast
+** even with many segments.
+**
+** TODO(shess) That said, it would be nice to have a better query-side
+** argument for MERGE_COUNT of 16.  Also, it is possible/likely that
+** optimizations to things like doclist merging will swing the sweet
+** spot around.
+**
+**
+**
+**** Handling of deletions and updates ****
+** Since we're using a segmented structure, with no docid-oriented
+** index into the term index, we clearly cannot simply update the term
+** index when a document is deleted or updated.  For deletions, we
+** write an empty doclist (varint(docid) varint(POS_END)), for updates
+** we simply write the new doclist.  Segment merges overwrite older
+** data for a particular docid with newer data, so deletes or updates
+** will eventually overtake the earlier data and knock it out.  The
+** query logic likewise merges doclists so that newer data knocks out
+** older data.
+**
+** TODO(shess) Provide a VACUUM type operation to clear out all
+** deletions and duplications.  This would basically be a forced merge
+** into a single segment.
+*/
+
+/************** Include fts3Int.h in the middle of fts3.c ********************/
+/************** Begin file fts3Int.h *****************************************/
+/*
+** 2009 Nov 12
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+*/
+#ifndef _FTSINT_H
+#define _FTSINT_H
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
+# define NDEBUG 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** FTS4 is really an extension for FTS3.  It is enabled using the
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 macro.  But to avoid confusion we also all
+** the SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4 macro to serve as an alisse for SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4) && !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+# define SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
+/************** Include fts3_tokenizer.h in the middle of fts3Int.h **********/
+/************** Begin file fts3_tokenizer.h **********************************/
+/*
+** 2006 July 10
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** Defines the interface to tokenizers used by fulltext-search.  There
+** are three basic components:
+**
+** sqlite3_tokenizer_module is a singleton defining the tokenizer
+** interface functions.  This is essentially the class structure for
+** tokenizers.
+**
+** sqlite3_tokenizer is used to define a particular tokenizer, perhaps
+** including customization information defined at creation time.
+**
+** sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor is generated by a tokenizer to generate
+** tokens from a particular input.
+*/
+#ifndef _FTS3_TOKENIZER_H_
+#define _FTS3_TOKENIZER_H_
+
+/* TODO(shess) Only used for SQLITE_OK and SQLITE_DONE at this time.
+** If tokenizers are to be allowed to call sqlite3_*() functions, then
+** we will need a way to register the API consistently.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Structures used by the tokenizer interface. When a new tokenizer
+** implementation is registered, the caller provides a pointer to
+** an sqlite3_tokenizer_module containing pointers to the callback
+** functions that make up an implementation.
+**
+** When an fts3 table is created, it passes any arguments passed to
+** the tokenizer clause of the CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement to the
+** sqlite3_tokenizer_module.xCreate() function of the requested tokenizer
+** implementation. The xCreate() function in turn returns an 
+** sqlite3_tokenizer structure representing the specific tokenizer to
+** be used for the fts3 table (customized by the tokenizer clause arguments).
+**
+** To tokenize an input buffer, the sqlite3_tokenizer_module.xOpen()
+** method is called. It returns an sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor object
+** that may be used to tokenize a specific input buffer based on
+** the tokenization rules supplied by a specific sqlite3_tokenizer
+** object.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_tokenizer_module sqlite3_tokenizer_module;
+typedef struct sqlite3_tokenizer sqlite3_tokenizer;
+typedef struct sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor;
+
+struct sqlite3_tokenizer_module {
+
+  /*
+  ** Structure version. Should always be set to 0.
+  */
+  int iVersion;
+
+  /*
+  ** Create a new tokenizer. The values in the argv[] array are the
+  ** arguments passed to the "tokenizer" clause of the CREATE VIRTUAL
+  ** TABLE statement that created the fts3 table. For example, if
+  ** the following SQL is executed:
+  **
+  **   CREATE .. USING fts3( ... , tokenizer <tokenizer-name> arg1 arg2)
+  **
+  ** then argc is set to 2, and the argv[] array contains pointers
+  ** to the strings "arg1" and "arg2".
+  **
+  ** This method should return either SQLITE_OK (0), or an SQLite error 
+  ** code. If SQLITE_OK is returned, then *ppTokenizer should be set
+  ** to point at the newly created tokenizer structure. The generic
+  ** sqlite3_tokenizer.pModule variable should not be initialised by
+  ** this callback. The caller will do so.
+  */
+  int (*xCreate)(
+    int argc,                           /* Size of argv array */
+    const char *const*argv,             /* Tokenizer argument strings */
+    sqlite3_tokenizer **ppTokenizer     /* OUT: Created tokenizer */
+  );
+
+  /*
+  ** Destroy an existing tokenizer. The fts3 module calls this method
+  ** exactly once for each successful call to xCreate().
+  */
+  int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer);
+
+  /*
+  ** Create a tokenizer cursor to tokenize an input buffer. The caller
+  ** is responsible for ensuring that the input buffer remains valid
+  ** until the cursor is closed (using the xClose() method). 
+  */
+  int (*xOpen)(
+    sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer,       /* Tokenizer object */
+    const char *pInput, int nBytes,      /* Input buffer */
+    sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor **ppCursor  /* OUT: Created tokenizer cursor */
+  );
+
+  /*
+  ** Destroy an existing tokenizer cursor. The fts3 module calls this 
+  ** method exactly once for each successful call to xOpen().
+  */
+  int (*xClose)(sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor);
+
+  /*
+  ** Retrieve the next token from the tokenizer cursor pCursor. This
+  ** method should either return SQLITE_OK and set the values of the
+  ** "OUT" variables identified below, or SQLITE_DONE to indicate that
+  ** the end of the buffer has been reached, or an SQLite error code.
+  **
+  ** *ppToken should be set to point at a buffer containing the 
+  ** normalized version of the token (i.e. after any case-folding and/or
+  ** stemming has been performed). *pnBytes should be set to the length
+  ** of this buffer in bytes. The input text that generated the token is
+  ** identified by the byte offsets returned in *piStartOffset and
+  ** *piEndOffset. *piStartOffset should be set to the index of the first
+  ** byte of the token in the input buffer. *piEndOffset should be set
+  ** to the index of the first byte just past the end of the token in
+  ** the input buffer.
+  **
+  ** The buffer *ppToken is set to point at is managed by the tokenizer
+  ** implementation. It is only required to be valid until the next call
+  ** to xNext() or xClose(). 
+  */
+  /* TODO(shess) current implementation requires pInput to be
+  ** nul-terminated.  This should either be fixed, or pInput/nBytes
+  ** should be converted to zInput.
+  */
+  int (*xNext)(
+    sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor,   /* Tokenizer cursor */
+    const char **ppToken, int *pnBytes,  /* OUT: Normalized text for token */
+    int *piStartOffset,  /* OUT: Byte offset of token in input buffer */
+    int *piEndOffset,    /* OUT: Byte offset of end of token in input buffer */
+    int *piPosition      /* OUT: Number of tokens returned before this one */
+  );
+};
+
+struct sqlite3_tokenizer {
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pModule;  /* The module for this tokenizer */
+  /* Tokenizer implementations will typically add additional fields */
+};
+
+struct sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer;       /* Tokenizer for this cursor. */
+  /* Tokenizer implementations will typically add additional fields */
+};
+
+int fts3_global_term_cnt(int iTerm, int iCol);
+int fts3_term_cnt(int iTerm, int iCol);
+
+
+#endif /* _FTS3_TOKENIZER_H_ */
+
+/************** End of fts3_tokenizer.h **************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in fts3Int.h ********************/
+/************** Include fts3_hash.h in the middle of fts3Int.h ***************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_hash.h ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implemenation
+** used in SQLite.  We've modified it slightly to serve as a standalone
+** hash table implementation for the full-text indexing module.
+**
+*/
+#ifndef _FTS3_HASH_H_
+#define _FTS3_HASH_H_
+
+/* Forward declarations of structures. */
+typedef struct Fts3Hash Fts3Hash;
+typedef struct Fts3HashElem Fts3HashElem;
+
+/* A complete hash table is an instance of the following structure.
+** The internals of this structure are intended to be opaque -- client
+** code should not attempt to access or modify the fields of this structure
+** directly.  Change this structure only by using the routines below.
+** However, many of the "procedures" and "functions" for modifying and
+** accessing this structure are really macros, so we can't really make
+** this structure opaque.
+*/
+struct Fts3Hash {
+  char keyClass;          /* HASH_INT, _POINTER, _STRING, _BINARY */
+  char copyKey;           /* True if copy of key made on insert */
+  int count;              /* Number of entries in this table */
+  Fts3HashElem *first;    /* The first element of the array */
+  int htsize;             /* Number of buckets in the hash table */
+  struct _fts3ht {        /* the hash table */
+    int count;               /* Number of entries with this hash */
+    Fts3HashElem *chain;     /* Pointer to first entry with this hash */
+  } *ht;
+};
+
+/* Each element in the hash table is an instance of the following 
+** structure.  All elements are stored on a single doubly-linked list.
+**
+** Again, this structure is intended to be opaque, but it can't really
+** be opaque because it is used by macros.
+*/
+struct Fts3HashElem {
+  Fts3HashElem *next, *prev; /* Next and previous elements in the table */
+  void *data;                /* Data associated with this element */
+  void *pKey; int nKey;      /* Key associated with this element */
+};
+
+/*
+** There are 2 different modes of operation for a hash table:
+**
+**   FTS3_HASH_STRING        pKey points to a string that is nKey bytes long
+**                           (including the null-terminator, if any).  Case
+**                           is respected in comparisons.
+**
+**   FTS3_HASH_BINARY        pKey points to binary data nKey bytes long. 
+**                           memcmp() is used to compare keys.
+**
+** A copy of the key is made if the copyKey parameter to fts3HashInit is 1.  
+*/
+#define FTS3_HASH_STRING    1
+#define FTS3_HASH_BINARY    2
+
+/*
+** Access routines.  To delete, insert a NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3HashInit(Fts3Hash *pNew, char keyClass, char copyKey);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(Fts3Hash*, const void *pKey, int nKey, void *pData);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Fts3HashFind(const Fts3Hash*, const void *pKey, int nKey);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3HashClear(Fts3Hash*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Fts3HashElem *sqlite3Fts3HashFindElem(const Fts3Hash *, const void *, int);
+
+/*
+** Shorthand for the functions above
+*/
+#define fts3HashInit     sqlite3Fts3HashInit
+#define fts3HashInsert   sqlite3Fts3HashInsert
+#define fts3HashFind     sqlite3Fts3HashFind
+#define fts3HashClear    sqlite3Fts3HashClear
+#define fts3HashFindElem sqlite3Fts3HashFindElem
+
+/*
+** Macros for looping over all elements of a hash table.  The idiom is
+** like this:
+**
+**   Fts3Hash h;
+**   Fts3HashElem *p;
+**   ...
+**   for(p=fts3HashFirst(&h); p; p=fts3HashNext(p)){
+**     SomeStructure *pData = fts3HashData(p);
+**     // do something with pData
+**   }
+*/
+#define fts3HashFirst(H)  ((H)->first)
+#define fts3HashNext(E)   ((E)->next)
+#define fts3HashData(E)   ((E)->data)
+#define fts3HashKey(E)    ((E)->pKey)
+#define fts3HashKeysize(E) ((E)->nKey)
+
+/*
+** Number of entries in a hash table
+*/
+#define fts3HashCount(H)  ((H)->count)
+
+#endif /* _FTS3_HASH_H_ */
+
+/************** End of fts3_hash.h *******************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in fts3Int.h ********************/
+
+/*
+** This constant controls how often segments are merged. Once there are
+** FTS3_MERGE_COUNT segments of level N, they are merged into a single
+** segment of level N+1.
+*/
+#define FTS3_MERGE_COUNT 16
+
+/*
+** This is the maximum amount of data (in bytes) to store in the 
+** Fts3Table.pendingTerms hash table. Normally, the hash table is
+** populated as documents are inserted/updated/deleted in a transaction
+** and used to create a new segment when the transaction is committed.
+** However if this limit is reached midway through a transaction, a new 
+** segment is created and the hash table cleared immediately.
+*/
+#define FTS3_MAX_PENDING_DATA (1*1024*1024)
+
+/*
+** Macro to return the number of elements in an array. SQLite has a
+** similar macro called ArraySize(). Use a different name to avoid
+** a collision when building an amalgamation with built-in FTS3.
+*/
+#define SizeofArray(X) ((int)(sizeof(X)/sizeof(X[0])))
+
+
+#ifndef MIN
+# define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum length of a varint encoded integer. The varint format is different
+** from that used by SQLite, so the maximum length is 10, not 9.
+*/
+#define FTS3_VARINT_MAX 10
+
+/*
+** FTS4 virtual tables may maintain multiple indexes - one index of all terms
+** in the document set and zero or more prefix indexes. All indexes are stored
+** as one or more b+-trees in the %_segments and %_segdir tables. 
+**
+** It is possible to determine which index a b+-tree belongs to based on the
+** value stored in the "%_segdir.level" column. Given this value L, the index
+** that the b+-tree belongs to is (L<<10). In other words, all b+-trees with
+** level values between 0 and 1023 (inclusive) belong to index 0, all levels
+** between 1024 and 2047 to index 1, and so on.
+**
+** It is considered impossible for an index to use more than 1024 levels. In 
+** theory though this may happen, but only after at least 
+** (FTS3_MERGE_COUNT^1024) separate flushes of the pending-terms tables.
+*/
+#define FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL      1024
+#define FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL_STR "1024"
+
+/*
+** The testcase() macro is only used by the amalgamation.  If undefined,
+** make it a no-op.
+*/
+#ifndef testcase
+# define testcase(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Terminator values for position-lists and column-lists.
+*/
+#define POS_COLUMN  (1)     /* Column-list terminator */
+#define POS_END     (0)     /* Position-list terminator */ 
+
+/*
+** This section provides definitions to allow the
+** FTS3 extension to be compiled outside of the 
+** amalgamation.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+/*
+** Macros indicating that conditional expressions are always true or
+** false.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
+# define ALWAYS(x) (1)
+# define NEVER(X)  (0)
+#else
+# define ALWAYS(x) (x)
+# define NEVER(X)  (x)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Internal types used by SQLite.
+*/
+typedef unsigned char u8;         /* 1-byte (or larger) unsigned integer */
+typedef short int i16;            /* 2-byte (or larger) signed integer */
+typedef unsigned int u32;         /* 4-byte unsigned integer */
+typedef sqlite3_uint64 u64;       /* 8-byte unsigned integer */
+
+/*
+** Macro used to suppress compiler warnings for unused parameters.
+*/
+#define UNUSED_PARAMETER(x) (void)(x)
+
+/*
+** Activate assert() only if SQLITE_TEST is enabled.
+*/
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
+# define NDEBUG 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The TESTONLY macro is used to enclose variable declarations or
+** other bits of code that are needed to support the arguments
+** within testcase() and assert() macros.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+# define TESTONLY(X)  X
+#else
+# define TESTONLY(X)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_AMALGAMATION */
+
+typedef struct Fts3Table Fts3Table;
+typedef struct Fts3Cursor Fts3Cursor;
+typedef struct Fts3Expr Fts3Expr;
+typedef struct Fts3Phrase Fts3Phrase;
+typedef struct Fts3PhraseToken Fts3PhraseToken;
+
+typedef struct Fts3Doclist Fts3Doclist;
+typedef struct Fts3SegFilter Fts3SegFilter;
+typedef struct Fts3DeferredToken Fts3DeferredToken;
+typedef struct Fts3SegReader Fts3SegReader;
+typedef struct Fts3MultiSegReader Fts3MultiSegReader;
+
+/*
+** A connection to a fulltext index is an instance of the following
+** structure. The xCreate and xConnect methods create an instance
+** of this structure and xDestroy and xDisconnect free that instance.
+** All other methods receive a pointer to the structure as one of their
+** arguments.
+*/
+struct Fts3Table {
+  sqlite3_vtab base;              /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  sqlite3 *db;                    /* The database connection */
+  const char *zDb;                /* logical database name */
+  const char *zName;              /* virtual table name */
+  int nColumn;                    /* number of named columns in virtual table */
+  char **azColumn;                /* column names.  malloced */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer;  /* tokenizer for inserts and queries */
+
+  /* Precompiled statements used by the implementation. Each of these 
+  ** statements is run and reset within a single virtual table API call. 
+  */
+  sqlite3_stmt *aStmt[27];
+
+  char *zReadExprlist;
+  char *zWriteExprlist;
+
+  int nNodeSize;                  /* Soft limit for node size */
+  u8 bHasStat;                    /* True if %_stat table exists */
+  u8 bHasDocsize;                 /* True if %_docsize table exists */
+  u8 bDescIdx;                    /* True if doclists are in reverse order */
+  int nPgsz;                      /* Page size for host database */
+  char *zSegmentsTbl;             /* Name of %_segments table */
+  sqlite3_blob *pSegments;        /* Blob handle open on %_segments table */
+
+  /* TODO: Fix the first paragraph of this comment.
+  **
+  ** The following hash table is used to buffer pending index updates during
+  ** transactions. Variable nPendingData estimates the memory size of the 
+  ** pending data, including hash table overhead, but not malloc overhead. 
+  ** When nPendingData exceeds nMaxPendingData, the buffer is flushed 
+  ** automatically. Variable iPrevDocid is the docid of the most recently
+  ** inserted record.
+  **
+  ** A single FTS4 table may have multiple full-text indexes. For each index
+  ** there is an entry in the aIndex[] array. Index 0 is an index of all the
+  ** terms that appear in the document set. Each subsequent index in aIndex[]
+  ** is an index of prefixes of a specific length.
+  */
+  int nIndex;                     /* Size of aIndex[] */
+  struct Fts3Index {
+    int nPrefix;                  /* Prefix length (0 for main terms index) */
+    Fts3Hash hPending;            /* Pending terms table for this index */
+  } *aIndex;
+  int nMaxPendingData;            /* Max pending data before flush to disk */
+  int nPendingData;               /* Current bytes of pending data */
+  sqlite_int64 iPrevDocid;        /* Docid of most recently inserted document */
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  /* State variables used for validating that the transaction control
+  ** methods of the virtual table are called at appropriate times.  These
+  ** values do not contribution to the FTS computation; they are used for
+  ** verifying the SQLite core.
+  */
+  int inTransaction;     /* True after xBegin but before xCommit/xRollback */
+  int mxSavepoint;       /* Largest valid xSavepoint integer */
+#endif
+};
+
+/*
+** When the core wants to read from the virtual table, it creates a
+** virtual table cursor (an instance of the following structure) using
+** the xOpen method. Cursors are destroyed using the xClose method.
+*/
+struct Fts3Cursor {
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;       /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  i16 eSearch;                    /* Search strategy (see below) */
+  u8 isEof;                       /* True if at End Of Results */
+  u8 isRequireSeek;               /* True if must seek pStmt to %_content row */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Prepared statement in use by the cursor */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr;                /* Parsed MATCH query string */
+  int nPhrase;                    /* Number of matchable phrases in query */
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDeferred;   /* Deferred search tokens, if any */
+  sqlite3_int64 iPrevId;          /* Previous id read from aDoclist */
+  char *pNextId;                  /* Pointer into the body of aDoclist */
+  char *aDoclist;                 /* List of docids for full-text queries */
+  int nDoclist;                   /* Size of buffer at aDoclist */
+  u8 bDesc;                       /* True to sort in descending order */
+  int eEvalmode;                  /* An FTS3_EVAL_XX constant */
+  int nRowAvg;                    /* Average size of database rows, in pages */
+  sqlite3_int64 nDoc;             /* Documents in table */
+
+  int isMatchinfoNeeded;          /* True when aMatchinfo[] needs filling in */
+  u32 *aMatchinfo;                /* Information about most recent match */
+  int nMatchinfo;                 /* Number of elements in aMatchinfo[] */
+  char *zMatchinfo;               /* Matchinfo specification */
+};
+
+#define FTS3_EVAL_FILTER    0
+#define FTS3_EVAL_NEXT      1
+#define FTS3_EVAL_MATCHINFO 2
+
+/*
+** The Fts3Cursor.eSearch member is always set to one of the following.
+** Actualy, Fts3Cursor.eSearch can be greater than or equal to
+** FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH.  If so, then Fts3Cursor.eSearch - 2 is the index
+** of the column to be searched.  For example, in
+**
+**     CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE ex1 USING fts3(a,b,c,d);
+**     SELECT docid FROM ex1 WHERE b MATCH 'one two three';
+** 
+** Because the LHS of the MATCH operator is 2nd column "b",
+** Fts3Cursor.eSearch will be set to FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH+1.  (+0 for a,
+** +1 for b, +2 for c, +3 for d.)  If the LHS of MATCH were "ex1" 
+** indicating that all columns should be searched,
+** then eSearch would be set to FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH+4.
+*/
+#define FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH 0    /* Linear scan of %_content table */
+#define FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH    1    /* Lookup by rowid on %_content table */
+#define FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH 2    /* Full-text index search */
+
+
+struct Fts3Doclist {
+  char *aAll;                    /* Array containing doclist (or NULL) */
+  int nAll;                      /* Size of a[] in bytes */
+  char *pNextDocid;              /* Pointer to next docid */
+
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;          /* Current docid (if pList!=0) */
+  int bFreeList;                 /* True if pList should be sqlite3_free()d */
+  char *pList;                   /* Pointer to position list following iDocid */
+  int nList;                     /* Length of position list */
+} doclist;
+
+/*
+** A "phrase" is a sequence of one or more tokens that must match in
+** sequence.  A single token is the base case and the most common case.
+** For a sequence of tokens contained in double-quotes (i.e. "one two three")
+** nToken will be the number of tokens in the string.
+*/
+struct Fts3PhraseToken {
+  char *z;                        /* Text of the token */
+  int n;                          /* Number of bytes in buffer z */
+  int isPrefix;                   /* True if token ends with a "*" character */
+
+  /* Variables above this point are populated when the expression is
+  ** parsed (by code in fts3_expr.c). Below this point the variables are
+  ** used when evaluating the expression. */
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDeferred;   /* Deferred token object for this token */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr;    /* Segment-reader for this token */
+};
+
+struct Fts3Phrase {
+  /* Cache of doclist for this phrase. */
+  Fts3Doclist doclist;
+  int bIncr;                 /* True if doclist is loaded incrementally */
+  int iDoclistToken;
+
+  /* Variables below this point are populated by fts3_expr.c when parsing 
+  ** a MATCH expression. Everything above is part of the evaluation phase. 
+  */
+  int nToken;                /* Number of tokens in the phrase */
+  int iColumn;               /* Index of column this phrase must match */
+  Fts3PhraseToken aToken[1]; /* One entry for each token in the phrase */
+};
+
+/*
+** A tree of these objects forms the RHS of a MATCH operator.
+**
+** If Fts3Expr.eType is FTSQUERY_PHRASE and isLoaded is true, then aDoclist 
+** points to a malloced buffer, size nDoclist bytes, containing the results 
+** of this phrase query in FTS3 doclist format. As usual, the initial 
+** "Length" field found in doclists stored on disk is omitted from this 
+** buffer.
+**
+** Variable aMI is used only for FTSQUERY_NEAR nodes to store the global
+** matchinfo data. If it is not NULL, it points to an array of size nCol*3,
+** where nCol is the number of columns in the queried FTS table. The array
+** is populated as follows:
+**
+**   aMI[iCol*3 + 0] = Undefined
+**   aMI[iCol*3 + 1] = Number of occurrences
+**   aMI[iCol*3 + 2] = Number of rows containing at least one instance
+**
+** The aMI array is allocated using sqlite3_malloc(). It should be freed 
+** when the expression node is.
+*/
+struct Fts3Expr {
+  int eType;                 /* One of the FTSQUERY_XXX values defined below */
+  int nNear;                 /* Valid if eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR */
+  Fts3Expr *pParent;         /* pParent->pLeft==this or pParent->pRight==this */
+  Fts3Expr *pLeft;           /* Left operand */
+  Fts3Expr *pRight;          /* Right operand */
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase;       /* Valid if eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE */
+
+  /* The following are used by the fts3_eval.c module. */
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;      /* Current docid */
+  u8 bEof;                   /* True this expression is at EOF already */
+  u8 bStart;                 /* True if iDocid is valid */
+  u8 bDeferred;              /* True if this expression is entirely deferred */
+
+  u32 *aMI;
+};
+
+/*
+** Candidate values for Fts3Query.eType. Note that the order of the first
+** four values is in order of precedence when parsing expressions. For 
+** example, the following:
+**
+**   "a OR b AND c NOT d NEAR e"
+**
+** is equivalent to:
+**
+**   "a OR (b AND (c NOT (d NEAR e)))"
+*/
+#define FTSQUERY_NEAR   1
+#define FTSQUERY_NOT    2
+#define FTSQUERY_AND    3
+#define FTSQUERY_OR     4
+#define FTSQUERY_PHRASE 5
+
+
+/* fts3_write.c */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3UpdateMethod(sqlite3_vtab*,int,sqlite3_value**,sqlite3_int64*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(Fts3Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(Fts3Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Optimize(Fts3Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(int, sqlite3_int64,
+  sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_int64, const char *, int, Fts3SegReader**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(
+  Fts3Table*,int,const char*,int,int,Fts3SegReader**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(Fts3SegReader *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(Fts3Table*, int, int, sqlite3_stmt **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(Fts3Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(Fts3Table*, sqlite3_int64, char **, int*, int*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(Fts3Table *, sqlite3_stmt **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(Fts3Table *, sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_stmt **);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(Fts3Cursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3PhraseToken *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(Fts3Table *);
+
+/* Special values interpreted by sqlite3SegReaderCursor() */
+#define FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING        -1
+#define FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL            -2
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(Fts3Table*, Fts3MultiSegReader*, Fts3SegFilter*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(Fts3Table *, Fts3MultiSegReader *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(Fts3MultiSegReader *);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+    Fts3Table *, int, int, const char *, int, int, int, Fts3MultiSegReader *);
+
+/* Flags allowed as part of the 4th argument to SegmentReaderIterate() */
+#define FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS   0x00000001
+#define FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY  0x00000002
+#define FTS3_SEGMENT_COLUMN_FILTER 0x00000004
+#define FTS3_SEGMENT_PREFIX        0x00000008
+#define FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN          0x00000010
+
+/* Type passed as 4th argument to SegmentReaderIterate() */
+struct Fts3SegFilter {
+  const char *zTerm;
+  int nTerm;
+  int iCol;
+  int flags;
+};
+
+struct Fts3MultiSegReader {
+  /* Used internally by sqlite3Fts3SegReaderXXX() calls */
+  Fts3SegReader **apSegment;      /* Array of Fts3SegReader objects */
+  int nSegment;                   /* Size of apSegment array */
+  int nAdvance;                   /* How many seg-readers to advance */
+  Fts3SegFilter *pFilter;         /* Pointer to filter object */
+  char *aBuffer;                  /* Buffer to merge doclists in */
+  int nBuffer;                    /* Allocated size of aBuffer[] in bytes */
+
+  int iColFilter;                 /* If >=0, filter for this column */
+  int bRestart;
+
+  /* Used by fts3.c only. */
+  int nCost;                      /* Cost of running iterator */
+  int bLookup;                    /* True if a lookup of a single entry. */
+
+  /* Output values. Valid only after Fts3SegReaderStep() returns SQLITE_ROW. */
+  char *zTerm;                    /* Pointer to term buffer */
+  int nTerm;                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  char *aDoclist;                 /* Pointer to doclist buffer */
+  int nDoclist;                   /* Size of aDoclist[] in bytes */
+};
+
+/* fts3.c */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(char *, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(const char *, sqlite_int64 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(const char *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(sqlite3_uint64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Dequote(char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(int,char*,int,char**,sqlite3_int64*,int*,u8*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, u32 *);
+
+/* fts3_tokenizer.c */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3Fts3NextToken(const char *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(sqlite3 *, Fts3Hash *, const char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(Fts3Hash *pHash, const char *, 
+    sqlite3_tokenizer **, char **
+);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(char);
+
+/* fts3_snippet.c */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Offsets(sqlite3_context*, Fts3Cursor*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Snippet(sqlite3_context *, Fts3Cursor *, const char *,
+  const char *, const char *, int, int
+);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(sqlite3_context *, Fts3Cursor *, const char *);
+
+/* fts3_expr.c */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(sqlite3_tokenizer *, 
+  char **, int, int, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **
+);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprInitTestInterface(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTerm(sqlite3 *db);
+#endif
+
+/* fts3_aux.c */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitAux(sqlite3 *db);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3TermSegReaderCursor(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Virtual table cursor handle */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to query for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  int isPrefix,                   /* True for a prefix search */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader **ppSegcsr   /* OUT: Allocated seg-reader cursor */
+);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(Fts3Phrase *);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalStart(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalNext(Fts3Cursor *pCsr);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(
+    Fts3Table*, Fts3MultiSegReader*, int, const char*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(
+    Fts3Table *, Fts3MultiSegReader *, sqlite3_int64 *, char **, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, int iCol); 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrOvfl(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3MultiSegReader *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(Fts3DeferredToken *, char **, int *);
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 */
+#endif /* _FTSINT_H */
+
+/************** End of fts3Int.h *********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in fts3.c ***********************/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) && !defined(SQLITE_CORE)
+# define SQLITE_CORE 1
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE 
+  SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
+#endif
+
+/* 
+** Write a 64-bit variable-length integer to memory starting at p[0].
+** The length of data written will be between 1 and FTS3_VARINT_MAX bytes.
+** The number of bytes written is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(char *p, sqlite_int64 v){
+  unsigned char *q = (unsigned char *) p;
+  sqlite_uint64 vu = v;
+  do{
+    *q++ = (unsigned char) ((vu & 0x7f) | 0x80);
+    vu >>= 7;
+  }while( vu!=0 );
+  q[-1] &= 0x7f;  /* turn off high bit in final byte */
+  assert( q - (unsigned char *)p <= FTS3_VARINT_MAX );
+  return (int) (q - (unsigned char *)p);
+}
+
+/* 
+** Read a 64-bit variable-length integer from memory starting at p[0].
+** Return the number of bytes read, or 0 on error.
+** The value is stored in *v.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(const char *p, sqlite_int64 *v){
+  const unsigned char *q = (const unsigned char *) p;
+  sqlite_uint64 x = 0, y = 1;
+  while( (*q&0x80)==0x80 && q-(unsigned char *)p<FTS3_VARINT_MAX ){
+    x += y * (*q++ & 0x7f);
+    y <<= 7;
+  }
+  x += y * (*q++);
+  *v = (sqlite_int64) x;
+  return (int) (q - (unsigned char *)p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Similar to sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(), except that the output is truncated to a
+** 32-bit integer before it is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(const char *p, int *pi){
+ sqlite_int64 i;
+ int ret = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &i);
+ *pi = (int) i;
+ return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the number of bytes required to encode v as a varint
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(sqlite3_uint64 v){
+  int i = 0;
+  do{
+    i++;
+    v >>= 7;
+  }while( v!=0 );
+  return i;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert an SQL-style quoted string into a normal string by removing
+** the quote characters.  The conversion is done in-place.  If the
+** input does not begin with a quote character, then this routine
+** is a no-op.
+**
+** Examples:
+**
+**     "abc"   becomes   abc
+**     'xyz'   becomes   xyz
+**     [pqr]   becomes   pqr
+**     `mno`   becomes   mno
+**
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Dequote(char *z){
+  char quote;                     /* Quote character (if any ) */
+
+  quote = z[0];
+  if( quote=='[' || quote=='\'' || quote=='"' || quote=='`' ){
+    int iIn = 1;                  /* Index of next byte to read from input */
+    int iOut = 0;                 /* Index of next byte to write to output */
+
+    /* If the first byte was a '[', then the close-quote character is a ']' */
+    if( quote=='[' ) quote = ']';  
+
+    while( ALWAYS(z[iIn]) ){
+      if( z[iIn]==quote ){
+        if( z[iIn+1]!=quote ) break;
+        z[iOut++] = quote;
+        iIn += 2;
+      }else{
+        z[iOut++] = z[iIn++];
+      }
+    }
+    z[iOut] = '\0';
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Read a single varint from the doclist at *pp and advance *pp to point
+** to the first byte past the end of the varint.  Add the value of the varint
+** to *pVal.
+*/
+static void fts3GetDeltaVarint(char **pp, sqlite3_int64 *pVal){
+  sqlite3_int64 iVal;
+  *pp += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(*pp, &iVal);
+  *pVal += iVal;
+}
+
+/*
+** When this function is called, *pp points to the first byte following a
+** varint that is part of a doclist (or position-list, or any other list
+** of varints). This function moves *pp to point to the start of that varint,
+** and sets *pVal by the varint value.
+**
+** Argument pStart points to the first byte of the doclist that the
+** varint is part of.
+*/
+static void fts3GetReverseVarint(
+  char **pp, 
+  char *pStart, 
+  sqlite3_int64 *pVal
+){
+  sqlite3_int64 iVal;
+  char *p = *pp;
+
+  /* Pointer p now points at the first byte past the varint we are 
+  ** interested in. So, unless the doclist is corrupt, the 0x80 bit is
+  ** clear on character p[-1]. */
+  for(p = (*pp)-2; p>=pStart && *p&0x80; p--);
+  p++;
+  *pp = p;
+
+  sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &iVal);
+  *pVal = iVal;
+}
+
+/*
+** The xDisconnect() virtual table method.
+*/
+static int fts3DisconnectMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVtab;
+  int i;
+
+  assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+
+  /* Free any prepared statements held */
+  for(i=0; i<SizeofArray(p->aStmt); i++){
+    sqlite3_finalize(p->aStmt[i]);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(p->zSegmentsTbl);
+  sqlite3_free(p->zReadExprlist);
+  sqlite3_free(p->zWriteExprlist);
+
+  /* Invoke the tokenizer destructor to free the tokenizer. */
+  p->pTokenizer->pModule->xDestroy(p->pTokenizer);
+
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Construct one or more SQL statements from the format string given
+** and then evaluate those statements. The success code is written
+** into *pRc.
+**
+** If *pRc is initially non-zero then this routine is a no-op.
+*/
+static void fts3DbExec(
+  int *pRc,              /* Success code */
+  sqlite3 *db,           /* Database in which to run SQL */
+  const char *zFormat,   /* Format string for SQL */
+  ...                    /* Arguments to the format string */
+){
+  va_list ap;
+  char *zSql;
+  if( *pRc ) return;
+  va_start(ap, zFormat);
+  zSql = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFormat, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  if( zSql==0 ){
+    *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    *pRc = sqlite3_exec(db, zSql, 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The xDestroy() virtual table method.
+*/
+static int fts3DestroyMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;              /* Return code */
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVtab;
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+
+  /* Drop the shadow tables */
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_content'", p->zDb, p->zName);
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_segments'", p->zDb,p->zName);
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_segdir'", p->zDb, p->zName);
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_docsize'", p->zDb, p->zName);
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_stat'", p->zDb, p->zName);
+
+  /* If everything has worked, invoke fts3DisconnectMethod() to free the
+  ** memory associated with the Fts3Table structure and return SQLITE_OK.
+  ** Otherwise, return an SQLite error code.
+  */
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK ? fts3DisconnectMethod(pVtab) : rc);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Invoke sqlite3_declare_vtab() to declare the schema for the FTS3 table
+** passed as the first argument. This is done as part of the xConnect()
+** and xCreate() methods.
+**
+** If *pRc is non-zero when this function is called, it is a no-op. 
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is stored in *pRc
+** before returning.
+*/
+static void fts3DeclareVtab(int *pRc, Fts3Table *p){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int i;                        /* Iterator variable */
+    int rc;                       /* Return code */
+    char *zSql;                   /* SQL statement passed to declare_vtab() */
+    char *zCols;                  /* List of user defined columns */
+
+    sqlite3_vtab_config(p->db, SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT, 1);
+
+    /* Create a list of user columns for the virtual table */
+    zCols = sqlite3_mprintf("%Q, ", p->azColumn[0]);
+    for(i=1; zCols && i<p->nColumn; i++){
+      zCols = sqlite3_mprintf("%z%Q, ", zCols, p->azColumn[i]);
+    }
+
+    /* Create the whole "CREATE TABLE" statement to pass to SQLite */
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+        "CREATE TABLE x(%s %Q HIDDEN, docid HIDDEN)", zCols, p->zName
+    );
+    if( !zCols || !zSql ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(p->db, zSql);
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    sqlite3_free(zCols);
+    *pRc = rc;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Create the backing store tables (%_content, %_segments and %_segdir)
+** required by the FTS3 table passed as the only argument. This is done
+** as part of the vtab xCreate() method.
+**
+** If the p->bHasDocsize boolean is true (indicating that this is an
+** FTS4 table, not an FTS3 table) then also create the %_docsize and
+** %_stat tables required by FTS4.
+*/
+static int fts3CreateTables(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  char *zContentCols;             /* Columns of %_content table */
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;            /* The database connection */
+
+  /* Create a list of user columns for the content table */
+  zContentCols = sqlite3_mprintf("docid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY");
+  for(i=0; zContentCols && i<p->nColumn; i++){
+    char *z = p->azColumn[i];
+    zContentCols = sqlite3_mprintf("%z, 'c%d%q'", zContentCols, i, z);
+  }
+  if( zContentCols==0 ) rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  /* Create the content table */
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
+     "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_content'(%s)",
+     p->zDb, p->zName, zContentCols
+  );
+  sqlite3_free(zContentCols);
+  /* Create other tables */
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
+      "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_segments'(blockid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, block BLOB);",
+      p->zDb, p->zName
+  );
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
+      "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_segdir'("
+        "level INTEGER,"
+        "idx INTEGER,"
+        "start_block INTEGER,"
+        "leaves_end_block INTEGER,"
+        "end_block INTEGER,"
+        "root BLOB,"
+        "PRIMARY KEY(level, idx)"
+      ");",
+      p->zDb, p->zName
+  );
+  if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+    fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
+        "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_docsize'(docid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, size BLOB);",
+        p->zDb, p->zName
+    );
+  }
+  if( p->bHasStat ){
+    fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
+        "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_stat'(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, value BLOB);",
+        p->zDb, p->zName
+    );
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Store the current database page-size in bytes in p->nPgsz.
+**
+** If *pRc is non-zero when this function is called, it is a no-op. 
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is stored in *pRc
+** before returning.
+*/
+static void fts3DatabasePageSize(int *pRc, Fts3Table *p){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc;                       /* Return code */
+    char *zSql;                   /* SQL text "PRAGMA %Q.page_size" */
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;          /* Compiled "PRAGMA %Q.page_size" statement */
+  
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("PRAGMA %Q.page_size", p->zDb);
+    if( !zSql ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+        p->nPgsz = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+        rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+      }else if( rc==SQLITE_AUTH ){
+        p->nPgsz = 1024;
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( p->nPgsz>0 || rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    *pRc = rc;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** "Special" FTS4 arguments are column specifications of the following form:
+**
+**   <key> = <value>
+**
+** There may not be whitespace surrounding the "=" character. The <value> 
+** term may be quoted, but the <key> may not.
+*/
+static int fts3IsSpecialColumn(
+  const char *z, 
+  int *pnKey,
+  char **pzValue
+){
+  char *zValue;
+  const char *zCsr = z;
+
+  while( *zCsr!='=' ){
+    if( *zCsr=='\0' ) return 0;
+    zCsr++;
+  }
+
+  *pnKey = (int)(zCsr-z);
+  zValue = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", &zCsr[1]);
+  if( zValue ){
+    sqlite3Fts3Dequote(zValue);
+  }
+  *pzValue = zValue;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append the output of a printf() style formatting to an existing string.
+*/
+static void fts3Appendf(
+  int *pRc,                       /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+  char **pz,                      /* IN/OUT: Pointer to string buffer */
+  const char *zFormat,            /* Printf format string to append */
+  ...                             /* Arguments for printf format string */
+){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    va_list ap;
+    char *z;
+    va_start(ap, zFormat);
+    z = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFormat, ap);
+    if( z && *pz ){
+      char *z2 = sqlite3_mprintf("%s%s", *pz, z);
+      sqlite3_free(z);
+      z = z2;
+    }
+    if( z==0 ) *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    sqlite3_free(*pz);
+    *pz = z;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a copy of input string zInput enclosed in double-quotes (") and
+** with all double quote characters escaped. For example:
+**
+**     fts3QuoteId("un \"zip\"")   ->    "un \"\"zip\"\""
+**
+** The pointer returned points to memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc(). It
+** is the callers responsibility to call sqlite3_free() to release this
+** memory.
+*/
+static char *fts3QuoteId(char const *zInput){
+  int nRet;
+  char *zRet;
+  nRet = 2 + strlen(zInput)*2 + 1;
+  zRet = sqlite3_malloc(nRet);
+  if( zRet ){
+    int i;
+    char *z = zRet;
+    *(z++) = '"';
+    for(i=0; zInput[i]; i++){
+      if( zInput[i]=='"' ) *(z++) = '"';
+      *(z++) = zInput[i];
+    }
+    *(z++) = '"';
+    *(z++) = '\0';
+  }
+  return zRet;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a list of comma separated SQL expressions that could be used
+** in a SELECT statement such as the following:
+**
+**     SELECT <list of expressions> FROM %_content AS x ...
+**
+** to return the docid, followed by each column of text data in order
+** from left to write. If parameter zFunc is not NULL, then instead of
+** being returned directly each column of text data is passed to an SQL
+** function named zFunc first. For example, if zFunc is "unzip" and the
+** table has the three user-defined columns "a", "b", and "c", the following
+** string is returned:
+**
+**     "docid, unzip(x.'a'), unzip(x.'b'), unzip(x.'c')"
+**
+** The pointer returned points to a buffer allocated by sqlite3_malloc(). It
+** is the responsibility of the caller to eventually free it.
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op (and
+** a NULL pointer is returned). Otherwise, if an OOM error is encountered
+** by this function, NULL is returned and *pRc is set to SQLITE_NOMEM. If
+** no error occurs, *pRc is left unmodified.
+*/
+static char *fts3ReadExprList(Fts3Table *p, const char *zFunc, int *pRc){
+  char *zRet = 0;
+  char *zFree = 0;
+  char *zFunction;
+  int i;
+
+  if( !zFunc ){
+    zFunction = "";
+  }else{
+    zFree = zFunction = fts3QuoteId(zFunc);
+  }
+  fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, "docid");
+  for(i=0; i<p->nColumn; i++){
+    fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, ",%s(x.'c%d%q')", zFunction, i, p->azColumn[i]);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(zFree);
+  return zRet;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a list of N comma separated question marks, where N is the number
+** of columns in the %_content table (one for the docid plus one for each
+** user-defined text column).
+**
+** If argument zFunc is not NULL, then all but the first question mark
+** is preceded by zFunc and an open bracket, and followed by a closed
+** bracket. For example, if zFunc is "zip" and the FTS3 table has three 
+** user-defined text columns, the following string is returned:
+**
+**     "?, zip(?), zip(?), zip(?)"
+**
+** The pointer returned points to a buffer allocated by sqlite3_malloc(). It
+** is the responsibility of the caller to eventually free it.
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op (and
+** a NULL pointer is returned). Otherwise, if an OOM error is encountered
+** by this function, NULL is returned and *pRc is set to SQLITE_NOMEM. If
+** no error occurs, *pRc is left unmodified.
+*/
+static char *fts3WriteExprList(Fts3Table *p, const char *zFunc, int *pRc){
+  char *zRet = 0;
+  char *zFree = 0;
+  char *zFunction;
+  int i;
+
+  if( !zFunc ){
+    zFunction = "";
+  }else{
+    zFree = zFunction = fts3QuoteId(zFunc);
+  }
+  fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, "?");
+  for(i=0; i<p->nColumn; i++){
+    fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, ",%s(?)", zFunction);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(zFree);
+  return zRet;
+}
+
+static int fts3GobbleInt(const char **pp, int *pnOut){
+  const char *p = *pp;
+  int nInt = 0;
+  for(p=*pp; p[0]>='0' && p[0]<='9'; p++){
+    nInt = nInt * 10 + (p[0] - '0');
+  }
+  if( p==*pp ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  *pnOut = nInt;
+  *pp = p;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+static int fts3PrefixParameter(
+  const char *zParam,             /* ABC in prefix=ABC parameter to parse */
+  int *pnIndex,                   /* OUT: size of *apIndex[] array */
+  struct Fts3Index **apIndex,     /* OUT: Array of indexes for this table */
+  struct Fts3Index **apFree       /* OUT: Free this with sqlite3_free() */
+){
+  struct Fts3Index *aIndex;
+  int nIndex = 1;
+
+  if( zParam && zParam[0] ){
+    const char *p;
+    nIndex++;
+    for(p=zParam; *p; p++){
+      if( *p==',' ) nIndex++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  aIndex = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(struct Fts3Index) * nIndex);
+  *apIndex = *apFree = aIndex;
+  *pnIndex = nIndex;
+  if( !aIndex ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  memset(aIndex, 0, sizeof(struct Fts3Index) * nIndex);
+  if( zParam ){
+    const char *p = zParam;
+    int i;
+    for(i=1; i<nIndex; i++){
+      int nPrefix;
+      if( fts3GobbleInt(&p, &nPrefix) ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
+      aIndex[i].nPrefix = nPrefix;
+      p++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is the implementation of both the xConnect and xCreate
+** methods of the FTS3 virtual table.
+**
+** The argv[] array contains the following:
+**
+**   argv[0]   -> module name  ("fts3" or "fts4")
+**   argv[1]   -> database name
+**   argv[2]   -> table name
+**   argv[...] -> "column name" and other module argument fields.
+*/
+static int fts3InitVtab(
+  int isCreate,                   /* True for xCreate, false for xConnect */
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* The SQLite database connection */
+  void *pAux,                     /* Hash table containing tokenizers */
+  int argc,                       /* Number of elements in argv array */
+  const char * const *argv,       /* xCreate/xConnect argument array */
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,          /* Write the resulting vtab structure here */
+  char **pzErr                    /* Write any error message here */
+){
+  Fts3Hash *pHash = (Fts3Hash *)pAux;
+  Fts3Table *p = 0;               /* Pointer to allocated vtab */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  int nByte;                      /* Size of allocation used for *p */
+  int iCol;                       /* Column index */
+  int nString = 0;                /* Bytes required to hold all column names */
+  int nCol = 0;                   /* Number of columns in the FTS table */
+  char *zCsr;                     /* Space for holding column names */
+  int nDb;                        /* Bytes required to hold database name */
+  int nName;                      /* Bytes required to hold table name */
+  int isFts4 = (argv[0][3]=='4'); /* True for FTS4, false for FTS3 */
+  const char **aCol;              /* Array of column names */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer = 0;        /* Tokenizer for this table */
+
+  int nIndex;                     /* Size of aIndex[] array */
+  struct Fts3Index *aIndex;       /* Array of indexes for this table */
+  struct Fts3Index *aFree = 0;    /* Free this before returning */
+
+  /* The results of parsing supported FTS4 key=value options: */
+  int bNoDocsize = 0;             /* True to omit %_docsize table */
+  int bDescIdx = 0;               /* True to store descending indexes */
+  char *zPrefix = 0;              /* Prefix parameter value (or NULL) */
+  char *zCompress = 0;            /* compress=? parameter (or NULL) */
+  char *zUncompress = 0;          /* uncompress=? parameter (or NULL) */
+
+  assert( strlen(argv[0])==4 );
+  assert( (sqlite3_strnicmp(argv[0], "fts4", 4)==0 && isFts4)
+       || (sqlite3_strnicmp(argv[0], "fts3", 4)==0 && !isFts4)
+  );
+
+  nDb = (int)strlen(argv[1]) + 1;
+  nName = (int)strlen(argv[2]) + 1;
+
+  aCol = (const char **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2) );
+  if( !aCol ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset((void *)aCol, 0, sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2));
+
+  /* Loop through all of the arguments passed by the user to the FTS3/4
+  ** module (i.e. all the column names and special arguments). This loop
+  ** does the following:
+  **
+  **   + Figures out the number of columns the FTSX table will have, and
+  **     the number of bytes of space that must be allocated to store copies
+  **     of the column names.
+  **
+  **   + If there is a tokenizer specification included in the arguments,
+  **     initializes the tokenizer pTokenizer.
+  */
+  for(i=3; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<argc; i++){
+    char const *z = argv[i];
+    int nKey;
+    char *zVal;
+
+    /* Check if this is a tokenizer specification */
+    if( !pTokenizer 
+     && strlen(z)>8
+     && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(z, "tokenize", 8) 
+     && 0==sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(z[8])
+    ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(pHash, &z[9], &pTokenizer, pzErr);
+    }
+
+    /* Check if it is an FTS4 special argument. */
+    else if( isFts4 && fts3IsSpecialColumn(z, &nKey, &zVal) ){
+      struct Fts4Option {
+        const char *zOpt;
+        int nOpt;
+        char **pzVar;
+      } aFts4Opt[] = {
+        { "matchinfo",   9, 0 },            /* 0 -> MATCHINFO */
+        { "prefix",      6, 0 },            /* 1 -> PREFIX */
+        { "compress",    8, 0 },            /* 2 -> COMPRESS */
+        { "uncompress", 10, 0 },            /* 3 -> UNCOMPRESS */
+        { "order",       5, 0 }             /* 4 -> ORDER */
+      };
+
+      int iOpt;
+      if( !zVal ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        for(iOpt=0; iOpt<SizeofArray(aFts4Opt); iOpt++){
+          struct Fts4Option *pOp = &aFts4Opt[iOpt];
+          if( nKey==pOp->nOpt && !sqlite3_strnicmp(z, pOp->zOpt, pOp->nOpt) ){
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if( iOpt==SizeofArray(aFts4Opt) ){
+          *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unrecognized parameter: %s", z);
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        }else{
+          switch( iOpt ){
+            case 0:               /* MATCHINFO */
+              if( strlen(zVal)!=4 || sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "fts3", 4) ){
+                *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unrecognized matchinfo: %s", zVal);
+                rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+              }
+              bNoDocsize = 1;
+              break;
+
+            case 1:               /* PREFIX */
+              sqlite3_free(zPrefix);
+              zPrefix = zVal;
+              zVal = 0;
+              break;
+
+            case 2:               /* COMPRESS */
+              sqlite3_free(zCompress);
+              zCompress = zVal;
+              zVal = 0;
+              break;
+
+            case 3:               /* UNCOMPRESS */
+              sqlite3_free(zUncompress);
+              zUncompress = zVal;
+              zVal = 0;
+              break;
+
+            case 4:               /* ORDER */
+              if( (strlen(zVal)!=3 || sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "asc", 3)) 
+               && (strlen(zVal)!=4 || sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "desc", 3)) 
+              ){
+                *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unrecognized order: %s", zVal);
+                rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+              }
+              bDescIdx = (zVal[0]=='d' || zVal[0]=='D');
+              break;
+          }
+        }
+        sqlite3_free(zVal);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise, the argument is a column name. */
+    else {
+      nString += (int)(strlen(z) + 1);
+      aCol[nCol++] = z;
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
+
+  if( nCol==0 ){
+    assert( nString==0 );
+    aCol[0] = "content";
+    nString = 8;
+    nCol = 1;
+  }
+
+  if( pTokenizer==0 ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(pHash, "simple", &pTokenizer, pzErr);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
+  }
+  assert( pTokenizer );
+
+  rc = fts3PrefixParameter(zPrefix, &nIndex, &aIndex, &aFree);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ){
+    assert( zPrefix );
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("error parsing prefix parameter: %s", zPrefix);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
+
+  /* Allocate and populate the Fts3Table structure. */
+  nByte = sizeof(Fts3Table) +                  /* Fts3Table */
+          nCol * sizeof(char *) +              /* azColumn */
+          nIndex * sizeof(struct Fts3Index) +  /* aIndex */
+          nName +                              /* zName */
+          nDb +                                /* zDb */
+          nString;                             /* Space for azColumn strings */
+  p = (Fts3Table*)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  if( p==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto fts3_init_out;
+  }
+  memset(p, 0, nByte);
+  p->db = db;
+  p->nColumn = nCol;
+  p->nPendingData = 0;
+  p->azColumn = (char **)&p[1];
+  p->pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
+  p->nMaxPendingData = FTS3_MAX_PENDING_DATA;
+  p->bHasDocsize = (isFts4 && bNoDocsize==0);
+  p->bHasStat = isFts4;
+  p->bDescIdx = bDescIdx;
+  TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = -1 );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1 );
+
+  p->aIndex = (struct Fts3Index *)&p->azColumn[nCol];
+  memcpy(p->aIndex, aIndex, sizeof(struct Fts3Index) * nIndex);
+  p->nIndex = nIndex;
+  for(i=0; i<nIndex; i++){
+    fts3HashInit(&p->aIndex[i].hPending, FTS3_HASH_STRING, 1);
+  }
+
+  /* Fill in the zName and zDb fields of the vtab structure. */
+  zCsr = (char *)&p->aIndex[nIndex];
+  p->zName = zCsr;
+  memcpy(zCsr, argv[2], nName);
+  zCsr += nName;
+  p->zDb = zCsr;
+  memcpy(zCsr, argv[1], nDb);
+  zCsr += nDb;
+
+  /* Fill in the azColumn array */
+  for(iCol=0; iCol<nCol; iCol++){
+    char *z; 
+    int n = 0;
+    z = (char *)sqlite3Fts3NextToken(aCol[iCol], &n);
+    memcpy(zCsr, z, n);
+    zCsr[n] = '\0';
+    sqlite3Fts3Dequote(zCsr);
+    p->azColumn[iCol] = zCsr;
+    zCsr += n+1;
+    assert( zCsr <= &((char *)p)[nByte] );
+  }
+
+  if( (zCompress==0)!=(zUncompress==0) ){
+    char const *zMiss = (zCompress==0 ? "compress" : "uncompress");
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("missing %s parameter in fts4 constructor", zMiss);
+  }
+  p->zReadExprlist = fts3ReadExprList(p, zUncompress, &rc);
+  p->zWriteExprlist = fts3WriteExprList(p, zCompress, &rc);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
+
+  /* If this is an xCreate call, create the underlying tables in the 
+  ** database. TODO: For xConnect(), it could verify that said tables exist.
+  */
+  if( isCreate ){
+    rc = fts3CreateTables(p);
+  }
+
+  /* Figure out the page-size for the database. This is required in order to
+  ** estimate the cost of loading large doclists from the database.  */
+  fts3DatabasePageSize(&rc, p);
+  p->nNodeSize = p->nPgsz-35;
+
+  /* Declare the table schema to SQLite. */
+  fts3DeclareVtab(&rc, p);
+
+fts3_init_out:
+  sqlite3_free(zPrefix);
+  sqlite3_free(aFree);
+  sqlite3_free(zCompress);
+  sqlite3_free(zUncompress);
+  sqlite3_free((void *)aCol);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( p ){
+      fts3DisconnectMethod((sqlite3_vtab *)p);
+    }else if( pTokenizer ){
+      pTokenizer->pModule->xDestroy(pTokenizer);
+    }
+  }else{
+    assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+    *ppVTab = &p->base;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The xConnect() and xCreate() methods for the virtual table. All the
+** work is done in function fts3InitVtab().
+*/
+static int fts3ConnectMethod(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database connection */
+  void *pAux,                     /* Pointer to tokenizer hash table */
+  int argc,                       /* Number of elements in argv array */
+  const char * const *argv,       /* xCreate/xConnect argument array */
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,          /* OUT: New sqlite3_vtab object */
+  char **pzErr                    /* OUT: sqlite3_malloc'd error message */
+){
+  return fts3InitVtab(0, db, pAux, argc, argv, ppVtab, pzErr);
+}
+static int fts3CreateMethod(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database connection */
+  void *pAux,                     /* Pointer to tokenizer hash table */
+  int argc,                       /* Number of elements in argv array */
+  const char * const *argv,       /* xCreate/xConnect argument array */
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,          /* OUT: New sqlite3_vtab object */
+  char **pzErr                    /* OUT: sqlite3_malloc'd error message */
+){
+  return fts3InitVtab(1, db, pAux, argc, argv, ppVtab, pzErr);
+}
+
+/* 
+** Implementation of the xBestIndex method for FTS3 tables. There
+** are three possible strategies, in order of preference:
+**
+**   1. Direct lookup by rowid or docid. 
+**   2. Full-text search using a MATCH operator on a non-docid column.
+**   3. Linear scan of %_content table.
+*/
+static int fts3BestIndexMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info *pInfo){
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVTab;
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  int iCons = -1;                 /* Index of constraint to use */
+
+  /* By default use a full table scan. This is an expensive option,
+  ** so search through the constraints to see if a more efficient 
+  ** strategy is possible.
+  */
+  pInfo->idxNum = FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH;
+  pInfo->estimatedCost = 500000;
+  for(i=0; i<pInfo->nConstraint; i++){
+    struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pCons = &pInfo->aConstraint[i];
+    if( pCons->usable==0 ) continue;
+
+    /* A direct lookup on the rowid or docid column. Assign a cost of 1.0. */
+    if( pCons->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ 
+     && (pCons->iColumn<0 || pCons->iColumn==p->nColumn+1 )
+    ){
+      pInfo->idxNum = FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH;
+      pInfo->estimatedCost = 1.0;
+      iCons = i;
+    }
+
+    /* A MATCH constraint. Use a full-text search.
+    **
+    ** If there is more than one MATCH constraint available, use the first
+    ** one encountered. If there is both a MATCH constraint and a direct
+    ** rowid/docid lookup, prefer the MATCH strategy. This is done even 
+    ** though the rowid/docid lookup is faster than a MATCH query, selecting
+    ** it would lead to an "unable to use function MATCH in the requested 
+    ** context" error.
+    */
+    if( pCons->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH 
+     && pCons->iColumn>=0 && pCons->iColumn<=p->nColumn
+    ){
+      pInfo->idxNum = FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH + pCons->iColumn;
+      pInfo->estimatedCost = 2.0;
+      iCons = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( iCons>=0 ){
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].argvIndex = 1;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].omit = 1;
+  } 
+
+  /* Regardless of the strategy selected, FTS can deliver rows in rowid (or
+  ** docid) order. Both ascending and descending are possible. 
+  */
+  if( pInfo->nOrderBy==1 ){
+    struct sqlite3_index_orderby *pOrder = &pInfo->aOrderBy[0];
+    if( pOrder->iColumn<0 || pOrder->iColumn==p->nColumn+1 ){
+      if( pOrder->desc ){
+        pInfo->idxStr = "DESC";
+      }else{
+        pInfo->idxStr = "ASC";
+      }
+      pInfo->orderByConsumed = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of xOpen method.
+*/
+static int fts3OpenMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCsr){
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCsr;               /* Allocated cursor */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
+
+  /* Allocate a buffer large enough for an Fts3Cursor structure. If the
+  ** allocation succeeds, zero it and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, 
+  ** if the allocation fails, return SQLITE_NOMEM.
+  */
+  *ppCsr = pCsr = (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3Cursor));
+  if( !pCsr ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(Fts3Cursor));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close the cursor.  For additional information see the documentation
+** on the xClose method of the virtual table interface.
+*/
+static int fts3CloseMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *)pCursor;
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->pSegments==0 );
+  sqlite3_finalize(pCsr->pStmt);
+  sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pCsr->pExpr);
+  sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(pCsr);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aDoclist);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aMatchinfo);
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->pSegments==0 );
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Position the pCsr->pStmt statement so that it is on the row
+** of the %_content table that contains the last match.  Return
+** SQLITE_OK on success.  
+*/
+static int fts3CursorSeek(sqlite3_context *pContext, Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  if( pCsr->isRequireSeek ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 1, pCsr->iPrevId);
+    pCsr->isRequireSeek = 0;
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pCsr->pStmt) ){
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      int rc = sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        /* If no row was found and no error has occured, then the %_content
+        ** table is missing a row that is present in the full-text index.
+        ** The data structures are corrupt.
+        */
+        rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+      }
+      pCsr->isEof = 1;
+      if( pContext ){
+        sqlite3_result_error_code(pContext, rc);
+      }
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }else{
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to process a single interior node when searching
+** a b-tree for a term or term prefix. The node data is passed to this 
+** function via the zNode/nNode parameters. The term to search for is
+** passed in zTerm/nTerm.
+**
+** If piFirst is not NULL, then this function sets *piFirst to the blockid
+** of the child node that heads the sub-tree that may contain the term.
+**
+** If piLast is not NULL, then *piLast is set to the right-most child node
+** that heads a sub-tree that may contain a term for which zTerm/nTerm is
+** a prefix.
+**
+** If an OOM error occurs, SQLITE_NOMEM is returned. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int fts3ScanInteriorNode(
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to select leaves for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of term zTerm in bytes */
+  const char *zNode,              /* Buffer containing segment interior node */
+  int nNode,                      /* Size of buffer at zNode */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piFirst,         /* OUT: Selected child node */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piLast           /* OUT: Selected child node */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  const char *zCsr = zNode;       /* Cursor to iterate through node */
+  const char *zEnd = &zCsr[nNode];/* End of interior node buffer */
+  char *zBuffer = 0;              /* Buffer to load terms into */
+  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Size of allocated buffer */
+  int isFirstTerm = 1;            /* True when processing first term on page */
+  sqlite3_int64 iChild;           /* Block id of child node to descend to */
+
+  /* Skip over the 'height' varint that occurs at the start of every 
+  ** interior node. Then load the blockid of the left-child of the b-tree
+  ** node into variable iChild.  
+  **
+  ** Even if the data structure on disk is corrupted, this (reading two
+  ** varints from the buffer) does not risk an overread. If zNode is a
+  ** root node, then the buffer comes from a SELECT statement. SQLite does
+  ** not make this guarantee explicitly, but in practice there are always
+  ** either more than 20 bytes of allocated space following the nNode bytes of
+  ** contents, or two zero bytes. Or, if the node is read from the %_segments
+  ** table, then there are always 20 bytes of zeroed padding following the
+  ** nNode bytes of content (see sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock() for details).
+  */
+  zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(zCsr, &iChild);
+  zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(zCsr, &iChild);
+  if( zCsr>zEnd ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+  }
+  
+  while( zCsr<zEnd && (piFirst || piLast) ){
+    int cmp;                      /* memcmp() result */
+    int nSuffix;                  /* Size of term suffix */
+    int nPrefix = 0;              /* Size of term prefix */
+    int nBuffer;                  /* Total term size */
+  
+    /* Load the next term on the node into zBuffer. Use realloc() to expand
+    ** the size of zBuffer if required.  */
+    if( !isFirstTerm ){
+      zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nPrefix);
+    }
+    isFirstTerm = 0;
+    zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nSuffix);
+    
+    if( nPrefix<0 || nSuffix<0 || &zCsr[nSuffix]>zEnd ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+      goto finish_scan;
+    }
+    if( nPrefix+nSuffix>nAlloc ){
+      char *zNew;
+      nAlloc = (nPrefix+nSuffix) * 2;
+      zNew = (char *)sqlite3_realloc(zBuffer, nAlloc);
+      if( !zNew ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        goto finish_scan;
+      }
+      zBuffer = zNew;
+    }
+    memcpy(&zBuffer[nPrefix], zCsr, nSuffix);
+    nBuffer = nPrefix + nSuffix;
+    zCsr += nSuffix;
+
+    /* Compare the term we are searching for with the term just loaded from
+    ** the interior node. If the specified term is greater than or equal
+    ** to the term from the interior node, then all terms on the sub-tree 
+    ** headed by node iChild are smaller than zTerm. No need to search 
+    ** iChild.
+    **
+    ** If the interior node term is larger than the specified term, then
+    ** the tree headed by iChild may contain the specified term.
+    */
+    cmp = memcmp(zTerm, zBuffer, (nBuffer>nTerm ? nTerm : nBuffer));
+    if( piFirst && (cmp<0 || (cmp==0 && nBuffer>nTerm)) ){
+      *piFirst = iChild;
+      piFirst = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( piLast && cmp<0 ){
+      *piLast = iChild;
+      piLast = 0;
+    }
+
+    iChild++;
+  };
+
+  if( piFirst ) *piFirst = iChild;
+  if( piLast ) *piLast = iChild;
+
+ finish_scan:
+  sqlite3_free(zBuffer);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** The buffer pointed to by argument zNode (size nNode bytes) contains an
+** interior node of a b-tree segment. The zTerm buffer (size nTerm bytes)
+** contains a term. This function searches the sub-tree headed by the zNode
+** node for the range of leaf nodes that may contain the specified term
+** or terms for which the specified term is a prefix.
+**
+** If piLeaf is not NULL, then *piLeaf is set to the blockid of the 
+** left-most leaf node in the tree that may contain the specified term.
+** If piLeaf2 is not NULL, then *piLeaf2 is set to the blockid of the
+** right-most leaf node that may contain a term for which the specified
+** term is a prefix.
+**
+** It is possible that the range of returned leaf nodes does not contain 
+** the specified term or any terms for which it is a prefix. However, if the 
+** segment does contain any such terms, they are stored within the identified
+** range. Because this function only inspects interior segment nodes (and
+** never loads leaf nodes into memory), it is not possible to be sure.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an error code other than SQLITE_OK is returned.
+*/ 
+static int fts3SelectLeaf(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to select leaves for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of term zTerm in bytes */
+  const char *zNode,              /* Buffer containing segment interior node */
+  int nNode,                      /* Size of buffer at zNode */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piLeaf,          /* Selected leaf node */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piLeaf2          /* Selected leaf node */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int iHeight;                    /* Height of this node in tree */
+
+  assert( piLeaf || piLeaf2 );
+
+  sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zNode, &iHeight);
+  rc = fts3ScanInteriorNode(zTerm, nTerm, zNode, nNode, piLeaf, piLeaf2);
+  assert( !piLeaf2 || !piLeaf || rc!=SQLITE_OK || (*piLeaf<=*piLeaf2) );
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iHeight>1 ){
+    char *zBlob = 0;              /* Blob read from %_segments table */
+    int nBlob;                    /* Size of zBlob in bytes */
+
+    if( piLeaf && piLeaf2 && (*piLeaf!=*piLeaf2) ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, *piLeaf, &zBlob, &nBlob, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3SelectLeaf(p, zTerm, nTerm, zBlob, nBlob, piLeaf, 0);
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(zBlob);
+      piLeaf = 0;
+      zBlob = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, piLeaf?*piLeaf:*piLeaf2, &zBlob, &nBlob, 0);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3SelectLeaf(p, zTerm, nTerm, zBlob, nBlob, piLeaf, piLeaf2);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(zBlob);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to create delta-encoded serialized lists of FTS3 
+** varints. Each call to this function appends a single varint to a list.
+*/
+static void fts3PutDeltaVarint(
+  char **pp,                      /* IN/OUT: Output pointer */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piPrev,          /* IN/OUT: Previous value written to list */
+  sqlite3_int64 iVal              /* Write this value to the list */
+){
+  assert( iVal-*piPrev > 0 || (*piPrev==0 && iVal==0) );
+  *pp += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(*pp, iVal-*piPrev);
+  *piPrev = iVal;
+}
+
+/*
+** When this function is called, *ppPoslist is assumed to point to the 
+** start of a position-list. After it returns, *ppPoslist points to the
+** first byte after the position-list.
+**
+** A position list is list of positions (delta encoded) and columns for 
+** a single document record of a doclist.  So, in other words, this
+** routine advances *ppPoslist so that it points to the next docid in
+** the doclist, or to the first byte past the end of the doclist.
+**
+** If pp is not NULL, then the contents of the position list are copied
+** to *pp. *pp is set to point to the first byte past the last byte copied
+** before this function returns.
+*/
+static void fts3PoslistCopy(char **pp, char **ppPoslist){
+  char *pEnd = *ppPoslist;
+  char c = 0;
+
+  /* The end of a position list is marked by a zero encoded as an FTS3 
+  ** varint. A single POS_END (0) byte. Except, if the 0 byte is preceded by
+  ** a byte with the 0x80 bit set, then it is not a varint 0, but the tail
+  ** of some other, multi-byte, value.
+  **
+  ** The following while-loop moves pEnd to point to the first byte that is not 
+  ** immediately preceded by a byte with the 0x80 bit set. Then increments
+  ** pEnd once more so that it points to the byte immediately following the
+  ** last byte in the position-list.
+  */
+  while( *pEnd | c ){
+    c = *pEnd++ & 0x80;
+    testcase( c!=0 && (*pEnd)==0 );
+  }
+  pEnd++;  /* Advance past the POS_END terminator byte */
+
+  if( pp ){
+    int n = (int)(pEnd - *ppPoslist);
+    char *p = *pp;
+    memcpy(p, *ppPoslist, n);
+    p += n;
+    *pp = p;
+  }
+  *ppPoslist = pEnd;
+}
+
+/*
+** When this function is called, *ppPoslist is assumed to point to the 
+** start of a column-list. After it returns, *ppPoslist points to the
+** to the terminator (POS_COLUMN or POS_END) byte of the column-list.
+**
+** A column-list is list of delta-encoded positions for a single column
+** within a single document within a doclist.
+**
+** The column-list is terminated either by a POS_COLUMN varint (1) or
+** a POS_END varint (0).  This routine leaves *ppPoslist pointing to
+** the POS_COLUMN or POS_END that terminates the column-list.
+**
+** If pp is not NULL, then the contents of the column-list are copied
+** to *pp. *pp is set to point to the first byte past the last byte copied
+** before this function returns.  The POS_COLUMN or POS_END terminator
+** is not copied into *pp.
+*/
+static void fts3ColumnlistCopy(char **pp, char **ppPoslist){
+  char *pEnd = *ppPoslist;
+  char c = 0;
+
+  /* A column-list is terminated by either a 0x01 or 0x00 byte that is
+  ** not part of a multi-byte varint.
+  */
+  while( 0xFE & (*pEnd | c) ){
+    c = *pEnd++ & 0x80;
+    testcase( c!=0 && ((*pEnd)&0xfe)==0 );
+  }
+  if( pp ){
+    int n = (int)(pEnd - *ppPoslist);
+    char *p = *pp;
+    memcpy(p, *ppPoslist, n);
+    p += n;
+    *pp = p;
+  }
+  *ppPoslist = pEnd;
+}
+
+/*
+** Value used to signify the end of an position-list. This is safe because
+** it is not possible to have a document with 2^31 terms.
+*/
+#define POSITION_LIST_END 0x7fffffff
+
+/*
+** This function is used to help parse position-lists. When this function is
+** called, *pp may point to the start of the next varint in the position-list
+** being parsed, or it may point to 1 byte past the end of the position-list
+** (in which case **pp will be a terminator bytes POS_END (0) or
+** (1)).
+**
+** If *pp points past the end of the current position-list, set *pi to 
+** POSITION_LIST_END and return. Otherwise, read the next varint from *pp,
+** increment the current value of *pi by the value read, and set *pp to
+** point to the next value before returning.
+**
+** Before calling this routine *pi must be initialized to the value of
+** the previous position, or zero if we are reading the first position
+** in the position-list.  Because positions are delta-encoded, the value
+** of the previous position is needed in order to compute the value of
+** the next position.
+*/
+static void fts3ReadNextPos(
+  char **pp,                    /* IN/OUT: Pointer into position-list buffer */
+  sqlite3_int64 *pi             /* IN/OUT: Value read from position-list */
+){
+  if( (**pp)&0xFE ){
+    fts3GetDeltaVarint(pp, pi);
+    *pi -= 2;
+  }else{
+    *pi = POSITION_LIST_END;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If parameter iCol is not 0, write an POS_COLUMN (1) byte followed by
+** the value of iCol encoded as a varint to *pp.   This will start a new
+** column list.
+**
+** Set *pp to point to the byte just after the last byte written before 
+** returning (do not modify it if iCol==0). Return the total number of bytes
+** written (0 if iCol==0).
+*/
+static int fts3PutColNumber(char **pp, int iCol){
+  int n = 0;                      /* Number of bytes written */
+  if( iCol ){
+    char *p = *pp;                /* Output pointer */
+    n = 1 + sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&p[1], iCol);
+    *p = 0x01;
+    *pp = &p[n];
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute the union of two position lists.  The output written
+** into *pp contains all positions of both *pp1 and *pp2 in sorted
+** order and with any duplicates removed.  All pointers are
+** updated appropriately.   The caller is responsible for insuring
+** that there is enough space in *pp to hold the complete output.
+*/
+static void fts3PoslistMerge(
+  char **pp,                      /* Output buffer */
+  char **pp1,                     /* Left input list */
+  char **pp2                      /* Right input list */
+){
+  char *p = *pp;
+  char *p1 = *pp1;
+  char *p2 = *pp2;
+
+  while( *p1 || *p2 ){
+    int iCol1;         /* The current column index in pp1 */
+    int iCol2;         /* The current column index in pp2 */
+
+    if( *p1==POS_COLUMN ) sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(&p1[1], &iCol1);
+    else if( *p1==POS_END ) iCol1 = POSITION_LIST_END;
+    else iCol1 = 0;
+
+    if( *p2==POS_COLUMN ) sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(&p2[1], &iCol2);
+    else if( *p2==POS_END ) iCol2 = POSITION_LIST_END;
+    else iCol2 = 0;
+
+    if( iCol1==iCol2 ){
+      sqlite3_int64 i1 = 0;       /* Last position from pp1 */
+      sqlite3_int64 i2 = 0;       /* Last position from pp2 */
+      sqlite3_int64 iPrev = 0;
+      int n = fts3PutColNumber(&p, iCol1);
+      p1 += n;
+      p2 += n;
+
+      /* At this point, both p1 and p2 point to the start of column-lists
+      ** for the same column (the column with index iCol1 and iCol2).
+      ** A column-list is a list of non-negative delta-encoded varints, each 
+      ** incremented by 2 before being stored. Each list is terminated by a
+      ** POS_END (0) or POS_COLUMN (1). The following block merges the two lists
+      ** and writes the results to buffer p. p is left pointing to the byte
+      ** after the list written. No terminator (POS_END or POS_COLUMN) is
+      ** written to the output.
+      */
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint(&p1, &i1);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint(&p2, &i2);
+      do {
+        fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, (i1<i2) ? i1 : i2); 
+        iPrev -= 2;
+        if( i1==i2 ){
+          fts3ReadNextPos(&p1, &i1);
+          fts3ReadNextPos(&p2, &i2);
+        }else if( i1<i2 ){
+          fts3ReadNextPos(&p1, &i1);
+        }else{
+          fts3ReadNextPos(&p2, &i2);
+        }
+      }while( i1!=POSITION_LIST_END || i2!=POSITION_LIST_END );
+    }else if( iCol1<iCol2 ){
+      p1 += fts3PutColNumber(&p, iCol1);
+      fts3ColumnlistCopy(&p, &p1);
+    }else{
+      p2 += fts3PutColNumber(&p, iCol2);
+      fts3ColumnlistCopy(&p, &p2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  *p++ = POS_END;
+  *pp = p;
+  *pp1 = p1 + 1;
+  *pp2 = p2 + 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** nToken==1 searches for adjacent positions.
+**
+** This function is used to merge two position lists into one. When it is
+** called, *pp1 and *pp2 must both point to position lists. A position-list is
+** the part of a doclist that follows each document id. For example, if a row
+** contains:
+**
+**     'a b c'|'x y z'|'a b b a'
+**
+** Then the position list for this row for token 'b' would consist of:
+**
+**     0x02 0x01 0x02 0x03 0x03 0x00
+**
+** When this function returns, both *pp1 and *pp2 are left pointing to the
+** byte following the 0x00 terminator of their respective position lists.
+**
+** If isSaveLeft is 0, an entry is added to the output position list for 
+** each position in *pp2 for which there exists one or more positions in
+** *pp1 so that (pos(*pp2)>pos(*pp1) && pos(*pp2)-pos(*pp1)<=nToken). i.e.
+** when the *pp1 token appears before the *pp2 token, but not more than nToken
+** slots before it.
+*/
+static int fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(
+  char **pp,                      /* IN/OUT: Preallocated output buffer */
+  int nToken,                     /* Maximum difference in token positions */
+  int isSaveLeft,                 /* Save the left position */
+  int isExact,                    /* If *pp1 is exactly nTokens before *pp2 */
+  char **pp1,                     /* IN/OUT: Left input list */
+  char **pp2                      /* IN/OUT: Right input list */
+){
+  char *p = (pp ? *pp : 0);
+  char *p1 = *pp1;
+  char *p2 = *pp2;
+  int iCol1 = 0;
+  int iCol2 = 0;
+
+  /* Never set both isSaveLeft and isExact for the same invocation. */
+  assert( isSaveLeft==0 || isExact==0 );
+
+  assert( *p1!=0 && *p2!=0 );
+  if( *p1==POS_COLUMN ){ 
+    p1++;
+    p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
+  }
+  if( *p2==POS_COLUMN ){ 
+    p2++;
+    p2 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
+  }
+
+  while( 1 ){
+    if( iCol1==iCol2 ){
+      char *pSave = p;
+      sqlite3_int64 iPrev = 0;
+      sqlite3_int64 iPos1 = 0;
+      sqlite3_int64 iPos2 = 0;
+
+      if( pp && iCol1 ){
+        *p++ = POS_COLUMN;
+        p += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(p, iCol1);
+      }
+
+      assert( *p1!=POS_END && *p1!=POS_COLUMN );
+      assert( *p2!=POS_END && *p2!=POS_COLUMN );
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint(&p1, &iPos1); iPos1 -= 2;
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint(&p2, &iPos2); iPos2 -= 2;
+
+      while( 1 ){
+        if( iPos2==iPos1+nToken 
+         || (isExact==0 && iPos2>iPos1 && iPos2<=iPos1+nToken) 
+        ){
+          sqlite3_int64 iSave;
+          if( !pp ){
+            fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p2);
+            fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p1);
+            *pp1 = p1;
+            *pp2 = p2;
+            return 1;
+          }
+          iSave = isSaveLeft ? iPos1 : iPos2;
+          fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, iSave+2); iPrev -= 2;
+          pSave = 0;
+        }
+        if( (!isSaveLeft && iPos2<=(iPos1+nToken)) || iPos2<=iPos1 ){
+          if( (*p2&0xFE)==0 ) break;
+          fts3GetDeltaVarint(&p2, &iPos2); iPos2 -= 2;
+        }else{
+          if( (*p1&0xFE)==0 ) break;
+          fts3GetDeltaVarint(&p1, &iPos1); iPos1 -= 2;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if( pSave ){
+        assert( pp && p );
+        p = pSave;
+      }
+
+      fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p1);
+      fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p2);
+      assert( (*p1&0xFE)==0 && (*p2&0xFE)==0 );
+      if( 0==*p1 || 0==*p2 ) break;
+
+      p1++;
+      p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
+      p2++;
+      p2 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
+    }
+
+    /* Advance pointer p1 or p2 (whichever corresponds to the smaller of
+    ** iCol1 and iCol2) so that it points to either the 0x00 that marks the
+    ** end of the position list, or the 0x01 that precedes the next 
+    ** column-number in the position list. 
+    */
+    else if( iCol1<iCol2 ){
+      fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p1);
+      if( 0==*p1 ) break;
+      p1++;
+      p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
+    }else{
+      fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p2);
+      if( 0==*p2 ) break;
+      p2++;
+      p2 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p2);
+  fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p1);
+  *pp1 = p1;
+  *pp2 = p2;
+  if( !pp || *pp==p ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  *p++ = 0x00;
+  *pp = p;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Merge two position-lists as required by the NEAR operator. The argument
+** position lists correspond to the left and right phrases of an expression 
+** like:
+**
+**     "phrase 1" NEAR "phrase number 2"
+**
+** Position list *pp1 corresponds to the left-hand side of the NEAR 
+** expression and *pp2 to the right. As usual, the indexes in the position 
+** lists are the offsets of the last token in each phrase (tokens "1" and "2" 
+** in the example above).
+**
+** The output position list - written to *pp - is a copy of *pp2 with those
+** entries that are not sufficiently NEAR entries in *pp1 removed.
+*/
+static int fts3PoslistNearMerge(
+  char **pp,                      /* Output buffer */
+  char *aTmp,                     /* Temporary buffer space */
+  int nRight,                     /* Maximum difference in token positions */
+  int nLeft,                      /* Maximum difference in token positions */
+  char **pp1,                     /* IN/OUT: Left input list */
+  char **pp2                      /* IN/OUT: Right input list */
+){
+  char *p1 = *pp1;
+  char *p2 = *pp2;
+
+  char *pTmp1 = aTmp;
+  char *pTmp2;
+  char *aTmp2;
+  int res = 1;
+
+  fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&pTmp1, nRight, 0, 0, pp1, pp2);
+  aTmp2 = pTmp2 = pTmp1;
+  *pp1 = p1;
+  *pp2 = p2;
+  fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&pTmp2, nLeft, 1, 0, pp2, pp1);
+  if( pTmp1!=aTmp && pTmp2!=aTmp2 ){
+    fts3PoslistMerge(pp, &aTmp, &aTmp2);
+  }else if( pTmp1!=aTmp ){
+    fts3PoslistCopy(pp, &aTmp);
+  }else if( pTmp2!=aTmp2 ){
+    fts3PoslistCopy(pp, &aTmp2);
+  }else{
+    res = 0;
+  }
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+/* 
+** A pointer to an instance of this structure is used as the context 
+** argument to sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate()
+*/
+typedef struct TermSelect TermSelect;
+struct TermSelect {
+  int isReqPos;
+  char *aaOutput[16];             /* Malloc'd output buffer */
+  int anOutput[16];               /* Size of output in bytes */
+};
+
+
+static void fts3GetDeltaVarint3(
+  char **pp, 
+  char *pEnd, 
+  int bDescIdx,
+  sqlite3_int64 *pVal
+){
+  if( *pp>=pEnd ){
+    *pp = 0;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_int64 iVal;
+    *pp += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(*pp, &iVal);
+    if( bDescIdx ){
+      *pVal -= iVal;
+    }else{
+      *pVal += iVal;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void fts3PutDeltaVarint3(
+  char **pp,                      /* IN/OUT: Output pointer */
+  int bDescIdx,                   /* True for descending docids */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piPrev,          /* IN/OUT: Previous value written to list */
+  int *pbFirst,                   /* IN/OUT: True after first int written */
+  sqlite3_int64 iVal              /* Write this value to the list */
+){
+  sqlite3_int64 iWrite;
+  if( bDescIdx==0 || *pbFirst==0 ){
+    iWrite = iVal - *piPrev;
+  }else{
+    iWrite = *piPrev - iVal;
+  }
+  assert( *pbFirst || *piPrev==0 );
+  assert( *pbFirst==0 || iWrite>0 );
+  *pp += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(*pp, iWrite);
+  *piPrev = iVal;
+  *pbFirst = 1;
+}
+
+#define COMPARE_DOCID(i1, i2) ((bDescIdx?-1:1) * (i1-i2))
+
+static int fts3DoclistOrMerge(
+  int bDescIdx,                   /* True if arguments are desc */
+  char *a1, int n1,               /* First doclist */
+  char *a2, int n2,               /* Second doclist */
+  char **paOut, int *pnOut        /* OUT: Malloc'd doclist */
+){
+  sqlite3_int64 i1 = 0;
+  sqlite3_int64 i2 = 0;
+  sqlite3_int64 iPrev = 0;
+  char *pEnd1 = &a1[n1];
+  char *pEnd2 = &a2[n2];
+  char *p1 = a1;
+  char *p2 = a2;
+  char *p;
+  char *aOut;
+  int bFirstOut = 0;
+
+  *paOut = 0;
+  *pnOut = 0;
+  aOut = sqlite3_malloc(n1+n2);
+  if( !aOut ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  p = aOut;
+  fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, 0, &i1);
+  fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, 0, &i2);
+  while( p1 || p2 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iDiff = COMPARE_DOCID(i1, i2);
+
+    if( p2 && p1 && iDiff==0 ){
+      fts3PutDeltaVarint3(&p, bDescIdx, &iPrev, &bFirstOut, i1);
+      fts3PoslistMerge(&p, &p1, &p2);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, bDescIdx, &i1);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, bDescIdx, &i2);
+    }else if( !p2 || (p1 && iDiff<0) ){
+      fts3PutDeltaVarint3(&p, bDescIdx, &iPrev, &bFirstOut, i1);
+      fts3PoslistCopy(&p, &p1);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, bDescIdx, &i1);
+    }else{
+      fts3PutDeltaVarint3(&p, bDescIdx, &iPrev, &bFirstOut, i2);
+      fts3PoslistCopy(&p, &p2);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, bDescIdx, &i2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  *paOut = aOut;
+  *pnOut = (p-aOut);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static void fts3DoclistPhraseMerge(
+  int bDescIdx,                   /* True if arguments are desc */
+  int nDist,                      /* Distance from left to right (1=adjacent) */
+  char *aLeft, int nLeft,         /* Left doclist */
+  char *aRight, int *pnRight      /* IN/OUT: Right/output doclist */
+){
+  sqlite3_int64 i1 = 0;
+  sqlite3_int64 i2 = 0;
+  sqlite3_int64 iPrev = 0;
+  char *pEnd1 = &aLeft[nLeft];
+  char *pEnd2 = &aRight[*pnRight];
+  char *p1 = aLeft;
+  char *p2 = aRight;
+  char *p;
+  int bFirstOut = 0;
+  char *aOut = aRight;
+
+  assert( nDist>0 );
+
+  p = aOut;
+  fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, 0, &i1);
+  fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, 0, &i2);
+
+  while( p1 && p2 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iDiff = COMPARE_DOCID(i1, i2);
+    if( iDiff==0 ){
+      char *pSave = p;
+      sqlite3_int64 iPrevSave = iPrev;
+      int bFirstOutSave = bFirstOut;
+
+      fts3PutDeltaVarint3(&p, bDescIdx, &iPrev, &bFirstOut, i1);
+      if( 0==fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&p, nDist, 0, 1, &p1, &p2) ){
+        p = pSave;
+        iPrev = iPrevSave;
+        bFirstOut = bFirstOutSave;
+      }
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, bDescIdx, &i1);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, bDescIdx, &i2);
+    }else if( iDiff<0 ){
+      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p1);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, bDescIdx, &i1);
+    }else{
+      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p2);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, bDescIdx, &i2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  *pnRight = p - aOut;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Merge all doclists in the TermSelect.aaOutput[] array into a single
+** doclist stored in TermSelect.aaOutput[0]. If successful, delete all
+** other doclists (except the aaOutput[0] one) and return SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** If an OOM error occurs, return SQLITE_NOMEM. In this case it is
+** the responsibility of the caller to free any doclists left in the
+** TermSelect.aaOutput[] array.
+*/
+static int fts3TermSelectMerge(Fts3Table *p, TermSelect *pTS){
+  char *aOut = 0;
+  int nOut = 0;
+  int i;
+
+  /* Loop through the doclists in the aaOutput[] array. Merge them all
+  ** into a single doclist.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<SizeofArray(pTS->aaOutput); i++){
+    if( pTS->aaOutput[i] ){
+      if( !aOut ){
+        aOut = pTS->aaOutput[i];
+        nOut = pTS->anOutput[i];
+        pTS->aaOutput[i] = 0;
+      }else{
+        int nNew;
+        char *aNew;
+
+        int rc = fts3DoclistOrMerge(p->bDescIdx, 
+            pTS->aaOutput[i], pTS->anOutput[i], aOut, nOut, &aNew, &nNew
+        );
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3_free(aOut);
+          return rc;
+        }
+
+        sqlite3_free(pTS->aaOutput[i]);
+        sqlite3_free(aOut);
+        pTS->aaOutput[i] = 0;
+        aOut = aNew;
+        nOut = nNew;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  pTS->aaOutput[0] = aOut;
+  pTS->anOutput[0] = nOut;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used as the sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate() callback when
+** querying the full-text index for a doclist associated with a term or
+** term-prefix.
+*/
+static int fts3TermSelectCb(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table object */
+  void *pContext,                 /* Pointer to TermSelect structure */
+  char *zTerm,
+  int nTerm,
+  char *aDoclist,
+  int nDoclist
+){
+  TermSelect *pTS = (TermSelect *)pContext;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(zTerm);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nTerm);
+
+  if( pTS->aaOutput[0]==0 ){
+    /* If this is the first term selected, copy the doclist to the output
+    ** buffer using memcpy(). */
+    pTS->aaOutput[0] = sqlite3_malloc(nDoclist);
+    pTS->anOutput[0] = nDoclist;
+    if( pTS->aaOutput[0] ){
+      memcpy(pTS->aaOutput[0], aDoclist, nDoclist);
+    }else{
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }else{
+    char *aMerge = aDoclist;
+    int nMerge = nDoclist;
+    int iOut;
+
+    for(iOut=0; iOut<SizeofArray(pTS->aaOutput); iOut++){
+      if( pTS->aaOutput[iOut]==0 ){
+        assert( iOut>0 );
+        pTS->aaOutput[iOut] = aMerge;
+        pTS->anOutput[iOut] = nMerge;
+        break;
+      }else{
+        char *aNew;
+        int nNew;
+
+        int rc = fts3DoclistOrMerge(p->bDescIdx, aMerge, nMerge, 
+            pTS->aaOutput[iOut], pTS->anOutput[iOut], &aNew, &nNew
+        );
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          if( aMerge!=aDoclist ) sqlite3_free(aMerge);
+          return rc;
+        }
+
+        if( aMerge!=aDoclist ) sqlite3_free(aMerge);
+        sqlite3_free(pTS->aaOutput[iOut]);
+        pTS->aaOutput[iOut] = 0;
+  
+        aMerge = aNew;
+        nMerge = nNew;
+        if( (iOut+1)==SizeofArray(pTS->aaOutput) ){
+          pTS->aaOutput[iOut] = aMerge;
+          pTS->anOutput[iOut] = nMerge;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append SegReader object pNew to the end of the pCsr->apSegment[] array.
+*/
+static int fts3SegReaderCursorAppend(
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr, 
+  Fts3SegReader *pNew
+){
+  if( (pCsr->nSegment%16)==0 ){
+    Fts3SegReader **apNew;
+    int nByte = (pCsr->nSegment + 16)*sizeof(Fts3SegReader*);
+    apNew = (Fts3SegReader **)sqlite3_realloc(pCsr->apSegment, nByte);
+    if( !apNew ){
+      sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(pNew);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    pCsr->apSegment = apNew;
+  }
+  pCsr->apSegment[pCsr->nSegment++] = pNew;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static int fts3SegReaderCursor(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index to search (from 0 to p->nIndex-1) */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Level of segments to scan */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to query for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  int isPrefix,                   /* True for a prefix search */
+  int isScan,                     /* True to scan from zTerm to EOF */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr       /* Cursor object to populate */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int rc2;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+
+  /* If iLevel is less than 0 and this is not a scan, include a seg-reader 
+  ** for the pending-terms. If this is a scan, then this call must be being
+  ** made by an fts4aux module, not an FTS table. In this case calling
+  ** Fts3SegReaderPending might segfault, as the data structures used by 
+  ** fts4aux are not completely populated. So it's easiest to filter these
+  ** calls out here.  */
+  if( iLevel<0 && p->aIndex ){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg = 0;
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(p, iIndex, zTerm, nTerm, isPrefix, &pSeg);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pSeg ){
+      rc = fts3SegReaderCursorAppend(pCsr, pSeg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(p, iIndex, iLevel, &pStmt);
+    }
+
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==(rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt)) ){
+      Fts3SegReader *pSeg = 0;
+
+      /* Read the values returned by the SELECT into local variables. */
+      sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 1);
+      sqlite3_int64 iLeavesEndBlock = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 2);
+      sqlite3_int64 iEndBlock = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 3);
+      int nRoot = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4);
+      char const *zRoot = sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4);
+
+      /* If zTerm is not NULL, and this segment is not stored entirely on its
+      ** root node, the range of leaves scanned can be reduced. Do this. */
+      if( iStartBlock && zTerm ){
+        sqlite3_int64 *pi = (isPrefix ? &iLeavesEndBlock : 0);
+        rc = fts3SelectLeaf(p, zTerm, nTerm, zRoot, nRoot, &iStartBlock, pi);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+        if( isPrefix==0 && isScan==0 ) iLeavesEndBlock = iStartBlock;
+      }
+ 
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(pCsr->nSegment+1, 
+          iStartBlock, iLeavesEndBlock, iEndBlock, zRoot, nRoot, &pSeg
+      );
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+      rc = fts3SegReaderCursorAppend(pCsr, pSeg);
+    }
+  }
+
+ finished:
+  rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = rc2;
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set up a cursor object for iterating through a full-text index or a 
+** single level therein.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index to search (from 0 to p->nIndex-1) */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Level of segments to scan */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to query for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  int isPrefix,                   /* True for a prefix search */
+  int isScan,                     /* True to scan from zTerm to EOF */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr       /* Cursor object to populate */
+){
+  assert( iIndex>=0 && iIndex<p->nIndex );
+  assert( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL
+      ||  iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING 
+      ||  iLevel>=0
+  );
+  assert( iLevel<FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL );
+  assert( FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL<0 && FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING<0 );
+  assert( isPrefix==0 || isScan==0 );
+
+  /* "isScan" is only set to true by the ft4aux module, an ordinary
+  ** full-text tables. */
+  assert( isScan==0 || p->aIndex==0 );
+
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(Fts3MultiSegReader));
+
+  return fts3SegReaderCursor(
+      p, iIndex, iLevel, zTerm, nTerm, isPrefix, isScan, pCsr
+  );
+}
+
+static int fts3SegReaderCursorAddZero(
+  Fts3Table *p,
+  const char *zTerm,
+  int nTerm,
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr
+){
+  return fts3SegReaderCursor(p, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, zTerm, nTerm, 0, 0,pCsr);
+}
+
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3TermSegReaderCursor(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Virtual table cursor handle */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to query for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  int isPrefix,                   /* True for a prefix search */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader **ppSegcsr   /* OUT: Allocated seg-reader cursor */
+){
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr;   /* Object to allocate and return */
+  int rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;          /* Return code */
+
+  pSegcsr = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3MultiSegReader));
+  if( pSegcsr ){
+    int i;
+    int bFound = 0;               /* True once an index has been found */
+    Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+
+    if( isPrefix ){
+      for(i=1; bFound==0 && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+        if( p->aIndex[i].nPrefix==nTerm ){
+          bFound = 1;
+          rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+              p, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, zTerm, nTerm, 0, 0, pSegcsr);
+          pSegcsr->bLookup = 1;
+        }
+      }
+
+      for(i=1; bFound==0 && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+        if( p->aIndex[i].nPrefix==nTerm+1 ){
+          bFound = 1;
+          rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+              p, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, zTerm, nTerm, 1, 0, pSegcsr
+          );
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            rc = fts3SegReaderCursorAddZero(p, zTerm, nTerm, pSegcsr);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( bFound==0 ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+          p, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, zTerm, nTerm, isPrefix, 0, pSegcsr
+      );
+      pSegcsr->bLookup = !isPrefix;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *ppSegcsr = pSegcsr;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static void fts3SegReaderCursorFree(Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr){
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(pSegcsr);
+  sqlite3_free(pSegcsr);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function retreives the doclist for the specified term (or term
+** prefix) from the database. 
+**
+** The returned doclist may be in one of two formats, depending on the 
+** value of parameter isReqPos. If isReqPos is zero, then the doclist is
+** a sorted list of delta-compressed docids (a bare doclist). If isReqPos
+** is non-zero, then the returned list is in the same format as is stored 
+** in the database without the found length specifier at the start of on-disk
+** doclists.
+*/
+static int fts3TermSelect(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pTok,          /* Token to query for */
+  int iColumn,                    /* Column to query (or -ve for all columns) */
+  int isReqPos,                   /* True to include position lists in output */
+  int *pnOut,                     /* OUT: Size of buffer at *ppOut */
+  char **ppOut                    /* OUT: Malloced result buffer */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr;   /* Seg-reader cursor for this term */
+  TermSelect tsc;                 /* Context object for fts3TermSelectCb() */
+  Fts3SegFilter filter;           /* Segment term filter configuration */
+
+  pSegcsr = pTok->pSegcsr;
+  memset(&tsc, 0, sizeof(TermSelect));
+  tsc.isReqPos = isReqPos;
+
+  filter.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY 
+        | (pTok->isPrefix ? FTS3_SEGMENT_PREFIX : 0)
+        | (isReqPos ? FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS : 0)
+        | (iColumn<p->nColumn ? FTS3_SEGMENT_COLUMN_FILTER : 0);
+  filter.iCol = iColumn;
+  filter.zTerm = pTok->z;
+  filter.nTerm = pTok->n;
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(p, pSegcsr, &filter);
+  while( SQLITE_OK==rc
+      && SQLITE_ROW==(rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, pSegcsr)) 
+  ){
+    rc = fts3TermSelectCb(p, (void *)&tsc, 
+        pSegcsr->zTerm, pSegcsr->nTerm, pSegcsr->aDoclist, pSegcsr->nDoclist
+    );
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fts3TermSelectMerge(p, &tsc);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    *ppOut = tsc.aaOutput[0];
+    *pnOut = tsc.anOutput[0];
+  }else{
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<SizeofArray(tsc.aaOutput); i++){
+      sqlite3_free(tsc.aaOutput[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  fts3SegReaderCursorFree(pSegcsr);
+  pTok->pSegcsr = 0;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function counts the total number of docids in the doclist stored
+** in buffer aList[], size nList bytes.
+**
+** If the isPoslist argument is true, then it is assumed that the doclist
+** contains a position-list following each docid. Otherwise, it is assumed
+** that the doclist is simply a list of docids stored as delta encoded 
+** varints.
+*/
+static int fts3DoclistCountDocids(int isPoslist, char *aList, int nList){
+  int nDoc = 0;                   /* Return value */
+  if( aList ){
+    char *aEnd = &aList[nList];   /* Pointer to one byte after EOF */
+    char *p = aList;              /* Cursor */
+    if( !isPoslist ){
+      /* The number of docids in the list is the same as the number of 
+      ** varints. In FTS3 a varint consists of a single byte with the 0x80 
+      ** bit cleared and zero or more bytes with the 0x80 bit set. So to
+      ** count the varints in the buffer, just count the number of bytes
+      ** with the 0x80 bit clear.  */
+      while( p<aEnd ) nDoc += (((*p++)&0x80)==0);
+    }else{
+      while( p<aEnd ){
+        nDoc++;
+        while( (*p++)&0x80 );     /* Skip docid varint */
+        fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p);   /* Skip over position list */
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return nDoc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance the cursor to the next row in the %_content table that
+** matches the search criteria.  For a MATCH search, this will be
+** the next row that matches. For a full-table scan, this will be
+** simply the next row in the %_content table.  For a docid lookup,
+** this routine simply sets the EOF flag.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if nothing goes wrong.  SQLITE_OK is returned
+** even if we reach end-of-file.  The fts3EofMethod() will be called
+** subsequently to determine whether or not an EOF was hit.
+*/
+static int fts3NextMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  int rc;
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *)pCursor;
+  if( pCsr->eSearch==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH || pCsr->eSearch==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+    if( SQLITE_ROW!=sqlite3_step(pCsr->pStmt) ){
+      pCsr->isEof = 1;
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
+    }else{
+      pCsr->iPrevId = sqlite3_column_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 0);
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalNext((Fts3Cursor *)pCursor);
+  }
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->pSegments==0 );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This is the xFilter interface for the virtual table.  See
+** the virtual table xFilter method documentation for additional
+** information.
+**
+** If idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH then do a full table scan against
+** the %_content table.
+**
+** If idxNum==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH then do a docid lookup for a single entry
+** in the %_content table.
+**
+** If idxNum>=FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH then use the full text index.  The
+** column on the left-hand side of the MATCH operator is column
+** number idxNum-FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH, 0 indexed.  argv[0] is the right-hand
+** side of the MATCH operator.
+*/
+static int fts3FilterMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* The cursor used for this query */
+  int idxNum,                     /* Strategy index */
+  const char *idxStr,             /* Unused */
+  int nVal,                       /* Number of elements in apVal */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Arguments for the indexing scheme */
+){
+  int rc;
+  char *zSql;                     /* SQL statement used to access %_content */
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCursor->pVtab;
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *)pCursor;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(idxStr);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
+
+  assert( idxNum>=0 && idxNum<=(FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH+p->nColumn) );
+  assert( nVal==0 || nVal==1 );
+  assert( (nVal==0)==(idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH) );
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+
+  /* In case the cursor has been used before, clear it now. */
+  sqlite3_finalize(pCsr->pStmt);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aDoclist);
+  sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pCsr->pExpr);
+  memset(&pCursor[1], 0, sizeof(Fts3Cursor)-sizeof(sqlite3_vtab_cursor));
+
+  if( idxStr ){
+    pCsr->bDesc = (idxStr[0]=='D');
+  }else{
+    pCsr->bDesc = p->bDescIdx;
+  }
+  pCsr->eSearch = (i16)idxNum;
+
+  if( idxNum!=FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH && idxNum!=FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+    int iCol = idxNum-FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH;
+    const char *zQuery = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
+
+    if( zQuery==0 && sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(p->pTokenizer, p->azColumn, p->nColumn, 
+        iCol, zQuery, -1, &pCsr->pExpr
+    );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ){
+        static const char *zErr = "malformed MATCH expression: [%s]";
+        p->base.zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(zErr, zQuery);
+      }
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(p);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalStart(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, 1);
+
+    sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    pCsr->pNextId = pCsr->aDoclist;
+    pCsr->iPrevId = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* Compile a SELECT statement for this cursor. For a full-table-scan, the
+  ** statement loops through all rows of the %_content table. For a
+  ** full-text query or docid lookup, the statement retrieves a single
+  ** row by docid.
+  */
+  if( idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+    const char *zSort = (pCsr->bDesc ? "DESC" : "ASC");
+    const char *zTmpl = "SELECT %s FROM %Q.'%q_content' AS x ORDER BY docid %s";
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(zTmpl, p->zReadExprlist, p->zDb, p->zName, zSort);
+  }else{
+    const char *zTmpl = "SELECT %s FROM %Q.'%q_content' AS x WHERE docid = ?";
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(zTmpl, p->zReadExprlist, p->zDb, p->zName);
+  }
+  if( !zSql ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pCsr->pStmt, 0);
+  sqlite3_free(zSql);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  if( idxNum==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH ){
+    rc = sqlite3_bind_value(pCsr->pStmt, 1, apVal[0]);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+
+  return fts3NextMethod(pCursor);
+}
+
+/* 
+** This is the xEof method of the virtual table. SQLite calls this 
+** routine to find out if it has reached the end of a result set.
+*/
+static int fts3EofMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  return ((Fts3Cursor *)pCursor)->isEof;
+}
+
+/* 
+** This is the xRowid method. The SQLite core calls this routine to
+** retrieve the rowid for the current row of the result set. fts3
+** exposes %_content.docid as the rowid for the virtual table. The
+** rowid should be written to *pRowid.
+*/
+static int fts3RowidMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor, sqlite_int64 *pRowid){
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *) pCursor;
+  *pRowid = pCsr->iPrevId;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/* 
+** This is the xColumn method, called by SQLite to request a value from
+** the row that the supplied cursor currently points to.
+*/
+static int fts3ColumnMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
+  int iCol                        /* Index of column to read value from */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *) pCursor;
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCursor->pVtab;
+
+  /* The column value supplied by SQLite must be in range. */
+  assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<=p->nColumn+1 );
+
+  if( iCol==p->nColumn+1 ){
+    /* This call is a request for the "docid" column. Since "docid" is an 
+    ** alias for "rowid", use the xRowid() method to obtain the value.
+    */
+    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, pCsr->iPrevId);
+  }else if( iCol==p->nColumn ){
+    /* The extra column whose name is the same as the table.
+    ** Return a blob which is a pointer to the cursor.
+    */
+    sqlite3_result_blob(pContext, &pCsr, sizeof(pCsr), SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3CursorSeek(0, pCsr);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_result_value(pContext, sqlite3_column_value(pCsr->pStmt, iCol+1));
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->pSegments==0 );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** This function is the implementation of the xUpdate callback used by 
+** FTS3 virtual tables. It is invoked by SQLite each time a row is to be
+** inserted, updated or deleted.
+*/
+static int fts3UpdateMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab,            /* Virtual table handle */
+  int nArg,                       /* Size of argument array */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal,          /* Array of arguments */
+  sqlite_int64 *pRowid            /* OUT: The affected (or effected) rowid */
+){
+  return sqlite3Fts3UpdateMethod(pVtab, nArg, apVal, pRowid);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of xSync() method. Flush the contents of the pending-terms
+** hash-table to the database.
+*/
+static int fts3SyncMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  int rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of xBegin() method. This is a no-op.
+*/
+static int fts3BeginMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  TESTONLY( Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVtab);
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+  assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
+  assert( p->inTransaction!=1 );
+  TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = 1 );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1; );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of xCommit() method. This is a no-op. The contents of
+** the pending-terms hash-table have already been flushed into the database
+** by fts3SyncMethod().
+*/
+static int fts3CommitMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  TESTONLY( Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVtab);
+  assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
+  assert( p->inTransaction!=0 );
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+  TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = 0 );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1; );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of xRollback(). Discard the contents of the pending-terms
+** hash-table. Any changes made to the database are reverted by SQLite.
+*/
+static int fts3RollbackMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab;
+  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+  assert( p->inTransaction!=0 );
+  TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = 0 );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1; );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** When called, *ppPoslist must point to the byte immediately following the
+** end of a position-list. i.e. ( (*ppPoslist)[-1]==POS_END ). This function
+** moves *ppPoslist so that it instead points to the first byte of the
+** same position list.
+*/
+static void fts3ReversePoslist(char *pStart, char **ppPoslist){
+  char *p = &(*ppPoslist)[-2];
+  char c;
+
+  while( p>pStart && (c=*p--)==0 );
+  while( p>pStart && (*p & 0x80) | c ){ 
+    c = *p--; 
+  }
+  if( p>pStart ){ p = &p[2]; }
+  while( *p++&0x80 );
+  *ppPoslist = p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper function used by the implementation of the overloaded snippet(),
+** offsets() and optimize() SQL functions.
+**
+** If the value passed as the third argument is a blob of size
+** sizeof(Fts3Cursor*), then the blob contents are copied to the 
+** output variable *ppCsr and SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, an error
+** message is written to context pContext and SQLITE_ERROR returned. The
+** string passed via zFunc is used as part of the error message.
+*/
+static int fts3FunctionArg(
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* SQL function call context */
+  const char *zFunc,              /* Function name */
+  sqlite3_value *pVal,            /* argv[0] passed to function */
+  Fts3Cursor **ppCsr              /* OUT: Store cursor handle here */
+){
+  Fts3Cursor *pRet;
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(pVal)!=SQLITE_BLOB 
+   || sqlite3_value_bytes(pVal)!=sizeof(Fts3Cursor *)
+  ){
+    char *zErr = sqlite3_mprintf("illegal first argument to %s", zFunc);
+    sqlite3_result_error(pContext, zErr, -1);
+    sqlite3_free(zErr);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  memcpy(&pRet, sqlite3_value_blob(pVal), sizeof(Fts3Cursor *));
+  *ppCsr = pRet;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the snippet() function for FTS3
+*/
+static void fts3SnippetFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* SQLite function call context */
+  int nVal,                       /* Size of apVal[] array */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Array of arguments */
+){
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr;               /* Cursor handle passed through apVal[0] */
+  const char *zStart = "<b>";
+  const char *zEnd = "</b>";
+  const char *zEllipsis = "<b>...</b>";
+  int iCol = -1;
+  int nToken = 15;                /* Default number of tokens in snippet */
+
+  /* There must be at least one argument passed to this function (otherwise
+  ** the non-overloaded version would have been called instead of this one).
+  */
+  assert( nVal>=1 );
+
+  if( nVal>6 ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(pContext, 
+        "wrong number of arguments to function snippet()", -1);
+    return;
+  }
+  if( fts3FunctionArg(pContext, "snippet", apVal[0], &pCsr) ) return;
+
+  switch( nVal ){
+    case 6: nToken = sqlite3_value_int(apVal[5]);
+    case 5: iCol = sqlite3_value_int(apVal[4]);
+    case 4: zEllipsis = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[3]);
+    case 3: zEnd = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[2]);
+    case 2: zStart = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[1]);
+  }
+  if( !zEllipsis || !zEnd || !zStart ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(pContext);
+  }else if( SQLITE_OK==fts3CursorSeek(pContext, pCsr) ){
+    sqlite3Fts3Snippet(pContext, pCsr, zStart, zEnd, zEllipsis, iCol, nToken);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the offsets() function for FTS3
+*/
+static void fts3OffsetsFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* SQLite function call context */
+  int nVal,                       /* Size of argument array */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Array of arguments */
+){
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr;               /* Cursor handle passed through apVal[0] */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
+
+  assert( nVal==1 );
+  if( fts3FunctionArg(pContext, "offsets", apVal[0], &pCsr) ) return;
+  assert( pCsr );
+  if( SQLITE_OK==fts3CursorSeek(pContext, pCsr) ){
+    sqlite3Fts3Offsets(pContext, pCsr);
+  }
+}
+
+/* 
+** Implementation of the special optimize() function for FTS3. This 
+** function merges all segments in the database to a single segment.
+** Example usage is:
+**
+**   SELECT optimize(t) FROM t LIMIT 1;
+**
+** where 't' is the name of an FTS3 table.
+*/
+static void fts3OptimizeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* SQLite function call context */
+  int nVal,                       /* Size of argument array */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Array of arguments */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  Fts3Table *p;                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3Cursor *pCursor;            /* Cursor handle passed through apVal[0] */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
+
+  assert( nVal==1 );
+  if( fts3FunctionArg(pContext, "optimize", apVal[0], &pCursor) ) return;
+  p = (Fts3Table *)pCursor->base.pVtab;
+  assert( p );
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3Optimize(p);
+
+  switch( rc ){
+    case SQLITE_OK:
+      sqlite3_result_text(pContext, "Index optimized", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      break;
+    case SQLITE_DONE:
+      sqlite3_result_text(pContext, "Index already optimal", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      break;
+    default:
+      sqlite3_result_error_code(pContext, rc);
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the matchinfo() function for FTS3
+*/
+static void fts3MatchinfoFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* SQLite function call context */
+  int nVal,                       /* Size of argument array */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Array of arguments */
+){
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr;               /* Cursor handle passed through apVal[0] */
+  assert( nVal==1 || nVal==2 );
+  if( SQLITE_OK==fts3FunctionArg(pContext, "matchinfo", apVal[0], &pCsr) ){
+    const char *zArg = 0;
+    if( nVal>1 ){
+      zArg = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[1]);
+    }
+    sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(pContext, pCsr, zArg);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine implements the xFindFunction method for the FTS3
+** virtual table.
+*/
+static int fts3FindFunctionMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab,            /* Virtual table handle */
+  int nArg,                       /* Number of SQL function arguments */
+  const char *zName,              /* Name of SQL function */
+  void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**), /* OUT: Result */
+  void **ppArg                    /* Unused */
+){
+  struct Overloaded {
+    const char *zName;
+    void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**);
+  } aOverload[] = {
+    { "snippet", fts3SnippetFunc },
+    { "offsets", fts3OffsetsFunc },
+    { "optimize", fts3OptimizeFunc },
+    { "matchinfo", fts3MatchinfoFunc },
+  };
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVtab);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nArg);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(ppArg);
+
+  for(i=0; i<SizeofArray(aOverload); i++){
+    if( strcmp(zName, aOverload[i].zName)==0 ){
+      *pxFunc = aOverload[i].xFunc;
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* No function of the specified name was found. Return 0. */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of FTS3 xRename method. Rename an fts3 table.
+*/
+static int fts3RenameMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab,            /* Virtual table handle */
+  const char *zName               /* New name of table */
+){
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVtab;
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;            /* Database connection */
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(p);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
+    "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_content'  RENAME TO '%q_content';",
+    p->zDb, p->zName, zName
+  );
+  if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+    fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
+      "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_docsize'  RENAME TO '%q_docsize';",
+      p->zDb, p->zName, zName
+    );
+  }
+  if( p->bHasStat ){
+    fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
+      "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_stat'  RENAME TO '%q_stat';",
+      p->zDb, p->zName, zName
+    );
+  }
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
+    "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_segments' RENAME TO '%q_segments';",
+    p->zDb, p->zName, zName
+  );
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
+    "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_segdir'   RENAME TO '%q_segdir';",
+    p->zDb, p->zName, zName
+  );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static int fts3SavepointMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int iSavepoint){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iSavepoint);
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->inTransaction );
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->mxSavepoint < iSavepoint );
+  TESTONLY( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->mxSavepoint = iSavepoint );
+  return fts3SyncMethod(pVtab);
+}
+static int fts3ReleaseMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int iSavepoint){
+  TESTONLY( Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iSavepoint);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVtab);
+  assert( p->inTransaction );
+  assert( p->mxSavepoint >= iSavepoint );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = iSavepoint-1 );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+static int fts3RollbackToMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int iSavepoint){
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iSavepoint);
+  assert( p->inTransaction );
+  assert( p->mxSavepoint >= iSavepoint );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = iSavepoint );
+  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static const sqlite3_module fts3Module = {
+  /* iVersion      */ 2,
+  /* xCreate       */ fts3CreateMethod,
+  /* xConnect      */ fts3ConnectMethod,
+  /* xBestIndex    */ fts3BestIndexMethod,
+  /* xDisconnect   */ fts3DisconnectMethod,
+  /* xDestroy      */ fts3DestroyMethod,
+  /* xOpen         */ fts3OpenMethod,
+  /* xClose        */ fts3CloseMethod,
+  /* xFilter       */ fts3FilterMethod,
+  /* xNext         */ fts3NextMethod,
+  /* xEof          */ fts3EofMethod,
+  /* xColumn       */ fts3ColumnMethod,
+  /* xRowid        */ fts3RowidMethod,
+  /* xUpdate       */ fts3UpdateMethod,
+  /* xBegin        */ fts3BeginMethod,
+  /* xSync         */ fts3SyncMethod,
+  /* xCommit       */ fts3CommitMethod,
+  /* xRollback     */ fts3RollbackMethod,
+  /* xFindFunction */ fts3FindFunctionMethod,
+  /* xRename */       fts3RenameMethod,
+  /* xSavepoint    */ fts3SavepointMethod,
+  /* xRelease      */ fts3ReleaseMethod,
+  /* xRollbackTo   */ fts3RollbackToMethod,
+};
+
+/*
+** This function is registered as the module destructor (called when an
+** FTS3 enabled database connection is closed). It frees the memory
+** allocated for the tokenizer hash table.
+*/
+static void hashDestroy(void *p){
+  Fts3Hash *pHash = (Fts3Hash *)p;
+  sqlite3Fts3HashClear(pHash);
+  sqlite3_free(pHash);
+}
+
+/*
+** The fts3 built-in tokenizers - "simple", "porter" and "icu"- are 
+** implemented in files fts3_tokenizer1.c, fts3_porter.c and fts3_icu.c
+** respectively. The following three forward declarations are for functions
+** declared in these files used to retrieve the respective implementations.
+**
+** Calling sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule() sets the value pointed
+** to by the argument to point to the "simple" tokenizer implementation.
+** And so on.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3IcuTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Initialise the fts3 extension. If this extension is built as part
+** of the sqlite library, then this function is called directly by
+** SQLite. If fts3 is built as a dynamically loadable extension, this
+** function is called by the sqlite3_extension_init() entry point.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Init(sqlite3 *db){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Fts3Hash *pHash = 0;
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pSimple = 0;
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pPorter = 0;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pIcu = 0;
+  sqlite3Fts3IcuTokenizerModule(&pIcu);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTerm(db);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+#endif
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3InitAux(db);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(&pSimple);
+  sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(&pPorter);
+
+  /* Allocate and initialise the hash-table used to store tokenizers. */
+  pHash = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3Hash));
+  if( !pHash ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3Fts3HashInit(pHash, FTS3_HASH_STRING, 1);
+  }
+
+  /* Load the built-in tokenizers into the hash table */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "simple", 7, (void *)pSimple)
+     || sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "porter", 7, (void *)pPorter) 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
+     || (pIcu && sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "icu", 4, (void *)pIcu))
+#endif
+    ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprInitTestInterface(db);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Create the virtual table wrapper around the hash-table and overload 
+  ** the two scalar functions. If this is successful, register the
+  ** module with sqlite.
+  */
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc 
+   && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(db, pHash, "fts3_tokenizer"))
+   && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "snippet", -1))
+   && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "offsets", 1))
+   && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "matchinfo", 1))
+   && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "matchinfo", 2))
+   && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "optimize", 1))
+  ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(
+        db, "fts3", &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, hashDestroy
+    );
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(
+          db, "fts4", &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, 0
+      );
+    }
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* An error has occurred. Delete the hash table and return the error code. */
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+  if( pHash ){
+    sqlite3Fts3HashClear(pHash);
+    sqlite3_free(pHash);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#if !SQLITE_CORE
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  char **pzErrMsg,
+  const sqlite3_api_routines *pApi
+){
+  SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(pApi)
+  return sqlite3Fts3Init(db);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Allocate an Fts3MultiSegReader for each token in the expression headed
+** by pExpr. 
+**
+** An Fts3SegReader object is a cursor that can seek or scan a range of
+** entries within a single segment b-tree. An Fts3MultiSegReader uses multiple
+** Fts3SegReader objects internally to provide an interface to seek or scan
+** within the union of all segments of a b-tree. Hence the name.
+**
+** If the allocated Fts3MultiSegReader just seeks to a single entry in a
+** segment b-tree (if the term is not a prefix or it is a prefix for which
+** there exists prefix b-tree of the right length) then it may be traversed
+** and merged incrementally. Otherwise, it has to be merged into an in-memory 
+** doclist and then traversed.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalAllocateReaders(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr, 
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr, 
+  int *pnToken,                   /* OUT: Total number of tokens in phrase. */
+  int *pnOr,                      /* OUT: Total number of OR nodes in expr. */
+  int *pRc
+){
+  if( pExpr && SQLITE_OK==*pRc ){
+    if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE ){
+      int i;
+      int nToken = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
+      *pnToken += nToken;
+      for(i=0; i<nToken; i++){
+        Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &pExpr->pPhrase->aToken[i];
+        int rc = sqlite3Fts3TermSegReaderCursor(pCsr, 
+            pToken->z, pToken->n, pToken->isPrefix, &pToken->pSegcsr
+        );
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          *pRc = rc;
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      assert( pExpr->pPhrase->iDoclistToken==0 );
+      pExpr->pPhrase->iDoclistToken = -1;
+    }else{
+      *pnOr += (pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_OR);
+      fts3EvalAllocateReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pnToken, pnOr, pRc);
+      fts3EvalAllocateReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pnToken, pnOr, pRc);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void fts3EvalPhraseMergeToken(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,
+  Fts3Phrase *p,
+  int iToken,
+  char *pList,
+  int nList
+){
+  assert( iToken!=p->iDoclistToken );
+
+  if( pList==0 ){
+    sqlite3_free(p->doclist.aAll);
+    p->doclist.aAll = 0;
+    p->doclist.nAll = 0;
+  }
+
+  else if( p->iDoclistToken<0 ){
+    p->doclist.aAll = pList;
+    p->doclist.nAll = nList;
+  }
+
+  else if( p->doclist.aAll==0 ){
+    sqlite3_free(pList);
+  }
+
+  else {
+    char *pLeft;
+    char *pRight;
+    int nLeft;
+    int nRight;
+    int nDiff;
+
+    if( p->iDoclistToken<iToken ){
+      pLeft = p->doclist.aAll;
+      nLeft = p->doclist.nAll;
+      pRight = pList;
+      nRight = nList;
+      nDiff = iToken - p->iDoclistToken;
+    }else{
+      pRight = p->doclist.aAll;
+      nRight = p->doclist.nAll;
+      pLeft = pList;
+      nLeft = nList;
+      nDiff = p->iDoclistToken - iToken;
+    }
+
+    fts3DoclistPhraseMerge(pTab->bDescIdx, nDiff, pLeft, nLeft, pRight,&nRight);
+    sqlite3_free(pLeft);
+    p->doclist.aAll = pRight;
+    p->doclist.nAll = nRight;
+  }
+
+  if( iToken>p->iDoclistToken ) p->iDoclistToken = iToken;
+}
+
+static int fts3EvalPhraseLoad(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr, 
+  Fts3Phrase *p
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int iToken;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  for(iToken=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && iToken<p->nToken; iToken++){
+    Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &p->aToken[iToken];
+    assert( pToken->pDeferred==0 || pToken->pSegcsr==0 );
+
+    if( pToken->pSegcsr ){
+      int nThis = 0;
+      char *pThis = 0;
+      rc = fts3TermSelect(pTab, pToken, p->iColumn, 1, &nThis, &pThis);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        fts3EvalPhraseMergeToken(pTab, p, iToken, pThis, nThis);
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pToken->pSegcsr==0 );
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static int fts3EvalDeferredPhrase(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, Fts3Phrase *pPhrase){
+  int iToken;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  int nMaxUndeferred = pPhrase->iDoclistToken;
+  char *aPoslist = 0;
+  int nPoslist = 0;
+  int iPrev = -1;
+
+  assert( pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList==0 );
+
+  for(iToken=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && iToken<pPhrase->nToken; iToken++){
+    Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &pPhrase->aToken[iToken];
+    Fts3DeferredToken *pDeferred = pToken->pDeferred;
+
+    if( pDeferred ){
+      char *pList;
+      int nList;
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(pDeferred, &pList, &nList);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+      if( pList==0 ){
+        sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+        pPhrase->doclist.pList = 0;
+        pPhrase->doclist.nList = 0;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+
+      }else if( aPoslist==0 ){
+        aPoslist = pList;
+        nPoslist = nList;
+
+      }else{
+        char *aOut = pList;
+        char *p1 = aPoslist;
+        char *p2 = aOut;
+
+        assert( iPrev>=0 );
+        fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&aOut, iToken-iPrev, 0, 1, &p1, &p2);
+        sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+        aPoslist = pList;
+        nPoslist = aOut - aPoslist;
+        if( nPoslist==0 ){
+          sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+          pPhrase->doclist.pList = 0;
+          pPhrase->doclist.nList = 0;
+          return SQLITE_OK;
+        }
+      }
+      iPrev = iToken;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( iPrev>=0 ){
+    if( nMaxUndeferred<0 ){
+      pPhrase->doclist.pList = aPoslist;
+      pPhrase->doclist.nList = nPoslist;
+      pPhrase->doclist.iDocid = pCsr->iPrevId;
+      pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList = 1;
+    }else{
+      int nDistance;
+      char *p1;
+      char *p2;
+      char *aOut;
+
+      if( nMaxUndeferred>iPrev ){
+        p1 = aPoslist;
+        p2 = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+        nDistance = nMaxUndeferred - iPrev;
+      }else{
+        p1 = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+        p2 = aPoslist;
+        nDistance = iPrev - nMaxUndeferred;
+      }
+
+      aOut = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(nPoslist+8);
+      if( !aOut ){
+        sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+      
+      pPhrase->doclist.pList = aOut;
+      if( fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&aOut, nDistance, 0, 1, &p1, &p2) ){
+        pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList = 1;
+        pPhrase->doclist.nList = (aOut - pPhrase->doclist.pList);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_free(aOut);
+        pPhrase->doclist.pList = 0;
+        pPhrase->doclist.nList = 0;
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called for each Fts3Phrase in a full-text query 
+** expression to initialize the mechanism for returning rows. Once this
+** function has been called successfully on an Fts3Phrase, it may be
+** used with fts3EvalPhraseNext() to iterate through the matching docids.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalPhraseStart(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int bOptOk, Fts3Phrase *p){
+  int rc;
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pFirst = &p->aToken[0];
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+
+  if( pCsr->bDesc==pTab->bDescIdx 
+   && bOptOk==1 
+   && p->nToken==1 
+   && pFirst->pSegcsr 
+   && pFirst->pSegcsr->bLookup 
+  ){
+    /* Use the incremental approach. */
+    int iCol = (p->iColumn >= pTab->nColumn ? -1 : p->iColumn);
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(
+        pTab, pFirst->pSegcsr, iCol, pFirst->z, pFirst->n);
+    p->bIncr = 1;
+
+  }else{
+    /* Load the full doclist for the phrase into memory. */
+    rc = fts3EvalPhraseLoad(pCsr, p);
+    p->bIncr = 0;
+  }
+
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || p->nToken<1 || p->aToken[0].pSegcsr==0 || p->bIncr );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to iterate backwards (from the end to start) 
+** through doclists.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(
+  int bDescIdx,                   /* True if the doclist is desc */
+  char *aDoclist,                 /* Pointer to entire doclist */
+  int nDoclist,                   /* Length of aDoclist in bytes */
+  char **ppIter,                  /* IN/OUT: Iterator pointer */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piDocid,         /* IN/OUT: Docid pointer */
+  int *pnList,                    /* IN/OUT: List length pointer */
+  u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: End-of-file flag */
+){
+  char *p = *ppIter;
+
+  assert( nDoclist>0 );
+  assert( *pbEof==0 );
+  assert( p || *piDocid==0 );
+  assert( !p || (p>aDoclist && p<&aDoclist[nDoclist]) );
+
+  if( p==0 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iDocid = 0;
+    char *pNext = 0;
+    char *pDocid = aDoclist;
+    char *pEnd = &aDoclist[nDoclist];
+    int iMul = 1;
+
+    while( pDocid<pEnd ){
+      sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+      pDocid += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pDocid, &iDelta);
+      iDocid += (iMul * iDelta);
+      pNext = pDocid;
+      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &pDocid);
+      while( pDocid<pEnd && *pDocid==0 ) pDocid++;
+      iMul = (bDescIdx ? -1 : 1);
+    }
+
+    *pnList = pEnd - pNext;
+    *ppIter = pNext;
+    *piDocid = iDocid;
+  }else{
+    int iMul = (bDescIdx ? -1 : 1);
+    sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+    fts3GetReverseVarint(&p, aDoclist, &iDelta);
+    *piDocid -= (iMul * iDelta);
+
+    if( p==aDoclist ){
+      *pbEof = 1;
+    }else{
+      char *pSave = p;
+      fts3ReversePoslist(aDoclist, &p);
+      *pnList = (pSave - p);
+    }
+    *ppIter = p;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to move the phrase iterator to point to the next matching docid. 
+** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. Otherwise, return 
+** SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** If there is no "next" entry and no error occurs, then *pbEof is set to
+** 1 before returning. Otherwise, if no error occurs and the iterator is
+** successfully advanced, *pbEof is set to 0.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalPhraseNext(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr, 
+  Fts3Phrase *p, 
+  u8 *pbEof
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Fts3Doclist *pDL = &p->doclist;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+
+  if( p->bIncr ){
+    assert( p->nToken==1 );
+    assert( pDL->pNextDocid==0 );
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(pTab, p->aToken[0].pSegcsr, 
+        &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->pList, &pDL->nList
+    );
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pDL->pList ){
+      *pbEof = 1;
+    }
+  }else if( pCsr->bDesc!=pTab->bDescIdx && pDL->nAll ){
+    sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(pTab->bDescIdx, pDL->aAll, pDL->nAll, 
+        &pDL->pNextDocid, &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->nList, pbEof
+    );
+    pDL->pList = pDL->pNextDocid;
+  }else{
+    char *pIter;                            /* Used to iterate through aAll */
+    char *pEnd = &pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll];     /* 1 byte past end of aAll */
+    if( pDL->pNextDocid ){
+      pIter = pDL->pNextDocid;
+    }else{
+      pIter = pDL->aAll;
+    }
+
+    if( pIter>=pEnd ){
+      /* We have already reached the end of this doclist. EOF. */
+      *pbEof = 1;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+      pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pIter, &iDelta);
+      if( pTab->bDescIdx==0 || pDL->pNextDocid==0 ){
+        pDL->iDocid += iDelta;
+      }else{
+        pDL->iDocid -= iDelta;
+      }
+      pDL->pList = pIter;
+      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &pIter);
+      pDL->nList = (pIter - pDL->pList);
+
+      /* pIter now points just past the 0x00 that terminates the position-
+      ** list for document pDL->iDocid. However, if this position-list was
+      ** edited in place by fts3EvalNearTrim2(), then pIter may not actually
+      ** point to the start of the next docid value. The following line deals
+      ** with this case by advancing pIter past the zero-padding added by
+      ** fts3EvalNearTrim2().  */
+      while( pIter<pEnd && *pIter==0 ) pIter++;
+
+      pDL->pNextDocid = pIter;
+      assert( pIter>=&pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll] || *pIter );
+      *pbEof = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static void fts3EvalStartReaders(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr, 
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr, 
+  int bOptOk,
+  int *pRc
+){
+  if( pExpr && SQLITE_OK==*pRc ){
+    if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE ){
+      int i;
+      int nToken = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
+      for(i=0; i<nToken; i++){
+        if( pExpr->pPhrase->aToken[i].pDeferred==0 ) break;
+      }
+      pExpr->bDeferred = (i==nToken);
+      *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, bOptOk, pExpr->pPhrase);
+    }else{
+      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, bOptOk, pRc);
+      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, bOptOk, pRc);
+      pExpr->bDeferred = (pExpr->pLeft->bDeferred && pExpr->pRight->bDeferred);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+typedef struct Fts3TokenAndCost Fts3TokenAndCost;
+struct Fts3TokenAndCost {
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase;            /* The phrase the token belongs to */
+  int iToken;                     /* Position of token in phrase */
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pToken;        /* The token itself */
+  Fts3Expr *pRoot; 
+  int nOvfl;
+  int iCol;                       /* The column the token must match */
+};
+
+static void fts3EvalTokenCosts(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr, 
+  Fts3Expr *pRoot, 
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr, 
+  Fts3TokenAndCost **ppTC,
+  Fts3Expr ***ppOr,
+  int *pRc
+){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK && pExpr ){
+    if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE ){
+      Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; *pRc==SQLITE_OK && i<pPhrase->nToken; i++){
+        Fts3TokenAndCost *pTC = (*ppTC)++;
+        pTC->pPhrase = pPhrase;
+        pTC->iToken = i;
+        pTC->pRoot = pRoot;
+        pTC->pToken = &pPhrase->aToken[i];
+        pTC->iCol = pPhrase->iColumn;
+        *pRc = sqlite3Fts3MsrOvfl(pCsr, pTC->pToken->pSegcsr, &pTC->nOvfl);
+      }
+    }else if( pExpr->eType!=FTSQUERY_NOT ){
+      if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_OR ){
+        pRoot = pExpr->pLeft;
+        **ppOr = pRoot;
+        (*ppOr)++;
+      }
+      fts3EvalTokenCosts(pCsr, pRoot, pExpr->pLeft, ppTC, ppOr, pRc);
+      if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_OR ){
+        pRoot = pExpr->pRight;
+        **ppOr = pRoot;
+        (*ppOr)++;
+      }
+      fts3EvalTokenCosts(pCsr, pRoot, pExpr->pRight, ppTC, ppOr, pRc);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static int fts3EvalAverageDocsize(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int *pnPage){
+  if( pCsr->nRowAvg==0 ){
+    /* The average document size, which is required to calculate the cost
+     ** of each doclist, has not yet been determined. Read the required 
+     ** data from the %_stat table to calculate it.
+     **
+     ** Entry 0 of the %_stat table is a blob containing (nCol+1) FTS3 
+     ** varints, where nCol is the number of columns in the FTS3 table.
+     ** The first varint is the number of documents currently stored in
+     ** the table. The following nCol varints contain the total amount of
+     ** data stored in all rows of each column of the table, from left
+     ** to right.
+     */
+    int rc;
+    Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+    sqlite3_int64 nDoc = 0;
+    sqlite3_int64 nByte = 0;
+    const char *pEnd;
+    const char *a;
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(p, &pStmt);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    a = sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0);
+    assert( a );
+
+    pEnd = &a[sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 0)];
+    a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nDoc);
+    while( a<pEnd ){
+      a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nByte);
+    }
+    if( nDoc==0 || nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
+
+    pCsr->nDoc = nDoc;
+    pCsr->nRowAvg = (int)(((nByte / nDoc) + p->nPgsz) / p->nPgsz);
+    assert( pCsr->nRowAvg>0 ); 
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+
+  *pnPage = pCsr->nRowAvg;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static int fts3EvalSelectDeferred(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,
+  Fts3Expr *pRoot,
+  Fts3TokenAndCost *aTC,
+  int nTC
+){
+  int nDocSize = 0;
+  int nDocEst = 0;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int ii;
+
+  int nOvfl = 0;
+  int nTerm = 0;
+
+  for(ii=0; ii<nTC; ii++){
+    if( aTC[ii].pRoot==pRoot ){
+      nOvfl += aTC[ii].nOvfl;
+      nTerm++;
+    }
+  }
+  if( nOvfl==0 || nTerm<2 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  rc = fts3EvalAverageDocsize(pCsr, &nDocSize);
+
+  for(ii=0; ii<nTerm && rc==SQLITE_OK; ii++){
+    int jj;
+    Fts3TokenAndCost *pTC = 0;
+
+    for(jj=0; jj<nTC; jj++){
+      if( aTC[jj].pToken && aTC[jj].pRoot==pRoot 
+       && (!pTC || aTC[jj].nOvfl<pTC->nOvfl) 
+      ){
+        pTC = &aTC[jj];
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pTC );
+
+    /* At this point pTC points to the cheapest remaining token. */
+    if( ii==0 ){
+      if( pTC->nOvfl ){
+        nDocEst = (pTC->nOvfl * pTab->nPgsz + pTab->nPgsz) / 10;
+      }else{
+        Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = pTC->pToken;
+        int nList = 0;
+        char *pList = 0;
+        rc = fts3TermSelect(pTab, pToken, pTC->iCol, 1, &nList, &pList);
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pList==0 );
+
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          nDocEst = fts3DoclistCountDocids(1, pList, nList);
+          fts3EvalPhraseMergeToken(pTab, pTC->pPhrase, pTC->iToken,pList,nList);
+        }
+      }
+    }else{
+      if( pTC->nOvfl>=(nDocEst*nDocSize) ){
+        Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = pTC->pToken;
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(pCsr, pToken, pTC->iCol);
+        fts3SegReaderCursorFree(pToken->pSegcsr);
+        pToken->pSegcsr = 0;
+      }
+      nDocEst = 1 + (nDocEst/4);
+    }
+    pTC->pToken = 0;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalStart(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, Fts3Expr *pExpr, int bOptOk){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nToken = 0;
+  int nOr = 0;
+
+  /* Allocate a MultiSegReader for each token in the expression. */
+  fts3EvalAllocateReaders(pCsr, pExpr, &nToken, &nOr, &rc);
+
+  /* Call fts3EvalPhraseStart() on all phrases in the expression. TODO:
+  ** This call will eventually also be responsible for determining which
+  ** tokens are 'deferred' until the document text is loaded into memory.
+  **
+  ** Each token in each phrase is dealt with using one of the following
+  ** three strategies:
+  **
+  **   1. Entire doclist loaded into memory as part of the
+  **      fts3EvalStartReaders() call.
+  **
+  **   2. Doclist loaded into memory incrementally, as part of each
+  **      sqlite3Fts3EvalNext() call.
+  **
+  **   3. Token doclist is never loaded. Instead, documents are loaded into
+  **      memory and scanned for the token as part of the sqlite3Fts3EvalNext()
+  **      call. This is known as a "deferred" token.
+  */
+
+  /* If bOptOk is true, check if there are any tokens that should be deferred.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bOptOk && nToken>1 && pTab->bHasStat ){
+    Fts3TokenAndCost *aTC;
+    Fts3Expr **apOr;
+    aTC = (Fts3TokenAndCost *)sqlite3_malloc(
+        sizeof(Fts3TokenAndCost) * nToken
+      + sizeof(Fts3Expr *) * nOr * 2
+    );
+    apOr = (Fts3Expr **)&aTC[nToken];
+
+    if( !aTC ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      int ii;
+      Fts3TokenAndCost *pTC = aTC;
+      Fts3Expr **ppOr = apOr;
+
+      fts3EvalTokenCosts(pCsr, 0, pExpr, &pTC, &ppOr, &rc);
+      nToken = pTC-aTC;
+      nOr = ppOr-apOr;
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3EvalSelectDeferred(pCsr, 0, aTC, nToken);
+        for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<nOr; ii++){
+          rc = fts3EvalSelectDeferred(pCsr, apOr[ii], aTC, nToken);
+        }
+      }
+
+      sqlite3_free(aTC);
+    }
+  }
+
+  fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr, bOptOk, &rc);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static void fts3EvalZeroPoslist(Fts3Phrase *pPhrase){
+  if( pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList ){
+    sqlite3_free(pPhrase->doclist.pList);
+  }
+  pPhrase->doclist.pList = 0;
+  pPhrase->doclist.nList = 0;
+  pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList = 0;
+}
+
+static int fts3EvalNearTrim2(
+  int nNear,
+  char *aTmp,                     /* Temporary space to use */
+  char **paPoslist,               /* IN/OUT: Position list */
+  int *pnToken,                   /* IN/OUT: Tokens in phrase of *paPoslist */
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase             /* The phrase object to trim the doclist of */
+){
+  int nParam1 = nNear + pPhrase->nToken;
+  int nParam2 = nNear + *pnToken;
+  int nNew;
+  char *p2; 
+  char *pOut; 
+  int res;
+
+  assert( pPhrase->doclist.pList );
+
+  p2 = pOut = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+  res = fts3PoslistNearMerge(
+    &pOut, aTmp, nParam1, nParam2, paPoslist, &p2
+  );
+  if( res ){
+    nNew = (pOut - pPhrase->doclist.pList) - 1;
+    assert( pPhrase->doclist.pList[nNew]=='\0' );
+    assert( nNew<=pPhrase->doclist.nList && nNew>0 );
+    memset(&pPhrase->doclist.pList[nNew], 0, pPhrase->doclist.nList - nNew);
+    pPhrase->doclist.nList = nNew;
+    *paPoslist = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+    *pnToken = pPhrase->nToken;
+  }
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+static int fts3EvalNearTest(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int *pRc){
+  int res = 1;
+
+  /* The following block runs if pExpr is the root of a NEAR query.
+  ** For example, the query:
+  **
+  **         "w" NEAR "x" NEAR "y" NEAR "z"
+  **
+  ** which is represented in tree form as:
+  **
+  **                               |
+  **                          +--NEAR--+      <-- root of NEAR query
+  **                          |        |
+  **                     +--NEAR--+   "z"
+  **                     |        |
+  **                +--NEAR--+   "y"
+  **                |        |
+  **               "w"      "x"
+  **
+  ** The right-hand child of a NEAR node is always a phrase. The 
+  ** left-hand child may be either a phrase or a NEAR node. There are
+  ** no exceptions to this.
+  */
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK 
+   && pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR 
+   && pExpr->bEof==0
+   && (pExpr->pParent==0 || pExpr->pParent->eType!=FTSQUERY_NEAR)
+  ){
+    Fts3Expr *p; 
+    int nTmp = 0;                 /* Bytes of temp space */
+    char *aTmp;                   /* Temp space for PoslistNearMerge() */
+
+    /* Allocate temporary working space. */
+    for(p=pExpr; p->pLeft; p=p->pLeft){
+      nTmp += p->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.nList;
+    }
+    nTmp += p->pPhrase->doclist.nList;
+    aTmp = sqlite3_malloc(nTmp*2);
+    if( !aTmp ){
+      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      res = 0;
+    }else{
+      char *aPoslist = p->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+      int nToken = p->pPhrase->nToken;
+
+      for(p=p->pParent;res && p && p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR; p=p->pParent){
+        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = p->pRight->pPhrase;
+        int nNear = p->nNear;
+        res = fts3EvalNearTrim2(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+      }
+  
+      aPoslist = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+      nToken = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->nToken;
+      for(p=pExpr->pLeft; p && res; p=p->pLeft){
+        int nNear = p->pParent->nNear;
+        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = (
+            p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ? p->pRight->pPhrase : p->pPhrase
+        );
+        res = fts3EvalNearTrim2(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+      }
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_free(aTmp);
+  }
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** This macro is used by the fts3EvalNext() function. The two arguments are
+** 64-bit docid values. If the current query is "ORDER BY docid ASC", then
+** the macro returns (i1 - i2). Or if it is "ORDER BY docid DESC", then
+** it returns (i2 - i1). This allows the same code to be used for merging
+** doclists in ascending or descending order.
+*/
+#define DOCID_CMP(i1, i2) ((pCsr->bDesc?-1:1) * (i1-i2))
+
+static void fts3EvalNext(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr, 
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr, 
+  int *pRc
+){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    assert( pExpr->bEof==0 );
+    pExpr->bStart = 1;
+
+    switch( pExpr->eType ){
+      case FTSQUERY_NEAR:
+      case FTSQUERY_AND: {
+        Fts3Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+        Fts3Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+        assert( !pLeft->bDeferred || !pRight->bDeferred );
+        if( pLeft->bDeferred ){
+          fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+          pExpr->iDocid = pRight->iDocid;
+          pExpr->bEof = pRight->bEof;
+        }else if( pRight->bDeferred ){
+          fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+          pExpr->iDocid = pLeft->iDocid;
+          pExpr->bEof = pLeft->bEof;
+        }else{
+          fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+          fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+
+          while( !pLeft->bEof && !pRight->bEof && *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            sqlite3_int64 iDiff = DOCID_CMP(pLeft->iDocid, pRight->iDocid);
+            if( iDiff==0 ) break;
+            if( iDiff<0 ){
+              fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+            }else{
+              fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+            }
+          }
+
+          pExpr->iDocid = pLeft->iDocid;
+          pExpr->bEof = (pLeft->bEof || pRight->bEof);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+  
+      case FTSQUERY_OR: {
+        Fts3Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+        Fts3Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+        sqlite3_int64 iCmp = DOCID_CMP(pLeft->iDocid, pRight->iDocid);
+
+        assert( pLeft->bStart || pLeft->iDocid==pRight->iDocid );
+        assert( pRight->bStart || pLeft->iDocid==pRight->iDocid );
+
+        if( pRight->bEof || (pLeft->bEof==0 && iCmp<0) ){
+          fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+        }else if( pLeft->bEof || (pRight->bEof==0 && iCmp>0) ){
+          fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+        }else{
+          fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+          fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+        }
+
+        pExpr->bEof = (pLeft->bEof && pRight->bEof);
+        iCmp = DOCID_CMP(pLeft->iDocid, pRight->iDocid);
+        if( pRight->bEof || (pLeft->bEof==0 &&  iCmp<0) ){
+          pExpr->iDocid = pLeft->iDocid;
+        }else{
+          pExpr->iDocid = pRight->iDocid;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case FTSQUERY_NOT: {
+        Fts3Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+        Fts3Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+
+        if( pRight->bStart==0 ){
+          fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+          assert( *pRc!=SQLITE_OK || pRight->bStart );
+        }
+
+        fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+        if( pLeft->bEof==0 ){
+          while( !*pRc 
+              && !pRight->bEof 
+              && DOCID_CMP(pLeft->iDocid, pRight->iDocid)>0 
+          ){
+            fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+          }
+        }
+        pExpr->iDocid = pLeft->iDocid;
+        pExpr->bEof = pLeft->bEof;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default: {
+        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+        fts3EvalZeroPoslist(pPhrase);
+        *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseNext(pCsr, pPhrase, &pExpr->bEof);
+        pExpr->iDocid = pPhrase->doclist.iDocid;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static int fts3EvalDeferredTest(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, Fts3Expr *pExpr, int *pRc){
+  int bHit = 1;
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    switch( pExpr->eType ){
+      case FTSQUERY_NEAR:
+      case FTSQUERY_AND:
+        bHit = (
+            fts3EvalDeferredTest(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc)
+         && fts3EvalDeferredTest(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc)
+         && fts3EvalNearTest(pExpr, pRc)
+        );
+
+        /* If the NEAR expression does not match any rows, zero the doclist for 
+        ** all phrases involved in the NEAR. This is because the snippet(),
+        ** offsets() and matchinfo() functions are not supposed to recognize 
+        ** any instances of phrases that are part of unmatched NEAR queries. 
+        ** For example if this expression:
+        **
+        **    ... MATCH 'a OR (b NEAR c)'
+        **
+        ** is matched against a row containing:
+        **
+        **        'a b d e'
+        **
+        ** then any snippet() should ony highlight the "a" term, not the "b"
+        ** (as "b" is part of a non-matching NEAR clause).
+        */
+        if( bHit==0 
+         && pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR 
+         && (pExpr->pParent==0 || pExpr->pParent->eType!=FTSQUERY_NEAR)
+        ){
+          Fts3Expr *p;
+          for(p=pExpr; p->pPhrase==0; p=p->pLeft){
+            if( p->pRight->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId ){
+              fts3EvalZeroPoslist(p->pRight->pPhrase);
+            }
+          }
+          if( p->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId ){
+            fts3EvalZeroPoslist(p->pPhrase);
+          }
+        }
+
+        break;
+
+      case FTSQUERY_OR: {
+        int bHit1 = fts3EvalDeferredTest(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc);
+        int bHit2 = fts3EvalDeferredTest(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc);
+        bHit = bHit1 || bHit2;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case FTSQUERY_NOT:
+        bHit = (
+            fts3EvalDeferredTest(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc)
+         && !fts3EvalDeferredTest(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc)
+        );
+        break;
+
+      default: {
+        if( pCsr->pDeferred 
+         && (pExpr->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId || pExpr->bDeferred)
+        ){
+          Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+          assert( pExpr->bDeferred || pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList==0 );
+          if( pExpr->bDeferred ){
+            fts3EvalZeroPoslist(pPhrase);
+          }
+          *pRc = fts3EvalDeferredPhrase(pCsr, pPhrase);
+          bHit = (pPhrase->doclist.pList!=0);
+          pExpr->iDocid = pCsr->iPrevId;
+        }else{
+          bHit = (pExpr->bEof==0 && pExpr->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return bHit;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return 1 if both of the following are true:
+**
+**   1. *pRc is SQLITE_OK when this function returns, and
+**
+**   2. After scanning the current FTS table row for the deferred tokens,
+**      it is determined that the row does not match the query.
+**
+** Or, if no error occurs and it seems the current row does match the FTS
+** query, return 0.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalLoadDeferred(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int *pRc){
+  int rc = *pRc;
+  int bMiss = 0;
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( pCsr->pDeferred ){
+      rc = fts3CursorSeek(0, pCsr);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(pCsr);
+      }
+    }
+    bMiss = (0==fts3EvalDeferredTest(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, &rc));
+    sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(pCsr);
+    *pRc = rc;
+  }
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && bMiss);
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance to the next document that matches the FTS expression in
+** Fts3Cursor.pExpr.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalNext(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr = pCsr->pExpr;
+  assert( pCsr->isEof==0 );
+  if( pExpr==0 ){
+    pCsr->isEof = 1;
+  }else{
+    do {
+      if( pCsr->isRequireSeek==0 ){
+        sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
+      }
+      assert( sqlite3_data_count(pCsr->pStmt)==0 );
+      fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pExpr, &rc);
+      pCsr->isEof = pExpr->bEof;
+      pCsr->isRequireSeek = 1;
+      pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded = 1;
+      pCsr->iPrevId = pExpr->iDocid;
+    }while( pCsr->isEof==0 && fts3EvalLoadDeferred(pCsr, &rc) );
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Restart interation for expression pExpr so that the next call to
+** sqlite3Fts3EvalNext() visits the first row. Do not allow incremental 
+** loading or merging of phrase doclists for this iteration.
+**
+** If *pRc is other than SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is
+** a no-op. If an error occurs within this function, *pRc is set to an
+** SQLite error code before returning.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalRestart(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,
+  int *pRc
+){
+  if( pExpr && *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+
+    if( pPhrase ){
+      fts3EvalZeroPoslist(pPhrase);
+      if( pPhrase->bIncr ){
+        assert( pPhrase->nToken==1 );
+        assert( pPhrase->aToken[0].pSegcsr );
+        sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(pPhrase->aToken[0].pSegcsr);
+        *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, 0, pPhrase);
+      }
+
+      pPhrase->doclist.pNextDocid = 0;
+      pPhrase->doclist.iDocid = 0;
+    }
+
+    pExpr->iDocid = 0;
+    pExpr->bEof = 0;
+    pExpr->bStart = 0;
+
+    fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc);
+    fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** After allocating the Fts3Expr.aMI[] array for each phrase in the 
+** expression rooted at pExpr, the cursor iterates through all rows matched
+** by pExpr, calling this function for each row. This function increments
+** the values in Fts3Expr.aMI[] according to the position-list currently
+** found in Fts3Expr.pPhrase->doclist.pList for each of the phrase 
+** expression nodes.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalUpdateCounts(Fts3Expr *pExpr){
+  if( pExpr ){
+    Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+    if( pPhrase && pPhrase->doclist.pList ){
+      int iCol = 0;
+      char *p = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+
+      assert( *p );
+      while( 1 ){
+        u8 c = 0;
+        int iCnt = 0;
+        while( 0xFE & (*p | c) ){
+          if( (c&0x80)==0 ) iCnt++;
+          c = *p++ & 0x80;
+        }
+
+        /* aMI[iCol*3 + 1] = Number of occurrences
+        ** aMI[iCol*3 + 2] = Number of rows containing at least one instance
+        */
+        pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 1] += iCnt;
+        pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 2] += (iCnt>0);
+        if( *p==0x00 ) break;
+        p++;
+        p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCol);
+      }
+    }
+
+    fts3EvalUpdateCounts(pExpr->pLeft);
+    fts3EvalUpdateCounts(pExpr->pRight);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Expression pExpr must be of type FTSQUERY_PHRASE.
+**
+** If it is not already allocated and populated, this function allocates and
+** populates the Fts3Expr.aMI[] array for expression pExpr. If pExpr is part
+** of a NEAR expression, then it also allocates and populates the same array
+** for all other phrases that are part of the NEAR expression.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if the aMI[] array is successfully allocated and
+** populated. Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalGatherStats(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor object */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr                 /* FTSQUERY_PHRASE expression */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+
+  assert( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE );
+  if( pExpr->aMI==0 ){
+    Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+    Fts3Expr *pRoot;                /* Root of NEAR expression */
+    Fts3Expr *p;                    /* Iterator used for several purposes */
+
+    sqlite3_int64 iPrevId = pCsr->iPrevId;
+    sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
+    u8 bEof;
+
+    /* Find the root of the NEAR expression */
+    pRoot = pExpr;
+    while( pRoot->pParent && pRoot->pParent->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ){
+      pRoot = pRoot->pParent;
+    }
+    iDocid = pRoot->iDocid;
+    bEof = pRoot->bEof;
+    assert( pRoot->bStart );
+
+    /* Allocate space for the aMSI[] array of each FTSQUERY_PHRASE node */
+    for(p=pRoot; p; p=p->pLeft){
+      Fts3Expr *pE = (p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE?p:p->pRight);
+      assert( pE->aMI==0 );
+      pE->aMI = (u32 *)sqlite3_malloc(pTab->nColumn * 3 * sizeof(u32));
+      if( !pE->aMI ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      memset(pE->aMI, 0, pTab->nColumn * 3 * sizeof(u32));
+    }
+
+    fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pRoot, &rc);
+
+    while( pCsr->isEof==0 && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+
+      do {
+        /* Ensure the %_content statement is reset. */
+        if( pCsr->isRequireSeek==0 ) sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
+        assert( sqlite3_data_count(pCsr->pStmt)==0 );
+
+        /* Advance to the next document */
+        fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pRoot, &rc);
+        pCsr->isEof = pRoot->bEof;
+        pCsr->isRequireSeek = 1;
+        pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded = 1;
+        pCsr->iPrevId = pRoot->iDocid;
+      }while( pCsr->isEof==0 
+           && pRoot->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR 
+           && fts3EvalLoadDeferred(pCsr, &rc) 
+      );
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pCsr->isEof==0 ){
+        fts3EvalUpdateCounts(pRoot);
+      }
+    }
+
+    pCsr->isEof = 0;
+    pCsr->iPrevId = iPrevId;
+
+    if( bEof ){
+      pRoot->bEof = bEof;
+    }else{
+      /* Caution: pRoot may iterate through docids in ascending or descending
+      ** order. For this reason, even though it seems more defensive, the 
+      ** do loop can not be written:
+      **
+      **   do {...} while( pRoot->iDocid<iDocid && rc==SQLITE_OK );
+      */
+      fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pRoot, &rc);
+      do {
+        fts3EvalNext(pCsr, pRoot, &rc);
+        assert( pRoot->bEof==0 );
+      }while( pRoot->iDocid!=iDocid && rc==SQLITE_OK );
+      fts3EvalLoadDeferred(pCsr, &rc);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used by the matchinfo() module to query a phrase 
+** expression node for the following information:
+**
+**   1. The total number of occurrences of the phrase in each column of 
+**      the FTS table (considering all rows), and
+**
+**   2. For each column, the number of rows in the table for which the
+**      column contains at least one instance of the phrase.
+**
+** If no error occurs, SQLITE_OK is returned and the values for each column
+** written into the array aiOut as follows:
+**
+**   aiOut[iCol*3 + 1] = Number of occurrences
+**   aiOut[iCol*3 + 2] = Number of rows containing at least one instance
+**
+** Caveats:
+**
+**   * If a phrase consists entirely of deferred tokens, then all output 
+**     values are set to the number of documents in the table. In other
+**     words we assume that very common tokens occur exactly once in each 
+**     column of each row of the table.
+**
+**   * If a phrase contains some deferred tokens (and some non-deferred 
+**     tokens), count the potential occurrence identified by considering
+**     the non-deferred tokens instead of actual phrase occurrences.
+**
+**   * If the phrase is part of a NEAR expression, then only phrase instances
+**     that meet the NEAR constraint are included in the counts.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS cursor handle */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase expression */
+  u32 *aiOut                      /* Array to write results into (see above) */
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int iCol;
+
+  if( pExpr->bDeferred && pExpr->pParent->eType!=FTSQUERY_NEAR ){
+    assert( pCsr->nDoc>0 );
+    for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nColumn; iCol++){
+      aiOut[iCol*3 + 1] = (u32)pCsr->nDoc;
+      aiOut[iCol*3 + 2] = (u32)pCsr->nDoc;
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3EvalGatherStats(pCsr, pExpr);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      assert( pExpr->aMI );
+      for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nColumn; iCol++){
+        aiOut[iCol*3 + 1] = pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 1];
+        aiOut[iCol*3 + 2] = pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 2];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The expression pExpr passed as the second argument to this function
+** must be of type FTSQUERY_PHRASE. 
+**
+** The returned value is either NULL or a pointer to a buffer containing
+** a position-list indicating the occurrences of the phrase in column iCol
+** of the current row. 
+**
+** More specifically, the returned buffer contains 1 varint for each 
+** occurence of the phrase in the column, stored using the normal (delta+2) 
+** compression and is terminated by either an 0x01 or 0x00 byte. For example,
+** if the requested column contains "a b X c d X X" and the position-list
+** for 'X' is requested, the buffer returned may contain:
+**
+**     0x04 0x05 0x03 0x01   or   0x04 0x05 0x03 0x00
+**
+** This function works regardless of whether or not the phrase is deferred,
+** incremental, or neither.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 cursor object */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase to return doclist for */
+  int iCol                        /* Column to return position list for */
+){
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  char *pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+  int iThis;
+
+  assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nColumn );
+  if( !pIter 
+   || pExpr->bEof 
+   || pExpr->iDocid!=pCsr->iPrevId
+   || (pPhrase->iColumn<pTab->nColumn && pPhrase->iColumn!=iCol) 
+  ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  assert( pPhrase->doclist.nList>0 );
+  if( *pIter==0x01 ){
+    pIter++;
+    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
+  }else{
+    iThis = 0;
+  }
+  while( iThis<iCol ){
+    fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &pIter);
+    if( *pIter==0x00 ) return 0;
+    pIter++;
+    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
+  }
+
+  return ((iCol==iThis)?pIter:0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all components of the Fts3Phrase structure that were allocated by
+** the eval module. Specifically, this means to free:
+**
+**   * the contents of pPhrase->doclist, and
+**   * any Fts3MultiSegReader objects held by phrase tokens.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(Fts3Phrase *pPhrase){
+  if( pPhrase ){
+    int i;
+    sqlite3_free(pPhrase->doclist.aAll);
+    fts3EvalZeroPoslist(pPhrase);
+    memset(&pPhrase->doclist, 0, sizeof(Fts3Doclist));
+    for(i=0; i<pPhrase->nToken; i++){
+      fts3SegReaderCursorFree(pPhrase->aToken[i].pSegcsr);
+      pPhrase->aToken[i].pSegcsr = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/************** End of fts3.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_aux.c ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2011 Jan 27
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+
+typedef struct Fts3auxTable Fts3auxTable;
+typedef struct Fts3auxCursor Fts3auxCursor;
+
+struct Fts3auxTable {
+  sqlite3_vtab base;              /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  Fts3Table *pFts3Tab;
+};
+
+struct Fts3auxCursor {
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;       /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader csr;        /* Must be right after "base" */
+  Fts3SegFilter filter;
+  char *zStop;
+  int nStop;                      /* Byte-length of string zStop */
+  int isEof;                      /* True if cursor is at EOF */
+  sqlite3_int64 iRowid;           /* Current rowid */
+
+  int iCol;                       /* Current value of 'col' column */
+  int nStat;                      /* Size of aStat[] array */
+  struct Fts3auxColstats {
+    sqlite3_int64 nDoc;           /* 'documents' values for current csr row */
+    sqlite3_int64 nOcc;           /* 'occurrences' values for current csr row */
+  } *aStat;
+};
+
+/*
+** Schema of the terms table.
+*/
+#define FTS3_TERMS_SCHEMA "CREATE TABLE x(term, col, documents, occurrences)"
+
+/*
+** This function does all the work for both the xConnect and xCreate methods.
+** These tables have no persistent representation of their own, so xConnect
+** and xCreate are identical operations.
+*/
+static int fts3auxConnectMethod(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database connection */
+  void *pUnused,                  /* Unused */
+  int argc,                       /* Number of elements in argv array */
+  const char * const *argv,       /* xCreate/xConnect argument array */
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,          /* OUT: New sqlite3_vtab object */
+  char **pzErr                    /* OUT: sqlite3_malloc'd error message */
+){
+  char const *zDb;                /* Name of database (e.g. "main") */
+  char const *zFts3;              /* Name of fts3 table */
+  int nDb;                        /* Result of strlen(zDb) */
+  int nFts3;                      /* Result of strlen(zFts3) */
+  int nByte;                      /* Bytes of space to allocate here */
+  int rc;                         /* value returned by declare_vtab() */
+  Fts3auxTable *p;                /* Virtual table object to return */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pUnused);
+
+  /* The user should specify a single argument - the name of an fts3 table. */
+  if( argc!=4 ){
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf(
+        "wrong number of arguments to fts4aux constructor"
+    );
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  zDb = argv[1]; 
+  nDb = strlen(zDb);
+  zFts3 = argv[3];
+  nFts3 = strlen(zFts3);
+
+  rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, FTS3_TERMS_SCHEMA);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  nByte = sizeof(Fts3auxTable) + sizeof(Fts3Table) + nDb + nFts3 + 2;
+  p = (Fts3auxTable *)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  if( !p ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(p, 0, nByte);
+
+  p->pFts3Tab = (Fts3Table *)&p[1];
+  p->pFts3Tab->zDb = (char *)&p->pFts3Tab[1];
+  p->pFts3Tab->zName = &p->pFts3Tab->zDb[nDb+1];
+  p->pFts3Tab->db = db;
+  p->pFts3Tab->nIndex = 1;
+
+  memcpy((char *)p->pFts3Tab->zDb, zDb, nDb);
+  memcpy((char *)p->pFts3Tab->zName, zFts3, nFts3);
+  sqlite3Fts3Dequote((char *)p->pFts3Tab->zName);
+
+  *ppVtab = (sqlite3_vtab *)p;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function does the work for both the xDisconnect and xDestroy methods.
+** These tables have no persistent representation of their own, so xDisconnect
+** and xDestroy are identical operations.
+*/
+static int fts3auxDisconnectMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  Fts3auxTable *p = (Fts3auxTable *)pVtab;
+  Fts3Table *pFts3 = p->pFts3Tab;
+  int i;
+
+  /* Free any prepared statements held */
+  for(i=0; i<SizeofArray(pFts3->aStmt); i++){
+    sqlite3_finalize(pFts3->aStmt[i]);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(pFts3->zSegmentsTbl);
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#define FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT 1
+#define FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT 2
+#define FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT 4
+
+/*
+** xBestIndex - Analyze a WHERE and ORDER BY clause.
+*/
+static int fts3auxBestIndexMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, 
+  sqlite3_index_info *pInfo
+){
+  int i;
+  int iEq = -1;
+  int iGe = -1;
+  int iLe = -1;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
+
+  /* This vtab delivers always results in "ORDER BY term ASC" order. */
+  if( pInfo->nOrderBy==1 
+   && pInfo->aOrderBy[0].iColumn==0 
+   && pInfo->aOrderBy[0].desc==0
+  ){
+    pInfo->orderByConsumed = 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Search for equality and range constraints on the "term" column. */
+  for(i=0; i<pInfo->nConstraint; i++){
+    if( pInfo->aConstraint[i].usable && pInfo->aConstraint[i].iColumn==0 ){
+      int op = pInfo->aConstraint[i].op;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ) iEq = i;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT ) iLe = i;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE ) iLe = i;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT ) iGe = i;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE ) iGe = i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( iEq>=0 ){
+    pInfo->idxNum = FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iEq].argvIndex = 1;
+    pInfo->estimatedCost = 5;
+  }else{
+    pInfo->idxNum = 0;
+    pInfo->estimatedCost = 20000;
+    if( iGe>=0 ){
+      pInfo->idxNum += FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iGe].argvIndex = 1;
+      pInfo->estimatedCost /= 2;
+    }
+    if( iLe>=0 ){
+      pInfo->idxNum += FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLe].argvIndex = 1 + (iGe>=0);
+      pInfo->estimatedCost /= 2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xOpen - Open a cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3auxOpenMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCsr){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr;            /* Pointer to cursor object to return */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
+
+  pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3auxCursor));
+  if( !pCsr ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(Fts3auxCursor));
+
+  *ppCsr = (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *)pCsr;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xClose - Close a cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3auxCloseMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3Table *pFts3 = ((Fts3auxTable *)pCursor->pVtab)->pFts3Tab;
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(pFts3);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(&pCsr->csr);
+  sqlite3_free((void *)pCsr->filter.zTerm);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->zStop);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aStat);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static int fts3auxGrowStatArray(Fts3auxCursor *pCsr, int nSize){
+  if( nSize>pCsr->nStat ){
+    struct Fts3auxColstats *aNew;
+    aNew = (struct Fts3auxColstats *)sqlite3_realloc(pCsr->aStat, 
+        sizeof(struct Fts3auxColstats) * nSize
+    );
+    if( aNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    memset(&aNew[pCsr->nStat], 0, 
+        sizeof(struct Fts3auxColstats) * (nSize - pCsr->nStat)
+    );
+    pCsr->aStat = aNew;
+    pCsr->nStat = nSize;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xNext - Advance the cursor to the next row, if any.
+*/
+static int fts3auxNextMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+  Fts3Table *pFts3 = ((Fts3auxTable *)pCursor->pVtab)->pFts3Tab;
+  int rc;
+
+  /* Increment our pretend rowid value. */
+  pCsr->iRowid++;
+
+  for(pCsr->iCol++; pCsr->iCol<pCsr->nStat; pCsr->iCol++){
+    if( pCsr->aStat[pCsr->iCol].nDoc>0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(pFts3, &pCsr->csr);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    int i = 0;
+    int nDoclist = pCsr->csr.nDoclist;
+    char *aDoclist = pCsr->csr.aDoclist;
+    int iCol;
+
+    int eState = 0;
+
+    if( pCsr->zStop ){
+      int n = (pCsr->nStop<pCsr->csr.nTerm) ? pCsr->nStop : pCsr->csr.nTerm;
+      int mc = memcmp(pCsr->zStop, pCsr->csr.zTerm, n);
+      if( mc<0 || (mc==0 && pCsr->csr.nTerm>pCsr->nStop) ){
+        pCsr->isEof = 1;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( fts3auxGrowStatArray(pCsr, 2) ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    memset(pCsr->aStat, 0, sizeof(struct Fts3auxColstats) * pCsr->nStat);
+    iCol = 0;
+
+    while( i<nDoclist ){
+      sqlite3_int64 v = 0;
+
+      i += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(&aDoclist[i], &v);
+      switch( eState ){
+        /* State 0. In this state the integer just read was a docid. */
+        case 0:
+          pCsr->aStat[0].nDoc++;
+          eState = 1;
+          iCol = 0;
+          break;
+
+        /* State 1. In this state we are expecting either a 1, indicating
+        ** that the following integer will be a column number, or the
+        ** start of a position list for column 0.  
+        ** 
+        ** The only difference between state 1 and state 2 is that if the
+        ** integer encountered in state 1 is not 0 or 1, then we need to
+        ** increment the column 0 "nDoc" count for this term.
+        */
+        case 1:
+          assert( iCol==0 );
+          if( v>1 ){
+            pCsr->aStat[1].nDoc++;
+          }
+          eState = 2;
+          /* fall through */
+
+        case 2:
+          if( v==0 ){       /* 0x00. Next integer will be a docid. */
+            eState = 0;
+          }else if( v==1 ){ /* 0x01. Next integer will be a column number. */
+            eState = 3;
+          }else{            /* 2 or greater. A position. */
+            pCsr->aStat[iCol+1].nOcc++;
+            pCsr->aStat[0].nOcc++;
+          }
+          break;
+
+        /* State 3. The integer just read is a column number. */
+        default: assert( eState==3 );
+          iCol = (int)v;
+          if( fts3auxGrowStatArray(pCsr, iCol+2) ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          pCsr->aStat[iCol+1].nDoc++;
+          eState = 2;
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    pCsr->iCol = 0;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    pCsr->isEof = 1;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** xFilter - Initialize a cursor to point at the start of its data.
+*/
+static int fts3auxFilterMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* The cursor used for this query */
+  int idxNum,                     /* Strategy index */
+  const char *idxStr,             /* Unused */
+  int nVal,                       /* Number of elements in apVal */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Arguments for the indexing scheme */
+){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+  Fts3Table *pFts3 = ((Fts3auxTable *)pCursor->pVtab)->pFts3Tab;
+  int rc;
+  int isScan;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(idxStr);
+
+  assert( idxStr==0 );
+  assert( idxNum==FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT || idxNum==0
+       || idxNum==FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT || idxNum==FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT
+       || idxNum==(FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT|FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT)
+  );
+  isScan = (idxNum!=FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT);
+
+  /* In case this cursor is being reused, close and zero it. */
+  testcase(pCsr->filter.zTerm);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(&pCsr->csr);
+  sqlite3_free((void *)pCsr->filter.zTerm);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aStat);
+  memset(&pCsr->csr, 0, ((u8*)&pCsr[1]) - (u8*)&pCsr->csr);
+
+  pCsr->filter.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS|FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY;
+  if( isScan ) pCsr->filter.flags |= FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN;
+
+  if( idxNum&(FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT|FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT) ){
+    const unsigned char *zStr = sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
+    if( zStr ){
+      pCsr->filter.zTerm = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zStr);
+      pCsr->filter.nTerm = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[0]);
+      if( pCsr->filter.zTerm==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  if( idxNum&FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT ){
+    int iIdx = (idxNum&FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT) ? 1 : 0;
+    pCsr->zStop = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_value_text(apVal[iIdx]));
+    pCsr->nStop = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[iIdx]);
+    if( pCsr->zStop==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(pFts3, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL,
+      pCsr->filter.zTerm, pCsr->filter.nTerm, 0, isScan, &pCsr->csr
+  );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(pFts3, &pCsr->csr, &pCsr->filter);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = fts3auxNextMethod(pCursor);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** xEof - Return true if the cursor is at EOF, or false otherwise.
+*/
+static int fts3auxEofMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+  return pCsr->isEof;
+}
+
+/*
+** xColumn - Return a column value.
+*/
+static int fts3auxColumnMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
+  int iCol                        /* Index of column to read value from */
+){
+  Fts3auxCursor *p = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+
+  assert( p->isEof==0 );
+  if( iCol==0 ){        /* Column "term" */
+    sqlite3_result_text(pContext, p->csr.zTerm, p->csr.nTerm, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }else if( iCol==1 ){  /* Column "col" */
+    if( p->iCol ){
+      sqlite3_result_int(pContext, p->iCol-1);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_result_text(pContext, "*", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    }
+  }else if( iCol==2 ){  /* Column "documents" */
+    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, p->aStat[p->iCol].nDoc);
+  }else{                /* Column "occurrences" */
+    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, p->aStat[p->iCol].nOcc);
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xRowid - Return the current rowid for the cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3auxRowidMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
+  sqlite_int64 *pRowid            /* OUT: Rowid value */
+){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+  *pRowid = pCsr->iRowid;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Register the fts3aux module with database connection db. Return SQLITE_OK
+** if successful or an error code if sqlite3_create_module() fails.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitAux(sqlite3 *db){
+  static const sqlite3_module fts3aux_module = {
+     0,                           /* iVersion      */
+     fts3auxConnectMethod,        /* xCreate       */
+     fts3auxConnectMethod,        /* xConnect      */
+     fts3auxBestIndexMethod,      /* xBestIndex    */
+     fts3auxDisconnectMethod,     /* xDisconnect   */
+     fts3auxDisconnectMethod,     /* xDestroy      */
+     fts3auxOpenMethod,           /* xOpen         */
+     fts3auxCloseMethod,          /* xClose        */
+     fts3auxFilterMethod,         /* xFilter       */
+     fts3auxNextMethod,           /* xNext         */
+     fts3auxEofMethod,            /* xEof          */
+     fts3auxColumnMethod,         /* xColumn       */
+     fts3auxRowidMethod,          /* xRowid        */
+     0,                           /* xUpdate       */
+     0,                           /* xBegin        */
+     0,                           /* xSync         */
+     0,                           /* xCommit       */
+     0,                           /* xRollback     */
+     0,                           /* xFindFunction */
+     0,                           /* xRename       */
+     0,                           /* xSavepoint    */
+     0,                           /* xRelease      */
+     0                            /* xRollbackTo   */
+  };
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  rc = sqlite3_create_module(db, "fts4aux", &fts3aux_module, 0);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_aux.c ********************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_expr.c ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 Nov 28
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This module contains code that implements a parser for fts3 query strings
+** (the right-hand argument to the MATCH operator). Because the supported 
+** syntax is relatively simple, the whole tokenizer/parser system is
+** hand-coded. 
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+/*
+** By default, this module parses the legacy syntax that has been 
+** traditionally used by fts3. Or, if SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_PARENTHESIS
+** is defined, then it uses the new syntax. The differences between
+** the new and the old syntaxes are:
+**
+**  a) The new syntax supports parenthesis. The old does not.
+**
+**  b) The new syntax supports the AND and NOT operators. The old does not.
+**
+**  c) The old syntax supports the "-" token qualifier. This is not 
+**     supported by the new syntax (it is replaced by the NOT operator).
+**
+**  d) When using the old syntax, the OR operator has a greater precedence
+**     than an implicit AND. When using the new, both implicity and explicit
+**     AND operators have a higher precedence than OR.
+**
+** If compiled with SQLITE_TEST defined, then this module exports the
+** symbol "int sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses". Setting this variable
+** to zero causes the module to use the old syntax. If it is set to 
+** non-zero the new syntax is activated. This is so both syntaxes can
+** be tested using a single build of testfixture.
+**
+** The following describes the syntax supported by the fts3 MATCH
+** operator in a similar format to that used by the lemon parser
+** generator. This module does not use actually lemon, it uses a
+** custom parser.
+**
+**   query ::= andexpr (OR andexpr)*.
+**
+**   andexpr ::= notexpr (AND? notexpr)*.
+**
+**   notexpr ::= nearexpr (NOT nearexpr|-TOKEN)*.
+**   notexpr ::= LP query RP.
+**
+**   nearexpr ::= phrase (NEAR distance_opt nearexpr)*.
+**
+**   distance_opt ::= .
+**   distance_opt ::= / INTEGER.
+**
+**   phrase ::= TOKEN.
+**   phrase ::= COLUMN:TOKEN.
+**   phrase ::= "TOKEN TOKEN TOKEN...".
+*/
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses = 0;
+#else
+# ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_PARENTHESIS 
+#  define sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses 1
+# else
+#  define sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses 0
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Default span for NEAR operators.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_FTS3_DEFAULT_NEAR_PARAM 10
+
+
+/*
+** isNot:
+**   This variable is used by function getNextNode(). When getNextNode() is
+**   called, it sets ParseContext.isNot to true if the 'next node' is a 
+**   FTSQUERY_PHRASE with a unary "-" attached to it. i.e. "mysql" in the
+**   FTS3 query "sqlite -mysql". Otherwise, ParseContext.isNot is set to
+**   zero.
+*/
+typedef struct ParseContext ParseContext;
+struct ParseContext {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer;      /* Tokenizer module */
+  const char **azCol;                 /* Array of column names for fts3 table */
+  int nCol;                           /* Number of entries in azCol[] */
+  int iDefaultCol;                    /* Default column to query */
+  int isNot;                          /* True if getNextNode() sees a unary - */
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx;              /* Write error message here */
+  int nNest;                          /* Number of nested brackets */
+};
+
+/*
+** This function is equivalent to the standard isspace() function. 
+**
+** The standard isspace() can be awkward to use safely, because although it
+** is defined to accept an argument of type int, its behaviour when passed
+** an integer that falls outside of the range of the unsigned char type
+** is undefined (and sometimes, "undefined" means segfault). This wrapper
+** is defined to accept an argument of type char, and always returns 0 for
+** any values that fall outside of the range of the unsigned char type (i.e.
+** negative values).
+*/
+static int fts3isspace(char c){
+  return c==' ' || c=='\t' || c=='\n' || c=='\r' || c=='\v' || c=='\f';
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate nByte bytes of memory using sqlite3_malloc(). If successful,
+** zero the memory before returning a pointer to it. If unsuccessful, 
+** return NULL.
+*/
+static void *fts3MallocZero(int nByte){
+  void *pRet = sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  if( pRet ) memset(pRet, 0, nByte);
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Extract the next token from buffer z (length n) using the tokenizer
+** and other information (column names etc.) in pParse. Create an Fts3Expr
+** structure of type FTSQUERY_PHRASE containing a phrase consisting of this
+** single token and set *ppExpr to point to it. If the end of the buffer is
+** reached before a token is found, set *ppExpr to zero. It is the
+** responsibility of the caller to eventually deallocate the allocated 
+** Fts3Expr structure (if any) by passing it to sqlite3_free().
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or SQLITE_NOMEM if a memory allocation
+** fails.
+*/
+static int getNextToken(
+  ParseContext *pParse,                   /* fts3 query parse context */
+  int iCol,                               /* Value for Fts3Phrase.iColumn */
+  const char *z, int n,                   /* Input string */
+  Fts3Expr **ppExpr,                      /* OUT: expression */
+  int *pnConsumed                         /* OUT: Number of bytes consumed */
+){
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer = pParse->pTokenizer;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = pTokenizer->pModule;
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor;
+  Fts3Expr *pRet = 0;
+  int nConsumed = 0;
+
+  rc = pModule->xOpen(pTokenizer, z, n, &pCursor);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    const char *zToken;
+    int nToken, iStart, iEnd, iPosition;
+    int nByte;                               /* total space to allocate */
+
+    pCursor->pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
+    rc = pModule->xNext(pCursor, &zToken, &nToken, &iStart, &iEnd, &iPosition);
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      nByte = sizeof(Fts3Expr) + sizeof(Fts3Phrase) + nToken;
+      pRet = (Fts3Expr *)fts3MallocZero(nByte);
+      if( !pRet ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        pRet->eType = FTSQUERY_PHRASE;
+        pRet->pPhrase = (Fts3Phrase *)&pRet[1];
+        pRet->pPhrase->nToken = 1;
+        pRet->pPhrase->iColumn = iCol;
+        pRet->pPhrase->aToken[0].n = nToken;
+        pRet->pPhrase->aToken[0].z = (char *)&pRet->pPhrase[1];
+        memcpy(pRet->pPhrase->aToken[0].z, zToken, nToken);
+
+        if( iEnd<n && z[iEnd]=='*' ){
+          pRet->pPhrase->aToken[0].isPrefix = 1;
+          iEnd++;
+        }
+        if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses && iStart>0 && z[iStart-1]=='-' ){
+          pParse->isNot = 1;
+        }
+      }
+      nConsumed = iEnd;
+    }
+
+    pModule->xClose(pCursor);
+  }
+  
+  *pnConsumed = nConsumed;
+  *ppExpr = pRet;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Enlarge a memory allocation.  If an out-of-memory allocation occurs,
+** then free the old allocation.
+*/
+static void *fts3ReallocOrFree(void *pOrig, int nNew){
+  void *pRet = sqlite3_realloc(pOrig, nNew);
+  if( !pRet ){
+    sqlite3_free(pOrig);
+  }
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+/*
+** Buffer zInput, length nInput, contains the contents of a quoted string
+** that appeared as part of an fts3 query expression. Neither quote character
+** is included in the buffer. This function attempts to tokenize the entire
+** input buffer and create an Fts3Expr structure of type FTSQUERY_PHRASE 
+** containing the results.
+**
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned and *ppExpr set to point at the
+** allocated Fts3Expr structure. Otherwise, either SQLITE_NOMEM (out of memory
+** error) or SQLITE_ERROR (tokenization error) is returned and *ppExpr set
+** to 0.
+*/
+static int getNextString(
+  ParseContext *pParse,                   /* fts3 query parse context */
+  const char *zInput, int nInput,         /* Input string */
+  Fts3Expr **ppExpr                       /* OUT: expression */
+){
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer = pParse->pTokenizer;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = pTokenizer->pModule;
+  int rc;
+  Fts3Expr *p = 0;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor = 0;
+  char *zTemp = 0;
+  int nTemp = 0;
+
+  const int nSpace = sizeof(Fts3Expr) + sizeof(Fts3Phrase);
+  int nToken = 0;
+
+  /* The final Fts3Expr data structure, including the Fts3Phrase,
+  ** Fts3PhraseToken structures token buffers are all stored as a single 
+  ** allocation so that the expression can be freed with a single call to
+  ** sqlite3_free(). Setting this up requires a two pass approach.
+  **
+  ** The first pass, in the block below, uses a tokenizer cursor to iterate
+  ** through the tokens in the expression. This pass uses fts3ReallocOrFree()
+  ** to assemble data in two dynamic buffers:
+  **
+  **   Buffer p: Points to the Fts3Expr structure, followed by the Fts3Phrase
+  **             structure, followed by the array of Fts3PhraseToken 
+  **             structures. This pass only populates the Fts3PhraseToken array.
+  **
+  **   Buffer zTemp: Contains copies of all tokens.
+  **
+  ** The second pass, in the block that begins "if( rc==SQLITE_DONE )" below,
+  ** appends buffer zTemp to buffer p, and fills in the Fts3Expr and Fts3Phrase
+  ** structures.
+  */
+  rc = pModule->xOpen(pTokenizer, zInput, nInput, &pCursor);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int ii;
+    pCursor->pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
+    for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK; ii++){
+      const char *zByte;
+      int nByte, iBegin, iEnd, iPos;
+      rc = pModule->xNext(pCursor, &zByte, &nByte, &iBegin, &iEnd, &iPos);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        Fts3PhraseToken *pToken;
+
+        p = fts3ReallocOrFree(p, nSpace + ii*sizeof(Fts3PhraseToken));
+        if( !p ) goto no_mem;
+
+        zTemp = fts3ReallocOrFree(zTemp, nTemp + nByte);
+        if( !zTemp ) goto no_mem;
+
+        assert( nToken==ii );
+        pToken = &((Fts3Phrase *)(&p[1]))->aToken[ii];
+        memset(pToken, 0, sizeof(Fts3PhraseToken));
+
+        memcpy(&zTemp[nTemp], zByte, nByte);
+        nTemp += nByte;
+
+        pToken->n = nByte;
+        pToken->isPrefix = (iEnd<nInput && zInput[iEnd]=='*');
+        nToken = ii+1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    pModule->xClose(pCursor);
+    pCursor = 0;
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+    int jj;
+    char *zBuf = 0;
+
+    p = fts3ReallocOrFree(p, nSpace + nToken*sizeof(Fts3PhraseToken) + nTemp);
+    if( !p ) goto no_mem;
+    memset(p, 0, (char *)&(((Fts3Phrase *)&p[1])->aToken[0])-(char *)p);
+    p->eType = FTSQUERY_PHRASE;
+    p->pPhrase = (Fts3Phrase *)&p[1];
+    p->pPhrase->iColumn = pParse->iDefaultCol;
+    p->pPhrase->nToken = nToken;
+
+    zBuf = (char *)&p->pPhrase->aToken[nToken];
+    memcpy(zBuf, zTemp, nTemp);
+    sqlite3_free(zTemp);
+
+    for(jj=0; jj<p->pPhrase->nToken; jj++){
+      p->pPhrase->aToken[jj].z = zBuf;
+      zBuf += p->pPhrase->aToken[jj].n;
+    }
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  *ppExpr = p;
+  return rc;
+no_mem:
+
+  if( pCursor ){
+    pModule->xClose(pCursor);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(zTemp);
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  *ppExpr = 0;
+  return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+}
+
+/*
+** Function getNextNode(), which is called by fts3ExprParse(), may itself
+** call fts3ExprParse(). So this forward declaration is required.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprParse(ParseContext *, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **, int *);
+
+/*
+** The output variable *ppExpr is populated with an allocated Fts3Expr 
+** structure, or set to 0 if the end of the input buffer is reached.
+**
+** Returns an SQLite error code. SQLITE_OK if everything works, SQLITE_NOMEM
+** if a malloc failure occurs, or SQLITE_ERROR if a parse error is encountered.
+** If SQLITE_ERROR is returned, pContext is populated with an error message.
+*/
+static int getNextNode(
+  ParseContext *pParse,                   /* fts3 query parse context */
+  const char *z, int n,                   /* Input string */
+  Fts3Expr **ppExpr,                      /* OUT: expression */
+  int *pnConsumed                         /* OUT: Number of bytes consumed */
+){
+  static const struct Fts3Keyword {
+    char *z;                              /* Keyword text */
+    unsigned char n;                      /* Length of the keyword */
+    unsigned char parenOnly;              /* Only valid in paren mode */
+    unsigned char eType;                  /* Keyword code */
+  } aKeyword[] = {
+    { "OR" ,  2, 0, FTSQUERY_OR   },
+    { "AND",  3, 1, FTSQUERY_AND  },
+    { "NOT",  3, 1, FTSQUERY_NOT  },
+    { "NEAR", 4, 0, FTSQUERY_NEAR }
+  };
+  int ii;
+  int iCol;
+  int iColLen;
+  int rc;
+  Fts3Expr *pRet = 0;
+
+  const char *zInput = z;
+  int nInput = n;
+
+  pParse->isNot = 0;
+
+  /* Skip over any whitespace before checking for a keyword, an open or
+  ** close bracket, or a quoted string. 
+  */
+  while( nInput>0 && fts3isspace(*zInput) ){
+    nInput--;
+    zInput++;
+  }
+  if( nInput==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_DONE;
+  }
+
+  /* See if we are dealing with a keyword. */
+  for(ii=0; ii<(int)(sizeof(aKeyword)/sizeof(struct Fts3Keyword)); ii++){
+    const struct Fts3Keyword *pKey = &aKeyword[ii];
+
+    if( (pKey->parenOnly & ~sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses)!=0 ){
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if( nInput>=pKey->n && 0==memcmp(zInput, pKey->z, pKey->n) ){
+      int nNear = SQLITE_FTS3_DEFAULT_NEAR_PARAM;
+      int nKey = pKey->n;
+      char cNext;
+
+      /* If this is a "NEAR" keyword, check for an explicit nearness. */
+      if( pKey->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ){
+        assert( nKey==4 );
+        if( zInput[4]=='/' && zInput[5]>='0' && zInput[5]<='9' ){
+          nNear = 0;
+          for(nKey=5; zInput[nKey]>='0' && zInput[nKey]<='9'; nKey++){
+            nNear = nNear * 10 + (zInput[nKey] - '0');
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* At this point this is probably a keyword. But for that to be true,
+      ** the next byte must contain either whitespace, an open or close
+      ** parenthesis, a quote character, or EOF. 
+      */
+      cNext = zInput[nKey];
+      if( fts3isspace(cNext) 
+       || cNext=='"' || cNext=='(' || cNext==')' || cNext==0
+      ){
+        pRet = (Fts3Expr *)fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+        if( !pRet ){
+          return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        }
+        pRet->eType = pKey->eType;
+        pRet->nNear = nNear;
+        *ppExpr = pRet;
+        *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + nKey);
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+
+      /* Turns out that wasn't a keyword after all. This happens if the
+      ** user has supplied a token such as "ORacle". Continue.
+      */
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Check for an open bracket. */
+  if( sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses ){
+    if( *zInput=='(' ){
+      int nConsumed;
+      pParse->nNest++;
+      rc = fts3ExprParse(pParse, &zInput[1], nInput-1, ppExpr, &nConsumed);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !*ppExpr ){
+        rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+      }
+      *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + 1 + nConsumed);
+      return rc;
+    }
+  
+    /* Check for a close bracket. */
+    if( *zInput==')' ){
+      pParse->nNest--;
+      *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + 1);
+      return SQLITE_DONE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* See if we are dealing with a quoted phrase. If this is the case, then
+  ** search for the closing quote and pass the whole string to getNextString()
+  ** for processing. This is easy to do, as fts3 has no syntax for escaping
+  ** a quote character embedded in a string.
+  */
+  if( *zInput=='"' ){
+    for(ii=1; ii<nInput && zInput[ii]!='"'; ii++);
+    *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + ii + 1);
+    if( ii==nInput ){
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    return getNextString(pParse, &zInput[1], ii-1, ppExpr);
+  }
+
+
+  /* If control flows to this point, this must be a regular token, or 
+  ** the end of the input. Read a regular token using the sqlite3_tokenizer
+  ** interface. Before doing so, figure out if there is an explicit
+  ** column specifier for the token. 
+  **
+  ** TODO: Strangely, it is not possible to associate a column specifier
+  ** with a quoted phrase, only with a single token. Not sure if this was
+  ** an implementation artifact or an intentional decision when fts3 was
+  ** first implemented. Whichever it was, this module duplicates the 
+  ** limitation.
+  */
+  iCol = pParse->iDefaultCol;
+  iColLen = 0;
+  for(ii=0; ii<pParse->nCol; ii++){
+    const char *zStr = pParse->azCol[ii];
+    int nStr = (int)strlen(zStr);
+    if( nInput>nStr && zInput[nStr]==':' 
+     && sqlite3_strnicmp(zStr, zInput, nStr)==0 
+    ){
+      iCol = ii;
+      iColLen = (int)((zInput - z) + nStr + 1);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  rc = getNextToken(pParse, iCol, &z[iColLen], n-iColLen, ppExpr, pnConsumed);
+  *pnConsumed += iColLen;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The argument is an Fts3Expr structure for a binary operator (any type
+** except an FTSQUERY_PHRASE). Return an integer value representing the
+** precedence of the operator. Lower values have a higher precedence (i.e.
+** group more tightly). For example, in the C language, the == operator
+** groups more tightly than ||, and would therefore have a higher precedence.
+**
+** When using the new fts3 query syntax (when SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_PARENTHESIS
+** is defined), the order of the operators in precedence from highest to
+** lowest is:
+**
+**   NEAR
+**   NOT
+**   AND (including implicit ANDs)
+**   OR
+**
+** Note that when using the old query syntax, the OR operator has a higher
+** precedence than the AND operator.
+*/
+static int opPrecedence(Fts3Expr *p){
+  assert( p->eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE );
+  if( sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses ){
+    return p->eType;
+  }else if( p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ){
+    return 1;
+  }else if( p->eType==FTSQUERY_OR ){
+    return 2;
+  }
+  assert( p->eType==FTSQUERY_AND );
+  return 3;
+}
+
+/*
+** Argument ppHead contains a pointer to the current head of a query 
+** expression tree being parsed. pPrev is the expression node most recently
+** inserted into the tree. This function adds pNew, which is always a binary
+** operator node, into the expression tree based on the relative precedence
+** of pNew and the existing nodes of the tree. This may result in the head
+** of the tree changing, in which case *ppHead is set to the new root node.
+*/
+static void insertBinaryOperator(
+  Fts3Expr **ppHead,       /* Pointer to the root node of a tree */
+  Fts3Expr *pPrev,         /* Node most recently inserted into the tree */
+  Fts3Expr *pNew           /* New binary node to insert into expression tree */
+){
+  Fts3Expr *pSplit = pPrev;
+  while( pSplit->pParent && opPrecedence(pSplit->pParent)<=opPrecedence(pNew) ){
+    pSplit = pSplit->pParent;
+  }
+
+  if( pSplit->pParent ){
+    assert( pSplit->pParent->pRight==pSplit );
+    pSplit->pParent->pRight = pNew;
+    pNew->pParent = pSplit->pParent;
+  }else{
+    *ppHead = pNew;
+  }
+  pNew->pLeft = pSplit;
+  pSplit->pParent = pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Parse the fts3 query expression found in buffer z, length n. This function
+** returns either when the end of the buffer is reached or an unmatched 
+** closing bracket - ')' - is encountered.
+**
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned, *ppExpr is set to point to the
+** parsed form of the expression and *pnConsumed is set to the number of
+** bytes read from buffer z. Otherwise, *ppExpr is set to 0 and SQLITE_NOMEM
+** (out of memory error) or SQLITE_ERROR (parse error) is returned.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprParse(
+  ParseContext *pParse,                   /* fts3 query parse context */
+  const char *z, int n,                   /* Text of MATCH query */
+  Fts3Expr **ppExpr,                      /* OUT: Parsed query structure */
+  int *pnConsumed                         /* OUT: Number of bytes consumed */
+){
+  Fts3Expr *pRet = 0;
+  Fts3Expr *pPrev = 0;
+  Fts3Expr *pNotBranch = 0;               /* Only used in legacy parse mode */
+  int nIn = n;
+  const char *zIn = z;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int isRequirePhrase = 1;
+
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    Fts3Expr *p = 0;
+    int nByte = 0;
+    rc = getNextNode(pParse, zIn, nIn, &p, &nByte);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int isPhrase;
+
+      if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses 
+       && p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE && pParse->isNot 
+      ){
+        /* Create an implicit NOT operator. */
+        Fts3Expr *pNot = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+        if( !pNot ){
+          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          goto exprparse_out;
+        }
+        pNot->eType = FTSQUERY_NOT;
+        pNot->pRight = p;
+        if( pNotBranch ){
+          pNot->pLeft = pNotBranch;
+        }
+        pNotBranch = pNot;
+        p = pPrev;
+      }else{
+        int eType = p->eType;
+        isPhrase = (eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pLeft);
+
+        /* The isRequirePhrase variable is set to true if a phrase or
+        ** an expression contained in parenthesis is required. If a
+        ** binary operator (AND, OR, NOT or NEAR) is encounted when
+        ** isRequirePhrase is set, this is a syntax error.
+        */
+        if( !isPhrase && isRequirePhrase ){
+          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+          goto exprparse_out;
+        }
+  
+        if( isPhrase && !isRequirePhrase ){
+          /* Insert an implicit AND operator. */
+          Fts3Expr *pAnd;
+          assert( pRet && pPrev );
+          pAnd = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+          if( !pAnd ){
+            sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+            rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+            goto exprparse_out;
+          }
+          pAnd->eType = FTSQUERY_AND;
+          insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, pAnd);
+          pPrev = pAnd;
+        }
+
+        /* This test catches attempts to make either operand of a NEAR
+        ** operator something other than a phrase. For example, either of
+        ** the following:
+        **
+        **    (bracketed expression) NEAR phrase
+        **    phrase NEAR (bracketed expression)
+        **
+        ** Return an error in either case.
+        */
+        if( pPrev && (
+            (eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR && !isPhrase && pPrev->eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE)
+         || (eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE && isPhrase && pPrev->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR)
+        )){
+          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+          goto exprparse_out;
+        }
+  
+        if( isPhrase ){
+          if( pRet ){
+            assert( pPrev && pPrev->pLeft && pPrev->pRight==0 );
+            pPrev->pRight = p;
+            p->pParent = pPrev;
+          }else{
+            pRet = p;
+          }
+        }else{
+          insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, p);
+        }
+        isRequirePhrase = !isPhrase;
+      }
+      assert( nByte>0 );
+    }
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (nByte>0 && nByte<=nIn) );
+    nIn -= nByte;
+    zIn += nByte;
+    pPrev = p;
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_DONE && pRet && isRequirePhrase ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses && pNotBranch ){
+      if( !pRet ){
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      }else{
+        Fts3Expr *pIter = pNotBranch;
+        while( pIter->pLeft ){
+          pIter = pIter->pLeft;
+        }
+        pIter->pLeft = pRet;
+        pRet = pNotBranch;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  *pnConsumed = n - nIn;
+
+exprparse_out:
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pRet);
+    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pNotBranch);
+    pRet = 0;
+  }
+  *ppExpr = pRet;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Parameters z and n contain a pointer to and length of a buffer containing
+** an fts3 query expression, respectively. This function attempts to parse the
+** query expression and create a tree of Fts3Expr structures representing the
+** parsed expression. If successful, *ppExpr is set to point to the head
+** of the parsed expression tree and SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error
+** occurs, either SQLITE_NOMEM (out-of-memory error) or SQLITE_ERROR (parse
+** error) is returned and *ppExpr is set to 0.
+**
+** If parameter n is a negative number, then z is assumed to point to a
+** nul-terminated string and the length is determined using strlen().
+**
+** The first parameter, pTokenizer, is passed the fts3 tokenizer module to
+** use to normalize query tokens while parsing the expression. The azCol[]
+** array, which is assumed to contain nCol entries, should contain the names
+** of each column in the target fts3 table, in order from left to right. 
+** Column names must be nul-terminated strings.
+**
+** The iDefaultCol parameter should be passed the index of the table column
+** that appears on the left-hand-side of the MATCH operator (the default
+** column to match against for tokens for which a column name is not explicitly
+** specified as part of the query string), or -1 if tokens may by default
+** match any table column.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer,      /* Tokenizer module */
+  char **azCol,                       /* Array of column names for fts3 table */
+  int nCol,                           /* Number of entries in azCol[] */
+  int iDefaultCol,                    /* Default column to query */
+  const char *z, int n,               /* Text of MATCH query */
+  Fts3Expr **ppExpr                   /* OUT: Parsed query structure */
+){
+  int nParsed;
+  int rc;
+  ParseContext sParse;
+  sParse.pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
+  sParse.azCol = (const char **)azCol;
+  sParse.nCol = nCol;
+  sParse.iDefaultCol = iDefaultCol;
+  sParse.nNest = 0;
+  if( z==0 ){
+    *ppExpr = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  if( n<0 ){
+    n = (int)strlen(z);
+  }
+  rc = fts3ExprParse(&sParse, z, n, ppExpr, &nParsed);
+
+  /* Check for mismatched parenthesis */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sParse.nNest ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(*ppExpr);
+    *ppExpr = 0;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free a parsed fts3 query expression allocated by sqlite3Fts3ExprParse().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *p){
+  if( p ){
+    assert( p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pPhrase==0 );
+    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p->pLeft);
+    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p->pRight);
+    sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(p->pPhrase);
+    sqlite3_free(p->aMI);
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+  }
+}
+
+/****************************************************************************
+*****************************************************************************
+** Everything after this point is just test code.
+*/
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+
+
+/*
+** Function to query the hash-table of tokenizers (see README.tokenizers).
+*/
+static int queryTestTokenizer(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  const char *zName,  
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module **pp
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  const char zSql[] = "SELECT fts3_tokenizer(?)";
+
+  *pp = 0;
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, zName, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+    if( sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)==SQLITE_BLOB ){
+      memcpy((void *)pp, sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0), sizeof(*pp));
+    }
+  }
+
+  return sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to a buffer containing a text representation of the
+** expression passed as the first argument. The buffer is obtained from
+** sqlite3_malloc(). It is the responsibility of the caller to use 
+** sqlite3_free() to release the memory. If an OOM condition is encountered,
+** NULL is returned.
+**
+** If the second argument is not NULL, then its contents are prepended to 
+** the returned expression text and then freed using sqlite3_free().
+*/
+static char *exprToString(Fts3Expr *pExpr, char *zBuf){
+  switch( pExpr->eType ){
+    case FTSQUERY_PHRASE: {
+      Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+      int i;
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf(
+          "%zPHRASE %d 0", zBuf, pPhrase->iColumn);
+      for(i=0; zBuf && i<pPhrase->nToken; i++){
+        zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%z %.*s%s", zBuf, 
+            pPhrase->aToken[i].n, pPhrase->aToken[i].z,
+            (pPhrase->aToken[i].isPrefix?"+":"")
+        );
+      }
+      return zBuf;
+    }
+
+    case FTSQUERY_NEAR:
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%zNEAR/%d ", zBuf, pExpr->nNear);
+      break;
+    case FTSQUERY_NOT:
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%zNOT ", zBuf);
+      break;
+    case FTSQUERY_AND:
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%zAND ", zBuf);
+      break;
+    case FTSQUERY_OR:
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%zOR ", zBuf);
+      break;
+  }
+
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%z{", zBuf);
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = exprToString(pExpr->pLeft, zBuf);
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%z} {", zBuf);
+
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = exprToString(pExpr->pRight, zBuf);
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%z}", zBuf);
+
+  return zBuf;
+}
+
+/*
+** This is the implementation of a scalar SQL function used to test the 
+** expression parser. It should be called as follows:
+**
+**   fts3_exprtest(<tokenizer>, <expr>, <column 1>, ...);
+**
+** The first argument, <tokenizer>, is the name of the fts3 tokenizer used
+** to parse the query expression (see README.tokenizers). The second argument
+** is the query expression to parse. Each subsequent argument is the name
+** of a column of the fts3 table that the query expression may refer to.
+** For example:
+**
+**   SELECT fts3_exprtest('simple', 'Bill col2:Bloggs', 'col1', 'col2');
+*/
+static void fts3ExprTest(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = 0;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer = 0;
+  int rc;
+  char **azCol = 0;
+  const char *zExpr;
+  int nExpr;
+  int nCol;
+  int ii;
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr;
+  char *zBuf = 0;
+  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+
+  if( argc<3 ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, 
+        "Usage: fts3_exprtest(tokenizer, expr, col1, ...", -1
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+
+  rc = queryTestTokenizer(db,
+                          (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]), &pModule);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+    goto exprtest_out;
+  }else if( !pModule ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, "No such tokenizer module", -1);
+    goto exprtest_out;
+  }
+
+  rc = pModule->xCreate(0, 0, &pTokenizer);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+    goto exprtest_out;
+  }
+  pTokenizer->pModule = pModule;
+
+  zExpr = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+  nExpr = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[1]);
+  nCol = argc-2;
+  azCol = (char **)sqlite3_malloc(nCol*sizeof(char *));
+  if( !azCol ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+    goto exprtest_out;
+  }
+  for(ii=0; ii<nCol; ii++){
+    azCol[ii] = (char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[ii+2]);
+  }
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
+      pTokenizer, azCol, nCol, nCol, zExpr, nExpr, &pExpr
+  );
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, "Error parsing expression", -1);
+  }else if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || !(zBuf = exprToString(pExpr, 0)) ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pExpr);
+
+exprtest_out:
+  if( pModule && pTokenizer ){
+    rc = pModule->xDestroy(pTokenizer);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(azCol);
+}
+
+/*
+** Register the query expression parser test function fts3_exprtest() 
+** with database connection db. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprInitTestInterface(sqlite3* db){
+  return sqlite3_create_function(
+      db, "fts3_exprtest", -1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0, fts3ExprTest, 0, 0
+  );
+}
+
+#endif
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_expr.c *******************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_hash.c ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This is the implementation of generic hash-tables used in SQLite.
+** We've modified it slightly to serve as a standalone hash table
+** implementation for the full-text indexing module.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The code in this file is only compiled if:
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built as an extension
+**       (in which case SQLITE_CORE is not defined), or
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built into the core of
+**       SQLite (in which case SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 is defined).
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+
+
+/*
+** Malloc and Free functions
+*/
+static void *fts3HashMalloc(int n){
+  void *p = sqlite3_malloc(n);
+  if( p ){
+    memset(p, 0, n);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+static void fts3HashFree(void *p){
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/* Turn bulk memory into a hash table object by initializing the
+** fields of the Hash structure.
+**
+** "pNew" is a pointer to the hash table that is to be initialized.
+** keyClass is one of the constants 
+** FTS3_HASH_BINARY or FTS3_HASH_STRING.  The value of keyClass 
+** determines what kind of key the hash table will use.  "copyKey" is
+** true if the hash table should make its own private copy of keys and
+** false if it should just use the supplied pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3HashInit(Fts3Hash *pNew, char keyClass, char copyKey){
+  assert( pNew!=0 );
+  assert( keyClass>=FTS3_HASH_STRING && keyClass<=FTS3_HASH_BINARY );
+  pNew->keyClass = keyClass;
+  pNew->copyKey = copyKey;
+  pNew->first = 0;
+  pNew->count = 0;
+  pNew->htsize = 0;
+  pNew->ht = 0;
+}
+
+/* Remove all entries from a hash table.  Reclaim all memory.
+** Call this routine to delete a hash table or to reset a hash table
+** to the empty state.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3HashClear(Fts3Hash *pH){
+  Fts3HashElem *elem;         /* For looping over all elements of the table */
+
+  assert( pH!=0 );
+  elem = pH->first;
+  pH->first = 0;
+  fts3HashFree(pH->ht);
+  pH->ht = 0;
+  pH->htsize = 0;
+  while( elem ){
+    Fts3HashElem *next_elem = elem->next;
+    if( pH->copyKey && elem->pKey ){
+      fts3HashFree(elem->pKey);
+    }
+    fts3HashFree(elem);
+    elem = next_elem;
+  }
+  pH->count = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Hash and comparison functions when the mode is FTS3_HASH_STRING
+*/
+static int fts3StrHash(const void *pKey, int nKey){
+  const char *z = (const char *)pKey;
+  int h = 0;
+  if( nKey<=0 ) nKey = (int) strlen(z);
+  while( nKey > 0  ){
+    h = (h<<3) ^ h ^ *z++;
+    nKey--;
+  }
+  return h & 0x7fffffff;
+}
+static int fts3StrCompare(const void *pKey1, int n1, const void *pKey2, int n2){
+  if( n1!=n2 ) return 1;
+  return strncmp((const char*)pKey1,(const char*)pKey2,n1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Hash and comparison functions when the mode is FTS3_HASH_BINARY
+*/
+static int fts3BinHash(const void *pKey, int nKey){
+  int h = 0;
+  const char *z = (const char *)pKey;
+  while( nKey-- > 0 ){
+    h = (h<<3) ^ h ^ *(z++);
+  }
+  return h & 0x7fffffff;
+}
+static int fts3BinCompare(const void *pKey1, int n1, const void *pKey2, int n2){
+  if( n1!=n2 ) return 1;
+  return memcmp(pKey1,pKey2,n1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the appropriate hash function given the key class.
+**
+** The C syntax in this function definition may be unfamilar to some 
+** programmers, so we provide the following additional explanation:
+**
+** The name of the function is "ftsHashFunction".  The function takes a
+** single parameter "keyClass".  The return value of ftsHashFunction()
+** is a pointer to another function.  Specifically, the return value
+** of ftsHashFunction() is a pointer to a function that takes two parameters
+** with types "const void*" and "int" and returns an "int".
+*/
+static int (*ftsHashFunction(int keyClass))(const void*,int){
+  if( keyClass==FTS3_HASH_STRING ){
+    return &fts3StrHash;
+  }else{
+    assert( keyClass==FTS3_HASH_BINARY );
+    return &fts3BinHash;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to the appropriate hash function given the key class.
+**
+** For help in interpreted the obscure C code in the function definition,
+** see the header comment on the previous function.
+*/
+static int (*ftsCompareFunction(int keyClass))(const void*,int,const void*,int){
+  if( keyClass==FTS3_HASH_STRING ){
+    return &fts3StrCompare;
+  }else{
+    assert( keyClass==FTS3_HASH_BINARY );
+    return &fts3BinCompare;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Link an element into the hash table
+*/
+static void fts3HashInsertElement(
+  Fts3Hash *pH,            /* The complete hash table */
+  struct _fts3ht *pEntry,  /* The entry into which pNew is inserted */
+  Fts3HashElem *pNew       /* The element to be inserted */
+){
+  Fts3HashElem *pHead;     /* First element already in pEntry */
+  pHead = pEntry->chain;
+  if( pHead ){
+    pNew->next = pHead;
+    pNew->prev = pHead->prev;
+    if( pHead->prev ){ pHead->prev->next = pNew; }
+    else             { pH->first = pNew; }
+    pHead->prev = pNew;
+  }else{
+    pNew->next = pH->first;
+    if( pH->first ){ pH->first->prev = pNew; }
+    pNew->prev = 0;
+    pH->first = pNew;
+  }
+  pEntry->count++;
+  pEntry->chain = pNew;
+}
+
+
+/* Resize the hash table so that it cantains "new_size" buckets.
+** "new_size" must be a power of 2.  The hash table might fail 
+** to resize if sqliteMalloc() fails.
+**
+** Return non-zero if a memory allocation error occurs.
+*/
+static int fts3Rehash(Fts3Hash *pH, int new_size){
+  struct _fts3ht *new_ht;          /* The new hash table */
+  Fts3HashElem *elem, *next_elem;  /* For looping over existing elements */
+  int (*xHash)(const void*,int);   /* The hash function */
+
+  assert( (new_size & (new_size-1))==0 );
+  new_ht = (struct _fts3ht *)fts3HashMalloc( new_size*sizeof(struct _fts3ht) );
+  if( new_ht==0 ) return 1;
+  fts3HashFree(pH->ht);
+  pH->ht = new_ht;
+  pH->htsize = new_size;
+  xHash = ftsHashFunction(pH->keyClass);
+  for(elem=pH->first, pH->first=0; elem; elem = next_elem){
+    int h = (*xHash)(elem->pKey, elem->nKey) & (new_size-1);
+    next_elem = elem->next;
+    fts3HashInsertElement(pH, &new_ht[h], elem);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* This function (for internal use only) locates an element in an
+** hash table that matches the given key.  The hash for this key has
+** already been computed and is passed as the 4th parameter.
+*/
+static Fts3HashElem *fts3FindElementByHash(
+  const Fts3Hash *pH, /* The pH to be searched */
+  const void *pKey,   /* The key we are searching for */
+  int nKey,
+  int h               /* The hash for this key. */
+){
+  Fts3HashElem *elem;            /* Used to loop thru the element list */
+  int count;                     /* Number of elements left to test */
+  int (*xCompare)(const void*,int,const void*,int);  /* comparison function */
+
+  if( pH->ht ){
+    struct _fts3ht *pEntry = &pH->ht[h];
+    elem = pEntry->chain;
+    count = pEntry->count;
+    xCompare = ftsCompareFunction(pH->keyClass);
+    while( count-- && elem ){
+      if( (*xCompare)(elem->pKey,elem->nKey,pKey,nKey)==0 ){ 
+        return elem;
+      }
+      elem = elem->next;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Remove a single entry from the hash table given a pointer to that
+** element and a hash on the element's key.
+*/
+static void fts3RemoveElementByHash(
+  Fts3Hash *pH,         /* The pH containing "elem" */
+  Fts3HashElem* elem,   /* The element to be removed from the pH */
+  int h                 /* Hash value for the element */
+){
+  struct _fts3ht *pEntry;
+  if( elem->prev ){
+    elem->prev->next = elem->next; 
+  }else{
+    pH->first = elem->next;
+  }
+  if( elem->next ){
+    elem->next->prev = elem->prev;
+  }
+  pEntry = &pH->ht[h];
+  if( pEntry->chain==elem ){
+    pEntry->chain = elem->next;
+  }
+  pEntry->count--;
+  if( pEntry->count<=0 ){
+    pEntry->chain = 0;
+  }
+  if( pH->copyKey && elem->pKey ){
+    fts3HashFree(elem->pKey);
+  }
+  fts3HashFree( elem );
+  pH->count--;
+  if( pH->count<=0 ){
+    assert( pH->first==0 );
+    assert( pH->count==0 );
+    fts3HashClear(pH);
+  }
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Fts3HashElem *sqlite3Fts3HashFindElem(
+  const Fts3Hash *pH, 
+  const void *pKey, 
+  int nKey
+){
+  int h;                          /* A hash on key */
+  int (*xHash)(const void*,int);  /* The hash function */
+
+  if( pH==0 || pH->ht==0 ) return 0;
+  xHash = ftsHashFunction(pH->keyClass);
+  assert( xHash!=0 );
+  h = (*xHash)(pKey,nKey);
+  assert( (pH->htsize & (pH->htsize-1))==0 );
+  return fts3FindElementByHash(pH,pKey,nKey, h & (pH->htsize-1));
+}
+
+/* 
+** Attempt to locate an element of the hash table pH with a key
+** that matches pKey,nKey.  Return the data for this element if it is
+** found, or NULL if there is no match.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Fts3HashFind(const Fts3Hash *pH, const void *pKey, int nKey){
+  Fts3HashElem *pElem;            /* The element that matches key (if any) */
+
+  pElem = sqlite3Fts3HashFindElem(pH, pKey, nKey);
+  return pElem ? pElem->data : 0;
+}
+
+/* Insert an element into the hash table pH.  The key is pKey,nKey
+** and the data is "data".
+**
+** If no element exists with a matching key, then a new
+** element is created.  A copy of the key is made if the copyKey
+** flag is set.  NULL is returned.
+**
+** If another element already exists with the same key, then the
+** new data replaces the old data and the old data is returned.
+** The key is not copied in this instance.  If a malloc fails, then
+** the new data is returned and the hash table is unchanged.
+**
+** If the "data" parameter to this function is NULL, then the
+** element corresponding to "key" is removed from the hash table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(
+  Fts3Hash *pH,        /* The hash table to insert into */
+  const void *pKey,    /* The key */
+  int nKey,            /* Number of bytes in the key */
+  void *data           /* The data */
+){
+  int hraw;                 /* Raw hash value of the key */
+  int h;                    /* the hash of the key modulo hash table size */
+  Fts3HashElem *elem;       /* Used to loop thru the element list */
+  Fts3HashElem *new_elem;   /* New element added to the pH */
+  int (*xHash)(const void*,int);  /* The hash function */
+
+  assert( pH!=0 );
+  xHash = ftsHashFunction(pH->keyClass);
+  assert( xHash!=0 );
+  hraw = (*xHash)(pKey, nKey);
+  assert( (pH->htsize & (pH->htsize-1))==0 );
+  h = hraw & (pH->htsize-1);
+  elem = fts3FindElementByHash(pH,pKey,nKey,h);
+  if( elem ){
+    void *old_data = elem->data;
+    if( data==0 ){
+      fts3RemoveElementByHash(pH,elem,h);
+    }else{
+      elem->data = data;
+    }
+    return old_data;
+  }
+  if( data==0 ) return 0;
+  if( (pH->htsize==0 && fts3Rehash(pH,8))
+   || (pH->count>=pH->htsize && fts3Rehash(pH, pH->htsize*2))
+  ){
+    pH->count = 0;
+    return data;
+  }
+  assert( pH->htsize>0 );
+  new_elem = (Fts3HashElem*)fts3HashMalloc( sizeof(Fts3HashElem) );
+  if( new_elem==0 ) return data;
+  if( pH->copyKey && pKey!=0 ){
+    new_elem->pKey = fts3HashMalloc( nKey );
+    if( new_elem->pKey==0 ){
+      fts3HashFree(new_elem);
+      return data;
+    }
+    memcpy((void*)new_elem->pKey, pKey, nKey);
+  }else{
+    new_elem->pKey = (void*)pKey;
+  }
+  new_elem->nKey = nKey;
+  pH->count++;
+  assert( pH->htsize>0 );
+  assert( (pH->htsize & (pH->htsize-1))==0 );
+  h = hraw & (pH->htsize-1);
+  fts3HashInsertElement(pH, &pH->ht[h], new_elem);
+  new_elem->data = data;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_hash.c *******************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_porter.c *************************************/
+/*
+** 2006 September 30
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** Implementation of the full-text-search tokenizer that implements
+** a Porter stemmer.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The code in this file is only compiled if:
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built as an extension
+**       (in which case SQLITE_CORE is not defined), or
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built into the core of
+**       SQLite (in which case SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 is defined).
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+
+
+/*
+** Class derived from sqlite3_tokenizer
+*/
+typedef struct porter_tokenizer {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer base;      /* Base class */
+} porter_tokenizer;
+
+/*
+** Class derived from sqlit3_tokenizer_cursor
+*/
+typedef struct porter_tokenizer_cursor {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor base;
+  const char *zInput;          /* input we are tokenizing */
+  int nInput;                  /* size of the input */
+  int iOffset;                 /* current position in zInput */
+  int iToken;                  /* index of next token to be returned */
+  char *zToken;                /* storage for current token */
+  int nAllocated;              /* space allocated to zToken buffer */
+} porter_tokenizer_cursor;
+
+
+/*
+** Create a new tokenizer instance.
+*/
+static int porterCreate(
+  int argc, const char * const *argv,
+  sqlite3_tokenizer **ppTokenizer
+){
+  porter_tokenizer *t;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argv);
+
+  t = (porter_tokenizer *) sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*t));
+  if( t==NULL ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(t, 0, sizeof(*t));
+  *ppTokenizer = &t->base;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Destroy a tokenizer
+*/
+static int porterDestroy(sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer){
+  sqlite3_free(pTokenizer);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Prepare to begin tokenizing a particular string.  The input
+** string to be tokenized is zInput[0..nInput-1].  A cursor
+** used to incrementally tokenize this string is returned in 
+** *ppCursor.
+*/
+static int porterOpen(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer,         /* The tokenizer */
+  const char *zInput, int nInput,        /* String to be tokenized */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor **ppCursor    /* OUT: Tokenization cursor */
+){
+  porter_tokenizer_cursor *c;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pTokenizer);
+
+  c = (porter_tokenizer_cursor *) sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*c));
+  if( c==NULL ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  c->zInput = zInput;
+  if( zInput==0 ){
+    c->nInput = 0;
+  }else if( nInput<0 ){
+    c->nInput = (int)strlen(zInput);
+  }else{
+    c->nInput = nInput;
+  }
+  c->iOffset = 0;                 /* start tokenizing at the beginning */
+  c->iToken = 0;
+  c->zToken = NULL;               /* no space allocated, yet. */
+  c->nAllocated = 0;
+
+  *ppCursor = &c->base;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a tokenization cursor previously opened by a call to
+** porterOpen() above.
+*/
+static int porterClose(sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor){
+  porter_tokenizer_cursor *c = (porter_tokenizer_cursor *) pCursor;
+  sqlite3_free(c->zToken);
+  sqlite3_free(c);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+/*
+** Vowel or consonant
+*/
+static const char cType[] = {
+   0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+   1, 1, 1, 2, 1
+};
+
+/*
+** isConsonant() and isVowel() determine if their first character in
+** the string they point to is a consonant or a vowel, according
+** to Porter ruls.  
+**
+** A consonate is any letter other than 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', or 'u'.
+** 'Y' is a consonant unless it follows another consonant,
+** in which case it is a vowel.
+**
+** In these routine, the letters are in reverse order.  So the 'y' rule
+** is that 'y' is a consonant unless it is followed by another
+** consonent.
+*/
+static int isVowel(const char*);
+static int isConsonant(const char *z){
+  int j;
+  char x = *z;
+  if( x==0 ) return 0;
+  assert( x>='a' && x<='z' );
+  j = cType[x-'a'];
+  if( j<2 ) return j;
+  return z[1]==0 || isVowel(z + 1);
+}
+static int isVowel(const char *z){
+  int j;
+  char x = *z;
+  if( x==0 ) return 0;
+  assert( x>='a' && x<='z' );
+  j = cType[x-'a'];
+  if( j<2 ) return 1-j;
+  return isConsonant(z + 1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Let any sequence of one or more vowels be represented by V and let
+** C be sequence of one or more consonants.  Then every word can be
+** represented as:
+**
+**           [C] (VC){m} [V]
+**
+** In prose:  A word is an optional consonant followed by zero or
+** vowel-consonant pairs followed by an optional vowel.  "m" is the
+** number of vowel consonant pairs.  This routine computes the value
+** of m for the first i bytes of a word.
+**
+** Return true if the m-value for z is 1 or more.  In other words,
+** return true if z contains at least one vowel that is followed
+** by a consonant.
+**
+** In this routine z[] is in reverse order.  So we are really looking
+** for an instance of of a consonant followed by a vowel.
+*/
+static int m_gt_0(const char *z){
+  while( isVowel(z) ){ z++; }
+  if( *z==0 ) return 0;
+  while( isConsonant(z) ){ z++; }
+  return *z!=0;
+}
+
+/* Like mgt0 above except we are looking for a value of m which is
+** exactly 1
+*/
+static int m_eq_1(const char *z){
+  while( isVowel(z) ){ z++; }
+  if( *z==0 ) return 0;
+  while( isConsonant(z) ){ z++; }
+  if( *z==0 ) return 0;
+  while( isVowel(z) ){ z++; }
+  if( *z==0 ) return 1;
+  while( isConsonant(z) ){ z++; }
+  return *z==0;
+}
+
+/* Like mgt0 above except we are looking for a value of m>1 instead
+** or m>0
+*/
+static int m_gt_1(const char *z){
+  while( isVowel(z) ){ z++; }
+  if( *z==0 ) return 0;
+  while( isConsonant(z) ){ z++; }
+  if( *z==0 ) return 0;
+  while( isVowel(z) ){ z++; }
+  if( *z==0 ) return 0;
+  while( isConsonant(z) ){ z++; }
+  return *z!=0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if there is a vowel anywhere within z[0..n-1]
+*/
+static int hasVowel(const char *z){
+  while( isConsonant(z) ){ z++; }
+  return *z!=0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the word ends in a double consonant.
+**
+** The text is reversed here. So we are really looking at
+** the first two characters of z[].
+*/
+static int doubleConsonant(const char *z){
+  return isConsonant(z) && z[0]==z[1];
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the word ends with three letters which
+** are consonant-vowel-consonent and where the final consonant
+** is not 'w', 'x', or 'y'.
+**
+** The word is reversed here.  So we are really checking the
+** first three letters and the first one cannot be in [wxy].
+*/
+static int star_oh(const char *z){
+  return
+    isConsonant(z) &&
+    z[0]!='w' && z[0]!='x' && z[0]!='y' &&
+    isVowel(z+1) &&
+    isConsonant(z+2);
+}
+
+/*
+** If the word ends with zFrom and xCond() is true for the stem
+** of the word that preceeds the zFrom ending, then change the 
+** ending to zTo.
+**
+** The input word *pz and zFrom are both in reverse order.  zTo
+** is in normal order. 
+**
+** Return TRUE if zFrom matches.  Return FALSE if zFrom does not
+** match.  Not that TRUE is returned even if xCond() fails and
+** no substitution occurs.
+*/
+static int stem(
+  char **pz,             /* The word being stemmed (Reversed) */
+  const char *zFrom,     /* If the ending matches this... (Reversed) */
+  const char *zTo,       /* ... change the ending to this (not reversed) */
+  int (*xCond)(const char*)   /* Condition that must be true */
+){
+  char *z = *pz;
+  while( *zFrom && *zFrom==*z ){ z++; zFrom++; }
+  if( *zFrom!=0 ) return 0;
+  if( xCond && !xCond(z) ) return 1;
+  while( *zTo ){
+    *(--z) = *(zTo++);
+  }
+  *pz = z;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** This is the fallback stemmer used when the porter stemmer is
+** inappropriate.  The input word is copied into the output with
+** US-ASCII case folding.  If the input word is too long (more
+** than 20 bytes if it contains no digits or more than 6 bytes if
+** it contains digits) then word is truncated to 20 or 6 bytes
+** by taking 10 or 3 bytes from the beginning and end.
+*/
+static void copy_stemmer(const char *zIn, int nIn, char *zOut, int *pnOut){
+  int i, mx, j;
+  int hasDigit = 0;
+  for(i=0; i<nIn; i++){
+    char c = zIn[i];
+    if( c>='A' && c<='Z' ){
+      zOut[i] = c - 'A' + 'a';
+    }else{
+      if( c>='0' && c<='9' ) hasDigit = 1;
+      zOut[i] = c;
+    }
+  }
+  mx = hasDigit ? 3 : 10;
+  if( nIn>mx*2 ){
+    for(j=mx, i=nIn-mx; i<nIn; i++, j++){
+      zOut[j] = zOut[i];
+    }
+    i = j;
+  }
+  zOut[i] = 0;
+  *pnOut = i;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Stem the input word zIn[0..nIn-1].  Store the output in zOut.
+** zOut is at least big enough to hold nIn bytes.  Write the actual
+** size of the output word (exclusive of the '\0' terminator) into *pnOut.
+**
+** Any upper-case characters in the US-ASCII character set ([A-Z])
+** are converted to lower case.  Upper-case UTF characters are
+** unchanged.
+**
+** Words that are longer than about 20 bytes are stemmed by retaining
+** a few bytes from the beginning and the end of the word.  If the
+** word contains digits, 3 bytes are taken from the beginning and
+** 3 bytes from the end.  For long words without digits, 10 bytes
+** are taken from each end.  US-ASCII case folding still applies.
+** 
+** If the input word contains not digits but does characters not 
+** in [a-zA-Z] then no stemming is attempted and this routine just 
+** copies the input into the input into the output with US-ASCII
+** case folding.
+**
+** Stemming never increases the length of the word.  So there is
+** no chance of overflowing the zOut buffer.
+*/
+static void porter_stemmer(const char *zIn, int nIn, char *zOut, int *pnOut){
+  int i, j;
+  char zReverse[28];
+  char *z, *z2;
+  if( nIn<3 || nIn>=(int)sizeof(zReverse)-7 ){
+    /* The word is too big or too small for the porter stemmer.
+    ** Fallback to the copy stemmer */
+    copy_stemmer(zIn, nIn, zOut, pnOut);
+    return;
+  }
+  for(i=0, j=sizeof(zReverse)-6; i<nIn; i++, j--){
+    char c = zIn[i];
+    if( c>='A' && c<='Z' ){
+      zReverse[j] = c + 'a' - 'A';
+    }else if( c>='a' && c<='z' ){
+      zReverse[j] = c;
+    }else{
+      /* The use of a character not in [a-zA-Z] means that we fallback
+      ** to the copy stemmer */
+      copy_stemmer(zIn, nIn, zOut, pnOut);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  memset(&zReverse[sizeof(zReverse)-5], 0, 5);
+  z = &zReverse[j+1];
+
+
+  /* Step 1a */
+  if( z[0]=='s' ){
+    if(
+     !stem(&z, "sess", "ss", 0) &&
+     !stem(&z, "sei", "i", 0)  &&
+     !stem(&z, "ss", "ss", 0)
+    ){
+      z++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Step 1b */  
+  z2 = z;
+  if( stem(&z, "dee", "ee", m_gt_0) ){
+    /* Do nothing.  The work was all in the test */
+  }else if( 
+     (stem(&z, "gni", "", hasVowel) || stem(&z, "de", "", hasVowel))
+      && z!=z2
+  ){
+     if( stem(&z, "ta", "ate", 0) ||
+         stem(&z, "lb", "ble", 0) ||
+         stem(&z, "zi", "ize", 0) ){
+       /* Do nothing.  The work was all in the test */
+     }else if( doubleConsonant(z) && (*z!='l' && *z!='s' && *z!='z') ){
+       z++;
+     }else if( m_eq_1(z) && star_oh(z) ){
+       *(--z) = 'e';
+     }
+  }
+
+  /* Step 1c */
+  if( z[0]=='y' && hasVowel(z+1) ){
+    z[0] = 'i';
+  }
+
+  /* Step 2 */
+  switch( z[1] ){
+   case 'a':
+     stem(&z, "lanoita", "ate", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "lanoit", "tion", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 'c':
+     stem(&z, "icne", "ence", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "icna", "ance", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 'e':
+     stem(&z, "rezi", "ize", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 'g':
+     stem(&z, "igol", "log", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 'l':
+     stem(&z, "ilb", "ble", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "illa", "al", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "iltne", "ent", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "ile", "e", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "ilsuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 'o':
+     stem(&z, "noitazi", "ize", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "noita", "ate", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "rota", "ate", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 's':
+     stem(&z, "msila", "al", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "ssenevi", "ive", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "ssenluf", "ful", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "ssensuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 't':
+     stem(&z, "itila", "al", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "itivi", "ive", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "itilib", "ble", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+  }
+
+  /* Step 3 */
+  switch( z[0] ){
+   case 'e':
+     stem(&z, "etaci", "ic", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "evita", "", m_gt_0)   ||
+     stem(&z, "ezila", "al", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 'i':
+     stem(&z, "itici", "ic", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 'l':
+     stem(&z, "laci", "ic", m_gt_0) ||
+     stem(&z, "luf", "", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+   case 's':
+     stem(&z, "ssen", "", m_gt_0);
+     break;
+  }
+
+  /* Step 4 */
+  switch( z[1] ){
+   case 'a':
+     if( z[0]=='l' && m_gt_1(z+2) ){
+       z += 2;
+     }
+     break;
+   case 'c':
+     if( z[0]=='e' && z[2]=='n' && (z[3]=='a' || z[3]=='e')  && m_gt_1(z+4)  ){
+       z += 4;
+     }
+     break;
+   case 'e':
+     if( z[0]=='r' && m_gt_1(z+2) ){
+       z += 2;
+     }
+     break;
+   case 'i':
+     if( z[0]=='c' && m_gt_1(z+2) ){
+       z += 2;
+     }
+     break;
+   case 'l':
+     if( z[0]=='e' && z[2]=='b' && (z[3]=='a' || z[3]=='i') && m_gt_1(z+4) ){
+       z += 4;
+     }
+     break;
+   case 'n':
+     if( z[0]=='t' ){
+       if( z[2]=='a' ){
+         if( m_gt_1(z+3) ){
+           z += 3;
+         }
+       }else if( z[2]=='e' ){
+         stem(&z, "tneme", "", m_gt_1) ||
+         stem(&z, "tnem", "", m_gt_1) ||
+         stem(&z, "tne", "", m_gt_1);
+       }
+     }
+     break;
+   case 'o':
+     if( z[0]=='u' ){
+       if( m_gt_1(z+2) ){
+         z += 2;
+       }
+     }else if( z[3]=='s' || z[3]=='t' ){
+       stem(&z, "noi", "", m_gt_1);
+     }
+     break;
+   case 's':
+     if( z[0]=='m' && z[2]=='i' && m_gt_1(z+3) ){
+       z += 3;
+     }
+     break;
+   case 't':
+     stem(&z, "eta", "", m_gt_1) ||
+     stem(&z, "iti", "", m_gt_1);
+     break;
+   case 'u':
+     if( z[0]=='s' && z[2]=='o' && m_gt_1(z+3) ){
+       z += 3;
+     }
+     break;
+   case 'v':
+   case 'z':
+     if( z[0]=='e' && z[2]=='i' && m_gt_1(z+3) ){
+       z += 3;
+     }
+     break;
+  }
+
+  /* Step 5a */
+  if( z[0]=='e' ){
+    if( m_gt_1(z+1) ){
+      z++;
+    }else if( m_eq_1(z+1) && !star_oh(z+1) ){
+      z++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Step 5b */
+  if( m_gt_1(z) && z[0]=='l' && z[1]=='l' ){
+    z++;
+  }
+
+  /* z[] is now the stemmed word in reverse order.  Flip it back
+  ** around into forward order and return.
+  */
+  *pnOut = i = (int)strlen(z);
+  zOut[i] = 0;
+  while( *z ){
+    zOut[--i] = *(z++);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Characters that can be part of a token.  We assume any character
+** whose value is greater than 0x80 (any UTF character) can be
+** part of a token.  In other words, delimiters all must have
+** values of 0x7f or lower.
+*/
+static const char porterIdChar[] = {
+/* x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 xA xB xC xD xE xF */
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 3x */
+    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  /* 4x */
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,  /* 5x */
+    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  /* 6x */
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 7x */
+};
+#define isDelim(C) (((ch=C)&0x80)==0 && (ch<0x30 || !porterIdChar[ch-0x30]))
+
+/*
+** Extract the next token from a tokenization cursor.  The cursor must
+** have been opened by a prior call to porterOpen().
+*/
+static int porterNext(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor,  /* Cursor returned by porterOpen */
+  const char **pzToken,               /* OUT: *pzToken is the token text */
+  int *pnBytes,                       /* OUT: Number of bytes in token */
+  int *piStartOffset,                 /* OUT: Starting offset of token */
+  int *piEndOffset,                   /* OUT: Ending offset of token */
+  int *piPosition                     /* OUT: Position integer of token */
+){
+  porter_tokenizer_cursor *c = (porter_tokenizer_cursor *) pCursor;
+  const char *z = c->zInput;
+
+  while( c->iOffset<c->nInput ){
+    int iStartOffset, ch;
+
+    /* Scan past delimiter characters */
+    while( c->iOffset<c->nInput && isDelim(z[c->iOffset]) ){
+      c->iOffset++;
+    }
+
+    /* Count non-delimiter characters. */
+    iStartOffset = c->iOffset;
+    while( c->iOffset<c->nInput && !isDelim(z[c->iOffset]) ){
+      c->iOffset++;
+    }
+
+    if( c->iOffset>iStartOffset ){
+      int n = c->iOffset-iStartOffset;
+      if( n>c->nAllocated ){
+        char *pNew;
+        c->nAllocated = n+20;
+        pNew = sqlite3_realloc(c->zToken, c->nAllocated);
+        if( !pNew ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        c->zToken = pNew;
+      }
+      porter_stemmer(&z[iStartOffset], n, c->zToken, pnBytes);
+      *pzToken = c->zToken;
+      *piStartOffset = iStartOffset;
+      *piEndOffset = c->iOffset;
+      *piPosition = c->iToken++;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_DONE;
+}
+
+/*
+** The set of routines that implement the porter-stemmer tokenizer
+*/
+static const sqlite3_tokenizer_module porterTokenizerModule = {
+  0,
+  porterCreate,
+  porterDestroy,
+  porterOpen,
+  porterClose,
+  porterNext,
+};
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new porter tokenizer.  Return a pointer to the new
+** tokenizer in *ppModule
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule
+){
+  *ppModule = &porterTokenizerModule;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_porter.c *****************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_tokenizer.c **********************************/
+/*
+** 2007 June 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This is part of an SQLite module implementing full-text search.
+** This particular file implements the generic tokenizer interface.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The code in this file is only compiled if:
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built as an extension
+**       (in which case SQLITE_CORE is not defined), or
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built into the core of
+**       SQLite (in which case SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 is defined).
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+  SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the SQL scalar function for accessing the underlying 
+** hash table. This function may be called as follows:
+**
+**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>);
+**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>, <pointer>);
+**
+** where <function-name> is the name passed as the second argument
+** to the sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable() function (e.g. 'fts3_tokenizer').
+**
+** If the <pointer> argument is specified, it must be a blob value
+** containing a pointer to be stored as the hash data corresponding
+** to the string <key-name>. If <pointer> is not specified, then
+** the string <key-name> must already exist in the has table. Otherwise,
+** an error is returned.
+**
+** Whether or not the <pointer> argument is specified, the value returned
+** is a blob containing the pointer stored as the hash data corresponding
+** to string <key-name> (after the hash-table is updated, if applicable).
+*/
+static void scalarFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  Fts3Hash *pHash;
+  void *pPtr = 0;
+  const unsigned char *zName;
+  int nName;
+
+  assert( argc==1 || argc==2 );
+
+  pHash = (Fts3Hash *)sqlite3_user_data(context);
+
+  zName = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  nName = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0])+1;
+
+  if( argc==2 ){
+    void *pOld;
+    int n = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[1]);
+    if( n!=sizeof(pPtr) ){
+      sqlite3_result_error(context, "argument type mismatch", -1);
+      return;
+    }
+    pPtr = *(void **)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[1]);
+    pOld = sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, (void *)zName, nName, pPtr);
+    if( pOld==pPtr ){
+      sqlite3_result_error(context, "out of memory", -1);
+      return;
+    }
+  }else{
+    pPtr = sqlite3Fts3HashFind(pHash, zName, nName);
+    if( !pPtr ){
+      char *zErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unknown tokenizer: %s", zName);
+      sqlite3_result_error(context, zErr, -1);
+      sqlite3_free(zErr);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_result_blob(context, (void *)&pPtr, sizeof(pPtr), SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(char c){
+  static const char isFtsIdChar[] = {
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 0x */
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 1x */
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 2x */
+      1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 3x */
+      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  /* 4x */
+      1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,  /* 5x */
+      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  /* 6x */
+      1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 7x */
+  };
+  return (c&0x80 || isFtsIdChar[(int)(c)]);
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3Fts3NextToken(const char *zStr, int *pn){
+  const char *z1;
+  const char *z2 = 0;
+
+  /* Find the start of the next token. */
+  z1 = zStr;
+  while( z2==0 ){
+    char c = *z1;
+    switch( c ){
+      case '\0': return 0;        /* No more tokens here */
+      case '\'':
+      case '"':
+      case '`': {
+        z2 = z1;
+        while( *++z2 && (*z2!=c || *++z2==c) );
+        break;
+      }
+      case '[':
+        z2 = &z1[1];
+        while( *z2 && z2[0]!=']' ) z2++;
+        if( *z2 ) z2++;
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        if( sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(*z1) ){
+          z2 = &z1[1];
+          while( sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(*z2) ) z2++;
+        }else{
+          z1++;
+        }
+    }
+  }
+
+  *pn = (int)(z2-z1);
+  return z1;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(
+  Fts3Hash *pHash,                /* Tokenizer hash table */
+  const char *zArg,               /* Tokenizer name */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer **ppTok,      /* OUT: Tokenizer (if applicable) */
+  char **pzErr                    /* OUT: Set to malloced error message */
+){
+  int rc;
+  char *z = (char *)zArg;
+  int n = 0;
+  char *zCopy;
+  char *zEnd;                     /* Pointer to nul-term of zCopy */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module *m;
+
+  zCopy = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zArg);
+  if( !zCopy ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  zEnd = &zCopy[strlen(zCopy)];
+
+  z = (char *)sqlite3Fts3NextToken(zCopy, &n);
+  z[n] = '\0';
+  sqlite3Fts3Dequote(z);
+
+  m = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)sqlite3Fts3HashFind(pHash,z,(int)strlen(z)+1);
+  if( !m ){
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unknown tokenizer: %s", z);
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }else{
+    char const **aArg = 0;
+    int iArg = 0;
+    z = &z[n+1];
+    while( z<zEnd && (NULL!=(z = (char *)sqlite3Fts3NextToken(z, &n))) ){
+      int nNew = sizeof(char *)*(iArg+1);
+      char const **aNew = (const char **)sqlite3_realloc((void *)aArg, nNew);
+      if( !aNew ){
+        sqlite3_free(zCopy);
+        sqlite3_free((void *)aArg);
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+      aArg = aNew;
+      aArg[iArg++] = z;
+      z[n] = '\0';
+      sqlite3Fts3Dequote(z);
+      z = &z[n+1];
+    }
+    rc = m->xCreate(iArg, aArg, ppTok);
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || *ppTok );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unknown tokenizer");
+    }else{
+      (*ppTok)->pModule = m; 
+    }
+    sqlite3_free((void *)aArg);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(zCopy);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+
+
+/*
+** Implementation of a special SQL scalar function for testing tokenizers 
+** designed to be used in concert with the Tcl testing framework. This
+** function must be called with two arguments:
+**
+**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>, <input-string>);
+**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>, <pointer>);
+**
+** where <function-name> is the name passed as the second argument
+** to the sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable() function (e.g. 'fts3_tokenizer')
+** concatenated with the string '_test' (e.g. 'fts3_tokenizer_test').
+**
+** The return value is a string that may be interpreted as a Tcl
+** list. For each token in the <input-string>, three elements are
+** added to the returned list. The first is the token position, the 
+** second is the token text (folded, stemmed, etc.) and the third is the
+** substring of <input-string> associated with the token. For example, 
+** using the built-in "simple" tokenizer:
+**
+**   SELECT fts_tokenizer_test('simple', 'I don't see how');
+**
+** will return the string:
+**
+**   "{0 i I 1 dont don't 2 see see 3 how how}"
+**   
+*/
+static void testFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  Fts3Hash *pHash;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module *p;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer = 0;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCsr = 0;
+
+  const char *zErr = 0;
+
+  const char *zName;
+  int nName;
+  const char *zInput;
+  int nInput;
+
+  const char *zArg = 0;
+
+  const char *zToken;
+  int nToken;
+  int iStart;
+  int iEnd;
+  int iPos;
+
+  Tcl_Obj *pRet;
+
+  assert( argc==2 || argc==3 );
+
+  nName = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+  zName = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  nInput = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[argc-1]);
+  zInput = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[argc-1]);
+
+  if( argc==3 ){
+    zArg = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+  }
+
+  pHash = (Fts3Hash *)sqlite3_user_data(context);
+  p = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)sqlite3Fts3HashFind(pHash, zName, nName+1);
+
+  if( !p ){
+    char *zErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unknown tokenizer: %s", zName);
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, zErr, -1);
+    sqlite3_free(zErr);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  pRet = Tcl_NewObj();
+  Tcl_IncrRefCount(pRet);
+
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=p->xCreate(zArg ? 1 : 0, &zArg, &pTokenizer) ){
+    zErr = "error in xCreate()";
+    goto finish;
+  }
+  pTokenizer->pModule = p;
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=p->xOpen(pTokenizer, zInput, nInput, &pCsr) ){
+    zErr = "error in xOpen()";
+    goto finish;
+  }
+  pCsr->pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
+
+  while( SQLITE_OK==p->xNext(pCsr, &zToken, &nToken, &iStart, &iEnd, &iPos) ){
+    Tcl_ListObjAppendElement(0, pRet, Tcl_NewIntObj(iPos));
+    Tcl_ListObjAppendElement(0, pRet, Tcl_NewStringObj(zToken, nToken));
+    zToken = &zInput[iStart];
+    nToken = iEnd-iStart;
+    Tcl_ListObjAppendElement(0, pRet, Tcl_NewStringObj(zToken, nToken));
+  }
+
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=p->xClose(pCsr) ){
+    zErr = "error in xClose()";
+    goto finish;
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=p->xDestroy(pTokenizer) ){
+    zErr = "error in xDestroy()";
+    goto finish;
+  }
+
+finish:
+  if( zErr ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, zErr, -1);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, Tcl_GetString(pRet), -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }
+  Tcl_DecrRefCount(pRet);
+}
+
+static
+int registerTokenizer(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  char *zName, 
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *p
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  const char zSql[] = "SELECT fts3_tokenizer(?, ?)";
+
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, zName, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 2, &p, sizeof(p), SQLITE_STATIC);
+  sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+
+  return sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+}
+
+static
+int queryTokenizer(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  char *zName,  
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module **pp
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  const char zSql[] = "SELECT fts3_tokenizer(?)";
+
+  *pp = 0;
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, zName, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+    if( sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)==SQLITE_BLOB ){
+      memcpy((void *)pp, sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0), sizeof(*pp));
+    }
+  }
+
+  return sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the scalar function fts3_tokenizer_internal_test().
+** This function is used for testing only, it is not included in the
+** build unless SQLITE_TEST is defined.
+**
+** The purpose of this is to test that the fts3_tokenizer() function
+** can be used as designed by the C-code in the queryTokenizer and
+** registerTokenizer() functions above. These two functions are repeated
+** in the README.tokenizer file as an example, so it is important to
+** test them.
+**
+** To run the tests, evaluate the fts3_tokenizer_internal_test() scalar
+** function with no arguments. An assert() will fail if a problem is
+** detected. i.e.:
+**
+**     SELECT fts3_tokenizer_internal_test();
+**
+*/
+static void intTestFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  int rc;
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *p1;
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *p2;
+  sqlite3 *db = (sqlite3 *)sqlite3_user_data(context);
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argv);
+
+  /* Test the query function */
+  sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(&p1);
+  rc = queryTokenizer(db, "simple", &p2);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  assert( p1==p2 );
+  rc = queryTokenizer(db, "nosuchtokenizer", &p2);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_ERROR );
+  assert( p2==0 );
+  assert( 0==strcmp(sqlite3_errmsg(db), "unknown tokenizer: nosuchtokenizer") );
+
+  /* Test the storage function */
+  rc = registerTokenizer(db, "nosuchtokenizer", p1);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  rc = queryTokenizer(db, "nosuchtokenizer", &p2);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  assert( p2==p1 );
+
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, "ok", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Set up SQL objects in database db used to access the contents of
+** the hash table pointed to by argument pHash. The hash table must
+** been initialised to use string keys, and to take a private copy 
+** of the key when a value is inserted. i.e. by a call similar to:
+**
+**    sqlite3Fts3HashInit(pHash, FTS3_HASH_STRING, 1);
+**
+** This function adds a scalar function (see header comment above
+** scalarFunc() in this file for details) and, if ENABLE_TABLE is
+** defined at compilation time, a temporary virtual table (see header 
+** comment above struct HashTableVtab) to the database schema. Both 
+** provide read/write access to the contents of *pHash.
+**
+** The third argument to this function, zName, is used as the name
+** of both the scalar and, if created, the virtual table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  Fts3Hash *pHash, 
+  const char *zName
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  void *p = (void *)pHash;
+  const int any = SQLITE_ANY;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  char *zTest = 0;
+  char *zTest2 = 0;
+  void *pdb = (void *)db;
+  zTest = sqlite3_mprintf("%s_test", zName);
+  zTest2 = sqlite3_mprintf("%s_internal_test", zName);
+  if( !zTest || !zTest2 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zName, 1, any, p, scalarFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zName, 2, any, p, scalarFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 2, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 3, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest2, 0, any, pdb, intTestFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  sqlite3_free(zTest);
+  sqlite3_free(zTest2);
+#endif
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_tokenizer.c **************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_tokenizer1.c *********************************/
+/*
+** 2006 Oct 10
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** Implementation of the "simple" full-text-search tokenizer.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The code in this file is only compiled if:
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built as an extension
+**       (in which case SQLITE_CORE is not defined), or
+**
+**     * The FTS3 module is being built into the core of
+**       SQLite (in which case SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 is defined).
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+
+
+typedef struct simple_tokenizer {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer base;
+  char delim[128];             /* flag ASCII delimiters */
+} simple_tokenizer;
+
+typedef struct simple_tokenizer_cursor {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor base;
+  const char *pInput;          /* input we are tokenizing */
+  int nBytes;                  /* size of the input */
+  int iOffset;                 /* current position in pInput */
+  int iToken;                  /* index of next token to be returned */
+  char *pToken;                /* storage for current token */
+  int nTokenAllocated;         /* space allocated to zToken buffer */
+} simple_tokenizer_cursor;
+
+
+static int simpleDelim(simple_tokenizer *t, unsigned char c){
+  return c<0x80 && t->delim[c];
+}
+static int fts3_isalnum(int x){
+  return (x>='0' && x<='9') || (x>='A' && x<='Z') || (x>='a' && x<='z');
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new tokenizer instance.
+*/
+static int simpleCreate(
+  int argc, const char * const *argv,
+  sqlite3_tokenizer **ppTokenizer
+){
+  simple_tokenizer *t;
+
+  t = (simple_tokenizer *) sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*t));
+  if( t==NULL ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(t, 0, sizeof(*t));
+
+  /* TODO(shess) Delimiters need to remain the same from run to run,
+  ** else we need to reindex.  One solution would be a meta-table to
+  ** track such information in the database, then we'd only want this
+  ** information on the initial create.
+  */
+  if( argc>1 ){
+    int i, n = (int)strlen(argv[1]);
+    for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+      unsigned char ch = argv[1][i];
+      /* We explicitly don't support UTF-8 delimiters for now. */
+      if( ch>=0x80 ){
+        sqlite3_free(t);
+        return SQLITE_ERROR;
+      }
+      t->delim[ch] = 1;
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* Mark non-alphanumeric ASCII characters as delimiters */
+    int i;
+    for(i=1; i<0x80; i++){
+      t->delim[i] = !fts3_isalnum(i) ? -1 : 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *ppTokenizer = &t->base;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Destroy a tokenizer
+*/
+static int simpleDestroy(sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer){
+  sqlite3_free(pTokenizer);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Prepare to begin tokenizing a particular string.  The input
+** string to be tokenized is pInput[0..nBytes-1].  A cursor
+** used to incrementally tokenize this string is returned in 
+** *ppCursor.
+*/
+static int simpleOpen(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer,         /* The tokenizer */
+  const char *pInput, int nBytes,        /* String to be tokenized */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor **ppCursor    /* OUT: Tokenization cursor */
+){
+  simple_tokenizer_cursor *c;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pTokenizer);
+
+  c = (simple_tokenizer_cursor *) sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*c));
+  if( c==NULL ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  c->pInput = pInput;
+  if( pInput==0 ){
+    c->nBytes = 0;
+  }else if( nBytes<0 ){
+    c->nBytes = (int)strlen(pInput);
+  }else{
+    c->nBytes = nBytes;
+  }
+  c->iOffset = 0;                 /* start tokenizing at the beginning */
+  c->iToken = 0;
+  c->pToken = NULL;               /* no space allocated, yet. */
+  c->nTokenAllocated = 0;
+
+  *ppCursor = &c->base;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a tokenization cursor previously opened by a call to
+** simpleOpen() above.
+*/
+static int simpleClose(sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor){
+  simple_tokenizer_cursor *c = (simple_tokenizer_cursor *) pCursor;
+  sqlite3_free(c->pToken);
+  sqlite3_free(c);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the next token from a tokenization cursor.  The cursor must
+** have been opened by a prior call to simpleOpen().
+*/
+static int simpleNext(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor,  /* Cursor returned by simpleOpen */
+  const char **ppToken,               /* OUT: *ppToken is the token text */
+  int *pnBytes,                       /* OUT: Number of bytes in token */
+  int *piStartOffset,                 /* OUT: Starting offset of token */
+  int *piEndOffset,                   /* OUT: Ending offset of token */
+  int *piPosition                     /* OUT: Position integer of token */
+){
+  simple_tokenizer_cursor *c = (simple_tokenizer_cursor *) pCursor;
+  simple_tokenizer *t = (simple_tokenizer *) pCursor->pTokenizer;
+  unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *)c->pInput;
+
+  while( c->iOffset<c->nBytes ){
+    int iStartOffset;
+
+    /* Scan past delimiter characters */
+    while( c->iOffset<c->nBytes && simpleDelim(t, p[c->iOffset]) ){
+      c->iOffset++;
+    }
+
+    /* Count non-delimiter characters. */
+    iStartOffset = c->iOffset;
+    while( c->iOffset<c->nBytes && !simpleDelim(t, p[c->iOffset]) ){
+      c->iOffset++;
+    }
+
+    if( c->iOffset>iStartOffset ){
+      int i, n = c->iOffset-iStartOffset;
+      if( n>c->nTokenAllocated ){
+        char *pNew;
+        c->nTokenAllocated = n+20;
+        pNew = sqlite3_realloc(c->pToken, c->nTokenAllocated);
+        if( !pNew ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        c->pToken = pNew;
+      }
+      for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+        /* TODO(shess) This needs expansion to handle UTF-8
+        ** case-insensitivity.
+        */
+        unsigned char ch = p[iStartOffset+i];
+        c->pToken[i] = (char)((ch>='A' && ch<='Z') ? ch-'A'+'a' : ch);
+      }
+      *ppToken = c->pToken;
+      *pnBytes = n;
+      *piStartOffset = iStartOffset;
+      *piEndOffset = c->iOffset;
+      *piPosition = c->iToken++;
+
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_DONE;
+}
+
+/*
+** The set of routines that implement the simple tokenizer
+*/
+static const sqlite3_tokenizer_module simpleTokenizerModule = {
+  0,
+  simpleCreate,
+  simpleDestroy,
+  simpleOpen,
+  simpleClose,
+  simpleNext,
+};
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new simple tokenizer.  Return a pointer to the new
+** tokenizer in *ppModule
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule
+){
+  *ppModule = &simpleTokenizerModule;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_tokenizer1.c *************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_write.c **************************************/
+/*
+** 2009 Oct 23
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file is part of the SQLite FTS3 extension module. Specifically,
+** this file contains code to insert, update and delete rows from FTS3
+** tables. It also contains code to merge FTS3 b-tree segments. Some
+** of the sub-routines used to merge segments are also used by the query 
+** code in fts3.c.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+
+/*
+** When full-text index nodes are loaded from disk, the buffer that they
+** are loaded into has the following number of bytes of padding at the end 
+** of it. i.e. if a full-text index node is 900 bytes in size, then a buffer
+** of 920 bytes is allocated for it.
+**
+** This means that if we have a pointer into a buffer containing node data,
+** it is always safe to read up to two varints from it without risking an
+** overread, even if the node data is corrupted.
+*/
+#define FTS3_NODE_PADDING (FTS3_VARINT_MAX*2)
+
+/*
+** Under certain circumstances, b-tree nodes (doclists) can be loaded into
+** memory incrementally instead of all at once. This can be a big performance
+** win (reduced IO and CPU) if SQLite stops calling the virtual table xNext()
+** method before retrieving all query results (as may happen, for example,
+** if a query has a LIMIT clause).
+**
+** Incremental loading is used for b-tree nodes FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD 
+** bytes and larger. Nodes are loaded in chunks of FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE bytes.
+** The code is written so that the hard lower-limit for each of these values 
+** is 1. Clearly such small values would be inefficient, but can be useful 
+** for testing purposes.
+**
+** If this module is built with SQLITE_TEST defined, these constants may
+** be overridden at runtime for testing purposes. File fts3_test.c contains
+** a Tcl interface to read and write the values.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+int test_fts3_node_chunksize = (4*1024);
+int test_fts3_node_chunk_threshold = (4*1024)*4;
+# define FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE       test_fts3_node_chunksize
+# define FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD test_fts3_node_chunk_threshold
+#else
+# define FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE (4*1024) 
+# define FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD (FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE*4)
+#endif
+
+typedef struct PendingList PendingList;
+typedef struct SegmentNode SegmentNode;
+typedef struct SegmentWriter SegmentWriter;
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following data structure is used to build doclists
+** incrementally. See function fts3PendingListAppend() for details.
+*/
+struct PendingList {
+  int nData;
+  char *aData;
+  int nSpace;
+  sqlite3_int64 iLastDocid;
+  sqlite3_int64 iLastCol;
+  sqlite3_int64 iLastPos;
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Each cursor has a (possibly empty) linked list of the following objects.
+*/
+struct Fts3DeferredToken {
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pToken;        /* Pointer to corresponding expr token */
+  int iCol;                       /* Column token must occur in */
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pNext;       /* Next in list of deferred tokens */
+  PendingList *pList;             /* Doclist is assembled here */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure is used to iterate through the terms on
+** a contiguous set of segment b-tree leaf nodes. Although the details of
+** this structure are only manipulated by code in this file, opaque handles
+** of type Fts3SegReader* are also used by code in fts3.c to iterate through
+** terms when querying the full-text index. See functions:
+**
+**   sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew()
+**   sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree()
+**   sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate()
+**
+** Methods used to manipulate Fts3SegReader structures:
+**
+**   fts3SegReaderNext()
+**   fts3SegReaderFirstDocid()
+**   fts3SegReaderNextDocid()
+*/
+struct Fts3SegReader {
+  int iIdx;                       /* Index within level, or 0x7FFFFFFF for PT */
+
+  sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock;      /* Rowid of first leaf block to traverse */
+  sqlite3_int64 iLeafEndBlock;    /* Rowid of final leaf block to traverse */
+  sqlite3_int64 iEndBlock;        /* Rowid of final block in segment (or 0) */
+  sqlite3_int64 iCurrentBlock;    /* Current leaf block (or 0) */
+
+  char *aNode;                    /* Pointer to node data (or NULL) */
+  int nNode;                      /* Size of buffer at aNode (or 0) */
+  int nPopulate;                  /* If >0, bytes of buffer aNode[] loaded */
+  sqlite3_blob *pBlob;            /* If not NULL, blob handle to read node */
+
+  Fts3HashElem **ppNextElem;
+
+  /* Variables set by fts3SegReaderNext(). These may be read directly
+  ** by the caller. They are valid from the time SegmentReaderNew() returns
+  ** until SegmentReaderNext() returns something other than SQLITE_OK
+  ** (i.e. SQLITE_DONE).
+  */
+  int nTerm;                      /* Number of bytes in current term */
+  char *zTerm;                    /* Pointer to current term */
+  int nTermAlloc;                 /* Allocated size of zTerm buffer */
+  char *aDoclist;                 /* Pointer to doclist of current entry */
+  int nDoclist;                   /* Size of doclist in current entry */
+
+  /* The following variables are used by fts3SegReaderNextDocid() to iterate 
+  ** through the current doclist (aDoclist/nDoclist).
+  */
+  char *pOffsetList;
+  int nOffsetList;                /* For descending pending seg-readers only */
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
+};
+
+#define fts3SegReaderIsPending(p) ((p)->ppNextElem!=0)
+#define fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(p) ((p)->aNode==(char *)&(p)[1])
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure is used to create a segment b-tree in the
+** database. The internal details of this type are only accessed by the
+** following functions:
+**
+**   fts3SegWriterAdd()
+**   fts3SegWriterFlush()
+**   fts3SegWriterFree()
+*/
+struct SegmentWriter {
+  SegmentNode *pTree;             /* Pointer to interior tree structure */
+  sqlite3_int64 iFirst;           /* First slot in %_segments written */
+  sqlite3_int64 iFree;            /* Next free slot in %_segments */
+  char *zTerm;                    /* Pointer to previous term buffer */
+  int nTerm;                      /* Number of bytes in zTerm */
+  int nMalloc;                    /* Size of malloc'd buffer at zMalloc */
+  char *zMalloc;                  /* Malloc'd space (possibly) used for zTerm */
+  int nSize;                      /* Size of allocation at aData */
+  int nData;                      /* Bytes of data in aData */
+  char *aData;                    /* Pointer to block from malloc() */
+};
+
+/*
+** Type SegmentNode is used by the following three functions to create
+** the interior part of the segment b+-tree structures (everything except
+** the leaf nodes). These functions and type are only ever used by code
+** within the fts3SegWriterXXX() family of functions described above.
+**
+**   fts3NodeAddTerm()
+**   fts3NodeWrite()
+**   fts3NodeFree()
+**
+** When a b+tree is written to the database (either as a result of a merge
+** or the pending-terms table being flushed), leaves are written into the 
+** database file as soon as they are completely populated. The interior of
+** the tree is assembled in memory and written out only once all leaves have
+** been populated and stored. This is Ok, as the b+-tree fanout is usually
+** very large, meaning that the interior of the tree consumes relatively 
+** little memory.
+*/
+struct SegmentNode {
+  SegmentNode *pParent;           /* Parent node (or NULL for root node) */
+  SegmentNode *pRight;            /* Pointer to right-sibling */
+  SegmentNode *pLeftmost;         /* Pointer to left-most node of this depth */
+  int nEntry;                     /* Number of terms written to node so far */
+  char *zTerm;                    /* Pointer to previous term buffer */
+  int nTerm;                      /* Number of bytes in zTerm */
+  int nMalloc;                    /* Size of malloc'd buffer at zMalloc */
+  char *zMalloc;                  /* Malloc'd space (possibly) used for zTerm */
+  int nData;                      /* Bytes of valid data so far */
+  char *aData;                    /* Node data */
+};
+
+/*
+** Valid values for the second argument to fts3SqlStmt().
+*/
+#define SQL_DELETE_CONTENT             0
+#define SQL_IS_EMPTY                   1
+#define SQL_DELETE_ALL_CONTENT         2 
+#define SQL_DELETE_ALL_SEGMENTS        3
+#define SQL_DELETE_ALL_SEGDIR          4
+#define SQL_DELETE_ALL_DOCSIZE         5
+#define SQL_DELETE_ALL_STAT            6
+#define SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID    7
+#define SQL_NEXT_SEGMENT_INDEX         8
+#define SQL_INSERT_SEGMENTS            9
+#define SQL_NEXT_SEGMENTS_ID          10
+#define SQL_INSERT_SEGDIR             11
+#define SQL_SELECT_LEVEL              12
+#define SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_RANGE        13
+#define SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_COUNT        14
+#define SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_MAX_LEVEL   15
+#define SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_LEVEL       16
+#define SQL_DELETE_SEGMENTS_RANGE     17
+#define SQL_CONTENT_INSERT            18
+#define SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE            19
+#define SQL_REPLACE_DOCSIZE           20
+#define SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE            21
+#define SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL           22
+#define SQL_REPLACE_DOCTOTAL          23
+
+#define SQL_SELECT_ALL_PREFIX_LEVEL   24
+#define SQL_DELETE_ALL_TERMS_SEGDIR   25
+
+#define SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_RANGE       26
+
+/*
+** This function is used to obtain an SQLite prepared statement handle
+** for the statement identified by the second argument. If successful,
+** *pp is set to the requested statement handle and SQLITE_OK returned.
+** Otherwise, an SQLite error code is returned and *pp is set to 0.
+**
+** If argument apVal is not NULL, then it must point to an array with
+** at least as many entries as the requested statement has bound 
+** parameters. The values are bound to the statements parameters before
+** returning.
+*/
+static int fts3SqlStmt(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  int eStmt,                      /* One of the SQL_XXX constants above */
+  sqlite3_stmt **pp,              /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Values to bind to statement */
+){
+  const char *azSql[] = {
+/* 0  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_content' WHERE rowid = ?",
+/* 1  */  "SELECT NOT EXISTS(SELECT docid FROM %Q.'%q_content' WHERE rowid!=?)",
+/* 2  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_content'",
+/* 3  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segments'",
+/* 4  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir'",
+/* 5  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_docsize'",
+/* 6  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_stat'",
+/* 7  */  "SELECT %s FROM %Q.'%q_content' AS x WHERE rowid=?",
+/* 8  */  "SELECT (SELECT max(idx) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ?) + 1",
+/* 9  */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_segments'(blockid, block) VALUES(?, ?)",
+/* 10 */  "SELECT coalesce((SELECT max(blockid) FROM %Q.'%q_segments') + 1, 1)",
+/* 11 */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_segdir' VALUES(?,?,?,?,?,?)",
+
+          /* Return segments in order from oldest to newest.*/ 
+/* 12 */  "SELECT idx, start_block, leaves_end_block, end_block, root "
+            "FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ? ORDER BY idx ASC",
+/* 13 */  "SELECT idx, start_block, leaves_end_block, end_block, root "
+            "FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?"
+            "ORDER BY level DESC, idx ASC",
+
+/* 14 */  "SELECT count(*) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ?",
+/* 15 */  "SELECT max(level) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?",
+
+/* 16 */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ?",
+/* 17 */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segments' WHERE blockid BETWEEN ? AND ?",
+/* 18 */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_content' VALUES(%s)",
+/* 19 */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid = ?",
+/* 20 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_docsize' VALUES(?,?)",
+/* 21 */  "SELECT size FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid=?",
+/* 22 */  "SELECT value FROM %Q.'%q_stat' WHERE id=0",
+/* 23 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_stat' VALUES(0,?)",
+/* 24 */  "",
+/* 25 */  "",
+
+/* 26 */ "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?",
+
+  };
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+
+  assert( SizeofArray(azSql)==SizeofArray(p->aStmt) );
+  assert( eStmt<SizeofArray(azSql) && eStmt>=0 );
+  
+  pStmt = p->aStmt[eStmt];
+  if( !pStmt ){
+    char *zSql;
+    if( eStmt==SQL_CONTENT_INSERT ){
+      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[eStmt], p->zDb, p->zName, p->zWriteExprlist);
+    }else if( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID ){
+      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[eStmt], p->zReadExprlist, p->zDb, p->zName);
+    }else{
+      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[eStmt], p->zDb, p->zName);
+    }
+    if( !zSql ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, NULL);
+      sqlite3_free(zSql);
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pStmt==0 );
+      p->aStmt[eStmt] = pStmt;
+    }
+  }
+  if( apVal ){
+    int i;
+    int nParam = sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(pStmt);
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nParam; i++){
+      rc = sqlite3_bind_value(pStmt, i+1, apVal[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  *pp = pStmt;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static int fts3SelectDocsize(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int eStmt,                      /* Either SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE or DOCTOTAL */
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid to bind for SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;        /* Statement requested from fts3SqlStmt() */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  assert( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE || eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL );
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(pTab, eStmt, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iDocid);
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW || sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)!=SQLITE_BLOB ){
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+      pStmt = 0;
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *ppStmt = pStmt;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* Fts3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
+){
+  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL, 0, ppStmt);
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* Fts3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid to read size data for */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
+){
+  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE, iDocid, ppStmt);
+}
+
+/*
+** Similar to fts3SqlStmt(). Except, after binding the parameters in
+** array apVal[] to the SQL statement identified by eStmt, the statement
+** is executed.
+**
+** Returns SQLITE_OK if the statement is successfully executed, or an
+** SQLite error code otherwise.
+*/
+static void fts3SqlExec(
+  int *pRC,                /* Result code */
+  Fts3Table *p,            /* The FTS3 table */
+  int eStmt,               /* Index of statement to evaluate */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal    /* Parameters to bind */
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  int rc;
+  if( *pRC ) return;
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, eStmt, &pStmt, apVal); 
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  }
+  *pRC = rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This function ensures that the caller has obtained a shared-cache
+** table-lock on the %_content table. This is required before reading
+** data from the fts3 table. If this lock is not acquired first, then
+** the caller may end up holding read-locks on the %_segments and %_segdir
+** tables, but no read-lock on the %_content table. If this happens 
+** a second connection will be able to write to the fts3 table, but
+** attempting to commit those writes might return SQLITE_LOCKED or
+** SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE (because the commit attempts to obtain 
+** write-locks on the %_segments and %_segdir ** tables). 
+**
+** We try to avoid this because if FTS3 returns any error when committing
+** a transaction, the whole transaction will be rolled back. And this is
+** not what users expect when they get SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE. It can
+** still happen if the user reads data directly from the %_segments or
+** %_segdir tables instead of going through FTS3 though.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Statement used to obtain lock */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_null(pStmt, 1);
+    sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set *ppStmt to a statement handle that may be used to iterate through
+** all rows in the %_segdir table, from oldest to newest. If successful,
+** return SQLITE_OK. If an error occurs while preparing the statement, 
+** return an SQLite error code.
+**
+** There is only ever one instance of this SQL statement compiled for
+** each FTS3 table.
+**
+** The statement returns the following columns from the %_segdir table:
+**
+**   0: idx
+**   1: start_block
+**   2: leaves_end_block
+**   3: end_block
+**   4: root
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index for p->aIndex[] */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Level to select */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Compiled statement */
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+
+  assert( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL || iLevel>=0 );
+  assert( iLevel<FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL );
+  assert( iIndex>=0 && iIndex<p->nIndex );
+
+  if( iLevel<0 ){
+    /* "SELECT * FROM %_segdir WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ? ORDER BY ..." */
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_RANGE, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){ 
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL);
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 2, (iIndex+1)*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL-1);
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* "SELECT * FROM %_segdir WHERE level = ? ORDER BY ..." */
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){ 
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, iLevel+iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL);
+    }
+  }
+  *ppStmt = pStmt;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Append a single varint to a PendingList buffer. SQLITE_OK is returned
+** if successful, or an SQLite error code otherwise.
+**
+** This function also serves to allocate the PendingList structure itself.
+** For example, to create a new PendingList structure containing two
+** varints:
+**
+**   PendingList *p = 0;
+**   fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&p, 1);
+**   fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&p, 2);
+*/
+static int fts3PendingListAppendVarint(
+  PendingList **pp,               /* IN/OUT: Pointer to PendingList struct */
+  sqlite3_int64 i                 /* Value to append to data */
+){
+  PendingList *p = *pp;
+
+  /* Allocate or grow the PendingList as required. */
+  if( !p ){
+    p = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*p) + 100);
+    if( !p ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    p->nSpace = 100;
+    p->aData = (char *)&p[1];
+    p->nData = 0;
+  }
+  else if( p->nData+FTS3_VARINT_MAX+1>p->nSpace ){
+    int nNew = p->nSpace * 2;
+    p = sqlite3_realloc(p, sizeof(*p) + nNew);
+    if( !p ){
+      sqlite3_free(*pp);
+      *pp = 0;
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    p->nSpace = nNew;
+    p->aData = (char *)&p[1];
+  }
+
+  /* Append the new serialized varint to the end of the list. */
+  p->nData += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&p->aData[p->nData], i);
+  p->aData[p->nData] = '\0';
+  *pp = p;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a docid/column/position entry to a PendingList structure. Non-zero
+** is returned if the structure is sqlite3_realloced as part of adding
+** the entry. Otherwise, zero.
+**
+** If an OOM error occurs, *pRc is set to SQLITE_NOMEM before returning.
+** Zero is always returned in this case. Otherwise, if no OOM error occurs,
+** it is set to SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int fts3PendingListAppend(
+  PendingList **pp,               /* IN/OUT: PendingList structure */
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid for entry to add */
+  sqlite3_int64 iCol,             /* Column for entry to add */
+  sqlite3_int64 iPos,             /* Position of term for entry to add */
+  int *pRc                        /* OUT: Return code */
+){
+  PendingList *p = *pp;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( !p || p->iLastDocid<=iDocid );
+
+  if( !p || p->iLastDocid!=iDocid ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iDelta = iDocid - (p ? p->iLastDocid : 0);
+    if( p ){
+      assert( p->nData<p->nSpace );
+      assert( p->aData[p->nData]==0 );
+      p->nData++;
+    }
+    if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&p, iDelta)) ){
+      goto pendinglistappend_out;
+    }
+    p->iLastCol = -1;
+    p->iLastPos = 0;
+    p->iLastDocid = iDocid;
+  }
+  if( iCol>0 && p->iLastCol!=iCol ){
+    if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&p, 1))
+     || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&p, iCol))
+    ){
+      goto pendinglistappend_out;
+    }
+    p->iLastCol = iCol;
+    p->iLastPos = 0;
+  }
+  if( iCol>=0 ){
+    assert( iPos>p->iLastPos || (iPos==0 && p->iLastPos==0) );
+    rc = fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&p, 2+iPos-p->iLastPos);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->iLastPos = iPos;
+    }
+  }
+
+ pendinglistappend_out:
+  *pRc = rc;
+  if( p!=*pp ){
+    *pp = p;
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free a PendingList object allocated by fts3PendingListAppend().
+*/
+static void fts3PendingListDelete(PendingList *pList){
+  sqlite3_free(pList);
+}
+
+/*
+** Add an entry to one of the pending-terms hash tables.
+*/
+static int fts3PendingTermsAddOne(
+  Fts3Table *p,
+  int iCol,
+  int iPos,
+  Fts3Hash *pHash,                /* Pending terms hash table to add entry to */
+  const char *zToken,
+  int nToken
+){
+  PendingList *pList;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  pList = (PendingList *)fts3HashFind(pHash, zToken, nToken);
+  if( pList ){
+    p->nPendingData -= (pList->nData + nToken + sizeof(Fts3HashElem));
+  }
+  if( fts3PendingListAppend(&pList, p->iPrevDocid, iCol, iPos, &rc) ){
+    if( pList==fts3HashInsert(pHash, zToken, nToken, pList) ){
+      /* Malloc failed while inserting the new entry. This can only 
+      ** happen if there was no previous entry for this token.
+      */
+      assert( 0==fts3HashFind(pHash, zToken, nToken) );
+      sqlite3_free(pList);
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    p->nPendingData += (pList->nData + nToken + sizeof(Fts3HashElem));
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Tokenize the nul-terminated string zText and add all tokens to the
+** pending-terms hash-table. The docid used is that currently stored in
+** p->iPrevDocid, and the column is specified by argument iCol.
+**
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3PendingTermsAdd(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Table into which text will be inserted */
+  const char *zText,              /* Text of document to be inserted */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column into which text is being inserted */
+  u32 *pnWord                     /* OUT: Number of tokens inserted */
+){
+  int rc;
+  int iStart;
+  int iEnd;
+  int iPos;
+  int nWord = 0;
+
+  char const *zToken;
+  int nToken;
+
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer = p->pTokenizer;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = pTokenizer->pModule;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCsr;
+  int (*xNext)(sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor,
+      const char**,int*,int*,int*,int*);
+
+  assert( pTokenizer && pModule );
+
+  /* If the user has inserted a NULL value, this function may be called with
+  ** zText==0. In this case, add zero token entries to the hash table and 
+  ** return early. */
+  if( zText==0 ){
+    *pnWord = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  rc = pModule->xOpen(pTokenizer, zText, -1, &pCsr);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  pCsr->pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
+
+  xNext = pModule->xNext;
+  while( SQLITE_OK==rc
+      && SQLITE_OK==(rc = xNext(pCsr, &zToken, &nToken, &iStart, &iEnd, &iPos))
+  ){
+    int i;
+    if( iPos>=nWord ) nWord = iPos+1;
+
+    /* Positions cannot be negative; we use -1 as a terminator internally.
+    ** Tokens must have a non-zero length.
+    */
+    if( iPos<0 || !zToken || nToken<=0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* Add the term to the terms index */
+    rc = fts3PendingTermsAddOne(
+        p, iCol, iPos, &p->aIndex[0].hPending, zToken, nToken
+    );
+    
+    /* Add the term to each of the prefix indexes that it is not too 
+    ** short for. */
+    for(i=1; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+      struct Fts3Index *pIndex = &p->aIndex[i];
+      if( nToken<pIndex->nPrefix ) continue;
+      rc = fts3PendingTermsAddOne(
+          p, iCol, iPos, &pIndex->hPending, zToken, pIndex->nPrefix
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  pModule->xClose(pCsr);
+  *pnWord = nWord;
+  return (rc==SQLITE_DONE ? SQLITE_OK : rc);
+}
+
+/* 
+** Calling this function indicates that subsequent calls to 
+** fts3PendingTermsAdd() are to add term/position-list pairs for the
+** contents of the document with docid iDocid.
+*/
+static int fts3PendingTermsDocid(Fts3Table *p, sqlite_int64 iDocid){
+  /* TODO(shess) Explore whether partially flushing the buffer on
+  ** forced-flush would provide better performance.  I suspect that if
+  ** we ordered the doclists by size and flushed the largest until the
+  ** buffer was half empty, that would let the less frequent terms
+  ** generate longer doclists.
+  */
+  if( iDocid<=p->iPrevDocid || p->nPendingData>p->nMaxPendingData ){
+    int rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(p);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+  p->iPrevDocid = iDocid;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Discard the contents of the pending-terms hash tables. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(Fts3Table *p){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nIndex; i++){
+    Fts3HashElem *pElem;
+    Fts3Hash *pHash = &p->aIndex[i].hPending;
+    for(pElem=fts3HashFirst(pHash); pElem; pElem=fts3HashNext(pElem)){
+      PendingList *pList = (PendingList *)fts3HashData(pElem);
+      fts3PendingListDelete(pList);
+    }
+    fts3HashClear(pHash);
+  }
+  p->nPendingData = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called by the xUpdate() method as part of an INSERT
+** operation. It adds entries for each term in the new record to the
+** pendingTerms hash table.
+**
+** Argument apVal is the same as the similarly named argument passed to
+** fts3InsertData(). Parameter iDocid is the docid of the new row.
+*/
+static int fts3InsertTerms(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_value **apVal, u32 *aSz){
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  for(i=2; i<p->nColumn+2; i++){
+    const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[i]);
+    int rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, zText, i-2, &aSz[i-2]);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+    aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[i]);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called by the xUpdate() method for an INSERT operation.
+** The apVal parameter is passed a copy of the apVal argument passed by
+** SQLite to the xUpdate() method. i.e:
+**
+**   apVal[0]                Not used for INSERT.
+**   apVal[1]                rowid
+**   apVal[2]                Left-most user-defined column
+**   ...
+**   apVal[p->nColumn+1]     Right-most user-defined column
+**   apVal[p->nColumn+2]     Hidden column with same name as table
+**   apVal[p->nColumn+3]     Hidden "docid" column (alias for rowid)
+*/
+static int fts3InsertData(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Full-text table */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal,          /* Array of values to insert */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piDocid          /* OUT: Docid for row just inserted */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pContentInsert;   /* INSERT INTO %_content VALUES(...) */
+
+  /* Locate the statement handle used to insert data into the %_content
+  ** table. The SQL for this statement is:
+  **
+  **   INSERT INTO %_content VALUES(?, ?, ?, ...)
+  **
+  ** The statement features N '?' variables, where N is the number of user
+  ** defined columns in the FTS3 table, plus one for the docid field.
+  */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_CONTENT_INSERT, &pContentInsert, &apVal[1]);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* There is a quirk here. The users INSERT statement may have specified
+  ** a value for the "rowid" field, for the "docid" field, or for both.
+  ** Which is a problem, since "rowid" and "docid" are aliases for the
+  ** same value. For example:
+  **
+  **   INSERT INTO fts3tbl(rowid, docid) VALUES(1, 2);
+  **
+  ** In FTS3, this is an error. It is an error to specify non-NULL values
+  ** for both docid and some other rowid alias.
+  */
+  if( SQLITE_NULL!=sqlite3_value_type(apVal[3+p->nColumn]) ){
+    if( SQLITE_NULL==sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])
+     && SQLITE_NULL!=sqlite3_value_type(apVal[1])
+    ){
+      /* A rowid/docid conflict. */
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_bind_value(pContentInsert, 1, apVal[3+p->nColumn]);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* Execute the statement to insert the record. Set *piDocid to the 
+  ** new docid value. 
+  */
+  sqlite3_step(pContentInsert);
+  rc = sqlite3_reset(pContentInsert);
+
+  *piDocid = sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(p->db);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** Remove all data from the FTS3 table. Clear the hash table containing
+** pending terms.
+*/
+static int fts3DeleteAll(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+
+  /* Discard the contents of the pending-terms hash table. */
+  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+
+  /* Delete everything from the %_content, %_segments and %_segdir tables. */
+  fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_CONTENT, 0);
+  fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_SEGMENTS, 0);
+  fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_SEGDIR, 0);
+  if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+    fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_DOCSIZE, 0);
+  }
+  if( p->bHasStat ){
+    fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_STAT, 0);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The first element in the apVal[] array is assumed to contain the docid
+** (an integer) of a row about to be deleted. Remove all terms from the
+** full-text index.
+*/
+static void fts3DeleteTerms( 
+  int *pRC,               /* Result code */
+  Fts3Table *p,           /* The FTS table to delete from */
+  sqlite3_value *pRowid,  /* The docid to be deleted */
+  u32 *aSz                /* Sizes of deleted document written here */
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect;
+
+  if( *pRC ) return;
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID, &pSelect, &pRowid);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSelect) ){
+      int i;
+      for(i=1; i<=p->nColumn; i++){
+        const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pSelect, i);
+        rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, zText, -1, &aSz[i-1]);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+          *pRC = rc;
+          return;
+        }
+        aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, i);
+      }
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+  }
+  *pRC = rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Forward declaration to account for the circular dependency between
+** functions fts3SegmentMerge() and fts3AllocateSegdirIdx().
+*/
+static int fts3SegmentMerge(Fts3Table *, int, int);
+
+/* 
+** This function allocates a new level iLevel index in the segdir table.
+** Usually, indexes are allocated within a level sequentially starting
+** with 0, so the allocated index is one greater than the value returned
+** by:
+**
+**   SELECT max(idx) FROM %_segdir WHERE level = :iLevel
+**
+** However, if there are already FTS3_MERGE_COUNT indexes at the requested
+** level, they are merged into a single level (iLevel+1) segment and the 
+** allocated index is 0.
+**
+** If successful, *piIdx is set to the allocated index slot and SQLITE_OK
+** returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error code is returned.
+*/
+static int fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(
+  Fts3Table *p, 
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index for p->aIndex */
+  int iLevel, 
+  int *piIdx
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pNextIdx;         /* Query for next idx at level iLevel */
+  int iNext = 0;                  /* Result of query pNextIdx */
+
+  /* Set variable iNext to the next available segdir index at level iLevel. */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_NEXT_SEGMENT_INDEX, &pNextIdx, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pNextIdx, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL + iLevel);
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pNextIdx) ){
+      iNext = sqlite3_column_int(pNextIdx, 0);
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pNextIdx);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    /* If iNext is FTS3_MERGE_COUNT, indicating that level iLevel is already
+    ** full, merge all segments in level iLevel into a single iLevel+1
+    ** segment and allocate (newly freed) index 0 at level iLevel. Otherwise,
+    ** if iNext is less than FTS3_MERGE_COUNT, allocate index iNext.
+    */
+    if( iNext>=FTS3_MERGE_COUNT ){
+      rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, iIndex, iLevel);
+      *piIdx = 0;
+    }else{
+      *piIdx = iNext;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The %_segments table is declared as follows:
+**
+**   CREATE TABLE %_segments(blockid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, block BLOB)
+**
+** This function reads data from a single row of the %_segments table. The
+** specific row is identified by the iBlockid parameter. If paBlob is not
+** NULL, then a buffer is allocated using sqlite3_malloc() and populated
+** with the contents of the blob stored in the "block" column of the 
+** identified table row is. Whether or not paBlob is NULL, *pnBlob is set
+** to the size of the blob in bytes before returning.
+**
+** If an error occurs, or the table does not contain the specified row,
+** an SQLite error code is returned. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned. If
+** paBlob is non-NULL, then it is the responsibility of the caller to
+** eventually free the returned buffer.
+**
+** This function may leave an open sqlite3_blob* handle in the
+** Fts3Table.pSegments variable. This handle is reused by subsequent calls
+** to this function. The handle may be closed by calling the
+** sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose() function. Reusing a blob handle is a handy
+** performance improvement, but the blob handle should always be closed
+** before control is returned to the user (to prevent a lock being held
+** on the database file for longer than necessary). Thus, any virtual table
+** method (xFilter etc.) that may directly or indirectly call this function
+** must call sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose() before returning.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iBlockid,         /* Access the row with blockid=$iBlockid */
+  char **paBlob,                  /* OUT: Blob data in malloc'd buffer */
+  int *pnBlob,                    /* OUT: Size of blob data */
+  int *pnLoad                     /* OUT: Bytes actually loaded */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  /* pnBlob must be non-NULL. paBlob may be NULL or non-NULL. */
+  assert( pnBlob);
+
+  if( p->pSegments ){
+    rc = sqlite3_blob_reopen(p->pSegments, iBlockid);
+  }else{
+    if( 0==p->zSegmentsTbl ){
+      p->zSegmentsTbl = sqlite3_mprintf("%s_segments", p->zName);
+      if( 0==p->zSegmentsTbl ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_blob_open(
+       p->db, p->zDb, p->zSegmentsTbl, "block", iBlockid, 0, &p->pSegments
+    );
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int nByte = sqlite3_blob_bytes(p->pSegments);
+    *pnBlob = nByte;
+    if( paBlob ){
+      char *aByte = sqlite3_malloc(nByte + FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
+      if( !aByte ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        if( pnLoad && nByte>(FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD) ){
+          nByte = FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE;
+          *pnLoad = nByte;
+        }
+        rc = sqlite3_blob_read(p->pSegments, aByte, nByte, 0);
+        memset(&aByte[nByte], 0, FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3_free(aByte);
+          aByte = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      *paBlob = aByte;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close the blob handle at p->pSegments, if it is open. See comments above
+** the sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock() function for details.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(Fts3Table *p){
+  sqlite3_blob_close(p->pSegments);
+  p->pSegments = 0;
+}
+    
+static int fts3SegReaderIncrRead(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
+  int nRead;                      /* Number of bytes to read */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  nRead = MIN(pReader->nNode - pReader->nPopulate, FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE);
+  rc = sqlite3_blob_read(
+      pReader->pBlob, 
+      &pReader->aNode[pReader->nPopulate],
+      nRead,
+      pReader->nPopulate
+  );
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pReader->nPopulate += nRead;
+    memset(&pReader->aNode[pReader->nPopulate], 0, FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
+    if( pReader->nPopulate==pReader->nNode ){
+      sqlite3_blob_close(pReader->pBlob);
+      pReader->pBlob = 0;
+      pReader->nPopulate = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static int fts3SegReaderRequire(Fts3SegReader *pReader, char *pFrom, int nByte){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( !pReader->pBlob 
+       || (pFrom>=pReader->aNode && pFrom<&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode])
+  );
+  while( pReader->pBlob && rc==SQLITE_OK 
+     &&  (pFrom - pReader->aNode + nByte)>pReader->nPopulate
+  ){
+    rc = fts3SegReaderIncrRead(pReader);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Move the iterator passed as the first argument to the next term in the
+** segment. If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. If there is no next term,
+** SQLITE_DONE. Otherwise, an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3SegReaderNext(
+  Fts3Table *p, 
+  Fts3SegReader *pReader,
+  int bIncr
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code of various sub-routines */
+  char *pNext;                    /* Cursor variable */
+  int nPrefix;                    /* Number of bytes in term prefix */
+  int nSuffix;                    /* Number of bytes in term suffix */
+
+  if( !pReader->aDoclist ){
+    pNext = pReader->aNode;
+  }else{
+    pNext = &pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist];
+  }
+
+  if( !pNext || pNext>=&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode] ){
+
+    if( fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) ){
+      Fts3HashElem *pElem = *(pReader->ppNextElem);
+      if( pElem==0 ){
+        pReader->aNode = 0;
+      }else{
+        PendingList *pList = (PendingList *)fts3HashData(pElem);
+        pReader->zTerm = (char *)fts3HashKey(pElem);
+        pReader->nTerm = fts3HashKeysize(pElem);
+        pReader->nNode = pReader->nDoclist = pList->nData + 1;
+        pReader->aNode = pReader->aDoclist = pList->aData;
+        pReader->ppNextElem++;
+        assert( pReader->aNode );
+      }
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    if( !fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(pReader) ){
+      sqlite3_free(pReader->aNode);
+      sqlite3_blob_close(pReader->pBlob);
+      pReader->pBlob = 0;
+    }
+    pReader->aNode = 0;
+
+    /* If iCurrentBlock>=iLeafEndBlock, this is an EOF condition. All leaf 
+    ** blocks have already been traversed.  */
+    assert( pReader->iCurrentBlock<=pReader->iLeafEndBlock );
+    if( pReader->iCurrentBlock>=pReader->iLeafEndBlock ){
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(
+        p, ++pReader->iCurrentBlock, &pReader->aNode, &pReader->nNode, 
+        (bIncr ? &pReader->nPopulate : 0)
+    );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    assert( pReader->pBlob==0 );
+    if( bIncr && pReader->nPopulate<pReader->nNode ){
+      pReader->pBlob = p->pSegments;
+      p->pSegments = 0;
+    }
+    pNext = pReader->aNode;
+  }
+
+  assert( !fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) );
+
+  rc = fts3SegReaderRequire(pReader, pNext, FTS3_VARINT_MAX*2);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  
+  /* Because of the FTS3_NODE_PADDING bytes of padding, the following is 
+  ** safe (no risk of overread) even if the node data is corrupted. */
+  pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nPrefix);
+  pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nSuffix);
+  if( nPrefix<0 || nSuffix<=0 
+   || &pNext[nSuffix]>&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode] 
+  ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+  }
+
+  if( nPrefix+nSuffix>pReader->nTermAlloc ){
+    int nNew = (nPrefix+nSuffix)*2;
+    char *zNew = sqlite3_realloc(pReader->zTerm, nNew);
+    if( !zNew ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    pReader->zTerm = zNew;
+    pReader->nTermAlloc = nNew;
+  }
+
+  rc = fts3SegReaderRequire(pReader, pNext, nSuffix+FTS3_VARINT_MAX);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  memcpy(&pReader->zTerm[nPrefix], pNext, nSuffix);
+  pReader->nTerm = nPrefix+nSuffix;
+  pNext += nSuffix;
+  pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &pReader->nDoclist);
+  pReader->aDoclist = pNext;
+  pReader->pOffsetList = 0;
+
+  /* Check that the doclist does not appear to extend past the end of the
+  ** b-tree node. And that the final byte of the doclist is 0x00. If either 
+  ** of these statements is untrue, then the data structure is corrupt.
+  */
+  if( &pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist]>&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode] 
+   || (pReader->nPopulate==0 && pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist-1])
+  ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the SegReader to point to the first docid in the doclist associated
+** with the current term.
+*/
+static int fts3SegReaderFirstDocid(Fts3Table *pTab, Fts3SegReader *pReader){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pReader->aDoclist );
+  assert( !pReader->pOffsetList );
+  if( pTab->bDescIdx && fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) ){
+    u8 bEof = 0;
+    pReader->iDocid = 0;
+    pReader->nOffsetList = 0;
+    sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(0,
+        pReader->aDoclist, pReader->nDoclist, &pReader->pOffsetList, 
+        &pReader->iDocid, &pReader->nOffsetList, &bEof
+    );
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3SegReaderRequire(pReader, pReader->aDoclist, FTS3_VARINT_MAX);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int n = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pReader->aDoclist, &pReader->iDocid);
+      pReader->pOffsetList = &pReader->aDoclist[n];
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance the SegReader to point to the next docid in the doclist
+** associated with the current term.
+** 
+** If arguments ppOffsetList and pnOffsetList are not NULL, then 
+** *ppOffsetList is set to point to the first column-offset list
+** in the doclist entry (i.e. immediately past the docid varint).
+** *pnOffsetList is set to the length of the set of column-offset
+** lists, not including the nul-terminator byte. For example:
+*/
+static int fts3SegReaderNextDocid(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,
+  Fts3SegReader *pReader,         /* Reader to advance to next docid */
+  char **ppOffsetList,            /* OUT: Pointer to current position-list */
+  int *pnOffsetList               /* OUT: Length of *ppOffsetList in bytes */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  char *p = pReader->pOffsetList;
+  char c = 0;
+
+  assert( p );
+
+  if( pTab->bDescIdx && fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) ){
+    /* A pending-terms seg-reader for an FTS4 table that uses order=desc.
+    ** Pending-terms doclists are always built up in ascending order, so
+    ** we have to iterate through them backwards here. */
+    u8 bEof = 0;
+    if( ppOffsetList ){
+      *ppOffsetList = pReader->pOffsetList;
+      *pnOffsetList = pReader->nOffsetList - 1;
+    }
+    sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(0,
+        pReader->aDoclist, pReader->nDoclist, &p, &pReader->iDocid,
+        &pReader->nOffsetList, &bEof
+    );
+    if( bEof ){
+      pReader->pOffsetList = 0;
+    }else{
+      pReader->pOffsetList = p;
+    }
+  }else{
+    char *pEnd = &pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist];
+
+    /* Pointer p currently points at the first byte of an offset list. The
+    ** following block advances it to point one byte past the end of
+    ** the same offset list. */
+    while( 1 ){
+  
+      /* The following line of code (and the "p++" below the while() loop) is
+      ** normally all that is required to move pointer p to the desired 
+      ** position. The exception is if this node is being loaded from disk
+      ** incrementally and pointer "p" now points to the first byte passed
+      ** the populated part of pReader->aNode[].
+      */
+      while( *p | c ) c = *p++ & 0x80;
+      assert( *p==0 );
+  
+      if( pReader->pBlob==0 || p<&pReader->aNode[pReader->nPopulate] ) break;
+      rc = fts3SegReaderIncrRead(pReader);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }
+    p++;
+  
+    /* If required, populate the output variables with a pointer to and the
+    ** size of the previous offset-list.
+    */
+    if( ppOffsetList ){
+      *ppOffsetList = pReader->pOffsetList;
+      *pnOffsetList = (int)(p - pReader->pOffsetList - 1);
+    }
+
+    while( p<pEnd && *p==0 ) p++;
+  
+    /* If there are no more entries in the doclist, set pOffsetList to
+    ** NULL. Otherwise, set Fts3SegReader.iDocid to the next docid and
+    ** Fts3SegReader.pOffsetList to point to the next offset list before
+    ** returning.
+    */
+    if( p>=pEnd ){
+      pReader->pOffsetList = 0;
+    }else{
+      rc = fts3SegReaderRequire(pReader, p, FTS3_VARINT_MAX);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+        pReader->pOffsetList = p + sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &iDelta);
+        if( pTab->bDescIdx ){
+          pReader->iDocid -= iDelta;
+        }else{
+          pReader->iDocid += iDelta;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrOvfl(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr, 
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pMsr,
+  int *pnOvfl
+){
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int nOvfl = 0;
+  int ii;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int pgsz = p->nPgsz;
+
+  assert( p->bHasStat );
+  assert( pgsz>0 );
+
+  for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<pMsr->nSegment; ii++){
+    Fts3SegReader *pReader = pMsr->apSegment[ii];
+    if( !fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) 
+     && !fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(pReader) 
+    ){
+      sqlite3_int64 jj;
+      for(jj=pReader->iStartBlock; jj<=pReader->iLeafEndBlock; jj++){
+        int nBlob;
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, jj, 0, &nBlob, 0);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+        if( (nBlob+35)>pgsz ){
+          nOvfl += (nBlob + 34)/pgsz;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  *pnOvfl = nOvfl;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all allocations associated with the iterator passed as the 
+** second argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
+  if( pReader && !fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) ){
+    sqlite3_free(pReader->zTerm);
+    if( !fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(pReader) ){
+      sqlite3_free(pReader->aNode);
+      sqlite3_blob_close(pReader->pBlob);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(pReader);
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new SegReader object.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(
+  int iAge,                       /* Segment "age". */
+  sqlite3_int64 iStartLeaf,       /* First leaf to traverse */
+  sqlite3_int64 iEndLeaf,         /* Final leaf to traverse */
+  sqlite3_int64 iEndBlock,        /* Final block of segment */
+  const char *zRoot,              /* Buffer containing root node */
+  int nRoot,                      /* Size of buffer containing root node */
+  Fts3SegReader **ppReader        /* OUT: Allocated Fts3SegReader */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  Fts3SegReader *pReader;         /* Newly allocated SegReader object */
+  int nExtra = 0;                 /* Bytes to allocate segment root node */
+
+  assert( iStartLeaf<=iEndLeaf );
+  if( iStartLeaf==0 ){
+    nExtra = nRoot + FTS3_NODE_PADDING;
+  }
+
+  pReader = (Fts3SegReader *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3SegReader) + nExtra);
+  if( !pReader ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pReader, 0, sizeof(Fts3SegReader));
+  pReader->iIdx = iAge;
+  pReader->iStartBlock = iStartLeaf;
+  pReader->iLeafEndBlock = iEndLeaf;
+  pReader->iEndBlock = iEndBlock;
+
+  if( nExtra ){
+    /* The entire segment is stored in the root node. */
+    pReader->aNode = (char *)&pReader[1];
+    pReader->nNode = nRoot;
+    memcpy(pReader->aNode, zRoot, nRoot);
+    memset(&pReader->aNode[nRoot], 0, FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
+  }else{
+    pReader->iCurrentBlock = iStartLeaf-1;
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    *ppReader = pReader;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(pReader);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This is a comparison function used as a qsort() callback when sorting
+** an array of pending terms by term. This occurs as part of flushing
+** the contents of the pending-terms hash table to the database.
+*/
+static int fts3CompareElemByTerm(const void *lhs, const void *rhs){
+  char *z1 = fts3HashKey(*(Fts3HashElem **)lhs);
+  char *z2 = fts3HashKey(*(Fts3HashElem **)rhs);
+  int n1 = fts3HashKeysize(*(Fts3HashElem **)lhs);
+  int n2 = fts3HashKeysize(*(Fts3HashElem **)rhs);
+
+  int n = (n1<n2 ? n1 : n2);
+  int c = memcmp(z1, z2, n);
+  if( c==0 ){
+    c = n1 - n2;
+  }
+  return c;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to allocate an Fts3SegReader that iterates through
+** a subset of the terms stored in the Fts3Table.pendingTerms array.
+**
+** If the isPrefixIter parameter is zero, then the returned SegReader iterates
+** through each term in the pending-terms table. Or, if isPrefixIter is
+** non-zero, it iterates through each term and its prefixes. For example, if
+** the pending terms hash table contains the terms "sqlite", "mysql" and
+** "firebird", then the iterator visits the following 'terms' (in the order
+** shown):
+**
+**   f fi fir fire fireb firebi firebir firebird
+**   m my mys mysq mysql
+**   s sq sql sqli sqlit sqlite
+**
+** Whereas if isPrefixIter is zero, the terms visited are:
+**
+**   firebird mysql sqlite
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index for p->aIndex */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to search for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of buffer zTerm */
+  int bPrefix,                    /* True for a prefix iterator */
+  Fts3SegReader **ppReader        /* OUT: SegReader for pending-terms */
+){
+  Fts3SegReader *pReader = 0;     /* Fts3SegReader object to return */
+  Fts3HashElem **aElem = 0;       /* Array of term hash entries to scan */
+  int nElem = 0;                  /* Size of array at aElem */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+  Fts3Hash *pHash;
+
+  pHash = &p->aIndex[iIndex].hPending;
+  if( bPrefix ){
+    int nAlloc = 0;               /* Size of allocated array at aElem */
+    Fts3HashElem *pE = 0;         /* Iterator variable */
+
+    for(pE=fts3HashFirst(pHash); pE; pE=fts3HashNext(pE)){
+      char *zKey = (char *)fts3HashKey(pE);
+      int nKey = fts3HashKeysize(pE);
+      if( nTerm==0 || (nKey>=nTerm && 0==memcmp(zKey, zTerm, nTerm)) ){
+        if( nElem==nAlloc ){
+          Fts3HashElem **aElem2;
+          nAlloc += 16;
+          aElem2 = (Fts3HashElem **)sqlite3_realloc(
+              aElem, nAlloc*sizeof(Fts3HashElem *)
+          );
+          if( !aElem2 ){
+            rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+            nElem = 0;
+            break;
+          }
+          aElem = aElem2;
+        }
+
+        aElem[nElem++] = pE;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If more than one term matches the prefix, sort the Fts3HashElem
+    ** objects in term order using qsort(). This uses the same comparison
+    ** callback as is used when flushing terms to disk.
+    */
+    if( nElem>1 ){
+      qsort(aElem, nElem, sizeof(Fts3HashElem *), fts3CompareElemByTerm);
+    }
+
+  }else{
+    /* The query is a simple term lookup that matches at most one term in
+    ** the index. All that is required is a straight hash-lookup. */
+    Fts3HashElem *pE = fts3HashFindElem(pHash, zTerm, nTerm);
+    if( pE ){
+      aElem = &pE;
+      nElem = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( nElem>0 ){
+    int nByte = sizeof(Fts3SegReader) + (nElem+1)*sizeof(Fts3HashElem *);
+    pReader = (Fts3SegReader *)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+    if( !pReader ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      memset(pReader, 0, nByte);
+      pReader->iIdx = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+      pReader->ppNextElem = (Fts3HashElem **)&pReader[1];
+      memcpy(pReader->ppNextElem, aElem, nElem*sizeof(Fts3HashElem *));
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( bPrefix ){
+    sqlite3_free(aElem);
+  }
+  *ppReader = pReader;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the entries pointed to by two Fts3SegReader structures. 
+** Comparison is as follows:
+**
+**   1) EOF is greater than not EOF.
+**
+**   2) The current terms (if any) are compared using memcmp(). If one
+**      term is a prefix of another, the longer term is considered the
+**      larger.
+**
+**   3) By segment age. An older segment is considered larger.
+*/
+static int fts3SegReaderCmp(Fts3SegReader *pLhs, Fts3SegReader *pRhs){
+  int rc;
+  if( pLhs->aNode && pRhs->aNode ){
+    int rc2 = pLhs->nTerm - pRhs->nTerm;
+    if( rc2<0 ){
+      rc = memcmp(pLhs->zTerm, pRhs->zTerm, pLhs->nTerm);
+    }else{
+      rc = memcmp(pLhs->zTerm, pRhs->zTerm, pRhs->nTerm);
+    }
+    if( rc==0 ){
+      rc = rc2;
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = (pLhs->aNode==0) - (pRhs->aNode==0);
+  }
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    rc = pRhs->iIdx - pLhs->iIdx;
+  }
+  assert( rc!=0 );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** A different comparison function for SegReader structures. In this
+** version, it is assumed that each SegReader points to an entry in
+** a doclist for identical terms. Comparison is made as follows:
+**
+**   1) EOF (end of doclist in this case) is greater than not EOF.
+**
+**   2) By current docid.
+**
+**   3) By segment age. An older segment is considered larger.
+*/
+static int fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp(Fts3SegReader *pLhs, Fts3SegReader *pRhs){
+  int rc = (pLhs->pOffsetList==0)-(pRhs->pOffsetList==0);
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    if( pLhs->iDocid==pRhs->iDocid ){
+      rc = pRhs->iIdx - pLhs->iIdx;
+    }else{
+      rc = (pLhs->iDocid > pRhs->iDocid) ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( pLhs->aNode && pRhs->aNode );
+  return rc;
+}
+static int fts3SegReaderDoclistCmpRev(Fts3SegReader *pLhs, Fts3SegReader *pRhs){
+  int rc = (pLhs->pOffsetList==0)-(pRhs->pOffsetList==0);
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    if( pLhs->iDocid==pRhs->iDocid ){
+      rc = pRhs->iIdx - pLhs->iIdx;
+    }else{
+      rc = (pLhs->iDocid < pRhs->iDocid) ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( pLhs->aNode && pRhs->aNode );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the term that the Fts3SegReader object passed as the first argument
+** points to with the term specified by arguments zTerm and nTerm. 
+**
+** If the pSeg iterator is already at EOF, return 0. Otherwise, return
+** -ve if the pSeg term is less than zTerm/nTerm, 0 if the two terms are
+** equal, or +ve if the pSeg term is greater than zTerm/nTerm.
+*/
+static int fts3SegReaderTermCmp(
+  Fts3SegReader *pSeg,            /* Segment reader object */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to compare to */
+  int nTerm                       /* Size of term zTerm in bytes */
+){
+  int res = 0;
+  if( pSeg->aNode ){
+    if( pSeg->nTerm>nTerm ){
+      res = memcmp(pSeg->zTerm, zTerm, nTerm);
+    }else{
+      res = memcmp(pSeg->zTerm, zTerm, pSeg->nTerm);
+    }
+    if( res==0 ){
+      res = pSeg->nTerm-nTerm;
+    }
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Argument apSegment is an array of nSegment elements. It is known that
+** the final (nSegment-nSuspect) members are already in sorted order
+** (according to the comparison function provided). This function shuffles
+** the array around until all entries are in sorted order.
+*/
+static void fts3SegReaderSort(
+  Fts3SegReader **apSegment,                     /* Array to sort entries of */
+  int nSegment,                                  /* Size of apSegment array */
+  int nSuspect,                                  /* Unsorted entry count */
+  int (*xCmp)(Fts3SegReader *, Fts3SegReader *)  /* Comparison function */
+){
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+
+  assert( nSuspect<=nSegment );
+
+  if( nSuspect==nSegment ) nSuspect--;
+  for(i=nSuspect-1; i>=0; i--){
+    int j;
+    for(j=i; j<(nSegment-1); j++){
+      Fts3SegReader *pTmp;
+      if( xCmp(apSegment[j], apSegment[j+1])<0 ) break;
+      pTmp = apSegment[j+1];
+      apSegment[j+1] = apSegment[j];
+      apSegment[j] = pTmp;
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  /* Check that the list really is sorted now. */
+  for(i=0; i<(nSuspect-1); i++){
+    assert( xCmp(apSegment[i], apSegment[i+1])<0 );
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* 
+** Insert a record into the %_segments table.
+*/
+static int fts3WriteSegment(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iBlock,           /* Block id for new block */
+  char *z,                        /* Pointer to buffer containing block data */
+  int n                           /* Size of buffer z in bytes */
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  int rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_INSERT_SEGMENTS, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iBlock);
+    sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 2, z, n, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Insert a record into the %_segdir table.
+*/
+static int fts3WriteSegdir(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Value for "level" field */
+  int iIdx,                       /* Value for "idx" field */
+  sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock,      /* Value for "start_block" field */
+  sqlite3_int64 iLeafEndBlock,    /* Value for "leaves_end_block" field */
+  sqlite3_int64 iEndBlock,        /* Value for "end_block" field */
+  char *zRoot,                    /* Blob value for "root" field */
+  int nRoot                       /* Number of bytes in buffer zRoot */
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  int rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_INSERT_SEGDIR, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, iLevel);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 2, iIdx);
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 3, iStartBlock);
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 4, iLeafEndBlock);
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 5, iEndBlock);
+    sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 6, zRoot, nRoot, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the size of the common prefix (if any) shared by zPrev and
+** zNext, in bytes. For example, 
+**
+**   fts3PrefixCompress("abc", 3, "abcdef", 6)   // returns 3
+**   fts3PrefixCompress("abX", 3, "abcdef", 6)   // returns 2
+**   fts3PrefixCompress("abX", 3, "Xbcdef", 6)   // returns 0
+*/
+static int fts3PrefixCompress(
+  const char *zPrev,              /* Buffer containing previous term */
+  int nPrev,                      /* Size of buffer zPrev in bytes */
+  const char *zNext,              /* Buffer containing next term */
+  int nNext                       /* Size of buffer zNext in bytes */
+){
+  int n;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nNext);
+  for(n=0; n<nPrev && zPrev[n]==zNext[n]; n++);
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add term zTerm to the SegmentNode. It is guaranteed that zTerm is larger
+** (according to memcmp) than the previous term.
+*/
+static int fts3NodeAddTerm(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  SegmentNode **ppTree,           /* IN/OUT: SegmentNode handle */ 
+  int isCopyTerm,                 /* True if zTerm/nTerm is transient */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Pointer to buffer containing term */
+  int nTerm                       /* Size of term in bytes */
+){
+  SegmentNode *pTree = *ppTree;
+  int rc;
+  SegmentNode *pNew;
+
+  /* First try to append the term to the current node. Return early if 
+  ** this is possible.
+  */
+  if( pTree ){
+    int nData = pTree->nData;     /* Current size of node in bytes */
+    int nReq = nData;             /* Required space after adding zTerm */
+    int nPrefix;                  /* Number of bytes of prefix compression */
+    int nSuffix;                  /* Suffix length */
+
+    nPrefix = fts3PrefixCompress(pTree->zTerm, pTree->nTerm, zTerm, nTerm);
+    nSuffix = nTerm-nPrefix;
+
+    nReq += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nPrefix)+sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nSuffix)+nSuffix;
+    if( nReq<=p->nNodeSize || !pTree->zTerm ){
+
+      if( nReq>p->nNodeSize ){
+        /* An unusual case: this is the first term to be added to the node
+        ** and the static node buffer (p->nNodeSize bytes) is not large
+        ** enough. Use a separately malloced buffer instead This wastes
+        ** p->nNodeSize bytes, but since this scenario only comes about when
+        ** the database contain two terms that share a prefix of almost 2KB, 
+        ** this is not expected to be a serious problem. 
+        */
+        assert( pTree->aData==(char *)&pTree[1] );
+        pTree->aData = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(nReq);
+        if( !pTree->aData ){
+          return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if( pTree->zTerm ){
+        /* There is no prefix-length field for first term in a node */
+        nData += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pTree->aData[nData], nPrefix);
+      }
+
+      nData += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pTree->aData[nData], nSuffix);
+      memcpy(&pTree->aData[nData], &zTerm[nPrefix], nSuffix);
+      pTree->nData = nData + nSuffix;
+      pTree->nEntry++;
+
+      if( isCopyTerm ){
+        if( pTree->nMalloc<nTerm ){
+          char *zNew = sqlite3_realloc(pTree->zMalloc, nTerm*2);
+          if( !zNew ){
+            return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          }
+          pTree->nMalloc = nTerm*2;
+          pTree->zMalloc = zNew;
+        }
+        pTree->zTerm = pTree->zMalloc;
+        memcpy(pTree->zTerm, zTerm, nTerm);
+        pTree->nTerm = nTerm;
+      }else{
+        pTree->zTerm = (char *)zTerm;
+        pTree->nTerm = nTerm;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If control flows to here, it was not possible to append zTerm to the
+  ** current node. Create a new node (a right-sibling of the current node).
+  ** If this is the first node in the tree, the term is added to it.
+  **
+  ** Otherwise, the term is not added to the new node, it is left empty for
+  ** now. Instead, the term is inserted into the parent of pTree. If pTree 
+  ** has no parent, one is created here.
+  */
+  pNew = (SegmentNode *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(SegmentNode) + p->nNodeSize);
+  if( !pNew ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(SegmentNode));
+  pNew->nData = 1 + FTS3_VARINT_MAX;
+  pNew->aData = (char *)&pNew[1];
+
+  if( pTree ){
+    SegmentNode *pParent = pTree->pParent;
+    rc = fts3NodeAddTerm(p, &pParent, isCopyTerm, zTerm, nTerm);
+    if( pTree->pParent==0 ){
+      pTree->pParent = pParent;
+    }
+    pTree->pRight = pNew;
+    pNew->pLeftmost = pTree->pLeftmost;
+    pNew->pParent = pParent;
+    pNew->zMalloc = pTree->zMalloc;
+    pNew->nMalloc = pTree->nMalloc;
+    pTree->zMalloc = 0;
+  }else{
+    pNew->pLeftmost = pNew;
+    rc = fts3NodeAddTerm(p, &pNew, isCopyTerm, zTerm, nTerm); 
+  }
+
+  *ppTree = pNew;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper function for fts3NodeWrite().
+*/
+static int fts3TreeFinishNode(
+  SegmentNode *pTree, 
+  int iHeight, 
+  sqlite3_int64 iLeftChild
+){
+  int nStart;
+  assert( iHeight>=1 && iHeight<128 );
+  nStart = FTS3_VARINT_MAX - sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(iLeftChild);
+  pTree->aData[nStart] = (char)iHeight;
+  sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pTree->aData[nStart+1], iLeftChild);
+  return nStart;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write the buffer for the segment node pTree and all of its peers to the
+** database. Then call this function recursively to write the parent of 
+** pTree and its peers to the database. 
+**
+** Except, if pTree is a root node, do not write it to the database. Instead,
+** set output variables *paRoot and *pnRoot to contain the root node.
+**
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned and output variable *piLast is
+** set to the largest blockid written to the database (or zero if no
+** blocks were written to the db). Otherwise, an SQLite error code is 
+** returned.
+*/
+static int fts3NodeWrite(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  SegmentNode *pTree,             /* SegmentNode handle */
+  int iHeight,                    /* Height of this node in tree */
+  sqlite3_int64 iLeaf,            /* Block id of first leaf node */
+  sqlite3_int64 iFree,            /* Block id of next free slot in %_segments */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piLast,          /* OUT: Block id of last entry written */
+  char **paRoot,                  /* OUT: Data for root node */
+  int *pnRoot                     /* OUT: Size of root node in bytes */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( !pTree->pParent ){
+    /* Root node of the tree. */
+    int nStart = fts3TreeFinishNode(pTree, iHeight, iLeaf);
+    *piLast = iFree-1;
+    *pnRoot = pTree->nData - nStart;
+    *paRoot = &pTree->aData[nStart];
+  }else{
+    SegmentNode *pIter;
+    sqlite3_int64 iNextFree = iFree;
+    sqlite3_int64 iNextLeaf = iLeaf;
+    for(pIter=pTree->pLeftmost; pIter && rc==SQLITE_OK; pIter=pIter->pRight){
+      int nStart = fts3TreeFinishNode(pIter, iHeight, iNextLeaf);
+      int nWrite = pIter->nData - nStart;
+  
+      rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, iNextFree, &pIter->aData[nStart], nWrite);
+      iNextFree++;
+      iNextLeaf += (pIter->nEntry+1);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      assert( iNextLeaf==iFree );
+      rc = fts3NodeWrite(
+          p, pTree->pParent, iHeight+1, iFree, iNextFree, piLast, paRoot, pnRoot
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all memory allocations associated with the tree pTree.
+*/
+static void fts3NodeFree(SegmentNode *pTree){
+  if( pTree ){
+    SegmentNode *p = pTree->pLeftmost;
+    fts3NodeFree(p->pParent);
+    while( p ){
+      SegmentNode *pRight = p->pRight;
+      if( p->aData!=(char *)&p[1] ){
+        sqlite3_free(p->aData);
+      }
+      assert( pRight==0 || p->zMalloc==0 );
+      sqlite3_free(p->zMalloc);
+      sqlite3_free(p);
+      p = pRight;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a term to the segment being constructed by the SegmentWriter object
+** *ppWriter. When adding the first term to a segment, *ppWriter should
+** be passed NULL. This function will allocate a new SegmentWriter object
+** and return it via the input/output variable *ppWriter in this case.
+**
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3SegWriterAdd(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  SegmentWriter **ppWriter,       /* IN/OUT: SegmentWriter handle */ 
+  int isCopyTerm,                 /* True if buffer zTerm must be copied */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Pointer to buffer containing term */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of term in bytes */
+  const char *aDoclist,           /* Pointer to buffer containing doclist */
+  int nDoclist                    /* Size of doclist in bytes */
+){
+  int nPrefix;                    /* Size of term prefix in bytes */
+  int nSuffix;                    /* Size of term suffix in bytes */
+  int nReq;                       /* Number of bytes required on leaf page */
+  int nData;
+  SegmentWriter *pWriter = *ppWriter;
+
+  if( !pWriter ){
+    int rc;
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+
+    /* Allocate the SegmentWriter structure */
+    pWriter = (SegmentWriter *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(SegmentWriter));
+    if( !pWriter ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    memset(pWriter, 0, sizeof(SegmentWriter));
+    *ppWriter = pWriter;
+
+    /* Allocate a buffer in which to accumulate data */
+    pWriter->aData = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(p->nNodeSize);
+    if( !pWriter->aData ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    pWriter->nSize = p->nNodeSize;
+
+    /* Find the next free blockid in the %_segments table */
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_NEXT_SEGMENTS_ID, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+      pWriter->iFree = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0);
+      pWriter->iFirst = pWriter->iFree;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+  nData = pWriter->nData;
+
+  nPrefix = fts3PrefixCompress(pWriter->zTerm, pWriter->nTerm, zTerm, nTerm);
+  nSuffix = nTerm-nPrefix;
+
+  /* Figure out how many bytes are required by this new entry */
+  nReq = sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nPrefix) +    /* varint containing prefix size */
+    sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nSuffix) +         /* varint containing suffix size */
+    nSuffix +                               /* Term suffix */
+    sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nDoclist) +        /* Size of doclist */
+    nDoclist;                               /* Doclist data */
+
+  if( nData>0 && nData+nReq>p->nNodeSize ){
+    int rc;
+
+    /* The current leaf node is full. Write it out to the database. */
+    rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pWriter->iFree++, pWriter->aData, nData);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+    /* Add the current term to the interior node tree. The term added to
+    ** the interior tree must:
+    **
+    **   a) be greater than the largest term on the leaf node just written
+    **      to the database (still available in pWriter->zTerm), and
+    **
+    **   b) be less than or equal to the term about to be added to the new
+    **      leaf node (zTerm/nTerm).
+    **
+    ** In other words, it must be the prefix of zTerm 1 byte longer than
+    ** the common prefix (if any) of zTerm and pWriter->zTerm.
+    */
+    assert( nPrefix<nTerm );
+    rc = fts3NodeAddTerm(p, &pWriter->pTree, isCopyTerm, zTerm, nPrefix+1);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+    nData = 0;
+    pWriter->nTerm = 0;
+
+    nPrefix = 0;
+    nSuffix = nTerm;
+    nReq = 1 +                              /* varint containing prefix size */
+      sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nTerm) +         /* varint containing suffix size */
+      nTerm +                               /* Term suffix */
+      sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nDoclist) +      /* Size of doclist */
+      nDoclist;                             /* Doclist data */
+  }
+
+  /* If the buffer currently allocated is too small for this entry, realloc
+  ** the buffer to make it large enough.
+  */
+  if( nReq>pWriter->nSize ){
+    char *aNew = sqlite3_realloc(pWriter->aData, nReq);
+    if( !aNew ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    pWriter->aData = aNew;
+    pWriter->nSize = nReq;
+  }
+  assert( nData+nReq<=pWriter->nSize );
+
+  /* Append the prefix-compressed term and doclist to the buffer. */
+  nData += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pWriter->aData[nData], nPrefix);
+  nData += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pWriter->aData[nData], nSuffix);
+  memcpy(&pWriter->aData[nData], &zTerm[nPrefix], nSuffix);
+  nData += nSuffix;
+  nData += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pWriter->aData[nData], nDoclist);
+  memcpy(&pWriter->aData[nData], aDoclist, nDoclist);
+  pWriter->nData = nData + nDoclist;
+
+  /* Save the current term so that it can be used to prefix-compress the next.
+  ** If the isCopyTerm parameter is true, then the buffer pointed to by
+  ** zTerm is transient, so take a copy of the term data. Otherwise, just
+  ** store a copy of the pointer.
+  */
+  if( isCopyTerm ){
+    if( nTerm>pWriter->nMalloc ){
+      char *zNew = sqlite3_realloc(pWriter->zMalloc, nTerm*2);
+      if( !zNew ){
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+      pWriter->nMalloc = nTerm*2;
+      pWriter->zMalloc = zNew;
+      pWriter->zTerm = zNew;
+    }
+    assert( pWriter->zTerm==pWriter->zMalloc );
+    memcpy(pWriter->zTerm, zTerm, nTerm);
+  }else{
+    pWriter->zTerm = (char *)zTerm;
+  }
+  pWriter->nTerm = nTerm;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Flush all data associated with the SegmentWriter object pWriter to the
+** database. This function must be called after all terms have been added
+** to the segment using fts3SegWriterAdd(). If successful, SQLITE_OK is
+** returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3SegWriterFlush(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  SegmentWriter *pWriter,         /* SegmentWriter to flush to the db */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Value for 'level' column of %_segdir */
+  int iIdx                        /* Value for 'idx' column of %_segdir */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  if( pWriter->pTree ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iLast = 0;      /* Largest block id written to database */
+    sqlite3_int64 iLastLeaf;      /* Largest leaf block id written to db */
+    char *zRoot = NULL;           /* Pointer to buffer containing root node */
+    int nRoot = 0;                /* Size of buffer zRoot */
+
+    iLastLeaf = pWriter->iFree;
+    rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pWriter->iFree++, pWriter->aData, pWriter->nData);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3NodeWrite(p, pWriter->pTree, 1,
+          pWriter->iFirst, pWriter->iFree, &iLast, &zRoot, &nRoot);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3WriteSegdir(
+          p, iLevel, iIdx, pWriter->iFirst, iLastLeaf, iLast, zRoot, nRoot);
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* The entire tree fits on the root node. Write it to the segdir table. */
+    rc = fts3WriteSegdir(
+        p, iLevel, iIdx, 0, 0, 0, pWriter->aData, pWriter->nData);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release all memory held by the SegmentWriter object passed as the 
+** first argument.
+*/
+static void fts3SegWriterFree(SegmentWriter *pWriter){
+  if( pWriter ){
+    sqlite3_free(pWriter->aData);
+    sqlite3_free(pWriter->zMalloc);
+    fts3NodeFree(pWriter->pTree);
+    sqlite3_free(pWriter);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The first value in the apVal[] array is assumed to contain an integer.
+** This function tests if there exist any documents with docid values that
+** are different from that integer. i.e. if deleting the document with docid
+** pRowid would mean the FTS3 table were empty.
+**
+** If successful, *pisEmpty is set to true if the table is empty except for
+** document pRowid, or false otherwise, and SQLITE_OK is returned. If an
+** error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned.
+*/
+static int fts3IsEmpty(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_value *pRowid, int *pisEmpty){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  int rc;
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_IS_EMPTY, &pStmt, &pRowid);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+      *pisEmpty = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set *pnMax to the largest segment level in the database for the index
+** iIndex.
+**
+** Segment levels are stored in the 'level' column of the %_segdir table.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if not.
+*/
+static int fts3SegmentMaxLevel(Fts3Table *p, int iIndex, int *pnMax){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  int rc;
+  assert( iIndex>=0 && iIndex<p->nIndex );
+
+  /* Set pStmt to the compiled version of:
+  **
+  **   SELECT max(level) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?
+  **
+  ** (1024 is actually the value of macro FTS3_SEGDIR_PREFIXLEVEL_STR).
+  */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_MAX_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL);
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 2, (iIndex+1)*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL - 1);
+  if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+    *pnMax = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+  }
+  return sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used after merging multiple segments into a single large
+** segment to delete the old, now redundant, segment b-trees. Specifically,
+** it:
+** 
+**   1) Deletes all %_segments entries for the segments associated with 
+**      each of the SegReader objects in the array passed as the third 
+**      argument, and
+**
+**   2) deletes all %_segdir entries with level iLevel, or all %_segdir
+**      entries regardless of level if (iLevel<0).
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if successful, otherwise an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3DeleteSegdir(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index for p->aIndex */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Level of %_segdir entries to delete */
+  Fts3SegReader **apSegment,      /* Array of SegReader objects */
+  int nReader                     /* Size of array apSegment */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pDelete;          /* SQL statement to delete rows */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGMENTS_RANGE, &pDelete, 0);
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nReader; i++){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSegment = apSegment[i];
+    if( pSegment->iStartBlock ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 1, pSegment->iStartBlock);
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 2, pSegment->iEndBlock);
+      sqlite3_step(pDelete);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  assert( iLevel>=0 || iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL );
+  if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL ){
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_RANGE, &pDelete, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pDelete, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL);
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pDelete, 2, (iIndex+1) * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL - 1);
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_LEVEL, &pDelete, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pDelete, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL + iLevel);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_step(pDelete);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** When this function is called, buffer *ppList (size *pnList bytes) contains 
+** a position list that may (or may not) feature multiple columns. This
+** function adjusts the pointer *ppList and the length *pnList so that they
+** identify the subset of the position list that corresponds to column iCol.
+**
+** If there are no entries in the input position list for column iCol, then
+** *pnList is set to zero before returning.
+*/
+static void fts3ColumnFilter(
+  int iCol,                       /* Column to filter on */
+  char **ppList,                  /* IN/OUT: Pointer to position list */
+  int *pnList                     /* IN/OUT: Size of buffer *ppList in bytes */
+){
+  char *pList = *ppList;
+  int nList = *pnList;
+  char *pEnd = &pList[nList];
+  int iCurrent = 0;
+  char *p = pList;
+
+  assert( iCol>=0 );
+  while( 1 ){
+    char c = 0;
+    while( p<pEnd && (c | *p)&0xFE ) c = *p++ & 0x80;
+  
+    if( iCol==iCurrent ){
+      nList = (int)(p - pList);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    nList -= (int)(p - pList);
+    pList = p;
+    if( nList==0 ){
+      break;
+    }
+    p = &pList[1];
+    p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCurrent);
+  }
+
+  *ppList = pList;
+  *pnList = nList;
+}
+
+/*
+** Cache data in the Fts3MultiSegReader.aBuffer[] buffer (overwriting any
+** existing data). Grow the buffer if required.
+**
+** If successful, return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if an OOM error is encountered
+** trying to resize the buffer, return SQLITE_NOMEM.
+*/
+static int fts3MsrBufferData(
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pMsr,       /* Multi-segment-reader handle */
+  char *pList,
+  int nList
+){
+  if( nList>pMsr->nBuffer ){
+    char *pNew;
+    pMsr->nBuffer = nList*2;
+    pNew = (char *)sqlite3_realloc(pMsr->aBuffer, pMsr->nBuffer);
+    if( !pNew ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    pMsr->aBuffer = pNew;
+  }
+
+  memcpy(pMsr->aBuffer, pList, nList);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pMsr,       /* Multi-segment-reader handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piDocid,         /* OUT: Docid value */
+  char **paPoslist,               /* OUT: Pointer to position list */
+  int *pnPoslist                  /* OUT: Size of position list in bytes */
+){
+  int nMerge = pMsr->nAdvance;
+  Fts3SegReader **apSegment = pMsr->apSegment;
+  int (*xCmp)(Fts3SegReader *, Fts3SegReader *) = (
+    p->bDescIdx ? fts3SegReaderDoclistCmpRev : fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp
+  );
+
+  if( nMerge==0 ){
+    *paPoslist = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  while( 1 ){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg;
+    pSeg = pMsr->apSegment[0];
+
+    if( pSeg->pOffsetList==0 ){
+      *paPoslist = 0;
+      break;
+    }else{
+      int rc;
+      char *pList;
+      int nList;
+      int j;
+      sqlite3_int64 iDocid = apSegment[0]->iDocid;
+
+      rc = fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[0], &pList, &nList);
+      j = 1;
+      while( rc==SQLITE_OK 
+        && j<nMerge
+        && apSegment[j]->pOffsetList
+        && apSegment[j]->iDocid==iDocid
+      ){
+        rc = fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[j], 0, 0);
+        j++;
+      }
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+      fts3SegReaderSort(pMsr->apSegment, nMerge, j, xCmp);
+
+      if( pMsr->iColFilter>=0 ){
+        fts3ColumnFilter(pMsr->iColFilter, &pList, &nList);
+      }
+
+      if( nList>0 ){
+        if( fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0]) ){
+          rc = fts3MsrBufferData(pMsr, pList, nList+1);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+          *paPoslist = pMsr->aBuffer;
+          assert( (pMsr->aBuffer[nList] & 0xFE)==0x00 );
+        }else{
+          *paPoslist = pList;
+        }
+        *piDocid = iDocid;
+        *pnPoslist = nList;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static int fts3SegReaderStart(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Cursor object */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term searched for (or NULL) */
+  int nTerm                       /* Length of zTerm in bytes */
+){
+  int i;
+  int nSeg = pCsr->nSegment;
+
+  /* If the Fts3SegFilter defines a specific term (or term prefix) to search 
+  ** for, then advance each segment iterator until it points to a term of
+  ** equal or greater value than the specified term. This prevents many
+  ** unnecessary merge/sort operations for the case where single segment
+  ** b-tree leaf nodes contain more than one term.
+  */
+  for(i=0; pCsr->bRestart==0 && i<pCsr->nSegment; i++){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg = pCsr->apSegment[i];
+    do {
+      int rc = fts3SegReaderNext(p, pSeg, 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }while( zTerm && fts3SegReaderTermCmp(pSeg, zTerm, nTerm)<0 );
+  }
+  fts3SegReaderSort(pCsr->apSegment, nSeg, nSeg, fts3SegReaderCmp);
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Cursor object */
+  Fts3SegFilter *pFilter          /* Restrictions on range of iteration */
+){
+  pCsr->pFilter = pFilter;
+  return fts3SegReaderStart(p, pCsr, pFilter->zTerm, pFilter->nTerm);
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Cursor object */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column to match on. */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to iterate through a doclist for */
+  int nTerm                       /* Number of bytes in zTerm */
+){
+  int i;
+  int rc;
+  int nSegment = pCsr->nSegment;
+  int (*xCmp)(Fts3SegReader *, Fts3SegReader *) = (
+    p->bDescIdx ? fts3SegReaderDoclistCmpRev : fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp
+  );
+
+  assert( pCsr->pFilter==0 );
+  assert( zTerm && nTerm>0 );
+
+  /* Advance each segment iterator until it points to the term zTerm/nTerm. */
+  rc = fts3SegReaderStart(p, pCsr, zTerm, nTerm);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  /* Determine how many of the segments actually point to zTerm/nTerm. */
+  for(i=0; i<nSegment; i++){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg = pCsr->apSegment[i];
+    if( !pSeg->aNode || fts3SegReaderTermCmp(pSeg, zTerm, nTerm) ){
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  pCsr->nAdvance = i;
+
+  /* Advance each of the segments to point to the first docid. */
+  for(i=0; i<pCsr->nAdvance; i++){
+    rc = fts3SegReaderFirstDocid(p, pCsr->apSegment[i]);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+  fts3SegReaderSort(pCsr->apSegment, i, i, xCmp);
+
+  assert( iCol<0 || iCol<p->nColumn );
+  pCsr->iColFilter = iCol;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called on a MultiSegReader that has been started using
+** sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(). One or more calls to MsrIncrNext() may also
+** have been made. Calling this function puts the MultiSegReader in such
+** a state that if the next two calls are:
+**
+**   sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart()
+**   sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep()
+**
+** then the entire doclist for the term is available in 
+** MultiSegReader.aDoclist/nDoclist.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr){
+  int i;                          /* Used to iterate through segment-readers */
+
+  assert( pCsr->zTerm==0 );
+  assert( pCsr->nTerm==0 );
+  assert( pCsr->aDoclist==0 );
+  assert( pCsr->nDoclist==0 );
+
+  pCsr->nAdvance = 0;
+  pCsr->bRestart = 1;
+  for(i=0; i<pCsr->nSegment; i++){
+    pCsr->apSegment[i]->pOffsetList = 0;
+    pCsr->apSegment[i]->nOffsetList = 0;
+    pCsr->apSegment[i]->iDocid = 0;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr        /* Cursor object */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  int isIgnoreEmpty =  (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY);
+  int isRequirePos =   (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS);
+  int isColFilter =    (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_COLUMN_FILTER);
+  int isPrefix =       (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_PREFIX);
+  int isScan =         (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN);
+
+  Fts3SegReader **apSegment = pCsr->apSegment;
+  int nSegment = pCsr->nSegment;
+  Fts3SegFilter *pFilter = pCsr->pFilter;
+  int (*xCmp)(Fts3SegReader *, Fts3SegReader *) = (
+    p->bDescIdx ? fts3SegReaderDoclistCmpRev : fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp
+  );
+
+  if( pCsr->nSegment==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  do {
+    int nMerge;
+    int i;
+  
+    /* Advance the first pCsr->nAdvance entries in the apSegment[] array
+    ** forward. Then sort the list in order of current term again.  
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<pCsr->nAdvance; i++){
+      rc = fts3SegReaderNext(p, apSegment[i], 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }
+    fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nSegment, pCsr->nAdvance, fts3SegReaderCmp);
+    pCsr->nAdvance = 0;
+
+    /* If all the seg-readers are at EOF, we're finished. return SQLITE_OK. */
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+    if( apSegment[0]->aNode==0 ) break;
+
+    pCsr->nTerm = apSegment[0]->nTerm;
+    pCsr->zTerm = apSegment[0]->zTerm;
+
+    /* If this is a prefix-search, and if the term that apSegment[0] points
+    ** to does not share a suffix with pFilter->zTerm/nTerm, then all 
+    ** required callbacks have been made. In this case exit early.
+    **
+    ** Similarly, if this is a search for an exact match, and the first term
+    ** of segment apSegment[0] is not a match, exit early.
+    */
+    if( pFilter->zTerm && !isScan ){
+      if( pCsr->nTerm<pFilter->nTerm 
+       || (!isPrefix && pCsr->nTerm>pFilter->nTerm)
+       || memcmp(pCsr->zTerm, pFilter->zTerm, pFilter->nTerm) 
+      ){
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    nMerge = 1;
+    while( nMerge<nSegment 
+        && apSegment[nMerge]->aNode
+        && apSegment[nMerge]->nTerm==pCsr->nTerm 
+        && 0==memcmp(pCsr->zTerm, apSegment[nMerge]->zTerm, pCsr->nTerm)
+    ){
+      nMerge++;
+    }
+
+    assert( isIgnoreEmpty || (isRequirePos && !isColFilter) );
+    if( nMerge==1 
+     && !isIgnoreEmpty 
+     && (p->bDescIdx==0 || fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0])==0)
+    ){
+      pCsr->nDoclist = apSegment[0]->nDoclist;
+      if( fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0]) ){
+        rc = fts3MsrBufferData(pCsr, apSegment[0]->aDoclist, pCsr->nDoclist);
+        pCsr->aDoclist = pCsr->aBuffer;
+      }else{
+        pCsr->aDoclist = apSegment[0]->aDoclist;
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = SQLITE_ROW;
+    }else{
+      int nDoclist = 0;           /* Size of doclist */
+      sqlite3_int64 iPrev = 0;    /* Previous docid stored in doclist */
+
+      /* The current term of the first nMerge entries in the array
+      ** of Fts3SegReader objects is the same. The doclists must be merged
+      ** and a single term returned with the merged doclist.
+      */
+      for(i=0; i<nMerge; i++){
+        fts3SegReaderFirstDocid(p, apSegment[i]);
+      }
+      fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nMerge, nMerge, xCmp);
+      while( apSegment[0]->pOffsetList ){
+        int j;                    /* Number of segments that share a docid */
+        char *pList;
+        int nList;
+        int nByte;
+        sqlite3_int64 iDocid = apSegment[0]->iDocid;
+        fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[0], &pList, &nList);
+        j = 1;
+        while( j<nMerge
+            && apSegment[j]->pOffsetList
+            && apSegment[j]->iDocid==iDocid
+        ){
+          fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[j], 0, 0);
+          j++;
+        }
+
+        if( isColFilter ){
+          fts3ColumnFilter(pFilter->iCol, &pList, &nList);
+        }
+
+        if( !isIgnoreEmpty || nList>0 ){
+
+          /* Calculate the 'docid' delta value to write into the merged 
+          ** doclist. */
+          sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+          if( p->bDescIdx && nDoclist>0 ){
+            iDelta = iPrev - iDocid;
+          }else{
+            iDelta = iDocid - iPrev;
+          }
+          assert( iDelta>0 || (nDoclist==0 && iDelta==iDocid) );
+          assert( nDoclist>0 || iDelta==iDocid );
+
+          nByte = sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(iDelta) + (isRequirePos?nList+1:0);
+          if( nDoclist+nByte>pCsr->nBuffer ){
+            char *aNew;
+            pCsr->nBuffer = (nDoclist+nByte)*2;
+            aNew = sqlite3_realloc(pCsr->aBuffer, pCsr->nBuffer);
+            if( !aNew ){
+              return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+            }
+            pCsr->aBuffer = aNew;
+          }
+          nDoclist += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pCsr->aBuffer[nDoclist], iDelta);
+          iPrev = iDocid;
+          if( isRequirePos ){
+            memcpy(&pCsr->aBuffer[nDoclist], pList, nList);
+            nDoclist += nList;
+            pCsr->aBuffer[nDoclist++] = '\0';
+          }
+        }
+
+        fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nMerge, j, xCmp);
+      }
+      if( nDoclist>0 ){
+        pCsr->aDoclist = pCsr->aBuffer;
+        pCsr->nDoclist = nDoclist;
+        rc = SQLITE_ROW;
+      }
+    }
+    pCsr->nAdvance = nMerge;
+  }while( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr       /* Cursor object */
+){
+  if( pCsr ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pCsr->nSegment; i++){
+      sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(pCsr->apSegment[i]);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(pCsr->apSegment);
+    sqlite3_free(pCsr->aBuffer);
+
+    pCsr->nSegment = 0;
+    pCsr->apSegment = 0;
+    pCsr->aBuffer = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Merge all level iLevel segments in the database into a single 
+** iLevel+1 segment. Or, if iLevel<0, merge all segments into a
+** single segment with a level equal to the numerically largest level 
+** currently present in the database.
+**
+** If this function is called with iLevel<0, but there is only one
+** segment in the database, SQLITE_DONE is returned immediately. 
+** Otherwise, if successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error occurs, 
+** an SQLite error code is returned.
+*/
+static int fts3SegmentMerge(Fts3Table *p, int iIndex, int iLevel){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int iIdx = 0;                   /* Index of new segment */
+  int iNewLevel = 0;              /* Level/index to create new segment at */
+  SegmentWriter *pWriter = 0;     /* Used to write the new, merged, segment */
+  Fts3SegFilter filter;           /* Segment term filter condition */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader csr;        /* Cursor to iterate through level(s) */
+  int bIgnoreEmpty = 0;           /* True to ignore empty segments */
+
+  assert( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL
+       || iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING
+       || iLevel>=0
+  );
+  assert( iLevel<FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL );
+  assert( iIndex>=0 && iIndex<p->nIndex );
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(p, iIndex, iLevel, 0, 0, 1, 0, &csr);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || csr.nSegment==0 ) goto finished;
+
+  if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL ){
+    /* This call is to merge all segments in the database to a single
+    ** segment. The level of the new segment is equal to the the numerically 
+    ** greatest segment level currently present in the database for this
+    ** index. The idx of the new segment is always 0.  */
+    if( csr.nSegment==1 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+      goto finished;
+    }
+    rc = fts3SegmentMaxLevel(p, iIndex, &iNewLevel);
+    bIgnoreEmpty = 1;
+
+  }else if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
+    iNewLevel = iIndex * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL; 
+    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iIndex, 0, &iIdx);
+  }else{
+    /* This call is to merge all segments at level iLevel. find the next
+    ** available segment index at level iLevel+1. The call to
+    ** fts3AllocateSegdirIdx() will merge the segments at level iLevel+1 to 
+    ** a single iLevel+2 segment if necessary.  */
+    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iIndex, iLevel+1, &iIdx);
+    iNewLevel = iIndex * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL + iLevel+1;
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+  assert( csr.nSegment>0 );
+  assert( iNewLevel>=(iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL) );
+  assert( iNewLevel<((iIndex+1)*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL) );
+
+  memset(&filter, 0, sizeof(Fts3SegFilter));
+  filter.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS;
+  filter.flags |= (bIgnoreEmpty ? FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY : 0);
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(p, &csr, &filter);
+  while( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, &csr);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ) break;
+    rc = fts3SegWriterAdd(p, &pWriter, 1, 
+        csr.zTerm, csr.nTerm, csr.aDoclist, csr.nDoclist);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+  assert( pWriter );
+
+  if( iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
+    rc = fts3DeleteSegdir(p, iIndex, iLevel, csr.apSegment, csr.nSegment);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+  }
+  rc = fts3SegWriterFlush(p, pWriter, iNewLevel, iIdx);
+
+ finished:
+  fts3SegWriterFree(pWriter);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(&csr);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/* 
+** Flush the contents of pendingTerms to level 0 segments.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+    rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Encode N integers as varints into a blob.
+*/
+static void fts3EncodeIntArray(
+  int N,             /* The number of integers to encode */
+  u32 *a,            /* The integer values */
+  char *zBuf,        /* Write the BLOB here */
+  int *pNBuf         /* Write number of bytes if zBuf[] used here */
+){
+  int i, j;
+  for(i=j=0; i<N; i++){
+    j += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&zBuf[j], (sqlite3_int64)a[i]);
+  }
+  *pNBuf = j;
+}
+
+/*
+** Decode a blob of varints into N integers
+*/
+static void fts3DecodeIntArray(
+  int N,             /* The number of integers to decode */
+  u32 *a,            /* Write the integer values */
+  const char *zBuf,  /* The BLOB containing the varints */
+  int nBuf           /* size of the BLOB */
+){
+  int i, j;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nBuf);
+  for(i=j=0; i<N; i++){
+    sqlite3_int64 x;
+    j += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(&zBuf[j], &x);
+    assert(j<=nBuf);
+    a[i] = (u32)(x & 0xffffffff);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Insert the sizes (in tokens) for each column of the document
+** with docid equal to p->iPrevDocid.  The sizes are encoded as
+** a blob of varints.
+*/
+static void fts3InsertDocsize(
+  int *pRC,         /* Result code */
+  Fts3Table *p,     /* Table into which to insert */
+  u32 *aSz          /* Sizes of each column */
+){
+  char *pBlob;             /* The BLOB encoding of the document size */
+  int nBlob;               /* Number of bytes in the BLOB */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;     /* Statement used to insert the encoding */
+  int rc;                  /* Result code from subfunctions */
+
+  if( *pRC ) return;
+  pBlob = sqlite3_malloc( 10*p->nColumn );
+  if( pBlob==0 ){
+    *pRC = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    return;
+  }
+  fts3EncodeIntArray(p->nColumn, aSz, pBlob, &nBlob);
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_DOCSIZE, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    sqlite3_free(pBlob);
+    *pRC = rc;
+    return;
+  }
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, p->iPrevDocid);
+  sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 2, pBlob, nBlob, sqlite3_free);
+  sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+  *pRC = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+}
+
+/*
+** Record 0 of the %_stat table contains a blob consisting of N varints,
+** where N is the number of user defined columns in the fts3 table plus
+** two. If nCol is the number of user defined columns, then values of the 
+** varints are set as follows:
+**
+**   Varint 0:       Total number of rows in the table.
+**
+**   Varint 1..nCol: For each column, the total number of tokens stored in
+**                   the column for all rows of the table.
+**
+**   Varint 1+nCol:  The total size, in bytes, of all text values in all
+**                   columns of all rows of the table.
+**
+*/
+static void fts3UpdateDocTotals(
+  int *pRC,                       /* The result code */
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Table being updated */
+  u32 *aSzIns,                    /* Size increases */
+  u32 *aSzDel,                    /* Size decreases */
+  int nChng                       /* Change in the number of documents */
+){
+  char *pBlob;             /* Storage for BLOB written into %_stat */
+  int nBlob;               /* Size of BLOB written into %_stat */
+  u32 *a;                  /* Array of integers that becomes the BLOB */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;     /* Statement for reading and writing */
+  int i;                   /* Loop counter */
+  int rc;                  /* Result code from subfunctions */
+
+  const int nStat = p->nColumn+2;
+
+  if( *pRC ) return;
+  a = sqlite3_malloc( (sizeof(u32)+10)*nStat );
+  if( a==0 ){
+    *pRC = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    return;
+  }
+  pBlob = (char*)&a[nStat];
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    sqlite3_free(a);
+    *pRC = rc;
+    return;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    fts3DecodeIntArray(nStat, a,
+         sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0),
+         sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 0));
+  }else{
+    memset(a, 0, sizeof(u32)*(nStat) );
+  }
+  sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  if( nChng<0 && a[0]<(u32)(-nChng) ){
+    a[0] = 0;
+  }else{
+    a[0] += nChng;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<p->nColumn+1; i++){
+    u32 x = a[i+1];
+    if( x+aSzIns[i] < aSzDel[i] ){
+      x = 0;
+    }else{
+      x = x + aSzIns[i] - aSzDel[i];
+    }
+    a[i+1] = x;
+  }
+  fts3EncodeIntArray(nStat, a, pBlob, &nBlob);
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_DOCTOTAL, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    sqlite3_free(a);
+    *pRC = rc;
+    return;
+  }
+  sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 1, pBlob, nBlob, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+  *pRC = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  sqlite3_free(a);
+}
+
+static int fts3DoOptimize(Fts3Table *p, int bReturnDone){
+  int i;
+  int bSeenDone = 0;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+    rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+      bSeenDone = 1;
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
+  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && bReturnDone && bSeenDone) ? SQLITE_DONE : rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Handle a 'special' INSERT of the form:
+**
+**   "INSERT INTO tbl(tbl) VALUES(<expr>)"
+**
+** Argument pVal contains the result of <expr>. Currently the only 
+** meaningful value to insert is the text 'optimize'.
+*/
+static int fts3SpecialInsert(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_value *pVal){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  const char *zVal = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(pVal);
+  int nVal = sqlite3_value_bytes(pVal);
+
+  if( !zVal ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else if( nVal==8 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "optimize", 8) ){
+    rc = fts3DoOptimize(p, 0);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  }else if( nVal>9 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "nodesize=", 9) ){
+    p->nNodeSize = atoi(&zVal[9]);
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else if( nVal>11 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "maxpending=", 9) ){
+    p->nMaxPendingData = atoi(&zVal[11]);
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+#endif
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete all cached deferred doclists. Deferred doclists are cached
+** (allocated) by the sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists() function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDef;
+  for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef; pDef=pDef->pNext){
+    fts3PendingListDelete(pDef->pList);
+    pDef->pList = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all entries in the pCsr->pDeffered list. Entries are added to 
+** this list using sqlite3Fts3DeferToken().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDef;
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pNext;
+  for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef; pDef=pNext){
+    pNext = pDef->pNext;
+    fts3PendingListDelete(pDef->pList);
+    sqlite3_free(pDef);
+  }
+  pCsr->pDeferred = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate deferred-doclists for all tokens in the pCsr->pDeferred list
+** based on the row that pCsr currently points to.
+**
+** A deferred-doclist is like any other doclist with position information
+** included, except that it only contains entries for a single row of the
+** table, not for all rows.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  if( pCsr->pDeferred ){
+    int i;                        /* Used to iterate through table columns */
+    sqlite3_int64 iDocid;         /* Docid of the row pCsr points to */
+    Fts3DeferredToken *pDef;      /* Used to iterate through deferred tokens */
+  
+    Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+    sqlite3_tokenizer *pT = p->pTokenizer;
+    sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = pT->pModule;
+   
+    assert( pCsr->isRequireSeek==0 );
+    iDocid = sqlite3_column_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 0);
+  
+    for(i=0; i<p->nColumn && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
+      const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, i+1);
+      sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pTC = 0;
+  
+      rc = pModule->xOpen(pT, zText, -1, &pTC);
+      while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        char const *zToken;       /* Buffer containing token */
+        int nToken;               /* Number of bytes in token */
+        int iDum1, iDum2;         /* Dummy variables */
+        int iPos;                 /* Position of token in zText */
+  
+        pTC->pTokenizer = pT;
+        rc = pModule->xNext(pTC, &zToken, &nToken, &iDum1, &iDum2, &iPos);
+        for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
+          Fts3PhraseToken *pPT = pDef->pToken;
+          if( (pDef->iCol>=p->nColumn || pDef->iCol==i)
+           && (pPT->n==nToken || (pPT->isPrefix && pPT->n<nToken))
+           && (0==memcmp(zToken, pPT->z, pPT->n))
+          ){
+            fts3PendingListAppend(&pDef->pList, iDocid, i, iPos, &rc);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if( pTC ) pModule->xClose(pTC);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  
+    for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
+      if( pDef->pList ){
+        rc = fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&pDef->pList, 0);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(
+  Fts3DeferredToken *p, 
+  char **ppData, 
+  int *pnData
+){
+  char *pRet;
+  int nSkip;
+  sqlite3_int64 dummy;
+
+  *ppData = 0;
+  *pnData = 0;
+
+  if( p->pList==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  pRet = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(p->pList->nData);
+  if( !pRet ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  nSkip = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p->pList->aData, &dummy);
+  *pnData = p->pList->nData - nSkip;
+  *ppData = pRet;
+  
+  memcpy(pRet, &p->pList->aData[nSkip], *pnData);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add an entry for token pToken to the pCsr->pDeferred list.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Fts3 table cursor */
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pToken,        /* Token to defer */
+  int iCol                        /* Column that token must appear in (or -1) */
+){
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDeferred;
+  pDeferred = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*pDeferred));
+  if( !pDeferred ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pDeferred, 0, sizeof(*pDeferred));
+  pDeferred->pToken = pToken;
+  pDeferred->pNext = pCsr->pDeferred; 
+  pDeferred->iCol = iCol;
+  pCsr->pDeferred = pDeferred;
+
+  assert( pToken->pDeferred==0 );
+  pToken->pDeferred = pDeferred;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** SQLite value pRowid contains the rowid of a row that may or may not be
+** present in the FTS3 table. If it is, delete it and adjust the contents
+** of subsiduary data structures accordingly.
+*/
+static int fts3DeleteByRowid(
+  Fts3Table *p, 
+  sqlite3_value *pRowid, 
+  int *pnDoc,
+  u32 *aSzDel
+){
+  int isEmpty = 0;
+  int rc = fts3IsEmpty(p, pRowid, &isEmpty);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( isEmpty ){
+      /* Deleting this row means the whole table is empty. In this case
+      ** delete the contents of all three tables and throw away any
+      ** data in the pendingTerms hash table.  */
+      rc = fts3DeleteAll(p);
+      *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_int64 iRemove = sqlite3_value_int64(pRowid);
+      rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, iRemove);
+      fts3DeleteTerms(&rc, p, pRowid, aSzDel);
+      fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_CONTENT, &pRowid);
+      if( sqlite3_changes(p->db) ) *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
+      if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+        fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE, &pRowid);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function does the work for the xUpdate method of FTS3 virtual
+** tables.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3UpdateMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab,            /* FTS3 vtab object */
+  int nArg,                       /* Size of argument array */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal,          /* Array of arguments */
+  sqlite_int64 *pRowid            /* OUT: The affected (or effected) rowid */
+){
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+  int isRemove = 0;               /* True for an UPDATE or DELETE */
+  sqlite3_int64 iRemove = 0;      /* Rowid removed by UPDATE or DELETE */
+  u32 *aSzIns = 0;                /* Sizes of inserted documents */
+  u32 *aSzDel;                    /* Sizes of deleted documents */
+  int nChng = 0;                  /* Net change in number of documents */
+  int bInsertDone = 0;
+
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+
+  /* Check for a "special" INSERT operation. One of the form:
+  **
+  **   INSERT INTO xyz(xyz) VALUES('command');
+  */
+  if( nArg>1 
+   && sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])==SQLITE_NULL 
+   && sqlite3_value_type(apVal[p->nColumn+2])!=SQLITE_NULL 
+  ){
+    rc = fts3SpecialInsert(p, apVal[p->nColumn+2]);
+    goto update_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate space to hold the change in document sizes */
+  aSzIns = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(aSzIns[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2 );
+  if( aSzIns==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto update_out;
+  }
+  aSzDel = &aSzIns[p->nColumn+1];
+  memset(aSzIns, 0, sizeof(aSzIns[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2);
+
+  /* If this is an INSERT operation, or an UPDATE that modifies the rowid
+  ** value, then this operation requires constraint handling.
+  **
+  ** If the on-conflict mode is REPLACE, this means that the existing row
+  ** should be deleted from the database before inserting the new row. Or,
+  ** if the on-conflict mode is other than REPLACE, then this method must
+  ** detect the conflict and return SQLITE_CONSTRAINT before beginning to
+  ** modify the database file.
+  */
+  if( nArg>1 ){
+    /* Find the value object that holds the new rowid value. */
+    sqlite3_value *pNewRowid = apVal[3+p->nColumn];
+    if( sqlite3_value_type(pNewRowid)==SQLITE_NULL ){
+      pNewRowid = apVal[1];
+    }
+
+    if( sqlite3_value_type(pNewRowid)!=SQLITE_NULL && ( 
+        sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])==SQLITE_NULL
+     || sqlite3_value_int64(apVal[0])!=sqlite3_value_int64(pNewRowid)
+    )){
+      /* The new rowid is not NULL (in this case the rowid will be
+      ** automatically assigned and there is no chance of a conflict), and 
+      ** the statement is either an INSERT or an UPDATE that modifies the
+      ** rowid column. So if the conflict mode is REPLACE, then delete any
+      ** existing row with rowid=pNewRowid. 
+      **
+      ** Or, if the conflict mode is not REPLACE, insert the new record into 
+      ** the %_content table. If we hit the duplicate rowid constraint (or any
+      ** other error) while doing so, return immediately.
+      **
+      ** This branch may also run if pNewRowid contains a value that cannot
+      ** be losslessly converted to an integer. In this case, the eventual 
+      ** call to fts3InsertData() (either just below or further on in this
+      ** function) will return SQLITE_MISMATCH. If fts3DeleteByRowid is 
+      ** invoked, it will delete zero rows (since no row will have
+      ** docid=$pNewRowid if $pNewRowid is not an integer value).
+      */
+      if( sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(p->db)==SQLITE_REPLACE ){
+        rc = fts3DeleteByRowid(p, pNewRowid, &nChng, aSzDel);
+      }else{
+        rc = fts3InsertData(p, apVal, pRowid);
+        bInsertDone = 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto update_out;
+  }
+
+  /* If this is a DELETE or UPDATE operation, remove the old record. */
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+    assert( sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])==SQLITE_INTEGER );
+    rc = fts3DeleteByRowid(p, apVal[0], &nChng, aSzDel);
+    isRemove = 1;
+    iRemove = sqlite3_value_int64(apVal[0]);
+  }
+  
+  /* If this is an INSERT or UPDATE operation, insert the new record. */
+  if( nArg>1 && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( bInsertDone==0 ){
+      rc = fts3InsertData(p, apVal, pRowid);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ) rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (!isRemove || *pRowid!=iRemove) ){
+      rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, *pRowid);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3InsertTerms(p, apVal, aSzIns);
+    }
+    if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+      fts3InsertDocsize(&rc, p, aSzIns);
+    }
+    nChng++;
+  }
+
+  if( p->bHasStat ){
+    fts3UpdateDocTotals(&rc, p, aSzIns, aSzDel, nChng);
+  }
+
+ update_out:
+  sqlite3_free(aSzIns);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Flush any data in the pending-terms hash table to disk. If successful,
+** merge all segments in the database (including the new segment, if 
+** there was any data to flush) into a single segment. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Optimize(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc;
+  rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, "SAVEPOINT fts3", 0, 0, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fts3DoOptimize(p, 1);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+      int rc2 = sqlite3_exec(p->db, "RELEASE fts3", 0, 0, 0);
+      if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_exec(p->db, "ROLLBACK TO fts3", 0, 0, 0);
+      sqlite3_exec(p->db, "RELEASE fts3", 0, 0, 0);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/************** End of fts3_write.c ******************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_snippet.c ************************************/
+/*
+** 2009 Oct 23
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+*/
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+
+/*
+** Characters that may appear in the second argument to matchinfo().
+*/
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE   'p'        /* 1 value */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL      'c'        /* 1 value */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC      'n'        /* 1 value */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH 'a'        /* nCol values */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH    'l'        /* nCol values */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS       's'        /* nCol values */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS      'x'        /* 3*nCol*nPhrase values */
+
+/*
+** The default value for the second argument to matchinfo(). 
+*/
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_DEFAULT   "pcx"
+
+
+/*
+** Used as an fts3ExprIterate() context when loading phrase doclists to
+** Fts3Expr.aDoclist[]/nDoclist.
+*/
+typedef struct LoadDoclistCtx LoadDoclistCtx;
+struct LoadDoclistCtx {
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr;               /* FTS3 Cursor */
+  int nPhrase;                    /* Number of phrases seen so far */
+  int nToken;                     /* Number of tokens seen so far */
+};
+
+/*
+** The following types are used as part of the implementation of the 
+** fts3BestSnippet() routine.
+*/
+typedef struct SnippetIter SnippetIter;
+typedef struct SnippetPhrase SnippetPhrase;
+typedef struct SnippetFragment SnippetFragment;
+
+struct SnippetIter {
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr;               /* Cursor snippet is being generated from */
+  int iCol;                       /* Extract snippet from this column */
+  int nSnippet;                   /* Requested snippet length (in tokens) */
+  int nPhrase;                    /* Number of phrases in query */
+  SnippetPhrase *aPhrase;         /* Array of size nPhrase */
+  int iCurrent;                   /* First token of current snippet */
+};
+
+struct SnippetPhrase {
+  int nToken;                     /* Number of tokens in phrase */
+  char *pList;                    /* Pointer to start of phrase position list */
+  int iHead;                      /* Next value in position list */
+  char *pHead;                    /* Position list data following iHead */
+  int iTail;                      /* Next value in trailing position list */
+  char *pTail;                    /* Position list data following iTail */
+};
+
+struct SnippetFragment {
+  int iCol;                       /* Column snippet is extracted from */
+  int iPos;                       /* Index of first token in snippet */
+  u64 covered;                    /* Mask of query phrases covered */
+  u64 hlmask;                     /* Mask of snippet terms to highlight */
+};
+
+/*
+** This type is used as an fts3ExprIterate() context object while 
+** accumulating the data returned by the matchinfo() function.
+*/
+typedef struct MatchInfo MatchInfo;
+struct MatchInfo {
+  Fts3Cursor *pCursor;            /* FTS3 Cursor */
+  int nCol;                       /* Number of columns in table */
+  int nPhrase;                    /* Number of matchable phrases in query */
+  sqlite3_int64 nDoc;             /* Number of docs in database */
+  u32 *aMatchinfo;                /* Pre-allocated buffer */
+};
+
+
+
+/*
+** The snippet() and offsets() functions both return text values. An instance
+** of the following structure is used to accumulate those values while the
+** functions are running. See fts3StringAppend() for details.
+*/
+typedef struct StrBuffer StrBuffer;
+struct StrBuffer {
+  char *z;                        /* Pointer to buffer containing string */
+  int n;                          /* Length of z in bytes (excl. nul-term) */
+  int nAlloc;                     /* Allocated size of buffer z in bytes */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** This function is used to help iterate through a position-list. A position
+** list is a list of unique integers, sorted from smallest to largest. Each
+** element of the list is represented by an FTS3 varint that takes the value
+** of the difference between the current element and the previous one plus
+** two. For example, to store the position-list:
+**
+**     4 9 113
+**
+** the three varints:
+**
+**     6 7 106
+**
+** are encoded.
+**
+** When this function is called, *pp points to the start of an element of
+** the list. *piPos contains the value of the previous entry in the list.
+** After it returns, *piPos contains the value of the next element of the
+** list and *pp is advanced to the following varint.
+*/
+static void fts3GetDeltaPosition(char **pp, int *piPos){
+  int iVal;
+  *pp += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(*pp, &iVal);
+  *piPos += (iVal-2);
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper function for fts3ExprIterate() (see below).
+*/
+static int fts3ExprIterate2(
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Expression to iterate phrases of */
+  int *piPhrase,                  /* Pointer to phrase counter */
+  int (*x)(Fts3Expr*,int,void*),  /* Callback function to invoke for phrases */
+  void *pCtx                      /* Second argument to pass to callback */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int eType = pExpr->eType;       /* Type of expression node pExpr */
+
+  if( eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE ){
+    assert( pExpr->pLeft && pExpr->pRight );
+    rc = fts3ExprIterate2(pExpr->pLeft, piPhrase, x, pCtx);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && eType!=FTSQUERY_NOT ){
+      rc = fts3ExprIterate2(pExpr->pRight, piPhrase, x, pCtx);
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = x(pExpr, *piPhrase, pCtx);
+    (*piPhrase)++;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Iterate through all phrase nodes in an FTS3 query, except those that
+** are part of a sub-tree that is the right-hand-side of a NOT operator.
+** For each phrase node found, the supplied callback function is invoked.
+**
+** If the callback function returns anything other than SQLITE_OK, 
+** the iteration is abandoned and the error code returned immediately.
+** Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned after a callback has been made for
+** all eligible phrase nodes.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprIterate(
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Expression to iterate phrases of */
+  int (*x)(Fts3Expr*,int,void*),  /* Callback function to invoke for phrases */
+  void *pCtx                      /* Second argument to pass to callback */
+){
+  int iPhrase = 0;                /* Variable used as the phrase counter */
+  return fts3ExprIterate2(pExpr, &iPhrase, x, pCtx);
+}
+
+/*
+** This is an fts3ExprIterate() callback used while loading the doclists
+** for each phrase into Fts3Expr.aDoclist[]/nDoclist. See also
+** fts3ExprLoadDoclists().
+*/
+static int fts3ExprLoadDoclistsCb(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+  LoadDoclistCtx *p = (LoadDoclistCtx *)ctx;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iPhrase);
+
+  p->nPhrase++;
+  p->nToken += pPhrase->nToken;
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Load the doclists for each phrase in the query associated with FTS3 cursor
+** pCsr. 
+**
+** If pnPhrase is not NULL, then *pnPhrase is set to the number of matchable 
+** phrases in the expression (all phrases except those directly or 
+** indirectly descended from the right-hand-side of a NOT operator). If 
+** pnToken is not NULL, then it is set to the number of tokens in all
+** matchable phrases of the expression.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprLoadDoclists(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Fts3 cursor for current query */
+  int *pnPhrase,                  /* OUT: Number of phrases in query */
+  int *pnToken                    /* OUT: Number of tokens in query */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  LoadDoclistCtx sCtx = {0,0,0};  /* Context for fts3ExprIterate() */
+  sCtx.pCsr = pCsr;
+  rc = fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3ExprLoadDoclistsCb, (void *)&sCtx);
+  if( pnPhrase ) *pnPhrase = sCtx.nPhrase;
+  if( pnToken ) *pnToken = sCtx.nToken;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static int fts3ExprPhraseCountCb(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
+  (*(int *)ctx)++;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pExpr);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iPhrase);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+static int fts3ExprPhraseCount(Fts3Expr *pExpr){
+  int nPhrase = 0;
+  (void)fts3ExprIterate(pExpr, fts3ExprPhraseCountCb, (void *)&nPhrase);
+  return nPhrase;
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance the position list iterator specified by the first two 
+** arguments so that it points to the first element with a value greater
+** than or equal to parameter iNext.
+*/
+static void fts3SnippetAdvance(char **ppIter, int *piIter, int iNext){
+  char *pIter = *ppIter;
+  if( pIter ){
+    int iIter = *piIter;
+
+    while( iIter<iNext ){
+      if( 0==(*pIter & 0xFE) ){
+        iIter = -1;
+        pIter = 0;
+        break;
+      }
+      fts3GetDeltaPosition(&pIter, &iIter);
+    }
+
+    *piIter = iIter;
+    *ppIter = pIter;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance the snippet iterator to the next candidate snippet.
+*/
+static int fts3SnippetNextCandidate(SnippetIter *pIter){
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+
+  if( pIter->iCurrent<0 ){
+    /* The SnippetIter object has just been initialized. The first snippet
+    ** candidate always starts at offset 0 (even if this candidate has a
+    ** score of 0.0).
+    */
+    pIter->iCurrent = 0;
+
+    /* Advance the 'head' iterator of each phrase to the first offset that
+    ** is greater than or equal to (iNext+nSnippet).
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<pIter->nPhrase; i++){
+      SnippetPhrase *pPhrase = &pIter->aPhrase[i];
+      fts3SnippetAdvance(&pPhrase->pHead, &pPhrase->iHead, pIter->nSnippet);
+    }
+  }else{
+    int iStart;
+    int iEnd = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+
+    for(i=0; i<pIter->nPhrase; i++){
+      SnippetPhrase *pPhrase = &pIter->aPhrase[i];
+      if( pPhrase->pHead && pPhrase->iHead<iEnd ){
+        iEnd = pPhrase->iHead;
+      }
+    }
+    if( iEnd==0x7FFFFFFF ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    pIter->iCurrent = iStart = iEnd - pIter->nSnippet + 1;
+    for(i=0; i<pIter->nPhrase; i++){
+      SnippetPhrase *pPhrase = &pIter->aPhrase[i];
+      fts3SnippetAdvance(&pPhrase->pHead, &pPhrase->iHead, iEnd+1);
+      fts3SnippetAdvance(&pPhrase->pTail, &pPhrase->iTail, iStart);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Retrieve information about the current candidate snippet of snippet 
+** iterator pIter.
+*/
+static void fts3SnippetDetails(
+  SnippetIter *pIter,             /* Snippet iterator */
+  u64 mCovered,                   /* Bitmask of phrases already covered */
+  int *piToken,                   /* OUT: First token of proposed snippet */
+  int *piScore,                   /* OUT: "Score" for this snippet */
+  u64 *pmCover,                   /* OUT: Bitmask of phrases covered */
+  u64 *pmHighlight                /* OUT: Bitmask of terms to highlight */
+){
+  int iStart = pIter->iCurrent;   /* First token of snippet */
+  int iScore = 0;                 /* Score of this snippet */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+  u64 mCover = 0;                 /* Mask of phrases covered by this snippet */
+  u64 mHighlight = 0;             /* Mask of tokens to highlight in snippet */
+
+  for(i=0; i<pIter->nPhrase; i++){
+    SnippetPhrase *pPhrase = &pIter->aPhrase[i];
+    if( pPhrase->pTail ){
+      char *pCsr = pPhrase->pTail;
+      int iCsr = pPhrase->iTail;
+
+      while( iCsr<(iStart+pIter->nSnippet) ){
+        int j;
+        u64 mPhrase = (u64)1 << i;
+        u64 mPos = (u64)1 << (iCsr - iStart);
+        assert( iCsr>=iStart );
+        if( (mCover|mCovered)&mPhrase ){
+          iScore++;
+        }else{
+          iScore += 1000;
+        }
+        mCover |= mPhrase;
+
+        for(j=0; j<pPhrase->nToken; j++){
+          mHighlight |= (mPos>>j);
+        }
+
+        if( 0==(*pCsr & 0x0FE) ) break;
+        fts3GetDeltaPosition(&pCsr, &iCsr);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Set the output variables before returning. */
+  *piToken = iStart;
+  *piScore = iScore;
+  *pmCover = mCover;
+  *pmHighlight = mHighlight;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is an fts3ExprIterate() callback used by fts3BestSnippet().
+** Each invocation populates an element of the SnippetIter.aPhrase[] array.
+*/
+static int fts3SnippetFindPositions(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
+  SnippetIter *p = (SnippetIter *)ctx;
+  SnippetPhrase *pPhrase = &p->aPhrase[iPhrase];
+  char *pCsr;
+
+  pPhrase->nToken = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
+
+  pCsr = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol);
+  if( pCsr ){
+    int iFirst = 0;
+    pPhrase->pList = pCsr;
+    fts3GetDeltaPosition(&pCsr, &iFirst);
+    pPhrase->pHead = pCsr;
+    pPhrase->pTail = pCsr;
+    pPhrase->iHead = iFirst;
+    pPhrase->iTail = iFirst;
+  }else{
+    assert( pPhrase->pList==0 && pPhrase->pHead==0 && pPhrase->pTail==0 );
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Select the fragment of text consisting of nFragment contiguous tokens 
+** from column iCol that represent the "best" snippet. The best snippet
+** is the snippet with the highest score, where scores are calculated
+** by adding:
+**
+**   (a) +1 point for each occurence of a matchable phrase in the snippet.
+**
+**   (b) +1000 points for the first occurence of each matchable phrase in 
+**       the snippet for which the corresponding mCovered bit is not set.
+**
+** The selected snippet parameters are stored in structure *pFragment before
+** returning. The score of the selected snippet is stored in *piScore
+** before returning.
+*/
+static int fts3BestSnippet(
+  int nSnippet,                   /* Desired snippet length */
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor to create snippet for */
+  int iCol,                       /* Index of column to create snippet from */
+  u64 mCovered,                   /* Mask of phrases already covered */
+  u64 *pmSeen,                    /* IN/OUT: Mask of phrases seen */
+  SnippetFragment *pFragment,     /* OUT: Best snippet found */
+  int *piScore                    /* OUT: Score of snippet pFragment */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  int nList;                      /* Number of phrases in expression */
+  SnippetIter sIter;              /* Iterates through snippet candidates */
+  int nByte;                      /* Number of bytes of space to allocate */
+  int iBestScore = -1;            /* Best snippet score found so far */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+
+  memset(&sIter, 0, sizeof(sIter));
+
+  /* Iterate through the phrases in the expression to count them. The same
+  ** callback makes sure the doclists are loaded for each phrase.
+  */
+  rc = fts3ExprLoadDoclists(pCsr, &nList, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* Now that it is known how many phrases there are, allocate and zero
+  ** the required space using malloc().
+  */
+  nByte = sizeof(SnippetPhrase) * nList;
+  sIter.aPhrase = (SnippetPhrase *)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  if( !sIter.aPhrase ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(sIter.aPhrase, 0, nByte);
+
+  /* Initialize the contents of the SnippetIter object. Then iterate through
+  ** the set of phrases in the expression to populate the aPhrase[] array.
+  */
+  sIter.pCsr = pCsr;
+  sIter.iCol = iCol;
+  sIter.nSnippet = nSnippet;
+  sIter.nPhrase = nList;
+  sIter.iCurrent = -1;
+  (void)fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3SnippetFindPositions, (void *)&sIter);
+
+  /* Set the *pmSeen output variable. */
+  for(i=0; i<nList; i++){
+    if( sIter.aPhrase[i].pHead ){
+      *pmSeen |= (u64)1 << i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Loop through all candidate snippets. Store the best snippet in 
+  ** *pFragment. Store its associated 'score' in iBestScore.
+  */
+  pFragment->iCol = iCol;
+  while( !fts3SnippetNextCandidate(&sIter) ){
+    int iPos;
+    int iScore;
+    u64 mCover;
+    u64 mHighlight;
+    fts3SnippetDetails(&sIter, mCovered, &iPos, &iScore, &mCover, &mHighlight);
+    assert( iScore>=0 );
+    if( iScore>iBestScore ){
+      pFragment->iPos = iPos;
+      pFragment->hlmask = mHighlight;
+      pFragment->covered = mCover;
+      iBestScore = iScore;
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(sIter.aPhrase);
+  *piScore = iBestScore;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Append a string to the string-buffer passed as the first argument.
+**
+** If nAppend is negative, then the length of the string zAppend is
+** determined using strlen().
+*/
+static int fts3StringAppend(
+  StrBuffer *pStr,                /* Buffer to append to */
+  const char *zAppend,            /* Pointer to data to append to buffer */
+  int nAppend                     /* Size of zAppend in bytes (or -1) */
+){
+  if( nAppend<0 ){
+    nAppend = (int)strlen(zAppend);
+  }
+
+  /* If there is insufficient space allocated at StrBuffer.z, use realloc()
+  ** to grow the buffer until so that it is big enough to accomadate the
+  ** appended data.
+  */
+  if( pStr->n+nAppend+1>=pStr->nAlloc ){
+    int nAlloc = pStr->nAlloc+nAppend+100;
+    char *zNew = sqlite3_realloc(pStr->z, nAlloc);
+    if( !zNew ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    pStr->z = zNew;
+    pStr->nAlloc = nAlloc;
+  }
+
+  /* Append the data to the string buffer. */
+  memcpy(&pStr->z[pStr->n], zAppend, nAppend);
+  pStr->n += nAppend;
+  pStr->z[pStr->n] = '\0';
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** The fts3BestSnippet() function often selects snippets that end with a
+** query term. That is, the final term of the snippet is always a term
+** that requires highlighting. For example, if 'X' is a highlighted term
+** and '.' is a non-highlighted term, BestSnippet() may select:
+**
+**     ........X.....X
+**
+** This function "shifts" the beginning of the snippet forward in the 
+** document so that there are approximately the same number of 
+** non-highlighted terms to the right of the final highlighted term as there
+** are to the left of the first highlighted term. For example, to this:
+**
+**     ....X.....X....
+**
+** This is done as part of extracting the snippet text, not when selecting
+** the snippet. Snippet selection is done based on doclists only, so there
+** is no way for fts3BestSnippet() to know whether or not the document 
+** actually contains terms that follow the final highlighted term. 
+*/
+static int fts3SnippetShift(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* FTS3 table snippet comes from */
+  int nSnippet,                   /* Number of tokens desired for snippet */
+  const char *zDoc,               /* Document text to extract snippet from */
+  int nDoc,                       /* Size of buffer zDoc in bytes */
+  int *piPos,                     /* IN/OUT: First token of snippet */
+  u64 *pHlmask                    /* IN/OUT: Mask of tokens to highlight */
+){
+  u64 hlmask = *pHlmask;          /* Local copy of initial highlight-mask */
+
+  if( hlmask ){
+    int nLeft;                    /* Tokens to the left of first highlight */
+    int nRight;                   /* Tokens to the right of last highlight */
+    int nDesired;                 /* Ideal number of tokens to shift forward */
+
+    for(nLeft=0; !(hlmask & ((u64)1 << nLeft)); nLeft++);
+    for(nRight=0; !(hlmask & ((u64)1 << (nSnippet-1-nRight))); nRight++);
+    nDesired = (nLeft-nRight)/2;
+
+    /* Ideally, the start of the snippet should be pushed forward in the
+    ** document nDesired tokens. This block checks if there are actually
+    ** nDesired tokens to the right of the snippet. If so, *piPos and
+    ** *pHlMask are updated to shift the snippet nDesired tokens to the
+    ** right. Otherwise, the snippet is shifted by the number of tokens
+    ** available.
+    */
+    if( nDesired>0 ){
+      int nShift;                 /* Number of tokens to shift snippet by */
+      int iCurrent = 0;           /* Token counter */
+      int rc;                     /* Return Code */
+      sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pMod;
+      sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pC;
+      pMod = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)pTab->pTokenizer->pModule;
+
+      /* Open a cursor on zDoc/nDoc. Check if there are (nSnippet+nDesired)
+      ** or more tokens in zDoc/nDoc.
+      */
+      rc = pMod->xOpen(pTab->pTokenizer, zDoc, nDoc, &pC);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+      pC->pTokenizer = pTab->pTokenizer;
+      while( rc==SQLITE_OK && iCurrent<(nSnippet+nDesired) ){
+        const char *ZDUMMY; int DUMMY1, DUMMY2, DUMMY3;
+        rc = pMod->xNext(pC, &ZDUMMY, &DUMMY1, &DUMMY2, &DUMMY3, &iCurrent);
+      }
+      pMod->xClose(pC);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){ return rc; }
+
+      nShift = (rc==SQLITE_DONE)+iCurrent-nSnippet;
+      assert( nShift<=nDesired );
+      if( nShift>0 ){
+        *piPos += nShift;
+        *pHlmask = hlmask >> nShift;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the snippet text for fragment pFragment from cursor pCsr and
+** append it to string buffer pOut.
+*/
+static int fts3SnippetText(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 Cursor */
+  SnippetFragment *pFragment,     /* Snippet to extract */
+  int iFragment,                  /* Fragment number */
+  int isLast,                     /* True for final fragment in snippet */
+  int nSnippet,                   /* Number of tokens in extracted snippet */
+  const char *zOpen,              /* String inserted before highlighted term */
+  const char *zClose,             /* String inserted after highlighted term */
+  const char *zEllipsis,          /* String inserted between snippets */
+  StrBuffer *pOut                 /* Write output here */
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  const char *zDoc;               /* Document text to extract snippet from */
+  int nDoc;                       /* Size of zDoc in bytes */
+  int iCurrent = 0;               /* Current token number of document */
+  int iEnd = 0;                   /* Byte offset of end of current token */
+  int isShiftDone = 0;            /* True after snippet is shifted */
+  int iPos = pFragment->iPos;     /* First token of snippet */
+  u64 hlmask = pFragment->hlmask; /* Highlight-mask for snippet */
+  int iCol = pFragment->iCol+1;   /* Query column to extract text from */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pMod; /* Tokenizer module methods object */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pC;   /* Tokenizer cursor open on zDoc/nDoc */
+  const char *ZDUMMY;             /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
+  int DUMMY1;                     /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
+  
+  zDoc = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, iCol);
+  if( zDoc==0 ){
+    if( sqlite3_column_type(pCsr->pStmt, iCol)!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  nDoc = sqlite3_column_bytes(pCsr->pStmt, iCol);
+
+  /* Open a token cursor on the document. */
+  pMod = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)pTab->pTokenizer->pModule;
+  rc = pMod->xOpen(pTab->pTokenizer, zDoc, nDoc, &pC);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  pC->pTokenizer = pTab->pTokenizer;
+
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int iBegin;                   /* Offset in zDoc of start of token */
+    int iFin;                     /* Offset in zDoc of end of token */
+    int isHighlight;              /* True for highlighted terms */
+
+    rc = pMod->xNext(pC, &ZDUMMY, &DUMMY1, &iBegin, &iFin, &iCurrent);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+        /* Special case - the last token of the snippet is also the last token
+        ** of the column. Append any punctuation that occurred between the end
+        ** of the previous token and the end of the document to the output. 
+        ** Then break out of the loop. */
+        rc = fts3StringAppend(pOut, &zDoc[iEnd], -1);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    if( iCurrent<iPos ){ continue; }
+
+    if( !isShiftDone ){
+      int n = nDoc - iBegin;
+      rc = fts3SnippetShift(pTab, nSnippet, &zDoc[iBegin], n, &iPos, &hlmask);
+      isShiftDone = 1;
+
+      /* Now that the shift has been done, check if the initial "..." are
+      ** required. They are required if (a) this is not the first fragment,
+      ** or (b) this fragment does not begin at position 0 of its column. 
+      */
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (iPos>0 || iFragment>0) ){
+        rc = fts3StringAppend(pOut, zEllipsis, -1);
+      }
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || iCurrent<iPos ) continue;
+    }
+
+    if( iCurrent>=(iPos+nSnippet) ){
+      if( isLast ){
+        rc = fts3StringAppend(pOut, zEllipsis, -1);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* Set isHighlight to true if this term should be highlighted. */
+    isHighlight = (hlmask & ((u64)1 << (iCurrent-iPos)))!=0;
+
+    if( iCurrent>iPos ) rc = fts3StringAppend(pOut, &zDoc[iEnd], iBegin-iEnd);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && isHighlight ) rc = fts3StringAppend(pOut, zOpen, -1);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = fts3StringAppend(pOut, &zDoc[iBegin], iFin-iBegin);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && isHighlight ) rc = fts3StringAppend(pOut, zClose, -1);
+
+    iEnd = iFin;
+  }
+
+  pMod->xClose(pC);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** This function is used to count the entries in a column-list (a 
+** delta-encoded list of term offsets within a single column of a single 
+** row). When this function is called, *ppCollist should point to the
+** beginning of the first varint in the column-list (the varint that
+** contains the position of the first matching term in the column data).
+** Before returning, *ppCollist is set to point to the first byte after
+** the last varint in the column-list (either the 0x00 signifying the end
+** of the position-list, or the 0x01 that precedes the column number of
+** the next column in the position-list).
+**
+** The number of elements in the column-list is returned.
+*/
+static int fts3ColumnlistCount(char **ppCollist){
+  char *pEnd = *ppCollist;
+  char c = 0;
+  int nEntry = 0;
+
+  /* A column-list is terminated by either a 0x01 or 0x00. */
+  while( 0xFE & (*pEnd | c) ){
+    c = *pEnd++ & 0x80;
+    if( !c ) nEntry++;
+  }
+
+  *ppCollist = pEnd;
+  return nEntry;
+}
+
+/*
+** fts3ExprIterate() callback used to collect the "global" matchinfo stats
+** for a single query. 
+**
+** fts3ExprIterate() callback to load the 'global' elements of a
+** FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS matchinfo array. The global stats are those elements 
+** of the matchinfo array that are constant for all rows returned by the 
+** current query.
+**
+** Argument pCtx is actually a pointer to a struct of type MatchInfo. This
+** function populates Matchinfo.aMatchinfo[] as follows:
+**
+**   for(iCol=0; iCol<nCol; iCol++){
+**     aMatchinfo[3*iPhrase*nCol + 3*iCol + 1] = X;
+**     aMatchinfo[3*iPhrase*nCol + 3*iCol + 2] = Y;
+**   }
+**
+** where X is the number of matches for phrase iPhrase is column iCol of all
+** rows of the table. Y is the number of rows for which column iCol contains
+** at least one instance of phrase iPhrase.
+**
+** If the phrase pExpr consists entirely of deferred tokens, then all X and
+** Y values are set to nDoc, where nDoc is the number of documents in the 
+** file system. This is done because the full-text index doclist is required
+** to calculate these values properly, and the full-text index doclist is
+** not available for deferred tokens.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprGlobalHitsCb(
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase expression node */
+  int iPhrase,                    /* Phrase number (numbered from zero) */
+  void *pCtx                      /* Pointer to MatchInfo structure */
+){
+  MatchInfo *p = (MatchInfo *)pCtx;
+  return sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(
+      p->pCursor, pExpr, &p->aMatchinfo[3*iPhrase*p->nCol]
+  );
+}
+
+/*
+** fts3ExprIterate() callback used to collect the "local" part of the
+** FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS array. The local stats are those elements of the 
+** array that are different for each row returned by the query.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprLocalHitsCb(
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase expression node */
+  int iPhrase,                    /* Phrase number */
+  void *pCtx                      /* Pointer to MatchInfo structure */
+){
+  MatchInfo *p = (MatchInfo *)pCtx;
+  int iStart = iPhrase * p->nCol * 3;
+  int i;
+
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+    char *pCsr;
+    pCsr = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCursor, pExpr, i);
+    if( pCsr ){
+      p->aMatchinfo[iStart+i*3] = fts3ColumnlistCount(&pCsr);
+    }else{
+      p->aMatchinfo[iStart+i*3] = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static int fts3MatchinfoCheck(
+  Fts3Table *pTab, 
+  char cArg,
+  char **pzErr
+){
+  if( (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC && pTab->bHasStat)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH && pTab->bHasStat)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH && pTab->bHasDocsize)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS)
+  ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unrecognized matchinfo request: %c", cArg);
+  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+}
+
+static int fts3MatchinfoSize(MatchInfo *pInfo, char cArg){
+  int nVal;                       /* Number of integers output by cArg */
+
+  switch( cArg ){
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC:
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE: 
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL: 
+      nVal = 1;
+      break;
+
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH:
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH:
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS:
+      nVal = pInfo->nCol;
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      assert( cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS );
+      nVal = pInfo->nCol * pInfo->nPhrase * 3;
+      break;
+  }
+
+  return nVal;
+}
+
+static int fts3MatchinfoSelectDoctotal(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,
+  sqlite3_int64 *pnDoc,
+  const char **paLen
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  const char *a;
+  sqlite3_int64 nDoc;
+
+  if( !*ppStmt ){
+    int rc = sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(pTab, ppStmt);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+  pStmt = *ppStmt;
+  assert( sqlite3_data_count(pStmt)==1 );
+
+  a = sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0);
+  a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nDoc);
+  if( nDoc==0 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+  *pnDoc = (u32)nDoc;
+
+  if( paLen ) *paLen = a;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is used to store state while 
+** iterating through a multi-column position-list corresponding to the
+** hits for a single phrase on a single row in order to calculate the
+** values for a matchinfo() FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS request.
+*/
+typedef struct LcsIterator LcsIterator;
+struct LcsIterator {
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr;                /* Pointer to phrase expression */
+  int iPosOffset;                 /* Tokens count up to end of this phrase */
+  char *pRead;                    /* Cursor used to iterate through aDoclist */
+  int iPos;                       /* Current position */
+};
+
+/* 
+** If LcsIterator.iCol is set to the following value, the iterator has
+** finished iterating through all offsets for all columns.
+*/
+#define LCS_ITERATOR_FINISHED 0x7FFFFFFF;
+
+static int fts3MatchinfoLcsCb(
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase expression node */
+  int iPhrase,                    /* Phrase number (numbered from zero) */
+  void *pCtx                      /* Pointer to MatchInfo structure */
+){
+  LcsIterator *aIter = (LcsIterator *)pCtx;
+  aIter[iPhrase].pExpr = pExpr;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance the iterator passed as an argument to the next position. Return
+** 1 if the iterator is at EOF or if it now points to the start of the
+** position list for the next column.
+*/
+static int fts3LcsIteratorAdvance(LcsIterator *pIter){
+  char *pRead = pIter->pRead;
+  sqlite3_int64 iRead;
+  int rc = 0;
+
+  pRead += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pRead, &iRead);
+  if( iRead==0 || iRead==1 ){
+    pRead = 0;
+    rc = 1;
+  }else{
+    pIter->iPos += (int)(iRead-2);
+  }
+
+  pIter->pRead = pRead;
+  return rc;
+}
+  
+/*
+** This function implements the FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS matchinfo() flag. 
+**
+** If the call is successful, the longest-common-substring lengths for each
+** column are written into the first nCol elements of the pInfo->aMatchinfo[] 
+** array before returning. SQLITE_OK is returned in this case.
+**
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned and the
+** data written to the first nCol elements of pInfo->aMatchinfo[] is 
+** undefined.
+*/
+static int fts3MatchinfoLcs(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, MatchInfo *pInfo){
+  LcsIterator *aIter;
+  int i;
+  int iCol;
+  int nToken = 0;
+
+  /* Allocate and populate the array of LcsIterator objects. The array
+  ** contains one element for each matchable phrase in the query.
+  **/
+  aIter = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(LcsIterator) * pCsr->nPhrase);
+  if( !aIter ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(aIter, 0, sizeof(LcsIterator) * pCsr->nPhrase);
+  (void)fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3MatchinfoLcsCb, (void*)aIter);
+
+  for(i=0; i<pInfo->nPhrase; i++){
+    LcsIterator *pIter = &aIter[i];
+    nToken -= pIter->pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
+    pIter->iPosOffset = nToken;
+  }
+
+  for(iCol=0; iCol<pInfo->nCol; iCol++){
+    int nLcs = 0;                 /* LCS value for this column */
+    int nLive = 0;                /* Number of iterators in aIter not at EOF */
+
+    for(i=0; i<pInfo->nPhrase; i++){
+      LcsIterator *pIt = &aIter[i];
+      pIt->pRead = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(pCsr, pIt->pExpr, iCol);
+      if( pIt->pRead ){
+        pIt->iPos = pIt->iPosOffset;
+        fts3LcsIteratorAdvance(&aIter[i]);
+        nLive++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    while( nLive>0 ){
+      LcsIterator *pAdv = 0;      /* The iterator to advance by one position */
+      int nThisLcs = 0;           /* LCS for the current iterator positions */
+
+      for(i=0; i<pInfo->nPhrase; i++){
+        LcsIterator *pIter = &aIter[i];
+        if( pIter->pRead==0 ){
+          /* This iterator is already at EOF for this column. */
+          nThisLcs = 0;
+        }else{
+          if( pAdv==0 || pIter->iPos<pAdv->iPos ){
+            pAdv = pIter;
+          }
+          if( nThisLcs==0 || pIter->iPos==pIter[-1].iPos ){
+            nThisLcs++;
+          }else{
+            nThisLcs = 1;
+          }
+          if( nThisLcs>nLcs ) nLcs = nThisLcs;
+        }
+      }
+      if( fts3LcsIteratorAdvance(pAdv) ) nLive--;
+    }
+
+    pInfo->aMatchinfo[iCol] = nLcs;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(aIter);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Populate the buffer pInfo->aMatchinfo[] with an array of integers to
+** be returned by the matchinfo() function. Argument zArg contains the 
+** format string passed as the second argument to matchinfo (or the
+** default value "pcx" if no second argument was specified). The format
+** string has already been validated and the pInfo->aMatchinfo[] array
+** is guaranteed to be large enough for the output.
+**
+** If bGlobal is true, then populate all fields of the matchinfo() output.
+** If it is false, then assume that those fields that do not change between
+** rows (i.e. FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE, NCOL, NDOC, AVGLENGTH and part of HITS)
+** have already been populated.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if an error 
+** occurs. If a value other than SQLITE_OK is returned, the state the
+** pInfo->aMatchinfo[] buffer is left in is undefined.
+*/
+static int fts3MatchinfoValues(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 cursor object */
+  int bGlobal,                    /* True to grab the global stats */
+  MatchInfo *pInfo,               /* Matchinfo context object */
+  const char *zArg                /* Matchinfo format string */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int i;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect = 0;
+
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && zArg[i]; i++){
+
+    switch( zArg[i] ){
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE:
+        if( bGlobal ) pInfo->aMatchinfo[0] = pInfo->nPhrase;
+        break;
+
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL:
+        if( bGlobal ) pInfo->aMatchinfo[0] = pInfo->nCol;
+        break;
+        
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC:
+        if( bGlobal ){
+          sqlite3_int64 nDoc = 0;
+          rc = fts3MatchinfoSelectDoctotal(pTab, &pSelect, &nDoc, 0);
+          pInfo->aMatchinfo[0] = (u32)nDoc;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH: 
+        if( bGlobal ){
+          sqlite3_int64 nDoc;     /* Number of rows in table */
+          const char *a;          /* Aggregate column length array */
+
+          rc = fts3MatchinfoSelectDoctotal(pTab, &pSelect, &nDoc, &a);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            int iCol;
+            for(iCol=0; iCol<pInfo->nCol; iCol++){
+              u32 iVal;
+              sqlite3_int64 nToken;
+              a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nToken);
+              iVal = (u32)(((u32)(nToken&0xffffffff)+nDoc/2)/nDoc);
+              pInfo->aMatchinfo[iCol] = iVal;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH: {
+        sqlite3_stmt *pSelectDocsize = 0;
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, pCsr->iPrevId, &pSelectDocsize);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          int iCol;
+          const char *a = sqlite3_column_blob(pSelectDocsize, 0);
+          for(iCol=0; iCol<pInfo->nCol; iCol++){
+            sqlite3_int64 nToken;
+            a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nToken);
+            pInfo->aMatchinfo[iCol] = (u32)nToken;
+          }
+        }
+        sqlite3_reset(pSelectDocsize);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS:
+        rc = fts3ExprLoadDoclists(pCsr, 0, 0);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = fts3MatchinfoLcs(pCsr, pInfo);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      default: {
+        Fts3Expr *pExpr;
+        assert( zArg[i]==FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS );
+        pExpr = pCsr->pExpr;
+        rc = fts3ExprLoadDoclists(pCsr, 0, 0);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+        if( bGlobal ){
+          if( pCsr->pDeferred ){
+            rc = fts3MatchinfoSelectDoctotal(pTab, &pSelect, &pInfo->nDoc, 0);
+            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+          }
+          rc = fts3ExprIterate(pExpr, fts3ExprGlobalHitsCb,(void*)pInfo);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+        }
+        (void)fts3ExprIterate(pExpr, fts3ExprLocalHitsCb,(void*)pInfo);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    pInfo->aMatchinfo += fts3MatchinfoSize(pInfo, zArg[i]);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Populate pCsr->aMatchinfo[] with data for the current row. The 
+** 'matchinfo' data is an array of 32-bit unsigned integers (C type u32).
+*/
+static int fts3GetMatchinfo(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 Cursor object */
+  const char *zArg                /* Second argument to matchinfo() function */
+){
+  MatchInfo sInfo;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int bGlobal = 0;                /* Collect 'global' stats as well as local */
+
+  memset(&sInfo, 0, sizeof(MatchInfo));
+  sInfo.pCursor = pCsr;
+  sInfo.nCol = pTab->nColumn;
+
+  /* If there is cached matchinfo() data, but the format string for the 
+  ** cache does not match the format string for this request, discard 
+  ** the cached data. */
+  if( pCsr->zMatchinfo && strcmp(pCsr->zMatchinfo, zArg) ){
+    assert( pCsr->aMatchinfo );
+    sqlite3_free(pCsr->aMatchinfo);
+    pCsr->zMatchinfo = 0;
+    pCsr->aMatchinfo = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* If Fts3Cursor.aMatchinfo[] is NULL, then this is the first time the
+  ** matchinfo function has been called for this query. In this case 
+  ** allocate the array used to accumulate the matchinfo data and
+  ** initialize those elements that are constant for every row.
+  */
+  if( pCsr->aMatchinfo==0 ){
+    int nMatchinfo = 0;           /* Number of u32 elements in match-info */
+    int nArg;                     /* Bytes in zArg */
+    int i;                        /* Used to iterate through zArg */
+
+    /* Determine the number of phrases in the query */
+    pCsr->nPhrase = fts3ExprPhraseCount(pCsr->pExpr);
+    sInfo.nPhrase = pCsr->nPhrase;
+
+    /* Determine the number of integers in the buffer returned by this call. */
+    for(i=0; zArg[i]; i++){
+      nMatchinfo += fts3MatchinfoSize(&sInfo, zArg[i]);
+    }
+
+    /* Allocate space for Fts3Cursor.aMatchinfo[] and Fts3Cursor.zMatchinfo. */
+    nArg = (int)strlen(zArg);
+    pCsr->aMatchinfo = (u32 *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(u32)*nMatchinfo + nArg + 1);
+    if( !pCsr->aMatchinfo ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+    pCsr->zMatchinfo = (char *)&pCsr->aMatchinfo[nMatchinfo];
+    pCsr->nMatchinfo = nMatchinfo;
+    memcpy(pCsr->zMatchinfo, zArg, nArg+1);
+    memset(pCsr->aMatchinfo, 0, sizeof(u32)*nMatchinfo);
+    pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded = 1;
+    bGlobal = 1;
+  }
+
+  sInfo.aMatchinfo = pCsr->aMatchinfo;
+  sInfo.nPhrase = pCsr->nPhrase;
+  if( pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded ){
+    rc = fts3MatchinfoValues(pCsr, bGlobal, &sInfo, zArg);
+    pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded = 0;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of snippet() function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Snippet(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* SQLite function call context */
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor object */
+  const char *zStart,             /* Snippet start text - "<b>" */
+  const char *zEnd,               /* Snippet end text - "</b>" */
+  const char *zEllipsis,          /* Snippet ellipsis text - "<b>...</b>" */
+  int iCol,                       /* Extract snippet from this column */
+  int nToken                      /* Approximate number of tokens in snippet */
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int i;
+  StrBuffer res = {0, 0, 0};
+
+  /* The returned text includes up to four fragments of text extracted from
+  ** the data in the current row. The first iteration of the for(...) loop
+  ** below attempts to locate a single fragment of text nToken tokens in 
+  ** size that contains at least one instance of all phrases in the query
+  ** expression that appear in the current row. If such a fragment of text
+  ** cannot be found, the second iteration of the loop attempts to locate
+  ** a pair of fragments, and so on.
+  */
+  int nSnippet = 0;               /* Number of fragments in this snippet */
+  SnippetFragment aSnippet[4];    /* Maximum of 4 fragments per snippet */
+  int nFToken = -1;               /* Number of tokens in each fragment */
+
+  if( !pCsr->pExpr ){
+    sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, "", 0, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for(nSnippet=1; 1; nSnippet++){
+
+    int iSnip;                    /* Loop counter 0..nSnippet-1 */
+    u64 mCovered = 0;             /* Bitmask of phrases covered by snippet */
+    u64 mSeen = 0;                /* Bitmask of phrases seen by BestSnippet() */
+
+    if( nToken>=0 ){
+      nFToken = (nToken+nSnippet-1) / nSnippet;
+    }else{
+      nFToken = -1 * nToken;
+    }
+
+    for(iSnip=0; iSnip<nSnippet; iSnip++){
+      int iBestScore = -1;        /* Best score of columns checked so far */
+      int iRead;                  /* Used to iterate through columns */
+      SnippetFragment *pFragment = &aSnippet[iSnip];
+
+      memset(pFragment, 0, sizeof(*pFragment));
+
+      /* Loop through all columns of the table being considered for snippets.
+      ** If the iCol argument to this function was negative, this means all
+      ** columns of the FTS3 table. Otherwise, only column iCol is considered.
+      */
+      for(iRead=0; iRead<pTab->nColumn; iRead++){
+        SnippetFragment sF = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+        int iS;
+        if( iCol>=0 && iRead!=iCol ) continue;
+
+        /* Find the best snippet of nFToken tokens in column iRead. */
+        rc = fts3BestSnippet(nFToken, pCsr, iRead, mCovered, &mSeen, &sF, &iS);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          goto snippet_out;
+        }
+        if( iS>iBestScore ){
+          *pFragment = sF;
+          iBestScore = iS;
+        }
+      }
+
+      mCovered |= pFragment->covered;
+    }
+
+    /* If all query phrases seen by fts3BestSnippet() are present in at least
+    ** one of the nSnippet snippet fragments, break out of the loop.
+    */
+    assert( (mCovered&mSeen)==mCovered );
+    if( mSeen==mCovered || nSnippet==SizeofArray(aSnippet) ) break;
+  }
+
+  assert( nFToken>0 );
+
+  for(i=0; i<nSnippet && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
+    rc = fts3SnippetText(pCsr, &aSnippet[i], 
+        i, (i==nSnippet-1), nFToken, zStart, zEnd, zEllipsis, &res
+    );
+  }
+
+ snippet_out:
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(pTab);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_code(pCtx, rc);
+    sqlite3_free(res.z);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, res.z, -1, sqlite3_free);
+  }
+}
+
+
+typedef struct TermOffset TermOffset;
+typedef struct TermOffsetCtx TermOffsetCtx;
+
+struct TermOffset {
+  char *pList;                    /* Position-list */
+  int iPos;                       /* Position just read from pList */
+  int iOff;                       /* Offset of this term from read positions */
+};
+
+struct TermOffsetCtx {
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr;
+  int iCol;                       /* Column of table to populate aTerm for */
+  int iTerm;
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
+  TermOffset *aTerm;
+};
+
+/*
+** This function is an fts3ExprIterate() callback used by sqlite3Fts3Offsets().
+*/
+static int fts3ExprTermOffsetInit(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
+  TermOffsetCtx *p = (TermOffsetCtx *)ctx;
+  int nTerm;                      /* Number of tokens in phrase */
+  int iTerm;                      /* For looping through nTerm phrase terms */
+  char *pList;                    /* Pointer to position list for phrase */
+  int iPos = 0;                   /* First position in position-list */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iPhrase);
+  pList = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol);
+  nTerm = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
+  if( pList ){
+    fts3GetDeltaPosition(&pList, &iPos);
+    assert( iPos>=0 );
+  }
+
+  for(iTerm=0; iTerm<nTerm; iTerm++){
+    TermOffset *pT = &p->aTerm[p->iTerm++];
+    pT->iOff = nTerm-iTerm-1;
+    pT->pList = pList;
+    pT->iPos = iPos;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of offsets() function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Offsets(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* SQLite function call context */
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr                /* Cursor object */
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pMod = pTab->pTokenizer->pModule;
+  const char *ZDUMMY;             /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
+  int NDUMMY;                     /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  int nToken;                     /* Number of tokens in query */
+  int iCol;                       /* Column currently being processed */
+  StrBuffer res = {0, 0, 0};      /* Result string */
+  TermOffsetCtx sCtx;             /* Context for fts3ExprTermOffsetInit() */
+
+  if( !pCsr->pExpr ){
+    sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, "", 0, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  memset(&sCtx, 0, sizeof(sCtx));
+  assert( pCsr->isRequireSeek==0 );
+
+  /* Count the number of terms in the query */
+  rc = fts3ExprLoadDoclists(pCsr, 0, &nToken);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto offsets_out;
+
+  /* Allocate the array of TermOffset iterators. */
+  sCtx.aTerm = (TermOffset *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(TermOffset)*nToken);
+  if( 0==sCtx.aTerm ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto offsets_out;
+  }
+  sCtx.iDocid = pCsr->iPrevId;
+  sCtx.pCsr = pCsr;
+
+  /* Loop through the table columns, appending offset information to 
+  ** string-buffer res for each column.
+  */
+  for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nColumn; iCol++){
+    sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pC; /* Tokenizer cursor */
+    int iStart;
+    int iEnd;
+    int iCurrent;
+    const char *zDoc;
+    int nDoc;
+
+    /* Initialize the contents of sCtx.aTerm[] for column iCol. There is 
+    ** no way that this operation can fail, so the return code from
+    ** fts3ExprIterate() can be discarded.
+    */
+    sCtx.iCol = iCol;
+    sCtx.iTerm = 0;
+    (void)fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3ExprTermOffsetInit, (void *)&sCtx);
+
+    /* Retreive the text stored in column iCol. If an SQL NULL is stored 
+    ** in column iCol, jump immediately to the next iteration of the loop.
+    ** If an OOM occurs while retrieving the data (this can happen if SQLite
+    ** needs to transform the data from utf-16 to utf-8), return SQLITE_NOMEM 
+    ** to the caller. 
+    */
+    zDoc = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, iCol+1);
+    nDoc = sqlite3_column_bytes(pCsr->pStmt, iCol+1);
+    if( zDoc==0 ){
+      if( sqlite3_column_type(pCsr->pStmt, iCol+1)==SQLITE_NULL ){
+        continue;
+      }
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      goto offsets_out;
+    }
+
+    /* Initialize a tokenizer iterator to iterate through column iCol. */
+    rc = pMod->xOpen(pTab->pTokenizer, zDoc, nDoc, &pC);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto offsets_out;
+    pC->pTokenizer = pTab->pTokenizer;
+
+    rc = pMod->xNext(pC, &ZDUMMY, &NDUMMY, &iStart, &iEnd, &iCurrent);
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int i;                      /* Used to loop through terms */
+      int iMinPos = 0x7FFFFFFF;   /* Position of next token */
+      TermOffset *pTerm = 0;      /* TermOffset associated with next token */
+
+      for(i=0; i<nToken; i++){
+        TermOffset *pT = &sCtx.aTerm[i];
+        if( pT->pList && (pT->iPos-pT->iOff)<iMinPos ){
+          iMinPos = pT->iPos-pT->iOff;
+          pTerm = pT;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if( !pTerm ){
+        /* All offsets for this column have been gathered. */
+        break;
+      }else{
+        assert( iCurrent<=iMinPos );
+        if( 0==(0xFE&*pTerm->pList) ){
+          pTerm->pList = 0;
+        }else{
+          fts3GetDeltaPosition(&pTerm->pList, &pTerm->iPos);
+        }
+        while( rc==SQLITE_OK && iCurrent<iMinPos ){
+          rc = pMod->xNext(pC, &ZDUMMY, &NDUMMY, &iStart, &iEnd, &iCurrent);
+        }
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          char aBuffer[64];
+          sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(aBuffer), aBuffer, 
+              "%d %d %d %d ", iCol, pTerm-sCtx.aTerm, iStart, iEnd-iStart
+          );
+          rc = fts3StringAppend(&res, aBuffer, -1);
+        }else if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+          rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    pMod->xClose(pC);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto offsets_out;
+  }
+
+ offsets_out:
+  sqlite3_free(sCtx.aTerm);
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(pTab);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_code(pCtx,  rc);
+    sqlite3_free(res.z);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, res.z, res.n-1, sqlite3_free);
+  }
+  return;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of matchinfo() function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* Function call context */
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 table cursor */
+  const char *zArg                /* Second arg to matchinfo() function */
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc;
+  int i;
+  const char *zFormat;
+
+  if( zArg ){
+    for(i=0; zArg[i]; i++){
+      char *zErr = 0;
+      if( fts3MatchinfoCheck(pTab, zArg[i], &zErr) ){
+        sqlite3_result_error(pContext, zErr, -1);
+        sqlite3_free(zErr);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    zFormat = zArg;
+  }else{
+    zFormat = FTS3_MATCHINFO_DEFAULT;
+  }
+
+  if( !pCsr->pExpr ){
+    sqlite3_result_blob(pContext, "", 0, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Retrieve matchinfo() data. */
+  rc = fts3GetMatchinfo(pCsr, zFormat);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(pTab);
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_code(pContext, rc);
+  }else{
+    int n = pCsr->nMatchinfo * sizeof(u32);
+    sqlite3_result_blob(pContext, pCsr->aMatchinfo, n, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/************** End of fts3_snippet.c ****************************************/
+/************** Begin file rtree.c *******************************************/
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code for implementations of the r-tree and r*-tree
+** algorithms packaged as an SQLite virtual table module.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Database Format of R-Tree Tables
+** --------------------------------
+**
+** The data structure for a single virtual r-tree table is stored in three 
+** native SQLite tables declared as follows. In each case, the '%' character
+** in the table name is replaced with the user-supplied name of the r-tree
+** table.
+**
+**   CREATE TABLE %_node(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, data BLOB)
+**   CREATE TABLE %_parent(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, parentnode INTEGER)
+**   CREATE TABLE %_rowid(rowid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, nodeno INTEGER)
+**
+** The data for each node of the r-tree structure is stored in the %_node
+** table. For each node that is not the root node of the r-tree, there is
+** an entry in the %_parent table associating the node with its parent.
+** And for each row of data in the table, there is an entry in the %_rowid
+** table that maps from the entries rowid to the id of the node that it
+** is stored on.
+**
+** The root node of an r-tree always exists, even if the r-tree table is
+** empty. The nodeno of the root node is always 1. All other nodes in the
+** table must be the same size as the root node. The content of each node
+** is formatted as follows:
+**
+**   1. If the node is the root node (node 1), then the first 2 bytes
+**      of the node contain the tree depth as a big-endian integer.
+**      For non-root nodes, the first 2 bytes are left unused.
+**
+**   2. The next 2 bytes contain the number of entries currently 
+**      stored in the node.
+**
+**   3. The remainder of the node contains the node entries. Each entry
+**      consists of a single 8-byte integer followed by an even number
+**      of 4-byte coordinates. For leaf nodes the integer is the rowid
+**      of a record. For internal nodes it is the node number of a
+**      child page.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE)
+
+/*
+** This file contains an implementation of a couple of different variants
+** of the r-tree algorithm. See the README file for further details. The 
+** same data-structure is used for all, but the algorithms for insert and
+** delete operations vary. The variants used are selected at compile time 
+** by defining the following symbols:
+*/
+
+/* Either, both or none of the following may be set to activate 
+** r*tree variant algorithms.
+*/
+#define VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE 0
+#define VARIANT_RSTARTREE_REINSERT      1
+
+/* 
+** Exactly one of the following must be set to 1.
+*/
+#define VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT 0
+#define VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT    0
+#define VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT         1
+
+#define VARIANT_GUTTMAN_SPLIT \
+        (VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT||VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT)
+
+#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT
+  #define PickNext QuadraticPickNext
+  #define PickSeeds QuadraticPickSeeds
+  #define AssignCells splitNodeGuttman
+#endif
+#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT
+  #define PickNext LinearPickNext
+  #define PickSeeds LinearPickSeeds
+  #define AssignCells splitNodeGuttman
+#endif
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT
+  #define AssignCells splitNodeStartree
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
+# define NDEBUG 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+  SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
+#else
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+#include "sqlite3rtree.h"
+typedef sqlite3_int64 i64;
+typedef unsigned char u8;
+typedef unsigned int u32;
+#endif
+
+/*  The following macro is used to suppress compiler warnings.
+*/
+#ifndef UNUSED_PARAMETER
+# define UNUSED_PARAMETER(x) (void)(x)
+#endif
+
+typedef struct Rtree Rtree;
+typedef struct RtreeCursor RtreeCursor;
+typedef struct RtreeNode RtreeNode;
+typedef struct RtreeCell RtreeCell;
+typedef struct RtreeConstraint RtreeConstraint;
+typedef struct RtreeMatchArg RtreeMatchArg;
+typedef struct RtreeGeomCallback RtreeGeomCallback;
+typedef union RtreeCoord RtreeCoord;
+
+/* The rtree may have between 1 and RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS dimensions. */
+#define RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS 5
+
+/* Size of hash table Rtree.aHash. This hash table is not expected to
+** ever contain very many entries, so a fixed number of buckets is 
+** used.
+*/
+#define HASHSIZE 128
+
+/* 
+** An rtree virtual-table object.
+*/
+struct Rtree {
+  sqlite3_vtab base;
+  sqlite3 *db;                /* Host database connection */
+  int iNodeSize;              /* Size in bytes of each node in the node table */
+  int nDim;                   /* Number of dimensions */
+  int nBytesPerCell;          /* Bytes consumed per cell */
+  int iDepth;                 /* Current depth of the r-tree structure */
+  char *zDb;                  /* Name of database containing r-tree table */
+  char *zName;                /* Name of r-tree table */ 
+  RtreeNode *aHash[HASHSIZE]; /* Hash table of in-memory nodes. */ 
+  int nBusy;                  /* Current number of users of this structure */
+
+  /* List of nodes removed during a CondenseTree operation. List is
+  ** linked together via the pointer normally used for hash chains -
+  ** RtreeNode.pNext. RtreeNode.iNode stores the depth of the sub-tree 
+  ** headed by the node (leaf nodes have RtreeNode.iNode==0).
+  */
+  RtreeNode *pDeleted;
+  int iReinsertHeight;        /* Height of sub-trees Reinsert() has run on */
+
+  /* Statements to read/write/delete a record from xxx_node */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pReadNode;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pWriteNode;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pDeleteNode;
+
+  /* Statements to read/write/delete a record from xxx_rowid */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pReadRowid;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pWriteRowid;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pDeleteRowid;
+
+  /* Statements to read/write/delete a record from xxx_parent */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pReadParent;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pWriteParent;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pDeleteParent;
+
+  int eCoordType;
+};
+
+/* Possible values for eCoordType: */
+#define RTREE_COORD_REAL32 0
+#define RTREE_COORD_INT32  1
+
+/*
+** The minimum number of cells allowed for a node is a third of the 
+** maximum. In Gutman's notation:
+**
+**     m = M/3
+**
+** If an R*-tree "Reinsert" operation is required, the same number of
+** cells are removed from the overfull node and reinserted into the tree.
+*/
+#define RTREE_MINCELLS(p) ((((p)->iNodeSize-4)/(p)->nBytesPerCell)/3)
+#define RTREE_REINSERT(p) RTREE_MINCELLS(p)
+#define RTREE_MAXCELLS 51
+
+/*
+** The smallest possible node-size is (512-64)==448 bytes. And the largest
+** supported cell size is 48 bytes (8 byte rowid + ten 4 byte coordinates).
+** Therefore all non-root nodes must contain at least 3 entries. Since 
+** 2^40 is greater than 2^64, an r-tree structure always has a depth of
+** 40 or less.
+*/
+#define RTREE_MAX_DEPTH 40
+
+/* 
+** An rtree cursor object.
+*/
+struct RtreeCursor {
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;
+  RtreeNode *pNode;                 /* Node cursor is currently pointing at */
+  int iCell;                        /* Index of current cell in pNode */
+  int iStrategy;                    /* Copy of idxNum search parameter */
+  int nConstraint;                  /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
+  RtreeConstraint *aConstraint;     /* Search constraints. */
+};
+
+union RtreeCoord {
+  float f;
+  int i;
+};
+
+/*
+** The argument is an RtreeCoord. Return the value stored within the RtreeCoord
+** formatted as a double. This macro assumes that local variable pRtree points
+** to the Rtree structure associated with the RtreeCoord.
+*/
+#define DCOORD(coord) (                           \
+  (pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32) ?      \
+    ((double)coord.f) :                           \
+    ((double)coord.i)                             \
+)
+
+/*
+** A search constraint.
+*/
+struct RtreeConstraint {
+  int iCoord;                     /* Index of constrained coordinate */
+  int op;                         /* Constraining operation */
+  double rValue;                  /* Constraint value. */
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
+  sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom;  /* Constraint callback argument for a MATCH */
+};
+
+/* Possible values for RtreeConstraint.op */
+#define RTREE_EQ    0x41
+#define RTREE_LE    0x42
+#define RTREE_LT    0x43
+#define RTREE_GE    0x44
+#define RTREE_GT    0x45
+#define RTREE_MATCH 0x46
+
+/* 
+** An rtree structure node.
+*/
+struct RtreeNode {
+  RtreeNode *pParent;               /* Parent node */
+  i64 iNode;
+  int nRef;
+  int isDirty;
+  u8 *zData;
+  RtreeNode *pNext;                 /* Next node in this hash chain */
+};
+#define NCELL(pNode) readInt16(&(pNode)->zData[2])
+
+/* 
+** Structure to store a deserialized rtree record.
+*/
+struct RtreeCell {
+  i64 iRowid;
+  RtreeCoord aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Value for the first field of every RtreeMatchArg object. The MATCH
+** operator tests that the first field of a blob operand matches this
+** value to avoid operating on invalid blobs (which could cause a segfault).
+*/
+#define RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC 0x891245AB
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure must be supplied as a blob argument to
+** the right-hand-side of an SQL MATCH operator used to constrain an
+** r-tree query.
+*/
+struct RtreeMatchArg {
+  u32 magic;                      /* Always RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC */
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
+  void *pContext;
+  int nParam;
+  double aParam[1];
+};
+
+/*
+** When a geometry callback is created (see sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback),
+** a single instance of the following structure is allocated. It is used
+** as the context for the user-function created by by s_r_g_c(). The object
+** is eventually deleted by the destructor mechanism provided by
+** sqlite3_create_function_v2() (which is called by s_r_g_c() to create
+** the geometry callback function).
+*/
+struct RtreeGeomCallback {
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
+  void *pContext;
+};
+
+#ifndef MAX
+# define MAX(x,y) ((x) < (y) ? (y) : (x))
+#endif
+#ifndef MIN
+# define MIN(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (y) : (x))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Functions to deserialize a 16 bit integer, 32 bit real number and
+** 64 bit integer. The deserialized value is returned.
+*/
+static int readInt16(u8 *p){
+  return (p[0]<<8) + p[1];
+}
+static void readCoord(u8 *p, RtreeCoord *pCoord){
+  u32 i = (
+    (((u32)p[0]) << 24) + 
+    (((u32)p[1]) << 16) + 
+    (((u32)p[2]) <<  8) + 
+    (((u32)p[3]) <<  0)
+  );
+  *(u32 *)pCoord = i;
+}
+static i64 readInt64(u8 *p){
+  return (
+    (((i64)p[0]) << 56) + 
+    (((i64)p[1]) << 48) + 
+    (((i64)p[2]) << 40) + 
+    (((i64)p[3]) << 32) + 
+    (((i64)p[4]) << 24) + 
+    (((i64)p[5]) << 16) + 
+    (((i64)p[6]) <<  8) + 
+    (((i64)p[7]) <<  0)
+  );
+}
+
+/*
+** Functions to serialize a 16 bit integer, 32 bit real number and
+** 64 bit integer. The value returned is the number of bytes written
+** to the argument buffer (always 2, 4 and 8 respectively).
+*/
+static int writeInt16(u8 *p, int i){
+  p[0] = (i>> 8)&0xFF;
+  p[1] = (i>> 0)&0xFF;
+  return 2;
+}
+static int writeCoord(u8 *p, RtreeCoord *pCoord){
+  u32 i;
+  assert( sizeof(RtreeCoord)==4 );
+  assert( sizeof(u32)==4 );
+  i = *(u32 *)pCoord;
+  p[0] = (i>>24)&0xFF;
+  p[1] = (i>>16)&0xFF;
+  p[2] = (i>> 8)&0xFF;
+  p[3] = (i>> 0)&0xFF;
+  return 4;
+}
+static int writeInt64(u8 *p, i64 i){
+  p[0] = (i>>56)&0xFF;
+  p[1] = (i>>48)&0xFF;
+  p[2] = (i>>40)&0xFF;
+  p[3] = (i>>32)&0xFF;
+  p[4] = (i>>24)&0xFF;
+  p[5] = (i>>16)&0xFF;
+  p[6] = (i>> 8)&0xFF;
+  p[7] = (i>> 0)&0xFF;
+  return 8;
+}
+
+/*
+** Increment the reference count of node p.
+*/
+static void nodeReference(RtreeNode *p){
+  if( p ){
+    p->nRef++;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear the content of node p (set all bytes to 0x00).
+*/
+static void nodeZero(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *p){
+  memset(&p->zData[2], 0, pRtree->iNodeSize-2);
+  p->isDirty = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a node number iNode, return the corresponding key to use
+** in the Rtree.aHash table.
+*/
+static int nodeHash(i64 iNode){
+  return (
+    (iNode>>56) ^ (iNode>>48) ^ (iNode>>40) ^ (iNode>>32) ^ 
+    (iNode>>24) ^ (iNode>>16) ^ (iNode>> 8) ^ (iNode>> 0)
+  ) % HASHSIZE;
+}
+
+/*
+** Search the node hash table for node iNode. If found, return a pointer
+** to it. Otherwise, return 0.
+*/
+static RtreeNode *nodeHashLookup(Rtree *pRtree, i64 iNode){
+  RtreeNode *p;
+  for(p=pRtree->aHash[nodeHash(iNode)]; p && p->iNode!=iNode; p=p->pNext);
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add node pNode to the node hash table.
+*/
+static void nodeHashInsert(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+  int iHash;
+  assert( pNode->pNext==0 );
+  iHash = nodeHash(pNode->iNode);
+  pNode->pNext = pRtree->aHash[iHash];
+  pRtree->aHash[iHash] = pNode;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove node pNode from the node hash table.
+*/
+static void nodeHashDelete(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+  RtreeNode **pp;
+  if( pNode->iNode!=0 ){
+    pp = &pRtree->aHash[nodeHash(pNode->iNode)];
+    for( ; (*pp)!=pNode; pp = &(*pp)->pNext){ assert(*pp); }
+    *pp = pNode->pNext;
+    pNode->pNext = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate and return new r-tree node. Initially, (RtreeNode.iNode==0),
+** indicating that node has not yet been assigned a node number. It is
+** assigned a node number when nodeWrite() is called to write the
+** node contents out to the database.
+*/
+static RtreeNode *nodeNew(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pParent){
+  RtreeNode *pNode;
+  pNode = (RtreeNode *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeNode) + pRtree->iNodeSize);
+  if( pNode ){
+    memset(pNode, 0, sizeof(RtreeNode) + pRtree->iNodeSize);
+    pNode->zData = (u8 *)&pNode[1];
+    pNode->nRef = 1;
+    pNode->pParent = pParent;
+    pNode->isDirty = 1;
+    nodeReference(pParent);
+  }
+  return pNode;
+}
+
+/*
+** Obtain a reference to an r-tree node.
+*/
+static int
+nodeAcquire(
+  Rtree *pRtree,             /* R-tree structure */
+  i64 iNode,                 /* Node number to load */
+  RtreeNode *pParent,        /* Either the parent node or NULL */
+  RtreeNode **ppNode         /* OUT: Acquired node */
+){
+  int rc;
+  int rc2 = SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeNode *pNode;
+
+  /* Check if the requested node is already in the hash table. If so,
+  ** increase its reference count and return it.
+  */
+  if( (pNode = nodeHashLookup(pRtree, iNode)) ){
+    assert( !pParent || !pNode->pParent || pNode->pParent==pParent );
+    if( pParent && !pNode->pParent ){
+      nodeReference(pParent);
+      pNode->pParent = pParent;
+    }
+    pNode->nRef++;
+    *ppNode = pNode;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadNode, 1, iNode);
+  rc = sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadNode);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    const u8 *zBlob = sqlite3_column_blob(pRtree->pReadNode, 0);
+    if( pRtree->iNodeSize==sqlite3_column_bytes(pRtree->pReadNode, 0) ){
+      pNode = (RtreeNode *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeNode)+pRtree->iNodeSize);
+      if( !pNode ){
+        rc2 = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        pNode->pParent = pParent;
+        pNode->zData = (u8 *)&pNode[1];
+        pNode->nRef = 1;
+        pNode->iNode = iNode;
+        pNode->isDirty = 0;
+        pNode->pNext = 0;
+        memcpy(pNode->zData, zBlob, pRtree->iNodeSize);
+        nodeReference(pParent);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadNode);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+
+  /* If the root node was just loaded, set pRtree->iDepth to the height
+  ** of the r-tree structure. A height of zero means all data is stored on
+  ** the root node. A height of one means the children of the root node
+  ** are the leaves, and so on. If the depth as specified on the root node
+  ** is greater than RTREE_MAX_DEPTH, the r-tree structure must be corrupt.
+  */
+  if( pNode && iNode==1 ){
+    pRtree->iDepth = readInt16(pNode->zData);
+    if( pRtree->iDepth>RTREE_MAX_DEPTH ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If no error has occurred so far, check if the "number of entries"
+  ** field on the node is too large. If so, set the return code to 
+  ** SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB.
+  */
+  if( pNode && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( NCELL(pNode)>((pRtree->iNodeSize-4)/pRtree->nBytesPerCell) ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( pNode!=0 ){
+      nodeHashInsert(pRtree, pNode);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
+    *ppNode = pNode;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_free(pNode);
+    *ppNode = 0;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Overwrite cell iCell of node pNode with the contents of pCell.
+*/
+static void nodeOverwriteCell(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeNode *pNode,  
+  RtreeCell *pCell, 
+  int iCell
+){
+  int ii;
+  u8 *p = &pNode->zData[4 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell];
+  p += writeInt64(p, pCell->iRowid);
+  for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii++){
+    p += writeCoord(p, &pCell->aCoord[ii]);
+  }
+  pNode->isDirty = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove cell the cell with index iCell from node pNode.
+*/
+static void nodeDeleteCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int iCell){
+  u8 *pDst = &pNode->zData[4 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell];
+  u8 *pSrc = &pDst[pRtree->nBytesPerCell];
+  int nByte = (NCELL(pNode) - iCell - 1) * pRtree->nBytesPerCell;
+  memmove(pDst, pSrc, nByte);
+  writeInt16(&pNode->zData[2], NCELL(pNode)-1);
+  pNode->isDirty = 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Insert the contents of cell pCell into node pNode. If the insert
+** is successful, return SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** If there is not enough free space in pNode, return SQLITE_FULL.
+*/
+static int
+nodeInsertCell(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeNode *pNode, 
+  RtreeCell *pCell 
+){
+  int nCell;                    /* Current number of cells in pNode */
+  int nMaxCell;                 /* Maximum number of cells for pNode */
+
+  nMaxCell = (pRtree->iNodeSize-4)/pRtree->nBytesPerCell;
+  nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+
+  assert( nCell<=nMaxCell );
+  if( nCell<nMaxCell ){
+    nodeOverwriteCell(pRtree, pNode, pCell, nCell);
+    writeInt16(&pNode->zData[2], nCell+1);
+    pNode->isDirty = 1;
+  }
+
+  return (nCell==nMaxCell);
+}
+
+/*
+** If the node is dirty, write it out to the database.
+*/
+static int
+nodeWrite(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pNode->isDirty ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *p = pRtree->pWriteNode;
+    if( pNode->iNode ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(p, 1, pNode->iNode);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_bind_null(p, 1);
+    }
+    sqlite3_bind_blob(p, 2, pNode->zData, pRtree->iNodeSize, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3_step(p);
+    pNode->isDirty = 0;
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(p);
+    if( pNode->iNode==0 && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pNode->iNode = sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(pRtree->db);
+      nodeHashInsert(pRtree, pNode);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release a reference to a node. If the node is dirty and the reference
+** count drops to zero, the node data is written to the database.
+*/
+static int
+nodeRelease(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pNode ){
+    assert( pNode->nRef>0 );
+    pNode->nRef--;
+    if( pNode->nRef==0 ){
+      if( pNode->iNode==1 ){
+        pRtree->iDepth = -1;
+      }
+      if( pNode->pParent ){
+        rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pNode->pParent);
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = nodeWrite(pRtree, pNode);
+      }
+      nodeHashDelete(pRtree, pNode);
+      sqlite3_free(pNode);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the 64-bit integer value associated with cell iCell of
+** node pNode. If pNode is a leaf node, this is a rowid. If it is
+** an internal node, then the 64-bit integer is a child page number.
+*/
+static i64 nodeGetRowid(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeNode *pNode, 
+  int iCell
+){
+  assert( iCell<NCELL(pNode) );
+  return readInt64(&pNode->zData[4 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell]);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return coordinate iCoord from cell iCell in node pNode.
+*/
+static void nodeGetCoord(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeNode *pNode, 
+  int iCell,
+  int iCoord,
+  RtreeCoord *pCoord           /* Space to write result to */
+){
+  readCoord(&pNode->zData[12 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell + 4*iCoord], pCoord);
+}
+
+/*
+** Deserialize cell iCell of node pNode. Populate the structure pointed
+** to by pCell with the results.
+*/
+static void nodeGetCell(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeNode *pNode, 
+  int iCell,
+  RtreeCell *pCell
+){
+  int ii;
+  pCell->iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, iCell);
+  for(ii=0; ii<pRtree->nDim*2; ii++){
+    nodeGetCoord(pRtree, pNode, iCell, ii, &pCell->aCoord[ii]);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/* Forward declaration for the function that does the work of
+** the virtual table module xCreate() and xConnect() methods.
+*/
+static int rtreeInit(
+  sqlite3 *, void *, int, const char *const*, sqlite3_vtab **, char **, int
+);
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xCreate method.
+*/
+static int rtreeCreate(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  void *pAux,
+  int argc, const char *const*argv,
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,
+  char **pzErr
+){
+  return rtreeInit(db, pAux, argc, argv, ppVtab, pzErr, 1);
+}
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xConnect method.
+*/
+static int rtreeConnect(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  void *pAux,
+  int argc, const char *const*argv,
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,
+  char **pzErr
+){
+  return rtreeInit(db, pAux, argc, argv, ppVtab, pzErr, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Increment the r-tree reference count.
+*/
+static void rtreeReference(Rtree *pRtree){
+  pRtree->nBusy++;
+}
+
+/*
+** Decrement the r-tree reference count. When the reference count reaches
+** zero the structure is deleted.
+*/
+static void rtreeRelease(Rtree *pRtree){
+  pRtree->nBusy--;
+  if( pRtree->nBusy==0 ){
+    sqlite3_finalize(pRtree->pReadNode);
+    sqlite3_finalize(pRtree->pWriteNode);
+    sqlite3_finalize(pRtree->pDeleteNode);
+    sqlite3_finalize(pRtree->pReadRowid);
+    sqlite3_finalize(pRtree->pWriteRowid);
+    sqlite3_finalize(pRtree->pDeleteRowid);
+    sqlite3_finalize(pRtree->pReadParent);
+    sqlite3_finalize(pRtree->pWriteParent);
+    sqlite3_finalize(pRtree->pDeleteParent);
+    sqlite3_free(pRtree);
+  }
+}
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xDisconnect method.
+*/
+static int rtreeDisconnect(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  rtreeRelease((Rtree *)pVtab);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xDestroy method.
+*/
+static int rtreeDestroy(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtab;
+  int rc;
+  char *zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf(
+    "DROP TABLE '%q'.'%q_node';"
+    "DROP TABLE '%q'.'%q_rowid';"
+    "DROP TABLE '%q'.'%q_parent';",
+    pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName, 
+    pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName,
+    pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName
+  );
+  if( !zCreate ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(pRtree->db, zCreate, 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_free(zCreate);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rtreeRelease(pRtree);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xOpen method.
+*/
+static int rtreeOpen(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor){
+  int rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  RtreeCursor *pCsr;
+
+  pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeCursor));
+  if( pCsr ){
+    memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(RtreeCursor));
+    pCsr->base.pVtab = pVTab;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  *ppCursor = (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *)pCsr;
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Free the RtreeCursor.aConstraint[] array and its contents.
+*/
+static void freeCursorConstraints(RtreeCursor *pCsr){
+  if( pCsr->aConstraint ){
+    int i;                        /* Used to iterate through constraint array */
+    for(i=0; i<pCsr->nConstraint; i++){
+      sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom = pCsr->aConstraint[i].pGeom;
+      if( pGeom ){
+        if( pGeom->xDelUser ) pGeom->xDelUser(pGeom->pUser);
+        sqlite3_free(pGeom);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(pCsr->aConstraint);
+    pCsr->aConstraint = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xClose method.
+*/
+static int rtreeClose(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)(cur->pVtab);
+  int rc;
+  RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
+  freeCursorConstraints(pCsr);
+  rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->pNode);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Rtree virtual table module xEof method.
+**
+** Return non-zero if the cursor does not currently point to a valid 
+** record (i.e if the scan has finished), or zero otherwise.
+*/
+static int rtreeEof(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
+  RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
+  return (pCsr->pNode==0);
+}
+
+/*
+** The r-tree constraint passed as the second argument to this function is
+** guaranteed to be a MATCH constraint.
+*/
+static int testRtreeGeom(
+  Rtree *pRtree,                  /* R-Tree object */
+  RtreeConstraint *pConstraint,   /* MATCH constraint to test */
+  RtreeCell *pCell,               /* Cell to test */
+  int *pbRes                      /* OUT: Test result */
+){
+  int i;
+  double aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];
+  int nCoord = pRtree->nDim*2;
+
+  assert( pConstraint->op==RTREE_MATCH );
+  assert( pConstraint->pGeom );
+
+  for(i=0; i<nCoord; i++){
+    aCoord[i] = DCOORD(pCell->aCoord[i]);
+  }
+  return pConstraint->xGeom(pConstraint->pGeom, nCoord, aCoord, pbRes);
+}
+
+/* 
+** Cursor pCursor currently points to a cell in a non-leaf page.
+** Set *pbEof to true if the sub-tree headed by the cell is filtered
+** (excluded) by the constraints in the pCursor->aConstraint[] 
+** array, or false otherwise.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful or an SQLite error code if an error
+** occurs within a geometry callback.
+*/
+static int testRtreeCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor, int *pbEof){
+  RtreeCell cell;
+  int ii;
+  int bRes = 0;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  nodeGetCell(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell, &cell);
+  for(ii=0; bRes==0 && ii<pCursor->nConstraint; ii++){
+    RtreeConstraint *p = &pCursor->aConstraint[ii];
+    double cell_min = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[(p->iCoord>>1)*2]);
+    double cell_max = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[(p->iCoord>>1)*2+1]);
+
+    assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
+        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ || p->op==RTREE_MATCH
+    );
+
+    switch( p->op ){
+      case RTREE_LE: case RTREE_LT: 
+        bRes = p->rValue<cell_min; 
+        break;
+
+      case RTREE_GE: case RTREE_GT: 
+        bRes = p->rValue>cell_max; 
+        break;
+
+      case RTREE_EQ:
+        bRes = (p->rValue>cell_max || p->rValue<cell_min);
+        break;
+
+      default: {
+        assert( p->op==RTREE_MATCH );
+        rc = testRtreeGeom(pRtree, p, &cell, &bRes);
+        bRes = !bRes;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  *pbEof = bRes;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Test if the cell that cursor pCursor currently points to
+** would be filtered (excluded) by the constraints in the 
+** pCursor->aConstraint[] array. If so, set *pbEof to true before
+** returning. If the cell is not filtered (excluded) by the constraints,
+** set pbEof to zero.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful or an SQLite error code if an error
+** occurs within a geometry callback.
+**
+** This function assumes that the cell is part of a leaf node.
+*/
+static int testRtreeEntry(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor, int *pbEof){
+  RtreeCell cell;
+  int ii;
+  *pbEof = 0;
+
+  nodeGetCell(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell, &cell);
+  for(ii=0; ii<pCursor->nConstraint; ii++){
+    RtreeConstraint *p = &pCursor->aConstraint[ii];
+    double coord = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[p->iCoord]);
+    int res;
+    assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
+        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ || p->op==RTREE_MATCH
+    );
+    switch( p->op ){
+      case RTREE_LE: res = (coord<=p->rValue); break;
+      case RTREE_LT: res = (coord<p->rValue);  break;
+      case RTREE_GE: res = (coord>=p->rValue); break;
+      case RTREE_GT: res = (coord>p->rValue);  break;
+      case RTREE_EQ: res = (coord==p->rValue); break;
+      default: {
+        int rc;
+        assert( p->op==RTREE_MATCH );
+        rc = testRtreeGeom(pRtree, p, &cell, &res);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( !res ){
+      *pbEof = 1;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Cursor pCursor currently points at a node that heads a sub-tree of
+** height iHeight (if iHeight==0, then the node is a leaf). Descend
+** to point to the left-most cell of the sub-tree that matches the 
+** configured constraints.
+*/
+static int descendToCell(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeCursor *pCursor, 
+  int iHeight,
+  int *pEof                 /* OUT: Set to true if cannot descend */
+){
+  int isEof;
+  int rc;
+  int ii;
+  RtreeNode *pChild;
+  sqlite3_int64 iRowid;
+
+  RtreeNode *pSavedNode = pCursor->pNode;
+  int iSavedCell = pCursor->iCell;
+
+  assert( iHeight>=0 );
+
+  if( iHeight==0 ){
+    rc = testRtreeEntry(pRtree, pCursor, &isEof);
+  }else{
+    rc = testRtreeCell(pRtree, pCursor, &isEof);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isEof || iHeight==0 ){
+    goto descend_to_cell_out;
+  }
+
+  iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell);
+  rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iRowid, pCursor->pNode, &pChild);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto descend_to_cell_out;
+  }
+
+  nodeRelease(pRtree, pCursor->pNode);
+  pCursor->pNode = pChild;
+  isEof = 1;
+  for(ii=0; isEof && ii<NCELL(pChild); ii++){
+    pCursor->iCell = ii;
+    rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCursor, iHeight-1, &isEof);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto descend_to_cell_out;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( isEof ){
+    assert( pCursor->pNode==pChild );
+    nodeReference(pSavedNode);
+    nodeRelease(pRtree, pChild);
+    pCursor->pNode = pSavedNode;
+    pCursor->iCell = iSavedCell;
+  }
+
+descend_to_cell_out:
+  *pEof = isEof;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** One of the cells in node pNode is guaranteed to have a 64-bit 
+** integer value equal to iRowid. Return the index of this cell.
+*/
+static int nodeRowidIndex(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeNode *pNode, 
+  i64 iRowid,
+  int *piIndex
+){
+  int ii;
+  int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
+    if( nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, ii)==iRowid ){
+      *piIndex = ii;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the index of the cell containing a pointer to node pNode
+** in its parent. If pNode is the root node, return -1.
+*/
+static int nodeParentIndex(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int *piIndex){
+  RtreeNode *pParent = pNode->pParent;
+  if( pParent ){
+    return nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pParent, pNode->iNode, piIndex);
+  }
+  *piIndex = -1;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xNext method.
+*/
+static int rtreeNext(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)(pVtabCursor->pVtab);
+  RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* RtreeCursor.pNode must not be NULL. If is is NULL, then this cursor is
+  ** already at EOF. It is against the rules to call the xNext() method of
+  ** a cursor that has already reached EOF.
+  */
+  assert( pCsr->pNode );
+
+  if( pCsr->iStrategy==1 ){
+    /* This "scan" is a direct lookup by rowid. There is no next entry. */
+    nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->pNode);
+    pCsr->pNode = 0;
+  }else{
+    /* Move to the next entry that matches the configured constraints. */
+    int iHeight = 0;
+    while( pCsr->pNode ){
+      RtreeNode *pNode = pCsr->pNode;
+      int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+      for(pCsr->iCell++; pCsr->iCell<nCell; pCsr->iCell++){
+        int isEof;
+        rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCsr, iHeight, &isEof);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !isEof ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+      }
+      pCsr->pNode = pNode->pParent;
+      rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode, &pCsr->iCell);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+      nodeReference(pCsr->pNode);
+      nodeRelease(pRtree, pNode);
+      iHeight++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xRowid method.
+*/
+static int rtreeRowid(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor, sqlite_int64 *pRowid){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
+
+  assert(pCsr->pNode);
+  *pRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCsr->pNode, pCsr->iCell);
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xColumn method.
+*/
+static int rtreeColumn(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur, sqlite3_context *ctx, int i){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)cur->pVtab;
+  RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
+
+  if( i==0 ){
+    i64 iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCsr->pNode, pCsr->iCell);
+    sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, iRowid);
+  }else{
+    RtreeCoord c;
+    nodeGetCoord(pRtree, pCsr->pNode, pCsr->iCell, i-1, &c);
+    if( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32 ){
+      sqlite3_result_double(ctx, c.f);
+    }else{
+      assert( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_INT32 );
+      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, c.i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Use nodeAcquire() to obtain the leaf node containing the record with 
+** rowid iRowid. If successful, set *ppLeaf to point to the node and
+** return SQLITE_OK. If there is no such record in the table, set
+** *ppLeaf to 0 and return SQLITE_OK. If an error occurs, set *ppLeaf
+** to zero and return an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int findLeafNode(Rtree *pRtree, i64 iRowid, RtreeNode **ppLeaf){
+  int rc;
+  *ppLeaf = 0;
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadRowid, 1, iRowid);
+  if( sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadRowid)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    i64 iNode = sqlite3_column_int64(pRtree->pReadRowid, 0);
+    rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iNode, 0, ppLeaf);
+    sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadRowid);
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadRowid);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to configure the RtreeConstraint object passed
+** as the second argument for a MATCH constraint. The value passed as the
+** first argument to this function is the right-hand operand to the MATCH
+** operator.
+*/
+static int deserializeGeometry(sqlite3_value *pValue, RtreeConstraint *pCons){
+  RtreeMatchArg *p;
+  sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom;
+  int nBlob;
+
+  /* Check that value is actually a blob. */
+  if( !sqlite3_value_type(pValue)==SQLITE_BLOB ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
+
+  /* Check that the blob is roughly the right size. */
+  nBlob = sqlite3_value_bytes(pValue);
+  if( nBlob<(int)sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) 
+   || ((nBlob-sizeof(RtreeMatchArg))%sizeof(double))!=0
+  ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  pGeom = (sqlite3_rtree_geometry *)sqlite3_malloc(
+      sizeof(sqlite3_rtree_geometry) + nBlob
+  );
+  if( !pGeom ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(pGeom, 0, sizeof(sqlite3_rtree_geometry));
+  p = (RtreeMatchArg *)&pGeom[1];
+
+  memcpy(p, sqlite3_value_blob(pValue), nBlob);
+  if( p->magic!=RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC 
+   || nBlob!=(int)(sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (p->nParam-1)*sizeof(double))
+  ){
+    sqlite3_free(pGeom);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  pGeom->pContext = p->pContext;
+  pGeom->nParam = p->nParam;
+  pGeom->aParam = p->aParam;
+
+  pCons->xGeom = p->xGeom;
+  pCons->pGeom = pGeom;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Rtree virtual table module xFilter method.
+*/
+static int rtreeFilter(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor, 
+  int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
+  int argc, sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
+
+  RtreeNode *pRoot = 0;
+  int ii;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  rtreeReference(pRtree);
+
+  freeCursorConstraints(pCsr);
+  pCsr->iStrategy = idxNum;
+
+  if( idxNum==1 ){
+    /* Special case - lookup by rowid. */
+    RtreeNode *pLeaf;        /* Leaf on which the required cell resides */
+    i64 iRowid = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
+    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iRowid, &pLeaf);
+    pCsr->pNode = pLeaf; 
+    if( pLeaf ){
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+      rc = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iRowid, &pCsr->iCell);
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* Normal case - r-tree scan. Set up the RtreeCursor.aConstraint array 
+    ** with the configured constraints. 
+    */
+    if( argc>0 ){
+      pCsr->aConstraint = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeConstraint)*argc);
+      pCsr->nConstraint = argc;
+      if( !pCsr->aConstraint ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        memset(pCsr->aConstraint, 0, sizeof(RtreeConstraint)*argc);
+        assert( (idxStr==0 && argc==0) || (int)strlen(idxStr)==argc*2 );
+        for(ii=0; ii<argc; ii++){
+          RtreeConstraint *p = &pCsr->aConstraint[ii];
+          p->op = idxStr[ii*2];
+          p->iCoord = idxStr[ii*2+1]-'a';
+          if( p->op==RTREE_MATCH ){
+            /* A MATCH operator. The right-hand-side must be a blob that
+            ** can be cast into an RtreeMatchArg object. One created using
+            ** an sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() SQL user function.
+            */
+            rc = deserializeGeometry(argv[ii], p);
+            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+              break;
+            }
+          }else{
+            p->rValue = sqlite3_value_double(argv[ii]);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pCsr->pNode = 0;
+      rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int isEof = 1;
+      int nCell = NCELL(pRoot);
+      pCsr->pNode = pRoot;
+      for(pCsr->iCell=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && pCsr->iCell<nCell; pCsr->iCell++){
+        assert( pCsr->pNode==pRoot );
+        rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCsr, pRtree->iDepth, &isEof);
+        if( !isEof ){
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && isEof ){
+        assert( pCsr->pNode==pRoot );
+        nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
+        pCsr->pNode = 0;
+      }
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !pCsr->pNode || pCsr->iCell<NCELL(pCsr->pNode) );
+    }
+  }
+
+  rtreeRelease(pRtree);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Rtree virtual table module xBestIndex method. There are three
+** table scan strategies to choose from (in order from most to 
+** least desirable):
+**
+**   idxNum     idxStr        Strategy
+**   ------------------------------------------------
+**     1        Unused        Direct lookup by rowid.
+**     2        See below     R-tree query or full-table scan.
+**   ------------------------------------------------
+**
+** If strategy 1 is used, then idxStr is not meaningful. If strategy
+** 2 is used, idxStr is formatted to contain 2 bytes for each 
+** constraint used. The first two bytes of idxStr correspond to 
+** the constraint in sqlite3_index_info.aConstraintUsage[] with
+** (argvIndex==1) etc.
+**
+** The first of each pair of bytes in idxStr identifies the constraint
+** operator as follows:
+**
+**   Operator    Byte Value
+**   ----------------------
+**      =        0x41 ('A')
+**     <=        0x42 ('B')
+**      <        0x43 ('C')
+**     >=        0x44 ('D')
+**      >        0x45 ('E')
+**   MATCH       0x46 ('F')
+**   ----------------------
+**
+** The second of each pair of bytes identifies the coordinate column
+** to which the constraint applies. The leftmost coordinate column
+** is 'a', the second from the left 'b' etc.
+*/
+static int rtreeBestIndex(sqlite3_vtab *tab, sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int ii;
+
+  int iIdx = 0;
+  char zIdxStr[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*8+1];
+  memset(zIdxStr, 0, sizeof(zIdxStr));
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(tab);
+
+  assert( pIdxInfo->idxStr==0 );
+  for(ii=0; ii<pIdxInfo->nConstraint && iIdx<(int)(sizeof(zIdxStr)-1); ii++){
+    struct sqlite3_index_constraint *p = &pIdxInfo->aConstraint[ii];
+
+    if( p->usable && p->iColumn==0 && p->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ){
+      /* We have an equality constraint on the rowid. Use strategy 1. */
+      int jj;
+      for(jj=0; jj<ii; jj++){
+        pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[jj].argvIndex = 0;
+        pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[jj].omit = 0;
+      }
+      pIdxInfo->idxNum = 1;
+      pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].argvIndex = 1;
+      pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[jj].omit = 1;
+
+      /* This strategy involves a two rowid lookups on an B-Tree structures
+      ** and then a linear search of an R-Tree node. This should be 
+      ** considered almost as quick as a direct rowid lookup (for which 
+      ** sqlite uses an internal cost of 0.0).
+      */ 
+      pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = 10.0;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    if( p->usable && (p->iColumn>0 || p->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH) ){
+      u8 op;
+      switch( p->op ){
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ: op = RTREE_EQ; break;
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT: op = RTREE_GT; break;
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE: op = RTREE_LE; break;
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT: op = RTREE_LT; break;
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE: op = RTREE_GE; break;
+        default:
+          assert( p->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH );
+          op = RTREE_MATCH; 
+          break;
+      }
+      zIdxStr[iIdx++] = op;
+      zIdxStr[iIdx++] = p->iColumn - 1 + 'a';
+      pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].argvIndex = (iIdx/2);
+      pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].omit = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  pIdxInfo->idxNum = 2;
+  pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 1;
+  if( iIdx>0 && 0==(pIdxInfo->idxStr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zIdxStr)) ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  assert( iIdx>=0 );
+  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = (2000000.0 / (double)(iIdx + 1));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the N-dimensional volumn of the cell stored in *p.
+*/
+static float cellArea(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
+  float area = 1.0;
+  int ii;
+  for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
+    area = (float)(area * (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii])));
+  }
+  return area;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the margin length of cell p. The margin length is the sum
+** of the objects size in each dimension.
+*/
+static float cellMargin(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
+  float margin = 0.0;
+  int ii;
+  for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
+    margin += (float)(DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii]));
+  }
+  return margin;
+}
+
+/*
+** Store the union of cells p1 and p2 in p1.
+*/
+static void cellUnion(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p1, RtreeCell *p2){
+  int ii;
+  if( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32 ){
+    for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
+      p1->aCoord[ii].f = MIN(p1->aCoord[ii].f, p2->aCoord[ii].f);
+      p1->aCoord[ii+1].f = MAX(p1->aCoord[ii+1].f, p2->aCoord[ii+1].f);
+    }
+  }else{
+    for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
+      p1->aCoord[ii].i = MIN(p1->aCoord[ii].i, p2->aCoord[ii].i);
+      p1->aCoord[ii+1].i = MAX(p1->aCoord[ii+1].i, p2->aCoord[ii+1].i);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the area covered by p2 is a subset of the area covered
+** by p1. False otherwise.
+*/
+static int cellContains(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p1, RtreeCell *p2){
+  int ii;
+  int isInt = (pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_INT32);
+  for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
+    RtreeCoord *a1 = &p1->aCoord[ii];
+    RtreeCoord *a2 = &p2->aCoord[ii];
+    if( (!isInt && (a2[0].f<a1[0].f || a2[1].f>a1[1].f)) 
+     || ( isInt && (a2[0].i<a1[0].i || a2[1].i>a1[1].i)) 
+    ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the amount cell p would grow by if it were unioned with pCell.
+*/
+static float cellGrowth(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p, RtreeCell *pCell){
+  float area;
+  RtreeCell cell;
+  memcpy(&cell, p, sizeof(RtreeCell));
+  area = cellArea(pRtree, &cell);
+  cellUnion(pRtree, &cell, pCell);
+  return (cellArea(pRtree, &cell)-area);
+}
+
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE || VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT
+static float cellOverlap(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeCell *p, 
+  RtreeCell *aCell, 
+  int nCell, 
+  int iExclude
+){
+  int ii;
+  float overlap = 0.0;
+  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
+    if( ii!=iExclude )
+#else
+    assert( iExclude==-1 );
+    UNUSED_PARAMETER(iExclude);
+#endif
+    {
+      int jj;
+      float o = 1.0;
+      for(jj=0; jj<(pRtree->nDim*2); jj+=2){
+        double x1;
+        double x2;
+
+        x1 = MAX(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj]));
+        x2 = MIN(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj+1]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj+1]));
+
+        if( x2<x1 ){
+          o = 0.0;
+          break;
+        }else{
+          o = o * (float)(x2-x1);
+        }
+      }
+      overlap += o;
+    }
+  }
+  return overlap;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
+static float cellOverlapEnlargement(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeCell *p, 
+  RtreeCell *pInsert, 
+  RtreeCell *aCell, 
+  int nCell, 
+  int iExclude
+){
+  double before;
+  double after;
+  before = cellOverlap(pRtree, p, aCell, nCell, iExclude);
+  cellUnion(pRtree, p, pInsert);
+  after = cellOverlap(pRtree, p, aCell, nCell, iExclude);
+  return (float)(after-before);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** This function implements the ChooseLeaf algorithm from Gutman[84].
+** ChooseSubTree in r*tree terminology.
+*/
+static int ChooseLeaf(
+  Rtree *pRtree,               /* Rtree table */
+  RtreeCell *pCell,            /* Cell to insert into rtree */
+  int iHeight,                 /* Height of sub-tree rooted at pCell */
+  RtreeNode **ppLeaf           /* OUT: Selected leaf page */
+){
+  int rc;
+  int ii;
+  RtreeNode *pNode;
+  rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pNode);
+
+  for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<(pRtree->iDepth-iHeight); ii++){
+    int iCell;
+    sqlite3_int64 iBest = 0;
+
+    float fMinGrowth = 0.0;
+    float fMinArea = 0.0;
+    float fMinOverlap = 0.0;
+
+    int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+    RtreeCell cell;
+    RtreeNode *pChild;
+
+    RtreeCell *aCell = 0;
+
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
+    if( ii==(pRtree->iDepth-1) ){
+      int jj;
+      aCell = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeCell)*nCell);
+      if( !aCell ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        nodeRelease(pRtree, pNode);
+        pNode = 0;
+        continue;
+      }
+      for(jj=0; jj<nCell; jj++){
+        nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, jj, &aCell[jj]);
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Select the child node which will be enlarged the least if pCell
+    ** is inserted into it. Resolve ties by choosing the entry with
+    ** the smallest area.
+    */
+    for(iCell=0; iCell<nCell; iCell++){
+      int bBest = 0;
+      float growth;
+      float area;
+      float overlap = 0.0;
+      nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, iCell, &cell);
+      growth = cellGrowth(pRtree, &cell, pCell);
+      area = cellArea(pRtree, &cell);
+
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
+      if( ii==(pRtree->iDepth-1) ){
+        overlap = cellOverlapEnlargement(pRtree,&cell,pCell,aCell,nCell,iCell);
+      }
+      if( (iCell==0) 
+       || (overlap<fMinOverlap) 
+       || (overlap==fMinOverlap && growth<fMinGrowth)
+       || (overlap==fMinOverlap && growth==fMinGrowth && area<fMinArea)
+      ){
+        bBest = 1;
+      }
+#else
+      if( iCell==0||growth<fMinGrowth||(growth==fMinGrowth && area<fMinArea) ){
+        bBest = 1;
+      }
+#endif
+      if( bBest ){
+        fMinOverlap = overlap;
+        fMinGrowth = growth;
+        fMinArea = area;
+        iBest = cell.iRowid;
+      }
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_free(aCell);
+    rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iBest, pNode, &pChild);
+    nodeRelease(pRtree, pNode);
+    pNode = pChild;
+  }
+
+  *ppLeaf = pNode;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** A cell with the same content as pCell has just been inserted into
+** the node pNode. This function updates the bounding box cells in
+** all ancestor elements.
+*/
+static int AdjustTree(
+  Rtree *pRtree,                    /* Rtree table */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,                 /* Adjust ancestry of this node. */
+  RtreeCell *pCell                  /* This cell was just inserted */
+){
+  RtreeNode *p = pNode;
+  while( p->pParent ){
+    RtreeNode *pParent = p->pParent;
+    RtreeCell cell;
+    int iCell;
+
+    if( nodeParentIndex(pRtree, p, &iCell) ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
+
+    nodeGetCell(pRtree, pParent, iCell, &cell);
+    if( !cellContains(pRtree, &cell, pCell) ){
+      cellUnion(pRtree, &cell, pCell);
+      nodeOverwriteCell(pRtree, pParent, &cell, iCell);
+    }
+ 
+    p = pParent;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write mapping (iRowid->iNode) to the <rtree>_rowid table.
+*/
+static int rowidWrite(Rtree *pRtree, sqlite3_int64 iRowid, sqlite3_int64 iNode){
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pWriteRowid, 1, iRowid);
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pWriteRowid, 2, iNode);
+  sqlite3_step(pRtree->pWriteRowid);
+  return sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pWriteRowid);
+}
+
+/*
+** Write mapping (iNode->iPar) to the <rtree>_parent table.
+*/
+static int parentWrite(Rtree *pRtree, sqlite3_int64 iNode, sqlite3_int64 iPar){
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pWriteParent, 1, iNode);
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pWriteParent, 2, iPar);
+  sqlite3_step(pRtree->pWriteParent);
+  return sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pWriteParent);
+}
+
+static int rtreeInsertCell(Rtree *, RtreeNode *, RtreeCell *, int);
+
+#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT
+/*
+** Implementation of the linear variant of the PickNext() function from
+** Guttman[84].
+*/
+static RtreeCell *LinearPickNext(
+  Rtree *pRtree,
+  RtreeCell *aCell, 
+  int nCell, 
+  RtreeCell *pLeftBox, 
+  RtreeCell *pRightBox,
+  int *aiUsed
+){
+  int ii;
+  for(ii=0; aiUsed[ii]; ii++);
+  aiUsed[ii] = 1;
+  return &aCell[ii];
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the linear variant of the PickSeeds() function from
+** Guttman[84].
+*/
+static void LinearPickSeeds(
+  Rtree *pRtree,
+  RtreeCell *aCell, 
+  int nCell, 
+  int *piLeftSeed, 
+  int *piRightSeed
+){
+  int i;
+  int iLeftSeed = 0;
+  int iRightSeed = 1;
+  float maxNormalInnerWidth = 0.0;
+
+  /* Pick two "seed" cells from the array of cells. The algorithm used
+  ** here is the LinearPickSeeds algorithm from Gutman[1984]. The 
+  ** indices of the two seed cells in the array are stored in local
+  ** variables iLeftSeek and iRightSeed.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<pRtree->nDim; i++){
+    float x1 = DCOORD(aCell[0].aCoord[i*2]);
+    float x2 = DCOORD(aCell[0].aCoord[i*2+1]);
+    float x3 = x1;
+    float x4 = x2;
+    int jj;
+
+    int iCellLeft = 0;
+    int iCellRight = 0;
+
+    for(jj=1; jj<nCell; jj++){
+      float left = DCOORD(aCell[jj].aCoord[i*2]);
+      float right = DCOORD(aCell[jj].aCoord[i*2+1]);
+
+      if( left<x1 ) x1 = left;
+      if( right>x4 ) x4 = right;
+      if( left>x3 ){
+        x3 = left;
+        iCellRight = jj;
+      }
+      if( right<x2 ){
+        x2 = right;
+        iCellLeft = jj;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( x4!=x1 ){
+      float normalwidth = (x3 - x2) / (x4 - x1);
+      if( normalwidth>maxNormalInnerWidth ){
+        iLeftSeed = iCellLeft;
+        iRightSeed = iCellRight;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  *piLeftSeed = iLeftSeed;
+  *piRightSeed = iRightSeed;
+}
+#endif /* VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT */
+
+#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT
+/*
+** Implementation of the quadratic variant of the PickNext() function from
+** Guttman[84].
+*/
+static RtreeCell *QuadraticPickNext(
+  Rtree *pRtree,
+  RtreeCell *aCell, 
+  int nCell, 
+  RtreeCell *pLeftBox, 
+  RtreeCell *pRightBox,
+  int *aiUsed
+){
+  #define FABS(a) ((a)<0.0?-1.0*(a):(a))
+
+  int iSelect = -1;
+  float fDiff;
+  int ii;
+  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
+    if( aiUsed[ii]==0 ){
+      float left = cellGrowth(pRtree, pLeftBox, &aCell[ii]);
+      float right = cellGrowth(pRtree, pLeftBox, &aCell[ii]);
+      float diff = FABS(right-left);
+      if( iSelect<0 || diff>fDiff ){
+        fDiff = diff;
+        iSelect = ii;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  aiUsed[iSelect] = 1;
+  return &aCell[iSelect];
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the quadratic variant of the PickSeeds() function from
+** Guttman[84].
+*/
+static void QuadraticPickSeeds(
+  Rtree *pRtree,
+  RtreeCell *aCell, 
+  int nCell, 
+  int *piLeftSeed, 
+  int *piRightSeed
+){
+  int ii;
+  int jj;
+
+  int iLeftSeed = 0;
+  int iRightSeed = 1;
+  float fWaste = 0.0;
+
+  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
+    for(jj=ii+1; jj<nCell; jj++){
+      float right = cellArea(pRtree, &aCell[jj]);
+      float growth = cellGrowth(pRtree, &aCell[ii], &aCell[jj]);
+      float waste = growth - right;
+
+      if( waste>fWaste ){
+        iLeftSeed = ii;
+        iRightSeed = jj;
+        fWaste = waste;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  *piLeftSeed = iLeftSeed;
+  *piRightSeed = iRightSeed;
+}
+#endif /* VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT */
+
+/*
+** Arguments aIdx, aDistance and aSpare all point to arrays of size
+** nIdx. The aIdx array contains the set of integers from 0 to 
+** (nIdx-1) in no particular order. This function sorts the values
+** in aIdx according to the indexed values in aDistance. For
+** example, assuming the inputs:
+**
+**   aIdx      = { 0,   1,   2,   3 }
+**   aDistance = { 5.0, 2.0, 7.0, 6.0 }
+**
+** this function sets the aIdx array to contain:
+**
+**   aIdx      = { 0,   1,   2,   3 }
+**
+** The aSpare array is used as temporary working space by the
+** sorting algorithm.
+*/
+static void SortByDistance(
+  int *aIdx, 
+  int nIdx, 
+  float *aDistance, 
+  int *aSpare
+){
+  if( nIdx>1 ){
+    int iLeft = 0;
+    int iRight = 0;
+
+    int nLeft = nIdx/2;
+    int nRight = nIdx-nLeft;
+    int *aLeft = aIdx;
+    int *aRight = &aIdx[nLeft];
+
+    SortByDistance(aLeft, nLeft, aDistance, aSpare);
+    SortByDistance(aRight, nRight, aDistance, aSpare);
+
+    memcpy(aSpare, aLeft, sizeof(int)*nLeft);
+    aLeft = aSpare;
+
+    while( iLeft<nLeft || iRight<nRight ){
+      if( iLeft==nLeft ){
+        aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aRight[iRight];
+        iRight++;
+      }else if( iRight==nRight ){
+        aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aLeft[iLeft];
+        iLeft++;
+      }else{
+        float fLeft = aDistance[aLeft[iLeft]];
+        float fRight = aDistance[aRight[iRight]];
+        if( fLeft<fRight ){
+          aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aLeft[iLeft];
+          iLeft++;
+        }else{
+          aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aRight[iRight];
+          iRight++;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+#if 0
+    /* Check that the sort worked */
+    {
+      int jj;
+      for(jj=1; jj<nIdx; jj++){
+        float left = aDistance[aIdx[jj-1]];
+        float right = aDistance[aIdx[jj]];
+        assert( left<=right );
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Arguments aIdx, aCell and aSpare all point to arrays of size
+** nIdx. The aIdx array contains the set of integers from 0 to 
+** (nIdx-1) in no particular order. This function sorts the values
+** in aIdx according to dimension iDim of the cells in aCell. The
+** minimum value of dimension iDim is considered first, the
+** maximum used to break ties.
+**
+** The aSpare array is used as temporary working space by the
+** sorting algorithm.
+*/
+static void SortByDimension(
+  Rtree *pRtree,
+  int *aIdx, 
+  int nIdx, 
+  int iDim, 
+  RtreeCell *aCell, 
+  int *aSpare
+){
+  if( nIdx>1 ){
+
+    int iLeft = 0;
+    int iRight = 0;
+
+    int nLeft = nIdx/2;
+    int nRight = nIdx-nLeft;
+    int *aLeft = aIdx;
+    int *aRight = &aIdx[nLeft];
+
+    SortByDimension(pRtree, aLeft, nLeft, iDim, aCell, aSpare);
+    SortByDimension(pRtree, aRight, nRight, iDim, aCell, aSpare);
+
+    memcpy(aSpare, aLeft, sizeof(int)*nLeft);
+    aLeft = aSpare;
+    while( iLeft<nLeft || iRight<nRight ){
+      double xleft1 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      double xleft2 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+      double xright1 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      double xright2 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+      if( (iLeft!=nLeft) && ((iRight==nRight)
+       || (xleft1<xright1)
+       || (xleft1==xright1 && xleft2<xright2)
+      )){
+        aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aLeft[iLeft];
+        iLeft++;
+      }else{
+        aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aRight[iRight];
+        iRight++;
+      }
+    }
+
+#if 0
+    /* Check that the sort worked */
+    {
+      int jj;
+      for(jj=1; jj<nIdx; jj++){
+        float xleft1 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2];
+        float xleft2 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
+        float xright1 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2];
+        float xright2 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
+        assert( xleft1<=xright1 && (xleft1<xright1 || xleft2<=xright2) );
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT
+/*
+** Implementation of the R*-tree variant of SplitNode from Beckman[1990].
+*/
+static int splitNodeStartree(
+  Rtree *pRtree,
+  RtreeCell *aCell,
+  int nCell,
+  RtreeNode *pLeft,
+  RtreeNode *pRight,
+  RtreeCell *pBboxLeft,
+  RtreeCell *pBboxRight
+){
+  int **aaSorted;
+  int *aSpare;
+  int ii;
+
+  int iBestDim = 0;
+  int iBestSplit = 0;
+  float fBestMargin = 0.0;
+
+  int nByte = (pRtree->nDim+1)*(sizeof(int*)+nCell*sizeof(int));
+
+  aaSorted = (int **)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  if( !aaSorted ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  aSpare = &((int *)&aaSorted[pRtree->nDim])[pRtree->nDim*nCell];
+  memset(aaSorted, 0, nByte);
+  for(ii=0; ii<pRtree->nDim; ii++){
+    int jj;
+    aaSorted[ii] = &((int *)&aaSorted[pRtree->nDim])[ii*nCell];
+    for(jj=0; jj<nCell; jj++){
+      aaSorted[ii][jj] = jj;
+    }
+    SortByDimension(pRtree, aaSorted[ii], nCell, ii, aCell, aSpare);
+  }
+
+  for(ii=0; ii<pRtree->nDim; ii++){
+    float margin = 0.0;
+    float fBestOverlap = 0.0;
+    float fBestArea = 0.0;
+    int iBestLeft = 0;
+    int nLeft;
+
+    for(
+      nLeft=RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree); 
+      nLeft<=(nCell-RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree)); 
+      nLeft++
+    ){
+      RtreeCell left;
+      RtreeCell right;
+      int kk;
+      float overlap;
+      float area;
+
+      memcpy(&left, &aCell[aaSorted[ii][0]], sizeof(RtreeCell));
+      memcpy(&right, &aCell[aaSorted[ii][nCell-1]], sizeof(RtreeCell));
+      for(kk=1; kk<(nCell-1); kk++){
+        if( kk<nLeft ){
+          cellUnion(pRtree, &left, &aCell[aaSorted[ii][kk]]);
+        }else{
+          cellUnion(pRtree, &right, &aCell[aaSorted[ii][kk]]);
+        }
+      }
+      margin += cellMargin(pRtree, &left);
+      margin += cellMargin(pRtree, &right);
+      overlap = cellOverlap(pRtree, &left, &right, 1, -1);
+      area = cellArea(pRtree, &left) + cellArea(pRtree, &right);
+      if( (nLeft==RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree))
+       || (overlap<fBestOverlap)
+       || (overlap==fBestOverlap && area<fBestArea)
+      ){
+        iBestLeft = nLeft;
+        fBestOverlap = overlap;
+        fBestArea = area;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( ii==0 || margin<fBestMargin ){
+      iBestDim = ii;
+      fBestMargin = margin;
+      iBestSplit = iBestLeft;
+    }
+  }
+
+  memcpy(pBboxLeft, &aCell[aaSorted[iBestDim][0]], sizeof(RtreeCell));
+  memcpy(pBboxRight, &aCell[aaSorted[iBestDim][iBestSplit]], sizeof(RtreeCell));
+  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
+    RtreeNode *pTarget = (ii<iBestSplit)?pLeft:pRight;
+    RtreeCell *pBbox = (ii<iBestSplit)?pBboxLeft:pBboxRight;
+    RtreeCell *pCell = &aCell[aaSorted[iBestDim][ii]];
+    nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pTarget, pCell);
+    cellUnion(pRtree, pBbox, pCell);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(aaSorted);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_SPLIT
+/*
+** Implementation of the regular R-tree SplitNode from Guttman[1984].
+*/
+static int splitNodeGuttman(
+  Rtree *pRtree,
+  RtreeCell *aCell,
+  int nCell,
+  RtreeNode *pLeft,
+  RtreeNode *pRight,
+  RtreeCell *pBboxLeft,
+  RtreeCell *pBboxRight
+){
+  int iLeftSeed = 0;
+  int iRightSeed = 1;
+  int *aiUsed;
+  int i;
+
+  aiUsed = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(int)*nCell);
+  if( !aiUsed ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(aiUsed, 0, sizeof(int)*nCell);
+
+  PickSeeds(pRtree, aCell, nCell, &iLeftSeed, &iRightSeed);
+
+  memcpy(pBboxLeft, &aCell[iLeftSeed], sizeof(RtreeCell));
+  memcpy(pBboxRight, &aCell[iRightSeed], sizeof(RtreeCell));
+  nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pLeft, &aCell[iLeftSeed]);
+  nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pRight, &aCell[iRightSeed]);
+  aiUsed[iLeftSeed] = 1;
+  aiUsed[iRightSeed] = 1;
+
+  for(i=nCell-2; i>0; i--){
+    RtreeCell *pNext;
+    pNext = PickNext(pRtree, aCell, nCell, pBboxLeft, pBboxRight, aiUsed);
+    float diff =  
+      cellGrowth(pRtree, pBboxLeft, pNext) - 
+      cellGrowth(pRtree, pBboxRight, pNext)
+    ;
+    if( (RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree)-NCELL(pRight)==i)
+     || (diff>0.0 && (RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree)-NCELL(pLeft)!=i))
+    ){
+      nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pRight, pNext);
+      cellUnion(pRtree, pBboxRight, pNext);
+    }else{
+      nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pLeft, pNext);
+      cellUnion(pRtree, pBboxLeft, pNext);
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(aiUsed);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int updateMapping(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  i64 iRowid, 
+  RtreeNode *pNode, 
+  int iHeight
+){
+  int (*xSetMapping)(Rtree *, sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_int64);
+  xSetMapping = ((iHeight==0)?rowidWrite:parentWrite);
+  if( iHeight>0 ){
+    RtreeNode *pChild = nodeHashLookup(pRtree, iRowid);
+    if( pChild ){
+      nodeRelease(pRtree, pChild->pParent);
+      nodeReference(pNode);
+      pChild->pParent = pNode;
+    }
+  }
+  return xSetMapping(pRtree, iRowid, pNode->iNode);
+}
+
+static int SplitNode(
+  Rtree *pRtree,
+  RtreeNode *pNode,
+  RtreeCell *pCell,
+  int iHeight
+){
+  int i;
+  int newCellIsRight = 0;
+
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+  RtreeCell *aCell;
+  int *aiUsed;
+
+  RtreeNode *pLeft = 0;
+  RtreeNode *pRight = 0;
+
+  RtreeCell leftbbox;
+  RtreeCell rightbbox;
+
+  /* Allocate an array and populate it with a copy of pCell and 
+  ** all cells from node pLeft. Then zero the original node.
+  */
+  aCell = sqlite3_malloc((sizeof(RtreeCell)+sizeof(int))*(nCell+1));
+  if( !aCell ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto splitnode_out;
+  }
+  aiUsed = (int *)&aCell[nCell+1];
+  memset(aiUsed, 0, sizeof(int)*(nCell+1));
+  for(i=0; i<nCell; i++){
+    nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, i, &aCell[i]);
+  }
+  nodeZero(pRtree, pNode);
+  memcpy(&aCell[nCell], pCell, sizeof(RtreeCell));
+  nCell++;
+
+  if( pNode->iNode==1 ){
+    pRight = nodeNew(pRtree, pNode);
+    pLeft = nodeNew(pRtree, pNode);
+    pRtree->iDepth++;
+    pNode->isDirty = 1;
+    writeInt16(pNode->zData, pRtree->iDepth);
+  }else{
+    pLeft = pNode;
+    pRight = nodeNew(pRtree, pLeft->pParent);
+    nodeReference(pLeft);
+  }
+
+  if( !pLeft || !pRight ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto splitnode_out;
+  }
+
+  memset(pLeft->zData, 0, pRtree->iNodeSize);
+  memset(pRight->zData, 0, pRtree->iNodeSize);
+
+  rc = AssignCells(pRtree, aCell, nCell, pLeft, pRight, &leftbbox, &rightbbox);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto splitnode_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Ensure both child nodes have node numbers assigned to them by calling
+  ** nodeWrite(). Node pRight always needs a node number, as it was created
+  ** by nodeNew() above. But node pLeft sometimes already has a node number.
+  ** In this case avoid the all to nodeWrite().
+  */
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = nodeWrite(pRtree, pRight))
+   || (0==pLeft->iNode && SQLITE_OK!=(rc = nodeWrite(pRtree, pLeft)))
+  ){
+    goto splitnode_out;
+  }
+
+  rightbbox.iRowid = pRight->iNode;
+  leftbbox.iRowid = pLeft->iNode;
+
+  if( pNode->iNode==1 ){
+    rc = rtreeInsertCell(pRtree, pLeft->pParent, &leftbbox, iHeight+1);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto splitnode_out;
+    }
+  }else{
+    RtreeNode *pParent = pLeft->pParent;
+    int iCell;
+    rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pLeft, &iCell);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      nodeOverwriteCell(pRtree, pParent, &leftbbox, iCell);
+      rc = AdjustTree(pRtree, pParent, &leftbbox);
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto splitnode_out;
+    }
+  }
+  if( (rc = rtreeInsertCell(pRtree, pRight->pParent, &rightbbox, iHeight+1)) ){
+    goto splitnode_out;
+  }
+
+  for(i=0; i<NCELL(pRight); i++){
+    i64 iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pRight, i);
+    rc = updateMapping(pRtree, iRowid, pRight, iHeight);
+    if( iRowid==pCell->iRowid ){
+      newCellIsRight = 1;
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto splitnode_out;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pNode->iNode==1 ){
+    for(i=0; i<NCELL(pLeft); i++){
+      i64 iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pLeft, i);
+      rc = updateMapping(pRtree, iRowid, pLeft, iHeight);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto splitnode_out;
+      }
+    }
+  }else if( newCellIsRight==0 ){
+    rc = updateMapping(pRtree, pCell->iRowid, pLeft, iHeight);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pRight);
+    pRight = 0;
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pLeft);
+    pLeft = 0;
+  }
+
+splitnode_out:
+  nodeRelease(pRtree, pRight);
+  nodeRelease(pRtree, pLeft);
+  sqlite3_free(aCell);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** If node pLeaf is not the root of the r-tree and its pParent pointer is 
+** still NULL, load all ancestor nodes of pLeaf into memory and populate
+** the pLeaf->pParent chain all the way up to the root node.
+**
+** This operation is required when a row is deleted (or updated - an update
+** is implemented as a delete followed by an insert). SQLite provides the
+** rowid of the row to delete, which can be used to find the leaf on which
+** the entry resides (argument pLeaf). Once the leaf is located, this 
+** function is called to determine its ancestry.
+*/
+static int fixLeafParent(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pLeaf){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeNode *pChild = pLeaf;
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && pChild->iNode!=1 && pChild->pParent==0 ){
+    int rc2 = SQLITE_OK;          /* sqlite3_reset() return code */
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadParent, 1, pChild->iNode);
+    rc = sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadParent);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      RtreeNode *pTest;           /* Used to test for reference loops */
+      i64 iNode;                  /* Node number of parent node */
+
+      /* Before setting pChild->pParent, test that we are not creating a
+      ** loop of references (as we would if, say, pChild==pParent). We don't
+      ** want to do this as it leads to a memory leak when trying to delete
+      ** the referenced counted node structures.
+      */
+      iNode = sqlite3_column_int64(pRtree->pReadParent, 0);
+      for(pTest=pLeaf; pTest && pTest->iNode!=iNode; pTest=pTest->pParent);
+      if( !pTest ){
+        rc2 = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iNode, 0, &pChild->pParent);
+      }
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadParent);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pChild->pParent ) rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    pChild = pChild->pParent;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static int deleteCell(Rtree *, RtreeNode *, int, int);
+
+static int removeNode(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int iHeight){
+  int rc;
+  int rc2;
+  RtreeNode *pParent = 0;
+  int iCell;
+
+  assert( pNode->nRef==1 );
+
+  /* Remove the entry in the parent cell. */
+  rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode, &iCell);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pParent = pNode->pParent;
+    pNode->pParent = 0;
+    rc = deleteCell(pRtree, pParent, iCell, iHeight+1);
+  }
+  rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pParent);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = rc2;
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* Remove the xxx_node entry. */
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pDeleteNode, 1, pNode->iNode);
+  sqlite3_step(pRtree->pDeleteNode);
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pDeleteNode)) ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* Remove the xxx_parent entry. */
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pDeleteParent, 1, pNode->iNode);
+  sqlite3_step(pRtree->pDeleteParent);
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pDeleteParent)) ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+  
+  /* Remove the node from the in-memory hash table and link it into
+  ** the Rtree.pDeleted list. Its contents will be re-inserted later on.
+  */
+  nodeHashDelete(pRtree, pNode);
+  pNode->iNode = iHeight;
+  pNode->pNext = pRtree->pDeleted;
+  pNode->nRef++;
+  pRtree->pDeleted = pNode;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static int fixBoundingBox(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+  RtreeNode *pParent = pNode->pParent;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK; 
+  if( pParent ){
+    int ii; 
+    int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+    RtreeCell box;                            /* Bounding box for pNode */
+    nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, 0, &box);
+    for(ii=1; ii<nCell; ii++){
+      RtreeCell cell;
+      nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, ii, &cell);
+      cellUnion(pRtree, &box, &cell);
+    }
+    box.iRowid = pNode->iNode;
+    rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode, &ii);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      nodeOverwriteCell(pRtree, pParent, &box, ii);
+      rc = fixBoundingBox(pRtree, pParent);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete the cell at index iCell of node pNode. After removing the
+** cell, adjust the r-tree data structure if required.
+*/
+static int deleteCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int iCell, int iHeight){
+  RtreeNode *pParent;
+  int rc;
+
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = fixLeafParent(pRtree, pNode)) ){
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  /* Remove the cell from the node. This call just moves bytes around
+  ** the in-memory node image, so it cannot fail.
+  */
+  nodeDeleteCell(pRtree, pNode, iCell);
+
+  /* If the node is not the tree root and now has less than the minimum
+  ** number of cells, remove it from the tree. Otherwise, update the
+  ** cell in the parent node so that it tightly contains the updated
+  ** node.
+  */
+  pParent = pNode->pParent;
+  assert( pParent || pNode->iNode==1 );
+  if( pParent ){
+    if( NCELL(pNode)<RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree) ){
+      rc = removeNode(pRtree, pNode, iHeight);
+    }else{
+      rc = fixBoundingBox(pRtree, pNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static int Reinsert(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeNode *pNode, 
+  RtreeCell *pCell, 
+  int iHeight
+){
+  int *aOrder;
+  int *aSpare;
+  RtreeCell *aCell;
+  float *aDistance;
+  int nCell;
+  float aCenterCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS];
+  int iDim;
+  int ii;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  memset(aCenterCoord, 0, sizeof(float)*RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS);
+
+  nCell = NCELL(pNode)+1;
+
+  /* Allocate the buffers used by this operation. The allocation is
+  ** relinquished before this function returns.
+  */
+  aCell = (RtreeCell *)sqlite3_malloc(nCell * (
+    sizeof(RtreeCell) +         /* aCell array */
+    sizeof(int)       +         /* aOrder array */
+    sizeof(int)       +         /* aSpare array */
+    sizeof(float)               /* aDistance array */
+  ));
+  if( !aCell ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  aOrder    = (int *)&aCell[nCell];
+  aSpare    = (int *)&aOrder[nCell];
+  aDistance = (float *)&aSpare[nCell];
+
+  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
+    if( ii==(nCell-1) ){
+      memcpy(&aCell[ii], pCell, sizeof(RtreeCell));
+    }else{
+      nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, ii, &aCell[ii]);
+    }
+    aOrder[ii] = ii;
+    for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
+      aCenterCoord[iDim] += (float)DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      aCenterCoord[iDim] += (float)DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+    }
+  }
+  for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
+    aCenterCoord[iDim] = (float)(aCenterCoord[iDim]/((float)nCell*2.0));
+  }
+
+  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
+    aDistance[ii] = 0.0;
+    for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
+      float coord = (float)(DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]) - 
+          DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]));
+      aDistance[ii] += (coord-aCenterCoord[iDim])*(coord-aCenterCoord[iDim]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  SortByDistance(aOrder, nCell, aDistance, aSpare);
+  nodeZero(pRtree, pNode);
+
+  for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<(nCell-(RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree)+1)); ii++){
+    RtreeCell *p = &aCell[aOrder[ii]];
+    nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pNode, p);
+    if( p->iRowid==pCell->iRowid ){
+      if( iHeight==0 ){
+        rc = rowidWrite(pRtree, p->iRowid, pNode->iNode);
+      }else{
+        rc = parentWrite(pRtree, p->iRowid, pNode->iNode);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fixBoundingBox(pRtree, pNode);
+  }
+  for(; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<nCell; ii++){
+    /* Find a node to store this cell in. pNode->iNode currently contains
+    ** the height of the sub-tree headed by the cell.
+    */
+    RtreeNode *pInsert;
+    RtreeCell *p = &aCell[aOrder[ii]];
+    rc = ChooseLeaf(pRtree, p, iHeight, &pInsert);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int rc2;
+      rc = rtreeInsertCell(pRtree, pInsert, p, iHeight);
+      rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pInsert);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = rc2;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(aCell);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Insert cell pCell into node pNode. Node pNode is the head of a 
+** subtree iHeight high (leaf nodes have iHeight==0).
+*/
+static int rtreeInsertCell(
+  Rtree *pRtree,
+  RtreeNode *pNode,
+  RtreeCell *pCell,
+  int iHeight
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( iHeight>0 ){
+    RtreeNode *pChild = nodeHashLookup(pRtree, pCell->iRowid);
+    if( pChild ){
+      nodeRelease(pRtree, pChild->pParent);
+      nodeReference(pNode);
+      pChild->pParent = pNode;
+    }
+  }
+  if( nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pNode, pCell) ){
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_REINSERT
+    if( iHeight<=pRtree->iReinsertHeight || pNode->iNode==1){
+      rc = SplitNode(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
+    }else{
+      pRtree->iReinsertHeight = iHeight;
+      rc = Reinsert(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
+    }
+#else
+    rc = SplitNode(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
+#endif
+  }else{
+    rc = AdjustTree(pRtree, pNode, pCell);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( iHeight==0 ){
+        rc = rowidWrite(pRtree, pCell->iRowid, pNode->iNode);
+      }else{
+        rc = parentWrite(pRtree, pCell->iRowid, pNode->iNode);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static int reinsertNodeContent(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+  int ii;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+
+  for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<nCell; ii++){
+    RtreeNode *pInsert;
+    RtreeCell cell;
+    nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, ii, &cell);
+
+    /* Find a node to store this cell in. pNode->iNode currently contains
+    ** the height of the sub-tree headed by the cell.
+    */
+    rc = ChooseLeaf(pRtree, &cell, (int)pNode->iNode, &pInsert);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int rc2;
+      rc = rtreeInsertCell(pRtree, pInsert, &cell, (int)pNode->iNode);
+      rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pInsert);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = rc2;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Select a currently unused rowid for a new r-tree record.
+*/
+static int newRowid(Rtree *pRtree, i64 *piRowid){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_bind_null(pRtree->pWriteRowid, 1);
+  sqlite3_bind_null(pRtree->pWriteRowid, 2);
+  sqlite3_step(pRtree->pWriteRowid);
+  rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pWriteRowid);
+  *piRowid = sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(pRtree->db);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove the entry with rowid=iDelete from the r-tree structure.
+*/
+static int rtreeDeleteRowid(Rtree *pRtree, sqlite3_int64 iDelete){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  RtreeNode *pLeaf;               /* Leaf node containing record iDelete */
+  int iCell;                      /* Index of iDelete cell in pLeaf */
+  RtreeNode *pRoot;               /* Root node of rtree structure */
+
+
+  /* Obtain a reference to the root node to initialise Rtree.iDepth */
+  rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
+
+  /* Obtain a reference to the leaf node that contains the entry 
+  ** about to be deleted. 
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iDelete, &pLeaf);
+  }
+
+  /* Delete the cell in question from the leaf node. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;
+    rc = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iDelete, &iCell);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = deleteCell(pRtree, pLeaf, iCell, 0);
+    }
+    rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pLeaf);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = rc2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Delete the corresponding entry in the <rtree>_rowid table. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pDeleteRowid, 1, iDelete);
+    sqlite3_step(pRtree->pDeleteRowid);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pDeleteRowid);
+  }
+
+  /* Check if the root node now has exactly one child. If so, remove
+  ** it, schedule the contents of the child for reinsertion and 
+  ** reduce the tree height by one.
+  **
+  ** This is equivalent to copying the contents of the child into
+  ** the root node (the operation that Gutman's paper says to perform 
+  ** in this scenario).
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pRtree->iDepth>0 && NCELL(pRoot)==1 ){
+    int rc2;
+    RtreeNode *pChild;
+    i64 iChild = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pRoot, 0);
+    rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iChild, pRoot, &pChild);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = removeNode(pRtree, pChild, pRtree->iDepth-1);
+    }
+    rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pChild);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pRtree->iDepth--;
+      writeInt16(pRoot->zData, pRtree->iDepth);
+      pRoot->isDirty = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Re-insert the contents of any underfull nodes removed from the tree. */
+  for(pLeaf=pRtree->pDeleted; pLeaf; pLeaf=pRtree->pDeleted){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = reinsertNodeContent(pRtree, pLeaf);
+    }
+    pRtree->pDeleted = pLeaf->pNext;
+    sqlite3_free(pLeaf);
+  }
+
+  /* Release the reference to the root node. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
+  }else{
+    nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The xUpdate method for rtree module virtual tables.
+*/
+static int rtreeUpdate(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, 
+  int nData, 
+  sqlite3_value **azData, 
+  sqlite_int64 *pRowid
+){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeCell cell;                 /* New cell to insert if nData>1 */
+  int bHaveRowid = 0;             /* Set to 1 after new rowid is determined */
+
+  rtreeReference(pRtree);
+  assert(nData>=1);
+
+  /* Constraint handling. A write operation on an r-tree table may return
+  ** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT for two reasons:
+  **
+  **   1. A duplicate rowid value, or
+  **   2. The supplied data violates the "x2>=x1" constraint.
+  **
+  ** In the first case, if the conflict-handling mode is REPLACE, then
+  ** the conflicting row can be removed before proceeding. In the second
+  ** case, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT must be returned regardless of the
+  ** conflict-handling mode specified by the user.
+  */
+  if( nData>1 ){
+    int ii;
+
+    /* Populate the cell.aCoord[] array. The first coordinate is azData[3]. */
+    assert( nData==(pRtree->nDim*2 + 3) );
+    if( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32 ){
+      for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
+        cell.aCoord[ii].f = (float)sqlite3_value_double(azData[ii+3]);
+        cell.aCoord[ii+1].f = (float)sqlite3_value_double(azData[ii+4]);
+        if( cell.aCoord[ii].f>cell.aCoord[ii+1].f ){
+          rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+          goto constraint;
+        }
+      }
+    }else{
+      for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
+        cell.aCoord[ii].i = sqlite3_value_int(azData[ii+3]);
+        cell.aCoord[ii+1].i = sqlite3_value_int(azData[ii+4]);
+        if( cell.aCoord[ii].i>cell.aCoord[ii+1].i ){
+          rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+          goto constraint;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If a rowid value was supplied, check if it is already present in 
+    ** the table. If so, the constraint has failed. */
+    if( sqlite3_value_type(azData[2])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+      cell.iRowid = sqlite3_value_int64(azData[2]);
+      if( sqlite3_value_type(azData[0])==SQLITE_NULL
+       || sqlite3_value_int64(azData[0])!=cell.iRowid
+      ){
+        int steprc;
+        sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadRowid, 1, cell.iRowid);
+        steprc = sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadRowid);
+        rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadRowid);
+        if( SQLITE_ROW==steprc ){
+          if( sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(pRtree->db)==SQLITE_REPLACE ){
+            rc = rtreeDeleteRowid(pRtree, cell.iRowid);
+          }else{
+            rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+            goto constraint;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      bHaveRowid = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If azData[0] is not an SQL NULL value, it is the rowid of a
+  ** record to delete from the r-tree table. The following block does
+  ** just that.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(azData[0])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+    rc = rtreeDeleteRowid(pRtree, sqlite3_value_int64(azData[0]));
+  }
+
+  /* If the azData[] array contains more than one element, elements
+  ** (azData[2]..azData[argc-1]) contain a new record to insert into
+  ** the r-tree structure.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nData>1 ){
+    /* Insert the new record into the r-tree */
+    RtreeNode *pLeaf;
+
+    /* Figure out the rowid of the new row. */
+    if( bHaveRowid==0 ){
+      rc = newRowid(pRtree, &cell.iRowid);
+    }
+    *pRowid = cell.iRowid;
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = ChooseLeaf(pRtree, &cell, 0, &pLeaf);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int rc2;
+      pRtree->iReinsertHeight = -1;
+      rc = rtreeInsertCell(pRtree, pLeaf, &cell, 0);
+      rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pLeaf);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = rc2;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+constraint:
+  rtreeRelease(pRtree);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The xRename method for rtree module virtual tables.
+*/
+static int rtreeRename(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNewName){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+    "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_node'   RENAME TO \"%w_node\";"
+    "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_parent' RENAME TO \"%w_parent\";"
+    "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_rowid'  RENAME TO \"%w_rowid\";"
+    , pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName, zNewName 
+    , pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName, zNewName 
+    , pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName, zNewName
+  );
+  if( zSql ){
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(pRtree->db, zSql, 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static sqlite3_module rtreeModule = {
+  0,                          /* iVersion */
+  rtreeCreate,                /* xCreate - create a table */
+  rtreeConnect,               /* xConnect - connect to an existing table */
+  rtreeBestIndex,             /* xBestIndex - Determine search strategy */
+  rtreeDisconnect,            /* xDisconnect - Disconnect from a table */
+  rtreeDestroy,               /* xDestroy - Drop a table */
+  rtreeOpen,                  /* xOpen - open a cursor */
+  rtreeClose,                 /* xClose - close a cursor */
+  rtreeFilter,                /* xFilter - configure scan constraints */
+  rtreeNext,                  /* xNext - advance a cursor */
+  rtreeEof,                   /* xEof */
+  rtreeColumn,                /* xColumn - read data */
+  rtreeRowid,                 /* xRowid - read data */
+  rtreeUpdate,                /* xUpdate - write data */
+  0,                          /* xBegin - begin transaction */
+  0,                          /* xSync - sync transaction */
+  0,                          /* xCommit - commit transaction */
+  0,                          /* xRollback - rollback transaction */
+  0,                          /* xFindFunction - function overloading */
+  rtreeRename,                /* xRename - rename the table */
+  0,                          /* xSavepoint */
+  0,                          /* xRelease */
+  0                           /* xRollbackTo */
+};
+
+static int rtreeSqlInit(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  const char *zDb, 
+  const char *zPrefix, 
+  int isCreate
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  #define N_STATEMENT 9
+  static const char *azSql[N_STATEMENT] = {
+    /* Read and write the xxx_node table */
+    "SELECT data FROM '%q'.'%q_node' WHERE nodeno = :1",
+    "INSERT OR REPLACE INTO '%q'.'%q_node' VALUES(:1, :2)",
+    "DELETE FROM '%q'.'%q_node' WHERE nodeno = :1",
+
+    /* Read and write the xxx_rowid table */
+    "SELECT nodeno FROM '%q'.'%q_rowid' WHERE rowid = :1",
+    "INSERT OR REPLACE INTO '%q'.'%q_rowid' VALUES(:1, :2)",
+    "DELETE FROM '%q'.'%q_rowid' WHERE rowid = :1",
+
+    /* Read and write the xxx_parent table */
+    "SELECT parentnode FROM '%q'.'%q_parent' WHERE nodeno = :1",
+    "INSERT OR REPLACE INTO '%q'.'%q_parent' VALUES(:1, :2)",
+    "DELETE FROM '%q'.'%q_parent' WHERE nodeno = :1"
+  };
+  sqlite3_stmt **appStmt[N_STATEMENT];
+  int i;
+
+  pRtree->db = db;
+
+  if( isCreate ){
+    char *zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf(
+"CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_node\"(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, data BLOB);"
+"CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_rowid\"(rowid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, nodeno INTEGER);"
+"CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_parent\"(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, parentnode INTEGER);"
+"INSERT INTO '%q'.'%q_node' VALUES(1, zeroblob(%d))",
+      zDb, zPrefix, zDb, zPrefix, zDb, zPrefix, zDb, zPrefix, pRtree->iNodeSize
+    );
+    if( !zCreate ){
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(db, zCreate, 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_free(zCreate);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
+    }
+  }
+
+  appStmt[0] = &pRtree->pReadNode;
+  appStmt[1] = &pRtree->pWriteNode;
+  appStmt[2] = &pRtree->pDeleteNode;
+  appStmt[3] = &pRtree->pReadRowid;
+  appStmt[4] = &pRtree->pWriteRowid;
+  appStmt[5] = &pRtree->pDeleteRowid;
+  appStmt[6] = &pRtree->pReadParent;
+  appStmt[7] = &pRtree->pWriteParent;
+  appStmt[8] = &pRtree->pDeleteParent;
+
+  for(i=0; i<N_STATEMENT && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
+    char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[i], zDb, zPrefix);
+    if( zSql ){
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, appStmt[i], 0); 
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The second argument to this function contains the text of an SQL statement
+** that returns a single integer value. The statement is compiled and executed
+** using database connection db. If successful, the integer value returned
+** is written to *piVal and SQLITE_OK returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error
+** code is returned and the value of *piVal after returning is not defined.
+*/
+static int getIntFromStmt(sqlite3 *db, const char *zSql, int *piVal){
+  int rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  if( zSql ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+        *piVal = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called from within the xConnect() or xCreate() method to
+** determine the node-size used by the rtree table being created or connected
+** to. If successful, pRtree->iNodeSize is populated and SQLITE_OK returned.
+** Otherwise, an SQLite error code is returned.
+**
+** If this function is being called as part of an xConnect(), then the rtree
+** table already exists. In this case the node-size is determined by inspecting
+** the root node of the tree.
+**
+** Otherwise, for an xCreate(), use 64 bytes less than the database page-size. 
+** This ensures that each node is stored on a single database page. If the 
+** database page-size is so large that more than RTREE_MAXCELLS entries 
+** would fit in a single node, use a smaller node-size.
+*/
+static int getNodeSize(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  Rtree *pRtree,                  /* Rtree handle */
+  int isCreate                    /* True for xCreate, false for xConnect */
+){
+  int rc;
+  char *zSql;
+  if( isCreate ){
+    int iPageSize = 0;
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("PRAGMA %Q.page_size", pRtree->zDb);
+    rc = getIntFromStmt(db, zSql, &iPageSize);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pRtree->iNodeSize = iPageSize-64;
+      if( (4+pRtree->nBytesPerCell*RTREE_MAXCELLS)<pRtree->iNodeSize ){
+        pRtree->iNodeSize = 4+pRtree->nBytesPerCell*RTREE_MAXCELLS;
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+        "SELECT length(data) FROM '%q'.'%q_node' WHERE nodeno = 1",
+        pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName
+    );
+    rc = getIntFromStmt(db, zSql, &pRtree->iNodeSize);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(zSql);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** This function is the implementation of both the xConnect and xCreate
+** methods of the r-tree virtual table.
+**
+**   argv[0]   -> module name
+**   argv[1]   -> database name
+**   argv[2]   -> table name
+**   argv[...] -> column names...
+*/
+static int rtreeInit(
+  sqlite3 *db,                        /* Database connection */
+  void *pAux,                         /* One of the RTREE_COORD_* constants */
+  int argc, const char *const*argv,   /* Parameters to CREATE TABLE statement */
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,              /* OUT: New virtual table */
+  char **pzErr,                       /* OUT: Error message, if any */
+  int isCreate                        /* True for xCreate, false for xConnect */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Rtree *pRtree;
+  int nDb;              /* Length of string argv[1] */
+  int nName;            /* Length of string argv[2] */
+  int eCoordType = (pAux ? RTREE_COORD_INT32 : RTREE_COORD_REAL32);
+
+  const char *aErrMsg[] = {
+    0,                                                    /* 0 */
+    "Wrong number of columns for an rtree table",         /* 1 */
+    "Too few columns for an rtree table",                 /* 2 */
+    "Too many columns for an rtree table"                 /* 3 */
+  };
+
+  int iErr = (argc<6) ? 2 : argc>(RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2+4) ? 3 : argc%2;
+  if( aErrMsg[iErr] ){
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", aErrMsg[iErr]);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_vtab_config(db, SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT, 1);
+
+  /* Allocate the sqlite3_vtab structure */
+  nDb = strlen(argv[1]);
+  nName = strlen(argv[2]);
+  pRtree = (Rtree *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Rtree)+nDb+nName+2);
+  if( !pRtree ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pRtree, 0, sizeof(Rtree)+nDb+nName+2);
+  pRtree->nBusy = 1;
+  pRtree->base.pModule = &rtreeModule;
+  pRtree->zDb = (char *)&pRtree[1];
+  pRtree->zName = &pRtree->zDb[nDb+1];
+  pRtree->nDim = (argc-4)/2;
+  pRtree->nBytesPerCell = 8 + pRtree->nDim*4*2;
+  pRtree->eCoordType = eCoordType;
+  memcpy(pRtree->zDb, argv[1], nDb);
+  memcpy(pRtree->zName, argv[2], nName);
+
+  /* Figure out the node size to use. */
+  rc = getNodeSize(db, pRtree, isCreate);
+
+  /* Create/Connect to the underlying relational database schema. If
+  ** that is successful, call sqlite3_declare_vtab() to configure
+  ** the r-tree table schema.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( (rc = rtreeSqlInit(pRtree, db, argv[1], argv[2], isCreate)) ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+    }else{
+      char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("CREATE TABLE x(%s", argv[3]);
+      char *zTmp;
+      int ii;
+      for(ii=4; zSql && ii<argc; ii++){
+        zTmp = zSql;
+        zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("%s, %s", zTmp, argv[ii]);
+        sqlite3_free(zTmp);
+      }
+      if( zSql ){
+        zTmp = zSql;
+        zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("%s);", zTmp);
+        sqlite3_free(zTmp);
+      }
+      if( !zSql ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, zSql)) ){
+        *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    *ppVtab = (sqlite3_vtab *)pRtree;
+  }else{
+    rtreeRelease(pRtree);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Implementation of a scalar function that decodes r-tree nodes to
+** human readable strings. This can be used for debugging and analysis.
+**
+** The scalar function takes two arguments, a blob of data containing
+** an r-tree node, and the number of dimensions the r-tree indexes.
+** For a two-dimensional r-tree structure called "rt", to deserialize
+** all nodes, a statement like:
+**
+**   SELECT rtreenode(2, data) FROM rt_node;
+**
+** The human readable string takes the form of a Tcl list with one
+** entry for each cell in the r-tree node. Each entry is itself a
+** list, containing the 8-byte rowid/pageno followed by the 
+** <num-dimension>*2 coordinates.
+*/
+static void rtreenode(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
+  char *zText = 0;
+  RtreeNode node;
+  Rtree tree;
+  int ii;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nArg);
+  memset(&node, 0, sizeof(RtreeNode));
+  memset(&tree, 0, sizeof(Rtree));
+  tree.nDim = sqlite3_value_int(apArg[0]);
+  tree.nBytesPerCell = 8 + 8 * tree.nDim;
+  node.zData = (u8 *)sqlite3_value_blob(apArg[1]);
+
+  for(ii=0; ii<NCELL(&node); ii++){
+    char zCell[512];
+    int nCell = 0;
+    RtreeCell cell;
+    int jj;
+
+    nodeGetCell(&tree, &node, ii, &cell);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell],"%lld", cell.iRowid);
+    nCell = strlen(zCell);
+    for(jj=0; jj<tree.nDim*2; jj++){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell]," %f",(double)cell.aCoord[jj].f);
+      nCell = strlen(zCell);
+    }
+
+    if( zText ){
+      char *zTextNew = sqlite3_mprintf("%s {%s}", zText, zCell);
+      sqlite3_free(zText);
+      zText = zTextNew;
+    }else{
+      zText = sqlite3_mprintf("{%s}", zCell);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  sqlite3_result_text(ctx, zText, -1, sqlite3_free);
+}
+
+static void rtreedepth(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nArg);
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(apArg[0])!=SQLITE_BLOB 
+   || sqlite3_value_bytes(apArg[0])<2
+  ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(ctx, "Invalid argument to rtreedepth()", -1); 
+  }else{
+    u8 *zBlob = (u8 *)sqlite3_value_blob(apArg[0]);
+    sqlite3_result_int(ctx, readInt16(zBlob));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Register the r-tree module with database handle db. This creates the
+** virtual table module "rtree" and the debugging/analysis scalar 
+** function "rtreenode".
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RtreeInit(sqlite3 *db){
+  const int utf8 = SQLITE_UTF8;
+  int rc;
+
+  rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "rtreenode", 2, utf8, 0, rtreenode, 0, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "rtreedepth", 1, utf8, 0,rtreedepth, 0, 0);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    void *c = (void *)RTREE_COORD_REAL32;
+    rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(db, "rtree", &rtreeModule, c, 0);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    void *c = (void *)RTREE_COORD_INT32;
+    rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(db, "rtree_i32", &rtreeModule, c, 0);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** A version of sqlite3_free() that can be used as a callback. This is used
+** in two places - as the destructor for the blob value returned by the
+** invocation of a geometry function, and as the destructor for the geometry
+** functions themselves.
+*/
+static void doSqlite3Free(void *p){
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Each call to sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() creates an ordinary SQLite
+** scalar user function. This C function is the callback used for all such
+** registered SQL functions.
+**
+** The scalar user functions return a blob that is interpreted by r-tree
+** table MATCH operators.
+*/
+static void geomCallback(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **aArg){
+  RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_user_data(ctx);
+  RtreeMatchArg *pBlob;
+  int nBlob;
+
+  nBlob = sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (nArg-1)*sizeof(double);
+  pBlob = (RtreeMatchArg *)sqlite3_malloc(nBlob);
+  if( !pBlob ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(ctx);
+  }else{
+    int i;
+    pBlob->magic = RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC;
+    pBlob->xGeom = pGeomCtx->xGeom;
+    pBlob->pContext = pGeomCtx->pContext;
+    pBlob->nParam = nArg;
+    for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
+      pBlob->aParam[i] = sqlite3_value_double(aArg[i]);
+    }
+    sqlite3_result_blob(ctx, pBlob, nBlob, doSqlite3Free);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Register a new geometry function for use with the r-tree MATCH operator.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zGeom,
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *),
+  void *pContext
+){
+  RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx;      /* Context object for new user-function */
+
+  /* Allocate and populate the context object. */
+  pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeGeomCallback));
+  if( !pGeomCtx ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pGeomCtx->xGeom = xGeom;
+  pGeomCtx->pContext = pContext;
+
+  /* Create the new user-function. Register a destructor function to delete
+  ** the context object when it is no longer required.  */
+  return sqlite3_create_function_v2(db, zGeom, -1, SQLITE_ANY, 
+      (void *)pGeomCtx, geomCallback, 0, 0, doSqlite3Free
+  );
+}
+
+#if !SQLITE_CORE
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  char **pzErrMsg,
+  const sqlite3_api_routines *pApi
+){
+  SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(pApi)
+  return sqlite3RtreeInit(db);
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+/************** End of rtree.c ***********************************************/
+/************** Begin file icu.c *********************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 May 6
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** $Id: icu.c,v 1.7 2007/12/13 21:54:11 drh Exp $
+**
+** This file implements an integration between the ICU library 
+** ("International Components for Unicode", an open-source library 
+** for handling unicode data) and SQLite. The integration uses 
+** ICU to provide the following to SQLite:
+**
+**   * An implementation of the SQL regexp() function (and hence REGEXP
+**     operator) using the ICU uregex_XX() APIs.
+**
+**   * Implementations of the SQL scalar upper() and lower() functions
+**     for case mapping.
+**
+**   * Integration of ICU and SQLite collation seqences.
+**
+**   * An implementation of the LIKE operator that uses ICU to 
+**     provide case-independent matching.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU)
+
+/* Include ICU headers */
+#include <unicode/utypes.h>
+#include <unicode/uregex.h>
+#include <unicode/ustring.h>
+#include <unicode/ucol.h>
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+  SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
+#else
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum length (in bytes) of the pattern in a LIKE or GLOB
+** operator.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH 50000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Version of sqlite3_free() that is always a function, never a macro.
+*/
+static void xFree(void *p){
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare two UTF-8 strings for equality where the first string is
+** a "LIKE" expression. Return true (1) if they are the same and 
+** false (0) if they are different.
+*/
+static int icuLikeCompare(
+  const uint8_t *zPattern,   /* LIKE pattern */
+  const uint8_t *zString,    /* The UTF-8 string to compare against */
+  const UChar32 uEsc         /* The escape character */
+){
+  static const int MATCH_ONE = (UChar32)'_';
+  static const int MATCH_ALL = (UChar32)'%';
+
+  int iPattern = 0;       /* Current byte index in zPattern */
+  int iString = 0;        /* Current byte index in zString */
+
+  int prevEscape = 0;     /* True if the previous character was uEsc */
+
+  while( zPattern[iPattern]!=0 ){
+
+    /* Read (and consume) the next character from the input pattern. */
+    UChar32 uPattern;
+    U8_NEXT_UNSAFE(zPattern, iPattern, uPattern);
+    assert(uPattern!=0);
+
+    /* There are now 4 possibilities:
+    **
+    **     1. uPattern is an unescaped match-all character "%",
+    **     2. uPattern is an unescaped match-one character "_",
+    **     3. uPattern is an unescaped escape character, or
+    **     4. uPattern is to be handled as an ordinary character
+    */
+    if( !prevEscape && uPattern==MATCH_ALL ){
+      /* Case 1. */
+      uint8_t c;
+
+      /* Skip any MATCH_ALL or MATCH_ONE characters that follow a
+      ** MATCH_ALL. For each MATCH_ONE, skip one character in the 
+      ** test string.
+      */
+      while( (c=zPattern[iPattern]) == MATCH_ALL || c == MATCH_ONE ){
+        if( c==MATCH_ONE ){
+          if( zString[iString]==0 ) return 0;
+          U8_FWD_1_UNSAFE(zString, iString);
+        }
+        iPattern++;
+      }
+
+      if( zPattern[iPattern]==0 ) return 1;
+
+      while( zString[iString] ){
+        if( icuLikeCompare(&zPattern[iPattern], &zString[iString], uEsc) ){
+          return 1;
+        }
+        U8_FWD_1_UNSAFE(zString, iString);
+      }
+      return 0;
+
+    }else if( !prevEscape && uPattern==MATCH_ONE ){
+      /* Case 2. */
+      if( zString[iString]==0 ) return 0;
+      U8_FWD_1_UNSAFE(zString, iString);
+
+    }else if( !prevEscape && uPattern==uEsc){
+      /* Case 3. */
+      prevEscape = 1;
+
+    }else{
+      /* Case 4. */
+      UChar32 uString;
+      U8_NEXT_UNSAFE(zString, iString, uString);
+      uString = u_foldCase(uString, U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT);
+      uPattern = u_foldCase(uPattern, U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT);
+      if( uString!=uPattern ){
+        return 0;
+      }
+      prevEscape = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return zString[iString]==0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the like() SQL function.  This function implements
+** the build-in LIKE operator.  The first argument to the function is the
+** pattern and the second argument is the string.  So, the SQL statements:
+**
+**       A LIKE B
+**
+** is implemented as like(B, A). If there is an escape character E, 
+**
+**       A LIKE B ESCAPE E
+**
+** is mapped to like(B, A, E).
+*/
+static void icuLikeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context, 
+  int argc, 
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const unsigned char *zA = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  const unsigned char *zB = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+  UChar32 uEsc = 0;
+
+  /* Limit the length of the LIKE or GLOB pattern to avoid problems
+  ** of deep recursion and N*N behavior in patternCompare().
+  */
+  if( sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0])>SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, "LIKE or GLOB pattern too complex", -1);
+    return;
+  }
+
+
+  if( argc==3 ){
+    /* The escape character string must consist of a single UTF-8 character.
+    ** Otherwise, return an error.
+    */
+    int nE= sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[2]);
+    const unsigned char *zE = sqlite3_value_text(argv[2]);
+    int i = 0;
+    if( zE==0 ) return;
+    U8_NEXT(zE, i, nE, uEsc);
+    if( i!=nE){
+      sqlite3_result_error(context, 
+          "ESCAPE expression must be a single character", -1);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( zA && zB ){
+    sqlite3_result_int(context, icuLikeCompare(zA, zB, uEsc));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when an ICU function called from within
+** the implementation of an SQL scalar function returns an error.
+**
+** The scalar function context passed as the first argument is 
+** loaded with an error message based on the following two args.
+*/
+static void icuFunctionError(
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,       /* SQLite scalar function context */
+  const char *zName,           /* Name of ICU function that failed */
+  UErrorCode e                 /* Error code returned by ICU function */
+){
+  char zBuf[128];
+  sqlite3_snprintf(128, zBuf, "ICU error: %s(): %s", zName, u_errorName(e));
+  zBuf[127] = '\0';
+  sqlite3_result_error(pCtx, zBuf, -1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Function to delete compiled regexp objects. Registered as
+** a destructor function with sqlite3_set_auxdata().
+*/
+static void icuRegexpDelete(void *p){
+  URegularExpression *pExpr = (URegularExpression *)p;
+  uregex_close(pExpr);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of SQLite REGEXP operator. This scalar function takes
+** two arguments. The first is a regular expression pattern to compile
+** the second is a string to match against that pattern. If either 
+** argument is an SQL NULL, then NULL Is returned. Otherwise, the result
+** is 1 if the string matches the pattern, or 0 otherwise.
+**
+** SQLite maps the regexp() function to the regexp() operator such
+** that the following two are equivalent:
+**
+**     zString REGEXP zPattern
+**     regexp(zPattern, zString)
+**
+** Uses the following ICU regexp APIs:
+**
+**     uregex_open()
+**     uregex_matches()
+**     uregex_close()
+*/
+static void icuRegexpFunc(sqlite3_context *p, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
+  UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+  URegularExpression *pExpr;
+  UBool res;
+  const UChar *zString = sqlite3_value_text16(apArg[1]);
+
+  (void)nArg;  /* Unused parameter */
+
+  /* If the left hand side of the regexp operator is NULL, 
+  ** then the result is also NULL. 
+  */
+  if( !zString ){
+    return;
+  }
+
+  pExpr = sqlite3_get_auxdata(p, 0);
+  if( !pExpr ){
+    const UChar *zPattern = sqlite3_value_text16(apArg[0]);
+    if( !zPattern ){
+      return;
+    }
+    pExpr = uregex_open(zPattern, -1, 0, 0, &status);
+
+    if( U_SUCCESS(status) ){
+      sqlite3_set_auxdata(p, 0, pExpr, icuRegexpDelete);
+    }else{
+      assert(!pExpr);
+      icuFunctionError(p, "uregex_open", status);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Configure the text that the regular expression operates on. */
+  uregex_setText(pExpr, zString, -1, &status);
+  if( !U_SUCCESS(status) ){
+    icuFunctionError(p, "uregex_setText", status);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Attempt the match */
+  res = uregex_matches(pExpr, 0, &status);
+  if( !U_SUCCESS(status) ){
+    icuFunctionError(p, "uregex_matches", status);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Set the text that the regular expression operates on to a NULL
+  ** pointer. This is not really necessary, but it is tidier than 
+  ** leaving the regular expression object configured with an invalid
+  ** pointer after this function returns.
+  */
+  uregex_setText(pExpr, 0, 0, &status);
+
+  /* Return 1 or 0. */
+  sqlite3_result_int(p, res ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementations of scalar functions for case mapping - upper() and 
+** lower(). Function upper() converts its input to upper-case (ABC).
+** Function lower() converts to lower-case (abc).
+**
+** ICU provides two types of case mapping, "general" case mapping and
+** "language specific". Refer to ICU documentation for the differences
+** between the two.
+**
+** To utilise "general" case mapping, the upper() or lower() scalar 
+** functions are invoked with one argument:
+**
+**     upper('ABC') -> 'abc'
+**     lower('abc') -> 'ABC'
+**
+** To access ICU "language specific" case mapping, upper() or lower()
+** should be invoked with two arguments. The second argument is the name
+** of the locale to use. Passing an empty string ("") or SQL NULL value
+** as the second argument is the same as invoking the 1 argument version
+** of upper() or lower().
+**
+**     lower('I', 'en_us') -> 'i'
+**     lower('I', 'tr_tr') -> 'ı' (small dotless i)
+**
+** http://www.icu-project.org/userguide/posix.html#case_mappings
+*/
+static void icuCaseFunc16(sqlite3_context *p, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
+  const UChar *zInput;
+  UChar *zOutput;
+  int nInput;
+  int nOutput;
+
+  UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+  const char *zLocale = 0;
+
+  assert(nArg==1 || nArg==2);
+  if( nArg==2 ){
+    zLocale = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apArg[1]);
+  }
+
+  zInput = sqlite3_value_text16(apArg[0]);
+  if( !zInput ){
+    return;
+  }
+  nInput = sqlite3_value_bytes16(apArg[0]);
+
+  nOutput = nInput * 2 + 2;
+  zOutput = sqlite3_malloc(nOutput);
+  if( !zOutput ){
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if( sqlite3_user_data(p) ){
+    u_strToUpper(zOutput, nOutput/2, zInput, nInput/2, zLocale, &status);
+  }else{
+    u_strToLower(zOutput, nOutput/2, zInput, nInput/2, zLocale, &status);
+  }
+
+  if( !U_SUCCESS(status) ){
+    icuFunctionError(p, "u_strToLower()/u_strToUpper", status);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_result_text16(p, zOutput, -1, xFree);
+}
+
+/*
+** Collation sequence destructor function. The pCtx argument points to
+** a UCollator structure previously allocated using ucol_open().
+*/
+static void icuCollationDel(void *pCtx){
+  UCollator *p = (UCollator *)pCtx;
+  ucol_close(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Collation sequence comparison function. The pCtx argument points to
+** a UCollator structure previously allocated using ucol_open().
+*/
+static int icuCollationColl(
+  void *pCtx,
+  int nLeft,
+  const void *zLeft,
+  int nRight,
+  const void *zRight
+){
+  UCollationResult res;
+  UCollator *p = (UCollator *)pCtx;
+  res = ucol_strcoll(p, (UChar *)zLeft, nLeft/2, (UChar *)zRight, nRight/2);
+  switch( res ){
+    case UCOL_LESS:    return -1;
+    case UCOL_GREATER: return +1;
+    case UCOL_EQUAL:   return 0;
+  }
+  assert(!"Unexpected return value from ucol_strcoll()");
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the scalar function icu_load_collation().
+**
+** This scalar function is used to add ICU collation based collation 
+** types to an SQLite database connection. It is intended to be called
+** as follows:
+**
+**     SELECT icu_load_collation(<locale>, <collation-name>);
+**
+** Where <locale> is a string containing an ICU locale identifier (i.e.
+** "en_AU", "tr_TR" etc.) and <collation-name> is the name of the
+** collation sequence to create.
+*/
+static void icuLoadCollation(
+  sqlite3_context *p, 
+  int nArg, 
+  sqlite3_value **apArg
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = (sqlite3 *)sqlite3_user_data(p);
+  UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+  const char *zLocale;      /* Locale identifier - (eg. "jp_JP") */
+  const char *zName;        /* SQL Collation sequence name (eg. "japanese") */
+  UCollator *pUCollator;    /* ICU library collation object */
+  int rc;                   /* Return code from sqlite3_create_collation_x() */
+
+  assert(nArg==2);
+  zLocale = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apArg[0]);
+  zName = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apArg[1]);
+
+  if( !zLocale || !zName ){
+    return;
+  }
+
+  pUCollator = ucol_open(zLocale, &status);
+  if( !U_SUCCESS(status) ){
+    icuFunctionError(p, "ucol_open", status);
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(p);
+
+  rc = sqlite3_create_collation_v2(db, zName, SQLITE_UTF16, (void *)pUCollator, 
+      icuCollationColl, icuCollationDel
+  );
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    ucol_close(pUCollator);
+    sqlite3_result_error(p, "Error registering collation function", -1);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Register the ICU extension functions with database db.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IcuInit(sqlite3 *db){
+  struct IcuScalar {
+    const char *zName;                        /* Function name */
+    int nArg;                                 /* Number of arguments */
+    int enc;                                  /* Optimal text encoding */
+    void *pContext;                           /* sqlite3_user_data() context */
+    void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**);
+  } scalars[] = {
+    {"regexp", 2, SQLITE_ANY,          0, icuRegexpFunc},
+
+    {"lower",  1, SQLITE_UTF16,        0, icuCaseFunc16},
+    {"lower",  2, SQLITE_UTF16,        0, icuCaseFunc16},
+    {"upper",  1, SQLITE_UTF16, (void*)1, icuCaseFunc16},
+    {"upper",  2, SQLITE_UTF16, (void*)1, icuCaseFunc16},
+
+    {"lower",  1, SQLITE_UTF8,         0, icuCaseFunc16},
+    {"lower",  2, SQLITE_UTF8,         0, icuCaseFunc16},
+    {"upper",  1, SQLITE_UTF8,  (void*)1, icuCaseFunc16},
+    {"upper",  2, SQLITE_UTF8,  (void*)1, icuCaseFunc16},
+
+    {"like",   2, SQLITE_UTF8,         0, icuLikeFunc},
+    {"like",   3, SQLITE_UTF8,         0, icuLikeFunc},
+
+    {"icu_load_collation",  2, SQLITE_UTF8, (void*)db, icuLoadCollation},
+  };
+
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int i;
+
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<(int)(sizeof(scalars)/sizeof(scalars[0])); i++){
+    struct IcuScalar *p = &scalars[i];
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(
+        db, p->zName, p->nArg, p->enc, p->pContext, p->xFunc, 0, 0
+    );
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#if !SQLITE_CORE
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
+  sqlite3 *db, 
+  char **pzErrMsg,
+  const sqlite3_api_routines *pApi
+){
+  SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(pApi)
+  return sqlite3IcuInit(db);
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+/************** End of icu.c *************************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_icu.c ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 June 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file implements a tokenizer for fts3 based on the ICU library.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
+
+
+#include <unicode/ubrk.h>
+#include <unicode/utf16.h>
+
+typedef struct IcuTokenizer IcuTokenizer;
+typedef struct IcuCursor IcuCursor;
+
+struct IcuTokenizer {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer base;
+  char *zLocale;
+};
+
+struct IcuCursor {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor base;
+
+  UBreakIterator *pIter;      /* ICU break-iterator object */
+  int nChar;                  /* Number of UChar elements in pInput */
+  UChar *aChar;               /* Copy of input using utf-16 encoding */
+  int *aOffset;               /* Offsets of each character in utf-8 input */
+
+  int nBuffer;
+  char *zBuffer;
+
+  int iToken;
+};
+
+/*
+** Create a new tokenizer instance.
+*/
+static int icuCreate(
+  int argc,                            /* Number of entries in argv[] */
+  const char * const *argv,            /* Tokenizer creation arguments */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer **ppTokenizer      /* OUT: Created tokenizer */
+){
+  IcuTokenizer *p;
+  int n = 0;
+
+  if( argc>0 ){
+    n = strlen(argv[0])+1;
+  }
+  p = (IcuTokenizer *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(IcuTokenizer)+n);
+  if( !p ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(IcuTokenizer));
+
+  if( n ){
+    p->zLocale = (char *)&p[1];
+    memcpy(p->zLocale, argv[0], n);
+  }
+
+  *ppTokenizer = (sqlite3_tokenizer *)p;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Destroy a tokenizer
+*/
+static int icuDestroy(sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer){
+  IcuTokenizer *p = (IcuTokenizer *)pTokenizer;
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Prepare to begin tokenizing a particular string.  The input
+** string to be tokenized is pInput[0..nBytes-1].  A cursor
+** used to incrementally tokenize this string is returned in 
+** *ppCursor.
+*/
+static int icuOpen(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer,         /* The tokenizer */
+  const char *zInput,                    /* Input string */
+  int nInput,                            /* Length of zInput in bytes */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor **ppCursor    /* OUT: Tokenization cursor */
+){
+  IcuTokenizer *p = (IcuTokenizer *)pTokenizer;
+  IcuCursor *pCsr;
+
+  const int32_t opt = U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT;
+  UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+  int nChar;
+
+  UChar32 c;
+  int iInput = 0;
+  int iOut = 0;
+
+  *ppCursor = 0;
+
+  if( nInput<0 ){
+    nInput = strlen(zInput);
+  }
+  nChar = nInput+1;
+  pCsr = (IcuCursor *)sqlite3_malloc(
+      sizeof(IcuCursor) +                /* IcuCursor */
+      nChar * sizeof(UChar) +            /* IcuCursor.aChar[] */
+      (nChar+1) * sizeof(int)            /* IcuCursor.aOffset[] */
+  );
+  if( !pCsr ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(IcuCursor));
+  pCsr->aChar = (UChar *)&pCsr[1];
+  pCsr->aOffset = (int *)&pCsr->aChar[nChar];
+
+  pCsr->aOffset[iOut] = iInput;
+  U8_NEXT(zInput, iInput, nInput, c); 
+  while( c>0 ){
+    int isError = 0;
+    c = u_foldCase(c, opt);
+    U16_APPEND(pCsr->aChar, iOut, nChar, c, isError);
+    if( isError ){
+      sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    pCsr->aOffset[iOut] = iInput;
+
+    if( iInput<nInput ){
+      U8_NEXT(zInput, iInput, nInput, c);
+    }else{
+      c = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  pCsr->pIter = ubrk_open(UBRK_WORD, p->zLocale, pCsr->aChar, iOut, &status);
+  if( !U_SUCCESS(status) ){
+    sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  pCsr->nChar = iOut;
+
+  ubrk_first(pCsr->pIter);
+  *ppCursor = (sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *)pCsr;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a tokenization cursor previously opened by a call to icuOpen().
+*/
+static int icuClose(sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor){
+  IcuCursor *pCsr = (IcuCursor *)pCursor;
+  ubrk_close(pCsr->pIter);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->zBuffer);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the next token from a tokenization cursor.
+*/
+static int icuNext(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor,  /* Cursor returned by simpleOpen */
+  const char **ppToken,               /* OUT: *ppToken is the token text */
+  int *pnBytes,                       /* OUT: Number of bytes in token */
+  int *piStartOffset,                 /* OUT: Starting offset of token */
+  int *piEndOffset,                   /* OUT: Ending offset of token */
+  int *piPosition                     /* OUT: Position integer of token */
+){
+  IcuCursor *pCsr = (IcuCursor *)pCursor;
+
+  int iStart = 0;
+  int iEnd = 0;
+  int nByte = 0;
+
+  while( iStart==iEnd ){
+    UChar32 c;
+
+    iStart = ubrk_current(pCsr->pIter);
+    iEnd = ubrk_next(pCsr->pIter);
+    if( iEnd==UBRK_DONE ){
+      return SQLITE_DONE;
+    }
+
+    while( iStart<iEnd ){
+      int iWhite = iStart;
+      U8_NEXT(pCsr->aChar, iWhite, pCsr->nChar, c);
+      if( u_isspace(c) ){
+        iStart = iWhite;
+      }else{
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    assert(iStart<=iEnd);
+  }
+
+  do {
+    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+    if( nByte ){
+      char *zNew = sqlite3_realloc(pCsr->zBuffer, nByte);
+      if( !zNew ){
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+      pCsr->zBuffer = zNew;
+      pCsr->nBuffer = nByte;
+    }
+
+    u_strToUTF8(
+        pCsr->zBuffer, pCsr->nBuffer, &nByte,    /* Output vars */
+        &pCsr->aChar[iStart], iEnd-iStart,       /* Input vars */
+        &status                                  /* Output success/failure */
+    );
+  } while( nByte>pCsr->nBuffer );
+
+  *ppToken = pCsr->zBuffer;
+  *pnBytes = nByte;
+  *piStartOffset = pCsr->aOffset[iStart];
+  *piEndOffset = pCsr->aOffset[iEnd];
+  *piPosition = pCsr->iToken++;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** The set of routines that implement the simple tokenizer
+*/
+static const sqlite3_tokenizer_module icuTokenizerModule = {
+  0,                           /* iVersion */
+  icuCreate,                   /* xCreate  */
+  icuDestroy,                  /* xCreate  */
+  icuOpen,                     /* xOpen    */
+  icuClose,                    /* xClose   */
+  icuNext,                     /* xNext    */
+};
+
+/*
+** Set *ppModule to point at the implementation of the ICU tokenizer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3IcuTokenizerModule(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule
+){
+  *ppModule = &icuTokenizerModule;
+}
+
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU) */
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_icu.c ********************************************/
diff --git a/tests/sqlite/sqlite3.h b/tests/sqlite/sqlite3.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed9edbd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sqlite/sqlite3.h
@@ -0,0 +1,6731 @@
+/*
+** 2001 September 15
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This header file defines the interface that the SQLite library
+** presents to client programs.  If a C-function, structure, datatype,
+** or constant definition does not appear in this file, then it is
+** not a published API of SQLite, is subject to change without
+** notice, and should not be referenced by programs that use SQLite.
+**
+** Some of the definitions that are in this file are marked as
+** "experimental".  Experimental interfaces are normally new
+** features recently added to SQLite.  We do not anticipate changes
+** to experimental interfaces but reserve the right to make minor changes
+** if experience from use "in the wild" suggest such changes are prudent.
+**
+** The official C-language API documentation for SQLite is derived
+** from comments in this file.  This file is the authoritative source
+** on how SQLite interfaces are suppose to operate.
+**
+** The name of this file under configuration management is "sqlite.h.in".
+** The makefile makes some minor changes to this file (such as inserting
+** the version number) and changes its name to "sqlite3.h" as
+** part of the build process.
+*/
+#ifndef _SQLITE3_H_
+#define _SQLITE3_H_
+#include <stdarg.h>     /* Needed for the definition of va_list */
+
+/*
+** Make sure we can call this stuff from C++.
+*/
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Add the ability to override 'extern'
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_EXTERN
+# define SQLITE_EXTERN extern
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_API
+# define SQLITE_API
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** These no-op macros are used in front of interfaces to mark those
+** interfaces as either deprecated or experimental.  New applications
+** should not use deprecated interfaces - they are support for backwards
+** compatibility only.  Application writers should be aware that
+** experimental interfaces are subject to change in point releases.
+**
+** These macros used to resolve to various kinds of compiler magic that
+** would generate warning messages when they were used.  But that
+** compiler magic ended up generating such a flurry of bug reports
+** that we have taken it all out and gone back to using simple
+** noop macros.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DEPRECATED
+#define SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+/*
+** Ensure these symbols were not defined by some previous header file.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_VERSION
+# undef SQLITE_VERSION
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER
+# undef SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Compile-Time Library Version Numbers
+**
+** ^(The [SQLITE_VERSION] C preprocessor macro in the sqlite3.h header
+** evaluates to a string literal that is the SQLite version in the
+** format "X.Y.Z" where X is the major version number (always 3 for
+** SQLite3) and Y is the minor version number and Z is the release number.)^
+** ^(The [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER] C preprocessor macro resolves to an integer
+** with the value (X*1000000 + Y*1000 + Z) where X, Y, and Z are the same
+** numbers used in [SQLITE_VERSION].)^
+** The SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER for any given release of SQLite will also
+** be larger than the release from which it is derived.  Either Y will
+** be held constant and Z will be incremented or else Y will be incremented
+** and Z will be reset to zero.
+**
+** Since version 3.6.18, SQLite source code has been stored in the
+** <a href="http://www.fossil-scm.org/">Fossil configuration management
+** system</a>.  ^The SQLITE_SOURCE_ID macro evaluates to
+** a string which identifies a particular check-in of SQLite
+** within its configuration management system.  ^The SQLITE_SOURCE_ID
+** string contains the date and time of the check-in (UTC) and an SHA1
+** hash of the entire source tree.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_libversion()],
+** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
+** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.7.1"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007007
+#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2011-06-28 17:39:05 af0d91adf497f5f36ec3813f04235a6e195a605f"
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_version, sqlite3_sourceid
+**
+** These interfaces provide the same information as the [SQLITE_VERSION],
+** [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER], and [SQLITE_SOURCE_ID] C preprocessor macros
+** but are associated with the library instead of the header file.  ^(Cautious
+** programmers might include assert() statements in their application to
+** verify that values returned by these interfaces match the macros in
+** the header, and thus insure that the application is
+** compiled with matching library and header files.
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** assert( sqlite3_libversion_number()==SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER );
+** assert( strcmp(sqlite3_sourceid(),SQLITE_SOURCE_ID)==0 );
+** assert( strcmp(sqlite3_libversion(),SQLITE_VERSION)==0 );
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_version[] string constant contains the text of [SQLITE_VERSION]
+** macro.  ^The sqlite3_libversion() function returns a pointer to the
+** to the sqlite3_version[] string constant.  The sqlite3_libversion()
+** function is provided for use in DLLs since DLL users usually do not have
+** direct access to string constants within the DLL.  ^The
+** sqlite3_libversion_number() function returns an integer equal to
+** [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER].  ^The sqlite3_sourceid() function returns 
+** a pointer to a string constant whose value is the same as the 
+** [SQLITE_SOURCE_ID] C preprocessor macro.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN const char sqlite3_version[];
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_libversion(void);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sourceid(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_libversion_number(void);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Compilation Options Diagnostics
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_compileoption_used() function returns 0 or 1 
+** indicating whether the specified option was defined at 
+** compile time.  ^The SQLITE_ prefix may be omitted from the 
+** option name passed to sqlite3_compileoption_used().  
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_compileoption_get() function allows iterating
+** over the list of options that were defined at compile time by
+** returning the N-th compile time option string.  ^If N is out of range,
+** sqlite3_compileoption_get() returns a NULL pointer.  ^The SQLITE_ 
+** prefix is omitted from any strings returned by 
+** sqlite3_compileoption_get().
+**
+** ^Support for the diagnostic functions sqlite3_compileoption_used()
+** and sqlite3_compileoption_get() may be omitted by specifying the 
+** [SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS] option at compile time.
+**
+** See also: SQL functions [sqlite_compileoption_used()] and
+** [sqlite_compileoption_get()] and the [compile_options pragma].
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_compileoption_used(const char *zOptName);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_compileoption_get(int N);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Test To See If The Library Is Threadsafe
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_threadsafe() function returns zero if and only if
+** SQLite was compiled mutexing code omitted due to the
+** [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] compile-time option being set to 0.
+**
+** SQLite can be compiled with or without mutexes.  When
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] C preprocessor macro is 1 or 2, mutexes
+** are enabled and SQLite is threadsafe.  When the
+** [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] macro is 0, 
+** the mutexes are omitted.  Without the mutexes, it is not safe
+** to use SQLite concurrently from more than one thread.
+**
+** Enabling mutexes incurs a measurable performance penalty.
+** So if speed is of utmost importance, it makes sense to disable
+** the mutexes.  But for maximum safety, mutexes should be enabled.
+** ^The default behavior is for mutexes to be enabled.
+**
+** This interface can be used by an application to make sure that the
+** version of SQLite that it is linking against was compiled with
+** the desired setting of the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] macro.
+**
+** This interface only reports on the compile-time mutex setting
+** of the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE] flag.  If SQLite is compiled with
+** SQLITE_THREADSAFE=1 or =2 then mutexes are enabled by default but
+** can be fully or partially disabled using a call to [sqlite3_config()]
+** with the verbs [SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD], [SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD],
+** or [SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX].  ^(The return value of the
+** sqlite3_threadsafe() function shows only the compile-time setting of
+** thread safety, not any run-time changes to that setting made by
+** sqlite3_config(). In other words, the return value from sqlite3_threadsafe()
+** is unchanged by calls to sqlite3_config().)^
+**
+** See the [threading mode] documentation for additional information.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_threadsafe(void);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Handle
+** KEYWORDS: {database connection} {database connections}
+**
+** Each open SQLite database is represented by a pointer to an instance of
+** the opaque structure named "sqlite3".  It is useful to think of an sqlite3
+** pointer as an object.  The [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], and
+** [sqlite3_open_v2()] interfaces are its constructors, and [sqlite3_close()]
+** is its destructor.  There are many other interfaces (such as
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()], [sqlite3_create_function()], and
+** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] to name but three) that are methods on an
+** sqlite3 object.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3 sqlite3;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: 64-Bit Integer Types
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite_int64 sqlite_uint64
+**
+** Because there is no cross-platform way to specify 64-bit integer types
+** SQLite includes typedefs for 64-bit signed and unsigned integers.
+**
+** The sqlite3_int64 and sqlite3_uint64 are the preferred type definitions.
+** The sqlite_int64 and sqlite_uint64 types are supported for backwards
+** compatibility only.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_int64 and sqlite_int64 types can store integer values
+** between -9223372036854775808 and +9223372036854775807 inclusive.  ^The
+** sqlite3_uint64 and sqlite_uint64 types can store integer values 
+** between 0 and +18446744073709551615 inclusive.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_INT64_TYPE
+  typedef SQLITE_INT64_TYPE sqlite_int64;
+  typedef unsigned SQLITE_INT64_TYPE sqlite_uint64;
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+  typedef __int64 sqlite_int64;
+  typedef unsigned __int64 sqlite_uint64;
+#else
+  typedef long long int sqlite_int64;
+  typedef unsigned long long int sqlite_uint64;
+#endif
+typedef sqlite_int64 sqlite3_int64;
+typedef sqlite_uint64 sqlite3_uint64;
+
+/*
+** If compiling for a processor that lacks floating point support,
+** substitute integer for floating-point.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+# define double sqlite3_int64
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Closing A Database Connection
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_close() routine is the destructor for the [sqlite3] object.
+** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() return SQLITE_OK if the [sqlite3] object is
+** successfully destroyed and all associated resources are deallocated.
+**
+** Applications must [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements]
+** and [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles] associated with
+** the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
+** sqlite3_close() is called on a [database connection] that still has
+** outstanding [prepared statements] or [BLOB handles], then it returns
+** SQLITE_BUSY.
+**
+** ^If [sqlite3_close()] is invoked while a transaction is open,
+** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
+**
+** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] must be either a NULL
+** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained
+** from [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], or
+** [sqlite3_open_v2()], and not previously closed.
+** ^Calling sqlite3_close() with a NULL pointer argument is a 
+** harmless no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *);
+
+/*
+** The type for a callback function.
+** This is legacy and deprecated.  It is included for historical
+** compatibility and is not documented.
+*/
+typedef int (*sqlite3_callback)(void*,int,char**, char**);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: One-Step Query Execution Interface
+**
+** The sqlite3_exec() interface is a convenience wrapper around
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()], [sqlite3_step()], and [sqlite3_finalize()],
+** that allows an application to run multiple statements of SQL
+** without having to use a lot of C code. 
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_exec() interface runs zero or more UTF-8 encoded,
+** semicolon-separate SQL statements passed into its 2nd argument,
+** in the context of the [database connection] passed in as its 1st
+** argument.  ^If the callback function of the 3rd argument to
+** sqlite3_exec() is not NULL, then it is invoked for each result row
+** coming out of the evaluated SQL statements.  ^The 4th argument to
+** sqlite3_exec() is relayed through to the 1st argument of each
+** callback invocation.  ^If the callback pointer to sqlite3_exec()
+** is NULL, then no callback is ever invoked and result rows are
+** ignored.
+**
+** ^If an error occurs while evaluating the SQL statements passed into
+** sqlite3_exec(), then execution of the current statement stops and
+** subsequent statements are skipped.  ^If the 5th parameter to sqlite3_exec()
+** is not NULL then any error message is written into memory obtained
+** from [sqlite3_malloc()] and passed back through the 5th parameter.
+** To avoid memory leaks, the application should invoke [sqlite3_free()]
+** on error message strings returned through the 5th parameter of
+** of sqlite3_exec() after the error message string is no longer needed.
+** ^If the 5th parameter to sqlite3_exec() is not NULL and no errors
+** occur, then sqlite3_exec() sets the pointer in its 5th parameter to
+** NULL before returning.
+**
+** ^If an sqlite3_exec() callback returns non-zero, the sqlite3_exec()
+** routine returns SQLITE_ABORT without invoking the callback again and
+** without running any subsequent SQL statements.
+**
+** ^The 2nd argument to the sqlite3_exec() callback function is the
+** number of columns in the result.  ^The 3rd argument to the sqlite3_exec()
+** callback is an array of pointers to strings obtained as if from
+** [sqlite3_column_text()], one for each column.  ^If an element of a
+** result row is NULL then the corresponding string pointer for the
+** sqlite3_exec() callback is a NULL pointer.  ^The 4th argument to the
+** sqlite3_exec() callback is an array of pointers to strings where each
+** entry represents the name of corresponding result column as obtained
+** from [sqlite3_column_name()].
+**
+** ^If the 2nd parameter to sqlite3_exec() is a NULL pointer, a pointer
+** to an empty string, or a pointer that contains only whitespace and/or 
+** SQL comments, then no SQL statements are evaluated and the database
+** is not changed.
+**
+** Restrictions:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> The application must insure that the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec()
+**      is a valid and open [database connection].
+** <li> The application must not close [database connection] specified by
+**      the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
+** <li> The application must not modify the SQL statement text passed into
+**      the 2nd parameter of sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
+** </ul>
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
+  sqlite3*,                                  /* An open database */
+  const char *sql,                           /* SQL to be evaluated */
+  int (*callback)(void*,int,char**,char**),  /* Callback function */
+  void *,                                    /* 1st argument to callback */
+  char **errmsg                              /* Error msg written here */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Result Codes
+** KEYWORDS: SQLITE_OK {error code} {error codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {result code} {result codes}
+**
+** Many SQLite functions return an integer result code from the set shown
+** here in order to indicates success or failure.
+**
+** New error codes may be added in future versions of SQLite.
+**
+** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes],
+** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | result codes].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_OK           0   /* Successful result */
+/* beginning-of-error-codes */
+#define SQLITE_ERROR        1   /* SQL error or missing database */
+#define SQLITE_INTERNAL     2   /* Internal logic error in SQLite */
+#define SQLITE_PERM         3   /* Access permission denied */
+#define SQLITE_ABORT        4   /* Callback routine requested an abort */
+#define SQLITE_BUSY         5   /* The database file is locked */
+#define SQLITE_LOCKED       6   /* A table in the database is locked */
+#define SQLITE_NOMEM        7   /* A malloc() failed */
+#define SQLITE_READONLY     8   /* Attempt to write a readonly database */
+#define SQLITE_INTERRUPT    9   /* Operation terminated by sqlite3_interrupt()*/
+#define SQLITE_IOERR       10   /* Some kind of disk I/O error occurred */
+#define SQLITE_CORRUPT     11   /* The database disk image is malformed */
+#define SQLITE_NOTFOUND    12   /* Unknown opcode in sqlite3_file_control() */
+#define SQLITE_FULL        13   /* Insertion failed because database is full */
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN    14   /* Unable to open the database file */
+#define SQLITE_PROTOCOL    15   /* Database lock protocol error */
+#define SQLITE_EMPTY       16   /* Database is empty */
+#define SQLITE_SCHEMA      17   /* The database schema changed */
+#define SQLITE_TOOBIG      18   /* String or BLOB exceeds size limit */
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT  19   /* Abort due to constraint violation */
+#define SQLITE_MISMATCH    20   /* Data type mismatch */
+#define SQLITE_MISUSE      21   /* Library used incorrectly */
+#define SQLITE_NOLFS       22   /* Uses OS features not supported on host */
+#define SQLITE_AUTH        23   /* Authorization denied */
+#define SQLITE_FORMAT      24   /* Auxiliary database format error */
+#define SQLITE_RANGE       25   /* 2nd parameter to sqlite3_bind out of range */
+#define SQLITE_NOTADB      26   /* File opened that is not a database file */
+#define SQLITE_ROW         100  /* sqlite3_step() has another row ready */
+#define SQLITE_DONE        101  /* sqlite3_step() has finished executing */
+/* end-of-error-codes */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Extended Result Codes
+** KEYWORDS: {extended error code} {extended error codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {extended result code} {extended result codes}
+**
+** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 26 integer
+** [SQLITE_OK | result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
+** these result codes are too coarse-grained.  They do not provide as
+** much information about problems as programmers might like.  In an effort to
+** address this, newer versions of SQLite (version 3.3.8 and later) include
+** support for additional result codes that provide more detailed information
+** about errors. The extended result codes are enabled or disabled
+** on a per database connection basis using the
+** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.
+**
+** Some of the available extended result codes are listed here.
+** One may expect the number of extended result codes will be expand
+** over time.  Software that uses extended result codes should expect
+** to see new result codes in future releases of SQLite.
+**
+** The SQLITE_OK result code will never be extended.  It will always
+** be exactly zero.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_READ              (SQLITE_IOERR | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ        (SQLITE_IOERR | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE             (SQLITE_IOERR | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC             (SQLITE_IOERR | (4<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC         (SQLITE_IOERR | (5<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE          (SQLITE_IOERR | (6<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT             (SQLITE_IOERR | (7<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK            (SQLITE_IOERR | (8<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK            (SQLITE_IOERR | (9<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE            (SQLITE_IOERR | (10<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED           (SQLITE_IOERR | (11<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM             (SQLITE_IOERR | (12<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS            (SQLITE_IOERR | (13<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK (SQLITE_IOERR | (14<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (15<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE             (SQLITE_IOERR | (16<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE         (SQLITE_IOERR | (17<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN           (SQLITE_IOERR | (18<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE           (SQLITE_IOERR | (19<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK           (SQLITE_IOERR | (20<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP            (SQLITE_IOERR | (21<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (22<<8))
+#define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Flags For File Open Operations
+**
+** These bit values are intended for use in the
+** 3rd parameter to the [sqlite3_open_v2()] interface and
+** in the 4th parameter to the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY         0x00000001  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE        0x00000002  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE           0x00000004  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE    0x00000008  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE        0x00000010  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY        0x00000020  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_URI              0x00000040  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB          0x00000100  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB          0x00000200  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB     0x00000400  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL     0x00000800  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL     0x00001000  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL       0x00002000  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL   0x00004000  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX          0x00008000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX        0x00010000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE      0x00020000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE     0x00040000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_WAL              0x00080000  /* VFS only */
+
+/* Reserved:                         0x00F00000 */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Device Characteristics
+**
+** The xDeviceCharacteristics method of the [sqlite3_io_methods]
+** object returns an integer which is a vector of the these
+** bit values expressing I/O characteristics of the mass storage
+** device that holds the file that the [sqlite3_io_methods]
+** refers to.
+**
+** The SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC property means that all writes of
+** any size are atomic.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMICnnn values
+** mean that writes of blocks that are nnn bytes in size and
+** are aligned to an address which is an integer multiple of
+** nnn are atomic.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND value means
+** that when data is appended to a file, the data is appended
+** first then the size of the file is extended, never the other
+** way around.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL property means that
+** information is written to disk in the same order as calls
+** to xWrite().
+*/
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC                 0x00000001
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512              0x00000002
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC1K               0x00000004
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC2K               0x00000008
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC4K               0x00000010
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC8K               0x00000020
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC16K              0x00000040
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC32K              0x00000080
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K              0x00000100
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND            0x00000200
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL             0x00000400
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN  0x00000800
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: File Locking Levels
+**
+** SQLite uses one of these integer values as the second
+** argument to calls it makes to the xLock() and xUnlock() methods
+** of an [sqlite3_io_methods] object.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_NONE          0
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_SHARED        1
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_RESERVED      2
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_PENDING       3
+#define SQLITE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE     4
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Synchronization Type Flags
+**
+** When SQLite invokes the xSync() method of an
+** [sqlite3_io_methods] object it uses a combination of
+** these integer values as the second argument.
+**
+** When the SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY flag is used, it means that the
+** sync operation only needs to flush data to mass storage.  Inode
+** information need not be flushed. If the lower four bits of the flag
+** equal SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL, that means to use normal fsync() semantics.
+** If the lower four bits equal SQLITE_SYNC_FULL, that means
+** to use Mac OS X style fullsync instead of fsync().
+**
+** Do not confuse the SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL flags
+** with the [PRAGMA synchronous]=NORMAL and [PRAGMA synchronous]=FULL
+** settings.  The [synchronous pragma] determines when calls to the
+** xSync VFS method occur and applies uniformly across all platforms.
+** The SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL flags determine how
+** energetic or rigorous or forceful the sync operations are and
+** only make a difference on Mac OSX for the default SQLite code.
+** (Third-party VFS implementations might also make the distinction
+** between SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL, but among the
+** operating systems natively supported by SQLite, only Mac OSX
+** cares about the difference.)
+*/
+#define SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL        0x00002
+#define SQLITE_SYNC_FULL          0x00003
+#define SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY      0x00010
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: OS Interface Open File Handle
+**
+** An [sqlite3_file] object represents an open file in the 
+** [sqlite3_vfs | OS interface layer].  Individual OS interface
+** implementations will
+** want to subclass this object by appending additional fields
+** for their own use.  The pMethods entry is a pointer to an
+** [sqlite3_io_methods] object that defines methods for performing
+** I/O operations on the open file.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_file sqlite3_file;
+struct sqlite3_file {
+  const struct sqlite3_io_methods *pMethods;  /* Methods for an open file */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: OS Interface File Virtual Methods Object
+**
+** Every file opened by the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method populates an
+** [sqlite3_file] object (or, more commonly, a subclass of the
+** [sqlite3_file] object) with a pointer to an instance of this object.
+** This object defines the methods used to perform various operations
+** against the open file represented by the [sqlite3_file] object.
+**
+** If the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method sets the sqlite3_file.pMethods element 
+** to a non-NULL pointer, then the sqlite3_io_methods.xClose method
+** may be invoked even if the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] reported that it failed.  The
+** only way to prevent a call to xClose following a failed [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen]
+** is for the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] to set the sqlite3_file.pMethods element
+** to NULL.
+**
+** The flags argument to xSync may be one of [SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL] or
+** [SQLITE_SYNC_FULL].  The first choice is the normal fsync().
+** The second choice is a Mac OS X style fullsync.  The [SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY]
+** flag may be ORed in to indicate that only the data of the file
+** and not its inode needs to be synced.
+**
+** The integer values to xLock() and xUnlock() are one of
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_NONE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_SHARED],
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_RESERVED],
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_PENDING], or
+** <li> [SQLITE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE].
+** </ul>
+** xLock() increases the lock. xUnlock() decreases the lock.
+** The xCheckReservedLock() method checks whether any database connection,
+** either in this process or in some other process, is holding a RESERVED,
+** PENDING, or EXCLUSIVE lock on the file.  It returns true
+** if such a lock exists and false otherwise.
+**
+** The xFileControl() method is a generic interface that allows custom
+** VFS implementations to directly control an open file using the
+** [sqlite3_file_control()] interface.  The second "op" argument is an
+** integer opcode.  The third argument is a generic pointer intended to
+** point to a structure that may contain arguments or space in which to
+** write return values.  Potential uses for xFileControl() might be
+** functions to enable blocking locks with timeouts, to change the
+** locking strategy (for example to use dot-file locks), to inquire
+** about the status of a lock, or to break stale locks.  The SQLite
+** core reserves all opcodes less than 100 for its own use.
+** A [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
+** Applications that define a custom xFileControl method should use opcodes
+** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.  VFS implementations should
+** return [SQLITE_NOTFOUND] for file control opcodes that they do not
+** recognize.
+**
+** The xSectorSize() method returns the sector size of the
+** device that underlies the file.  The sector size is the
+** minimum write that can be performed without disturbing
+** other bytes in the file.  The xDeviceCharacteristics()
+** method returns a bit vector describing behaviors of the
+** underlying device:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC1K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC2K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC4K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC8K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC16K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC32K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND]
+** <li> [SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL]
+** </ul>
+**
+** The SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC property means that all writes of
+** any size are atomic.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMICnnn values
+** mean that writes of blocks that are nnn bytes in size and
+** are aligned to an address which is an integer multiple of
+** nnn are atomic.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND value means
+** that when data is appended to a file, the data is appended
+** first then the size of the file is extended, never the other
+** way around.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL property means that
+** information is written to disk in the same order as calls
+** to xWrite().
+**
+** If xRead() returns SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ it must also fill
+** in the unread portions of the buffer with zeros.  A VFS that
+** fails to zero-fill short reads might seem to work.  However,
+** failure to zero-fill short reads will eventually lead to
+** database corruption.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_io_methods sqlite3_io_methods;
+struct sqlite3_io_methods {
+  int iVersion;
+  int (*xClose)(sqlite3_file*);
+  int (*xRead)(sqlite3_file*, void*, int iAmt, sqlite3_int64 iOfst);
+  int (*xWrite)(sqlite3_file*, const void*, int iAmt, sqlite3_int64 iOfst);
+  int (*xTruncate)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 size);
+  int (*xSync)(sqlite3_file*, int flags);
+  int (*xFileSize)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 *pSize);
+  int (*xLock)(sqlite3_file*, int);
+  int (*xUnlock)(sqlite3_file*, int);
+  int (*xCheckReservedLock)(sqlite3_file*, int *pResOut);
+  int (*xFileControl)(sqlite3_file*, int op, void *pArg);
+  int (*xSectorSize)(sqlite3_file*);
+  int (*xDeviceCharacteristics)(sqlite3_file*);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 1 */
+  int (*xShmMap)(sqlite3_file*, int iPg, int pgsz, int, void volatile**);
+  int (*xShmLock)(sqlite3_file*, int offset, int n, int flags);
+  void (*xShmBarrier)(sqlite3_file*);
+  int (*xShmUnmap)(sqlite3_file*, int deleteFlag);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 2 */
+  /* Additional methods may be added in future releases */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Standard File Control Opcodes
+**
+** These integer constants are opcodes for the xFileControl method
+** of the [sqlite3_io_methods] object and for the [sqlite3_file_control()]
+** interface.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE] opcode is used for debugging.  This
+** opcode causes the xFileControl method to write the current state of
+** the lock (one of [SQLITE_LOCK_NONE], [SQLITE_LOCK_SHARED],
+** [SQLITE_LOCK_RESERVED], [SQLITE_LOCK_PENDING], or [SQLITE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE])
+** into an integer that the pArg argument points to. This capability
+** is used during testing and only needs to be supported when SQLITE_TEST
+** is defined.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT] opcode is used by SQLite to give the VFS
+** layer a hint of how large the database file will grow to be during the
+** current transaction.  This hint is not guaranteed to be accurate but it
+** is often close.  The underlying VFS might choose to preallocate database
+** file space based on this hint in order to help writes to the database
+** file run faster.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE] opcode is used to request that the VFS
+** extends and truncates the database file in chunks of a size specified
+** by the user. The fourth argument to [sqlite3_file_control()] should 
+** point to an integer (type int) containing the new chunk-size to use
+** for the nominated database. Allocating database file space in large
+** chunks (say 1MB at a time), may reduce file-system fragmentation and
+** improve performance on some systems.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER] opcode is used to obtain a pointer
+** to the [sqlite3_file] object associated with a particular database
+** connection.  See the [sqlite3_file_control()] documentation for
+** additional information.
+**
+** ^(The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED] opcode is generated internally by
+** SQLite and sent to all VFSes in place of a call to the xSync method
+** when the database connection has [PRAGMA synchronous] set to OFF.)^
+** Some specialized VFSes need this signal in order to operate correctly
+** when [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] is set, but most 
+** VFSes do not need this signal and should silently ignore this opcode.
+** Applications should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this
+** opcode as doing so may disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes
+** that do require it.  
+*/
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE        1
+#define SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE      2
+#define SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE      3
+#define SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO             4
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT        5
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE       6
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER     7
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED     8
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutex Handle
+**
+** The mutex module within SQLite defines [sqlite3_mutex] to be an
+** abstract type for a mutex object.  The SQLite core never looks
+** at the internal representation of an [sqlite3_mutex].  It only
+** deals with pointers to the [sqlite3_mutex] object.
+**
+** Mutexes are created using [sqlite3_mutex_alloc()].
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: OS Interface Object
+**
+** An instance of the sqlite3_vfs object defines the interface between
+** the SQLite core and the underlying operating system.  The "vfs"
+** in the name of the object stands for "virtual file system".  See
+** the [VFS | VFS documentation] for further information.
+**
+** The value of the iVersion field is initially 1 but may be larger in
+** future versions of SQLite.  Additional fields may be appended to this
+** object when the iVersion value is increased.  Note that the structure
+** of the sqlite3_vfs object changes in the transaction between
+** SQLite version 3.5.9 and 3.6.0 and yet the iVersion field was not
+** modified.
+**
+** The szOsFile field is the size of the subclassed [sqlite3_file]
+** structure used by this VFS.  mxPathname is the maximum length of
+** a pathname in this VFS.
+**
+** Registered sqlite3_vfs objects are kept on a linked list formed by
+** the pNext pointer.  The [sqlite3_vfs_register()]
+** and [sqlite3_vfs_unregister()] interfaces manage this list
+** in a thread-safe way.  The [sqlite3_vfs_find()] interface
+** searches the list.  Neither the application code nor the VFS
+** implementation should use the pNext pointer.
+**
+** The pNext field is the only field in the sqlite3_vfs
+** structure that SQLite will ever modify.  SQLite will only access
+** or modify this field while holding a particular static mutex.
+** The application should never modify anything within the sqlite3_vfs
+** object once the object has been registered.
+**
+** The zName field holds the name of the VFS module.  The name must
+** be unique across all VFS modules.
+**
+** [[sqlite3_vfs.xOpen]]
+** ^SQLite guarantees that the zFilename parameter to xOpen
+** is either a NULL pointer or string obtained
+** from xFullPathname() with an optional suffix added.
+** ^If a suffix is added to the zFilename parameter, it will
+** consist of a single "-" character followed by no more than
+** 10 alphanumeric and/or "-" characters.
+** ^SQLite further guarantees that
+** the string will be valid and unchanged until xClose() is
+** called. Because of the previous sentence,
+** the [sqlite3_file] can safely store a pointer to the
+** filename if it needs to remember the filename for some reason.
+** If the zFilename parameter to xOpen is a NULL pointer then xOpen
+** must invent its own temporary name for the file.  ^Whenever the 
+** xFilename parameter is NULL it will also be the case that the
+** flags parameter will include [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE].
+**
+** The flags argument to xOpen() includes all bits set in
+** the flags argument to [sqlite3_open_v2()].  Or if [sqlite3_open()]
+** or [sqlite3_open16()] is used, then flags includes at least
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE] | [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE]. 
+** If xOpen() opens a file read-only then it sets *pOutFlags to
+** include [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY].  Other bits in *pOutFlags may be set.
+**
+** ^(SQLite will also add one of the following flags to the xOpen()
+** call, depending on the object being opened:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL]
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_WAL]
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** The file I/O implementation can use the object type flags to
+** change the way it deals with files.  For example, an application
+** that does not care about crash recovery or rollback might make
+** the open of a journal file a no-op.  Writes to this journal would
+** also be no-ops, and any attempt to read the journal would return
+** SQLITE_IOERR.  Or the implementation might recognize that a database
+** file will be doing page-aligned sector reads and writes in a random
+** order and set up its I/O subsystem accordingly.
+**
+** SQLite might also add one of the following flags to the xOpen method:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE]
+** <li> [SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE]
+** </ul>
+**
+** The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE] flag means the file should be
+** deleted when it is closed.  ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE]
+** will be set for TEMP databases and their journals, transient
+** databases, and subjournals.
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE] flag is always used in conjunction
+** with the [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE] flag, which are both directly
+** analogous to the O_EXCL and O_CREAT flags of the POSIX open()
+** API.  The SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE flag, when paired with the 
+** SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, is used to indicate that file should always
+** be created, and that it is an error if it already exists.
+** It is <i>not</i> used to indicate the file should be opened 
+** for exclusive access.
+**
+** ^At least szOsFile bytes of memory are allocated by SQLite
+** to hold the  [sqlite3_file] structure passed as the third
+** argument to xOpen.  The xOpen method does not have to
+** allocate the structure; it should just fill it in.  Note that
+** the xOpen method must set the sqlite3_file.pMethods to either
+** a valid [sqlite3_io_methods] object or to NULL.  xOpen must do
+** this even if the open fails.  SQLite expects that the sqlite3_file.pMethods
+** element will be valid after xOpen returns regardless of the success
+** or failure of the xOpen call.
+**
+** [[sqlite3_vfs.xAccess]]
+** ^The flags argument to xAccess() may be [SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS]
+** to test for the existence of a file, or [SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE] to
+** test whether a file is readable and writable, or [SQLITE_ACCESS_READ]
+** to test whether a file is at least readable.   The file can be a
+** directory.
+**
+** ^SQLite will always allocate at least mxPathname+1 bytes for the
+** output buffer xFullPathname.  The exact size of the output buffer
+** is also passed as a parameter to both  methods. If the output buffer
+** is not large enough, [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] should be returned. Since this is
+** handled as a fatal error by SQLite, vfs implementations should endeavor
+** to prevent this by setting mxPathname to a sufficiently large value.
+**
+** The xRandomness(), xSleep(), xCurrentTime(), and xCurrentTimeInt64()
+** interfaces are not strictly a part of the filesystem, but they are
+** included in the VFS structure for completeness.
+** The xRandomness() function attempts to return nBytes bytes
+** of good-quality randomness into zOut.  The return value is
+** the actual number of bytes of randomness obtained.
+** The xSleep() method causes the calling thread to sleep for at
+** least the number of microseconds given.  ^The xCurrentTime()
+** method returns a Julian Day Number for the current date and time as
+** a floating point value.
+** ^The xCurrentTimeInt64() method returns, as an integer, the Julian
+** Day Number multiplied by 86400000 (the number of milliseconds in 
+** a 24-hour day).  
+** ^SQLite will use the xCurrentTimeInt64() method to get the current
+** date and time if that method is available (if iVersion is 2 or 
+** greater and the function pointer is not NULL) and will fall back
+** to xCurrentTime() if xCurrentTimeInt64() is unavailable.
+**
+** ^The xSetSystemCall(), xGetSystemCall(), and xNestSystemCall() interfaces
+** are not used by the SQLite core.  These optional interfaces are provided
+** by some VFSes to facilitate testing of the VFS code. By overriding 
+** system calls with functions under its control, a test program can
+** simulate faults and error conditions that would otherwise be difficult
+** or impossible to induce.  The set of system calls that can be overridden
+** varies from one VFS to another, and from one version of the same VFS to the
+** next.  Applications that use these interfaces must be prepared for any
+** or all of these interfaces to be NULL or for their behavior to change
+** from one release to the next.  Applications must not attempt to access
+** any of these methods if the iVersion of the VFS is less than 3.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_vfs sqlite3_vfs;
+typedef void (*sqlite3_syscall_ptr)(void);
+struct sqlite3_vfs {
+  int iVersion;            /* Structure version number (currently 3) */
+  int szOsFile;            /* Size of subclassed sqlite3_file */
+  int mxPathname;          /* Maximum file pathname length */
+  sqlite3_vfs *pNext;      /* Next registered VFS */
+  const char *zName;       /* Name of this virtual file system */
+  void *pAppData;          /* Pointer to application-specific data */
+  int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, sqlite3_file*,
+               int flags, int *pOutFlags);
+  int (*xDelete)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, int syncDir);
+  int (*xAccess)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, int flags, int *pResOut);
+  int (*xFullPathname)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, int nOut, char *zOut);
+  void *(*xDlOpen)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zFilename);
+  void (*xDlError)(sqlite3_vfs*, int nByte, char *zErrMsg);
+  void (*(*xDlSym)(sqlite3_vfs*,void*, const char *zSymbol))(void);
+  void (*xDlClose)(sqlite3_vfs*, void*);
+  int (*xRandomness)(sqlite3_vfs*, int nByte, char *zOut);
+  int (*xSleep)(sqlite3_vfs*, int microseconds);
+  int (*xCurrentTime)(sqlite3_vfs*, double*);
+  int (*xGetLastError)(sqlite3_vfs*, int, char *);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_vfs object
+  ** definition.  Those that follow are added in version 2 or later
+  */
+  int (*xCurrentTimeInt64)(sqlite3_vfs*, sqlite3_int64*);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in versions 1 and 2 of the sqlite_vfs object.
+  ** Those below are for version 3 and greater.
+  */
+  int (*xSetSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, sqlite3_syscall_ptr);
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr (*xGetSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName);
+  const char *(*xNextSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in versions 1 through 3 of the sqlite_vfs object.
+  ** New fields may be appended in figure versions.  The iVersion
+  ** value will increment whenever this happens. 
+  */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Flags for the xAccess VFS method
+**
+** These integer constants can be used as the third parameter to
+** the xAccess method of an [sqlite3_vfs] object.  They determine
+** what kind of permissions the xAccess method is looking for.
+** With SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, the xAccess method
+** simply checks whether the file exists.
+** With SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE, the xAccess method
+** checks whether the named directory is both readable and writable
+** (in other words, if files can be added, removed, and renamed within
+** the directory).
+** The SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE constant is currently used only by the
+** [temp_store_directory pragma], though this could change in a future
+** release of SQLite.
+** With SQLITE_ACCESS_READ, the xAccess method
+** checks whether the file is readable.  The SQLITE_ACCESS_READ constant is
+** currently unused, though it might be used in a future release of
+** SQLite.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS    0
+#define SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE 1   /* Used by PRAGMA temp_store_directory */
+#define SQLITE_ACCESS_READ      2   /* Unused */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Flags for the xShmLock VFS method
+**
+** These integer constants define the various locking operations
+** allowed by the xShmLock method of [sqlite3_io_methods].  The
+** following are the only legal combinations of flags to the
+** xShmLock method:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED
+** <li>  SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE
+** <li>  SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED
+** <li>  SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE
+** </ul>
+**
+** When unlocking, the same SHARED or EXCLUSIVE flag must be supplied as
+** was given no the corresponding lock.  
+**
+** The xShmLock method can transition between unlocked and SHARED or
+** between unlocked and EXCLUSIVE.  It cannot transition between SHARED
+** and EXCLUSIVE.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK       1
+#define SQLITE_SHM_LOCK         2
+#define SQLITE_SHM_SHARED       4
+#define SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE    8
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Maximum xShmLock index
+**
+** The xShmLock method on [sqlite3_io_methods] may use values
+** between 0 and this upper bound as its "offset" argument.
+** The SQLite core will never attempt to acquire or release a
+** lock outside of this range
+*/
+#define SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK        8
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Initialize The SQLite Library
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_initialize() routine initializes the
+** SQLite library.  ^The sqlite3_shutdown() routine
+** deallocates any resources that were allocated by sqlite3_initialize().
+** These routines are designed to aid in process initialization and
+** shutdown on embedded systems.  Workstation applications using
+** SQLite normally do not need to invoke either of these routines.
+**
+** A call to sqlite3_initialize() is an "effective" call if it is
+** the first time sqlite3_initialize() is invoked during the lifetime of
+** the process, or if it is the first time sqlite3_initialize() is invoked
+** following a call to sqlite3_shutdown().  ^(Only an effective call
+** of sqlite3_initialize() does any initialization.  All other calls
+** are harmless no-ops.)^
+**
+** A call to sqlite3_shutdown() is an "effective" call if it is the first
+** call to sqlite3_shutdown() since the last sqlite3_initialize().  ^(Only
+** an effective call to sqlite3_shutdown() does any deinitialization.
+** All other valid calls to sqlite3_shutdown() are harmless no-ops.)^
+**
+** The sqlite3_initialize() interface is threadsafe, but sqlite3_shutdown()
+** is not.  The sqlite3_shutdown() interface must only be called from a
+** single thread.  All open [database connections] must be closed and all
+** other SQLite resources must be deallocated prior to invoking
+** sqlite3_shutdown().
+**
+** Among other things, ^sqlite3_initialize() will invoke
+** sqlite3_os_init().  Similarly, ^sqlite3_shutdown()
+** will invoke sqlite3_os_end().
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_initialize() routine returns [SQLITE_OK] on success.
+** ^If for some reason, sqlite3_initialize() is unable to initialize
+** the library (perhaps it is unable to allocate a needed resource such
+** as a mutex) it returns an [error code] other than [SQLITE_OK].
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_initialize() routine is called internally by many other
+** SQLite interfaces so that an application usually does not need to
+** invoke sqlite3_initialize() directly.  For example, [sqlite3_open()]
+** calls sqlite3_initialize() so the SQLite library will be automatically
+** initialized when [sqlite3_open()] is called if it has not be initialized
+** already.  ^However, if SQLite is compiled with the [SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT]
+** compile-time option, then the automatic calls to sqlite3_initialize()
+** are omitted and the application must call sqlite3_initialize() directly
+** prior to using any other SQLite interface.  For maximum portability,
+** it is recommended that applications always invoke sqlite3_initialize()
+** directly prior to using any other SQLite interface.  Future releases
+** of SQLite may require this.  In other words, the behavior exhibited
+** when SQLite is compiled with [SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT] might become the
+** default behavior in some future release of SQLite.
+**
+** The sqlite3_os_init() routine does operating-system specific
+** initialization of the SQLite library.  The sqlite3_os_end()
+** routine undoes the effect of sqlite3_os_init().  Typical tasks
+** performed by these routines include allocation or deallocation
+** of static resources, initialization of global variables,
+** setting up a default [sqlite3_vfs] module, or setting up
+** a default configuration using [sqlite3_config()].
+**
+** The application should never invoke either sqlite3_os_init()
+** or sqlite3_os_end() directly.  The application should only invoke
+** sqlite3_initialize() and sqlite3_shutdown().  The sqlite3_os_init()
+** interface is called automatically by sqlite3_initialize() and
+** sqlite3_os_end() is called by sqlite3_shutdown().  Appropriate
+** implementations for sqlite3_os_init() and sqlite3_os_end()
+** are built into SQLite when it is compiled for Unix, Windows, or OS/2.
+** When [custom builds | built for other platforms]
+** (using the [SQLITE_OS_OTHER=1] compile-time
+** option) the application must supply a suitable implementation for
+** sqlite3_os_init() and sqlite3_os_end().  An application-supplied
+** implementation of sqlite3_os_init() or sqlite3_os_end()
+** must return [SQLITE_OK] on success and some other [error code] upon
+** failure.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_shutdown(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Configuring The SQLite Library
+**
+** The sqlite3_config() interface is used to make global configuration
+** changes to SQLite in order to tune SQLite to the specific needs of
+** the application.  The default configuration is recommended for most
+** applications and so this routine is usually not necessary.  It is
+** provided to support rare applications with unusual needs.
+**
+** The sqlite3_config() interface is not threadsafe.  The application
+** must insure that no other SQLite interfaces are invoked by other
+** threads while sqlite3_config() is running.  Furthermore, sqlite3_config()
+** may only be invoked prior to library initialization using
+** [sqlite3_initialize()] or after shutdown by [sqlite3_shutdown()].
+** ^If sqlite3_config() is called after [sqlite3_initialize()] and before
+** [sqlite3_shutdown()] then it will return SQLITE_MISUSE.
+** Note, however, that ^sqlite3_config() can be called as part of the
+** implementation of an application-defined [sqlite3_os_init()].
+**
+** The first argument to sqlite3_config() is an integer
+** [configuration option] that determines
+** what property of SQLite is to be configured.  Subsequent arguments
+** vary depending on the [configuration option]
+** in the first argument.
+**
+** ^When a configuration option is set, sqlite3_config() returns [SQLITE_OK].
+** ^If the option is unknown or SQLite is unable to set the option
+** then this routine returns a non-zero [error code].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_config(int, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Configure database connections
+**
+** The sqlite3_db_config() interface is used to make configuration
+** changes to a [database connection].  The interface is similar to
+** [sqlite3_config()] except that the changes apply to a single
+** [database connection] (specified in the first argument).
+**
+** The second argument to sqlite3_db_config(D,V,...)  is the
+** [SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE | configuration verb] - an integer code 
+** that indicates what aspect of the [database connection] is being configured.
+** Subsequent arguments vary depending on the configuration verb.
+**
+** ^Calls to sqlite3_db_config() return SQLITE_OK if and only if
+** the call is considered successful.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_config(sqlite3*, int op, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocation Routines
+**
+** An instance of this object defines the interface between SQLite
+** and low-level memory allocation routines.
+**
+** This object is used in only one place in the SQLite interface.
+** A pointer to an instance of this object is the argument to
+** [sqlite3_config()] when the configuration option is
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC] or [SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC].  
+** By creating an instance of this object
+** and passing it to [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC])
+** during configuration, an application can specify an alternative
+** memory allocation subsystem for SQLite to use for all of its
+** dynamic memory needs.
+**
+** Note that SQLite comes with several [built-in memory allocators]
+** that are perfectly adequate for the overwhelming majority of applications
+** and that this object is only useful to a tiny minority of applications
+** with specialized memory allocation requirements.  This object is
+** also used during testing of SQLite in order to specify an alternative
+** memory allocator that simulates memory out-of-memory conditions in
+** order to verify that SQLite recovers gracefully from such
+** conditions.
+**
+** The xMalloc and xFree methods must work like the
+** malloc() and free() functions from the standard C library.
+** The xRealloc method must work like realloc() from the standard C library
+** with the exception that if the second argument to xRealloc is zero,
+** xRealloc must be a no-op - it must not perform any allocation or
+** deallocation.  ^SQLite guarantees that the second argument to
+** xRealloc is always a value returned by a prior call to xRoundup.
+** And so in cases where xRoundup always returns a positive number,
+** xRealloc can perform exactly as the standard library realloc() and
+** still be in compliance with this specification.
+**
+** xSize should return the allocated size of a memory allocation
+** previously obtained from xMalloc or xRealloc.  The allocated size
+** is always at least as big as the requested size but may be larger.
+**
+** The xRoundup method returns what would be the allocated size of
+** a memory allocation given a particular requested size.  Most memory
+** allocators round up memory allocations at least to the next multiple
+** of 8.  Some allocators round up to a larger multiple or to a power of 2.
+** Every memory allocation request coming in through [sqlite3_malloc()]
+** or [sqlite3_realloc()] first calls xRoundup.  If xRoundup returns 0, 
+** that causes the corresponding memory allocation to fail.
+**
+** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  (For example,
+** it might allocate any require mutexes or initialize internal data
+** structures.  The xShutdown method is invoked (indirectly) by
+** [sqlite3_shutdown()] and should deallocate any resources acquired
+** by xInit.  The pAppData pointer is used as the only parameter to
+** xInit and xShutdown.
+**
+** SQLite holds the [SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER] mutex when it invokes
+** the xInit method, so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.  The
+** xShutdown method is only called from [sqlite3_shutdown()] so it does
+** not need to be threadsafe either.  For all other methods, SQLite
+** holds the [SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM] mutex as long as the
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS] configuration option is turned on (which
+** it is by default) and so the methods are automatically serialized.
+** However, if [SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS] is disabled, then the other
+** methods must be threadsafe or else make their own arrangements for
+** serialization.
+**
+** SQLite will never invoke xInit() more than once without an intervening
+** call to xShutdown().
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_mem_methods sqlite3_mem_methods;
+struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
+  void *(*xMalloc)(int);         /* Memory allocation function */
+  void (*xFree)(void*);          /* Free a prior allocation */
+  void *(*xRealloc)(void*,int);  /* Resize an allocation */
+  int (*xSize)(void*);           /* Return the size of an allocation */
+  int (*xRoundup)(int);          /* Round up request size to allocation size */
+  int (*xInit)(void*);           /* Initialize the memory allocator */
+  void (*xShutdown)(void*);      /* Deinitialize the memory allocator */
+  void *pAppData;                /* Argument to xInit() and xShutdown() */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Configuration Options
+** KEYWORDS: {configuration option}
+**
+** These constants are the available integer configuration options that
+** can be passed as the first argument to the [sqlite3_config()] interface.
+**
+** New configuration options may be added in future releases of SQLite.
+** Existing configuration options might be discontinued.  Applications
+** should check the return code from [sqlite3_config()] to make sure that
+** the call worked.  The [sqlite3_config()] interface will return a
+** non-zero [error code] if a discontinued or unsupported configuration option
+** is invoked.
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD</dt>
+** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
+** [threading mode] to Single-thread.  In other words, it disables
+** all mutexing and puts SQLite into a mode where it can only be used
+** by a single thread.   ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** it is not possible to change the [threading mode] from its default
+** value of Single-thread and so [sqlite3_config()] will return 
+** [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD
+** configuration option.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD</dt>
+** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
+** [threading mode] to Multi-thread.  In other words, it disables
+** mutexing on [database connection] and [prepared statement] objects.
+** The application is responsible for serializing access to
+** [database connections] and [prepared statements].  But other mutexes
+** are enabled so that SQLite will be safe to use in a multi-threaded
+** environment as long as no two threads attempt to use the same
+** [database connection] at the same time.  ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** it is not possible to set the Multi-thread [threading mode] and
+** [sqlite3_config()] will return [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD configuration option.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED</dt>
+** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
+** [threading mode] to Serialized. In other words, this option enables
+** all mutexes including the recursive
+** mutexes on [database connection] and [prepared statement] objects.
+** In this mode (which is the default when SQLite is compiled with
+** [SQLITE_THREADSAFE=1]) the SQLite library will itself serialize access
+** to [database connections] and [prepared statements] so that the
+** application is free to use the same [database connection] or the
+** same [prepared statement] in different threads at the same time.
+** ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** it is not possible to set the Serialized [threading mode] and
+** [sqlite3_config()] will return [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED configuration option.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** instance of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure.  The argument specifies
+** alternative low-level memory allocation routines to be used in place of
+** the memory allocation routines built into SQLite.)^ ^SQLite makes
+** its own private copy of the content of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure
+** before the [sqlite3_config()] call returns.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** instance of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure.  The [sqlite3_mem_methods]
+** structure is filled with the currently defined memory allocation routines.)^
+** This option can be used to overload the default memory allocation
+** routines with a wrapper that simulations memory allocation failure or
+** tracks memory usage, for example. </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option takes single argument of type int, interpreted as a 
+** boolean, which enables or disables the collection of memory allocation 
+** statistics. ^(When memory allocation statistics are disabled, the 
+** following SQLite interfaces become non-operational:
+**   <ul>
+**   <li> [sqlite3_memory_used()]
+**   <li> [sqlite3_memory_highwater()]
+**   <li> [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()]
+**   <li> [sqlite3_status()]
+**   </ul>)^
+** ^Memory allocation statistics are enabled by default unless SQLite is
+** compiled with [SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS]=0 in which case memory
+** allocation statistics are disabled by default.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite can use for
+** scratch memory.  There are three arguments:  A pointer an 8-byte
+** aligned memory buffer from which the scratch allocations will be
+** drawn, the size of each scratch allocation (sz),
+** and the maximum number of scratch allocations (N).  The sz
+** argument must be a multiple of 16.
+** The first argument must be a pointer to an 8-byte aligned buffer
+** of at least sz*N bytes of memory.
+** ^SQLite will use no more than two scratch buffers per thread.  So
+** N should be set to twice the expected maximum number of threads.
+** ^SQLite will never require a scratch buffer that is more than 6
+** times the database page size. ^If SQLite needs needs additional
+** scratch memory beyond what is provided by this configuration option, then 
+** [sqlite3_malloc()] will be used to obtain the memory needed.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite can use for
+** the database page cache with the default page cache implementation.  
+** This configuration should not be used if an application-define page
+** cache implementation is loaded using the SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE option.
+** There are three arguments to this option: A pointer to 8-byte aligned
+** memory, the size of each page buffer (sz), and the number of pages (N).
+** The sz argument should be the size of the largest database page
+** (a power of two between 512 and 32768) plus a little extra for each
+** page header.  ^The page header size is 20 to 40 bytes depending on
+** the host architecture.  ^It is harmless, apart from the wasted memory,
+** to make sz a little too large.  The first
+** argument should point to an allocation of at least sz*N bytes of memory.
+** ^SQLite will use the memory provided by the first argument to satisfy its
+** memory needs for the first N pages that it adds to cache.  ^If additional
+** page cache memory is needed beyond what is provided by this option, then
+** SQLite goes to [sqlite3_malloc()] for the additional storage space.
+** The pointer in the first argument must
+** be aligned to an 8-byte boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite
+** will be undefined.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite will use
+** for all of its dynamic memory allocation needs beyond those provided
+** for by [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH] and [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE].
+** There are three arguments: An 8-byte aligned pointer to the memory,
+** the number of bytes in the memory buffer, and the minimum allocation size.
+** ^If the first pointer (the memory pointer) is NULL, then SQLite reverts
+** to using its default memory allocator (the system malloc() implementation),
+** undoing any prior invocation of [SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC].  ^If the
+** memory pointer is not NULL and either [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3] or
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5] are defined, then the alternative memory
+** allocator is engaged to handle all of SQLites memory allocation needs.
+** The first pointer (the memory pointer) must be aligned to an 8-byte
+** boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite will be undefined.
+** The minimum allocation size is capped at 2^12. Reasonable values
+** for the minimum allocation size are 2^5 through 2^8.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** instance of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure.  The argument specifies
+** alternative low-level mutex routines to be used in place
+** the mutex routines built into SQLite.)^  ^SQLite makes a copy of the
+** content of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure before the call to
+** [sqlite3_config()] returns. ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** the entire mutexing subsystem is omitted from the build and hence calls to
+** [sqlite3_config()] with the SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX configuration option will
+** return [SQLITE_ERROR].</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** instance of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure.  The
+** [sqlite3_mutex_methods]
+** structure is filled with the currently defined mutex routines.)^
+** This option can be used to overload the default mutex allocation
+** routines with a wrapper used to track mutex usage for performance
+** profiling or testing, for example.   ^If SQLite is compiled with
+** the [SQLITE_THREADSAFE | SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] compile-time option then
+** the entire mutexing subsystem is omitted from the build and hence calls to
+** [sqlite3_config()] with the SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX configuration option will
+** return [SQLITE_ERROR].</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes two arguments that determine the default
+** memory allocation for the lookaside memory allocator on each
+** [database connection].  The first argument is the
+** size of each lookaside buffer slot and the second is the number of
+** slots allocated to each database connection.)^  ^(This option sets the
+** <i>default</i> lookaside size. The [SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE]
+** verb to [sqlite3_db_config()] can be used to change the lookaside
+** configuration on individual connections.)^ </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to
+** an [sqlite3_pcache_methods] object.  This object specifies the interface
+** to a custom page cache implementation.)^  ^SQLite makes a copy of the
+** object and uses it for page cache memory allocations.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE</dt>
+** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
+** [sqlite3_pcache_methods] object.  SQLite copies of the current
+** page cache implementation into that object.)^ </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
+** <dd> ^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
+** function with a call signature of void(*)(void*,int,const char*), 
+** and a pointer to void. ^If the function pointer is not NULL, it is
+** invoked by [sqlite3_log()] to process each logging event.  ^If the
+** function pointer is NULL, the [sqlite3_log()] interface becomes a no-op.
+** ^The void pointer that is the second argument to SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG is
+** passed through as the first parameter to the application-defined logger
+** function whenever that function is invoked.  ^The second parameter to
+** the logger function is a copy of the first parameter to the corresponding
+** [sqlite3_log()] call and is intended to be a [result code] or an
+** [extended result code].  ^The third parameter passed to the logger is
+** log message after formatting via [sqlite3_snprintf()].
+** The SQLite logging interface is not reentrant; the logger function
+** supplied by the application must not invoke any SQLite interface.
+** In a multi-threaded application, the application-defined logger
+** function must be threadsafe. </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_URI]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_URI
+** <dd> This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
+** URI handling is globally enabled. If the parameter is zero, then URI handling
+** is globally disabled. If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
+** passed to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], [sqlite3_open16()] or
+** specified as part of [ATTACH] commands are interpreted as URIs, regardless
+** of whether or not the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is set when the database
+** connection is opened. If it is globally disabled, filenames are
+** only interpreted as URIs if the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set when the
+** database connection is opened. By default, URI handling is globally
+** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
+** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD  1  /* nil */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD   2  /* nil */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED    3  /* nil */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC        4  /* sqlite3_mem_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC     5  /* sqlite3_mem_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH       6  /* void*, int sz, int N */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE     7  /* void*, int sz, int N */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP          8  /* void*, int nByte, int min */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS     9  /* boolean */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX        10  /* sqlite3_mutex_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX     11  /* sqlite3_mutex_methods* */
+/* previously SQLITE_CONFIG_CHUNKALLOC 12 which is now unused. */ 
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE    13  /* int int */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE       14  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE    15  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG          16  /* xFunc, void* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_URI          17  /* int */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Configuration Options
+**
+** These constants are the available integer configuration options that
+** can be passed as the second argument to the [sqlite3_db_config()] interface.
+**
+** New configuration options may be added in future releases of SQLite.
+** Existing configuration options might be discontinued.  Applications
+** should check the return code from [sqlite3_db_config()] to make sure that
+** the call worked.  ^The [sqlite3_db_config()] interface will return a
+** non-zero [error code] if a discontinued or unsupported configuration option
+** is invoked.
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option takes three additional arguments that determine the 
+** [lookaside memory allocator] configuration for the [database connection].
+** ^The first argument (the third parameter to [sqlite3_db_config()] is a
+** pointer to a memory buffer to use for lookaside memory.
+** ^The first argument after the SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE verb
+** may be NULL in which case SQLite will allocate the
+** lookaside buffer itself using [sqlite3_malloc()]. ^The second argument is the
+** size of each lookaside buffer slot.  ^The third argument is the number of
+** slots.  The size of the buffer in the first argument must be greater than
+** or equal to the product of the second and third arguments.  The buffer
+** must be aligned to an 8-byte boundary.  ^If the second argument to
+** SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE is not a multiple of 8, it is internally
+** rounded down to the next smaller multiple of 8.  ^(The lookaside memory
+** configuration for a database connection can only be changed when that
+** connection is not currently using lookaside memory, or in other words
+** when the "current value" returned by
+** [sqlite3_db_status](D,[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE],...) is zero.
+** Any attempt to change the lookaside memory configuration when lookaside
+** memory is in use leaves the configuration unchanged and returns 
+** [SQLITE_BUSY].)^</dd>
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option is used to enable or disable the enforcement of
+** [foreign key constraints].  There should be two additional arguments.
+** The first argument is an integer which is 0 to disable FK enforcement,
+** positive to enable FK enforcement or negative to leave FK enforcement
+** unchanged.  The second parameter is a pointer to an integer into which
+** is written 0 or 1 to indicate whether FK enforcement is off or on
+** following this call.  The second parameter may be a NULL pointer, in
+** which case the FK enforcement setting is not reported back. </dd>
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option is used to enable or disable [CREATE TRIGGER | triggers].
+** There should be two additional arguments.
+** The first argument is an integer which is 0 to disable triggers,
+** positive to enable triggers or negative to leave the setting unchanged.
+** The second parameter is a pointer to an integer into which
+** is written 0 or 1 to indicate whether triggers are disabled or enabled
+** following this call.  The second parameter may be a NULL pointer, in
+** which case the trigger setting is not reported back. </dd>
+**
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE       1001  /* void* int int */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY     1002  /* int int* */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER  1003  /* int int* */
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Extended Result Codes
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_extended_result_codes() routine enables or disables the
+** [extended result codes] feature of SQLite. ^The extended result
+** codes are disabled by default for historical compatibility.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_result_codes(sqlite3*, int onoff);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Last Insert Rowid
+**
+** ^Each entry in an SQLite table has a unique 64-bit signed
+** integer key called the [ROWID | "rowid"]. ^The rowid is always available
+** as an undeclared column named ROWID, OID, or _ROWID_ as long as those
+** names are not also used by explicitly declared columns. ^If
+** the table has a column of type [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] then that column
+** is another alias for the rowid.
+**
+** ^This routine returns the [rowid] of the most recent
+** successful [INSERT] into the database from the [database connection]
+** in the first argument.  ^As of SQLite version 3.7.7, this routines
+** records the last insert rowid of both ordinary tables and [virtual tables].
+** ^If no successful [INSERT]s
+** have ever occurred on that database connection, zero is returned.
+**
+** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger or within a [virtual table]
+** method, then this routine will return the [rowid] of the inserted
+** row as long as the trigger or virtual table method is running.
+** But once the trigger or virtual table method ends, the value returned 
+** by this routine reverts to what it was before the trigger or virtual
+** table method began.)^
+**
+** ^An [INSERT] that fails due to a constraint violation is not a
+** successful [INSERT] and does not change the value returned by this
+** routine.  ^Thus INSERT OR FAIL, INSERT OR IGNORE, INSERT OR ROLLBACK,
+** and INSERT OR ABORT make no changes to the return value of this
+** routine when their insertion fails.  ^(When INSERT OR REPLACE
+** encounters a constraint violation, it does not fail.  The
+** INSERT continues to completion after deleting rows that caused
+** the constraint problem so INSERT OR REPLACE will always change
+** the return value of this interface.)^
+**
+** ^For the purposes of this routine, an [INSERT] is considered to
+** be successful even if it is subsequently rolled back.
+**
+** This function is accessible to SQL statements via the
+** [last_insert_rowid() SQL function].
+**
+** If a separate thread performs a new [INSERT] on the same
+** database connection while the [sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()]
+** function is running and thus changes the last insert [rowid],
+** then the value returned by [sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()] is
+** unpredictable and might not equal either the old or the new
+** last insert [rowid].
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Count The Number Of Rows Modified
+**
+** ^This function returns the number of database rows that were changed
+** or inserted or deleted by the most recently completed SQL statement
+** on the [database connection] specified by the first parameter.
+** ^(Only changes that are directly specified by the [INSERT], [UPDATE],
+** or [DELETE] statement are counted.  Auxiliary changes caused by
+** triggers or [foreign key actions] are not counted.)^ Use the
+** [sqlite3_total_changes()] function to find the total number of changes
+** including changes caused by triggers and foreign key actions.
+**
+** ^Changes to a view that are simulated by an [INSTEAD OF trigger]
+** are not counted.  Only real table changes are counted.
+**
+** ^(A "row change" is a change to a single row of a single table
+** caused by an INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE statement.  Rows that
+** are changed as side effects of [REPLACE] constraint resolution,
+** rollback, ABORT processing, [DROP TABLE], or by any other
+** mechanisms do not count as direct row changes.)^
+**
+** A "trigger context" is a scope of execution that begins and
+** ends with the script of a [CREATE TRIGGER | trigger]. 
+** Most SQL statements are
+** evaluated outside of any trigger.  This is the "top level"
+** trigger context.  If a trigger fires from the top level, a
+** new trigger context is entered for the duration of that one
+** trigger.  Subtriggers create subcontexts for their duration.
+**
+** ^Calling [sqlite3_exec()] or [sqlite3_step()] recursively does
+** not create a new trigger context.
+**
+** ^This function returns the number of direct row changes in the
+** most recent INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement within the same
+** trigger context.
+**
+** ^Thus, when called from the top level, this function returns the
+** number of changes in the most recent INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+** that also occurred at the top level.  ^(Within the body of a trigger,
+** the sqlite3_changes() interface can be called to find the number of
+** changes in the most recently completed INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+** statement within the body of the same trigger.
+** However, the number returned does not include changes
+** caused by subtriggers since those have their own context.)^
+**
+** See also the [sqlite3_total_changes()] interface, the
+** [count_changes pragma], and the [changes() SQL function].
+**
+** If a separate thread makes changes on the same database connection
+** while [sqlite3_changes()] is running then the value returned
+** is unpredictable and not meaningful.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_changes(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Total Number Of Rows Modified
+**
+** ^This function returns the number of row changes caused by [INSERT],
+** [UPDATE] or [DELETE] statements since the [database connection] was opened.
+** ^(The count returned by sqlite3_total_changes() includes all changes
+** from all [CREATE TRIGGER | trigger] contexts and changes made by
+** [foreign key actions]. However,
+** the count does not include changes used to implement [REPLACE] constraints,
+** do rollbacks or ABORT processing, or [DROP TABLE] processing.  The
+** count does not include rows of views that fire an [INSTEAD OF trigger],
+** though if the INSTEAD OF trigger makes changes of its own, those changes 
+** are counted.)^
+** ^The sqlite3_total_changes() function counts the changes as soon as
+** the statement that makes them is completed (when the statement handle
+** is passed to [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()]).
+**
+** See also the [sqlite3_changes()] interface, the
+** [count_changes pragma], and the [total_changes() SQL function].
+**
+** If a separate thread makes changes on the same database connection
+** while [sqlite3_total_changes()] is running then the value
+** returned is unpredictable and not meaningful.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_total_changes(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Interrupt A Long-Running Query
+**
+** ^This function causes any pending database operation to abort and
+** return at its earliest opportunity. This routine is typically
+** called in response to a user action such as pressing "Cancel"
+** or Ctrl-C where the user wants a long query operation to halt
+** immediately.
+**
+** ^It is safe to call this routine from a thread different from the
+** thread that is currently running the database operation.  But it
+** is not safe to call this routine with a [database connection] that
+** is closed or might close before sqlite3_interrupt() returns.
+**
+** ^If an SQL operation is very nearly finished at the time when
+** sqlite3_interrupt() is called, then it might not have an opportunity
+** to be interrupted and might continue to completion.
+**
+** ^An SQL operation that is interrupted will return [SQLITE_INTERRUPT].
+** ^If the interrupted SQL operation is an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+** that is inside an explicit transaction, then the entire transaction
+** will be rolled back automatically.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_interrupt(D) call is in effect until all currently running
+** SQL statements on [database connection] D complete.  ^Any new SQL statements
+** that are started after the sqlite3_interrupt() call and before the 
+** running statements reaches zero are interrupted as if they had been
+** running prior to the sqlite3_interrupt() call.  ^New SQL statements
+** that are started after the running statement count reaches zero are
+** not effected by the sqlite3_interrupt().
+** ^A call to sqlite3_interrupt(D) that occurs when there are no running
+** SQL statements is a no-op and has no effect on SQL statements
+** that are started after the sqlite3_interrupt() call returns.
+**
+** If the database connection closes while [sqlite3_interrupt()]
+** is running then bad things will likely happen.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_interrupt(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine If An SQL Statement Is Complete
+**
+** These routines are useful during command-line input to determine if the
+** currently entered text seems to form a complete SQL statement or
+** if additional input is needed before sending the text into
+** SQLite for parsing.  ^These routines return 1 if the input string
+** appears to be a complete SQL statement.  ^A statement is judged to be
+** complete if it ends with a semicolon token and is not a prefix of a
+** well-formed CREATE TRIGGER statement.  ^Semicolons that are embedded within
+** string literals or quoted identifier names or comments are not
+** independent tokens (they are part of the token in which they are
+** embedded) and thus do not count as a statement terminator.  ^Whitespace
+** and comments that follow the final semicolon are ignored.
+**
+** ^These routines return 0 if the statement is incomplete.  ^If a
+** memory allocation fails, then SQLITE_NOMEM is returned.
+**
+** ^These routines do not parse the SQL statements thus
+** will not detect syntactically incorrect SQL.
+**
+** ^(If SQLite has not been initialized using [sqlite3_initialize()] prior 
+** to invoking sqlite3_complete16() then sqlite3_initialize() is invoked
+** automatically by sqlite3_complete16().  If that initialization fails,
+** then the return value from sqlite3_complete16() will be non-zero
+** regardless of whether or not the input SQL is complete.)^
+**
+** The input to [sqlite3_complete()] must be a zero-terminated
+** UTF-8 string.
+**
+** The input to [sqlite3_complete16()] must be a zero-terminated
+** UTF-16 string in native byte order.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete(const char *sql);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete16(const void *sql);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Register A Callback To Handle SQLITE_BUSY Errors
+**
+** ^This routine sets a callback function that might be invoked whenever
+** an attempt is made to open a database table that another thread
+** or process has locked.
+**
+** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
+** is returned immediately upon encountering the lock.  ^If the busy callback
+** is not NULL, then the callback might be invoked with two arguments.
+**
+** ^The first argument to the busy handler is a copy of the void* pointer which
+** is the third argument to sqlite3_busy_handler().  ^The second argument to
+** the busy handler callback is the number of times that the busy handler has
+** been invoked for this locking event.  ^If the
+** busy callback returns 0, then no additional attempts are made to
+** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] is returned.
+** ^If the callback returns non-zero, then another attempt
+** is made to open the database for reading and the cycle repeats.
+**
+** The presence of a busy handler does not guarantee that it will be invoked
+** when there is lock contention. ^If SQLite determines that invoking the busy
+** handler could result in a deadlock, it will go ahead and return [SQLITE_BUSY]
+** or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] instead of invoking the busy handler.
+** Consider a scenario where one process is holding a read lock that
+** it is trying to promote to a reserved lock and
+** a second process is holding a reserved lock that it is trying
+** to promote to an exclusive lock.  The first process cannot proceed
+** because it is blocked by the second and the second process cannot
+** proceed because it is blocked by the first.  If both processes
+** invoke the busy handlers, neither will make any progress.  Therefore,
+** SQLite returns [SQLITE_BUSY] for the first process, hoping that this
+** will induce the first process to release its read lock and allow
+** the second process to proceed.
+**
+** ^The default busy callback is NULL.
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_BUSY] error is converted to [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
+** when SQLite is in the middle of a large transaction where all the
+** changes will not fit into the in-memory cache.  SQLite will
+** already hold a RESERVED lock on the database file, but it needs
+** to promote this lock to EXCLUSIVE so that it can spill cache
+** pages into the database file without harm to concurrent
+** readers.  ^If it is unable to promote the lock, then the in-memory
+** cache will be left in an inconsistent state and so the error
+** code is promoted from the relatively benign [SQLITE_BUSY] to
+** the more severe [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].  ^This error code promotion
+** forces an automatic rollback of the changes.  See the
+** <a href="/cvstrac/wiki?p=CorruptionFollowingBusyError">
+** CorruptionFollowingBusyError</a> wiki page for a discussion of why
+** this is important.
+**
+** ^(There can only be a single busy handler defined for each
+** [database connection].  Setting a new busy handler clears any
+** previously set handler.)^  ^Note that calling [sqlite3_busy_timeout()]
+** will also set or clear the busy handler.
+**
+** The busy callback should not take any actions which modify the
+** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  Any such actions
+** result in undefined behavior.
+** 
+** A busy handler must not close the database connection
+** or [prepared statement] that invoked the busy handler.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_handler(sqlite3*, int(*)(void*,int), void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Set A Busy Timeout
+**
+** ^This routine sets a [sqlite3_busy_handler | busy handler] that sleeps
+** for a specified amount of time when a table is locked.  ^The handler
+** will sleep multiple times until at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping
+** have accumulated.  ^After at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping,
+** the handler returns 0 which causes [sqlite3_step()] to return
+** [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].
+**
+** ^Calling this routine with an argument less than or equal to zero
+** turns off all busy handlers.
+**
+** ^(There can only be a single busy handler for a particular
+** [database connection] any any given moment.  If another busy handler
+** was defined  (using [sqlite3_busy_handler()]) prior to calling
+** this routine, that other busy handler is cleared.)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Convenience Routines For Running Queries
+**
+** This is a legacy interface that is preserved for backwards compatibility.
+** Use of this interface is not recommended.
+**
+** Definition: A <b>result table</b> is memory data structure created by the
+** [sqlite3_get_table()] interface.  A result table records the
+** complete query results from one or more queries.
+**
+** The table conceptually has a number of rows and columns.  But
+** these numbers are not part of the result table itself.  These
+** numbers are obtained separately.  Let N be the number of rows
+** and M be the number of columns.
+**
+** A result table is an array of pointers to zero-terminated UTF-8 strings.
+** There are (N+1)*M elements in the array.  The first M pointers point
+** to zero-terminated strings that  contain the names of the columns.
+** The remaining entries all point to query results.  NULL values result
+** in NULL pointers.  All other values are in their UTF-8 zero-terminated
+** string representation as returned by [sqlite3_column_text()].
+**
+** A result table might consist of one or more memory allocations.
+** It is not safe to pass a result table directly to [sqlite3_free()].
+** A result table should be deallocated using [sqlite3_free_table()].
+**
+** ^(As an example of the result table format, suppose a query result
+** is as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**        Name        | Age
+**        -----------------------
+**        Alice       | 43
+**        Bob         | 28
+**        Cindy       | 21
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** There are two column (M==2) and three rows (N==3).  Thus the
+** result table has 8 entries.  Suppose the result table is stored
+** in an array names azResult.  Then azResult holds this content:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**        azResult&#91;0] = "Name";
+**        azResult&#91;1] = "Age";
+**        azResult&#91;2] = "Alice";
+**        azResult&#91;3] = "43";
+**        azResult&#91;4] = "Bob";
+**        azResult&#91;5] = "28";
+**        azResult&#91;6] = "Cindy";
+**        azResult&#91;7] = "21";
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_get_table() function evaluates one or more
+** semicolon-separated SQL statements in the zero-terminated UTF-8
+** string of its 2nd parameter and returns a result table to the
+** pointer given in its 3rd parameter.
+**
+** After the application has finished with the result from sqlite3_get_table(),
+** it must pass the result table pointer to sqlite3_free_table() in order to
+** release the memory that was malloced.  Because of the way the
+** [sqlite3_malloc()] happens within sqlite3_get_table(), the calling
+** function must not try to call [sqlite3_free()] directly.  Only
+** [sqlite3_free_table()] is able to release the memory properly and safely.
+**
+** The sqlite3_get_table() interface is implemented as a wrapper around
+** [sqlite3_exec()].  The sqlite3_get_table() routine does not have access
+** to any internal data structures of SQLite.  It uses only the public
+** interface defined here.  As a consequence, errors that occur in the
+** wrapper layer outside of the internal [sqlite3_exec()] call are not
+** reflected in subsequent calls to [sqlite3_errcode()] or
+** [sqlite3_errmsg()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_table(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* An open database */
+  const char *zSql,     /* SQL to be evaluated */
+  char ***pazResult,    /* Results of the query */
+  int *pnRow,           /* Number of result rows written here */
+  int *pnColumn,        /* Number of result columns written here */
+  char **pzErrmsg       /* Error msg written here */
+);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_table(char **result);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Formatted String Printing Functions
+**
+** These routines are work-alikes of the "printf()" family of functions
+** from the standard C library.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mprintf() and sqlite3_vmprintf() routines write their
+** results into memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()].
+** The strings returned by these two routines should be
+** released by [sqlite3_free()].  ^Both routines return a
+** NULL pointer if [sqlite3_malloc()] is unable to allocate enough
+** memory to hold the resulting string.
+**
+** ^(The sqlite3_snprintf() routine is similar to "snprintf()" from
+** the standard C library.  The result is written into the
+** buffer supplied as the second parameter whose size is given by
+** the first parameter. Note that the order of the
+** first two parameters is reversed from snprintf().)^  This is an
+** historical accident that cannot be fixed without breaking
+** backwards compatibility.  ^(Note also that sqlite3_snprintf()
+** returns a pointer to its buffer instead of the number of
+** characters actually written into the buffer.)^  We admit that
+** the number of characters written would be a more useful return
+** value but we cannot change the implementation of sqlite3_snprintf()
+** now without breaking compatibility.
+**
+** ^As long as the buffer size is greater than zero, sqlite3_snprintf()
+** guarantees that the buffer is always zero-terminated.  ^The first
+** parameter "n" is the total size of the buffer, including space for
+** the zero terminator.  So the longest string that can be completely
+** written will be n-1 characters.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_vsnprintf() routine is a varargs version of sqlite3_snprintf().
+**
+** These routines all implement some additional formatting
+** options that are useful for constructing SQL statements.
+** All of the usual printf() formatting options apply.  In addition, there
+** is are "%q", "%Q", and "%z" options.
+**
+** ^(The %q option works like %s in that it substitutes a null-terminated
+** string from the argument list.  But %q also doubles every '\'' character.
+** %q is designed for use inside a string literal.)^  By doubling each '\''
+** character it escapes that character and allows it to be inserted into
+** the string.
+**
+** For example, assume the string variable zText contains text as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  char *zText = "It's a happy day!";
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** One can use this text in an SQL statement as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  char *zSQL = sqlite3_mprintf("INSERT INTO table VALUES('%q')", zText);
+**  sqlite3_exec(db, zSQL, 0, 0, 0);
+**  sqlite3_free(zSQL);
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** Because the %q format string is used, the '\'' character in zText
+** is escaped and the SQL generated is as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  INSERT INTO table1 VALUES('It''s a happy day!')
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** This is correct.  Had we used %s instead of %q, the generated SQL
+** would have looked like this:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  INSERT INTO table1 VALUES('It's a happy day!');
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** This second example is an SQL syntax error.  As a general rule you should
+** always use %q instead of %s when inserting text into a string literal.
+**
+** ^(The %Q option works like %q except it also adds single quotes around
+** the outside of the total string.  Additionally, if the parameter in the
+** argument list is a NULL pointer, %Q substitutes the text "NULL" (without
+** single quotes).)^  So, for example, one could say:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**  char *zSQL = sqlite3_mprintf("INSERT INTO table VALUES(%Q)", zText);
+**  sqlite3_exec(db, zSQL, 0, 0, 0);
+**  sqlite3_free(zSQL);
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** The code above will render a correct SQL statement in the zSQL
+** variable even if the zText variable is a NULL pointer.
+**
+** ^(The "%z" formatting option works like "%s" but with the
+** addition that after the string has been read and copied into
+** the result, [sqlite3_free()] is called on the input string.)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_mprintf(const char*,...);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vmprintf(const char*, va_list);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_snprintf(int,char*,const char*, ...);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vsnprintf(int,char*,const char*, va_list);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocation Subsystem
+**
+** The SQLite core uses these three routines for all of its own
+** internal memory allocation needs. "Core" in the previous sentence
+** does not include operating-system specific VFS implementation.  The
+** Windows VFS uses native malloc() and free() for some operations.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_malloc() routine returns a pointer to a block
+** of memory at least N bytes in length, where N is the parameter.
+** ^If sqlite3_malloc() is unable to obtain sufficient free
+** memory, it returns a NULL pointer.  ^If the parameter N to
+** sqlite3_malloc() is zero or negative then sqlite3_malloc() returns
+** a NULL pointer.
+**
+** ^Calling sqlite3_free() with a pointer previously returned
+** by sqlite3_malloc() or sqlite3_realloc() releases that memory so
+** that it might be reused.  ^The sqlite3_free() routine is
+** a no-op if is called with a NULL pointer.  Passing a NULL pointer
+** to sqlite3_free() is harmless.  After being freed, memory
+** should neither be read nor written.  Even reading previously freed
+** memory might result in a segmentation fault or other severe error.
+** Memory corruption, a segmentation fault, or other severe error
+** might result if sqlite3_free() is called with a non-NULL pointer that
+** was not obtained from sqlite3_malloc() or sqlite3_realloc().
+**
+** ^(The sqlite3_realloc() interface attempts to resize a
+** prior memory allocation to be at least N bytes, where N is the
+** second parameter.  The memory allocation to be resized is the first
+** parameter.)^ ^ If the first parameter to sqlite3_realloc()
+** is a NULL pointer then its behavior is identical to calling
+** sqlite3_malloc(N) where N is the second parameter to sqlite3_realloc().
+** ^If the second parameter to sqlite3_realloc() is zero or
+** negative then the behavior is exactly the same as calling
+** sqlite3_free(P) where P is the first parameter to sqlite3_realloc().
+** ^sqlite3_realloc() returns a pointer to a memory allocation
+** of at least N bytes in size or NULL if sufficient memory is unavailable.
+** ^If M is the size of the prior allocation, then min(N,M) bytes
+** of the prior allocation are copied into the beginning of buffer returned
+** by sqlite3_realloc() and the prior allocation is freed.
+** ^If sqlite3_realloc() returns NULL, then the prior allocation
+** is not freed.
+**
+** ^The memory returned by sqlite3_malloc() and sqlite3_realloc()
+** is always aligned to at least an 8 byte boundary, or to a
+** 4 byte boundary if the [SQLITE_4_BYTE_ALIGNED_MALLOC] compile-time
+** option is used.
+**
+** In SQLite version 3.5.0 and 3.5.1, it was possible to define
+** the SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORY_ALLOCATION which would cause the built-in
+** implementation of these routines to be omitted.  That capability
+** is no longer provided.  Only built-in memory allocators can be used.
+**
+** The Windows OS interface layer calls
+** the system malloc() and free() directly when converting
+** filenames between the UTF-8 encoding used by SQLite
+** and whatever filename encoding is used by the particular Windows
+** installation.  Memory allocation errors are detected, but
+** they are reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
+** [SQLITE_IOERR] rather than [SQLITE_NOMEM].
+**
+** The pointer arguments to [sqlite3_free()] and [sqlite3_realloc()]
+** must be either NULL or else pointers obtained from a prior
+** invocation of [sqlite3_malloc()] or [sqlite3_realloc()] that have
+** not yet been released.
+**
+** The application must not read or write any part of
+** a block of memory after it has been released using
+** [sqlite3_free()] or [sqlite3_realloc()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_malloc(int);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_realloc(void*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free(void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocator Statistics
+**
+** SQLite provides these two interfaces for reporting on the status
+** of the [sqlite3_malloc()], [sqlite3_free()], and [sqlite3_realloc()]
+** routines, which form the built-in memory allocation subsystem.
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_memory_used()] routine returns the number of bytes
+** of memory currently outstanding (malloced but not freed).
+** ^The [sqlite3_memory_highwater()] routine returns the maximum
+** value of [sqlite3_memory_used()] since the high-water mark
+** was last reset.  ^The values returned by [sqlite3_memory_used()] and
+** [sqlite3_memory_highwater()] include any overhead
+** added by SQLite in its implementation of [sqlite3_malloc()],
+** but not overhead added by the any underlying system library
+** routines that [sqlite3_malloc()] may call.
+**
+** ^The memory high-water mark is reset to the current value of
+** [sqlite3_memory_used()] if and only if the parameter to
+** [sqlite3_memory_highwater()] is true.  ^The value returned
+** by [sqlite3_memory_highwater(1)] is the high-water mark
+** prior to the reset.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_used(void);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_highwater(int resetFlag);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Pseudo-Random Number Generator
+**
+** SQLite contains a high-quality pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) used to
+** select random [ROWID | ROWIDs] when inserting new records into a table that
+** already uses the largest possible [ROWID].  The PRNG is also used for
+** the build-in random() and randomblob() SQL functions.  This interface allows
+** applications to access the same PRNG for other purposes.
+**
+** ^A call to this routine stores N bytes of randomness into buffer P.
+**
+** ^The first time this routine is invoked (either internally or by
+** the application) the PRNG is seeded using randomness obtained
+** from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
+** ^On all subsequent invocations, the pseudo-randomness is generated
+** internally and without recourse to the [sqlite3_vfs] xRandomness
+** method.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *P);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Compile-Time Authorization Callbacks
+**
+** ^This routine registers an authorizer callback with a particular
+** [database connection], supplied in the first argument.
+** ^The authorizer callback is invoked as SQL statements are being compiled
+** by [sqlite3_prepare()] or its variants [sqlite3_prepare_v2()],
+** [sqlite3_prepare16()] and [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()].  ^At various
+** points during the compilation process, as logic is being created
+** to perform various actions, the authorizer callback is invoked to
+** see if those actions are allowed.  ^The authorizer callback should
+** return [SQLITE_OK] to allow the action, [SQLITE_IGNORE] to disallow the
+** specific action but allow the SQL statement to continue to be
+** compiled, or [SQLITE_DENY] to cause the entire SQL statement to be
+** rejected with an error.  ^If the authorizer callback returns
+** any value other than [SQLITE_IGNORE], [SQLITE_OK], or [SQLITE_DENY]
+** then the [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or equivalent call that triggered
+** the authorizer will fail with an error message.
+**
+** When the callback returns [SQLITE_OK], that means the operation
+** requested is ok.  ^When the callback returns [SQLITE_DENY], the
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or equivalent call that triggered the
+** authorizer will fail with an error message explaining that
+** access is denied. 
+**
+** ^The first parameter to the authorizer callback is a copy of the third
+** parameter to the sqlite3_set_authorizer() interface. ^The second parameter
+** to the callback is an integer [SQLITE_COPY | action code] that specifies
+** the particular action to be authorized. ^The third through sixth parameters
+** to the callback are zero-terminated strings that contain additional
+** details about the action to be authorized.
+**
+** ^If the action code is [SQLITE_READ]
+** and the callback returns [SQLITE_IGNORE] then the
+** [prepared statement] statement is constructed to substitute
+** a NULL value in place of the table column that would have
+** been read if [SQLITE_OK] had been returned.  The [SQLITE_IGNORE]
+** return can be used to deny an untrusted user access to individual
+** columns of a table.
+** ^If the action code is [SQLITE_DELETE] and the callback returns
+** [SQLITE_IGNORE] then the [DELETE] operation proceeds but the
+** [truncate optimization] is disabled and all rows are deleted individually.
+**
+** An authorizer is used when [sqlite3_prepare | preparing]
+** SQL statements from an untrusted source, to ensure that the SQL statements
+** do not try to access data they are not allowed to see, or that they do not
+** try to execute malicious statements that damage the database.  For
+** example, an application may allow a user to enter arbitrary
+** SQL queries for evaluation by a database.  But the application does
+** not want the user to be able to make arbitrary changes to the
+** database.  An authorizer could then be put in place while the
+** user-entered SQL is being [sqlite3_prepare | prepared] that
+** disallows everything except [SELECT] statements.
+**
+** Applications that need to process SQL from untrusted sources
+** might also consider lowering resource limits using [sqlite3_limit()]
+** and limiting database size using the [max_page_count] [PRAGMA]
+** in addition to using an authorizer.
+**
+** ^(Only a single authorizer can be in place on a database connection
+** at a time.  Each call to sqlite3_set_authorizer overrides the
+** previous call.)^  ^Disable the authorizer by installing a NULL callback.
+** The authorizer is disabled by default.
+**
+** The authorizer callback must not do anything that will modify
+** the database connection that invoked the authorizer callback.
+** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
+** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
+**
+** ^When [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] is used to prepare a statement, the
+** statement might be re-prepared during [sqlite3_step()] due to a 
+** schema change.  Hence, the application should ensure that the
+** correct authorizer callback remains in place during the [sqlite3_step()].
+**
+** ^Note that the authorizer callback is invoked only during
+** [sqlite3_prepare()] or its variants.  Authorization is not
+** performed during statement evaluation in [sqlite3_step()], unless
+** as stated in the previous paragraph, sqlite3_step() invokes
+** sqlite3_prepare_v2() to reprepare a statement after a schema change.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_set_authorizer(
+  sqlite3*,
+  int (*xAuth)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*),
+  void *pUserData
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Authorizer Return Codes
+**
+** The [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer callback function] must
+** return either [SQLITE_OK] or one of these two constants in order
+** to signal SQLite whether or not the action is permitted.  See the
+** [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer documentation] for additional
+** information.
+**
+** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | return code]
+** from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DENY   1   /* Abort the SQL statement with an error */
+#define SQLITE_IGNORE 2   /* Don't allow access, but don't generate an error */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Authorizer Action Codes
+**
+** The [sqlite3_set_authorizer()] interface registers a callback function
+** that is invoked to authorize certain SQL statement actions.  The
+** second parameter to the callback is an integer code that specifies
+** what action is being authorized.  These are the integer action codes that
+** the authorizer callback may be passed.
+**
+** These action code values signify what kind of operation is to be
+** authorized.  The 3rd and 4th parameters to the authorization
+** callback function will be parameters or NULL depending on which of these
+** codes is used as the second parameter.  ^(The 5th parameter to the
+** authorizer callback is the name of the database ("main", "temp",
+** etc.) if applicable.)^  ^The 6th parameter to the authorizer callback
+** is the name of the inner-most trigger or view that is responsible for
+** the access attempt or NULL if this access attempt is directly from
+** top-level SQL code.
+*/
+/******************************************* 3rd ************ 4th ***********/
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_INDEX          1   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TABLE          2   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_INDEX     3   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TABLE     4   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TRIGGER   5   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_VIEW      6   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TRIGGER        7   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_VIEW           8   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DELETE                9   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_INDEX           10   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TABLE           11   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_INDEX      12   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TABLE      13   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TRIGGER    14   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_VIEW       15   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TRIGGER         16   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_VIEW            17   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_INSERT               18   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_PRAGMA               19   /* Pragma Name     1st arg or NULL */
+#define SQLITE_READ                 20   /* Table Name      Column Name     */
+#define SQLITE_SELECT               21   /* NULL            NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_TRANSACTION          22   /* Operation       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_UPDATE               23   /* Table Name      Column Name     */
+#define SQLITE_ATTACH               24   /* Filename        NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DETACH               25   /* Database Name   NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_ALTER_TABLE          26   /* Database Name   Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_REINDEX              27   /* Index Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_ANALYZE              28   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_VTABLE        29   /* Table Name      Module Name     */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_VTABLE          30   /* Table Name      Module Name     */
+#define SQLITE_FUNCTION             31   /* NULL            Function Name   */
+#define SQLITE_SAVEPOINT            32   /* Operation       Savepoint Name  */
+#define SQLITE_COPY                  0   /* No longer used */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Tracing And Profiling Functions
+**
+** These routines register callback functions that can be used for
+** tracing and profiling the execution of SQL statements.
+**
+** ^The callback function registered by sqlite3_trace() is invoked at
+** various times when an SQL statement is being run by [sqlite3_step()].
+** ^The sqlite3_trace() callback is invoked with a UTF-8 rendering of the
+** SQL statement text as the statement first begins executing.
+** ^(Additional sqlite3_trace() callbacks might occur
+** as each triggered subprogram is entered.  The callbacks for triggers
+** contain a UTF-8 SQL comment that identifies the trigger.)^
+**
+** ^The callback function registered by sqlite3_profile() is invoked
+** as each SQL statement finishes.  ^The profile callback contains
+** the original statement text and an estimate of wall-clock time
+** of how long that statement took to run.  ^The profile callback
+** time is in units of nanoseconds, however the current implementation
+** is only capable of millisecond resolution so the six least significant
+** digits in the time are meaningless.  Future versions of SQLite
+** might provide greater resolution on the profiler callback.  The
+** sqlite3_profile() function is considered experimental and is
+** subject to change in future versions of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_trace(sqlite3*, void(*xTrace)(void*,const char*), void*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL void *sqlite3_profile(sqlite3*,
+   void(*xProfile)(void*,const char*,sqlite3_uint64), void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Query Progress Callbacks
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_progress_handler(D,N,X,P) interface causes the callback
+** function X to be invoked periodically during long running calls to
+** [sqlite3_exec()], [sqlite3_step()] and [sqlite3_get_table()] for
+** database connection D.  An example use for this
+** interface is to keep a GUI updated during a large query.
+**
+** ^The parameter P is passed through as the only parameter to the 
+** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the number of 
+** [virtual machine instructions] that are evaluated between successive
+** invocations of the callback X.
+**
+** ^Only a single progress handler may be defined at one time per
+** [database connection]; setting a new progress handler cancels the
+** old one.  ^Setting parameter X to NULL disables the progress handler.
+** ^The progress handler is also disabled by setting N to a value less
+** than 1.
+**
+** ^If the progress callback returns non-zero, the operation is
+** interrupted.  This feature can be used to implement a
+** "Cancel" button on a GUI progress dialog box.
+**
+** The progress handler callback must not do anything that will modify
+** the database connection that invoked the progress handler.
+** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
+** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
+**
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(sqlite3*, int, int(*)(void*), void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Opening A New Database Connection
+**
+** ^These routines open an SQLite database file as specified by the 
+** filename argument. ^The filename argument is interpreted as UTF-8 for
+** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open_v2() and as UTF-16 in the native byte
+** order for sqlite3_open16(). ^(A [database connection] handle is usually
+** returned in *ppDb, even if an error occurs.  The only exception is that
+** if SQLite is unable to allocate memory to hold the [sqlite3] object,
+** a NULL will be written into *ppDb instead of a pointer to the [sqlite3]
+** object.)^ ^(If the database is opened (and/or created) successfully, then
+** [SQLITE_OK] is returned.  Otherwise an [error code] is returned.)^ ^The
+** [sqlite3_errmsg()] or [sqlite3_errmsg16()] routines can be used to obtain
+** an English language description of the error following a failure of any
+** of the sqlite3_open() routines.
+**
+** ^The default encoding for the database will be UTF-8 if
+** sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2() is called and
+** UTF-16 in the native byte order if sqlite3_open16() is used.
+**
+** Whether or not an error occurs when it is opened, resources
+** associated with the [database connection] handle should be released by
+** passing it to [sqlite3_close()] when it is no longer required.
+**
+** The sqlite3_open_v2() interface works like sqlite3_open()
+** except that it accepts two additional parameters for additional control
+** over the new database connection.  ^(The flags parameter to
+** sqlite3_open_v2() can take one of
+** the following three values, optionally combined with the 
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE],
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE], and/or [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flags:)^
+**
+** <dl>
+** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY]</dt>
+** <dd>The database is opened in read-only mode.  If the database does not
+** already exist, an error is returned.</dd>)^
+**
+** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE]</dt>
+** <dd>The database is opened for reading and writing if possible, or reading
+** only if the file is write protected by the operating system.  In either
+** case the database must already exist, otherwise an error is returned.</dd>)^
+**
+** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE] | [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE]</dt>
+** <dd>The database is opened for reading and writing, and is created if
+** it does not already exist. This is the behavior that is always used for
+** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open16().</dd>)^
+** </dl>
+**
+** If the 3rd parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is not one of the
+** combinations shown above optionally combined with other
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY | SQLITE_OPEN_* bits]
+** then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** ^If the [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX] flag is set, then the database connection
+** opens in the multi-thread [threading mode] as long as the single-thread
+** mode has not been set at compile-time or start-time.  ^If the
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX] flag is set then the database connection opens
+** in the serialized [threading mode] unless single-thread was
+** previously selected at compile-time or start-time.
+** ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE] flag causes the database connection to be
+** eligible to use [shared cache mode], regardless of whether or not shared
+** cache is enabled using [sqlite3_enable_shared_cache()].  ^The
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE] flag causes the database connection to not
+** participate in [shared cache mode] even if it is enabled.
+**
+** ^The fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is the name of the
+** [sqlite3_vfs] object that defines the operating system interface that
+** the new database connection should use.  ^If the fourth parameter is
+** a NULL pointer then the default [sqlite3_vfs] object is used.
+**
+** ^If the filename is ":memory:", then a private, temporary in-memory database
+** is created for the connection.  ^This in-memory database will vanish when
+** the database connection is closed.  Future versions of SQLite might
+** make use of additional special filenames that begin with the ":" character.
+** It is recommended that when a database filename actually does begin with
+** a ":" character you should prefix the filename with a pathname such as
+** "./" to avoid ambiguity.
+**
+** ^If the filename is an empty string, then a private, temporary
+** on-disk database will be created.  ^This private database will be
+** automatically deleted as soon as the database connection is closed.
+**
+** [[URI filenames in sqlite3_open()]] <h3>URI Filenames</h3>
+**
+** ^If [URI filename] interpretation is enabled, and the filename argument
+** begins with "file:", then the filename is interpreted as a URI. ^URI
+** filename interpretation is enabled if the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is
+** set in the fourth argument to sqlite3_open_v2(), or if it has
+** been enabled globally using the [SQLITE_CONFIG_URI] option with the
+** [sqlite3_config()] method or by the [SQLITE_USE_URI] compile-time option.
+** As of SQLite version 3.7.7, URI filename interpretation is turned off
+** by default, but future releases of SQLite might enable URI filename
+** interpretation by default.  See "[URI filenames]" for additional
+** information.
+**
+** URI filenames are parsed according to RFC 3986. ^If the URI contains an
+** authority, then it must be either an empty string or the string 
+** "localhost". ^If the authority is not an empty string or "localhost", an 
+** error is returned to the caller. ^The fragment component of a URI, if 
+** present, is ignored.
+**
+** ^SQLite uses the path component of the URI as the name of the disk file
+** which contains the database. ^If the path begins with a '/' character, 
+** then it is interpreted as an absolute path. ^If the path does not begin 
+** with a '/' (meaning that the authority section is omitted from the URI)
+** then the path is interpreted as a relative path. 
+** ^On windows, the first component of an absolute path 
+** is a drive specification (e.g. "C:").
+**
+** [[core URI query parameters]]
+** The query component of a URI may contain parameters that are interpreted
+** either by SQLite itself, or by a [VFS | custom VFS implementation].
+** SQLite interprets the following three query parameters:
+**
+** <ul>
+**   <li> <b>vfs</b>: ^The "vfs" parameter may be used to specify the name of
+**     a VFS object that provides the operating system interface that should
+**     be used to access the database file on disk. ^If this option is set to
+**     an empty string the default VFS object is used. ^Specifying an unknown
+**     VFS is an error. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the vfs option is
+**     present, then the VFS specified by the option takes precedence over
+**     the value passed as the fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
+**
+**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw" or
+**     "rwc". Attempting to set it to any other value is an error)^. 
+**     ^If "ro" is specified, then the database is opened for read-only 
+**     access, just as if the [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY] flag had been set in the 
+**     third argument to sqlite3_prepare_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
+**     "rw", then the database is opened for read-write (but not create) 
+**     access, as if SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE (but not SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE) had 
+**     been set. ^Value "rwc" is equivalent to setting both 
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is 
+**     used, it is an error to specify a value for the mode parameter that is 
+**     less restrictive than that specified by the flags passed as the third 
+**     parameter.
+**
+**   <li> <b>cache</b>: ^The cache parameter may be set to either "shared" or
+**     "private". ^Setting it to "shared" is equivalent to setting the
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE bit in the flags argument passed to
+**     sqlite3_open_v2(). ^Setting the cache parameter to "private" is 
+**     equivalent to setting the SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE bit.
+**     ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the "cache" parameter is present in
+**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behaviour requested by setting
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE flag.
+** </ul>
+**
+** ^Specifying an unknown parameter in the query component of a URI is not an
+** error.  Future versions of SQLite might understand additional query
+** parameters.  See "[query parameters with special meaning to SQLite]" for
+** additional information.
+**
+** [[URI filename examples]] <h3>URI filename examples</h3>
+**
+** <table border="1" align=center cellpadding=5>
+** <tr><th> URI filenames <th> Results
+** <tr><td> file:data.db <td> 
+**          Open the file "data.db" in the current directory.
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db<br>
+**          file:///home/fred/data.db <br> 
+**          file://localhost/home/fred/data.db <br> <td> 
+**          Open the database file "/home/fred/data.db".
+** <tr><td> file://darkstar/home/fred/data.db <td> 
+**          An error. "darkstar" is not a recognized authority.
+** <tr><td style="white-space:nowrap"> 
+**          file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/fred/Desktop/data.db
+**     <td> Windows only: Open the file "data.db" on fred's desktop on drive
+**          C:. Note that the %20 escaping in this example is not strictly 
+**          necessary - space characters can be used literally
+**          in URI filenames.
+** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=ro&cache=private <td> 
+**          Open file "data.db" in the current directory for read-only access.
+**          Regardless of whether or not shared-cache mode is enabled by
+**          default, use a private cache.
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-nolock <td>
+**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-nolock".
+** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=readonly <td> 
+**          An error. "readonly" is not a valid option for the "mode" parameter.
+** </table>
+**
+** ^URI hexadecimal escape sequences (%HH) are supported within the path and
+** query components of a URI. A hexadecimal escape sequence consists of a
+** percent sign - "%" - followed by exactly two hexadecimal digits 
+** specifying an octet value. ^Before the path or query components of a
+** URI filename are interpreted, they are encoded using UTF-8 and all 
+** hexadecimal escape sequences replaced by a single byte containing the
+** corresponding octet. If this process generates an invalid UTF-8 encoding,
+** the results are undefined.
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows users:</b>  The encoding used for the filename argument
+** of sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open_v2() must be UTF-8, not whatever
+** codepage is currently defined.  Filenames containing international
+** characters must be converted to UTF-8 prior to passing them into
+** sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open(
+  const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb          /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open16(
+  const void *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-16) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb          /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_v2(
+  const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb,         /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+  int flags,              /* Flags */
+  const char *zVfs        /* Name of VFS module to use */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Obtain Values For URI Parameters
+**
+** This is a utility routine, useful to VFS implementations, that checks
+** to see if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
+** parameter, and if so obtains the value of the query parameter.
+**
+** The zFilename argument is the filename pointer passed into the xOpen()
+** method of a VFS implementation.  The zParam argument is the name of the
+** query parameter we seek.  This routine returns the value of the zParam
+** parameter if it exists.  If the parameter does not exist, this routine
+** returns a NULL pointer.
+**
+** If the zFilename argument to this function is not a pointer that SQLite
+** passed into the xOpen VFS method, then the behavior of this routine
+** is undefined and probably undesirable.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_parameter(const char *zFilename, const char *zParam);
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Error Codes And Messages
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_errcode() interface returns the numeric [result code] or
+** [extended result code] for the most recent failed sqlite3_* API call
+** associated with a [database connection]. If a prior API call failed
+** but the most recent API call succeeded, the return value from
+** sqlite3_errcode() is undefined.  ^The sqlite3_extended_errcode()
+** interface is the same except that it always returns the 
+** [extended result code] even when extended result codes are
+** disabled.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_errmsg() and sqlite3_errmsg16() return English-language
+** text that describes the error, as either UTF-8 or UTF-16 respectively.
+** ^(Memory to hold the error message string is managed internally.
+** The application does not need to worry about freeing the result.
+** However, the error string might be overwritten or deallocated by
+** subsequent calls to other SQLite interface functions.)^
+**
+** When the serialized [threading mode] is in use, it might be the
+** case that a second error occurs on a separate thread in between
+** the time of the first error and the call to these interfaces.
+** When that happens, the second error will be reported since these
+** interfaces always report the most recent result.  To avoid
+** this, each thread can obtain exclusive use of the [database connection] D
+** by invoking [sqlite3_mutex_enter]([sqlite3_db_mutex](D)) before beginning
+** to use D and invoking [sqlite3_mutex_leave]([sqlite3_db_mutex](D)) after
+** all calls to the interfaces listed here are completed.
+**
+** If an interface fails with SQLITE_MISUSE, that means the interface
+** was invoked incorrectly by the application.  In that case, the
+** error code and message may or may not be set.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: SQL Statement Object
+** KEYWORDS: {prepared statement} {prepared statements}
+**
+** An instance of this object represents a single SQL statement.
+** This object is variously known as a "prepared statement" or a
+** "compiled SQL statement" or simply as a "statement".
+**
+** The life of a statement object goes something like this:
+**
+** <ol>
+** <li> Create the object using [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or a related
+**      function.
+** <li> Bind values to [host parameters] using the sqlite3_bind_*()
+**      interfaces.
+** <li> Run the SQL by calling [sqlite3_step()] one or more times.
+** <li> Reset the statement using [sqlite3_reset()] then go back
+**      to step 2.  Do this zero or more times.
+** <li> Destroy the object using [sqlite3_finalize()].
+** </ol>
+**
+** Refer to documentation on individual methods above for additional
+** information.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_stmt sqlite3_stmt;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Run-time Limits
+**
+** ^(This interface allows the size of various constructs to be limited
+** on a connection by connection basis.  The first parameter is the
+** [database connection] whose limit is to be set or queried.  The
+** second parameter is one of the [limit categories] that define a
+** class of constructs to be size limited.  The third parameter is the
+** new limit for that construct.)^
+**
+** ^If the new limit is a negative number, the limit is unchanged.
+** ^(For each limit category SQLITE_LIMIT_<i>NAME</i> there is a 
+** [limits | hard upper bound]
+** set at compile-time by a C preprocessor macro called
+** [limits | SQLITE_MAX_<i>NAME</i>].
+** (The "_LIMIT_" in the name is changed to "_MAX_".))^
+** ^Attempts to increase a limit above its hard upper bound are
+** silently truncated to the hard upper bound.
+**
+** ^Regardless of whether or not the limit was changed, the 
+** [sqlite3_limit()] interface returns the prior value of the limit.
+** ^Hence, to find the current value of a limit without changing it,
+** simply invoke this interface with the third parameter set to -1.
+**
+** Run-time limits are intended for use in applications that manage
+** both their own internal database and also databases that are controlled
+** by untrusted external sources.  An example application might be a
+** web browser that has its own databases for storing history and
+** separate databases controlled by JavaScript applications downloaded
+** off the Internet.  The internal databases can be given the
+** large, default limits.  Databases managed by external sources can
+** be given much smaller limits designed to prevent a denial of service
+** attack.  Developers might also want to use the [sqlite3_set_authorizer()]
+** interface to further control untrusted SQL.  The size of the database
+** created by an untrusted script can be contained using the
+** [max_page_count] [PRAGMA].
+**
+** New run-time limit categories may be added in future releases.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3*, int id, int newVal);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Limit Categories
+** KEYWORDS: {limit category} {*limit categories}
+**
+** These constants define various performance limits
+** that can be lowered at run-time using [sqlite3_limit()].
+** The synopsis of the meanings of the various limits is shown below.
+** Additional information is available at [limits | Limits in SQLite].
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum size of any string or BLOB or table row, in bytes.<dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum length of an SQL statement, in bytes.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of columns in a table definition or in the
+** result set of a [SELECT] or the maximum number of columns in an index
+** or in an ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum depth of the parse tree on any expression.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of terms in a compound SELECT statement.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of instructions in a virtual machine program
+** used to implement an SQL statement.  This limit is not currently
+** enforced, though that might be added in some future release of
+** SQLite.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of arguments on a function.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum number of [ATTACH | attached databases].)^</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum length of the pattern argument to the [LIKE] or
+** [GLOB] operators.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum index number of any [parameter] in an SQL statement.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum depth of recursion for triggers.</dd>)^
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH                    0
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH                1
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN                    2
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH                3
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT           4
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP                   5
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG              6
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED                  7
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH       8
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER           9
+#define SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH            10
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Compiling An SQL Statement
+** KEYWORDS: {SQL statement compiler}
+**
+** To execute an SQL query, it must first be compiled into a byte-code
+** program using one of these routines.
+**
+** The first argument, "db", is a [database connection] obtained from a
+** prior successful call to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()] or
+** [sqlite3_open16()].  The database connection must not have been closed.
+**
+** The second argument, "zSql", is the statement to be compiled, encoded
+** as either UTF-8 or UTF-16.  The sqlite3_prepare() and sqlite3_prepare_v2()
+** interfaces use UTF-8, and sqlite3_prepare16() and sqlite3_prepare16_v2()
+** use UTF-16.
+**
+** ^If the nByte argument is less than zero, then zSql is read up to the
+** first zero terminator. ^If nByte is non-negative, then it is the maximum
+** number of  bytes read from zSql.  ^When nByte is non-negative, the
+** zSql string ends at either the first '\000' or '\u0000' character or
+** the nByte-th byte, whichever comes first. If the caller knows
+** that the supplied string is nul-terminated, then there is a small
+** performance advantage to be gained by passing an nByte parameter that
+** is equal to the number of bytes in the input string <i>including</i>
+** the nul-terminator bytes.
+**
+** ^If pzTail is not NULL then *pzTail is made to point to the first byte
+** past the end of the first SQL statement in zSql.  These routines only
+** compile the first statement in zSql, so *pzTail is left pointing to
+** what remains uncompiled.
+**
+** ^*ppStmt is left pointing to a compiled [prepared statement] that can be
+** executed using [sqlite3_step()].  ^If there is an error, *ppStmt is set
+** to NULL.  ^If the input text contains no SQL (if the input is an empty
+** string or a comment) then *ppStmt is set to NULL.
+** The calling procedure is responsible for deleting the compiled
+** SQL statement using [sqlite3_finalize()] after it has finished with it.
+** ppStmt may not be NULL.
+**
+** ^On success, the sqlite3_prepare() family of routines return [SQLITE_OK];
+** otherwise an [error code] is returned.
+**
+** The sqlite3_prepare_v2() and sqlite3_prepare16_v2() interfaces are
+** recommended for all new programs. The two older interfaces are retained
+** for backwards compatibility, but their use is discouraged.
+** ^In the "v2" interfaces, the prepared statement
+** that is returned (the [sqlite3_stmt] object) contains a copy of the
+** original SQL text. This causes the [sqlite3_step()] interface to
+** behave differently in three ways:
+**
+** <ol>
+** <li>
+** ^If the database schema changes, instead of returning [SQLITE_SCHEMA] as it
+** always used to do, [sqlite3_step()] will automatically recompile the SQL
+** statement and try to run it again.
+** </li>
+**
+** <li>
+** ^When an error occurs, [sqlite3_step()] will return one of the detailed
+** [error codes] or [extended error codes].  ^The legacy behavior was that
+** [sqlite3_step()] would only return a generic [SQLITE_ERROR] result code
+** and the application would have to make a second call to [sqlite3_reset()]
+** in order to find the underlying cause of the problem. With the "v2" prepare
+** interfaces, the underlying reason for the error is returned immediately.
+** </li>
+**
+** <li>
+** ^If the specific value bound to [parameter | host parameter] in the 
+** WHERE clause might influence the choice of query plan for a statement,
+** then the statement will be automatically recompiled, as if there had been 
+** a schema change, on the first  [sqlite3_step()] call following any change
+** to the [sqlite3_bind_text | bindings] of that [parameter]. 
+** ^The specific value of WHERE-clause [parameter] might influence the 
+** choice of query plan if the parameter is the left-hand side of a [LIKE]
+** or [GLOB] operator or if the parameter is compared to an indexed column
+** and the [SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2] compile-time option is enabled.
+** the 
+** </li>
+** </ol>
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const char *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-8 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const char **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const char *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-8 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const char **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const void *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-16 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const void **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const void *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-16 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const void **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Retrieving Statement SQL
+**
+** ^This interface can be used to retrieve a saved copy of the original
+** SQL text used to create a [prepared statement] if that statement was
+** compiled using either [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sql(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine If An SQL Statement Writes The Database
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_stmt_readonly(X) interface returns true (non-zero) if
+** and only if the [prepared statement] X makes no direct changes to
+** the content of the database file.
+**
+** Note that [application-defined SQL functions] or
+** [virtual tables] might change the database indirectly as a side effect.  
+** ^(For example, if an application defines a function "eval()" that 
+** calls [sqlite3_exec()], then the following SQL statement would
+** change the database file through side-effects:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**    SELECT eval('DELETE FROM t1') FROM t2;
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** But because the [SELECT] statement does not change the database file
+** directly, sqlite3_stmt_readonly() would still return true.)^
+**
+** ^Transaction control statements such as [BEGIN], [COMMIT], [ROLLBACK],
+** [SAVEPOINT], and [RELEASE] cause sqlite3_stmt_readonly() to return true,
+** since the statements themselves do not actually modify the database but
+** rather they control the timing of when other statements modify the 
+** database.  ^The [ATTACH] and [DETACH] statements also cause
+** sqlite3_stmt_readonly() to return true since, while those statements
+** change the configuration of a database connection, they do not make 
+** changes to the content of the database files on disk.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_readonly(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Dynamically Typed Value Object
+** KEYWORDS: {protected sqlite3_value} {unprotected sqlite3_value}
+**
+** SQLite uses the sqlite3_value object to represent all values
+** that can be stored in a database table. SQLite uses dynamic typing
+** for the values it stores.  ^Values stored in sqlite3_value objects
+** can be integers, floating point values, strings, BLOBs, or NULL.
+**
+** An sqlite3_value object may be either "protected" or "unprotected".
+** Some interfaces require a protected sqlite3_value.  Other interfaces
+** will accept either a protected or an unprotected sqlite3_value.
+** Every interface that accepts sqlite3_value arguments specifies
+** whether or not it requires a protected sqlite3_value.
+**
+** The terms "protected" and "unprotected" refer to whether or not
+** a mutex is held.  An internal mutex is held for a protected
+** sqlite3_value object but no mutex is held for an unprotected
+** sqlite3_value object.  If SQLite is compiled to be single-threaded
+** (with [SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] and with [sqlite3_threadsafe()] returning 0)
+** or if SQLite is run in one of reduced mutex modes 
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD] or [SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD]
+** then there is no distinction between protected and unprotected
+** sqlite3_value objects and they can be used interchangeably.  However,
+** for maximum code portability it is recommended that applications
+** still make the distinction between protected and unprotected
+** sqlite3_value objects even when not strictly required.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_value objects that are passed as parameters into the
+** implementation of [application-defined SQL functions] are protected.
+** ^The sqlite3_value object returned by
+** [sqlite3_column_value()] is unprotected.
+** Unprotected sqlite3_value objects may only be used with
+** [sqlite3_result_value()] and [sqlite3_bind_value()].
+** The [sqlite3_value_blob | sqlite3_value_type()] family of
+** interfaces require protected sqlite3_value objects.
+*/
+typedef struct Mem sqlite3_value;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: SQL Function Context Object
+**
+** The context in which an SQL function executes is stored in an
+** sqlite3_context object.  ^A pointer to an sqlite3_context object
+** is always first parameter to [application-defined SQL functions].
+** The application-defined SQL function implementation will pass this
+** pointer through into calls to [sqlite3_result_int | sqlite3_result()],
+** [sqlite3_aggregate_context()], [sqlite3_user_data()],
+** [sqlite3_context_db_handle()], [sqlite3_get_auxdata()],
+** and/or [sqlite3_set_auxdata()].
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_context sqlite3_context;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Binding Values To Prepared Statements
+** KEYWORDS: {host parameter} {host parameters} {host parameter name}
+** KEYWORDS: {SQL parameter} {SQL parameters} {parameter binding}
+**
+** ^(In the SQL statement text input to [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and its variants,
+** literals may be replaced by a [parameter] that matches one of following
+** templates:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  ?
+** <li>  ?NNN
+** <li>  :VVV
+** <li>  @VVV
+** <li>  $VVV
+** </ul>
+**
+** In the templates above, NNN represents an integer literal,
+** and VVV represents an alphanumeric identifier.)^  ^The values of these
+** parameters (also called "host parameter names" or "SQL parameters")
+** can be set using the sqlite3_bind_*() routines defined here.
+**
+** ^The first argument to the sqlite3_bind_*() routines is always
+** a pointer to the [sqlite3_stmt] object returned from
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or its variants.
+**
+** ^The second argument is the index of the SQL parameter to be set.
+** ^The leftmost SQL parameter has an index of 1.  ^When the same named
+** SQL parameter is used more than once, second and subsequent
+** occurrences have the same index as the first occurrence.
+** ^The index for named parameters can be looked up using the
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()] API if desired.  ^The index
+** for "?NNN" parameters is the value of NNN.
+** ^The NNN value must be between 1 and the [sqlite3_limit()]
+** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 999).
+**
+** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
+**
+** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
+** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
+** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
+** ^If the fourth parameter is negative, the length of the string is
+** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
+**
+** ^The fifth argument to sqlite3_bind_blob(), sqlite3_bind_text(), and
+** sqlite3_bind_text16() is a destructor used to dispose of the BLOB or
+** string after SQLite has finished with it.  ^The destructor is called
+** to dispose of the BLOB or string even if the call to sqlite3_bind_blob(),
+** sqlite3_bind_text(), or sqlite3_bind_text16() fails.  
+** ^If the fifth argument is
+** the special value [SQLITE_STATIC], then SQLite assumes that the
+** information is in static, unmanaged space and does not need to be freed.
+** ^If the fifth argument has the value [SQLITE_TRANSIENT], then
+** SQLite makes its own private copy of the data immediately, before
+** the sqlite3_bind_*() routine returns.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_bind_zeroblob() routine binds a BLOB of length N that
+** is filled with zeroes.  ^A zeroblob uses a fixed amount of memory
+** (just an integer to hold its size) while it is being processed.
+** Zeroblobs are intended to serve as placeholders for BLOBs whose
+** content is later written using
+** [sqlite3_blob_open | incremental BLOB I/O] routines.
+** ^A negative value for the zeroblob results in a zero-length BLOB.
+**
+** ^If any of the sqlite3_bind_*() routines are called with a NULL pointer
+** for the [prepared statement] or with a prepared statement for which
+** [sqlite3_step()] has been called more recently than [sqlite3_reset()],
+** then the call will return [SQLITE_MISUSE].  If any sqlite3_bind_()
+** routine is passed a [prepared statement] that has been finalized, the
+** result is undefined and probably harmful.
+**
+** ^Bindings are not cleared by the [sqlite3_reset()] routine.
+** ^Unbound parameters are interpreted as NULL.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_bind_* routines return [SQLITE_OK] on success or an
+** [error code] if anything goes wrong.
+** ^[SQLITE_RANGE] is returned if the parameter
+** index is out of range.  ^[SQLITE_NOMEM] is returned if malloc() fails.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_bind_parameter_count()],
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_name()], and [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const void*, int n, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int, double);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int(sqlite3_stmt*, int, int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_null(sqlite3_stmt*, int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const char*, int n, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text16(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const void*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_value(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_zeroblob(sqlite3_stmt*, int, int n);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Number Of SQL Parameters
+**
+** ^This routine can be used to find the number of [SQL parameters]
+** in a [prepared statement].  SQL parameters are tokens of the
+** form "?", "?NNN", ":AAA", "$AAA", or "@AAA" that serve as
+** placeholders for values that are [sqlite3_bind_blob | bound]
+** to the parameters at a later time.
+**
+** ^(This routine actually returns the index of the largest (rightmost)
+** parameter. For all forms except ?NNN, this will correspond to the
+** number of unique parameters.  If parameters of the ?NNN form are used,
+** there may be gaps in the list.)^
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_bind_blob|sqlite3_bind()],
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_name()], and
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(sqlite3_stmt*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Name Of A Host Parameter
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(P,N) interface returns
+** the name of the N-th [SQL parameter] in the [prepared statement] P.
+** ^(SQL parameters of the form "?NNN" or ":AAA" or "@AAA" or "$AAA"
+** have a name which is the string "?NNN" or ":AAA" or "@AAA" or "$AAA"
+** respectively.
+** In other words, the initial ":" or "$" or "@" or "?"
+** is included as part of the name.)^
+** ^Parameters of the form "?" without a following integer have no name
+** and are referred to as "nameless" or "anonymous parameters".
+**
+** ^The first host parameter has an index of 1, not 0.
+**
+** ^If the value N is out of range or if the N-th parameter is
+** nameless, then NULL is returned.  ^The returned string is
+** always in UTF-8 encoding even if the named parameter was
+** originally specified as UTF-16 in [sqlite3_prepare16()] or
+** [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()].
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_bind_blob|sqlite3_bind()],
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_count()], and
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(sqlite3_stmt*, int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Index Of A Parameter With A Given Name
+**
+** ^Return the index of an SQL parameter given its name.  ^The
+** index value returned is suitable for use as the second
+** parameter to [sqlite3_bind_blob|sqlite3_bind()].  ^A zero
+** is returned if no matching parameter is found.  ^The parameter
+** name must be given in UTF-8 even if the original statement
+** was prepared from UTF-16 text using [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()].
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_bind_blob|sqlite3_bind()],
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_count()], and
+** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_index(sqlite3_stmt*, const char *zName);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Reset All Bindings On A Prepared Statement
+**
+** ^Contrary to the intuition of many, [sqlite3_reset()] does not reset
+** the [sqlite3_bind_blob | bindings] on a [prepared statement].
+** ^Use this routine to reset all host parameters to NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_clear_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Number Of Columns In A Result Set
+**
+** ^Return the number of columns in the result set returned by the
+** [prepared statement]. ^This routine returns 0 if pStmt is an SQL
+** statement that does not return data (for example an [UPDATE]).
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_data_count()]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Column Names In A Result Set
+**
+** ^These routines return the name assigned to a particular column
+** in the result set of a [SELECT] statement.  ^The sqlite3_column_name()
+** interface returns a pointer to a zero-terminated UTF-8 string
+** and sqlite3_column_name16() returns a pointer to a zero-terminated
+** UTF-16 string.  ^The first parameter is the [prepared statement]
+** that implements the [SELECT] statement. ^The second parameter is the
+** column number.  ^The leftmost column is number 0.
+**
+** ^The returned string pointer is valid until either the [prepared statement]
+** is destroyed by [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the statement is automatically
+** reprepared by the first call to [sqlite3_step()] for a particular run
+** or until the next call to
+** sqlite3_column_name() or sqlite3_column_name16() on the same column.
+**
+** ^If sqlite3_malloc() fails during the processing of either routine
+** (for example during a conversion from UTF-8 to UTF-16) then a
+** NULL pointer is returned.
+**
+** ^The name of a result column is the value of the "AS" clause for
+** that column, if there is an AS clause.  If there is no AS clause
+** then the name of the column is unspecified and may change from
+** one release of SQLite to the next.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_name(sqlite3_stmt*, int N);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_name16(sqlite3_stmt*, int N);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Source Of Data In A Query Result
+**
+** ^These routines provide a means to determine the database, table, and
+** table column that is the origin of a particular result column in
+** [SELECT] statement.
+** ^The name of the database or table or column can be returned as
+** either a UTF-8 or UTF-16 string.  ^The _database_ routines return
+** the database name, the _table_ routines return the table name, and
+** the origin_ routines return the column name.
+** ^The returned string is valid until the [prepared statement] is destroyed
+** using [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the statement is automatically
+** reprepared by the first call to [sqlite3_step()] for a particular run
+** or until the same information is requested
+** again in a different encoding.
+**
+** ^The names returned are the original un-aliased names of the
+** database, table, and column.
+**
+** ^The first argument to these interfaces is a [prepared statement].
+** ^These functions return information about the Nth result column returned by
+** the statement, where N is the second function argument.
+** ^The left-most column is column 0 for these routines.
+**
+** ^If the Nth column returned by the statement is an expression or
+** subquery and is not a column value, then all of these functions return
+** NULL.  ^These routine might also return NULL if a memory allocation error
+** occurs.  ^Otherwise, they return the name of the attached database, table,
+** or column that query result column was extracted from.
+**
+** ^As with all other SQLite APIs, those whose names end with "16" return
+** UTF-16 encoded strings and the other functions return UTF-8.
+**
+** ^These APIs are only available if the library was compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA] C-preprocessor symbol.
+**
+** If two or more threads call one or more of these routines against the same
+** prepared statement and column at the same time then the results are
+** undefined.
+**
+** If two or more threads call one or more
+** [sqlite3_column_database_name | column metadata interfaces]
+** for the same [prepared statement] and result column
+** at the same time then the results are undefined.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_database_name(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_database_name16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_table_name(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_table_name16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_origin_name(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_origin_name16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Declared Datatype Of A Query Result
+**
+** ^(The first parameter is a [prepared statement].
+** If this statement is a [SELECT] statement and the Nth column of the
+** returned result set of that [SELECT] is a table column (not an
+** expression or subquery) then the declared type of the table
+** column is returned.)^  ^If the Nth column of the result set is an
+** expression or subquery, then a NULL pointer is returned.
+** ^The returned string is always UTF-8 encoded.
+**
+** ^(For example, given the database schema:
+**
+** CREATE TABLE t1(c1 VARIANT);
+**
+** and the following statement to be compiled:
+**
+** SELECT c1 + 1, c1 FROM t1;
+**
+** this routine would return the string "VARIANT" for the second result
+** column (i==1), and a NULL pointer for the first result column (i==0).)^
+**
+** ^SQLite uses dynamic run-time typing.  ^So just because a column
+** is declared to contain a particular type does not mean that the
+** data stored in that column is of the declared type.  SQLite is
+** strongly typed, but the typing is dynamic not static.  ^Type
+** is associated with individual values, not with the containers
+** used to hold those values.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_decltype(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_decltype16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Evaluate An SQL Statement
+**
+** After a [prepared statement] has been prepared using either
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()] or one of the legacy
+** interfaces [sqlite3_prepare()] or [sqlite3_prepare16()], this function
+** must be called one or more times to evaluate the statement.
+**
+** The details of the behavior of the sqlite3_step() interface depend
+** on whether the statement was prepared using the newer "v2" interface
+** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()] or the older legacy
+** interface [sqlite3_prepare()] and [sqlite3_prepare16()].  The use of the
+** new "v2" interface is recommended for new applications but the legacy
+** interface will continue to be supported.
+**
+** ^In the legacy interface, the return value will be either [SQLITE_BUSY],
+** [SQLITE_DONE], [SQLITE_ROW], [SQLITE_ERROR], or [SQLITE_MISUSE].
+** ^With the "v2" interface, any of the other [result codes] or
+** [extended result codes] might be returned as well.
+**
+** ^[SQLITE_BUSY] means that the database engine was unable to acquire the
+** database locks it needs to do its job.  ^If the statement is a [COMMIT]
+** or occurs outside of an explicit transaction, then you can retry the
+** statement.  If the statement is not a [COMMIT] and occurs within an
+** explicit transaction then you should rollback the transaction before
+** continuing.
+**
+** ^[SQLITE_DONE] means that the statement has finished executing
+** successfully.  sqlite3_step() should not be called again on this virtual
+** machine without first calling [sqlite3_reset()] to reset the virtual
+** machine back to its initial state.
+**
+** ^If the SQL statement being executed returns any data, then [SQLITE_ROW]
+** is returned each time a new row of data is ready for processing by the
+** caller. The values may be accessed using the [column access functions].
+** sqlite3_step() is called again to retrieve the next row of data.
+**
+** ^[SQLITE_ERROR] means that a run-time error (such as a constraint
+** violation) has occurred.  sqlite3_step() should not be called again on
+** the VM. More information may be found by calling [sqlite3_errmsg()].
+** ^With the legacy interface, a more specific error code (for example,
+** [SQLITE_INTERRUPT], [SQLITE_SCHEMA], [SQLITE_CORRUPT], and so forth)
+** can be obtained by calling [sqlite3_reset()] on the
+** [prepared statement].  ^In the "v2" interface,
+** the more specific error code is returned directly by sqlite3_step().
+**
+** [SQLITE_MISUSE] means that the this routine was called inappropriately.
+** Perhaps it was called on a [prepared statement] that has
+** already been [sqlite3_finalize | finalized] or on one that had
+** previously returned [SQLITE_ERROR] or [SQLITE_DONE].  Or it could
+** be the case that the same database connection is being used by two or
+** more threads at the same moment in time.
+**
+** For all versions of SQLite up to and including 3.6.23.1, a call to
+** [sqlite3_reset()] was required after sqlite3_step() returned anything
+** other than [SQLITE_ROW] before any subsequent invocation of
+** sqlite3_step().  Failure to reset the prepared statement using 
+** [sqlite3_reset()] would result in an [SQLITE_MISUSE] return from
+** sqlite3_step().  But after version 3.6.23.1, sqlite3_step() began
+** calling [sqlite3_reset()] automatically in this circumstance rather
+** than returning [SQLITE_MISUSE].  This is not considered a compatibility
+** break because any application that ever receives an SQLITE_MISUSE error
+** is broken by definition.  The [SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET] compile-time option
+** can be used to restore the legacy behavior.
+**
+** <b>Goofy Interface Alert:</b> In the legacy interface, the sqlite3_step()
+** API always returns a generic error code, [SQLITE_ERROR], following any
+** error other than [SQLITE_BUSY] and [SQLITE_MISUSE].  You must call
+** [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()] in order to find one of the
+** specific [error codes] that better describes the error.
+** We admit that this is a goofy design.  The problem has been fixed
+** with the "v2" interface.  If you prepare all of your SQL statements
+** using either [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()] instead
+** of the legacy [sqlite3_prepare()] and [sqlite3_prepare16()] interfaces,
+** then the more specific [error codes] are returned directly
+** by sqlite3_step().  The use of the "v2" interface is recommended.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_step(sqlite3_stmt*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Number of columns in a result set
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) interface returns the number of columns in the
+** current row of the result set of [prepared statement] P.
+** ^If prepared statement P does not have results ready to return
+** (via calls to the [sqlite3_column_int | sqlite3_column_*()] of
+** interfaces) then sqlite3_data_count(P) returns 0.
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) routine also returns 0 if P is a NULL pointer.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_column_count()]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Fundamental Datatypes
+** KEYWORDS: SQLITE_TEXT
+**
+** ^(Every value in SQLite has one of five fundamental datatypes:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> 64-bit signed integer
+** <li> 64-bit IEEE floating point number
+** <li> string
+** <li> BLOB
+** <li> NULL
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** These constants are codes for each of those types.
+**
+** Note that the SQLITE_TEXT constant was also used in SQLite version 2
+** for a completely different meaning.  Software that links against both
+** SQLite version 2 and SQLite version 3 should use SQLITE3_TEXT, not
+** SQLITE_TEXT.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_INTEGER  1
+#define SQLITE_FLOAT    2
+#define SQLITE_BLOB     4
+#define SQLITE_NULL     5
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEXT
+# undef SQLITE_TEXT
+#else
+# define SQLITE_TEXT     3
+#endif
+#define SQLITE3_TEXT     3
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Result Values From A Query
+** KEYWORDS: {column access functions}
+**
+** These routines form the "result set" interface.
+**
+** ^These routines return information about a single column of the current
+** result row of a query.  ^In every case the first argument is a pointer
+** to the [prepared statement] that is being evaluated (the [sqlite3_stmt*]
+** that was returned from [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or one of its variants)
+** and the second argument is the index of the column for which information
+** should be returned. ^The leftmost column of the result set has the index 0.
+** ^The number of columns in the result can be determined using
+** [sqlite3_column_count()].
+**
+** If the SQL statement does not currently point to a valid row, or if the
+** column index is out of range, the result is undefined.
+** These routines may only be called when the most recent call to
+** [sqlite3_step()] has returned [SQLITE_ROW] and neither
+** [sqlite3_reset()] nor [sqlite3_finalize()] have been called subsequently.
+** If any of these routines are called after [sqlite3_reset()] or
+** [sqlite3_finalize()] or after [sqlite3_step()] has returned
+** something other than [SQLITE_ROW], the results are undefined.
+** If [sqlite3_step()] or [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()]
+** are called from a different thread while any of these routines
+** are pending, then the results are undefined.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_column_type() routine returns the
+** [SQLITE_INTEGER | datatype code] for the initial data type
+** of the result column.  ^The returned value is one of [SQLITE_INTEGER],
+** [SQLITE_FLOAT], [SQLITE_TEXT], [SQLITE_BLOB], or [SQLITE_NULL].  The value
+** returned by sqlite3_column_type() is only meaningful if no type
+** conversions have occurred as described below.  After a type conversion,
+** the value returned by sqlite3_column_type() is undefined.  Future
+** versions of SQLite may change the behavior of sqlite3_column_type()
+** following a type conversion.
+**
+** ^If the result is a BLOB or UTF-8 string then the sqlite3_column_bytes()
+** routine returns the number of bytes in that BLOB or string.
+** ^If the result is a UTF-16 string, then sqlite3_column_bytes() converts
+** the string to UTF-8 and then returns the number of bytes.
+** ^If the result is a numeric value then sqlite3_column_bytes() uses
+** [sqlite3_snprintf()] to convert that value to a UTF-8 string and returns
+** the number of bytes in that string.
+** ^If the result is NULL, then sqlite3_column_bytes() returns zero.
+**
+** ^If the result is a BLOB or UTF-16 string then the sqlite3_column_bytes16()
+** routine returns the number of bytes in that BLOB or string.
+** ^If the result is a UTF-8 string, then sqlite3_column_bytes16() converts
+** the string to UTF-16 and then returns the number of bytes.
+** ^If the result is a numeric value then sqlite3_column_bytes16() uses
+** [sqlite3_snprintf()] to convert that value to a UTF-16 string and returns
+** the number of bytes in that string.
+** ^If the result is NULL, then sqlite3_column_bytes16() returns zero.
+**
+** ^The values returned by [sqlite3_column_bytes()] and 
+** [sqlite3_column_bytes16()] do not include the zero terminators at the end
+** of the string.  ^For clarity: the values returned by
+** [sqlite3_column_bytes()] and [sqlite3_column_bytes16()] are the number of
+** bytes in the string, not the number of characters.
+**
+** ^Strings returned by sqlite3_column_text() and sqlite3_column_text16(),
+** even empty strings, are always zero terminated.  ^The return
+** value from sqlite3_column_blob() for a zero-length BLOB is a NULL pointer.
+**
+** ^The object returned by [sqlite3_column_value()] is an
+** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object.  An unprotected sqlite3_value object
+** may only be used with [sqlite3_bind_value()] and [sqlite3_result_value()].
+** If the [unprotected sqlite3_value] object returned by
+** [sqlite3_column_value()] is used in any other way, including calls
+** to routines like [sqlite3_value_int()], [sqlite3_value_text()],
+** or [sqlite3_value_bytes()], then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** These routines attempt to convert the value where appropriate.  ^For
+** example, if the internal representation is FLOAT and a text result
+** is requested, [sqlite3_snprintf()] is used internally to perform the
+** conversion automatically.  ^(The following table details the conversions
+** that are applied:
+**
+** <blockquote>
+** <table border="1">
+** <tr><th> Internal<br>Type <th> Requested<br>Type <th>  Conversion
+**
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td> INTEGER   <td> Result is 0
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Result is 0.0
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is NULL pointer
+** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert from integer to float
+** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the integer
+** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as INTEGER->TEXT
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert from float to integer
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the float
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as FLOAT->TEXT
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> Use atoi()
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Use atof()
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>   BLOB    <td> No change
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert to TEXT then use atoi()
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert to TEXT then use atof()
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>   TEXT    <td> Add a zero terminator if needed
+** </table>
+** </blockquote>)^
+**
+** The table above makes reference to standard C library functions atoi()
+** and atof().  SQLite does not really use these functions.  It has its
+** own equivalent internal routines.  The atoi() and atof() names are
+** used in the table for brevity and because they are familiar to most
+** C programmers.
+**
+** Note that when type conversions occur, pointers returned by prior
+** calls to sqlite3_column_blob(), sqlite3_column_text(), and/or
+** sqlite3_column_text16() may be invalidated.
+** Type conversions and pointer invalidations might occur
+** in the following cases:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> The initial content is a BLOB and sqlite3_column_text() or
+**      sqlite3_column_text16() is called.  A zero-terminator might
+**      need to be added to the string.</li>
+** <li> The initial content is UTF-8 text and sqlite3_column_bytes16() or
+**      sqlite3_column_text16() is called.  The content must be converted
+**      to UTF-16.</li>
+** <li> The initial content is UTF-16 text and sqlite3_column_bytes() or
+**      sqlite3_column_text() is called.  The content must be converted
+**      to UTF-8.</li>
+** </ul>
+**
+** ^Conversions between UTF-16be and UTF-16le are always done in place and do
+** not invalidate a prior pointer, though of course the content of the buffer
+** that the prior pointer references will have been modified.  Other kinds
+** of conversion are done in place when it is possible, but sometimes they
+** are not possible and in those cases prior pointers are invalidated.
+**
+** The safest and easiest to remember policy is to invoke these routines
+** in one of the following ways:
+**
+** <ul>
+**  <li>sqlite3_column_text() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes()</li>
+**  <li>sqlite3_column_blob() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes()</li>
+**  <li>sqlite3_column_text16() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes16()</li>
+** </ul>
+**
+** In other words, you should call sqlite3_column_text(),
+** sqlite3_column_blob(), or sqlite3_column_text16() first to force the result
+** into the desired format, then invoke sqlite3_column_bytes() or
+** sqlite3_column_bytes16() to find the size of the result.  Do not mix calls
+** to sqlite3_column_text() or sqlite3_column_blob() with calls to
+** sqlite3_column_bytes16(), and do not mix calls to sqlite3_column_text16()
+** with calls to sqlite3_column_bytes().
+**
+** ^The pointers returned are valid until a type conversion occurs as
+** described above, or until [sqlite3_step()] or [sqlite3_reset()] or
+** [sqlite3_finalize()] is called.  ^The memory space used to hold strings
+** and BLOBs is freed automatically.  Do <b>not</b> pass the pointers returned
+** [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
+** [sqlite3_free()].
+**
+** ^(If a memory allocation error occurs during the evaluation of any
+** of these routines, a default value is returned.  The default value
+** is either the integer 0, the floating point number 0.0, or a NULL
+** pointer.  Subsequent calls to [sqlite3_errcode()] will return
+** [SQLITE_NOMEM].)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes16(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API double sqlite3_column_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_int(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_column_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_column_text(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_text16(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_type(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_value *sqlite3_column_value(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Destroy A Prepared Statement Object
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_finalize() function is called to delete a [prepared statement].
+** ^If the most recent evaluation of the statement encountered no errors
+** or if the statement is never been evaluated, then sqlite3_finalize() returns
+** SQLITE_OK.  ^If the most recent evaluation of statement S failed, then
+** sqlite3_finalize(S) returns the appropriate [error code] or
+** [extended error code].
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_finalize(S) routine can be called at any point during
+** the life cycle of [prepared statement] S:
+** before statement S is ever evaluated, after
+** one or more calls to [sqlite3_reset()], or after any call
+** to [sqlite3_step()] regardless of whether or not the statement has
+** completed execution.
+**
+** ^Invoking sqlite3_finalize() on a NULL pointer is a harmless no-op.
+**
+** The application must finalize every [prepared statement] in order to avoid
+** resource leaks.  It is a grievous error for the application to try to use
+** a prepared statement after it has been finalized.  Any use of a prepared
+** statement after it has been finalized can result in undefined and
+** undesirable behavior such as segfaults and heap corruption.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_finalize(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Reset A Prepared Statement Object
+**
+** The sqlite3_reset() function is called to reset a [prepared statement]
+** object back to its initial state, ready to be re-executed.
+** ^Any SQL statement variables that had values bound to them using
+** the [sqlite3_bind_blob | sqlite3_bind_*() API] retain their values.
+** Use [sqlite3_clear_bindings()] to reset the bindings.
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_reset(S)] interface resets the [prepared statement] S
+** back to the beginning of its program.
+**
+** ^If the most recent call to [sqlite3_step(S)] for the
+** [prepared statement] S returned [SQLITE_ROW] or [SQLITE_DONE],
+** or if [sqlite3_step(S)] has never before been called on S,
+** then [sqlite3_reset(S)] returns [SQLITE_OK].
+**
+** ^If the most recent call to [sqlite3_step(S)] for the
+** [prepared statement] S indicated an error, then
+** [sqlite3_reset(S)] returns an appropriate [error code].
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_reset(S)] interface does not change the values
+** of any [sqlite3_bind_blob|bindings] on the [prepared statement] S.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Create Or Redefine SQL Functions
+** KEYWORDS: {function creation routines}
+** KEYWORDS: {application-defined SQL function}
+** KEYWORDS: {application-defined SQL functions}
+**
+** ^These functions (collectively known as "function creation routines")
+** are used to add SQL functions or aggregates or to redefine the behavior
+** of existing SQL functions or aggregates.  The only differences between
+** these routines are the text encoding expected for
+** the second parameter (the name of the function being created)
+** and the presence or absence of a destructor callback for
+** the application data pointer.
+**
+** ^The first parameter is the [database connection] to which the SQL
+** function is to be added.  ^If an application uses more than one database
+** connection then application-defined SQL functions must be added
+** to each database connection separately.
+**
+** ^The second parameter is the name of the SQL function to be created or
+** redefined.  ^The length of the name is limited to 255 bytes in a UTF-8
+** representation, exclusive of the zero-terminator.  ^Note that the name
+** length limit is in UTF-8 bytes, not characters nor UTF-16 bytes.  
+** ^Any attempt to create a function with a longer name
+** will result in [SQLITE_MISUSE] being returned.
+**
+** ^The third parameter (nArg)
+** is the number of arguments that the SQL function or
+** aggregate takes. ^If this parameter is -1, then the SQL function or
+** aggregate may take any number of arguments between 0 and the limit
+** set by [sqlite3_limit]([SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG]).  If the third
+** parameter is less than -1 or greater than 127 then the behavior is
+** undefined.
+**
+** ^The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
+** [SQLITE_UTF8 | text encoding] this SQL function prefers for
+** its parameters.  Every SQL function implementation must be able to work
+** with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
+** more efficient with one encoding than another.  ^An application may
+** invoke sqlite3_create_function() or sqlite3_create_function16() multiple
+** times with the same function but with different values of eTextRep.
+** ^When multiple implementations of the same function are available, SQLite
+** will pick the one that involves the least amount of data conversion.
+** If there is only a single implementation which does not care what text
+** encoding is used, then the fourth argument should be [SQLITE_ANY].
+**
+** ^(The fifth parameter is an arbitrary pointer.  The implementation of the
+** function can gain access to this pointer using [sqlite3_user_data()].)^
+**
+** ^The sixth, seventh and eighth parameters, xFunc, xStep and xFinal, are
+** pointers to C-language functions that implement the SQL function or
+** aggregate. ^A scalar SQL function requires an implementation of the xFunc
+** callback only; NULL pointers must be passed as the xStep and xFinal
+** parameters. ^An aggregate SQL function requires an implementation of xStep
+** and xFinal and NULL pointer must be passed for xFunc. ^To delete an existing
+** SQL function or aggregate, pass NULL pointers for all three function
+** callbacks.
+**
+** ^(If the ninth parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2() is not NULL,
+** then it is destructor for the application data pointer. 
+** The destructor is invoked when the function is deleted, either by being
+** overloaded or when the database connection closes.)^
+** ^The destructor is also invoked if the call to
+** sqlite3_create_function_v2() fails.
+** ^When the destructor callback of the tenth parameter is invoked, it
+** is passed a single argument which is a copy of the application data 
+** pointer which was the fifth parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2().
+**
+** ^It is permitted to register multiple implementations of the same
+** functions with the same name but with either differing numbers of
+** arguments or differing preferred text encodings.  ^SQLite will use
+** the implementation that most closely matches the way in which the
+** SQL function is used.  ^A function implementation with a non-negative
+** nArg parameter is a better match than a function implementation with
+** a negative nArg.  ^A function where the preferred text encoding
+** matches the database encoding is a better
+** match than a function where the encoding is different.  
+** ^A function where the encoding difference is between UTF16le and UTF16be
+** is a closer match than a function where the encoding difference is
+** between UTF8 and UTF16.
+**
+** ^Built-in functions may be overloaded by new application-defined functions.
+**
+** ^An application-defined function is permitted to call other
+** SQLite interfaces.  However, such calls must not
+** close the database connection nor finalize or reset the prepared
+** statement in which the function is running.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function16(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const void *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Text Encodings
+**
+** These constant define integer codes that represent the various
+** text encodings supported by SQLite.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_UTF8           1
+#define SQLITE_UTF16LE        2
+#define SQLITE_UTF16BE        3
+#define SQLITE_UTF16          4    /* Use native byte order */
+#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* sqlite3_create_function only */
+#define SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED  8    /* sqlite3_create_collation only */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Functions
+** DEPRECATED
+**
+** These functions are [deprecated].  In order to maintain
+** backwards compatibility with older code, these functions continue 
+** to be supported.  However, new applications should avoid
+** the use of these functions.  To help encourage people to avoid
+** using these functions, we are not going to tell you what they do.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_aggregate_count(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_expired(sqlite3_stmt*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_transfer_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*, sqlite3_stmt*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_global_recover(void);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_thread_cleanup(void);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),void*,sqlite3_int64);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Obtaining SQL Function Parameter Values
+**
+** The C-language implementation of SQL functions and aggregates uses
+** this set of interface routines to access the parameter values on
+** the function or aggregate.
+**
+** The xFunc (for scalar functions) or xStep (for aggregates) parameters
+** to [sqlite3_create_function()] and [sqlite3_create_function16()]
+** define callbacks that implement the SQL functions and aggregates.
+** The 3rd parameter to these callbacks is an array of pointers to
+** [protected sqlite3_value] objects.  There is one [sqlite3_value] object for
+** each parameter to the SQL function.  These routines are used to
+** extract values from the [sqlite3_value] objects.
+**
+** These routines work only with [protected sqlite3_value] objects.
+** Any attempt to use these routines on an [unprotected sqlite3_value]
+** object results in undefined behavior.
+**
+** ^These routines work just like the corresponding [column access functions]
+** except that  these routines take a single [protected sqlite3_value] object
+** pointer instead of a [sqlite3_stmt*] pointer and an integer column number.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_value_text16() interface extracts a UTF-16 string
+** in the native byte-order of the host machine.  ^The
+** sqlite3_value_text16be() and sqlite3_value_text16le() interfaces
+** extract UTF-16 strings as big-endian and little-endian respectively.
+**
+** ^(The sqlite3_value_numeric_type() interface attempts to apply
+** numeric affinity to the value.  This means that an attempt is
+** made to convert the value to an integer or floating point.  If
+** such a conversion is possible without loss of information (in other
+** words, if the value is a string that looks like a number)
+** then the conversion is performed.  Otherwise no conversion occurs.
+** The [SQLITE_INTEGER | datatype] after conversion is returned.)^
+**
+** Please pay particular attention to the fact that the pointer returned
+** from [sqlite3_value_blob()], [sqlite3_value_text()], or
+** [sqlite3_value_text16()] can be invalidated by a subsequent call to
+** [sqlite3_value_bytes()], [sqlite3_value_bytes16()], [sqlite3_value_text()],
+** or [sqlite3_value_text16()].
+**
+** These routines must be called from the same thread as
+** the SQL function that supplied the [sqlite3_value*] parameters.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_blob(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes16(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API double sqlite3_value_double(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_int(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_value_int64(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_value_text(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16le(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16be(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_type(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_numeric_type(sqlite3_value*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Obtain Aggregate Function Context
+**
+** Implementations of aggregate SQL functions use this
+** routine to allocate memory for storing their state.
+**
+** ^The first time the sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine is called 
+** for a particular aggregate function, SQLite
+** allocates N of memory, zeroes out that memory, and returns a pointer
+** to the new memory. ^On second and subsequent calls to
+** sqlite3_aggregate_context() for the same aggregate function instance,
+** the same buffer is returned.  Sqlite3_aggregate_context() is normally
+** called once for each invocation of the xStep callback and then one
+** last time when the xFinal callback is invoked.  ^(When no rows match
+** an aggregate query, the xStep() callback of the aggregate function
+** implementation is never called and xFinal() is called exactly once.
+** In those cases, sqlite3_aggregate_context() might be called for the
+** first time from within xFinal().)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer if N is
+** less than or equal to zero or if a memory allocate error occurs.
+**
+** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
+** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
+** value of N in subsequent call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
+** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
+** allocation.)^
+**
+** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
+** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.
+**
+** The first parameter must be a copy of the
+** [sqlite3_context | SQL function context] that is the first parameter
+** to the xStep or xFinal callback routine that implements the aggregate
+** function.
+**
+** This routine must be called from the same thread in which
+** the aggregate SQL function is running.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_aggregate_context(sqlite3_context*, int nBytes);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: User Data For Functions
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_user_data() interface returns a copy of
+** the pointer that was the pUserData parameter (the 5th parameter)
+** of the [sqlite3_create_function()]
+** and [sqlite3_create_function16()] routines that originally
+** registered the application defined function.
+**
+** This routine must be called from the same thread in which
+** the application-defined function is running.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_user_data(sqlite3_context*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Database Connection For Functions
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_context_db_handle() interface returns a copy of
+** the pointer to the [database connection] (the 1st parameter)
+** of the [sqlite3_create_function()]
+** and [sqlite3_create_function16()] routines that originally
+** registered the application defined function.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_context_db_handle(sqlite3_context*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Function Auxiliary Data
+**
+** The following two functions may be used by scalar SQL functions to
+** associate metadata with argument values. If the same value is passed to
+** multiple invocations of the same SQL function during query execution, under
+** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved. This may
+** be used, for example, to add a regular-expression matching scalar
+** function. The compiled version of the regular expression is stored as
+** metadata associated with the SQL value passed as the regular expression
+** pattern.  The compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
+** invocations of the same function so that the original pattern string
+** does not need to be recompiled on each invocation.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface returns a pointer to the metadata
+** associated by the sqlite3_set_auxdata() function with the Nth argument
+** value to the application-defined function. ^If no metadata has been ever
+** been set for the Nth argument of the function, or if the corresponding
+** function parameter has changed since the meta-data was set,
+** then sqlite3_get_auxdata() returns a NULL pointer.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface saves the metadata
+** pointed to by its 3rd parameter as the metadata for the N-th
+** argument of the application-defined function.  Subsequent
+** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata() might return this data, if it has
+** not been destroyed.
+** ^If it is not NULL, SQLite will invoke the destructor
+** function given by the 4th parameter to sqlite3_set_auxdata() on
+** the metadata when the corresponding function parameter changes
+** or when the SQL statement completes, whichever comes first.
+**
+** SQLite is free to call the destructor and drop metadata on any
+** parameter of any function at any time.  ^The only guarantee is that
+** the destructor will be called before the metadata is dropped.
+**
+** ^(In practice, metadata is preserved between function calls for
+** expressions that are constant at compile time. This includes literal
+** values and [parameters].)^
+**
+** These routines must be called from the same thread in which
+** the SQL function is running.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_get_auxdata(sqlite3_context*, int N);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_set_auxdata(sqlite3_context*, int N, void*, void (*)(void*));
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Constants Defining Special Destructor Behavior
+**
+** These are special values for the destructor that is passed in as the
+** final argument to routines like [sqlite3_result_blob()].  ^If the destructor
+** argument is SQLITE_STATIC, it means that the content pointer is constant
+** and will never change.  It does not need to be destroyed.  ^The
+** SQLITE_TRANSIENT value means that the content will likely change in
+** the near future and that SQLite should make its own private copy of
+** the content before returning.
+**
+** The typedef is necessary to work around problems in certain
+** C++ compilers.  See ticket #2191.
+*/
+typedef void (*sqlite3_destructor_type)(void*);
+#define SQLITE_STATIC      ((sqlite3_destructor_type)0)
+#define SQLITE_TRANSIENT   ((sqlite3_destructor_type)-1)
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Setting The Result Of An SQL Function
+**
+** These routines are used by the xFunc or xFinal callbacks that
+** implement SQL functions and aggregates.  See
+** [sqlite3_create_function()] and [sqlite3_create_function16()]
+** for additional information.
+**
+** These functions work very much like the [parameter binding] family of
+** functions used to bind values to host parameters in prepared statements.
+** Refer to the [SQL parameter] documentation for additional information.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_blob() interface sets the result from
+** an application-defined function to be the BLOB whose content is pointed
+** to by the second parameter and which is N bytes long where N is the
+** third parameter.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_zeroblob() interfaces set the result of
+** the application-defined function to be a BLOB containing all zero
+** bytes and N bytes in size, where N is the value of the 2nd parameter.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_double() interface sets the result from
+** an application-defined function to be a floating point value specified
+** by its 2nd argument.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16() functions
+** cause the implemented SQL function to throw an exception.
+** ^SQLite uses the string pointed to by the
+** 2nd parameter of sqlite3_result_error() or sqlite3_result_error16()
+** as the text of an error message.  ^SQLite interprets the error
+** message string from sqlite3_result_error() as UTF-8. ^SQLite
+** interprets the string from sqlite3_result_error16() as UTF-16 in native
+** byte order.  ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error()
+** or sqlite3_result_error16() is negative then SQLite takes as the error
+** message all text up through the first zero character.
+** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error() or
+** sqlite3_result_error16() is non-negative then SQLite takes that many
+** bytes (not characters) from the 2nd parameter as the error message.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16()
+** routines make a private copy of the error message text before
+** they return.  Hence, the calling function can deallocate or
+** modify the text after they return without harm.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_code() function changes the error code
+** returned by SQLite as a result of an error in a function.  ^By default,
+** the error code is SQLITE_ERROR.  ^A subsequent call to sqlite3_result_error()
+** or sqlite3_result_error16() resets the error code to SQLITE_ERROR.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
+** indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
+** indicating that a memory allocation failed.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_int() interface sets the return value
+** of the application-defined function to be the 32-bit signed integer
+** value given in the 2nd argument.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_int64() interface sets the return value
+** of the application-defined function to be the 64-bit signed integer
+** value given in the 2nd argument.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_null() interface sets the return value
+** of the application-defined function to be NULL.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_text(), sqlite3_result_text16(),
+** sqlite3_result_text16le(), and sqlite3_result_text16be() interfaces
+** set the return value of the application-defined function to be
+** a text string which is represented as UTF-8, UTF-16 native byte order,
+** UTF-16 little endian, or UTF-16 big endian, respectively.
+** ^SQLite takes the text result from the application from
+** the 2nd parameter of the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces.
+** ^If the 3rd parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
+** is negative, then SQLite takes result text from the 2nd parameter
+** through the first zero character.
+** ^If the 3rd parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
+** is non-negative, then as many bytes (not characters) of the text
+** pointed to by the 2nd parameter are taken as the application-defined
+** function result.
+** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
+** or sqlite3_result_blob is a non-NULL pointer, then SQLite calls that
+** function as the destructor on the text or BLOB result when it has
+** finished using that result.
+** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces or to
+** sqlite3_result_blob is the special constant SQLITE_STATIC, then SQLite
+** assumes that the text or BLOB result is in constant space and does not
+** copy the content of the parameter nor call a destructor on the content
+** when it has finished using that result.
+** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
+** or sqlite3_result_blob is the special constant SQLITE_TRANSIENT
+** then SQLite makes a copy of the result into space obtained from
+** from [sqlite3_malloc()] before it returns.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_result_value() interface sets the result of
+** the application-defined function to be a copy the
+** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object specified by the 2nd parameter.  ^The
+** sqlite3_result_value() interface makes a copy of the [sqlite3_value]
+** so that the [sqlite3_value] specified in the parameter may change or
+** be deallocated after sqlite3_result_value() returns without harm.
+** ^A [protected sqlite3_value] object may always be used where an
+** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object is required, so either
+** kind of [sqlite3_value] object can be used with this interface.
+**
+** If these routines are called from within the different thread
+** than the one containing the application-defined function that received
+** the [sqlite3_context] pointer, the results are undefined.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_blob(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_double(sqlite3_context*, double);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error(sqlite3_context*, const char*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error16(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_toobig(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_nomem(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_code(sqlite3_context*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int(sqlite3_context*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int64(sqlite3_context*, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_null(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text(sqlite3_context*, const char*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16le(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int,void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16be(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int,void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_value(sqlite3_context*, sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_zeroblob(sqlite3_context*, int n);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Define New Collating Sequences
+**
+** ^These functions add, remove, or modify a [collation] associated
+** with the [database connection] specified as the first argument.
+**
+** ^The name of the collation is a UTF-8 string
+** for sqlite3_create_collation() and sqlite3_create_collation_v2()
+** and a UTF-16 string in native byte order for sqlite3_create_collation16().
+** ^Collation names that compare equal according to [sqlite3_strnicmp()] are
+** considered to be the same name.
+**
+** ^(The third argument (eTextRep) must be one of the constants:
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF8],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16LE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16BE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16], or
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED].
+** </ul>)^
+** ^The eTextRep argument determines the encoding of strings passed
+** to the collating function callback, xCallback.
+** ^The [SQLITE_UTF16] and [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] values for eTextRep
+** force strings to be UTF16 with native byte order.
+** ^The [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] value for eTextRep forces strings to begin
+** on an even byte address.
+**
+** ^The fourth argument, pArg, is an application data pointer that is passed
+** through as the first argument to the collating function callback.
+**
+** ^The fifth argument, xCallback, is a pointer to the collating function.
+** ^Multiple collating functions can be registered using the same name but
+** with different eTextRep parameters and SQLite will use whichever
+** function requires the least amount of data transformation.
+** ^If the xCallback argument is NULL then the collating function is
+** deleted.  ^When all collating functions having the same name are deleted,
+** that collation is no longer usable.
+**
+** ^The collating function callback is invoked with a copy of the pArg 
+** application data pointer and with two strings in the encoding specified
+** by the eTextRep argument.  The collating function must return an
+** integer that is negative, zero, or positive
+** if the first string is less than, equal to, or greater than the second,
+** respectively.  A collating function must always return the same answer
+** given the same inputs.  If two or more collating functions are registered
+** to the same collation name (using different eTextRep values) then all
+** must give an equivalent answer when invoked with equivalent strings.
+** The collating function must obey the following properties for all
+** strings A, B, and C:
+**
+** <ol>
+** <li> If A==B then B==A.
+** <li> If A==B and B==C then A==C.
+** <li> If A&lt;B THEN B&gt;A.
+** <li> If A&lt;B and B&lt;C then A&lt;C.
+** </ol>
+**
+** If a collating function fails any of the above constraints and that
+** collating function is  registered and used, then the behavior of SQLite
+** is undefined.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_create_collation_v2() works like sqlite3_create_collation()
+** with the addition that the xDestroy callback is invoked on pArg when
+** the collating function is deleted.
+** ^Collating functions are deleted when they are overridden by later
+** calls to the collation creation functions or when the
+** [database connection] is closed using [sqlite3_close()].
+**
+** ^The xDestroy callback is <u>not</u> called if the 
+** sqlite3_create_collation_v2() function fails.  Applications that invoke
+** sqlite3_create_collation_v2() with a non-NULL xDestroy argument should 
+** check the return code and dispose of the application data pointer
+** themselves rather than expecting SQLite to deal with it for them.
+** This is different from every other SQLite interface.  The inconsistency 
+** is unfortunate but cannot be changed without breaking backwards 
+** compatibility.
+**
+** See also:  [sqlite3_collation_needed()] and [sqlite3_collation_needed16()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  const char *zName, 
+  int eTextRep, 
+  void *pArg,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation_v2(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  const char *zName, 
+  int eTextRep, 
+  void *pArg,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*),
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation16(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  const void *zName,
+  int eTextRep, 
+  void *pArg,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Collation Needed Callbacks
+**
+** ^To avoid having to register all collation sequences before a database
+** can be used, a single callback function may be registered with the
+** [database connection] to be invoked whenever an undefined collation
+** sequence is required.
+**
+** ^If the function is registered using the sqlite3_collation_needed() API,
+** then it is passed the names of undefined collation sequences as strings
+** encoded in UTF-8. ^If sqlite3_collation_needed16() is used,
+** the names are passed as UTF-16 in machine native byte order.
+** ^A call to either function replaces the existing collation-needed callback.
+**
+** ^(When the callback is invoked, the first argument passed is a copy
+** of the second argument to sqlite3_collation_needed() or
+** sqlite3_collation_needed16().  The second argument is the database
+** connection.  The third argument is one of [SQLITE_UTF8], [SQLITE_UTF16BE],
+** or [SQLITE_UTF16LE], indicating the most desirable form of the collation
+** sequence function required.  The fourth parameter is the name of the
+** required collation sequence.)^
+**
+** The callback function should register the desired collation using
+** [sqlite3_create_collation()], [sqlite3_create_collation16()], or
+** [sqlite3_create_collation_v2()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  void*, 
+  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const char*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed16(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  void*,
+  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*)
+);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+/*
+** Specify the key for an encrypted database.  This routine should be
+** called right after sqlite3_open().
+**
+** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
+** of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
+);
+
+/*
+** Change the key on an open database.  If the current database is not
+** encrypted, this routine will encrypt it.  If pNew==0 or nNew==0, the
+** database is decrypted.
+**
+** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
+** of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
+);
+
+/*
+** Specify the activation key for a SEE database.  Unless 
+** activated, none of the SEE routines will work.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_see(
+  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
+);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
+/*
+** Specify the activation key for a CEROD database.  Unless 
+** activated, none of the CEROD routines will work.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_cerod(
+  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
+);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Suspend Execution For A Short Time
+**
+** The sqlite3_sleep() function causes the current thread to suspend execution
+** for at least a number of milliseconds specified in its parameter.
+**
+** If the operating system does not support sleep requests with
+** millisecond time resolution, then the time will be rounded up to
+** the nearest second. The number of milliseconds of sleep actually
+** requested from the operating system is returned.
+**
+** ^SQLite implements this interface by calling the xSleep()
+** method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.  If the xSleep() method
+** of the default VFS is not implemented correctly, or not implemented at
+** all, then the behavior of sqlite3_sleep() may deviate from the description
+** in the previous paragraphs.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sleep(int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Name Of The Folder Holding Temporary Files
+**
+** ^(If this global variable is made to point to a string which is
+** the name of a folder (a.k.a. directory), then all temporary files
+** created by SQLite when using a built-in [sqlite3_vfs | VFS]
+** will be placed in that directory.)^  ^If this variable
+** is a NULL pointer, then SQLite performs a search for an appropriate
+** temporary file directory.
+**
+** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
+** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
+** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
+** thread.
+** It is intended that this variable be set once
+** as part of process initialization and before any SQLite interface
+** routines have been called and that this variable remain unchanged
+** thereafter.
+**
+** ^The [temp_store_directory pragma] may modify this variable and cause
+** it to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc].  ^Furthermore,
+** the [temp_store_directory pragma] always assumes that any string
+** that this variable points to is held in memory obtained from 
+** [sqlite3_malloc] and the pragma may attempt to free that memory
+** using [sqlite3_free].
+** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
+** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
+** or else the use of the [temp_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN char *sqlite3_temp_directory;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Test For Auto-Commit Mode
+** KEYWORDS: {autocommit mode}
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_get_autocommit() interface returns non-zero or
+** zero if the given database connection is or is not in autocommit mode,
+** respectively.  ^Autocommit mode is on by default.
+** ^Autocommit mode is disabled by a [BEGIN] statement.
+** ^Autocommit mode is re-enabled by a [COMMIT] or [ROLLBACK].
+**
+** If certain kinds of errors occur on a statement within a multi-statement
+** transaction (errors including [SQLITE_FULL], [SQLITE_IOERR],
+** [SQLITE_NOMEM], [SQLITE_BUSY], and [SQLITE_INTERRUPT]) then the
+** transaction might be rolled back automatically.  The only way to
+** find out whether SQLite automatically rolled back the transaction after
+** an error is to use this function.
+**
+** If another thread changes the autocommit status of the database
+** connection while this routine is running, then the return value
+** is undefined.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_autocommit(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Find The Database Handle Of A Prepared Statement
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_db_handle interface returns the [database connection] handle
+** to which a [prepared statement] belongs.  ^The [database connection]
+** returned by sqlite3_db_handle is the same [database connection]
+** that was the first argument
+** to the [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] call (or its variants) that was used to
+** create the statement in the first place.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_db_handle(sqlite3_stmt*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Find the next prepared statement
+**
+** ^This interface returns a pointer to the next [prepared statement] after
+** pStmt associated with the [database connection] pDb.  ^If pStmt is NULL
+** then this interface returns a pointer to the first prepared statement
+** associated with the database connection pDb.  ^If no prepared statement
+** satisfies the conditions of this routine, it returns NULL.
+**
+** The [database connection] pointer D in a call to
+** [sqlite3_next_stmt(D,S)] must refer to an open database
+** connection and in particular must not be a NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_stmt *sqlite3_next_stmt(sqlite3 *pDb, sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Commit And Rollback Notification Callbacks
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_commit_hook() interface registers a callback
+** function to be invoked whenever a transaction is [COMMIT | committed].
+** ^Any callback set by a previous call to sqlite3_commit_hook()
+** for the same database connection is overridden.
+** ^The sqlite3_rollback_hook() interface registers a callback
+** function to be invoked whenever a transaction is [ROLLBACK | rolled back].
+** ^Any callback set by a previous call to sqlite3_rollback_hook()
+** for the same database connection is overridden.
+** ^The pArg argument is passed through to the callback.
+** ^If the callback on a commit hook function returns non-zero,
+** then the commit is converted into a rollback.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_commit_hook(D,C,P) and sqlite3_rollback_hook(D,C,P) functions
+** return the P argument from the previous call of the same function
+** on the same [database connection] D, or NULL for
+** the first call for each function on D.
+**
+** The callback implementation must not do anything that will modify
+** the database connection that invoked the callback.  Any actions
+** to modify the database connection must be deferred until after the
+** completion of the [sqlite3_step()] call that triggered the commit
+** or rollback hook in the first place.
+** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
+** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
+**
+** ^Registering a NULL function disables the callback.
+**
+** ^When the commit hook callback routine returns zero, the [COMMIT]
+** operation is allowed to continue normally.  ^If the commit hook
+** returns non-zero, then the [COMMIT] is converted into a [ROLLBACK].
+** ^The rollback hook is invoked on a rollback that results from a commit
+** hook returning non-zero, just as it would be with any other rollback.
+**
+** ^For the purposes of this API, a transaction is said to have been
+** rolled back if an explicit "ROLLBACK" statement is executed, or
+** an error or constraint causes an implicit rollback to occur.
+** ^The rollback callback is not invoked if a transaction is
+** automatically rolled back because the database connection is closed.
+**
+** See also the [sqlite3_update_hook()] interface.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_commit_hook(sqlite3*, int(*)(void*), void*);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_rollback_hook(sqlite3*, void(*)(void *), void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Data Change Notification Callbacks
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_update_hook() interface registers a callback function
+** with the [database connection] identified by the first argument
+** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** ^Any callback set by a previous call to this function
+** for the same database connection is overridden.
+**
+** ^The second argument is a pointer to the function to invoke when a
+** row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** ^The first argument to the callback is a copy of the third argument
+** to sqlite3_update_hook().
+** ^The second callback argument is one of [SQLITE_INSERT], [SQLITE_DELETE],
+** or [SQLITE_UPDATE], depending on the operation that caused the callback
+** to be invoked.
+** ^The third and fourth arguments to the callback contain pointers to the
+** database and table name containing the affected row.
+** ^The final callback parameter is the [rowid] of the row.
+** ^In the case of an update, this is the [rowid] after the update takes place.
+**
+** ^(The update hook is not invoked when internal system tables are
+** modified (i.e. sqlite_master and sqlite_sequence).)^
+**
+** ^In the current implementation, the update hook
+** is not invoked when duplication rows are deleted because of an
+** [ON CONFLICT | ON CONFLICT REPLACE] clause.  ^Nor is the update hook
+** invoked when rows are deleted using the [truncate optimization].
+** The exceptions defined in this paragraph might change in a future
+** release of SQLite.
+**
+** The update hook implementation must not do anything that will modify
+** the database connection that invoked the update hook.  Any actions
+** to modify the database connection must be deferred until after the
+** completion of the [sqlite3_step()] call that triggered the update hook.
+** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
+** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_update_hook(D,C,P) function
+** returns the P argument from the previous call
+** on the same [database connection] D, or NULL for
+** the first call on D.
+**
+** See also the [sqlite3_commit_hook()] and [sqlite3_rollback_hook()]
+** interfaces.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_update_hook(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  void(*)(void *,int ,char const *,char const *,sqlite3_int64),
+  void*
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Shared Pager Cache
+** KEYWORDS: {shared cache}
+**
+** ^(This routine enables or disables the sharing of the database cache
+** and schema data structures between [database connection | connections]
+** to the same database. Sharing is enabled if the argument is true
+** and disabled if the argument is false.)^
+**
+** ^Cache sharing is enabled and disabled for an entire process.
+** This is a change as of SQLite version 3.5.0. In prior versions of SQLite,
+** sharing was enabled or disabled for each thread separately.
+**
+** ^(The cache sharing mode set by this interface effects all subsequent
+** calls to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], and [sqlite3_open16()].
+** Existing database connections continue use the sharing mode
+** that was in effect at the time they were opened.)^
+**
+** ^(This routine returns [SQLITE_OK] if shared cache was enabled or disabled
+** successfully.  An [error code] is returned otherwise.)^
+**
+** ^Shared cache is disabled by default. But this might change in
+** future releases of SQLite.  Applications that care about shared
+** cache setting should set it explicitly.
+**
+** See Also:  [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Attempt To Free Heap Memory
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_release_memory() interface attempts to free N bytes
+** of heap memory by deallocating non-essential memory allocations
+** held by the database library.   Memory used to cache database
+** pages to improve performance is an example of non-essential memory.
+** ^sqlite3_release_memory() returns the number of bytes actually freed,
+** which might be more or less than the amount requested.
+** ^The sqlite3_release_memory() routine is a no-op returning zero
+** if SQLite is not compiled with [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_release_memory(int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Impose A Limit On Heap Size
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() interface sets and/or queries the
+** soft limit on the amount of heap memory that may be allocated by SQLite.
+** ^SQLite strives to keep heap memory utilization below the soft heap
+** limit by reducing the number of pages held in the page cache
+** as heap memory usages approaches the limit.
+** ^The soft heap limit is "soft" because even though SQLite strives to stay
+** below the limit, it will exceed the limit rather than generate
+** an [SQLITE_NOMEM] error.  In other words, the soft heap limit 
+** is advisory only.
+**
+** ^The return value from sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() is the size of
+** the soft heap limit prior to the call.  ^If the argument N is negative
+** then no change is made to the soft heap limit.  Hence, the current
+** size of the soft heap limit can be determined by invoking
+** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() with a negative argument.
+**
+** ^If the argument N is zero then the soft heap limit is disabled.
+**
+** ^(The soft heap limit is not enforced in the current implementation
+** if one or more of following conditions are true:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li> The soft heap limit is set to zero.
+** <li> Memory accounting is disabled using a combination of the
+**      [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS],...) start-time option and
+**      the [SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS] compile-time option.
+** <li> An alternative page cache implementation is specified using
+**      [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE],...).
+** <li> The page cache allocates from its own memory pool supplied
+**      by [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE],...) rather than
+**      from the heap.
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** Beginning with SQLite version 3.7.3, the soft heap limit is enforced
+** regardless of whether or not the [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT]
+** compile-time option is invoked.  With [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT],
+** the soft heap limit is enforced on every memory allocation.  Without
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT], the soft heap limit is only enforced
+** when memory is allocated by the page cache.  Testing suggests that because
+** the page cache is the predominate memory user in SQLite, most
+** applications will achieve adequate soft heap limit enforcement without
+** the use of [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT].
+**
+** The circumstances under which SQLite will enforce the soft heap limit may
+** changes in future releases of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(sqlite3_int64 N);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Soft Heap Limit Interface
+** DEPRECATED
+**
+** This is a deprecated version of the [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()]
+** interface.  This routine is provided for historical compatibility
+** only.  All new applications should use the
+** [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()] interface rather than this one.
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int N);
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Extract Metadata About A Column Of A Table
+**
+** ^This routine returns metadata about a specific column of a specific
+** database table accessible using the [database connection] handle
+** passed as the first function argument.
+**
+** ^The column is identified by the second, third and fourth parameters to
+** this function. ^The second parameter is either the name of the database
+** (i.e. "main", "temp", or an attached database) containing the specified
+** table or NULL. ^If it is NULL, then all attached databases are searched
+** for the table using the same algorithm used by the database engine to
+** resolve unqualified table references.
+**
+** ^The third and fourth parameters to this function are the table and column
+** name of the desired column, respectively. Neither of these parameters
+** may be NULL.
+**
+** ^Metadata is returned by writing to the memory locations passed as the 5th
+** and subsequent parameters to this function. ^Any of these arguments may be
+** NULL, in which case the corresponding element of metadata is omitted.
+**
+** ^(<blockquote>
+** <table border="1">
+** <tr><th> Parameter <th> Output<br>Type <th>  Description
+**
+** <tr><td> 5th <td> const char* <td> Data type
+** <tr><td> 6th <td> const char* <td> Name of default collation sequence
+** <tr><td> 7th <td> int         <td> True if column has a NOT NULL constraint
+** <tr><td> 8th <td> int         <td> True if column is part of the PRIMARY KEY
+** <tr><td> 9th <td> int         <td> True if column is [AUTOINCREMENT]
+** </table>
+** </blockquote>)^
+**
+** ^The memory pointed to by the character pointers returned for the
+** declaration type and collation sequence is valid only until the next
+** call to any SQLite API function.
+**
+** ^If the specified table is actually a view, an [error code] is returned.
+**
+** ^If the specified column is "rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_" and an
+** [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] column has been explicitly declared, then the output
+** parameters are set for the explicitly declared column. ^(If there is no
+** explicitly declared [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] column, then the output
+** parameters are set as follows:
+**
+** <pre>
+**     data type: "INTEGER"
+**     collation sequence: "BINARY"
+**     not null: 0
+**     primary key: 1
+**     auto increment: 0
+** </pre>)^
+**
+** ^(This function may load one or more schemas from database files. If an
+** error occurs during this process, or if the requested table or column
+** cannot be found, an [error code] is returned and an error message left
+** in the [database connection] (to be retrieved using sqlite3_errmsg()).)^
+**
+** ^This API is only available if the library was compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA] C-preprocessor symbol defined.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_table_column_metadata(
+  sqlite3 *db,                /* Connection handle */
+  const char *zDbName,        /* Database name or NULL */
+  const char *zTableName,     /* Table name */
+  const char *zColumnName,    /* Column name */
+  char const **pzDataType,    /* OUTPUT: Declared data type */
+  char const **pzCollSeq,     /* OUTPUT: Collation sequence name */
+  int *pNotNull,              /* OUTPUT: True if NOT NULL constraint exists */
+  int *pPrimaryKey,           /* OUTPUT: True if column part of PK */
+  int *pAutoinc               /* OUTPUT: True if column is auto-increment */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Load An Extension
+**
+** ^This interface loads an SQLite extension library from the named file.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface attempts to load an
+** SQLite extension library contained in the file zFile.
+**
+** ^The entry point is zProc.
+** ^zProc may be 0, in which case the name of the entry point
+** defaults to "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface returns
+** [SQLITE_OK] on success and [SQLITE_ERROR] if something goes wrong.
+** ^If an error occurs and pzErrMsg is not 0, then the
+** [sqlite3_load_extension()] interface shall attempt to
+** fill *pzErrMsg with error message text stored in memory
+** obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()]. The calling function
+** should free this memory by calling [sqlite3_free()].
+**
+** ^Extension loading must be enabled using
+** [sqlite3_enable_load_extension()] prior to calling this API,
+** otherwise an error will be returned.
+**
+** See also the [load_extension() SQL function].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_load_extension(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* Load the extension into this database connection */
+  const char *zFile,    /* Name of the shared library containing extension */
+  const char *zProc,    /* Entry point.  Derived from zFile if 0 */
+  char **pzErrMsg       /* Put error message here if not 0 */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Extension Loading
+**
+** ^So as not to open security holes in older applications that are
+** unprepared to deal with extension loading, and as a means of disabling
+** extension loading while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
+** is provided to turn the [sqlite3_load_extension()] mechanism on and off.
+**
+** ^Extension loading is off by default. See ticket #1863.
+** ^Call the sqlite3_enable_load_extension() routine with onoff==1
+** to turn extension loading on and call it with onoff==0 to turn
+** it back off again.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_load_extension(sqlite3 *db, int onoff);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Automatically Load Statically Linked Extensions
+**
+** ^This interface causes the xEntryPoint() function to be invoked for
+** each new [database connection] that is created.  The idea here is that
+** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked SQLite extension
+** that is to be automatically loaded into all new database connections.
+**
+** ^(Even though the function prototype shows that xEntryPoint() takes
+** no arguments and returns void, SQLite invokes xEntryPoint() with three
+** arguments and expects and integer result as if the signature of the
+** entry point where as follows:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** &nbsp;  int xEntryPoint(
+** &nbsp;    sqlite3 *db,
+** &nbsp;    const char **pzErrMsg,
+** &nbsp;    const struct sqlite3_api_routines *pThunk
+** &nbsp;  );
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
+**
+** If the xEntryPoint routine encounters an error, it should make *pzErrMsg
+** point to an appropriate error message (obtained from [sqlite3_mprintf()])
+** and return an appropriate [error code].  ^SQLite ensures that *pzErrMsg
+** is NULL before calling the xEntryPoint().  ^SQLite will invoke
+** [sqlite3_free()] on *pzErrMsg after xEntryPoint() returns.  ^If any
+** xEntryPoint() returns an error, the [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()],
+** or [sqlite3_open_v2()] call that provoked the xEntryPoint() will fail.
+**
+** ^Calling sqlite3_auto_extension(X) with an entry point X that is already
+** on the list of automatic extensions is a harmless no-op. ^No entry point
+** will be called more than once for each database connection that is opened.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Reset Automatic Extension Loading
+**
+** ^This interface disables all automatic extensions previously
+** registered using [sqlite3_auto_extension()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_reset_auto_extension(void);
+
+/*
+** The interface to the virtual-table mechanism is currently considered
+** to be experimental.  The interface might change in incompatible ways.
+** If this is a problem for you, do not use the interface at this time.
+**
+** When the virtual-table mechanism stabilizes, we will declare the
+** interface fixed, support it indefinitely, and remove this comment.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Structures used by the virtual table interface
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_vtab sqlite3_vtab;
+typedef struct sqlite3_index_info sqlite3_index_info;
+typedef struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor sqlite3_vtab_cursor;
+typedef struct sqlite3_module sqlite3_module;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Object
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_module {virtual table module}
+**
+** This structure, sometimes called a "virtual table module", 
+** defines the implementation of a [virtual tables].  
+** This structure consists mostly of methods for the module.
+**
+** ^A virtual table module is created by filling in a persistent
+** instance of this structure and passing a pointer to that instance
+** to [sqlite3_create_module()] or [sqlite3_create_module_v2()].
+** ^The registration remains valid until it is replaced by a different
+** module or until the [database connection] closes.  The content
+** of this structure must not change while it is registered with
+** any database connection.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_module {
+  int iVersion;
+  int (*xCreate)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
+               int argc, const char *const*argv,
+               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab, char**);
+  int (*xConnect)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
+               int argc, const char *const*argv,
+               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab, char**);
+  int (*xBestIndex)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info*);
+  int (*xDisconnect)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor);
+  int (*xClose)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
+  int (*xFilter)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
+                int argc, sqlite3_value **argv);
+  int (*xNext)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
+  int (*xEof)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
+  int (*xColumn)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_context*, int);
+  int (*xRowid)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_int64 *pRowid);
+  int (*xUpdate)(sqlite3_vtab *, int, sqlite3_value **, sqlite3_int64 *);
+  int (*xBegin)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xSync)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xCommit)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xRollback)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xFindFunction)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int nArg, const char *zName,
+                       void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+                       void **ppArg);
+  int (*xRename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
+  /* The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_module object. Those 
+  ** below are for version 2 and greater. */
+  int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+  int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+  int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Indexing Information
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_index_info
+**
+** The sqlite3_index_info structure and its substructures is used as part
+** of the [virtual table] interface to
+** pass information into and receive the reply from the [xBestIndex]
+** method of a [virtual table module].  The fields under **Inputs** are the
+** inputs to xBestIndex and are read-only.  xBestIndex inserts its
+** results into the **Outputs** fields.
+**
+** ^(The aConstraint[] array records WHERE clause constraints of the form:
+**
+** <blockquote>column OP expr</blockquote>
+**
+** where OP is =, &lt;, &lt;=, &gt;, or &gt;=.)^  ^(The particular operator is
+** stored in aConstraint[].op using one of the
+** [SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ | SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ values].)^
+** ^(The index of the column is stored in
+** aConstraint[].iColumn.)^  ^(aConstraint[].usable is TRUE if the
+** expr on the right-hand side can be evaluated (and thus the constraint
+** is usable) and false if it cannot.)^
+**
+** ^The optimizer automatically inverts terms of the form "expr OP column"
+** and makes other simplifications to the WHERE clause in an attempt to
+** get as many WHERE clause terms into the form shown above as possible.
+** ^The aConstraint[] array only reports WHERE clause terms that are
+** relevant to the particular virtual table being queried.
+**
+** ^Information about the ORDER BY clause is stored in aOrderBy[].
+** ^Each term of aOrderBy records a column of the ORDER BY clause.
+**
+** The [xBestIndex] method must fill aConstraintUsage[] with information
+** about what parameters to pass to xFilter.  ^If argvIndex>0 then
+** the right-hand side of the corresponding aConstraint[] is evaluated
+** and becomes the argvIndex-th entry in argv.  ^(If aConstraintUsage[].omit
+** is true, then the constraint is assumed to be fully handled by the
+** virtual table and is not checked again by SQLite.)^
+**
+** ^The idxNum and idxPtr values are recorded and passed into the
+** [xFilter] method.
+** ^[sqlite3_free()] is used to free idxPtr if and only if
+** needToFreeIdxPtr is true.
+**
+** ^The orderByConsumed means that output from [xFilter]/[xNext] will occur in
+** the correct order to satisfy the ORDER BY clause so that no separate
+** sorting step is required.
+**
+** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of doing the
+** particular lookup.  A full scan of a table with N entries should have
+** a cost of N.  A binary search of a table of N entries should have a
+** cost of approximately log(N).
+*/
+struct sqlite3_index_info {
+  /* Inputs */
+  int nConstraint;           /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint {
+     int iColumn;              /* Column on left-hand side of constraint */
+     unsigned char op;         /* Constraint operator */
+     unsigned char usable;     /* True if this constraint is usable */
+     int iTermOffset;          /* Used internally - xBestIndex should ignore */
+  } *aConstraint;            /* Table of WHERE clause constraints */
+  int nOrderBy;              /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
+  struct sqlite3_index_orderby {
+     int iColumn;              /* Column number */
+     unsigned char desc;       /* True for DESC.  False for ASC. */
+  } *aOrderBy;               /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  /* Outputs */
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage {
+    int argvIndex;           /* if >0, constraint is part of argv to xFilter */
+    unsigned char omit;      /* Do not code a test for this constraint */
+  } *aConstraintUsage;
+  int idxNum;                /* Number used to identify the index */
+  char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
+  int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
+  int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
+  double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Constraint Operator Codes
+**
+** These macros defined the allowed values for the
+** [sqlite3_index_info].aConstraint[].op field.  Each value represents
+** an operator that is part of a constraint term in the wHERE clause of
+** a query that uses a [virtual table].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ    2
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT    4
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE    8
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT    16
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE    32
+#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH 64
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Register A Virtual Table Implementation
+**
+** ^These routines are used to register a new [virtual table module] name.
+** ^Module names must be registered before
+** creating a new [virtual table] using the module and before using a
+** preexisting [virtual table] for the module.
+**
+** ^The module name is registered on the [database connection] specified
+** by the first parameter.  ^The name of the module is given by the 
+** second parameter.  ^The third parameter is a pointer to
+** the implementation of the [virtual table module].   ^The fourth
+** parameter is an arbitrary client data pointer that is passed through
+** into the [xCreate] and [xConnect] methods of the virtual table module
+** when a new virtual table is be being created or reinitialized.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_create_module_v2() interface has a fifth parameter which
+** is a pointer to a destructor for the pClientData.  ^SQLite will
+** invoke the destructor function (if it is not NULL) when SQLite
+** no longer needs the pClientData pointer.  ^The destructor will also
+** be invoked if the call to sqlite3_create_module_v2() fails.
+** ^The sqlite3_create_module()
+** interface is equivalent to sqlite3_create_module_v2() with a NULL
+** destructor.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module(
+  sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
+  const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
+  const sqlite3_module *p,   /* Methods for the module */
+  void *pClientData          /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
+  const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
+  const sqlite3_module *p,   /* Methods for the module */
+  void *pClientData,         /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)     /* Module destructor function */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Instance Object
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_vtab
+**
+** Every [virtual table module] implementation uses a subclass
+** of this object to describe a particular instance
+** of the [virtual table].  Each subclass will
+** be tailored to the specific needs of the module implementation.
+** The purpose of this superclass is to define certain fields that are
+** common to all module implementations.
+**
+** ^Virtual tables methods can set an error message by assigning a
+** string obtained from [sqlite3_mprintf()] to zErrMsg.  The method should
+** take care that any prior string is freed by a call to [sqlite3_free()]
+** prior to assigning a new string to zErrMsg.  ^After the error message
+** is delivered up to the client application, the string will be automatically
+** freed by sqlite3_free() and the zErrMsg field will be zeroed.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_vtab {
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;  /* The module for this virtual table */
+  int nRef;                       /* NO LONGER USED */
+  char *zErrMsg;                  /* Error message from sqlite3_mprintf() */
+  /* Virtual table implementations will typically add additional fields */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Cursor Object
+** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_vtab_cursor {virtual table cursor}
+**
+** Every [virtual table module] implementation uses a subclass of the
+** following structure to describe cursors that point into the
+** [virtual table] and are used
+** to loop through the virtual table.  Cursors are created using the
+** [sqlite3_module.xOpen | xOpen] method of the module and are destroyed
+** by the [sqlite3_module.xClose | xClose] method.  Cursors are used
+** by the [xFilter], [xNext], [xEof], [xColumn], and [xRowid] methods
+** of the module.  Each module implementation will define
+** the content of a cursor structure to suit its own needs.
+**
+** This superclass exists in order to define fields of the cursor that
+** are common to all implementations.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor {
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;      /* Virtual table of this cursor */
+  /* Virtual table implementations will typically add additional fields */
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Declare The Schema Of A Virtual Table
+**
+** ^The [xCreate] and [xConnect] methods of a
+** [virtual table module] call this interface
+** to declare the format (the names and datatypes of the columns) of
+** the virtual tables they implement.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3*, const char *zSQL);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Overload A Function For A Virtual Table
+**
+** ^(Virtual tables can provide alternative implementations of functions
+** using the [xFindFunction] method of the [virtual table module].  
+** But global versions of those functions
+** must exist in order to be overloaded.)^
+**
+** ^(This API makes sure a global version of a function with a particular
+** name and number of parameters exists.  If no such function exists
+** before this API is called, a new function is created.)^  ^The implementation
+** of the new function always causes an exception to be thrown.  So
+** the new function is not good for anything by itself.  Its only
+** purpose is to be a placeholder function that can be overloaded
+** by a [virtual table].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_overload_function(sqlite3*, const char *zFuncName, int nArg);
+
+/*
+** The interface to the virtual-table mechanism defined above (back up
+** to a comment remarkably similar to this one) is currently considered
+** to be experimental.  The interface might change in incompatible ways.
+** If this is a problem for you, do not use the interface at this time.
+**
+** When the virtual-table mechanism stabilizes, we will declare the
+** interface fixed, support it indefinitely, and remove this comment.
+*/
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: A Handle To An Open BLOB
+** KEYWORDS: {BLOB handle} {BLOB handles}
+**
+** An instance of this object represents an open BLOB on which
+** [sqlite3_blob_open | incremental BLOB I/O] can be performed.
+** ^Objects of this type are created by [sqlite3_blob_open()]
+** and destroyed by [sqlite3_blob_close()].
+** ^The [sqlite3_blob_read()] and [sqlite3_blob_write()] interfaces
+** can be used to read or write small subsections of the BLOB.
+** ^The [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] interface returns the size of the BLOB in bytes.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_blob sqlite3_blob;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Open A BLOB For Incremental I/O
+**
+** ^(This interfaces opens a [BLOB handle | handle] to the BLOB located
+** in row iRow, column zColumn, table zTable in database zDb;
+** in other words, the same BLOB that would be selected by:
+**
+** <pre>
+**     SELECT zColumn FROM zDb.zTable WHERE [rowid] = iRow;
+** </pre>)^
+**
+** ^If the flags parameter is non-zero, then the BLOB is opened for read
+** and write access. ^If it is zero, the BLOB is opened for read access.
+** ^It is not possible to open a column that is part of an index or primary 
+** key for writing. ^If [foreign key constraints] are enabled, it is 
+** not possible to open a column that is part of a [child key] for writing.
+**
+** ^Note that the database name is not the filename that contains
+** the database but rather the symbolic name of the database that
+** appears after the AS keyword when the database is connected using [ATTACH].
+** ^For the main database file, the database name is "main".
+** ^For TEMP tables, the database name is "temp".
+**
+** ^(On success, [SQLITE_OK] is returned and the new [BLOB handle] is written
+** to *ppBlob. Otherwise an [error code] is returned and *ppBlob is set
+** to be a null pointer.)^
+** ^This function sets the [database connection] error code and message
+** accessible via [sqlite3_errcode()] and [sqlite3_errmsg()] and related
+** functions. ^Note that the *ppBlob variable is always initialized in a
+** way that makes it safe to invoke [sqlite3_blob_close()] on *ppBlob
+** regardless of the success or failure of this routine.
+**
+** ^(If the row that a BLOB handle points to is modified by an
+** [UPDATE], [DELETE], or by [ON CONFLICT] side-effects
+** then the BLOB handle is marked as "expired".
+** This is true if any column of the row is changed, even a column
+** other than the one the BLOB handle is open on.)^
+** ^Calls to [sqlite3_blob_read()] and [sqlite3_blob_write()] for
+** an expired BLOB handle fail with a return code of [SQLITE_ABORT].
+** ^(Changes written into a BLOB prior to the BLOB expiring are not
+** rolled back by the expiration of the BLOB.  Such changes will eventually
+** commit if the transaction continues to completion.)^
+**
+** ^Use the [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] interface to determine the size of
+** the opened blob.  ^The size of a blob may not be changed by this
+** interface.  Use the [UPDATE] SQL command to change the size of a
+** blob.
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_bind_zeroblob()] and [sqlite3_result_zeroblob()] interfaces
+** and the built-in [zeroblob] SQL function can be used, if desired,
+** to create an empty, zero-filled blob in which to read or write using
+** this interface.
+**
+** To avoid a resource leak, every open [BLOB handle] should eventually
+** be released by a call to [sqlite3_blob_close()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
+  sqlite3*,
+  const char *zDb,
+  const char *zTable,
+  const char *zColumn,
+  sqlite3_int64 iRow,
+  int flags,
+  sqlite3_blob **ppBlob
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Move a BLOB Handle to a New Row
+**
+** ^This function is used to move an existing blob handle so that it points
+** to a different row of the same database table. ^The new row is identified
+** by the rowid value passed as the second argument. Only the row can be
+** changed. ^The database, table and column on which the blob handle is open
+** remain the same. Moving an existing blob handle to a new row can be
+** faster than closing the existing handle and opening a new one.
+**
+** ^(The new row must meet the same criteria as for [sqlite3_blob_open()] -
+** it must exist and there must be either a blob or text value stored in
+** the nominated column.)^ ^If the new row is not present in the table, or if
+** it does not contain a blob or text value, or if another error occurs, an
+** SQLite error code is returned and the blob handle is considered aborted.
+** ^All subsequent calls to [sqlite3_blob_read()], [sqlite3_blob_write()] or
+** [sqlite3_blob_reopen()] on an aborted blob handle immediately return
+** SQLITE_ABORT. ^Calling [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] on an aborted blob handle
+** always returns zero.
+**
+** ^This function sets the database handle error code and message.
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL int sqlite3_blob_reopen(sqlite3_blob *, sqlite3_int64);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Close A BLOB Handle
+**
+** ^Closes an open [BLOB handle].
+**
+** ^Closing a BLOB shall cause the current transaction to commit
+** if there are no other BLOBs, no pending prepared statements, and the
+** database connection is in [autocommit mode].
+** ^If any writes were made to the BLOB, they might be held in cache
+** until the close operation if they will fit.
+**
+** ^(Closing the BLOB often forces the changes
+** out to disk and so if any I/O errors occur, they will likely occur
+** at the time when the BLOB is closed.  Any errors that occur during
+** closing are reported as a non-zero return value.)^
+**
+** ^(The BLOB is closed unconditionally.  Even if this routine returns
+** an error code, the BLOB is still closed.)^
+**
+** ^Calling this routine with a null pointer (such as would be returned
+** by a failed call to [sqlite3_blob_open()]) is a harmless no-op.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_close(sqlite3_blob *);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Return The Size Of An Open BLOB
+**
+** ^Returns the size in bytes of the BLOB accessible via the 
+** successfully opened [BLOB handle] in its only argument.  ^The
+** incremental blob I/O routines can only read or overwriting existing
+** blob content; they cannot change the size of a blob.
+**
+** This routine only works on a [BLOB handle] which has been created
+** by a prior successful call to [sqlite3_blob_open()] and which has not
+** been closed by [sqlite3_blob_close()].  Passing any other pointer in
+** to this routine results in undefined and probably undesirable behavior.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_bytes(sqlite3_blob *);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Read Data From A BLOB Incrementally
+**
+** ^(This function is used to read data from an open [BLOB handle] into a
+** caller-supplied buffer. N bytes of data are copied into buffer Z
+** from the open BLOB, starting at offset iOffset.)^
+**
+** ^If offset iOffset is less than N bytes from the end of the BLOB,
+** [SQLITE_ERROR] is returned and no data is read.  ^If N or iOffset is
+** less than zero, [SQLITE_ERROR] is returned and no data is read.
+** ^The size of the blob (and hence the maximum value of N+iOffset)
+** can be determined using the [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] interface.
+**
+** ^An attempt to read from an expired [BLOB handle] fails with an
+** error code of [SQLITE_ABORT].
+**
+** ^(On success, sqlite3_blob_read() returns SQLITE_OK.
+** Otherwise, an [error code] or an [extended error code] is returned.)^
+**
+** This routine only works on a [BLOB handle] which has been created
+** by a prior successful call to [sqlite3_blob_open()] and which has not
+** been closed by [sqlite3_blob_close()].  Passing any other pointer in
+** to this routine results in undefined and probably undesirable behavior.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_blob_write()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_read(sqlite3_blob *, void *Z, int N, int iOffset);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Write Data Into A BLOB Incrementally
+**
+** ^This function is used to write data into an open [BLOB handle] from a
+** caller-supplied buffer. ^N bytes of data are copied from the buffer Z
+** into the open BLOB, starting at offset iOffset.
+**
+** ^If the [BLOB handle] passed as the first argument was not opened for
+** writing (the flags parameter to [sqlite3_blob_open()] was zero),
+** this function returns [SQLITE_READONLY].
+**
+** ^This function may only modify the contents of the BLOB; it is
+** not possible to increase the size of a BLOB using this API.
+** ^If offset iOffset is less than N bytes from the end of the BLOB,
+** [SQLITE_ERROR] is returned and no data is written.  ^If N is
+** less than zero [SQLITE_ERROR] is returned and no data is written.
+** The size of the BLOB (and hence the maximum value of N+iOffset)
+** can be determined using the [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] interface.
+**
+** ^An attempt to write to an expired [BLOB handle] fails with an
+** error code of [SQLITE_ABORT].  ^Writes to the BLOB that occurred
+** before the [BLOB handle] expired are not rolled back by the
+** expiration of the handle, though of course those changes might
+** have been overwritten by the statement that expired the BLOB handle
+** or by other independent statements.
+**
+** ^(On success, sqlite3_blob_write() returns SQLITE_OK.
+** Otherwise, an  [error code] or an [extended error code] is returned.)^
+**
+** This routine only works on a [BLOB handle] which has been created
+** by a prior successful call to [sqlite3_blob_open()] and which has not
+** been closed by [sqlite3_blob_close()].  Passing any other pointer in
+** to this routine results in undefined and probably undesirable behavior.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_blob_read()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_write(sqlite3_blob *, const void *z, int n, int iOffset);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual File System Objects
+**
+** A virtual filesystem (VFS) is an [sqlite3_vfs] object
+** that SQLite uses to interact
+** with the underlying operating system.  Most SQLite builds come with a
+** single default VFS that is appropriate for the host computer.
+** New VFSes can be registered and existing VFSes can be unregistered.
+** The following interfaces are provided.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_vfs_find() interface returns a pointer to a VFS given its name.
+** ^Names are case sensitive.
+** ^Names are zero-terminated UTF-8 strings.
+** ^If there is no match, a NULL pointer is returned.
+** ^If zVfsName is NULL then the default VFS is returned.
+**
+** ^New VFSes are registered with sqlite3_vfs_register().
+** ^Each new VFS becomes the default VFS if the makeDflt flag is set.
+** ^The same VFS can be registered multiple times without injury.
+** ^To make an existing VFS into the default VFS, register it again
+** with the makeDflt flag set.  If two different VFSes with the
+** same name are registered, the behavior is undefined.  If a
+** VFS is registered with a name that is NULL or an empty string,
+** then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** ^Unregister a VFS with the sqlite3_vfs_unregister() interface.
+** ^(If the default VFS is unregistered, another VFS is chosen as
+** the default.  The choice for the new VFS is arbitrary.)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3_vfs_find(const char *zVfsName);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_register(sqlite3_vfs*, int makeDflt);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_unregister(sqlite3_vfs*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutexes
+**
+** The SQLite core uses these routines for thread
+** synchronization. Though they are intended for internal
+** use by SQLite, code that links against SQLite is
+** permitted to use any of these routines.
+**
+** The SQLite source code contains multiple implementations
+** of these mutex routines.  An appropriate implementation
+** is selected automatically at compile-time.  ^(The following
+** implementations are available in the SQLite core:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
+** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREAD
+** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
+** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP implementation is a set of routines
+** that does no real locking and is appropriate for use in
+** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2,
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREAD, and SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations
+** are appropriate for use on OS/2, Unix, and Windows.
+**
+** ^(If SQLite is compiled with the SQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF preprocessor
+** macro defined (with "-DSQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF=1"), then no mutex
+** implementation is included with the library. In this case the
+** application must supply a custom mutex implementation using the
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX] option of the sqlite3_config() function
+** before calling sqlite3_initialize() or any other public sqlite3_
+** function that calls sqlite3_initialize().)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mutex_alloc() routine allocates a new
+** mutex and returns a pointer to it. ^If it returns NULL
+** that means that a mutex could not be allocated.  ^SQLite
+** will unwind its stack and return an error.  ^(The argument
+** to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() is one of these integer constants:
+**
+** <ul>
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** ^The first two constants (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST and SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE)
+** cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
+** a new mutex.  ^The new mutex is recursive when SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** is used but not necessarily so when SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST is used.
+** The mutex implementation does not need to make a distinction
+** between SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE and SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST if it does
+** not want to.  ^SQLite will only request a recursive mutex in
+** cases where it really needs one.  ^If a faster non-recursive mutex
+** implementation is available on the host platform, the mutex subsystem
+** might return such a mutex in response to SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST.
+**
+** ^The other allowed parameters to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() (anything other
+** than SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST and SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) each return
+** a pointer to a static preexisting mutex.  ^Six static mutexes are
+** used by the current version of SQLite.  Future versions of SQLite
+** may add additional static mutexes.  Static mutexes are for internal
+** use by SQLite only.  Applications that use SQLite mutexes should
+** use only the dynamic mutexes returned by SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST or
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE.
+**
+** ^Note that if one of the dynamic mutex parameters (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** or SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) is used then sqlite3_mutex_alloc()
+** returns a different mutex on every call.  ^But for the static
+** mutex types, the same mutex is returned on every call that has
+** the same type number.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mutex_free() routine deallocates a previously
+** allocated dynamic mutex.  ^SQLite is careful to deallocate every
+** dynamic mutex that it allocates.  The dynamic mutexes must not be in
+** use when they are deallocated.  Attempting to deallocate a static
+** mutex results in undefined behavior.  ^SQLite never deallocates
+** a static mutex.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mutex_enter() and sqlite3_mutex_try() routines attempt
+** to enter a mutex.  ^If another thread is already within the mutex,
+** sqlite3_mutex_enter() will block and sqlite3_mutex_try() will return
+** SQLITE_BUSY.  ^The sqlite3_mutex_try() interface returns [SQLITE_OK]
+** upon successful entry.  ^(Mutexes created using
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE can be entered multiple times by the same thread.
+** In such cases the,
+** mutex must be exited an equal number of times before another thread
+** can enter.)^  ^(If the same thread tries to enter any other
+** kind of mutex more than once, the behavior is undefined.
+** SQLite will never exhibit
+** such behavior in its own use of mutexes.)^
+**
+** ^(Some systems (for example, Windows 95) do not support the operation
+** implemented by sqlite3_mutex_try().  On those systems, sqlite3_mutex_try()
+** will always return SQLITE_BUSY.  The SQLite core only ever uses
+** sqlite3_mutex_try() as an optimization so this is acceptable behavior.)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_mutex_leave() routine exits a mutex that was
+** previously entered by the same thread.   ^(The behavior
+** is undefined if the mutex is not currently entered by the
+** calling thread or is not currently allocated.  SQLite will
+** never do either.)^
+**
+** ^If the argument to sqlite3_mutex_enter(), sqlite3_mutex_try(), or
+** sqlite3_mutex_leave() is a NULL pointer, then all three routines
+** behave as no-ops.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_mutex_held()] and [sqlite3_mutex_notheld()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_mutex_alloc(int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_free(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_try(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3_mutex*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutex Methods Object
+**
+** An instance of this structure defines the low-level routines
+** used to allocate and use mutexes.
+**
+** Usually, the default mutex implementations provided by SQLite are
+** sufficient, however the user has the option of substituting a custom
+** implementation for specialized deployments or systems for which SQLite
+** does not provide a suitable implementation. In this case, the user
+** creates and populates an instance of this structure to pass
+** to sqlite3_config() along with the [SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX] option.
+** Additionally, an instance of this structure can be used as an
+** output variable when querying the system for the current mutex
+** implementation, using the [SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX] option.
+**
+** ^The xMutexInit method defined by this structure is invoked as
+** part of system initialization by the sqlite3_initialize() function.
+** ^The xMutexInit routine is called by SQLite exactly once for each
+** effective call to [sqlite3_initialize()].
+**
+** ^The xMutexEnd method defined by this structure is invoked as
+** part of system shutdown by the sqlite3_shutdown() function. The
+** implementation of this method is expected to release all outstanding
+** resources obtained by the mutex methods implementation, especially
+** those obtained by the xMutexInit method.  ^The xMutexEnd()
+** interface is invoked exactly once for each call to [sqlite3_shutdown()].
+**
+** ^(The remaining seven methods defined by this structure (xMutexAlloc,
+** xMutexFree, xMutexEnter, xMutexTry, xMutexLeave, xMutexHeld and
+** xMutexNotheld) implement the following interfaces (respectively):
+**
+** <ul>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_alloc()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_free()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_enter()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_try()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_leave()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_held()] </li>
+**   <li>  [sqlite3_mutex_notheld()] </li>
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** The only difference is that the public sqlite3_XXX functions enumerated
+** above silently ignore any invocations that pass a NULL pointer instead
+** of a valid mutex handle. The implementations of the methods defined
+** by this structure are not required to handle this case, the results
+** of passing a NULL pointer instead of a valid mutex handle are undefined
+** (i.e. it is acceptable to provide an implementation that segfaults if
+** it is passed a NULL pointer).
+**
+** The xMutexInit() method must be threadsafe.  ^It must be harmless to
+** invoke xMutexInit() multiple times within the same process and without
+** intervening calls to xMutexEnd().  Second and subsequent calls to
+** xMutexInit() must be no-ops.
+**
+** ^xMutexInit() must not use SQLite memory allocation ([sqlite3_malloc()]
+** and its associates).  ^Similarly, xMutexAlloc() must not use SQLite memory
+** allocation for a static mutex.  ^However xMutexAlloc() may use SQLite
+** memory allocation for a fast or recursive mutex.
+**
+** ^SQLite will invoke the xMutexEnd() method when [sqlite3_shutdown()] is
+** called, but only if the prior call to xMutexInit returned SQLITE_OK.
+** If xMutexInit fails in any way, it is expected to clean up after itself
+** prior to returning.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_mutex_methods sqlite3_mutex_methods;
+struct sqlite3_mutex_methods {
+  int (*xMutexInit)(void);
+  int (*xMutexEnd)(void);
+  sqlite3_mutex *(*xMutexAlloc)(int);
+  void (*xMutexFree)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  void (*xMutexEnter)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  int (*xMutexTry)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  void (*xMutexLeave)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  int (*xMutexHeld)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  int (*xMutexNotheld)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutex Verification Routines
+**
+** The sqlite3_mutex_held() and sqlite3_mutex_notheld() routines
+** are intended for use inside assert() statements.  ^The SQLite core
+** never uses these routines except inside an assert() and applications
+** are advised to follow the lead of the core.  ^The SQLite core only
+** provides implementations for these routines when it is compiled
+** with the SQLITE_DEBUG flag.  ^External mutex implementations
+** are only required to provide these routines if SQLITE_DEBUG is
+** defined and if NDEBUG is not defined.
+**
+** ^These routines should return true if the mutex in their argument
+** is held or not held, respectively, by the calling thread.
+**
+** ^The implementation is not required to provided versions of these
+** routines that actually work. If the implementation does not provide working
+** versions of these routines, it should at least provide stubs that always
+** return true so that one does not get spurious assertion failures.
+**
+** ^If the argument to sqlite3_mutex_held() is a NULL pointer then
+** the routine should return 1.   This seems counter-intuitive since
+** clearly the mutex cannot be held if it does not exist.  But
+** the reason the mutex does not exist is because the build is not
+** using mutexes.  And we do not want the assert() containing the
+** call to sqlite3_mutex_held() to fail, so a non-zero return is
+** the appropriate thing to do.  ^The sqlite3_mutex_notheld()
+** interface should also return 1 when given a NULL pointer.
+*/
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_notheld(sqlite3_mutex*);
+#endif
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Mutex Types
+**
+** The [sqlite3_mutex_alloc()] interface takes a single argument
+** which is one of these integer constants.
+**
+** The set of static mutexes may change from one SQLite release to the
+** next.  Applications that override the built-in mutex logic must be
+** prepared to accommodate additional static mutexes.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST             0
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE        1
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER    2
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM       3  /* sqlite3_malloc() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2      4  /* NOT USED */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN      4  /* sqlite3BtreeOpen() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG      5  /* sqlite3_random() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU       6  /* lru page list */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7  /* NOT USED */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM      7  /* sqlite3PageMalloc() */
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Retrieve the mutex for a database connection
+**
+** ^This interface returns a pointer the [sqlite3_mutex] object that 
+** serializes access to the [database connection] given in the argument
+** when the [threading mode] is Serialized.
+** ^If the [threading mode] is Single-thread or Multi-thread then this
+** routine returns a NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_db_mutex(sqlite3*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Low-Level Control Of Database Files
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_file_control()] interface makes a direct call to the
+** xFileControl method for the [sqlite3_io_methods] object associated
+** with a particular database identified by the second argument. ^The
+** name of the database is "main" for the main database or "temp" for the
+** TEMP database, or the name that appears after the AS keyword for
+** databases that are added using the [ATTACH] SQL command.
+** ^A NULL pointer can be used in place of "main" to refer to the
+** main database file.
+** ^The third and fourth parameters to this routine
+** are passed directly through to the second and third parameters of
+** the xFileControl method.  ^The return value of the xFileControl
+** method becomes the return value of this routine.
+**
+** ^The SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER value for the op parameter causes
+** a pointer to the underlying [sqlite3_file] object to be written into
+** the space pointed to by the 4th parameter.  ^The SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER
+** case is a short-circuit path which does not actually invoke the
+** underlying sqlite3_io_methods.xFileControl method.
+**
+** ^If the second parameter (zDbName) does not match the name of any
+** open database file, then SQLITE_ERROR is returned.  ^This error
+** code is not remembered and will not be recalled by [sqlite3_errcode()]
+** or [sqlite3_errmsg()].  The underlying xFileControl method might
+** also return SQLITE_ERROR.  There is no way to distinguish between
+** an incorrect zDbName and an SQLITE_ERROR return from the underlying
+** xFileControl method.
+**
+** See also: [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_file_control(sqlite3*, const char *zDbName, int op, void*);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Testing Interface
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_test_control() interface is used to read out internal
+** state of SQLite and to inject faults into SQLite for testing
+** purposes.  ^The first parameter is an operation code that determines
+** the number, meaning, and operation of all subsequent parameters.
+**
+** This interface is not for use by applications.  It exists solely
+** for verifying the correct operation of the SQLite library.  Depending
+** on how the SQLite library is compiled, this interface might not exist.
+**
+** The details of the operation codes, their meanings, the parameters
+** they take, and what they do are all subject to change without notice.
+** Unlike most of the SQLite API, this function is not guaranteed to
+** operate consistently from one release to the next.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_test_control(int op, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Testing Interface Operation Codes
+**
+** These constants are the valid operation code parameters used
+** as the first argument to [sqlite3_test_control()].
+**
+** These parameters and their meanings are subject to change
+** without notice.  These values are for testing purposes only.
+** Applications should not use any of these parameters or the
+** [sqlite3_test_control()] interface.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FIRST                    5
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SAVE                5
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESTORE             6
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET               7
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BITVEC_TEST              8
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FAULT_INSTALL            9
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS     10
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE            11
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT                  12
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS                  13
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE                 14
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS           15
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD               16
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PGHDRSZ                 17
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           18
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         19
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    19
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: SQLite Runtime Status
+**
+** ^This interface is used to retrieve runtime status information
+** about the performance of SQLite, and optionally to reset various
+** highwater marks.  ^The first argument is an integer code for
+** the specific parameter to measure.  ^(Recognized integer codes
+** are of the form [status parameters | SQLITE_STATUS_...].)^
+** ^The current value of the parameter is returned into *pCurrent.
+** ^The highest recorded value is returned in *pHighwater.  ^If the
+** resetFlag is true, then the highest record value is reset after
+** *pHighwater is written.  ^(Some parameters do not record the highest
+** value.  For those parameters
+** nothing is written into *pHighwater and the resetFlag is ignored.)^
+** ^(Other parameters record only the highwater mark and not the current
+** value.  For these latter parameters nothing is written into *pCurrent.)^
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
+** non-zero [error code] on failure.
+**
+** This routine is threadsafe but is not atomic.  This routine can be
+** called while other threads are running the same or different SQLite
+** interfaces.  However the values returned in *pCurrent and
+** *pHighwater reflect the status of SQLite at different points in time
+** and it is possible that another thread might change the parameter
+** in between the times when *pCurrent and *pHighwater are written.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_db_status()]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetFlag);
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters
+** KEYWORDS: {status parameters}
+**
+** These integer constants designate various run-time status parameters
+** that can be returned by [sqlite3_status()].
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter is the current amount of memory checked out
+** using [sqlite3_malloc()], either directly or indirectly.  The
+** figure includes calls made to [sqlite3_malloc()] by the application
+** and internal memory usage by the SQLite library.  Scratch memory
+** controlled by [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH] and auxiliary page-cache
+** memory controlled by [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE] is not included in
+** this parameter.  The amount returned is the sum of the allocation
+** sizes as reported by the xSize method in [sqlite3_mem_methods].</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
+** handed to [sqlite3_malloc()] or [sqlite3_realloc()] (or their
+** internal equivalents).  Only the value returned in the
+** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
+** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the number of separate memory allocations
+** currently checked out.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of pages used out of the
+** [pagecache memory allocator] that was configured using 
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE].  The
+** value returned is in pages, not in bytes.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW]] 
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of bytes of page cache
+** allocation which could not be satisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]
+** buffer and where forced to overflow to [sqlite3_malloc()].  The
+** returned value includes allocations that overflowed because they
+** where too large (they were larger than the "sz" parameter to
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]) and allocations that overflowed because
+** no space was left in the page cache.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
+** handed to [pagecache memory allocator].  Only the value returned in the
+** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
+** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of allocations used out of the
+** [scratch memory allocator] configured using
+** [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH].  The value returned is in allocations, not
+** in bytes.  Since a single thread may only have one scratch allocation
+** outstanding at time, this parameter also reports the number of threads
+** using scratch memory at the same time.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of bytes of scratch memory
+** allocation which could not be satisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]
+** buffer and where forced to overflow to [sqlite3_malloc()].  The values
+** returned include overflows because the requested allocation was too
+** larger (that is, because the requested allocation was larger than the
+** "sz" parameter to [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]) and because no scratch buffer
+** slots were available.
+** </dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
+** handed to [scratch memory allocator].  Only the value returned in the
+** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
+** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the deepest parser stack.  It is only
+** meaningful if SQLite is compiled with [YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH].</dd>)^
+** </dl>
+**
+** New status parameters may be added from time to time.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED          0
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED       1
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW   2
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED         3
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW     4
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE          5
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK         6
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE       7
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE         8
+#define SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT         9
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Status
+**
+** ^This interface is used to retrieve runtime status information 
+** about a single [database connection].  ^The first argument is the
+** database connection object to be interrogated.  ^The second argument
+** is an integer constant, taken from the set of
+** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS options], that
+** determines the parameter to interrogate.  The set of 
+** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS options] is likely
+** to grow in future releases of SQLite.
+**
+** ^The current value of the requested parameter is written into *pCur
+** and the highest instantaneous value is written into *pHiwtr.  ^If
+** the resetFlg is true, then the highest instantaneous value is
+** reset back down to the current value.
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_db_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
+** non-zero [error code] on failure.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_status()] and [sqlite3_stmt_status()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(sqlite3*, int op, int *pCur, int *pHiwtr, int resetFlg);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters for database connections
+** KEYWORDS: {SQLITE_DBSTATUS options}
+**
+** These constants are the available integer "verbs" that can be passed as
+** the second argument to the [sqlite3_db_status()] interface.
+**
+** New verbs may be added in future releases of SQLite. Existing verbs
+** might be discontinued. Applications should check the return code from
+** [sqlite3_db_status()] to make sure that the call worked.
+** The [sqlite3_db_status()] interface will return a non-zero error code
+** if a discontinued or unsupported verb is invoked.
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of lookaside memory slots currently
+** checked out.</dd>)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that were 
+** satisfied using lookaside memory. Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that might have
+** been satisfied using lookaside memory but failed due to the amount of
+** memory requested being larger than the lookaside slot size.
+** Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that might have
+** been satisfied using lookaside memory but failed due to all lookaside
+** memory already being in use.
+** Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
+** memory used by all pager caches associated with the database connection.)^
+** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED is always 0.
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
+** memory used to store the schema for all databases associated
+** with the connection - main, temp, and any [ATTACH]-ed databases.)^ 
+** ^The full amount of memory used by the schemas is reported, even if the
+** schema memory is shared with other database connections due to
+** [shared cache mode] being enabled.
+** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED is always 0.
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
+** and lookaside memory used by all prepared statements associated with
+** the database connection.)^
+** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED is always 0.
+** </dd>
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED       0
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED           1
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED          2
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED            3
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT        4
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE  5
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL  6
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                  6   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Prepared Statement Status
+**
+** ^(Each prepared statement maintains various
+** [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counters] that measure the number
+** of times it has performed specific operations.)^  These counters can
+** be used to monitor the performance characteristics of the prepared
+** statements.  For example, if the number of table steps greatly exceeds
+** the number of table searches or result rows, that would tend to indicate
+** that the prepared statement is using a full table scan rather than
+** an index.  
+**
+** ^(This interface is used to retrieve and reset counter values from
+** a [prepared statement].  The first argument is the prepared statement
+** object to be interrogated.  The second argument
+** is an integer code for a specific [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counter]
+** to be interrogated.)^
+** ^The current value of the requested counter is returned.
+** ^If the resetFlg is true, then the counter is reset to zero after this
+** interface call returns.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_status()] and [sqlite3_db_status()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_status(sqlite3_stmt*, int op,int resetFlg);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters for prepared statements
+** KEYWORDS: {SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counter} {SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counters}
+**
+** These preprocessor macros define integer codes that name counter
+** values associated with the [sqlite3_stmt_status()] interface.
+** The meanings of the various counters are as follows:
+**
+** <dl>
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of times that SQLite has stepped forward in
+** a table as part of a full table scan.  Large numbers for this counter
+** may indicate opportunities for performance improvement through 
+** careful use of indices.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of sort operations that have occurred.
+** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
+** improvement performance through careful use of indices.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of rows inserted into transient indices that
+** were created automatically in order to help joins run faster.
+** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
+** improvement performance by adding permanent indices that do not
+** need to be reinitialized each time the statement is run.</dd>
+**
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP     1
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT              2
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX         3
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Custom Page Cache Object
+**
+** The sqlite3_pcache type is opaque.  It is implemented by
+** the pluggable module.  The SQLite core has no knowledge of
+** its size or internal structure and never deals with the
+** sqlite3_pcache object except by holding and passing pointers
+** to the object.
+**
+** See [sqlite3_pcache_methods] for additional information.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_pcache sqlite3_pcache;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Application Defined Page Cache.
+** KEYWORDS: {page cache}
+**
+** ^(The [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE], ...) interface can
+** register an alternative page cache implementation by passing in an 
+** instance of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure.)^
+** In many applications, most of the heap memory allocated by 
+** SQLite is used for the page cache.
+** By implementing a 
+** custom page cache using this API, an application can better control
+** the amount of memory consumed by SQLite, the way in which 
+** that memory is allocated and released, and the policies used to 
+** determine exactly which parts of a database file are cached and for 
+** how long.
+**
+** The alternative page cache mechanism is an
+** extreme measure that is only needed by the most demanding applications.
+** The built-in page cache is recommended for most uses.
+**
+** ^(The contents of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure are copied to an
+** internal buffer by SQLite within the call to [sqlite3_config].  Hence
+** the application may discard the parameter after the call to
+** [sqlite3_config()] returns.)^
+**
+** [[the xInit() page cache method]]
+** ^(The xInit() method is called once for each effective 
+** call to [sqlite3_initialize()])^
+** (usually only once during the lifetime of the process). ^(The xInit()
+** method is passed a copy of the sqlite3_pcache_methods.pArg value.)^
+** The intent of the xInit() method is to set up global data structures 
+** required by the custom page cache implementation. 
+** ^(If the xInit() method is NULL, then the 
+** built-in default page cache is used instead of the application defined
+** page cache.)^
+**
+** [[the xShutdown() page cache method]]
+** ^The xShutdown() method is called by [sqlite3_shutdown()].
+** It can be used to clean up 
+** any outstanding resources before process shutdown, if required.
+** ^The xShutdown() method may be NULL.
+**
+** ^SQLite automatically serializes calls to the xInit method,
+** so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.  ^The
+** xShutdown method is only called from [sqlite3_shutdown()] so it does
+** not need to be threadsafe either.  All other methods must be threadsafe
+** in multithreaded applications.
+**
+** ^SQLite will never invoke xInit() more than once without an intervening
+** call to xShutdown().
+**
+** [[the xCreate() page cache methods]]
+** ^SQLite invokes the xCreate() method to construct a new cache instance.
+** SQLite will typically create one cache instance for each open database file,
+** though this is not guaranteed. ^The
+** first parameter, szPage, is the size in bytes of the pages that must
+** be allocated by the cache.  ^szPage will not be a power of two.  ^szPage
+** will the page size of the database file that is to be cached plus an
+** increment (here called "R") of less than 250.  SQLite will use the
+** extra R bytes on each page to store metadata about the underlying
+** database page on disk.  The value of R depends
+** on the SQLite version, the target platform, and how SQLite was compiled.
+** ^(R is constant for a particular build of SQLite. Except, there are two
+** distinct values of R when SQLite is compiled with the proprietary
+** ZIPVFS extension.)^  ^The second argument to
+** xCreate(), bPurgeable, is true if the cache being created will
+** be used to cache database pages of a file stored on disk, or
+** false if it is used for an in-memory database. The cache implementation
+** does not have to do anything special based with the value of bPurgeable;
+** it is purely advisory.  ^On a cache where bPurgeable is false, SQLite will
+** never invoke xUnpin() except to deliberately delete a page.
+** ^In other words, calls to xUnpin() on a cache with bPurgeable set to
+** false will always have the "discard" flag set to true.  
+** ^Hence, a cache created with bPurgeable false will
+** never contain any unpinned pages.
+**
+** [[the xCachesize() page cache method]]
+** ^(The xCachesize() method may be called at any time by SQLite to set the
+** suggested maximum cache-size (number of pages stored by) the cache
+** instance passed as the first argument. This is the value configured using
+** the SQLite "[PRAGMA cache_size]" command.)^  As with the bPurgeable
+** parameter, the implementation is not required to do anything with this
+** value; it is advisory only.
+**
+** [[the xPagecount() page cache methods]]
+** The xPagecount() method must return the number of pages currently
+** stored in the cache, both pinned and unpinned.
+** 
+** [[the xFetch() page cache methods]]
+** The xFetch() method locates a page in the cache and returns a pointer to 
+** the page, or a NULL pointer.
+** A "page", in this context, means a buffer of szPage bytes aligned at an
+** 8-byte boundary. The page to be fetched is determined by the key. ^The
+** minimum key value is 1.  After it has been retrieved using xFetch, the page 
+** is considered to be "pinned".
+**
+** If the requested page is already in the page cache, then the page cache
+** implementation must return a pointer to the page buffer with its content
+** intact.  If the requested page is not already in the cache, then the
+** cache implementation should use the value of the createFlag
+** parameter to help it determined what action to take:
+**
+** <table border=1 width=85% align=center>
+** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behaviour when page is not already in cache
+** <tr><td> 0 <td> Do not allocate a new page.  Return NULL.
+** <tr><td> 1 <td> Allocate a new page if it easy and convenient to do so.
+**                 Otherwise return NULL.
+** <tr><td> 2 <td> Make every effort to allocate a new page.  Only return
+**                 NULL if allocating a new page is effectively impossible.
+** </table>
+**
+** ^(SQLite will normally invoke xFetch() with a createFlag of 0 or 1.  SQLite
+** will only use a createFlag of 2 after a prior call with a createFlag of 1
+** failed.)^  In between the to xFetch() calls, SQLite may
+** attempt to unpin one or more cache pages by spilling the content of
+** pinned pages to disk and synching the operating system disk cache.
+**
+** [[the xUnpin() page cache method]]
+** ^xUnpin() is called by SQLite with a pointer to a currently pinned page
+** as its second argument.  If the third parameter, discard, is non-zero,
+** then the page must be evicted from the cache.
+** ^If the discard parameter is
+** zero, then the page may be discarded or retained at the discretion of
+** page cache implementation. ^The page cache implementation
+** may choose to evict unpinned pages at any time.
+**
+** The cache must not perform any reference counting. A single 
+** call to xUnpin() unpins the page regardless of the number of prior calls 
+** to xFetch().
+**
+** [[the xRekey() page cache methods]]
+** The xRekey() method is used to change the key value associated with the
+** page passed as the second argument. If the cache
+** previously contains an entry associated with newKey, it must be
+** discarded. ^Any prior cache entry associated with newKey is guaranteed not
+** to be pinned.
+**
+** When SQLite calls the xTruncate() method, the cache must discard all
+** existing cache entries with page numbers (keys) greater than or equal
+** to the value of the iLimit parameter passed to xTruncate(). If any
+** of these pages are pinned, they are implicitly unpinned, meaning that
+** they can be safely discarded.
+**
+** [[the xDestroy() page cache method]]
+** ^The xDestroy() method is used to delete a cache allocated by xCreate().
+** All resources associated with the specified cache should be freed. ^After
+** calling the xDestroy() method, SQLite considers the [sqlite3_pcache*]
+** handle invalid, and will not use it with any other sqlite3_pcache_methods
+** functions.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_pcache_methods sqlite3_pcache_methods;
+struct sqlite3_pcache_methods {
+  void *pArg;
+  int (*xInit)(void*);
+  void (*xShutdown)(void*);
+  sqlite3_pcache *(*xCreate)(int szPage, int bPurgeable);
+  void (*xCachesize)(sqlite3_pcache*, int nCachesize);
+  int (*xPagecount)(sqlite3_pcache*);
+  void *(*xFetch)(sqlite3_pcache*, unsigned key, int createFlag);
+  void (*xUnpin)(sqlite3_pcache*, void*, int discard);
+  void (*xRekey)(sqlite3_pcache*, void*, unsigned oldKey, unsigned newKey);
+  void (*xTruncate)(sqlite3_pcache*, unsigned iLimit);
+  void (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_pcache*);
+};
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Online Backup Object
+**
+** The sqlite3_backup object records state information about an ongoing
+** online backup operation.  ^The sqlite3_backup object is created by
+** a call to [sqlite3_backup_init()] and is destroyed by a call to
+** [sqlite3_backup_finish()].
+**
+** See Also: [Using the SQLite Online Backup API]
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Online Backup API.
+**
+** The backup API copies the content of one database into another.
+** It is useful either for creating backups of databases or
+** for copying in-memory databases to or from persistent files. 
+**
+** See Also: [Using the SQLite Online Backup API]
+**
+** ^SQLite holds a write transaction open on the destination database file
+** for the duration of the backup operation.
+** ^The source database is read-locked only while it is being read;
+** it is not locked continuously for the entire backup operation.
+** ^Thus, the backup may be performed on a live source database without
+** preventing other database connections from
+** reading or writing to the source database while the backup is underway.
+** 
+** ^(To perform a backup operation: 
+**   <ol>
+**     <li><b>sqlite3_backup_init()</b> is called once to initialize the
+**         backup, 
+**     <li><b>sqlite3_backup_step()</b> is called one or more times to transfer 
+**         the data between the two databases, and finally
+**     <li><b>sqlite3_backup_finish()</b> is called to release all resources 
+**         associated with the backup operation. 
+**   </ol>)^
+** There should be exactly one call to sqlite3_backup_finish() for each
+** successful call to sqlite3_backup_init().
+**
+** [[sqlite3_backup_init()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_init()</b>
+**
+** ^The D and N arguments to sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) are the 
+** [database connection] associated with the destination database 
+** and the database name, respectively.
+** ^The database name is "main" for the main database, "temp" for the
+** temporary database, or the name specified after the AS keyword in
+** an [ATTACH] statement for an attached database.
+** ^The S and M arguments passed to 
+** sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) identify the [database connection]
+** and database name of the source database, respectively.
+** ^The source and destination [database connections] (parameters S and D)
+** must be different or else sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) will fail with
+** an error.
+**
+** ^If an error occurs within sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M), then NULL is
+** returned and an error code and error message are stored in the
+** destination [database connection] D.
+** ^The error code and message for the failed call to sqlite3_backup_init()
+** can be retrieved using the [sqlite3_errcode()], [sqlite3_errmsg()], and/or
+** [sqlite3_errmsg16()] functions.
+** ^A successful call to sqlite3_backup_init() returns a pointer to an
+** [sqlite3_backup] object.
+** ^The [sqlite3_backup] object may be used with the sqlite3_backup_step() and
+** sqlite3_backup_finish() functions to perform the specified backup 
+** operation.
+**
+** [[sqlite3_backup_step()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_step()</b>
+**
+** ^Function sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) will copy up to N pages between 
+** the source and destination databases specified by [sqlite3_backup] object B.
+** ^If N is negative, all remaining source pages are copied. 
+** ^If sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) successfully copies N pages and there
+** are still more pages to be copied, then the function returns [SQLITE_OK].
+** ^If sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) successfully finishes copying all pages
+** from source to destination, then it returns [SQLITE_DONE].
+** ^If an error occurs while running sqlite3_backup_step(B,N),
+** then an [error code] is returned. ^As well as [SQLITE_OK] and
+** [SQLITE_DONE], a call to sqlite3_backup_step() may return [SQLITE_READONLY],
+** [SQLITE_NOMEM], [SQLITE_BUSY], [SQLITE_LOCKED], or an
+** [SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS | SQLITE_IOERR_XXX] extended error code.
+**
+** ^(The sqlite3_backup_step() might return [SQLITE_READONLY] if
+** <ol>
+** <li> the destination database was opened read-only, or
+** <li> the destination database is using write-ahead-log journaling
+** and the destination and source page sizes differ, or
+** <li> the destination database is an in-memory database and the
+** destination and source page sizes differ.
+** </ol>)^
+**
+** ^If sqlite3_backup_step() cannot obtain a required file-system lock, then
+** the [sqlite3_busy_handler | busy-handler function]
+** is invoked (if one is specified). ^If the 
+** busy-handler returns non-zero before the lock is available, then 
+** [SQLITE_BUSY] is returned to the caller. ^In this case the call to
+** sqlite3_backup_step() can be retried later. ^If the source
+** [database connection]
+** is being used to write to the source database when sqlite3_backup_step()
+** is called, then [SQLITE_LOCKED] is returned immediately. ^Again, in this
+** case the call to sqlite3_backup_step() can be retried later on. ^(If
+** [SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS | SQLITE_IOERR_XXX], [SQLITE_NOMEM], or
+** [SQLITE_READONLY] is returned, then 
+** there is no point in retrying the call to sqlite3_backup_step(). These 
+** errors are considered fatal.)^  The application must accept 
+** that the backup operation has failed and pass the backup operation handle 
+** to the sqlite3_backup_finish() to release associated resources.
+**
+** ^The first call to sqlite3_backup_step() obtains an exclusive lock
+** on the destination file. ^The exclusive lock is not released until either 
+** sqlite3_backup_finish() is called or the backup operation is complete 
+** and sqlite3_backup_step() returns [SQLITE_DONE].  ^Every call to
+** sqlite3_backup_step() obtains a [shared lock] on the source database that
+** lasts for the duration of the sqlite3_backup_step() call.
+** ^Because the source database is not locked between calls to
+** sqlite3_backup_step(), the source database may be modified mid-way
+** through the backup process.  ^If the source database is modified by an
+** external process or via a database connection other than the one being
+** used by the backup operation, then the backup will be automatically
+** restarted by the next call to sqlite3_backup_step(). ^If the source 
+** database is modified by the using the same database connection as is used
+** by the backup operation, then the backup database is automatically
+** updated at the same time.
+**
+** [[sqlite3_backup_finish()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_finish()</b>
+**
+** When sqlite3_backup_step() has returned [SQLITE_DONE], or when the 
+** application wishes to abandon the backup operation, the application
+** should destroy the [sqlite3_backup] by passing it to sqlite3_backup_finish().
+** ^The sqlite3_backup_finish() interfaces releases all
+** resources associated with the [sqlite3_backup] object. 
+** ^If sqlite3_backup_step() has not yet returned [SQLITE_DONE], then any
+** active write-transaction on the destination database is rolled back.
+** The [sqlite3_backup] object is invalid
+** and may not be used following a call to sqlite3_backup_finish().
+**
+** ^The value returned by sqlite3_backup_finish is [SQLITE_OK] if no
+** sqlite3_backup_step() errors occurred, regardless or whether or not
+** sqlite3_backup_step() completed.
+** ^If an out-of-memory condition or IO error occurred during any prior
+** sqlite3_backup_step() call on the same [sqlite3_backup] object, then
+** sqlite3_backup_finish() returns the corresponding [error code].
+**
+** ^A return of [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_LOCKED] from sqlite3_backup_step()
+** is not a permanent error and does not affect the return value of
+** sqlite3_backup_finish().
+**
+** [[sqlite3_backup__remaining()]] [[sqlite3_backup_pagecount()]]
+** <b>sqlite3_backup_remaining() and sqlite3_backup_pagecount()</b>
+**
+** ^Each call to sqlite3_backup_step() sets two values inside
+** the [sqlite3_backup] object: the number of pages still to be backed
+** up and the total number of pages in the source database file.
+** The sqlite3_backup_remaining() and sqlite3_backup_pagecount() interfaces
+** retrieve these two values, respectively.
+**
+** ^The values returned by these functions are only updated by
+** sqlite3_backup_step(). ^If the source database is modified during a backup
+** operation, then the values are not updated to account for any extra
+** pages that need to be updated or the size of the source database file
+** changing.
+**
+** <b>Concurrent Usage of Database Handles</b>
+**
+** ^The source [database connection] may be used by the application for other
+** purposes while a backup operation is underway or being initialized.
+** ^If SQLite is compiled and configured to support threadsafe database
+** connections, then the source database connection may be used concurrently
+** from within other threads.
+**
+** However, the application must guarantee that the destination 
+** [database connection] is not passed to any other API (by any thread) after 
+** sqlite3_backup_init() is called and before the corresponding call to
+** sqlite3_backup_finish().  SQLite does not currently check to see
+** if the application incorrectly accesses the destination [database connection]
+** and so no error code is reported, but the operations may malfunction
+** nevertheless.  Use of the destination database connection while a
+** backup is in progress might also also cause a mutex deadlock.
+**
+** If running in [shared cache mode], the application must
+** guarantee that the shared cache used by the destination database
+** is not accessed while the backup is running. In practice this means
+** that the application must guarantee that the disk file being 
+** backed up to is not accessed by any connection within the process,
+** not just the specific connection that was passed to sqlite3_backup_init().
+**
+** The [sqlite3_backup] object itself is partially threadsafe. Multiple 
+** threads may safely make multiple concurrent calls to sqlite3_backup_step().
+** However, the sqlite3_backup_remaining() and sqlite3_backup_pagecount()
+** APIs are not strictly speaking threadsafe. If they are invoked at the
+** same time as another thread is invoking sqlite3_backup_step() it is
+** possible that they return invalid values.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_backup *sqlite3_backup_init(
+  sqlite3 *pDest,                        /* Destination database handle */
+  const char *zDestName,                 /* Destination database name */
+  sqlite3 *pSource,                      /* Source database handle */
+  const char *zSourceName                /* Source database name */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_step(sqlite3_backup *p, int nPage);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_finish(sqlite3_backup *p);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_remaining(sqlite3_backup *p);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_pagecount(sqlite3_backup *p);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Unlock Notification
+**
+** ^When running in shared-cache mode, a database operation may fail with
+** an [SQLITE_LOCKED] error if the required locks on the shared-cache or
+** individual tables within the shared-cache cannot be obtained. See
+** [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode] for a description of shared-cache locking. 
+** ^This API may be used to register a callback that SQLite will invoke 
+** when the connection currently holding the required lock relinquishes it.
+** ^This API is only available if the library was compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY] C-preprocessor symbol defined.
+**
+** See Also: [Using the SQLite Unlock Notification Feature].
+**
+** ^Shared-cache locks are released when a database connection concludes
+** its current transaction, either by committing it or rolling it back. 
+**
+** ^When a connection (known as the blocked connection) fails to obtain a
+** shared-cache lock and SQLITE_LOCKED is returned to the caller, the
+** identity of the database connection (the blocking connection) that
+** has locked the required resource is stored internally. ^After an 
+** application receives an SQLITE_LOCKED error, it may call the
+** sqlite3_unlock_notify() method with the blocked connection handle as 
+** the first argument to register for a callback that will be invoked
+** when the blocking connections current transaction is concluded. ^The
+** callback is invoked from within the [sqlite3_step] or [sqlite3_close]
+** call that concludes the blocking connections transaction.
+**
+** ^(If sqlite3_unlock_notify() is called in a multi-threaded application,
+** there is a chance that the blocking connection will have already
+** concluded its transaction by the time sqlite3_unlock_notify() is invoked.
+** If this happens, then the specified callback is invoked immediately,
+** from within the call to sqlite3_unlock_notify().)^
+**
+** ^If the blocked connection is attempting to obtain a write-lock on a
+** shared-cache table, and more than one other connection currently holds
+** a read-lock on the same table, then SQLite arbitrarily selects one of 
+** the other connections to use as the blocking connection.
+**
+** ^(There may be at most one unlock-notify callback registered by a 
+** blocked connection. If sqlite3_unlock_notify() is called when the
+** blocked connection already has a registered unlock-notify callback,
+** then the new callback replaces the old.)^ ^If sqlite3_unlock_notify() is
+** called with a NULL pointer as its second argument, then any existing
+** unlock-notify callback is canceled. ^The blocked connections 
+** unlock-notify callback may also be canceled by closing the blocked
+** connection using [sqlite3_close()].
+**
+** The unlock-notify callback is not reentrant. If an application invokes
+** any sqlite3_xxx API functions from within an unlock-notify callback, a
+** crash or deadlock may be the result.
+**
+** ^Unless deadlock is detected (see below), sqlite3_unlock_notify() always
+** returns SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** <b>Callback Invocation Details</b>
+**
+** When an unlock-notify callback is registered, the application provides a 
+** single void* pointer that is passed to the callback when it is invoked.
+** However, the signature of the callback function allows SQLite to pass
+** it an array of void* context pointers. The first argument passed to
+** an unlock-notify callback is a pointer to an array of void* pointers,
+** and the second is the number of entries in the array.
+**
+** When a blocking connections transaction is concluded, there may be
+** more than one blocked connection that has registered for an unlock-notify
+** callback. ^If two or more such blocked connections have specified the
+** same callback function, then instead of invoking the callback function
+** multiple times, it is invoked once with the set of void* context pointers
+** specified by the blocked connections bundled together into an array.
+** This gives the application an opportunity to prioritize any actions 
+** related to the set of unblocked database connections.
+**
+** <b>Deadlock Detection</b>
+**
+** Assuming that after registering for an unlock-notify callback a 
+** database waits for the callback to be issued before taking any further
+** action (a reasonable assumption), then using this API may cause the
+** application to deadlock. For example, if connection X is waiting for
+** connection Y's transaction to be concluded, and similarly connection
+** Y is waiting on connection X's transaction, then neither connection
+** will proceed and the system may remain deadlocked indefinitely.
+**
+** To avoid this scenario, the sqlite3_unlock_notify() performs deadlock
+** detection. ^If a given call to sqlite3_unlock_notify() would put the
+** system in a deadlocked state, then SQLITE_LOCKED is returned and no
+** unlock-notify callback is registered. The system is said to be in
+** a deadlocked state if connection A has registered for an unlock-notify
+** callback on the conclusion of connection B's transaction, and connection
+** B has itself registered for an unlock-notify callback when connection
+** A's transaction is concluded. ^Indirect deadlock is also detected, so
+** the system is also considered to be deadlocked if connection B has
+** registered for an unlock-notify callback on the conclusion of connection
+** C's transaction, where connection C is waiting on connection A. ^Any
+** number of levels of indirection are allowed.
+**
+** <b>The "DROP TABLE" Exception</b>
+**
+** When a call to [sqlite3_step()] returns SQLITE_LOCKED, it is almost 
+** always appropriate to call sqlite3_unlock_notify(). There is however,
+** one exception. When executing a "DROP TABLE" or "DROP INDEX" statement,
+** SQLite checks if there are any currently executing SELECT statements
+** that belong to the same connection. If there are, SQLITE_LOCKED is
+** returned. In this case there is no "blocking connection", so invoking
+** sqlite3_unlock_notify() results in the unlock-notify callback being
+** invoked immediately. If the application then re-attempts the "DROP TABLE"
+** or "DROP INDEX" query, an infinite loop might be the result.
+**
+** One way around this problem is to check the extended error code returned
+** by an sqlite3_step() call. ^(If there is a blocking connection, then the
+** extended error code is set to SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE. Otherwise, in
+** the special "DROP TABLE/INDEX" case, the extended error code is just 
+** SQLITE_LOCKED.)^
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_unlock_notify(
+  sqlite3 *pBlocked,                          /* Waiting connection */
+  void (*xNotify)(void **apArg, int nArg),    /* Callback function to invoke */
+  void *pNotifyArg                            /* Argument to pass to xNotify */
+);
+
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: String Comparison
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_strnicmp()] API allows applications and extensions to
+** compare the contents of two buffers containing UTF-8 strings in a
+** case-independent fashion, using the same definition of case independence 
+** that SQLite uses internally when comparing identifiers.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *, const char *, int);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Error Logging Interface
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the error log
+** established by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG] option to [sqlite3_config()].
+** ^If logging is enabled, the zFormat string and subsequent arguments are
+** used with [sqlite3_snprintf()] to generate the final output string.
+**
+** The sqlite3_log() interface is intended for use by extensions such as
+** virtual tables, collating functions, and SQL functions.  While there is
+** nothing to prevent an application from calling sqlite3_log(), doing so
+** is considered bad form.
+**
+** The zFormat string must not be NULL.
+**
+** To avoid deadlocks and other threading problems, the sqlite3_log() routine
+** will not use dynamically allocated memory.  The log message is stored in
+** a fixed-length buffer on the stack.  If the log message is longer than
+** a few hundred characters, it will be truncated to the length of the
+** buffer.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_log(int iErrCode, const char *zFormat, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Write-Ahead Log Commit Hook
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_hook()] function is used to register a callback that
+** will be invoked each time a database connection commits data to a
+** [write-ahead log] (i.e. whenever a transaction is committed in
+** [journal_mode | journal_mode=WAL mode]). 
+**
+** ^The callback is invoked by SQLite after the commit has taken place and 
+** the associated write-lock on the database released, so the implementation 
+** may read, write or [checkpoint] the database as required.
+**
+** ^The first parameter passed to the callback function when it is invoked
+** is a copy of the third parameter passed to sqlite3_wal_hook() when
+** registering the callback. ^The second is a copy of the database handle.
+** ^The third parameter is the name of the database that was written to -
+** either "main" or the name of an [ATTACH]-ed database. ^The fourth parameter
+** is the number of pages currently in the write-ahead log file,
+** including those that were just committed.
+**
+** The callback function should normally return [SQLITE_OK].  ^If an error
+** code is returned, that error will propagate back up through the
+** SQLite code base to cause the statement that provoked the callback
+** to report an error, though the commit will have still occurred. If the
+** callback returns [SQLITE_ROW] or [SQLITE_DONE], or if it returns a value
+** that does not correspond to any valid SQLite error code, the results
+** are undefined.
+**
+** A single database handle may have at most a single write-ahead log callback 
+** registered at one time. ^Calling [sqlite3_wal_hook()] replaces any
+** previously registered write-ahead log callback. ^Note that the
+** [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
+** [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] both invoke [sqlite3_wal_hook()] and will
+** those overwrite any prior [sqlite3_wal_hook()] settings.
+*/
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_wal_hook(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  int(*)(void *,sqlite3*,const char*,int),
+  void*
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Configure an auto-checkpoint
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(D,N)] is a wrapper around
+** [sqlite3_wal_hook()] that causes any database on [database connection] D
+** to automatically [checkpoint]
+** after committing a transaction if there are N or
+** more frames in the [write-ahead log] file.  ^Passing zero or 
+** a negative value as the nFrame parameter disables automatic
+** checkpoints entirely.
+**
+** ^The callback registered by this function replaces any existing callback
+** registered using [sqlite3_wal_hook()].  ^Likewise, registering a callback
+** using [sqlite3_wal_hook()] disables the automatic checkpoint mechanism
+** configured by this function.
+**
+** ^The [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
+** from SQL.
+**
+** ^Every new [database connection] defaults to having the auto-checkpoint
+** enabled with a threshold of 1000 or [SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT]
+** pages.  The use of this interface
+** is only necessary if the default setting is found to be suboptimal
+** for a particular application.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(sqlite3 *db, int N);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint a database
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(D,X)] interface causes database named X
+** on [database connection] D to be [checkpointed].  ^If X is NULL or an
+** empty string, then a checkpoint is run on all databases of
+** connection D.  ^If the database connection D is not in
+** [WAL | write-ahead log mode] then this interface is a harmless no-op.
+**
+** ^The [wal_checkpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
+** from SQL.  ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
+** [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to cause this interface to be
+** run whenever the WAL reaches a certain size threshold.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint a database
+**
+** Run a checkpoint operation on WAL database zDb attached to database 
+** handle db. The specific operation is determined by the value of the 
+** eMode parameter:
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE<dd>
+**   Checkpoint as many frames as possible without waiting for any database 
+**   readers or writers to finish. Sync the db file if all frames in the log
+**   are checkpointed. This mode is the same as calling 
+**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The busy-handler callback is never invoked.
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<dd>
+**   This mode blocks (calls the busy-handler callback) until there is no
+**   database writer and all readers are reading from the most recent database
+**   snapshot. It then checkpoints all frames in the log file and syncs the
+**   database file. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
+**   but not database readers.
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART<dd>
+**   This mode works the same way as SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, except after 
+**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the busy-handler callback)
+**   until all readers are reading from the database file only. This ensures 
+**   that the next client to write to the database file restarts the log file 
+**   from the beginning. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
+**   but not database readers.
+** </dl>
+**
+** If pnLog is not NULL, then *pnLog is set to the total number of frames in
+** the log file before returning. If pnCkpt is not NULL, then *pnCkpt is set to
+** the total number of checkpointed frames (including any that were already
+** checkpointed when this function is called). *pnLog and *pnCkpt may be
+** populated even if sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2() returns other than SQLITE_OK.
+** If no values are available because of an error, they are both set to -1
+** before returning to communicate this to the caller.
+**
+** All calls obtain an exclusive "checkpoint" lock on the database file. If
+** any other process is running a checkpoint operation at the same time, the 
+** lock cannot be obtained and SQLITE_BUSY is returned. Even if there is a 
+** busy-handler configured, it will not be invoked in this case.
+**
+** The SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL and RESTART modes also obtain the exclusive 
+** "writer" lock on the database file. If the writer lock cannot be obtained
+** immediately, and a busy-handler is configured, it is invoked and the writer
+** lock retried until either the busy-handler returns 0 or the lock is
+** successfully obtained. The busy-handler is also invoked while waiting for
+** database readers as described above. If the busy-handler returns 0 before
+** the writer lock is obtained or while waiting for database readers, the
+** checkpoint operation proceeds from that point in the same way as 
+** SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE - checkpointing as many frames as possible 
+** without blocking any further. SQLITE_BUSY is returned in this case.
+**
+** If parameter zDb is NULL or points to a zero length string, then the
+** specified operation is attempted on all WAL databases. In this case the
+** values written to output parameters *pnLog and *pnCkpt are undefined. If 
+** an SQLITE_BUSY error is encountered when processing one or more of the 
+** attached WAL databases, the operation is still attempted on any remaining 
+** attached databases and SQLITE_BUSY is returned to the caller. If any other 
+** error occurs while processing an attached database, processing is abandoned 
+** and the error code returned to the caller immediately. If no error 
+** (SQLITE_BUSY or otherwise) is encountered while processing the attached 
+** databases, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+**
+** If database zDb is the name of an attached database that is not in WAL
+** mode, SQLITE_OK is returned and both *pnLog and *pnCkpt set to -1. If
+** zDb is not NULL (or a zero length string) and is not the name of any
+** attached database, SQLITE_ERROR is returned to the caller.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  const char *zDb,                /* Name of attached database (or NULL) */
+  int eMode,                      /* SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_* value */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Size of WAL log in frames */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Total number of frames checkpointed */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint operation parameters
+**
+** These constants can be used as the 3rd parameter to
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()].  See the [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()]
+** documentation for additional information about the meaning and use of
+** each of these values.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE 0
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL    1
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART 2
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Interface Configuration
+**
+** This function may be called by either the [xConnect] or [xCreate] method
+** of a [virtual table] implementation to configure
+** various facets of the virtual table interface.
+**
+** If this interface is invoked outside the context of an xConnect or
+** xCreate virtual table method then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** At present, there is only one option that may be configured using
+** this function. (See [SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT].)  Further options
+** may be added in the future.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_config(sqlite3*, int op, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Configuration Options
+**
+** These macros define the various options to the
+** [sqlite3_vtab_config()] interface that [virtual table] implementations
+** can use to customize and optimize their behavior.
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT
+** <dd>Calls of the form
+** [sqlite3_vtab_config](db,SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT,X) are supported,
+** where X is an integer.  If X is zero, then the [virtual table] whose
+** [xCreate] or [xConnect] method invoked [sqlite3_vtab_config()] does not
+** support constraints.  In this configuration (which is the default) if
+** a call to the [xUpdate] method returns [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], then the entire
+** statement is rolled back as if [ON CONFLICT | OR ABORT] had been
+** specified as part of the users SQL statement, regardless of the actual
+** ON CONFLICT mode specified.
+**
+** If X is non-zero, then the virtual table implementation guarantees
+** that if [xUpdate] returns [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], it will do so before
+** any modifications to internal or persistent data structures have been made.
+** If the [ON CONFLICT] mode is ABORT, FAIL, IGNORE or ROLLBACK, SQLite 
+** is able to roll back a statement or database transaction, and abandon
+** or continue processing the current SQL statement as appropriate. 
+** If the ON CONFLICT mode is REPLACE and the [xUpdate] method returns
+** [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], SQLite handles this as if the ON CONFLICT mode
+** had been ABORT.
+**
+** Virtual table implementations that are required to handle OR REPLACE
+** must do so within the [xUpdate] method. If a call to the 
+** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] function indicates that the current ON 
+** CONFLICT policy is REPLACE, the virtual table implementation should 
+** silently replace the appropriate rows within the xUpdate callback and
+** return SQLITE_OK. Or, if this is not possible, it may return
+** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, in which case SQLite falls back to OR ABORT 
+** constraint handling.
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT 1
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine The Virtual Table Conflict Policy
+**
+** This function may only be called from within a call to the [xUpdate] method
+** of a [virtual table] implementation for an INSERT or UPDATE operation. ^The
+** value returned is one of [SQLITE_ROLLBACK], [SQLITE_IGNORE], [SQLITE_FAIL],
+** [SQLITE_ABORT], or [SQLITE_REPLACE], according to the [ON CONFLICT] mode
+** of the SQL statement that triggered the call to the [xUpdate] method of the
+** [virtual table].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(sqlite3 *);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Conflict resolution modes
+**
+** These constants are returned by [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] to
+** inform a [virtual table] implementation what the [ON CONFLICT] mode
+** is for the SQL statement being evaluated.
+**
+** Note that the [SQLITE_IGNORE] constant is also used as a potential
+** return value from the [sqlite3_set_authorizer()] callback and that
+** [SQLITE_ABORT] is also a [result code].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_ROLLBACK 1
+/* #define SQLITE_IGNORE 2 // Also used by sqlite3_authorizer() callback */
+#define SQLITE_FAIL     3
+/* #define SQLITE_ABORT 4  // Also an error code */
+#define SQLITE_REPLACE  5
+
+
+
+/*
+** Undo the hack that converts floating point types to integer for
+** builds on processors without floating point support.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
+# undef double
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}  /* End of the 'extern "C"' block */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** 2010 August 30
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SQLITE3RTREE_H_
+#define _SQLITE3RTREE_H_
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry sqlite3_rtree_geometry;
+
+/*
+** Register a geometry callback named zGeom that can be used as part of an
+** R-Tree geometry query as follows:
+**
+**   SELECT ... FROM <rtree> WHERE <rtree col> MATCH $zGeom(... params ...)
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zGeom,
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int nCoord, double *aCoord, int *pRes),
+  void *pContext
+);
+
+
+/*
+** A pointer to a structure of the following type is passed as the first
+** argument to callbacks registered using rtree_geometry_callback().
+*/
+struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry {
+  void *pContext;                 /* Copy of pContext passed to s_r_g_c() */
+  int nParam;                     /* Size of array aParam[] */
+  double *aParam;                 /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
+  void *pUser;                    /* Callback implementation user data */
+  void (*xDelUser)(void *);       /* Called by SQLite to clean up pUser */
+};
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}  /* end of the 'extern "C"' block */
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* ifndef _SQLITE3RTREE_H_ */
+
diff --git a/tests/sqlite/test.c b/tests/sqlite/test.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b8cf197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sqlite/test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sqlite3.h>
+
+static int callback(void *NotUsed, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
+    printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL");
+  }
+  printf("\n");
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int main(){
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;
+  int rc;
+  int i;
+  const char *commands[] = {
+    "CREATE TABLE t1(a INTEGER, b INTEGER, c VARCHAR(100));",
+    "INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1,13153,'thirteen thousand one hundred fifty three');",
+    "INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1,987,'some other number');",
+    "SELECT count(*) FROM t1;",
+    "SELECT a, b, c FROM t1;",
+    NULL
+  };
+
+  rc = sqlite3_open(":memory:", &db);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+    sqlite3_close(db);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  for (i = 0; commands[i]; i++) {
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(db, commands[i], callback, 0, &zErrMsg);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "SQL error on %d: %s\n", i, zErrMsg);
+      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_close(db);
+  return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/time/src.c b/tests/time/src.c
index 9517b74c..aaf2878f 100644
--- a/tests/time/src.c
+++ b/tests/time/src.c
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ int main() {
   time_t t2 = xmas2002 - 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 * 6;
   tm_ptr = localtime(&t2);
   time_t dst_diff = (tm_ptr->tm_isdst == 1) ? tm_ptr->tm_isdst * 60 * 60 : 0;
-  printf("localtime timezone: %d\n", (timezone + tm_ptr->tm_gmtoff == dst_diff));
-  printf("localtime daylight: %d\n", daylight == tm_ptr->tm_isdst);
+  printf("localtime timezone: %d\n", (_timezone + tm_ptr->tm_gmtoff == dst_diff)); // glibc needs
+  printf("localtime daylight: %d\n", _daylight == tm_ptr->tm_isdst);               // no prefix "_"s
   printf("localtime tzname: %d\n", (!strcmp(tzname[0], tm_ptr->tm_zone) ||
                                     !strcmp(tzname[1], tm_ptr->tm_zone)));
 
diff --git a/tests/unistd/dup.c b/tests/unistd/dup.c
index 8b4dca34..7fae07eb 100644
--- a/tests/unistd/dup.c
+++ b/tests/unistd/dup.c
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@ int main() {
   f2 = open("/", O_RDONLY);
   f3 = dup(f);
   printf("errno: %d\n", errno);
-  printf("f: %d\n", f);
-  printf("f2: %d\n", f2);
-  printf("f3: %d\n", f3);
+  printf("f: %d\n", f != f2 && f != f3);
+  printf("f2,f3: %d\n", f2 != f3);
   printf("close(f1): %d\n", close(f));
   printf("close(f2): %d\n", close(f2));
   printf("close(f3): %d\n", close(f3));
@@ -25,9 +24,8 @@ int main() {
   f2 = open("/", O_RDONLY);
   f3 = dup2(f, f2);
   printf("errno: %d\n", errno);
-  printf("f: %d\n", f);
-  printf("f2: %d\n", f2);
-  printf("f3: %d\n", f3);
+  printf("f: %d\n", f != f2 && f != f3);
+  printf("f2,f3: %d\n", f2 == f3);
   printf("close(f1): %d\n", close(f));
   printf("close(f2): %d\n", close(f2));
   printf("close(f3): %d\n", close(f3));
diff --git a/tests/unistd/dup.out b/tests/unistd/dup.out
index da95157d..0b258ba3 100644
--- a/tests/unistd/dup.out
+++ b/tests/unistd/dup.out
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 DUP
 errno: 0
-f: 4
-f2: 5
-f3: 6
+f: 1
+f2,f3: 1
 close(f1): 0
 close(f2): 0
 close(f3): 0
 
 DUP2
 errno: 0
-f: 7
-f2: 8
-f3: 8
+f: 1
+f2,f3: 1
 close(f1): 0
 close(f2): 0
 close(f3): -1
diff --git a/third_party/demangler.py b/third_party/demangler.py
index ed8d52b0..d875d9a5 100644
--- a/third_party/demangler.py
+++ b/third_party/demangler.py
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ JS_ENGINE_PARAMS=[]
 
 import os, sys, subprocess, re
 
-abspath = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+__rootpath__ = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 def path_from_root(*pathelems):
-  return os.path.join(os.path.sep, *(abspath.split(os.sep)[:-1] + list(pathelems)))
+  return os.path.join(os.path.sep, *(__rootpath__.split(os.sep)[:-1] + list(pathelems)))
 exec(open(path_from_root('tools', 'shared.py'), 'r').read())
 
 data = open(sys.argv[1], 'r').readlines()
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ data = open(sys.argv[1], 'r').readlines()
 SEEN = {}
 for line in data:
   if len(line) < 4: continue
-  if line[:2] != '  ': continue
-  if line[2] != 'f': continue
-  m = re.match('^  function (?P<func>[^(]+)\(.*', line)
+  m = re.match('^  function (?P<func>[^(]+)\(.*', line) # generated code
+  if not m:
+    m = re.match('^ + _*\d+: (?P<func>[^ ]+) \(\d+.*', line) # profiling output
   if not m: continue
   func = m.groups('func')[0]
   if func in SEEN: continue
diff --git a/tools/autodebugger.py b/tools/autodebugger.py
index 9b51ebc9..f4c580a2 100644
--- a/tools/autodebugger.py
+++ b/tools/autodebugger.py
@@ -7,14 +7,18 @@ compare that to the output when compiled using emscripten.
 
 import os, sys, re
 
+ALLOW_POINTERS = False
+MEMCPY = False
+
 POSTAMBLE = '''
 @.emscripten.autodebug.str = private constant [10 x i8] c"AD:%d,%d\\0A\\00", align 1 ; [#uses=1]
+@.emscripten.autodebug.str.f = private constant [11 x i8] c"AD:%d,%lf\\0A\\00", align 1 ; [#uses=1]
 
 ; [#uses=1]
 define void @emscripten_autodebug_i64(i32 %line, i64 %value) {
 entry:
   %0 = sitofp i64 %value to double ; [#uses=1]
-  %1 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([10 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %0) ; [#uses=0]
+  %1 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([11 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str.f, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %0) ; [#uses=0]
   br label %return
 
 return:                                           ; preds = %entry
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ return:                                           ; preds = %entry
 define void @emscripten_autodebug_float(i32 %line, float %value) {
 entry:
   %0 = fpext float %value to double ; [#uses=1]
-  %1 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([10 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %0) ; [#uses=0]
+  %1 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([11 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str.f, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %0) ; [#uses=0]
   br label %return
 
 return:                                           ; preds = %entry
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@ return:                                           ; preds = %entry
 ; [#uses=1]
 define void @emscripten_autodebug_double(i32 %line, double %value) {
 entry:
-  %0 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([10 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %value) ; [#uses=0]
+  %0 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([11 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str.f, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %value) ; [#uses=0]
   br label %return
 
 return:                                           ; preds = %entry
@@ -77,11 +81,12 @@ return:                                           ; preds = %entry
 
 POSTAMBLE_NEW = '''
 @.emscripten.autodebug.str = private constant [10 x i8] c"AD:%d,%d\\0A\\00", align 1 ; [#uses=1]
+@.emscripten.autodebug.str.f = private constant [11 x i8] c"AD:%d,%lf\\0A\\00", align 1 ; [#uses=1]
 
 ; [#uses=1]
 define void @emscripten_autodebug_i64(i32 %line, i64 %value) {
   %1 = sitofp i64 %value to double
-  %2 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([10 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %1) ; [#uses=0]
+  %2 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([11 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str.f, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %1) ; [#uses=0]
   ret void
 }
 
@@ -108,13 +113,13 @@ define void @emscripten_autodebug_i8(i32 %line, i8 %value) {
 ; [#uses=1]
 define void @emscripten_autodebug_float(i32 %line, float %value) {
   %1 = fpext float %value to double ; [#uses=1]
-  %2 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([10 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %1) ; [#uses=0]
+  %2 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([11 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str.f, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %1) ; [#uses=0]
   ret void
 }
 
 ; [#uses=1]
 define void @emscripten_autodebug_double(i32 %line, double %value) {
-  %1 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([10 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %value) ; [#uses=0]
+  %1 = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([11 x i8]* @.emscripten.autodebug.str.f, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %line, double %value) ; [#uses=0]
   ret void
 }
 '''
@@ -135,15 +140,83 @@ LLVM_STYLE_OLD = '<label>' not in data and 'entry:' in data
 if not LLVM_STYLE_OLD:
   POSTAMBLE = POSTAMBLE_NEW
 
+if MEMCPY:
+  POSTAMBLE = '''
+@.emscripten.memcpy.str = private constant [7 x i8] c"MC:%d\\0A\\00", align 1 ; [#uses=1]
+
+''' + POSTAMBLE + '''
+; [#uses=1]
+define void @emscripten_memcpy(i8* %destination, i8* %source, i32 %num, i32 %whati, i1 %sthis) nounwind {
+entry:
+  %destination.addr = alloca i8*, align 4         ; [#uses=3]
+  %source.addr = alloca i8*, align 4              ; [#uses=2]
+  %num.addr = alloca i32, align 4                 ; [#uses=3]
+  %i = alloca i32, align 4                        ; [#uses=5]
+  %src = alloca i8*, align 4                      ; [#uses=5]
+  %dst = alloca i8*, align 4                      ; [#uses=4]
+  store i8* %destination, i8** %destination.addr, align 4
+  store i8* %source, i8** %source.addr, align 4
+  store i32 %num, i32* %num.addr, align 4
+  %tmp = load i8** %source.addr, align 4 ; [#uses=1]
+  store i8* %tmp, i8** %src, align 4
+  %tmp2 = load i8** %destination.addr, align 4 ; [#uses=1]
+  store i8* %tmp2, i8** %dst, align 4
+  store i32 0, i32* %i, align 4
+  %tmp31 = load i32* %i, align 4       ; [#uses=1]
+  %tmp42 = load i32* %num.addr, align 4 ; [#uses=1]
+  %cmp3 = icmp ult i32 %tmp31, %tmp42   ; [#uses=1]
+  br i1 %cmp3, label %for.body, label %for.end
+
+for.body:                                         ; preds = %for.body, %entry
+  %tmp5 = load i8** %src, align 4       ; [#uses=1]
+  %tmp6 = load i8* %tmp5                ; [#uses=1]
+  %conv = zext i8 %tmp6 to i32         ; [#uses=1]
+  %call = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([7 x i8]* @.emscripten.memcpy.str, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %conv); [#uses=0]
+  %tmp7 = load i8** %src, align 4     ; [#uses=1]
+  %tmp8 = load i8* %tmp7                ; [#uses=1]
+  %tmp9 = load i8** %dst, align 4      ; [#uses=1]
+  store i8 %tmp8, i8* %tmp9
+  %tmp10 = load i32* %i, align 4       ; [#uses=1]
+  %inc = add i32 %tmp10, 1              ; [#uses=1]
+  store i32 %inc, i32* %i, align 4
+  %tmp11 = load i8** %src, align 4     ; [#uses=1]
+  %incdec.ptr = getelementptr inbounds i8* %tmp11, i32 1 ; [#uses=1]
+  store i8* %incdec.ptr, i8** %src, align 4
+  %tmp12 = load i8** %dst, align 4      ; [#uses=1]
+  %incdec.ptr13 = getelementptr inbounds i8* %tmp12, i32 1 ; [#uses=1]
+  store i8* %incdec.ptr13, i8** %dst, align 4
+  %tmp3 = load i32* %i, align 4         ; [#uses=1]
+  %tmp4 = load i32* %num.addr, align 4  ; [#uses=1]
+  %cmp = icmp ult i32 %tmp3, %tmp4      ; [#uses=1]
+  br i1 %cmp, label %for.body, label %for.end
+
+for.end:                                          ; preds = %for.body, %entry
+  %tmp14 = load i8** %destination.addr, align 4 ; [#uses=1]
+  ret void
+}
+'''
+
 lines_added = 0
 lines = data.split('\n')
 for i in range(len(lines)):
-  #if i == 5:
-  #  lines[i] += '\n
-
-  m = re.match('  store (?P<type>i64|i32|i16|i8|float|double) %(?P<var>[\w.]+), .*', lines[i])
-  if m and m.group('type') in ['i8', 'i16', 'i32', 'i64', 'float', 'double']:
-    lines[i] += '\n  call void @emscripten_autodebug_%s(i32 %d, %s %%%s)' % (m.group('type'), i+1+lines_added, m.group('type'), m.group('var'))
+  if MEMCPY:
+    if not lines[i].startswith('declare void'):
+      lines[i] = lines[i].replace('@llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i32', '@emscripten_memcpy')
+  m = re.match('  store (?P<type>i64|i32|i16|i8|float|double|%?[\w\.\*]+) (?P<var>%?[\w.+_]+), .*', lines[i])
+  if m:
+    index = i+1+lines_added
+    if m.group('type') in ['i8', 'i16', 'i32', 'i64', 'float', 'double']:
+      lines[i] += '\n  call void @emscripten_autodebug_%s(i32 %d, %s %s)' % (m.group('type'), index, m.group('type'), m.group('var'))
+      lines_added += 1
+    elif ALLOW_POINTERS and m.group('type').endswith('*') and m.group('type').count('*') == 1:
+      lines[i] += '\n  %%ead.%d = ptrtoint %s %%%s to i32' % (index, m.group('type'), m.group('var'))
+      lines[i] += '\n  call void @emscripten_autodebug_i32(i32 %d, i32 %%ead.%d)' % (index, index)
+      lines_added += 2
+    continue
+  m = re.match('  %(?P<var>[\w_.]+) = load (?P<type>i64|i32|i16|i8|float|double+)\* [^(].*.*', lines[i])
+  if m:
+    index = i+1+lines_added
+    lines[i] += '\n  call void @emscripten_autodebug_%s(i32 %d, %s %%%s)' % (m.group('type'), index, m.group('type'), m.group('var'))
     lines_added += 1
 
 f = open(ofilename, 'w')
diff --git a/tools/bindings_generator.py b/tools/bindings_generator.py
index 4c4bfd3d..a40cf136 100755
--- a/tools/bindings_generator.py
+++ b/tools/bindings_generator.py
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ NOTE: ammo.js is currently the biggest consumer of this code. For some
 
 import os, sys, glob, re
 
+__rootpath__ = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
 def path_from_root(*pathelems):
-  rootpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
-  return os.path.join(rootpath, *pathelems)
+  return os.path.join(__rootpath__, *pathelems)
 exec(open(path_from_root('tools', 'shared.py'), 'r').read())
 
 # Find ply and CppHeaderParser
diff --git a/tools/dead_function_eliminator.py b/tools/dead_function_eliminator.py
index 9106f8b7..252ba697 100755
--- a/tools/dead_function_eliminator.py
+++ b/tools/dead_function_eliminator.py
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ to remove them before Emscripten runs.
 
 import os, sys, re
 
+__rootpath__ = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
 def path_from_root(*pathelems):
-  rootpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
-  return os.path.join(rootpath, *pathelems)
+  return os.path.join(__rootpath__, *pathelems)
 exec(open(path_from_root('tools', 'shared.py'), 'r').read())
 
 infile = sys.argv[1]
diff --git a/tools/emmaken.py b/tools/emmaken.py
index c04aaf30..f54f38f1 100755
--- a/tools/emmaken.py
+++ b/tools/emmaken.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Example uses:
 
  * With configure, do something like
 
-    EMMAKEN_JUST_CONFIGURE=1 RANLIB=PATH/emmaken.py AR=PATH/emmaken.py CXX=PATH/emmaken.py CC=PATH/emmaken.py ./configure [options]
+    EMMAKEN_JUST_CONFIGURE=1 RANLIB=PATH/emmaken.py AR=PATH/emmaken.py CXX=PATH/emmakenxx.py CC=PATH/emmaken.py ./configure [options]
 
    where PATH is the path to this file.
 
@@ -59,16 +59,16 @@ import subprocess
 
 print >> sys.stderr, 'emmaken.py: ', ' '.join(sys.argv)
 
+__rootpath__ = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
 def path_from_root(*pathelems):
-  rootpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
-  return os.path.join(rootpath, *pathelems)
+  return os.path.join(__rootpath__, *pathelems)
 exec(open(path_from_root('tools', 'shared.py'), 'r').read())
 
 # If this is a configure-type thing, just do that
 CONFIGURE_CONFIG = os.environ.get('EMMAKEN_JUST_CONFIGURE')
 CMAKE_CONFIG = 'CMakeFiles/cmTryCompileExec.dir' in ' '.join(sys.argv)# or 'CMakeCCompilerId' in ' '.join(sys.argv)
 if CONFIGURE_CONFIG or CMAKE_CONFIG:
-  compiler = 'g++' if 'CXXCompiler' in ' '.join(sys.argv) else 'gcc'
+  compiler = 'g++' if 'CXXCompiler' in ' '.join(sys.argv) or os.environ.get('EMMAKEN_CXX') else 'gcc'
   exit(os.execvp(compiler, [compiler] + sys.argv[1:]))
 
 try:
@@ -85,12 +85,11 @@ try:
   CC = to_cc(CXX)
 
   # If we got here from a redirection through emmakenxx.py, then force a C++ compiler here
-  if sys.argv[-1] == '-EMMAKEN_CXX':
+  if os.environ.get('EMMAKEN_CXX'):
     CC = CXX
-    sys.argv = sys.argv[:-1]
 
   CC_ARG_SKIP = ['-O1', '-O2', '-O3']
-  CC_ADDITIONAL_ARGS = ['-m32', '-g', '-U__i386__', '-U__x86_64__', '-U__i386', '-U__x86_64', '-U__SSE__', '-U__SSE2__', '-UX87_DOUBLE_ROUNDING', '-UHAVE_GCC_ASM_FOR_X87']
+  CC_ADDITIONAL_ARGS = COMPILER_OPTS # + ['-g']?
   ALLOWED_LINK_ARGS = ['-f', '-help', '-o', '-print-after', '-print-after-all', '-print-before',
                        '-print-before-all', '-time-passes', '-v', '-verify-dom-info', '-version' ]
   TWO_PART_DISALLOWED_LINK_ARGS = ['-L'] # Ignore thingsl like |-L .|
@@ -113,7 +112,8 @@ try:
 
   opts = []
   files = []
-  for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
+  for i in range(1, len(sys.argv)):
+    arg = sys.argv[i]
     if arg.startswith('-'):
       opts.append(arg)
     else:
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ try:
         use_cxx = False
       if arg.endswith(('.c', '.cc', '.cpp', '.dT')):
         use_linker = False
-      if arg.endswith('.h'):
+      if arg.endswith('.h') and sys.argv[i-1] != '-include':
         header = True
         use_linker = False
 
diff --git a/tools/emmakenxx.py b/tools/emmakenxx.py
index f473a8bf..31658df2 100755
--- a/tools/emmakenxx.py
+++ b/tools/emmakenxx.py
@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ see emmaken.py
 
 import os, sys
 
+__rootpath__ = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
 def path_from_root(*pathelems):
-  rootpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
-  return os.path.join(rootpath, *pathelems)
+  return os.path.join(__rootpath__, *pathelems)
 exec(open(path_from_root('tools', 'shared.py'), 'r').read())
 
 emmaken = path_from_root('tools', 'emmaken.py')
-exit(os.execvp('python', ['python', emmaken] + sys.argv[1:] + ['-EMMAKEN_CXX']))
+os.environ['EMMAKEN_CXX'] = '1'
+exit(os.execvp('python', ['python', emmaken] + sys.argv[1:]))
 
diff --git a/tools/exec_llvm.py b/tools/exec_llvm.py
index 840966e6..1b1bba1b 100755
--- a/tools/exec_llvm.py
+++ b/tools/exec_llvm.py
@@ -36,13 +36,11 @@ the .ll into native code. This can be done as follows:
 import os, sys
 from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
 
+__rootpath__ = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
 def path_from_root(*pathelems):
-  rootpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
-  return os.path.join(rootpath, *pathelems)
+  return os.path.join(__rootpath__, *pathelems)
 exec(open(path_from_root('tools', 'shared.py'), 'r').read())
 
-print '// EXEC_LLVM: ', sys.argv
-
 Popen([LLVM_OPT, sys.argv[1], '-strip-debug', '-o=' + sys.argv[1]+'.clean.bc']).communicate()[0]
 
 # Execute with empty environment - just like the JS script will have
diff --git a/tools/shared.py b/tools/shared.py
index a9d7a05a..3601b9b3 100644
--- a/tools/shared.py
+++ b/tools/shared.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import shutil, time, os
 from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
 
-rootpath = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
+__rootpath__ = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
 def path_from_root(*pathelems):
-  return os.path.join(rootpath, *pathelems)
+  return os.path.join(__rootpath__, *pathelems)
 
 CONFIG_FILE = os.path.expanduser('~/.emscripten')
 if not os.path.exists(CONFIG_FILE):
@@ -23,6 +23,25 @@ LLVM_INTERPRETER=os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(LLVM_ROOT, 'lli'))
 LLVM_COMPILER=os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(LLVM_ROOT, 'llc'))
 
 BINDINGS_GENERATOR = path_from_root('tools', 'bindings_generator.py')
+EXEC_LLVM = path_from_root('tools', 'exec_llvm.py')
+
+# Additional compiler options
+
+USE_EMSDK = True
+
+COMPILER_OPTS = COMPILER_OPTS + ['-m32', '-v', '-U__i386__', '-U__x86_64__', '-U__i386', '-U__x86_64', '-U__SSE__', '-U__SSE2__', '-U__MMX__',
+                                 '-UX87_DOUBLE_ROUNDING', '-UHAVE_GCC_ASM_FOR_X87', '-DEMSCRIPTEN', '-U__STRICT_ANSI__']
+
+if USE_EMSDK:
+  COMPILER_OPTS += [ '-nostdinc',
+  '-I' + path_from_root('system', 'include'),
+  '-I' + path_from_root('system', 'include', 'bsd'), # posix stuff
+  '-I' + path_from_root('system', 'include', 'libc'),
+  '-I' + path_from_root('system', 'include', 'libcxx'),
+  '-I' + path_from_root('system', 'include', 'gfx'),
+  '-I' + path_from_root('system', 'include', 'net'),
+  '-I' + path_from_root('system', 'include', 'SDL'),
+]
 
 # Engine tweaks
 
@@ -68,17 +87,17 @@ def line_splitter(data):
 
   return out
 
-def limit_size(string, MAX=80*20):
+def limit_size(string, MAX=800*20):
   if len(string) < MAX: return string
   return string[0:MAX/2] + '\n[..]\n' + string[-MAX/2:]
 
-def pick_llvm_opts(optimization_level, optimize_size, allow_nonportable=False, use_aa=False):
+def pick_llvm_opts(optimization_level, optimize_size, allow_nonportable=False, quantum_size=4, use_aa=False):
   opts = []
   if optimization_level > 0:
     if allow_nonportable:
       opts.append('-O%d' % optimization_level)
     else:
-      # createStandardAliasAnalysisPasses
+      # PassManagerBuilder::populateModulePassManager
       if allow_nonportable and use_aa: # ammo.js results indicate this can be nonportable
         opts.append('-tbaa')
         opts.append('-basicaa') # makes fannkuch slow but primes fast
@@ -114,11 +133,12 @@ def pick_llvm_opts(optimization_level, optimize_size, allow_nonportable=False, u
       opts.append('-licm')
       opts.append('-loop-unswitch') # XXX should depend on optimize_size
       if allow_nonportable: opts.append('-instcombine')
-      opts.append('-indvars')
+      if quantum_size == 4: opts.append('-indvars') # XXX this infinite-loops raytrace on q1 (loop in |new node_t[count]| has 68 hardcoded &not fixed)
       if allow_nonportable: opts.append('-loop-idiom') # ?
       opts.append('-loop-deletion')
       opts.append('-loop-unroll')
-      if allow_nonportable: opts.append('-instcombine')
+
+      ##### not in llvm-3.0. but have |      #addExtensionsToPM(EP_LoopOptimizerEnd, MPM);| if allow_nonportable: opts.append('-instcombine')
 
       # XXX Danger: Messes up Lua output for unknown reasons
       #             Note: this opt is of minor importance for raytrace...
@@ -131,14 +151,39 @@ def pick_llvm_opts(optimization_level, optimize_size, allow_nonportable=False, u
       opts.append('-jump-threading')
       opts.append('-correlated-propagation')
       opts.append('-dse')
+      #addExtensionsToPM(EP_ScalarOptimizerLate, MPM);
+
       opts.append('-adce')
       opts.append('-simplifycfg')
+      if allow_nonportable: opts.append('-instcombine')
 
       opts.append('-strip-dead-prototypes')
-      opts.append('-deadtypeelim')
 
       if optimization_level > 2: opts.append('-globaldce')
 
       if optimization_level > 1: opts.append('-constmerge')
 
   return opts
+
+def read_auto_optimize_data(filename):
+  '''
+    Reads the output of AUTO_OPTIMIZE and generates proper information for CORRECT_* == 2 's *_LINES options
+  '''
+  signs_lines = []
+  overflows_lines = []
+  
+  for line in open(filename, 'r'):
+    if line.rstrip() == '': continue
+    if '%0 failures' in line: continue
+    left, right = line.split(' : ')
+    signature = left.split('|')[1]
+    if 'Sign' in left:
+      signs_lines.append(signature)
+    elif 'Overflow' in left:
+      overflows_lines.append(signature)
+
+  return {
+    'signs_lines': signs_lines,
+    'overflows_lines': overflows_lines
+  }
+